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THE AMERICAN FARiMER'S
PICTORIAL
cyclopediaojlive stock
KMBRACING '
Horses, Cattle, Swine, Sheep .¥ Poultry
'NCLUOrNG DEPARTMENTS ON "^ '
i:>OC3-S JLlsriD BEJES;
— KKIV'; ALSO A _
COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR'
C^MBFNrNC; THE EFFECTI^.B METHH,' L1P '
OBJECT TEACHING WITH WPT..
-- u.,.,.. ._. _3J^^." WRITTEN INSTRUCTION.
-o KXCK..KVCK. -^I^:::^'; --V;^-- -.Ens; CKAK.Or«KrsT:CS
'N'«, SHELTERING, STABLE MAnIgkm^v^ "K-'-EDING. TRAIN-
HOW TO BUY AI^D HOW TO SELt
POINTS OF nnivrTr--nT^
-" ". ™. ,....„.:: ,™°,t^^^^'^ ANIMALS,
AMERICAN FARMER ^AND STOCK OWNER.
£ditor "M
AND
v...*„ Edi„, ..A,„„,„. „„f;: "• BAKER, V. S.,
ss'iciation, ic., i&c.
WITH OVER 700 APPROPRIATE ENGRAVINGS.
BEST MROPHEDO
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'l"0K0.\"l'O. VVIVVirivLvi .
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BIDtTOTOfQUE
if*
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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year ISSl, by
X. D. THOMPSON & CO.,
lu the Office of tlie Librarian of Cougrees, at Wasbiugton, D. C.
CoPTRioHT, 1884, BY N. D. Thompson & Co.
c^\'
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/^^-^-^^
In pros(
pride. In
and the fi
education
a volume c
dcpartraen
and fulnes
stMentifie ai
teachiniif ni
and use of
The mod
schools, ha
approi)riatc
pie teachin
definiteness
versed in a
aient of doi
the valuabh
many featui
in its teachi
is nothing s
With the
row in scop«
try, there it
coveriiij; the
compilations
thus impose
(he farmer a
The full ii
out, are sucli
as a work of
especially co
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availahiUty f
work — one tl
study and coi
dustry of sto
-is respect full
PUBLISPIERS' PKEFACE.
pndc L, authorslup, ,t represent., the unremitting labor of many years
edt " .V^" '^'7- " '^"'" '^""' ^™^'^'^''' ^-^P---' -"^ though
education in the le of it« sul.jeets. They believe that in it they pres.Mit
a volume ot everyday, practical value, unequalled in the literature of this
department of study. The completeness and sc<,pe, careful arrang<-me„
and fulness of illustration, make it unic.ue of its kind. Of L ^
^c^tific and l.teraiy merit, it is needless to speak. The simplicit^'iu
and use of the ordinary fanner and stock owner, are equally apparent.
Th modern method of ''Object-teaching," so popular in our higher
schools, has been utilized to an extent never before eqiT^iled. Itsstriku
jr^rn^eness .ill not fail to impress and instruct.' In addition o Z
pie teachings oy y^ord, it instructs through the nje as well, and with a
defin. eness m both respects that will enable any one to become well
versed ma practical knowledge of the value, use, care, disease and trla"
rnent of domestic animals. la addition to this important requisite, and to
the va uable Charts illustrating the ages of horses' and cattle, it c .lu^s
many features peculiar to itself. It is withal so concise, original and an
in xts eachings that in point of excellence and comprehensiveness, there
W ri! '"" "■ '" '' '™""= ^'"^"^^" aj^ricultural publications.
\\ ith the exception of a few reprints of English books which are nar-
row m scope and design poorly applying to the necessities of this coun-
try, there is „o a similar work of reputable, competent authorship,
covering the subjects embraced. Those of special pretentions are mer
ccmpilations by non-professionals, who assume professional titles, and
thus impose upon the credulity, and trifle with the valuable interest, of
the farmer and stock owner. it,ie8i«, or
onfr,. J"'' W,"; "" f"" ""^ -arrangement, the careful .ystem through-
out. are such that any fact in its contents can be readily found so tha
as a work of ready reference, as well as general study, ft will be found
especially convenient as well as reliable
Impressed with the belief that it fills the all import^tnt requirement of
ava^aM,, for ready and unerring use. and that it I a thorou-Jlily^^^^^^^^
work-one that will serve the farmer as a valuable hand-bo'ok.'S f"
study and constant reference, aijd which will enable 1,:,., t„ JrnZ ^
dustry of stock breeding, raising, buying and selling to gLatrprofi^^^^
18 respectfully submitted with the confident hope of^ppr^al
'I
"•■■""•'■ "i"tinr-ii
M
n
AUTHORS' PREFACE.
This work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy Ameri-
can farmer and stock ovvner. It is .somewhat remarkable that in this
book-makn)g age there is no well authenticated, ^vy..stematic work acces-
sible to the farmer in which the known facts and principles of the art of
iraprovmg and breeding domestic animals, and of the causes, symptoms
prevention and cure of diseases, are presented in convenient form for study
and reference. Yet such is the fact, notwithsbmding the paramc.unt im-
portance of live stock to the farmer, and the wonderful pro-ress that has
been made m its improvement. The present effort to supply this want
has been made in response to frequent solicitation, and especially sug-
gested by oft repeated inquiries, received as journalists, for such a woSc
covering safely the ground occupied by this volume. The importance of
the subject cannot well be overestimated when we consult statistics givincr
the millions of dollars invested in live stock, in this great country''
and It becomes especially important, when we consider that the bulk of
this immense value i. distributed among those of minor wealth, as the
farmer and small stock owner, who have no access to educated veterinary
practitioners, and who arc not fully informed as to the practical principles
applicable to the most successful and profitable breeding, trainin- and
general care of domestic animals. In this volume the effort is m.°do to
furnish such facts in systematic form, thus enabling the farmer every
where to turn the business of stock raising to more profitable account
Long experience and observation leads to the belief that a curefully ar^
ranged and classified work giving the facts in the art of broedin/und
general care of live stock, derived from the experience of the pnrctical
and most successful stock men, will be of incalculable benefit to every
owii-r of domeslic animals. ^
In the following pages the value of kind treatment has been ur<.ed with
marked frequency and the fact is mentioned with no apologcic' iiitli^
It IS urged as a pohcy both humane and profitable. What can bo done to
nnprove the condition and advance the comfort of these true friends of
humanly .s m the interest of conomy. There is a much needed reform
mtho breeding, <.are and treatment of domestic animals, and the en-
deavor Ks here made to direct the way and point out i,s advanta J.
In treating of the various breeds of live stock, it has been the purpose
to give tne special characteristics, wi.h tj,e excellences and JZ7n
each, ec
purpose
effort m
nmoh nc
jects wit
avoid th
or class ^
rcct stat(
such boo
The ai
of abilitj
mal of tl:
general a
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proper in
istics of i
for which
and adapt
the powei
unsoundm
work has
form, botl
reader a a
horse, cow
The age
value and i
and Cattle I
of the tec
instruction
ascertain wi
od, Thovi
informatioi
fects, instri
detail, the i
The finl)j
the value of
which it has
productive r
In this, as
cated as tlu
tions uhd fij
economy in
AUTHORS- I'RKI-ACK.
pXo::.'tfhr;rtLr ,'"'"' ""-"f -r-" -■" -- -"' '■-x««t'
e Jrt ...de to S;,r„:"^^i S;^^^^^^ ;™«f -^ a- ho,.est
».uch „ecded i„f„.-„,„ti„„ ,v„, LXle rZlTZ^I^^'tT^'' ■ ™'
jorts with unerring iud.rmont Th,r. 1,... i ! " ''"'■■"'' "'^
avoid tho too c„,„r„;,„ eCl o^^adTo atinrtl":,""*""';""^' '""■"°'° '»
or d;,3., of brooder, at tl,„ .v,. '""""■"'"S ""> "'"'"is of any one breed
root statement T,;,,' tld'o Id ";'°"'""' ""■ '" ™""'"'-«°" to eor-
.ueh book,, b„. be,: ::;:;i:J,;trer '""'^'"''' "-■ '™""'°" '■■
The authors have long been impressed with th. „i ^ •
of ability to judge ucurutely of h "iL" f a hort """'f "'"'
inal of the farm as -ilso of if- , Z 1 ^' ''"'''' ""^ ^^her ani-
genenUappea;:;^:^!:!^ nri^I^r" "' ^^^^"^"^^' ^^"-
ceptible of alm,,st exact L td r 7 Mr T"'"; ^'' ^'"^ '^ «"^-
proper i„formatiouou,I.to^^^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' *'^-«' -'^"^
isties of a horse or co.^ aud :;:!:hrrirb?st'XT:d ;i'r--^--
for which it is wanted Not nnU . .i a^-'Pted to the purpose
.nd ada,.tabi,i., tor;,,e.t^::!;::\: r;riLi 't^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^
the power „f the intelligent observer to detec V ! l, '„ , , ^^'°
n,«onndnes,, by the sanTe analytie „b, « e , A '"^'■'•"«™» "i
work has bee,, to give tl,i, inf.L„ti, ,:^: ;|,t rel ""'"r "V'-''
ton., both by written w„,-d and i"ustr„tio,, J t^ „ ^ » ;;';';'';;:'^':
reader a good judge of tl,o v,due and quaMeatio,"s ,„ L 7 """"'S"'"
ho„e, eow or otl,er d„,ne»lie aui.nal '"•"■"""'»■ >" to apeak, of „„y
»ndC,,tt,edepart„e„t;, iltt S I u'r; d'SrX'"";/'',''' ''"°"'"
of tho teeth at tl,o various „,„, "■"'''.'',""'"«"'"iStl,e fo,-,„ation
instrnetion „„ win':,,::,: ly"^: ^.T ?,Z ttZi;''"'', "^'"""""°" "■'>'
-certain with ahn„,tpe,-feeta,LraeV he a' eL the, " " "'■"■™''''"' «»
od Thevalueo, thi, knowledge ca,?;"^::! t Zl" Z'Th"-
;^:::^:^:;z:rs:;:Sgrs::~^^
economy h, building, derived f^,,^ u,::!'^::^.:'^:::,:::.
/jj**
liMUtiMmmmaBm
( l:
AUTHOKS PREFACE.
the primitive shelter of the prairies, thirty-five years iigo, to the present
clabonite and costly barn, are deemed of interest and value.
In the veterinary departments special effort has been made to give the
causes producing disease, so that knowing tiie cause the disease may be
obviated. Prevcntio'.i is lietter tlian cure, and this fact is emphasized
throughout tlie volume. Equal care has been observed in describing and
giving symptoms, so that the reader may, with as unerring certainty us
possible, know tiie nature of tlie disease, and hence what to do.
When the services of a skilled veterinary surgeon are refjuired it has
been candidly advised, and care has been taken to distinguish between
popular treatment and that requiring scientific and skillful management.
In prescribing remedies, the effort has been to give those witliin the
reach of the farmer — such as he can procure, prepare and easily adminis-
ter. In like maimer, unfamiliar weirds and technical phrases have been
avoided as far as possible, consistent with scientific accuracy of statement.
Clearness and conciseness of expression have been carefully consulted, and,
to further conduce to a correct understanding, an elabomte glossary is
appended thoroughly explanatory of the meaning of every word in the
book not familiar to every day life.
In the attainment of clearness, the generous and prodigal lil)erality of the
Publishers in illustrating, by accurate, well executed and striking engrav-
ings, every department and chapter of the work, deserves special mention.
As aiding and strengthening the enforcement of fact, this feature, nude
at enormous outlay, is of a practical value impossible to exaggerate.
In conclusion, tlic hojjc is indulged tliat the farmer and stock raiser
who will attentively read these pages, and reduce to practice tlic sugges-
tions therein given, will find such increase of success, profit and pleasure in
his noble calling as to justify his good opinion and unqualified endorse-
ment. If so, the authors" purpose in writing this Ijook will have been
aQCom[)jished.
THE AUTIIOliii.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
THE HORSE.-HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTER.
ISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
CHAPTER I.
HIS ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
Connected with Man from the Earliest Historical Period.-I. The Horse In Anrip i
Hist«ry.-U. The Horse in Civilizatiou.-UI. Preserving Breeds in P. ritt i v
The Wild Horse of To-day.-V. Fo.«il ilorses.-V Sr™ "/' S^""; '
J'AGB.
nt
European Horses—VHI. Artificial Broedi'iig and D7sLe"""''' "^ ^"''" ^"
lating to Breeding.— X. In-Breeding of Horses —XI
Characteristics.-xn. A Careful Study Necessary.^XHI. Xb^ut "obie'cTre's-
IX. Opinions R<?-
Value of Hereditary
Bons
CHAPTER II.
ILLUSTRATING THE ANATOMY OF
CHAPTER IV.
OUTWARD Al'HBAliAlfCF OF T„K HORSE AS INDICATING VALUE.
Action the First Requisite ,.f a Good Ilorse.-H. Fast Wall^ing Horses -IH
I orses or Different Kin.ls of Work.-IV. The Head Illustrated O u t S y ly
'I lie Body and Limbs.— VI. Bad Fore Oiiariers vir ti... ti "'""'J'^^'y' v-
theFront.-VTir. Wh-.f nH^.^wT ^J ' ' "rT"*-^''" ^^-""^^ "' ^'""' ^'••'«'
_-- . . !-_L_ _ru.t ,(.!.,■„,„,. caid.-lA. Froiit View, Showing Bad
XI
38
THE UOR.^£.
Frame-woi-l. the Index Of Value.-H. Master the Details of the Skeleton -HI
Division of the Several Part.s.-IV. Comparative Anatomy of Man and tS Ho^e"
-V. Anayz.„gtheSkeleto«.-VI. TheF.,ot.-VII. Thekad and Neck -vm
Bones and Muscles of the Front Limbs.-IX. Tlie Hind Limbs . .T. . _ .". ^
CHAPTER IH.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HORSE.
rhe Economy of the Muscular C<.vering._II. Muscles of the Head and Neck -IH
Muscles of the Shoulder and Baek.-IV. Muscles of the Hinder Pa. i; -V
Muscles of the Fore Limbs.-VI. Muscles of (he Leg and Foot -VII ZuiV^.ir
2 ^^r^"^: . '"""'"^ ^^"""'"^ "^ "'^' "oL.-IX."ExrnuS o?
i.»
60
■iMH
-"""'■■"■—■"-'
!i
XII
TABLK OF CONTENTS.
|j(ii
Paob.
Fore Quarters.— X. The Hinder Parts lUustr, il.
Xfl. What the Ancients Knew of Horses, — XIH.
—XI. ITie Propelling Power.—
What One Need not expect...
CHAPTER V.
THE HORSE'S TEETH, AND UOW TO TELL HIS AfiK.
L The Dental Formula.— 11. The Teeth are the lYue Index of Age.— III. The Foal's
Teeth.— IV. Differences Between tlie Teeth of Foal and Horse. — V. Allowances
to be Made. — VI. Illustrating by the Cliart 93
CHAPTER VI.
BREEDS OP HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
L Influences of Country and Climate. — II. The Farm Horse. — III. The Clydesdale
Horse.— IV. The Norman-Percheron.— V. The Percheron of To-day.— VI. The
Conestoga Horse.— VII. Road Horses.— VIII. Trotting Horfses.— IX. Hunting
Horses.— X. Light Driving Horses. XI. Coach Horses.— XII. The Cleveland
Bay.— XIII. Ponies.— XIV. The Vermont Draft Ilorso.—XV. Tlie Narragansett
Pacer 99
CHAPTER VH.
THOROUGMBUED HOUSES.
I. English Thoroughbreds.— II. Herbert's History of tlie English Horse.— HI. The
First Loudon llace Course.— IV. Horses Tulicu to England by Crusaders.— V;
Bone and Bulk Imparted to tlie English Horse.— VI. Tlie Horse in the Times of
Henry VHI and James I.— VII. American Thoroughbreds,— VHI. The Arabian.
CHAPTER VIH.
121
ABOUT TROTTING HORSES.
I. The Breeding of Trotters.— H. Progenitors of Fast Trotters Messenger.- III.
Imported Bellfounder.— IV. The Modern Trotter.— V. What Goldsmith Maid
was Lilie.— VI. The Movement in Trotting.— Vlf. Disu.se of the Trotting Fac-
ulty.— VIH A Record of Sixty rears.— IX. Strains of Trotting Blood 133
CHAPTER IX.
THE BREEDING AND REARING OP COLTS.
I. Importance of Accurate Knowledge,— II. Breed From Mature Animals.— III. No
Profit in Inferior Horses.— IV. Heredity in Animals.— V. Peculiar Organic Struc-
ture.— VI. Heredity of Disease.- VII. Atavism or Breeding Baclt— Breed to
None but the Best —VIII. Variation and Develoi)ment.— IX. Transmission of
Qualities.- X. Tiie Impress of Color and Form.— XI. Relation of Size in Siro
and Dam,— XII. Breed Only From Pure Sires.- XIII. The Best are Clieapest
in the End.— XIV. Selection of Stallion and Mare —XV. Sci vice of the Stallion.
—XVI The Period of Gestation— Treatnicnt.— XVII. Treatment After Foaling.
—XVIII, How to Know if a Mare is in Foal.— XIX, How to Know the Foaling
Tinie.— XX. The Foaling Stiili.— XXL Aliortion, or Slinking the Foetus.— XXII.
How to Raise a Colt ,
144
CHAPTER X.
ASSES AND MULES.
I. 'Oio Mule and Hiuny Defined.— II. The Ass.— HI. Antiquity of the Mule.— IV.
nrnedinir-.Jacks.-V. Losisevify of She. M>!h>,-Vr. Thp Valiie of Mules forLabor."
The Breeding of Mules 157
Vn. Mules are not Vicious.— VIH.
TABLE OF cor 'NTS.
XIII
CIIAPTEK XL
now TO TKAIN A HORSK.
Page.
I. The Old System and the New ir rri,„ .
I.I. Difference Bct.S:;.;::ir;,t:;:rr
ingtoLead.-VI. ToMakea ColtCon.e o Yo"f~Vn !:"•«* Lessons.- V. Learn-
-VIIL Flexions.-rx. The ProperZe fo^Worl v n'""' '" ^"'""^ ^''^"'^'«-
-XI. TIeAge for Real Work -XrilW.n^.r "''™es.sing and Driving,
ling a Vi..i„„s Cok.-xiV S. bdn L r '^'"^ ''^^"'^ Colt.-Xiri. Hand-
a Stallion for Service.Svi ^2: Y,';"""^ ^ IJ^^-^T Horse.-X V. Training
Plow Team.-XVrir. For Hn^rS «^n "^f ^ "" H°^- *« "ave a Good
Gait.-XX. Training to T ot''in H^.^ ^ XXI r"-"'''''- ''''' ^'^^^^
To Train a Racer.-XXin. Saddling -SwnLn^:"ng"'.' .'^'!^."7™
CHAPTER XII.
STABLES ANn OTHEK SHKLTEK
-xiji. A Good Supply „, „r,„.,._3,,,, ct;.„S ;„?«:,■„;;:'.'. ":.".'; i!"!!™:; ,,,
186
chaptp:r XIII.
I
FEEI>irQ, WATEU.no an,, GKOOMINO.
me Good that a Sieve Will Dn rr it ^ ,-, ,
^ Feed.-V. Condir,;l'^-v"- 1^;^^^ 7m\''''''"*"^«-'--^^- ^^''t
Gn,el.-VIir. The Quantity Of Li. y.^ediv'^T^I"- "''^ ^'^ ^^^''^
ing.-KI. When to GroonK-XII GeneT rJ, ,", !!f ''"'^^'™'"--^- ^-'O"'"-
Other Clothing _ "l^"" "' ^^''^^'^ Care.-XIU. Blankets and
jgn
CHAPTER XIV.
f Th« T? HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSE.
I. The Economy of Humane Treatment Tr n„ 7
Thrift and Unthrift Contr-.sted IV 7 u '""" ^'°''*' *" "^^ Things.-in.
Kindness.-V. Why ...e I^r e' kTJI,.?^^^^^^^^^ -• '^'"'^t and
Know an Intelligent 3Ia8,er.-Vn l^ctlrol , ^ .. ''°"^^'"^°'--^- How to
Man Will Have a Willing Team "jx The »r "? r n'' '^''^-Vm. The Kind
to Use One's Means. . . .!.::..; . . „ ;. . ^ ^""'^ Fellow's" Cruelty .-X. How
jgo
CHAPTER XV.
T * "°^ """^ "^'^ ^NI) SELL A noRSJT
I. Accurate Knowledge Nocessarv IT n., . r.u
of Soundne3s.-IV. Know wii^t ^on n""^ ?^""K "°'^'^«-ni- A Guarantee
Ilorse.-VI. Description I rX'^Zvu^iTro- ?" ^^^P-tions of the
VIII. Models for nuyin- IX Th.R , Constltiites a Good Horse.-
Roadster,-XI. Saddle HorseV-xTi A^'if "'"^ Z*" '^''""'"^ Form.-X. The
for BIood.-XIV. Choosir«;7Rv\. J '*■'" "^ ^"«" Forn,.-XJn. Buying
XVI. How to Detect Csfud net -X^^^^^^ ^'^^''^ "- «talllo^. -
-XVlrt. What Is nnso.„.jn..l' ^I?; i^^ "-S^'ne Faults and Imperfections.
%»'
XIT
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART ir.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR
CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE.
S, ;
CHAPTER I.
symptoms and oeneual teeatment.
Paob.
I. Introduction. — 11. Outward Manifestations of Disease.— III. Symptoms of Internal
Diseases.— IV. Importance of Prompt Treatment.— V. Know Wliat You are
Treating.— VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. — VII. Explanation of Terms
Used.— VIII. Graduation of Doses.— IX. How Often to Give Medicines. -X.
Forms of Medicines, and How to Administer 231
CHAPTER II.
FEET OF THE HOItSE AND THEIR DISEASES.
I. Corns.— n. Quittor.— HI. Quarter and Sand Cracks.-IV. Seedy Toe.— V. Prick-
ing from Nails. — VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis.— VH. Chronic Founder or
Laminitis.— VHI. Pumiced Feet 240
CHAPTER III.
FEET OP THF- HOBSR AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED.
I. Thrush.— n. Navicular Disease. — III. Contraction of the Foot.— IV. Gravel. — V.
Canker.— VI. Calks.— VII. Fracture of the Bone of the Foot.— VHI. Stone
Bruises.— IX. Side Bone 263
CHAPTER IV.
SHOEING AND CAKE OF THE FEET.
L Wliat a Shoer can do.— H. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. — HI. Where
the Bearing Should Rest.— IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them.— V. Care
of the Feet in the Stable.— VI. The Floor of the Stall 264
CHAPTER V.
LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES.
I. Bone Spavin.— II. Bt^ Spavin.— DLI. Occult Spavin.— IV. Blood opavin.— V.
Thoroughpin.— VI. Curb.— VH. Ring Bone.— VIH. Splint.— IX. Sprain of Back
Tendons of the Fore Legs.- X. Broken Down 208
CHAPTER VI.
LEGS OF THE HOR.SE, THEIR ACCIDENTS .\ND DISEASES, CONTINUED.
I. Capuiet or Capped Hock and Elbow.— II, Frat tures.— lU. Open Joint.— IV.
Broken Knees.-V. Knee Sprung.— VI. Cocked An des.—VII. Wlndgalls.—VIII.
Shoulder Lameness and Sv/eeny.— IX. Cramp of t\ e Muscles of the Thighs 282
CHAPTER VII.
LEGS OF THE HORSt,,, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND (DISEASES, CONTINUED.
1. Stifled.— II. Hip Lameness and Hipped.— in. StocklMg.— IV. Elepliantiasis or
Lymphangitis.- V. Scratches or Crackecl IleeK— VI= lirease.- VI!. Mud Fever.
SIR
QE.
231
240
253
264
208
i82
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
--vm. Para„cnlu,„rCarbunclo._IX. DIslocallou.-x. Wound, _X[ So™
CHAPTER VIII.
BODY or THE IIOKSE, IT8 EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES
Saddle Galls.-XIX.SiIkstsi-Xx'^^I I" v^^rT*^. '''^^'^ Vein.-XVni.
XXVn. Itchy Skin.— XXVni. Melanosis iTYnr ^ %> 7 laU.—
Eczema Meianosis.-XXEK. Hide Bound.— XXX.
317
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OP THE KESI'IKATORY ORGANS
L Tumor in the False Nostri».-ir. Polypus-in. Catarrh.-IV Na«al Gleet V
CHAPTER X.
DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OE THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
Teeth-Ache, Decay, Tiling- Wolf Teeth.— II. T^
-VII. Gastritis.— vm
!.— XI. Flatulent Colic
-XIV. Diarrhoea and SuperpurgatTjr^ XV^rr"""! '"•~"^^- C«"«"patlon.
XVU. Peritouiti8.-XVui CaS X^ T\ ^''"''T-~^^'- Enteritis.-
A V iu. uaicuu.— XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie
CHAPTER XI.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
MouUi-IV. Lampas.-V.°Phary"nJtJs'""A^"^,.'^°L"^"' Laceration.-in. Sore
StomachStaggers-IX DysiS xll ^"°'";:2fT^"- «a«tritis.-Vin.
-Xn. Rup£e Of «!f«t^rarh!ln;-Ls' ""^^^ Flatulent Colic,
Phrenltis, or Inflammation of the Brain. -H Cerehrn <5n!n„i itr . _.o
CHAPTER XII.
DISEASES OK THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS.
"^"Z nr^t^';!!^!:!!--:^^: ^!^'^^ementof theHeart.-m. Atrophy
^.^ ^^^r^^- ^"<^-atio« Of the Ilea^.-V. Fatty Degeneration of "th;
is or
iel.-
XII. Thumps
bitis, or Inflammation of a Vein.-XII Thn.nna Aneurism.-XI. Phle-
CHAPTER XIII.
<}ENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.
I. Influenza — Kplzootv "Pint Vtm " n T5
tlBm.-IV.t,.eeLs.-r;'|ryVl2: . ^"^-'^H-oirhagica.-Iil. Rheuma
m.
Sun-
387
.f**"
XVI
TABLE OF ('ONTRNT3.
Page.
f
J
CHAPTER XIV.
CONTAGIOCS Kl.OOl) DISEASES.
1. Glanders and Farcy.— II. Strangles.— IJI. Kabiea or Hydrophobia. — IV. Hone
Pox or Equine Variola ,». . 394
CHAPTER XV.
DISEASES OF THE ITKINAUY ORGANS.
T. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — II. Congestion of the Kidneys. — m.
Cystitis, or Inflammation of tlie Bladder. — IV. Paralysis of the Bladder. — V.
Eversion of the Bladder.— VI. Spa.sm of the Neck of the Bladder.— VII. Rup-
ture of the Bladder —VIII. Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling.— IX. Hiwraa-
tiiria, or Bloody Urine. — X. Suppression of the Urine, or Dysuria.- XI. Drib-
bling of the Urine, or Enuresis.- XII. Strictme of the Urethra.— XIII. Gonor-
rhoea.- -XIV. Foul Sheath.— XV. Urinary Calculi 401
CHAPTER XVI.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. '
Of the Male :— I. Inflammation of tiie Testicles.— II. Hydrocele, or Dropsy of the
Scrotum. -lU. Evil Kesults of C.i.xtriition.-IV. Wonuds of the Penis.— V. Gon-
orrhoea.— VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis. — VII. Masturbation.
Of the Female :— VIII. Parturition.— IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb.—
X. Inflammation of the Ovaries.— XI. Lcui'orrhcea.- XII. Puerperal Fever.—
Xni. Mammitis.— XIV Hysteria.— XV. Abortion 411
CHAP'J'ER XVII.
DISEASES OK TIIE LIVER.
I. Congestion of the Liver.— H. Hepatitis, nr Inflammation of the Liver (Acute or
Chronic) .—III. Ceioma, or Fatty Degeiieratiou.- FV^. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous
Degeneration.— V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows —VI. Biliary Calculi, or GaU-
Stones.— VII. Hypertrophy.- VIII. Atrophy.— IX. Softening, or KamoUisse-
ment, with Rupture 4jg
CHAPTER XVIII.
DISEASES OP TIIE EYE.
I. Specific Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindness.- II. Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunc-
tivitis.- III. Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye.— IV. Glaucoma.— V. Iritis.
—VI. Leucoma.— VII. Cataract.— VIII. Filaria Oculi, or Worm in the Eye.—
IX. Entropium.— X. Ectropium.— XI. Torn Eyelids.— XU. Cancerous Tumor
In the Eye.— Xni. Obstruction of the Lachiymal Duct 422
CHAPTER XIX.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF TIIE HORSE.
L Intestinal Worms.— H. Bots.— HI. Lice.— IV. Mange.— V. Ringworm 430
CHAPTER XX.
VICES IN THE STABLE.
I. Cribbing.— H. Wind Sucking.— III. Gnawing the Manger, Clothing, etc.— IV.
Kicking while Eating Grain.— V. Wasting the Grain.— \7. Pulling Back, and
Breaking the Halter. — VII. Balking ^-^. ,= , = = ... = ....» 439
CO]
Nee
8to.
Glv
!• Anses
ing..
—13
Ing.-
Abd(
Spaj
Tenc
L Exami
See t<
Seller
I. General
Qraziz
Whatli
Applia
Medicii
—VI. £
Heasur
JKeoapltulatI
Page.
TABLE OF CONTEim.
zvn
401
418
CHAPTER XXI. ^^^■*
COHSTBtJCnow AMD MANAGEMENT OF START ,-« .
I. Necessity for Stables n m JV ' '"''^™ ^° °^°«'™=-
8toc..-y;?rCa;T^i mTTXi^^^'Z'^- ^--^'ng and Watering
Giving Medicines-VI. Detection o;Dlsei? ^'''»'««'>'^ directions fof
441
CHAPTER XXII.
OPERATIONS.
L Anaesthetics, and How to T»BA T»,»„. n ^
i^g;-V. Casan^-vrclTar;::°vn^TX^-°^^^^^^^^^ «"«»«-
-rX. Lithoton.y.-X. Litliotritv ^t\^''"'P*"°° ''^ ^Ji^ Eye.-VIU. Firing.
^g.-Xm. opening an AbscttS^ tZ^'Z"?.- '''*""°« ""<» ^-^-
Abdomen.-XV. Pridjinir-XVT p!.\,- ^^ ^ ""^ ^**^«*' *n«l Tapping the
Spaying.-XVin. Sut^r^ef^-JK Snf n"' « ^"^ "^ Fistulll^
Tenotomy.-XXI. Tracheotomy^ .". ._ ^ '^^ ^^"^ *°'- Flatulence.-XX.
461
CHAPTER XXIII
see to, for^Hi^ ctn^S Condi^?;;!".- ^^* ^"^^ ^^^'^^'^^ Should
SeUer's Guarantee Should CovS^vlces.^^^^ Certiflcate.-iv. The
483
CHAPTER XXIV.
TOISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.
CHAPTER XXV.
L WhatT H. ^^""""^N'^' APPARATUS, AND MEDICmES.
Medicines and Do8e8.-V.^^^len a^ S^iTn^*^ *' Outflt.-IV. Veterinary
CHAPTER XXVI.
RECIPES FOR THE H0R8E.
Beoapltulation of Bedpeg in Part n
9
47a
486
\
,.....„,-..:..^.n-r-«tm..»»Br.;iK^-»iT.»
xvni
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
%w
i
I
PART III.
CATTLE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY HISTORY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTXB.
Paco.
L Wild and Semi-wild Herds.— II. The First Chroniclers and Breeders of Cattle.—
ni. The Original Type.— IV. Undomesticated Herds of Europe and Asia.— V.
Spanish- American Breeds.— VI. Th<5 Dovons.- VH. The Herefords.— VHI. The
Durham or Teesw.iter Breed.— IX. Irish Cattle.— X. Scotch and Highland Cattle.
—XI. Swiss Cattle— Xn. Dutch Cattle.— XIH. Fossil CatUe.- XIV. The Wild
Cattle of England— XV. Native Districts of some Breeds 4B1
CHAPTER II.
STRUCTURE OF THE OX.
1. Comparative Description.— JI. A Good Cow Described In Verse. — HI. Skeleton of
the Ox.— IV. Analysing the Uead.— V. External Parts of a Fat Ox.— VI. Teeth
of the Ox.— Vn. A^ of Cattle Told by the Chart. 608
CHAPTER III.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS.
L— Ancient and Modem Breeding.— II. Cattle of the Campagnas.— HI. Pioneers ol
Improved Stock.— IV. Illustrations of Noted English Breeds. — V. Do Not At-
tempt to Form a Breed.— VI. How a Breed is Formed.— VII. Breeding for Cer-
tain Uses.— VIII. Variation in Type.— IX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in
Line.— X. Altering the Character by Crossing.— XI. influence of Shelter and
Feeding.— XII. Heredity in Cattle.— XIII. Hereditary Influence of Parents.—
XIV. Atavism.— XV. Peculiarities of Ancestors Perpetuated.— XVI. How the
Short-Horns were Bred up.— XVH. Short-Horns Dui-ing the Last Fifty Years.—
XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains.-XIX. The Three Principal Types of Cattle.. BIG
CHAPTER IV.
Cat
—a
Boi
—X
Shoi
XX
— Tl
XXI
xx:
L. A Fast
IV. 1
—VII
tical I
xir.
XIV.
iess' C
Jersey
XX. 1
Estim.
Practi(
I. The Vail
fords F
lea V
vm. 1
Herefor
WorkO:
Herefon
Diatribu
THE BREEDIN(} OF CATTLE.
L Early Systems of Breeding.— II. Bakewell's Ten Kules.— III. What the Breeder
Must Know.— IV. Compare Results.— V. The Assimilation of Food.— VI. The
Breeder Must be a Good Farmer.— VII. Breeding for Beef.— VIII. Breeding for
Milk.— IX. Breeding for Labor.— X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk.— XI. Some
Facta About Beef.— XII. Value of Sires in Different Herds.- XIH. Know Waat
You Breed for.— XTV. Definition of Terms.— XV. How to Start a Herd.— XVI.
How the Herd will Grade.— XVII. Taking a Line Cross.— XVHI. Some Speci-
mens of Close Breeding.— XIX. The Gestation of Cows BV
CHAPTER V.
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
J. Short-Horn Breeds.— H. The Old Teeswaters.- IH. Origin of Modern Shorts
Horns.- IV. WhatMade Them Famous. —V. TheBuUHubback.— VI. Beef From
«jf
stflrs,— vn. Rhort.=Horr,s ;
..jrtrt y? 1 1 1 _ 'Ti.rt riy«n*- rk**5n f rrs-
portaUOD.— IX. Kentucky and Other Importatious.~X. Importatioa of Bates
I. Antiquity
Ural Grni
v. Their
acterlstio
Devon Or
XIIT. In
Cattle.—]
XVIII. T
i- Polled Cattl
ITio Limbf
America.-
Angus Co\
TABLE OF CONT- WTS.
XIX
Short arid Straight—XXI 'l-ho t . ^T^^^' '^'^e Body.-XX Thl t
XXm^ThcBao."stra,Snd2:ai-xSr^^"- ^'^« '" the cXs -
Jijl^«"^h -XXVI. The Hide -™r V^,'''"'' Barrel-Shaped.-SV
XXIX. Beef Points Illustrated -XxVV . ^"^ ""»''• -XXVIII. The Col^
XXXI. Scale of Points toTs'ortS^^cllT!. .'.'"'"'^ '"' ^^-^'H-" bSsI
CHAPTER VI
IV- The Jenej„JTo-<l„ ™°""««r«— UJ. ■n.eAJO.raevl„You.,...T,
XII. Value of Heredity .-X ITT " ^""^"8— XI. Good Milkers in all R..«„V^
XIV. The MilkVein?lxv a^frr°'^"°'^'^««"°"«n«llS^
iess' Opinlon.-XVII Svml'„. \F^'*^'" ^""^ '^'^^i^t Veins -XVr w qI ~
Jersey not a Da™ w -xTx^ f ""''' '^^'^'''^- «- Bre^d flx^m ^■
XX. Rules in Adding Pri^et-S "'/f '^ '"'• '^^^y CowsandS J"'
Estimating the Value It PoiniT^Tfr "''."' ^°'°*« '«'• ^^^sey Bullf^SST
Practical Stand-point . T'~^^- ^''^°'" ''"^ S«e-XX?? 1^^
CHAPTER VH
xnTT nu '"^'"'Por^tionof 1840-Vir it„ i . ^"^ ^ereforda in Amer
Vin. T;.3 Ohio Iniportatioi rv J ""'"''^"''♦l trades Forty YenrT a '
Hereford, not Fairly Tried v!\ Herefords in Ganada.-X E Jl„T *^''-
Work Ox -XII r ^K ^I'"''^— XI. Tlie Herefords West ^tt ^m, ^ Imported
„ * , XUI. The Hereford Cow —tctv t> • ®^'^— XH. The Hereford a« «
^I'S.l"'^ °* To-day in England.-IvT^";: "?"" **' ^« Hereford._XV ^l
Distribution in the Southist and fL wS ."'.^"*.'"^^«^« ftaiseixm
CHAPTER VHI.
I- Antiquity of the Devons -H ThoT "'^^ ™= «^««^-
"ralGrazing Grounds ;f th; Devons-^v'^TT"''^ ^'"^» Cattle.-m Nat
V. The r Deceiving Appearance!!.^ JV JV k g ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ Devons
acteristica.— vm Th„ t»~. I . ^*'''"« of the Devon —Vrr xr *T?
Devon Tow vr' « ^^gs of the Devon.-EX ThI n , Rotable Char-
i^evon»..ow — XI. Mr. AUpn'a Tioo.! ^ he Body and Tail y rm.
Xm. In the First Class tBelr-xlTw^'f'; '''^^ "^^ Active a^dH^di^^
^n~^- '!''>« Sussex Color Ixvn" D^fi^'' fV''^ ^^^"-'-X V I^S'el
XVm. IT^e Sussex COW.-XIX. Gfam^g^^^St ;"^ ^^^^'f ^
CFIAPTER IX.
I. Polled Cattle in General.-n Thloa^ir '^"''•
IHo Limbs and Head.-v ^h^o.?""''!*:*?^^-^'^- Points of the non„^.... ^.
America.-VUI PnH„,i a " ''^'"- ^^^- 'I'^« Color.-VII ThT/^ ,^'"^"^ ' '
AngusCows^MiLtl^".^";.^^-^- Color of tif Po^e^^I -^i"
l-he Angus Compared with the GaUoway^!'"^.' 597
638
4
*,
668
678
686
TABLit »►■ onrrnvm,
Paok.
CHAPJ Lb >.
DAIBY OA'rTX>K— THE AYItHlLiRfit.
I. The Antiquity of Ay rshirfl ' atlkic.— II. Ayrshire Ancestry.— in. Tlie Ayrsliiro aa •
Milker.— IV. Qiuilily *»f lU«i SliHc. Y- Mr. Yoimtt'sOiniiion.— VI. Quality cf the
Flesh.— VII. The Ayrnldifc,- m tnerun -VIU. Ayrshire 1' ints Eighty Years
Ago.— IX. The Ayrshire ot r..-«iay — X. Pointsof A/rshiro Caitlf.— XI. Escut-
cheon or Milk Mirror.— XIl. '11,„ J''.>«fH RiimmcdUp.— XIII. The Body.— X J V.
The Skin.— XV. Milk Points.—W 1. fbe ^ad.— XVII. The Neck, Body ji '
Limhs.— XVni. Importance of Good Teats. -XTX. Color, Style and tonditiou. 608
CHAPTER XI.
DAIRY CATTLE — THE DUTCH BREEDS.
I. Antiquity of Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Race.— II. Friesian and Batavlan Cattle.—
III. Dutch Cattle Older than those of Ilolstein.— FV. Establishment of Regular
Cattle Markets.— V. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland.— VI. Facta
about Dutch Cattle.— VII. Varieties Described.— VTII. Races of Dutch Cattle.
—IX. Dr. George May's Testimony.— X. Breeds of North and 3outh Hol-
land and AVest Friesland.— XI. Their Color and Form.— XII. Yields of Milk.—
XIII. Feeding Qualitie.'j — XTV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed.— XV. The
Earliest Imi)ortations.— XVI. The Leroy Importation.— XVII. The Chenery Im-
portation.— XVIIL What Trof. RobcrU Says. XTX. Measurements Adopted
for Dutch Friesian Cattle.- XX. How to Select Dairy Cows 6U
CFIAPTER XII.
tjK EAr- ' "^G AND ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF CATTLE.
[. tmportance of Proper • re while Young.— II. Difference between Good and Bad
Care.- III. The Starv-d Calves at Gruss.—IV. Tlie Other Side.— V. Good Win-
ter Keeping for Cal\ >.— VI. When and How to Castrate.— VH. Young Beef.—
VTII. Heavy Steers.— IX. Full Feeding and Early Maturity.— X. Economy In
Feeding.- XI. The True Policy with Young Stock.— XH. Feeding the Young
Cal"e3.— XIII. Feed Grass and Oata Early.— XIV. Where the Profit Comes In.
—XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor.— XVI. Reaching Results.— XVII.
Wlien and How to Feed. — XVHI. Out-Door Feeding Where Corn is Cheap. —
XTX. A Good Condiment.- XX. So-called Perfect Foods eas
CHAPTER XIII.
PA9TOKAOE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT.
I. Study the Conditions. — H. Provide ;> ;,'i',iii8t Droughts. — IH. Kinds of Feed to
Raise.— rV. Pasture the Poor Man's »Vealth. — V. The Valuable Clovers. — VI.
Alfalfa or Luzerne.— Vir. Clovers Not Generally Valuable.— VIII. Forage and
Feeding Plants. — IX. Grass Is the Most Valuable.— X. Grasses of Special Value.
—XI. The Coming Grasses for the West.— XU. The Time to Pasture.— XIIT.
Feeding in Winter. — XIV. Watering. — XV. Feeding in Summer. — XVI. Econ-
omy of Full Summer and V/intcr Feeding.— XVII. Summing Up.— XVIH. Fin-
iBhing a Steer.— XEX. When to Sell 634
CHAPTER XIV.
HERDING ANl M^AZIMO.
f. Great Herds of the Southwe-st, — H. I.o.ijse.'»frf>;i '< '-i" "IN^srlect. — HI. Cattle do
not Wander Far.— rV. Three Things Necus-:.'; \ ii .rdh ^ — V. How to Raise
Wa
teci
A M(
Kin(
vice:
the]
ilati.
Trea
TheD
sary.-
Wliat
—VII
erly.-
XUI.
A Sun
TheEco
Relate(
Sometli
Framec
The Ba
Wings.-
XVI. B
Summei
A Profltal
How the
eries. — 'V
—IX. B
Color Bi
Package
?lvM-se.-.-
jjiiMjin^^tiiatais
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
OE.
Water._VI. Tanks and Pools for Stock -Vir rr
tection against Storms niock.— vil. Have
the Pool Deep.—viII,
chaptp:ii XV.
THE HUMANE MANAOKMENT
XXI
Paob.
Pro-
642
603
A 3Ie..c.M Man i3 Merciful to lUs B..;" llT w?!." ''"''"
K.na„ess.-Iir. How to Manage a KKker TV -. f *"""*"'''« ^^^ ^^^e and
vices to Prevent Goring.-VI Di vV„. . , / ^ « ^''-^^ent Sucklng.-V. De-
CHAl'TKR XVr.
"^"^ t::.,„nu and working of cattle
The Difference between T .inln- ..n,i « , . ''^^^^^
B-y-in. TwoWav.ofDoti"-i?"1'"n"- ^'•«'> ^^e Whip is ^3
Wiinf n„ri„ ... "'"o It.— IV. Advantages of Tr
raugI.t._VI. Training the Calf. "Vll
646
r
A.lvantages of Training Young.-v.
SIS
m
Wliat an Ox should
-VIU. Training a ^ull._K. Tr'alalnl"l:^y^Tn'''"■~'"^^■ '^''^i^ing tolead.
XOI. How to TriUn Steers.-Xiy Tr.ln t.. ""^^^ *« Manage a Kicking Cow
A Summing Up.-XVl. A Sailor al'a TealnsJer!".'. "''"'' "^'^ "'' Younglxv.
CHAPTER XVI r.
r rn,„ TT SHELTER FOR CATTLl"
^tltdTsVelte?!!.^-^^^^^^^^ P„„,
8omethingthat.ilirarK: Lur^^^^^^ "'-to ."^^ZTyl
Framed Shed with Loft.-IX Ca ?> -n. "t "''P ""'^ '^^""^ Shed.-VIir A
The Basement and Other Fltrs^^^iii"!"^^; ^T '"'■ ^'^'•'«- ^-"xi
Wmgs^Xiy. A Model Barn Boset^-t.^xvi^^f-"--^"- ^ ^-" -ith
XVI. Bound and Octagonal Barns -XVTTRi-,w.'"°'" **' ^^''el Barn.-
Summer Shelter . , ''*"''*' *<"" ^^^ End Desircd.-XVIII.
CIIAFrEK XVIII. ^
T AT> . "*'«"NO ANI> DAIRY BUILDINGS
1. A Profitable Industry — n On, 1^ • .^
How the Factory iTfium -V ^"7,^''*^""'"-"'- Th« Daily Buildln.^ -rv
erl^.-m DrfvingoffAnlI;/olr'!.-;^^^^^^^^^^ Patent^C^a^"
-IX, Butter Making hi Europe -X n„, ^ temperature of the Dairy Iloom
Color B..tter.-.XII.''saltrn" -^ •„^''T?."«*=^ '» 'he West.-XI. Ho^
*
633
to
675.
34
^/fur
XXII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART IV.
DISEASES OF CATTLE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM;
CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CUIIE.
THEIR
CHAPTER I.
general principlhs.
Paob
L Importance of this Department of Practice— If. Pathology of Cattlo and of the
Ilorso Compared.— I ri. AoLionof Itemedieain Cattle.- IV. The only Safe Prin-
ciples for Slost Cattle Owners.— V. Faralli.arize Yourself with tlio Phenomena
of Health. — VI. The Piilae, Kespiration and Temperature. — VII. Other Special
Signs of Disease 089
CHAPTER ir.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
I. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia.— II. Rinderpest or Cattle Plague.— III. Texaa
Fever, Spanish or Splenic Fovcr.~IV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and Mouth
Disease, or Epizootic Aphtiia.—V. Anthrax.— VI. Variola Vaecinoo or Cow-Pox. 693
CHAPTER III.
NON-CONTAGIOUS BLOOU DISEASES.
I. Plethora.— n. Anaemia. — III. Kheumatism.— IV. UiJEmia.— V. Septicsemia and
Pyajmia. — ^VI. Tuberculosis and Phthisis Pulmonalls. — VII. Cancerous Ulcers
an 1 Osteo Sarcoma.— VIII. Purpura llicmorrhaglca.— IX. Asthenic ILoimaturia,
orRod Water iu Cattlo.— X. Malignant Catarrh.— XI. Malignant Sore Tliroat... 706
CHAPTER IV.
DISEASES OK THE KESPIUATOUY ORGANS.
I. Simple Catarrh or Cold. — II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Throat. — III. Bron-
chitis.— IV. Pneumonia.~V. Pleurisy.— VI. llydrotliorax.— VII. Empliysema
of the Lungs 716
CHAPTER V.
DISEASES OK THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
I. Glossitis, or luflammatiou of tiie Tongue; and Paralysis of the Tongue— II.
lloven, or Tympanitis.— III. Impaction of tlio Rumen, or Maw-Round.— IV.
Impaction of tlio Omasum, or Fanlle-Bouiid.—V. Dyspepsia.— VI. Constipation.
—VII. Diarrhuia, or Scours.— V III. Dysentery.— IX. Enteritis.- X. Peritonitis.
—XI. Hernia.— XII. Strangulation, or (Jul -Tie 738
CHAPTER VI.
DISEASES OK TIIE UKINARV ORGANS.
L Nephritis, or luflammution of tlic Kidneys.— 1 1. Retention of the Trine, or Dysurla.
—III. Incontinence of I'riue, or Kiiuresls.— IV. Albumlnuiia, or Albuminous
Urine.— V. Ilicmaturia, or Bloody Urine.— VI. Cystitis, or Inllatninalion of Uia
BluUder.— VU. Lithlasis, or Gravel.— VIII. Calculi 736
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
xxm
CHAPTER VII. ^'^°^-
•ISBASE3 OF THE ORGANS OF GEKBHATION.
L. Malpresentations, etc., la Parturition _Tr t>„^i j , .
tion of tl.o Aftor-birth.-!^ Abo a:;fa„r ^"^'"^ After-pains.-III. Eeten-
of the Womb.-Vni. PunrDPral Vn.n^ ^'''"f-^n- Metntis, or luflammation
Apoplexy.-X. LcucorL^or Wh tes' ^^^^^'-I'^^-itonitis.-IX. Parturient
Mamo^atioa of the UdJe^-S L^^f Te!r"^"-#"- ,*'-^-™'"^. -
Sterility " ii-ats.— XIV. Nyinphoinaiiia and
742
CHAPTER VIII.
DISEASES OF THE NEUVOCS SYSTEM.
L Phrenitls, or Inflammation Of the Brain —rr An„,,i^ rr, ^
Paralysi8.-V.rretanug-Vr TiLfZ \t , ^P°P'e^— HI. Epllepsy.-iy.
atPakurltion..:.^" .:r :..^;'^;'''''' "y'l^«P"obia.-Vn. N-ervous Debility
761
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN
£. Simple Eezema.-n. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis.-III. Erysipelas ,^
CHAPTER X.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE.
£. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis') — rr Ti.„ n i., .
viB,.-m. Lieo.-rV. Tapeworm.-^.^ Ma%:.!:!vnL:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^
CHAPTER XI.
DISEASES OP THE ETE.
I. Ophthalmia or ConjunctivltLs.— 11. Funn-,,, n-rrmf^rino «, „
Tom Eyellds.-IV. Inversion an.l i v": r • f i t' °'" ^'««d^ng Cancer.-UL
BtancesintheEye.... T.!. ^'^^'-■'^■^"'» "^ "'« Eyclids.-V. Foreign Sub-
770
CHAPTER XII.
ACCIDENTS, ETC.
f. Choking.— ir. Fracturca.— ni. Woundn _rv r.i . .,
Wens _ ounas.-i V. Dl.slooations.— V. Sprains.— VI.
77S
CHAPTER XOI.
OPEHATIONS.
I. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Bellv — Tr av.. .i .
Kumon (l-aunch) for ilovcLV iSl.oto. J.-V'Tra^I^f yl^V
-VII. Tapping the Bladdor of the Ox or Bull -Vli ™''"°n--yi- hpaylng.
IX. C:B«arianOporation.-X. Bleedmir Sutures and Bandage.,.-
^ 776
(niAPTER XIV.
UKCIPES KOIt CATTM',.
Bsoapitutahon of Recipi*^ U; P«-f rv
' 780
11
if i
■m
I
I) I
V i|
-r-r
XXIV
TABLE OF COKTENT8.
PART V.
SWINE— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
Rule
AVati
CHAPTER I.
histokr and statistics of swine.
Paok.
. Origin and Antiquity of tiie Hog.— U. Tlie Native American Species.- III. Swine
of Europe, Asia and Africa.— IV. The Wild Hogs of Europe V. Teeth of the
Hog.— V[. Brought to America by Columbus.— VII. Three Great Swine Pro-
ducing States.— VIII. Importance of the Pork Interest 701
CHAPTER II.
BREEDS OF SWINE.
Sires Of Improved Breeds.— II. Chinese Swine lU. Neapolitan Swine.— IV. The
Hog of India.— V. English Breeds— the Berlishire.— VI. The Essex VII. The
Black Dorset.— VIII. The Suffolk.— IX. Tlie Yorkshire.— X. Lancashire Breeds
XI. American Breeds.— XII. The Chester WTilte.- XIH. The Poland-China.—
XIV. The Cheshires.— XV. Jersey Red Swine XVI. Duroc Swine XVH.
Summary of Breeds 'j^
CHAPTER III
THE BREEDINO AND CARE OF HOGS.
Practical Value of Improved Breeds.— 11. Care in Selection.— HI. Age of Breed-
ing Swine.— IV. How to Select Breeding Auimals.—V. Form and Feeding Qual-
ities.— VI. TheCareof Breeding Stock. —VII. Farrowing.— VIII. Weaning the
Pigs.— IX. Castration.- X. Gestation of Sows.— XI. Necessity of Good Care.—
XU. Ringing a Hog
CH.APTER IV.
TOE FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF 8WINE.
Feed the Breeders for Health.-II. 'llie Proper Food for Swine.— HI. Summer
Feeding for Pork.-IV. Gra.sses and Clovers.-V. Roots.-VI. Grain the Main
Reliance. -VII. Feeding in the Fields.-Vni. Gleaning in the Fields and After
Cattle.-IX. Value of Mast for Hogs.-X. Hog-feeding in tlio South.— XI
Feeding in Close Pens.-XII. Hog Binns.-XIII. TIk! Bc.^t Form of Hog Barn"
-XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs.-XV. Economy of Full
Feeding from Birth
812
81»
PART VI.
DISEASES OF SWINE.-IIOVV TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES
PREVENTION AND CURE.
CHAPTER I.
I. Inllam
Quins
of the
Measl:
—X. ;
Leproi
SHEE
B]
MALIGNANT AND KIMDEMIC DISEASKS.
L The Prevention of Dlsease.-ir. Malignant Epizootic Catarrh.-IIL Cont^gioua
Fever of Swine.-n^. Contagious I'n..umo..Eutorltl8.-V. Splenic Fev^Tr
Native O
Sheep.-
Points o
Value ol
-X. R,
Breeds.-
Wooled 1
I. Long-Woo
rV. Leic,
ITia Oxf(
White-fa(
XI. Ilainj
Otiier Brc
-XVII. .
XIX. Th(
Wool per I
I. Constant Wa
~IV. Cou|
tt Record i
i'asturago
*
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
Miiligiiant Anthrax — V7 *.,.« t>
Rules for DislnfectioniCDfffllT;:^"^"^'^'- Malignant Diseases.-Vn
Watch Syn^ptonas Early, Jv.f^llfZues!!'!'.^:'!]'::'' "^ Swlne.-K
xx\
Page.
CHAPTER II.
I r „ ''^^ COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE
I. Inilammatory Diseases —it p owine.
Quinsy, or Inflammation of ^he Sf 'Vv'' i""""""''"^" <>* the Lnngs.-m
Meiisles and Trichina—VUr. Trichi .a 1 ^ ~ " *^''*'"''*' ">' Stiullles -vri
-X. Parasites of the Sl<in-Ma ;:rSeaT irf"- ""'"■ '"'^■^''-" ''---•"•
Leprosy. -XIV. Skeleton of the flog' ._.7.^^- ^^"'^-XU. Diarrh(Ea._XriI.
835
PART VII.
FACTS CONCERNING GOATS. ' '"'"
CHAPTER I.
?Tf-;i ^•°'' »"" vci^v ,™7,"Sf '"rr--"' *»'»".3'o' «..
Points of Sheep Explained ~vrr ,, . "^ ^''"l'— V. Dentition of Sheen _vr
™"»,"' ": •■> o«..- w„i,'':,'j s;;:,: :::;i';."r-^'''- '■■"■"•»"«
-X. Regions Adapted to Sheen vr p"? "'''""S"^^^lffi''-''"i Breeds
Breeds.-XII. Standard torlZZ^^'J''''''' "' ^^''''«"«"ce of (he Pri.iai
Wooled Sheep.-xiV. ^tanda^r^f:!: J^ J^:;™-^"!; ^^nd-l f„.. .nX'
CHAPTER II.
VARIETIES OF 8UEEP AND Tiii.,o ..
t- Long-Wooled English Sheep ir t ^ , ^'"^"-"^^«'«T,cs.
Ih'j Oxford-Downs— Vllf xn i ,, *^'- ^^•^*' ^Oxfordshire Hlicon vir
VVhite.fa..ed Mon^^^in Si i-p'^x 'Vm'I f'^V'''"''' «-'ti«h B Z~Tx
XI. "an.p,shire.Downs.Jxu.\si^;p.1 ';'"''"' "''^"'""''' «•• «'^«'^-" «1 e, -
Other Breeds of Great Britain -xT'oX^^^ South-Downs. J:^' V
-X-yil An,eriean Merinos.-XVm l" a T'T V" ^'^'"«-^Vooied SiTeep."
MX. The Rich Merinos.-XX. A.ont^een .'r '""\ "'^""»°"" Merinos.-
Wool per Sheen — yyii q ^»""'|[ Mneep in (;eneral XXr 'n,,. a
I oneop—xxil. Summary of British Breeds. . . ... Average
847
CHAPTER III.
, n . nni-Ki)iN<i am, ,-ake of sheep
I. Constant Watehf ulncss Necessary -I f Ti.n n ..
-IV. Conpllng.-V ThelwiV, '^ "'"*"''""» ^g«o'8heep.-ni Crossl,,.,
a Record of ,he bJ 'l.nl'?;; //''';?"'■ ^'-'''''"S-- VI. Gestation Iv^A'S^^^
i lotectlon fron, Insects.-XII. Early
U&8
r
XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
and Late Pasture and Feeding.— XIII. Winter Feeding.— XIV. Sheep Barns. —
XV. Grading the Siieep.— XVI. Feeding 'J'roughs andRacka.— XVII. Ciislration
and Docking.— XVIII. Weaning tlie Liimbs.— XIX. Lambing Time.— XX. The
Nurserj'.— XXI. Tugging Sheep.— XXII. Washing and Shearing.— XXUI. Tying
the Wool —XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Slieep.— XXV. A Word about Goats. 878
PART VIII.
DISEASES OF SHEEP.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES,
PREVENTION AND CURE.
CHAPTER I.
GENEKAL DISEASES.
Referring to Scientific Terms.— II. Inflammatory Diseases.— III. Distemper or
Epizootic Catarrh.— rv. Grubs in the Head.— V. Hydatids on the Brain. — VI.
Apoplexj-.— VII. Inflammation of the Brain.— VIII. Inflammation of tlie Eyes.
— IX. Swelled Head.— X. Vegetable Poisoning.— XI. Tetanus or Lockjaw. —
Xn. Paralysis or Palsy.— XIII. Babies or Canine Madness 896
CHAPTER II.
PARASITIC ANU OTHEK DISEASES.
g'oab, Ticks and Lice.— II. Foot Rot.— III. Foul in the Foot.— FV. Swollen Foot
and Gravel. — V. Maggots from Blow Flies. — VI. Irtestinal Worms.— VII. The
Rot or Liver Fluke. — VIII. Lung Worms. — IX. Sheep Worried by Dogs. — X.
Sprains, Strains and Bruises.— XI. Care When Lambing.— XII. Navel 111 900
POULTRY.
PART IX.
-HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERIST-
ICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
CHAPTER I.
ORIGIN AND VARIETIES OK FARM BIRDS.
I. Origin of tho Word Poultry.— II. Types and Native Country of Barn- Yard Fowls.
—HI. Changes Due to Breeding.— IV. Divi.sion of Fowls.— V. The Wild Turkey.
—VI. Ducks.— VII. Geese.— VI U. The Swan.— IX. Pheasants.- X. Guinea
Fowls.— XI. Peafowls.- XII. Ana'omy of the Hen 91S
CHAPTER II.
BARN-YARD FOWI.8.
I. English Breeds— Dorking Fowls.— II. SilverGray Dorkings. — III. Gray Dorkings.
— IV. Fawn-Colored Dorkings.— V. BlaiOi Dorkings.— VI. Bolton Grays, or Cre-
oles. — VH. French Fowls — Houdans.— A'lII. La Kleciie Fowls. — IX. Creve
Ca'urs.— X. Breda or Guelder Fowls.— XI. Spiinisli Fowls.— XII. Hamburg
Fowls — Black Hiunl)urg. — XHI. P(Hiciled Hamburgs.— XIV. liCghorn Fowls.
—XV. White Leghorns.— XVI. Americiiti Breeds.— XVII. Dominique Fowls.—
XVIIi. Oslrieh Fuwis. - -IvIX. Ply itiuuth Rock Fowls ^4
Game F
Red G
Game
Japane
Fowls.
L The Va
Cochin
VU. Bii
I. A Study o:
— rv. Ti
Breed to
Mate.— I
-XI. G
Poultry
Breeds f.
Killing a
Glossary
I. Varieties ol
Common
Varieties.
I. Tlie Manage
—IV. Win
VIL The (
I. Ducks on th
Ducks.— 1\
Ducks.— Vl
—X. Other
lOE.
878
:s,
896
900
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
xxvn
CHAPTER III. Pa««-
GAME FOWLS, AND OTHER UARE BUEEDS.
Game Fowls and their Varieties —rr Ti-.-ri r> , ^
Rea Ga.nea.-rv. DucI.-WrngeJ G.S s -V ' wiro""' .«™-«--ted
Game Ba„tams._vn. Otl,er Bant^, s -Vm The So^r ^.r^"""""^-^^-
Japanese Bantams.-X. Friz/led PowU yV" J Scabnght Bantam.-IX.
Fowls ""* Fowls.-XI. Rumpless Fowls.-XU. Silk-
941
951
CHAPTER IV.
ASIATIC FOWLS.
'• '^ool^Z.t^f^Zlfc^'- f-^^-'---ni. Light Brahmas.-IV
CHAPTER V.
BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY
-XI. General Management o7rowi? XiT p.. "'"''*'°r ' ^'^"""^ ^''''^^
Poultry Houses and Coops -XIV fLTr ^'T' *^°"'^ 'or Fowls.-XIII.
Breeds for Market.-XVL B^'d; fo F.^rT^'r'' n ''"^ ''"■"''^'"■^•-^•
Killing and Dressing Fowls.-XlV PuSr V^ ""^ ''' ^''"''»•-^^"•
Glossary of Terms ufed by I>ouU.y\n^lers "^ " '"'"'^""^ '" ^'^''^'^t-XX.
959
CHAPTER VI.
THE TURKEY, AND ITS VARIETIES.
I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey — TT Tlin t».„ ., «,
Common Tnrkey.-rv. The Oo^nated T^l . T'^""'^"'' '^'"'^^^ The
Varieties._vri.^rhe Care of Cke;8 . . .7;7. ! .""."f ''^ Turkeys.-VI. Rare
CHAPTER VII.
GEESE AND THEIR VARIETIES.
•• "80
976
CHAPTER VHI.
VARIETIES OP I)OME.STIC DUCKS.
Ducks on the Farm.— If.
Ducks.— IV
Ducks.— VII,
-X. Other and Rare 'Ducks".:.. V.V; "'''^•' '^'*«^^"""»i>''«k«.-rX. Call Ducks.
Bl.arm._II. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm -DT a„, k
. Rouen Dueks.-V. The C^o.nn.on White Duck.-v7 r;,^J ';^"T
'J~^^e«- ^'"- "-■'l^-t India D,.cks.!i^SV^!:?
987
xxviri
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
PART X.
DISEASES OF POULTRY.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIB
CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE.
CHAPTER I.
THE CAKE ANI> iTlEATMENT OF SICK FOWLS,
■TV- • . Pagi
Division of Diseases into Groups.— II. Apoplexy.— III. Vertigo.— rv. Paralysis.
—V. Ciop-Bound.— Vr. Diarrha^a.— Vlf. Catarrh.— VIII. Bronchitis.— EX.
Roup.-X. Gapes.-xr. Pip,— XH. Consumption.- XIII, Ina.immation of the
Egg Passage.-XTV. Leg Weakness. -XV. Rlieumatism.— XVI. Poultry
999
Lousiness.
PART XI.
DOGS,— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
L
CHAPTER I.
UOGS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
Something of Dog History.— U. Zoological Classification of Dogs.— HI. So-called
Wild Dogs. -IV. The Dog as a Companion of Man.-V. Characteristics of the
Genus Canis.-VI. Gestation of the Dog.— Vll. Peculianties of Dogs —VIII
ITie Principal Varieties of Dogs.— IX. Their Diversified Character loor
CHAPTER II.
DOGS OK THE CHASE.
Hounds.-n. The English Grey hound. -IIL The Rough Scotch Greyhound or
Deer-hoiind.-IV, The Grecian Grcyhound.-V. Hie Persian Greyhound —VI
The Russian Greyhound.— VII. The Tiirliish Greyhound.- VIIL The Irish AVolf
hound.-IX, The Stag-hound.-X, The Kox-hound—XI. The Blood-hound
-Xn, The Dachshuud.-XIII. Other Hounds. -XIV. The Fox-terrier '10I8
CHAPTER HI.
SPORTING OR KIELI) DOGS.
The Point«r.-II. The Scttcr.-III. Points of the Engli.4i Setter.-IV. Points of
the Irish Setter.-V. Training to Worli.-VI. 'i'ho English System of Training
—VII. rhoEngli.«hRetricver.-VIII. Tlio (licsaijealvc Bay Retriever -IX The
Clumber Spaniel.-X. Tlie English Spaniel.-XL The IrLsh Water Spaniel -
XII, The Springer.— XI! I. The Coclicr Spaniel ,\ jQ^g
CHAPTER IV.
House Watch Dogs.- -II
rier.— V. The Newfoundland Dog.
Dogs.— VIII
Drover's
Dog..,.
WATCH DOGS,
The Mastiff, -III. Tlie Bnll-dog.-IV. Tlic Bull-ter-
VII. oliepherd
-VI. The St. Bernard Do-r
HI. The Scotch Collie -IX. The Spanish SheplKird Dog -X The
Dog.-XL The Pomeranian or Spitz Dog.-XIL The German Sheen
Shoej)
1040
Their I
Terrlei
Dog.-
Spanie
The Pi
L The Feei
—V, I
RetrJev
Obediei
I. Introduct
Dysente
and Lull
1. Parasitic
worm.—
Surfeit.-
—XI, D
Tetanus.-
BEES,-
TIO
L Natural His
ties of till
Number c
Bees.— VI
Adapted t(
I. Hives.— H. :
Hiving Nc'
plcments
in Frames.
XIII. Com
OLOSSABT OP I
The American
Illustration
New, Popular ]
lucabators and
"Hog Cholera"' ,
TABLE OF CONTKNTS
XXIX
CHAPTER V. ^*°«-
r rn, . T.. ^^'^ ^^° TOY DOGS.
I. Their Diversified Character.-rr. Tho t*i„m, „„.,.. ^ .
Tlie Scotch
I Maltese
Tlie Pug Dog . . . : .:;:.7. r"".~"';. . ;""' '^""' Oog.-xn. The Ba,-bef.-XirL
CHAPTER VI. ^""^
T TT,,^ ^. '^''^■^AGEMENT AND TItAINING OP D0Q3
„„. 1009
CHAPTER VH.
DISEASES OF DOGS.
1. introduction.— n. Distemnpr rrr t?v - ^
ana Lung Di.eases.-vm. Goitret^Sir C^o^hS-""' '^'^^^
CHAPTER vnr.
, „ . DISEASES OF DOGS— CONTINUED "
i. Parasitic Diseases Of the Dog.-n. Man-e m pi ' r,,
worm.-VI. lutestiualWoinis vrr il • ^^•^•'^«— IV. Lice.-V. Ring.
8urfeit.-IX. Abscesses IrPhi^ZionlTuno. v 'T" ^"^ Heart.-Vlfl.
-XL Diseases of the Genitive oCnsOhl. fractures and Wounds.
Tetanus.-xrv. Paral.sis.-XV^Sr rZll'^i^S^: . ^^.^^^
lUo|
PART XII.
BEES. HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH DIREC
TIONS FOR THEIR SUCCESSFUL MANAGOT
CHAPTER I.
r V f , XT. VAUIETIES AND PECULIARITIES OP BEES.
^nr^::;;Z;;:^^'lj;^-^;;S^o^"'enone3-Bee.-in. VaHe-
Bees-VIIL Varieties of Iloney.-IX. Wax and Iow~^M„ P '"'"' ""' "^"'^'^
Adapted to the Production of Honey . . . . ! '' Formed.-X. Plants
• 1003
CHAPTER II.
"IE GENEUAI, M4NA<iEMENT OP BEES
I. Hives.— II. Number of Swarms Profltablv Kent on „ p,,^ rrr c
Hiving New Swarms.-V. Taking the Ilonov V W. P, "' f ^»™J"g-IV.
plements of Use.-VIir A M,JJ-uX^ .' ^^''^'^'•'"8 Bees.- VII. T,„.
la Frames.-X. f1 Ig i'Jr-x^ V-miorf^i Fastening Empty Comb,
XIII. Conclusion ?. . . . . . . ;. _"''"';'^ "^ Bees.-XII. Foul Brood.-
OLOSSABr OP 8CIENTIPI0 TERMS, IN GENERAL USE. ""'
— 1108
p^ p T" ^'^ } I T
Tho American Trotter TUr Tr n ai T. '
Illustration/) ..... !/;; "" ^"""''•"'"b"'. Editor of "The Horseman" (10
New, Popular Breeds of Poultry (;riilusVratio,Vs)". '-"^O
rucnbutors and Brooders (13 lilustiations) . T "«>
'•Hog Cholera" ' 1100
1204
ill
i'l«
t
I-
TXX
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Our Dumb Friends .
TiiE .Stabi-k-yakd. . .
Among the Cat-ile.
CHROMO-LITHOORAPHS.
Pag«.
.(Frontispiece).
30
488
Paob,
Swine 7SS
AIIKEI*-IIUN •••••••••••••••• ■••• ••••• 844
Domestic Fowxs 910
ENGRAVINGS.
Pao«.
Hon. Jonathan Periam 4
A. H. Baker, V. 8. 5
Skeleton shown against outline of horse 42
Bones of hintlcr parts 44
Skeleton of horse 4g
Sectioniil view of the bones of the foot. 4"
Vertieul section of lower log and foot. . 47
Front and back view of bones of foot. . -18
Bones of head and neck 49
Bones and muscles of the fore legs 51
Bones of the knee 62
Bones and articulations of the foot.... 53
Bones of the hook 55
Horse's head, open to view 56
The muscles in walking 67
Mnscles of the head and neck 59
Muscles of shoulder and adjacent parts 62
Bear side view of the muscular covering 64
Mnscles of the hi nd quarters Co
Longitudinal section of horse 68
External parts of the horse 09
Movement in walldng 71
Front view of heads— good 74
Side and front view of Tieads— bad 75
Fore quarters, showing a good shoulder 77
Front view of fore quarters— bad 78
Front view— good breast and limbs 79
Side view of f<)re quarters— bad 82
Good hind quaiters 83
Side view of hind quarters— bad 86
Back view of bind quarters— good 87
Back view of bad hind quarters 88
Section of horse's grinder 95
A good horse for light work 100
"Gold Dust" 7 101
Clydesdale stallion 103
Modern Nonnan-Percheron horse 105
Norman-Percheron mare 107
A light hunting horse no
A heavier hunting horse m
A fine trotter In light harness 112
An English coach horse, heavy draft. . 114
A Cleveland Bay 115
Shei land ponies ns
Amonoanihoroughbred of to-day.... 127
An Arabian of the desert 129
Young Clydesdales 1 30
"Shales" ^35
A trotting horse of to-day 137
Goldsmith Maid 139
Movement in trotting 140
"Dervish" \}^
A Poitou ass ,,', J59
A high-class Kentucky mule 160
Young Spanish iennet ]C1
Peicherou mare and mule foal 163
Old stylo Derbyshire curt horses 164
Wintering in the woods ](j5
A gnml inrrrt for a halter ]09
An unnatural position of the head 178
Paok.
Head carried naturally 178
Device to cure the habit of pulling. . . . 181
A device to cure the habit of kicking.. 187
Xornian-P'Virit^ron horse in action... 195
Cn«rliy and improvidence 200
Kindness and good sense exemplified. 201
Ar average farm team 203
An unprolitablo method of feeding.... 204
The shelter of the provident man 205
An improvident man's barn 205
An unthrifty home 205
A kind man's team 206
A cruel man's team 206
A "good fellow's" barn 207
His door-yard gate 207
His field gate 207
Scale of measurements (for horse) ... . 211
A model form for a racer 214
A fine roailster 216
Good form of a siiddle horse 216
A horse of good form and action 217
Half-bred Clydesdale, front view 219
Half-bred Clydesdale, rear view 220
Blind horse in motion— exaggerated... 225
I Outward exhibition of some diseases. . 233
Manner of giving a drench to a horse. 239
Sole of a foot showing new corn 240
Sole of a loot showing corn 241
A quittor 242
Aquittor, laterstage 242
Quarter crack 244
False quarter 244
Quarter crack, pared and shod 245
Quarter crack, p.ired, dressed, etc 245
Closing a hoof crack 245
False quarter, pared and shod 246
Sand crack, pared, etc 246
Sand crack, dressed and bandaged... 246
Seedy toe 246
Diagram of shoe 247
View of afoot 247
Pricking from nails 247
The solo of a foot 248
Foot with a weak solo 249
Position taken in acute founder 250
Soaking the feet of foundered horse. . . 250
The movement of a foundered horse.. 251
A deformed hoof 252
Diagram illustrating neurotomy 255
Shoe left on too long 256
A low heeled, flatfoot 257
A strong, upright, high heeled foot... 257
Canker of the sole 2.58
( 'ankor of the frog , 258
Calks or treads on the coronet 259
Diagram of foot 261
Bottom of foot 261
Diagram of a foot 262
Tiie I'lanip on, to prevent slipping.... 2as
A plain shoe ,,, 20Q
Veins of tl
Crib-bitim
Resting wi
Bone spav
Feeling foi
Position of
Position of
Hock joint
Enlargeme
Diagram ill
Sickle or cc
Diagram ill
Foot of a h(
Diagram ill
Splints of a
Dishing on
Flexor tend
Capped hoc
An unusutill
flings lor a
Baker's brae
Where joint
Broken knee
Broken knet
Windgalls . .
Windgall.s— <
Device for a
Ah; ed ho
Discovering 1
Cracked hoe
First symptoi
First stage of
Second stage
Grapes
Stitching witl
A bad case of
Enlarged kne
Aeood form
Aiikle boots it
Caries
Bony tumor. .
Partial paralv
Test lor spniii
A hoi-se dying
Mad from inf
Goitre or bron
Enlargement t
Fistulous with
Poll evil durin
Poll evil in its
Inllamed ingul
Inflamed jugul
A horso afllu'ti
Crow-bait— eff
Head covert>d \
Showing signs
Predisposed to
Melanosis
Diagram show
Face of horse. .
Forceps
Polypus
A horse's head
Lymphatic glar
Nose-bag. . . . . .
A horse with tb
Nasal gleet. . . .
Effect of larynjj
ILLUSTRATIONS.
K'^re*''«»^'^"^«^^ighest
XXXI
Page.
207
^rosition of foot in spavin. .
Enlargement of hock joint'. '.'.'.'.'. m
fSfl h!>r*!""« '•-g»>o--- •.'■••.• s
Dh-iCTaui illustrating spiint^'. ! ! ." ! ! ! .' .' ! ' HIS
Splints of a serioualiAd ,„
Dishing on a trot ^-1
Flexor tendons of fore legs. .,.'.'."" i:^
Capped hook ^ ^l^
208
209
209
271
J
Horso with pneumonia. ...::; ?f5
Position assumed in pneumonia ^l
Bad pos tion of head f„r heaves Ill
Thf^ r'th hydrothorax. . . . . ; f^?
i he act of coughinsr • . o^^
A seton in the throat of ahors4 l-i
A horse with tr.otliaehe. . . ^2^,
A horse quiddiug ??4
Parrot mouth. . .7. 3a5
Sore Z:^!:?"" ""^-^ bit: ::::::: l^
ifv"''y by ttie bit... !!;;;; ^se
Misuse of the curb ;; |^6
hcalded mouth *^"8
Burning for lampas .!.'.'.' .' H
Lampasiron .. 3o7
Choking 357
Tlie low choke with"flatliience vl
second stao'e of Rn'iarrw>,ii„ ,, ''"^
Thi..ri „t., " . spasmodic colic aaa
Ihlrd stiige of spasmodic colic i^
Horse dyfiig of flatulent col?e q^
Trochar anH cannula . . . . . ? ^'^^
Attitude indicating abdominis VnVn'rv* '
Nose strained upward. '""'" '"J"^-
A horse with chronic dyscr'-erv.i
An unusuallv large cappedhock! |p9
\V here joint oilis ::.; ^88
Broken knee-probing '. " ' " oon
Broken knee-opening .^H^
Windgalls *' -"^
Windgalis-dissected'." '.■.■.■.;;•: Ej
First symptom of grease! '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.V IZ
First stage of conflTmed grease gS
Grpes.''?f.?!*^'^""™«3ffrea8e.:::: aSt
Stitchingwithatei^d s^tonn^edi^:: •; S
A bad case of string-halt ■„ oVX
AStrr'"™«P««^^ «"*•••••• 3^3
Cartel!'.''.*!'.''.'!.!?!"""*'^ ''^^^•' • • • • • * • • • 3I4
Bony tumor ... i i 317
Partial p.aralysis of the hind Ycgs.*.'.' " ' 320
Test for spndn of the back. . . ;f qo?
A hoi^e dying from abscess In braiA " " S9^
Mad from inflammatioa of the b^ahi: §1
Goitre or bronchocele oii
Enlargement threatening fistula '. ^9«
Fis Hious wither8-woi-8f8tS..v : :: S
S° } *^'} f'"''"e the first sUige. . . so?
Poll evil in its secondary stage . . ' ' ?28
Inflamed jugular vein ......?.. ... " qor
A lioi'so alllicted with sui-feit -nn
Crow-bait-effcct of dropsy. .. . s^?
Head covered with warts. q,1
Showing si^ng of prurigo "tit
Predisposed to melanosis r^
Melanosis „;!"
365
366
367
367
370
Forceps "38
A horse's head with cold Q-in
fc-Eag.°.?!'^".^.?f.!^""''" '^'°'''--' f^
A horse with tha «i,~x!.l Vii-j -^-" i -^
Nasal gleetT.":. .?'**^"=*"^"^ ^«
Effect of laiyngitifl . ..". :;:;:::.*:::::: m
ES;i!"^!??':"g"»>^«mi-iiniu;y:j^i'
■^""fj'er test for enteritis .V. '.'.'.'. HI
A horse mad from brain disease Ill
How tetanus limits motion. '.V.'.'. Hf
Abscess in the brain 379
Unsteady gait of partial paralysis qs?
A horse wfth Influenza. . . . .J oil
Purpura <>°^
Glandei-s, first stage".". '.'.'.'..'. 390
Glanders ^ 395
Examination for glaiideiV.".".". ".".'.*. onr
G anders, advanced stage. B^
Glanders, last stage. . . f . . . . E^
a^h"*?" ''' glanderous lung.. ! ." :;; " ' ' " B^
A bad case of strangles. ...... ^Z
Countenance of a hSrso with rabies" " ^00
Destructive impulse of hydrophobia"" -^W
Wmple ophthalmia ." flf
Manner of opening the eye. . ". ! '. ". ! ! ! " ' lol
Eye affected by serena. ...... iH
Manner of 8hii(Jino.j5, }.„r— '-
A irequeiit result of lniperfec?^'ion" * 427
Obstruction of lachrymal duct. Ill
Spreading the mange . . . . ... g
^1
■($'
4
XXXII
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK HOOK.
PitGB.
Appearance of colt having worms A,>1
Kubbiugnose — syiiiptoin of worms... 4M
Pcutastoma tocnoldus 4,i'2
Tlie gadfly 432
A bot 4;i2
The giidlly, at various stages 4;J2
Bots fastened to tlio stomai'li 4;!;i
Hen louse of the horse 4.!:!
Goniodes stylifer of tlie turkey 4;!:!
Hoematopinus of horse and ass 43 1
Trichodectes or bird louse of the hoi-se 434
DerraatofOi)hagus equi 434
Dcritiatoeoptes equi 434
Mange mite (niagnilicd) 435
Sarcoptes equi 43.5
Xest for mange 435
Bingworm 436
Cribbing 437
Gnawing the manger 438
Playing with the grain 439
Points of the leg 442
Injured tendons 442
Osteophytes on the.pastem bones "443
Diseased hock joint 443
Lazy man's way of cleaning the legs. . 444
The proper way 445
The old way of giving a ball 446
Scratches 447
Showing the veins of the foot 447
Exostosis of the coftln bone 447
The proper way to give a ball 448
Feeding a horse with tetanus 449
A sick horse 449
Aphtha 450
Many-tailed bandage 452
Raising the vein before bleeding 452
Striking the fleam with blood-stick. . . 452
Catching the blood 454
A hook when blistered 4.54
Extirpation of the eye • 456
Opening the abscess of strangles 459
Opening the skin in tapping chest 459
Water flowing from the chest 459
Uninterrupted suture 460
Quilled suture 460
Perfoi-ming tracheotomy 461
Structures met with in tracheotomy. .. 461
One test for roaring 464
Gastro-enteritis 466
Drastic poisoning 467
Centra] American ox 493
Devon bull of fifty years ago 493
Cherokee and Texan cattle 494
Hereford cow and calf of 20 years ago. 497
Durham or IVcswater bull and cow.. . 499
Skeleton of tn^ ox 509
Outline of fat bullocks 510
Vertical section of the head 510
Section of head of ox 511
Short-horn ox in prime condition .... 51 2
Short-born cow in outline 618
Short-born bull of 1840 541
Short-horn cow, Kosamond 542
Yearling Short-horn bull 543
Short-horn cow 545
A Shf)rt-horn bull 546
A young Shoit-hom cow 517
Points of Short-horn bull 554
Pag*.
.fersey bull 660
Jersey bull, heifer and calf 501
Great milk mirror on Ilolstein cow. . . . 560
Milk mirrors of Jersey cows 568
•Jersey heifer 570
.Jersey cow 570
Model Jersey cow, illustrated 673
Jersey bull, Perfection 574
Improved Hereford bull 582
Devon working steer 587
Improved Devon cow 591
A Sussex cow 594
Glamorgan bull and cow 595
Model Ilolstein heifer 596
A Galloway bull 599
Polled Angus cow 601
Model A)-rshire cow 604
Ayrshire bull and cow 607
Young Ilolstein bull 620
Ilolstein cow and calf 622
Badly wintered calf 624
■Well wintered 624
Kesult of bad handling 647
llesult of good handling 647
To prevent a cow from Idcking 647
To prevent sucking 648
To prevent hooking §43
Harness to prevent sucking 649
A better form of harness 049
Hampering a vicious buU 649
Ahappy family 650
The pasture of P'araier "Well-to-do. ... 651
Under the whip, a broken team 654
By the power of kindness, trained ox. . 654
The good old way 655
One way of ringing a bull 657
Device for holding the pall 659
Manner of holding the pail , 659
A shiftless farmer's barn 664
Primitive shelter 665
Farmer Thrifty '3 shelter 665
Farmer Goodenough's barn yard 666
A slack farmer's shelter 667
Main floor of barn 670
A model basement ; 671
Main floor of laeding bam *. 672
Box stalls for fattening show cattle. . . 672
Plan of creamery and cheese factory. . G77
Pleuro-pneumonia 694
Rinderpest 697
Foot and mouth disease 700
Epizootic Aphtha 700
Carbunciilar erysipelas 702
Gloss anthrax or black tongue 703
The teat syjihon 705
Tuliercular ulcer on the prirotid gland 711
Osteo sircoma of the lower jaw. 711
Osteosun-omaof the npi)erjaw 711
Bad effects of excessive use of caustic 711
Swelling of javvs, etc., in purpura 712
^talignant calanli, last stjige 713
Malignant sore throat 714
A|)plication of steam to the nostrils. . . 715
Nose-bag for steaming 716
Laryngitis or sore tlu-oat 717
Acute pleurisy .,,., 720
Emphysema of the lungs 722
The stomach of ruminants 723
Troi liar ai
Paraly-is n
Ox sufferiii
Wooden g:i
Balling iroi
•Showing w
Tapping th
Seeming w
Uiimeu exp
< ^alf siiftVrii
Truss for ui
Ox with infl
UreMial can;
Jointed hooi
Srraiglit hoo
vJoucealed k
•''iist nialpic
•Second mal]
Third inalijn
fourth nialp
tifth malpre
Sixth malpr^
Seventh nial,
■Kightl. nia.')
Ninth nia![)«
HydrocephuK
Ascites, or dr
Uterine h(»rno
Inversion of t
To prevent iir
Twist^ed roiie.
Using tlie stoi;
Parturient apr
Method of hui;
Chronic eczem
Ox gadfly (oisi
Gnib of gadllj
Ox louse....,:
Calf louse
Bird louse
Appearance of
Ox tick
Head of ta|>ewr
<Janiasu8 of nui
Fungus ha;inatf
I ransverse and
Many-tailed bai
Dislocation of t
Method of jjievi
Making the ii„.j,
The fluid flowin
Operation for re
Ox pr<'pared for
Wild hogs of the
Chinese sow
('hinese boar
Neapolitan hoar;
N^eapolitjm and J
Berkshire sow..
Berkshire sow, bi
Lssex boar and p
hssex sow
Black Dorset sow
Short-faced Lane
Chester White ho,
Poland -China bod
Iiisproved Chcshii
i>uroc sow.. ..
Tr<)cli,iraii(l<M„„„i,.,..._
rw'' •«"."'"'" '"";rn,. fro.;;
Ox suffering f,,„a,.nv,.„..
WoocK'n ^a"- •• •..
Balling iroih,
ILLLKTKATIONK,
XXX III
.111 iiijin-v "24
724
rrc .o "
nnowinjj whore tn t..i> ti
Tappinlthr.-nm",::'!'..''''''-''''"--
0;Ufsnff.rlng'i^.^^;,~ ;:'">• i
Ox wi, h inilunin.ati<.n of oili,i ••,:;.• " !■
Sfi!ii-;litli()oii .'.' "
Ooriccalod knife '
^'il•»!l; i'ialj>re.s»>Hta(io,;.";::;; i
IfiiKl inalpresentaiion i"
fourth inalpresentation .' i]
«iwK '»=\'J"e«entation l\
Sixth inalpr. ,s,Mifation I]
fTJiT """i"-^'--*entadon ;:; I;^
|&:"::;;S":::::----
L terine IieinoirJuim. ' '•"
Inversion of the a\ oilib.' .' Z'?
Metlio,! of supportfng "the ud(i;; i'A\'
ChroMK! eczetaa, or "?at tkils" iJw
Ox ga.lfly (u,,stru8 bovis) . l^
Gnibof ssidtlv ......'' 706
Ox louse....,: 7«6
Calflou.se .' W
Bird louse.... "W
dx'sr " ■" " '»»■■■"»&• «„• K s
Fungus h.x.inatodes . ^^^
laam -tailed bandage ii„
\rett.H"7' "' "'*^ ''''fell''- ••••".■.■ m
MakS l'le"i';r-'"''"«.'^ reeurrence;:: 774
cS:l.se^,?.":!^^-'.«'^southw;;i::
('hinese boar. . . '
Neapolitan boar and ^ow.' .' ! .' I
£g^aa.H, Kssex cross::::::::::: ^
Berkshire sow, breedei-: : I
K.ssex boar and i)i«-. . . >*
I'-ssex sow 8
Black Dors(!t sow *
Nhort-faced Lancashire ho's^s o ■
hester White hoffs... ^ ^'
'oland-China boar. ... *>'<
hnpr-oved Cheshire.. ::::: ""vl
725
A prairie ranger
-V liackwoods ho--...
i«<'ad<;?theta.nias;;iiun;::::::"--
<-.VMK.,.r,.u.s celiulosa
Adult int,.s(i,,alrn,.|,inaspi;;ii;'"'
;JIiiseIe trichina encysted. "^"""*---
h ei)hannnis d.-ntatlis or laVd woriu
l^iistrongylus gigas ''"" ^^orni,
Hiematopimis ........
Skeleton of theh...^..."
skeietonof Lcic..s,7.rsh;.ep::::
^l^lll of a polled sheep...
He,»l of sheep, vertical se; ion:""
l^xten ;r i,,„nts of .«heep ....
iJi vision of wool '
standard Merino ewe.
Leicester ram
Leicester ewes and lambs'.
Group of cotswold <nves . ..V.'.'.
t^ol.swold ewes
h i«'ared ( 'otswold lanl :
^luMired Cotswold ewe ::
i earl 1 ng Cotswold
^ew Oxfordshire ewe . . :: :
Yeurhnff Oxford-Down..
Bhik'/fr^'^v.'^^i'^^'i sheei,:::: :-
bputh-Dowii ram .
Don et ram
Merino ram. . .
Group of American Merinos
^ngn,h lamb creeps .... °
?vtMwirh*''^!j'"*«^*'^«^^^
" iiiien a w ith firood .« loif^- „„
Wintered wth good ", "I". """^ ««2
Simple shelter f u' 1, f ?L ^""^ f««d 882
Combination troiiglY..
Iniprbved sheep rfick..:
Caring for the lambs
Old Wi-y of washing sheen
iemaie Angora :::;;;::••
Paob.
...813
••. «14
... 815
-..818
. . . 8;J7
. . . 837
... 838
.. 838
. . 83!)
• . 83»
.. 840
.. 841
.. 848
. . 840
. • 849
• . 850
■ . 851
.. 857
. 8,51*
. 800
. 862
• 8G3
• HVA
• 864
. 805
- 865
. 866
. 867
. 808
809
870
871
872
873
874
881
882
Hheep gadlfy::
Grubofff •-
„- "'gadtly
Demoilex
Scab in sheep..:
Kheep tick with egg^: :
Inchodectes of tlS'sheep
Fasciolahepatica.... !'^
Disoneiimlanceolatum::::
5t.on^Ius«,aria,malee„la;g;d.
1'be lot
Creve Ca-ur cock and hen
Gallus Sonnorath
ilcad of single-wattieii' W..' 'i' ' " ', ^1»
Wild turk.^y hen ^■^'''"'"i fowl..«Jio
Head of Breda or Gueldre J!'"
^fxicau wild turkey coJk ^^^
Cayuga ducks. ... "^ 917
Lmbden or Bremen'^;;:; 018
•;pockled Giiinea-fowd "^ »
White Guinea-fowl »-'!
Peacock 921
922
883
'• 884
- . 8S5
- 886
. 888
. 889
.890
. 891
• 896
.896
. 900
. 901
. 902
902
905
905
905
906
907
914
915
XXXIV
THE AMKKKAN FAUMEU's STOCK BOOK.
Pagc.
Aiiitomy of the hen •>'-■}
Wliitc liorUiiig fOi-U '■*2*i
liiiiy Dorkiiij^s il2<i
Hoiidiiti lien "2"
\Ai I'"lcehe eot'k anil hen '.>ilS
Creve C'<enr fowls . , 02!)
Breiia or (Jneldre fowls 0^0
Bl:uk Spanish fowls !>31
Black llanilnn-is i»32
Golden penciled lliiniltnij;s Ki'A
Silver penciled llanil)ni«;s !KU
.Standard White ],e<,'lioins SKIC
White Leghorns U3"
Doniiniqne fowl 038
Ostrich fowls 039
Plvnionth lioeks iWO
A pair of Bantams 040
EarlDerl)y (Jaine 043
Brow n-hreasted Red Game 043
Duck-wing Game fowls 044
W^hite Georgian Games.
Barren, fnll feathered. .
Seabright Bantam
Japanese Bantam coek..
Japanese Btmlam pullet
Rumi)less fowls
Pair of silky fowl;
04r>
!»4G
!I47
iJ4.S
!)48
i)40
050
1 )ark and light Brahinas 0.')2
White Cochin fowls 0.")3
Buff Cochin cock 0.54
Buff Cochin hen 055
Partridge Cochins 0.57
Feeding the i)igcons 058
Points of poultry illustrated 0.50
Points of th(! head of cock 060
Outer and inner wing plumage i)(iL
Points of the fow 1 0(i2
Showing points 0(i3
Ideal shaiie of fowl 004
Protecting her 1)rood 005
Foraging for themselves 007
A good form of fountain > 908
A perfect feeding hopijcr Oliit
A stool feeding hopper 009
Bronze tinkeys 070
The couimon turkey 077
Yoinig ocellated turkey hen 078
Emixh'n G"ese 081
Toulouse geese 082
White China geese 983
Iloiig Kong geese 084
African goose 085
Standard Toulouse goose 980
Ayfesbury and Koueu ducks 088
Aylesbury drake 089
Rouen ducks 090
Common white duck OI'l
Cavuga black ducks 992
Black East India ducks 903
Gray Call diu;ks 993
White Call d::cks 994
Arctic Avuter-fo\vl 995
Pa'.c
(Jape worm 1002
The Gas«'ouv hound IIHW
Pair of Greyhonnds 101 J
J'ointcr anil Seller 1013
Head of Bloodhound 1014
'iiie I)almation or Coach dog 1015
Small Skve terrier 1015
S' . Hiilieit hound 1016
English (Jrcvhounds 1010
English FoxIIounds 1023
The true Blooilhoimd 1025
The Dachshund
Fox-terrier
.1028
The I'oinler, coursing 1030
An Irish Setter 10;W
Grouse-shooting on the prairies 1037
English Hetrieyer 1040
Chesapeake Bay IJclriever 1*11
Clumber Spaniel (English) 1042
English Spaniel 1044
Norlh-lrish AVatcr Si>aniel 1045
JIastiff and Bloodhound cross 1347
English Bull-dog 1049
English Bull-terrier 1050
The Newfoundland dog 1053
St. Bernard dog 1055
Scotch Collie 10.5'!
Spanish Sheplierd dog 1057
Yoikshire terrier 1062
Short-haired Skye terrier 1002
Skye terrier, prick eared 1063
Italian Greyhound 1005
Poodle . . . ■. 1065
Lion dog 1007
The Pug dog 1067
The blood-sucker 1082
The bird louse 1082
ThJi cat flea 108;j
Twuia Echinococcus filled with eggs. 108-1
Heads of the echinoeoceus 1084
Head of the taMiia cucumerina 1084
Cvsticercus Tennicollis 1084
Head of the TaMiia Marginata 1084
(Jommou round \vorm of dogs 1085
Koiind worm of the cat, natural size 1085
Queen bee 1094
Drone 1094
Worker bee 1094
Movable frame hive 1101
Movable frame tilled with comb 1102
Small frame 1102
Bee veil 1103
Bellows and smoking tube 1104
Honey knife 1104
Centrifugal extractor 1105
Furnishing a queen cell -1105
Utilizing i)ieces of comb 1106
Shuck's bee feeder 1106
C()ok"s division board and feeder 1100
Bee moth 1107
Work of the Larvsc in comb 1107
Chart showing Teeth of Horse at all Ages (40 illustrations)
Chart sho^ving Teeth of Cattle at various Ages (14 Illustrations).
.opposite paijc 98
" " 514
m
m
\i
lit
14
15
15
ir>
lit
25
■Hi
2S
;«)
i-i
1>7
40
41
42
44
45
47
4!>
50
):t
35
">«
ir
32
152
s;j
[>5
35
87
37
«
^2
34
35
35
W
W.
)1
)2
)2
W
)4
M
W
)5
M\
Hi
)C
)7
)7
1
HISTORY, 3
Kff^j7^ivi-^;yriv!,-5iir.^^^.T^'Si,^-f;,:'i'"fE."*
PART I.
.11
THE HORSE.
HISTORY, xMAT^AGEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
OONiraCTED \\
IN ANOIEI
BREEDS IN
VI. HORSE
ANI> DISEA
HORSES
STUDY NEC
The perio
extends so fa
is made by w
native teirito
Asia, there is
over, that thi
wild, soonest
In none of
in a wild stati
of tl»e centau
imagniation o:
.•-»Jg and partly
Oorse to use.
oabjceted tho
known in a civ
no reeord is m
Henoo wo infe
duced from sr
earliest ou rec(
The first ree(
Joseph in Eiryf
At tho time of
in war. The (
horses in war, |
been confined o
Coming down
horses quite uni
hegan to coloniz
K-^i *SB.n^'-'i^^rT=af-'^"'.-'.^»!aS-^-''-'^v"^.ii';'^
'rHE_HORSE.
CHA1>TER I.
HIS AMOIBWT AHD MODEBH HISTOKr.
^Id, .o„„e,t multi,,li„,'„t„ vnlt herd, "' ""' '"^'""'"« ^o'"'-
•ns ami purtly civilized fo,., wl„, l„„i • . ' / ^ ^-'^ """'« ™'<"'Pri»-
..Hjecu,d tho „„,,., »n;^ir„;:,!i7't ;;;'",„:"■ t t^'r- "^^
Henoc wo infer that t „ 1, L„ "• „1^ """°.™" 'T W, earlie* maateS.
duoed fro,,, -omeother 'C rv T,,to tl,n T "5 ^^P""^' «, intro-
eartatou reeord except ttoYf «,,., """'""'""" "' """ '"'"'• "•«
,,,, . '• '*»«<'"« In AnotentHLtory.
At the time of the V.KoiJ mZllX '"'"'!""', '"«"' "■I'joctcd to harnes,.
hor«„ i„ „„r. ,artlcula,.i;,, Z !: 'f ,,,.ri''';7'''' "' '"" ""' "'
W™co„fi„cdo„ly,„,hc„»„„f hS, ' ""^ """" •" ''"™
.oi^n to co,„„i.„ the .„rt,,;t,,7, -e :;.::;;;;Zv:r \jr ^^^^^^
«
' •-!
j!)
34
THE AMKinr.VN rAUMP:R".S STOCK HOOK.
couutiv of the liorse really was matters little, except as an interesting
fact, whctlior in Asia, or on the soil of Africa, to which his near relations,
the Zebra and Quagga, are certainly indigenous. Jt is certain, however,
that ill Media and Persia, and the fertilo plains of Thessaly and Thrace,
on tli(! givat meadows of the Danube, in tlie Ukraine, on the banks of
the I)nu'i)er and the Don , and other of the great grazinggrounds of Europe
and Asia, the horse found congenial soil and early became semi-wild.
So, after the conquest of America, transplanted here, he became semi-
wild, and soon occupied vast tracts on both sides of the tropics, in count-
less herds.
n. The Horso in Civilization.
In extending civilization the horse has alwaj's occupied a place next to
man, carrying him quickly and safely on long journeys, aiding him to
explore new regions, or bearing him beyond the reach of savage foes.
In the earlier stages of civilization, oxen tilled the fields, while shee[>
funiishcd clothing and food, until latterly the labors of tillage have been
almost entirely transferred to the quicker and more intelligent horse.
Among the nations which flourished between ancient and modern times,
the Arabs £>eem to have regarded the horse with the greatest esteem and
kindliness. Among no vet [)le were more care and attention bestowed in
his breeding, and nowhere else was the horse so made the companion of
man. Hence in no othc country, from the seventh to the seventeenth
century after Christ v/ero horses found combining such high intelligence,
with great speed and lasting endurance in travel. The Arabs were thus
enabled to fui'nish t'le infusion of blood that has resulted in the English
and American thoroughbred, that has stamped its measure of value upon
nearly vVi the more highl '^ prized of the modern sub-families of horses.
Yet neither the English horse, nor the American liorse, nor indeed the
so-called wild horses of America, retain any characteristic of an abori-
ginal breed. They are, all of them, purely artificial in their breeding,
or tlie descendants of horses artificially bred.
III. Preserving Breeds in Purity.
As amoi<g the Anil)s, so among all the civilized nations of the earth,
the great care Is to picserve breeds in their purity. Hence pedigrees
were established, first among the Ai-abs, and later for the Jjiglish
thoroughbred, while within the last thirty years stud-books are becoming
common for th(^ various valual)lo breeds of horses that have originated
from time to linic. Breeders are also Jteginning to understand the value
of kind and careful treatment, as well as of careful training, in their inllu-
ence upon hereditary traits. These things seem to bo far better appre-
ciated in America than in England. To the early and careful liatidling
of colts in
machine-sl
law of brii
the docilitj
acquiescen(
more to be
Of the s:
have the an
great herds,
great desert
Upper Aby
and partially
lu northci
horses are ki:
by the Tartii
herds semi-v
cavalry steec
and in the F;
sustain them
from the don
and Jamaica
America, Noi
zil, and also 1
portion of th
droves of wi
Spanish oonqi
numbers. Al
clainn>d by pr
Equator.
The fossil r<
remains, have
and of such e:
the elephant, r
mammoth and
were entii-cly d
of nun king (Ik
sion of g(>()I()oi,
carrying to tot a
quontly, up to 1
THE HOKSK, M.S OIMOIX, KTC. 35
^^^^^:,:Z:^:T:^'';^'' -p.,oa.o.v.nts, ..her than
law of '>™tofo.o „ Zrt "t -U. r 7' '^,'""-'-' -th.r than th.
acquiescence of J:„..li.sh horses • .,,..1 ?i . , *'''"P'''* ""^ .stul.born
-ore to be general!; ac k^Xig^d "" "'""^ '' ^""'"'^ '""- -^^
... , ^- The Wild Horses of To-day.
Ut the so-called Avild horses of th,. vn..;^
W the Hutho.itv of Mun..> 1 J. or t e T TT''' "' ^'"" '^'"•'''' --
great herds, in the oountrP of t^l^l f, rr';!' -ild horses exist h.
great desert of Sahara, and in a] t rV ." southward of the
Upper Al,y..i„i,, ,,,e e he e ! I WW V"'"^''"^ to Nubia and
and partially wooded countries ' "''"-'^^-~^d' gn.ssy plains,
ho';r t:::;^:':;^:^^^ Sibena. vast droves of wild
by ^.0 Tartars, both in iC' I! 1 ^f ^^/'-J^t;'" ^^'^ ^'-^ited
herds se,ni-wild. These Tartar horses ^l^^d tl :;" ""• """^''^^^
cavalry steeds turned loose in 1(M7 .,f i ! " "'''-'" t" the
and in the Falkland Islands^^ ^^ ;;:;;r:;;f f^^' ^'^ Canada,
sustain then.selves in that condition. 1 ;'',''''?"'"'' "'"' '"'
from the donunion of Man, and gone wi |, t , f '-•- released
and Jamaica. The .m-at ivuuuZ 7 ' " ^•"""' '" f%ti
America. North and 5 ^ o^ J u'l ' ^ ^-"^^^ ^''"'" "^ ^-'^-I
^il, and also in Mexico ' Vxts r dif ""' ". .''"'^^ *''^' ^'^'"'"••^' "^ «''-
po..ion of the great ^J:^U.f^Z^:::^;'--'-^ - *'- -»ther„
droves of wild horses, the nro^c ito s^^ ' / ^
Spanish conquerors of these ccCTm T "''' '''''''''"'»' ^'•'"» the
"un,b<.rs. it the presen d 1 1 "v T'° ""'"'""' '"^" •••""'^'«-
ehumed by proprietJirs ^l^e^ pe^ ™ '^^ ^'-t are not
Equator. * 1 --""ips m souie isolated regions near the
V. Fossil Horses.
1 he fossil remains of horses are n,.( ,.... • »
remains, have also b-vn fo.n.d in (Jr « •? •'" /^'T'"''' '^^'"''^'^ f"««i'
and of such extren.e nntU^'y^'^^^
the elephant, rhinoceros, tiler'., l' ^^^ -;'>tenq,oraneous with
nmmm<>t Innu. other sin.;,a;f:^'i^^^^;^^^^^^^^^
were entirely different from (he aninni " ."''"■^'^ ' "-- "^ ""imals
of nnnking the lapse of ages int::':;; ;'2:: i;::;/;;: J''!^ ;;"^' ^^-'^^^^
.uontiy, up to the advent of\na::;:::r;;t::p^^^^^^^^^
^
'*»'
1'^
umm
an
THK AMEUICAN I'AIiMKU'S STOCK HOOK.
VI. Horses ot Asia.
Aside from the modern breeds of Europe which will be treated of separ^
ately, the Arabian is the most celebrated and undoubtedly combines
more good qualities than any other Asiatic breed.
In India there are many horses of more or less repute, the most valu-
able of which is said to be the Turco, a cross between the Turcoman, a
breed of South Tartary, and the Persian horse. It seems to be a fine
animal, as it is said to be utately in movement as it is beautiful in form,
and tractable in disposition. With the exception of the Turcoman, or
horse of South Tartary, the Tartar and Calmuck horses are small, and
ill shaj)ed. They have the reputation, like our Indian ponies, of being
able to i)crform long journeys under heavy burdens, while subsisting <m
the most indifferent food.
The horses of China are also ! 11 with but little excellence in any
point. Ill shaped and spiritless, they seem effete like their masters,
who possessing tiio most ancient civilization of tlni earth, were slowly
but surely retrograding, until they came into contact with the civilization
of Europe.
In Turkestan there appear to bo two distinct races of horses. One is
described as being heavy-headed, ewe-necked, Avith long leg^^ and weak
bodies ; while tlie other has high crests and long bodies with limbs of
good bono and substance. In Bokhara, is a small, stout, shaggy breed
of horses, witli very long niancs and tails ; they are called Kussaks, and
are (Considered excellent Utile animals.
VTI. European Horses.
In the chapters devoted to special breeds, tlw more iin[)ortant will be
treated of separately. We shall only notice hero such as have no promi-
nence among the celebrated sub-families of the horse.
The German States have horses noted <!h icily as being large, wcll-
forined and well-adapted to the purposes of h<>avy draft. Belgium and
Holland also have breeds of horses large, strong and well-formed. Tho
Flemish horses were at one time much valued in England for draft and
heavy coach horses, and they undoubtedly form one of the principal elo-
mcnts in the pedigree of some of the more celebrated of the English
horses.
The Hungarian horses are 3U[)posed to have the same gen«'ral origin
with the German horsi^s. They are however lighter, more active, sho'.v
more spirit and better action, which is probably duo to a more recent
infusion of oriental blood.
Italy has not as good horses now as formerly. Some of them however
are large, handsome, spirited animals, which do good service in carriugu
harness. '
use of mul
careful bre
cially for ;
sprightly ai
Norway,
whi(;h run h
are active a
trouble in b
hi IcehuK
up a scanty
attributed 1)
and they lia
Thus it is
tho result ol
dwarfed tliei
larger than t
go South to
middle n-gio
well as tho ti
ther southwa
as wo reach t
"e call j)()iiy
enduring boti
The horses
justly so, for
(reatnient, in
possess the
durance, and
breeding was i
the lines of tl
wo find transit
" Tl),
Then
Tho \
Spriii
It is Mcll kiK
to disease It
produce diseas
animals iiio l^s..
of the horso is
' '-"-^^^ •«i^«^^^gS?IS!f:^:S^v^2^''
THE HOKSK, Ills OKIGIX, KTC, 3-
hun,e«.s. The same may l.o said of tho horses of Sn-tin 'Pi
u«o of mules, both under the saddh H • . • '"" «>nimon
careful breeding in horse tlu i' %.; f "'' ''^ ""' ^""^'"'''^^ *«
cially for saddle us, :ZlZT n a T^ '^^^^
uprightly and do..ile' '"" ''"'^' ^'^'^"^"^'^ ^-'> being elegant.
wi^ZhStnd ;:r:::;;i XS.r "^:? --
attributed l)oth to the Swpdi.l, ]. ' , ", "'^''- ' ''^'"" "'''g''» is
«nd the, „„vo p,,i„:^„r«::::: ::";:" "' "- """"""^ '*---
.IwarMtlK.vl,,,.,,,,,;,,,,.! " ,!; „f H '"""■'■7'' 8° N""!' »'" ...o«
largo,- tl,a„ il,„ ,„...t , . 1 1" ."'7 L"? '■"""• '"" '""«. i' -"7.
-veil ,„ tho floeu4 1 T' , u' ""^ "'° '"'»"■" "'"J '"-"o»t, a,
«o call ,,„„j..ho,.,o.. Tho.v arc n,odon,,oirLrLi f ,V'"'"°*
endunug bottom. ' ' ^^^ "^ tJie most
The horses of Arabia have been celebntod in ,.n ,
Justly «o, for tho reason that owi,..^ ,t^ref ,1 / '""'^''■" *""'^' ^'^'^
featnient, in eonneetiou with thlm t el 1"^'^^ ""^ '^'' '^'"'^««*
|>ossesH the perfection of f "•.?,' *'""''""«' *'""^ -"»« *«
;'-anee. and 'almos. l^^JZ^::::' ^JT^T^ ""' '''"
'•reeding was understood and apnreei^ted bv tl, '! ""*^ ''''"*'«°
tl'« lines of the first Ivrie ,Jt f I- '''!"'""'"*' ''^ ^^'^'^"^^d '>y
wo «nd transited f^' 1.u:;oi::^.t rX^^"^"^^- ^-' ^^^^^^
ll«.vl,l„,„t,|„.,,.|„„. x„, ,,,„„
Sprt..S« („,,„ III,. ,■„.„.,„, ,,,g|„.., ,,„,,„,„ |,,^, ..
fM*"
38
TIIK AMKKK'AN lAltMKU S S'KH K ISOOK.
! ■'
upon man, oven for the water he drinks. Unfortunately lie is too often
dependent upon ignorant and brutal "helpers" who, the moment tho
cjo of tho master is turned, shirk their duty and the animal suffers.
Hence tho absolute necessity that all largo stables should possess in tho
person of tho foreman a competent head, and one whoso sympathies arc
with tho helpless au'Mials under his eharje. Such a, person will not only
earn his wages full\', but will save largely to tho owner every year by his
constant watchfulness and <'are. Artificial breeding also gives rise to u num-
ber of diseases, peculiar in themselves, and Avhich may only be guai-ded
against by intelligent care. Among the most serious of these are abortion,
and all that class of diseases incident to animals kept in confinement in large
numbers, and which, with other diseases of domestic animals, will be
treated of separately in ajipropriate departments of this Avork.
IX. Opinions Relating to Breeding.
In trachig the history of horses, and all that relates to their care and
treatment, avo shall find various opinions relating to breeding. The sys-
tems of in-and-in-l)reeding, and cross-breeding, each have intelligent and
successful advocates. In-and-in-lireeding may bo defined as bein"' the
breeding together for generations, of closely related members of a :■ urn-
ily of animals. For fixing a breed and for perpetuating tho sjjocial ex-
cellences sought, there is no doul)tof the soundness of the practice. It
is in this way and by careful selection of ])arents that all new breeds are
established and fixed. What distinguishes the successful from tho un-
successful l)reeder, is the knowing, or not knowing, just how to select,
how long to breed in, and in departing from tho rule, so to select the
new sire, that there may be no violent change of characteristics. For it
is a well established fact that long-continued in-breeding reduces tho
constitutional vigor of the animal while it is fixing excellencies for per-
petuation. I?akewell, Collins, Bates, Webb, and m.-iny other emi-
nent breeders of modern times, have been most successful in this direc-
tion, Avith cattle and sheep. The modern breeds of swine, also, owe
their chief excellencies to this system, though in them it is modified by
more frequent infusions of far related blood, since swine are peculiarly
liable to dcgenei-ation of the vital forces, scrofula, and other diseases,
supposed to be due to loo close inter-breeding of near relations.
X. In-Breeding of Horses.
In horses, in-and-in-breeding lias never been practiced to the same ex-
tent as with cattle. 1'he horse is 1)red chiefly for his muscular powers
and endurance. To this is reiiuired to be added, beauty of form, and
as supplementary (o speed and endurance, great lung pctwer and constitu-
tional vigor. Hence, wlu'n a sirn possesses these nierits in jvn eniine't
degree, Ii
this vigoi
ment of i
sires as si
ing earefi
produce tl
Intellig<
absence oi
count in
ject to aiiA
from weak
bone diseai
reditary cl
looked to.
by careful
gle ])urposc
reditary iu^
young anini
the age foi-
hors(!S are n
owing to hu
parted l)v tl
To most
carefully St u
with the ana
organs, the
Again, the <
from this a 1
and th(! barre
appai'atus. ]
may be elearl
be the index 1
rately estinnit
carefully stud
Object less
figures, have c
in Mioderu edu
THR irORNK, HIS ()li,(;iv, kit
degree, I.oi. eagerly sought far and .id T,, „.. . .-
this vigor of constitution! combined w H ..n '''"'*"'" "^ '^^'''
ment of the foal i.s soui^ht Heine fll' '""'" ^"'' *''^ ^«^'«''>1>-
«ires as «hall endow thci. foalfwih t^l^^^^^^^^^ ''"''^'' *" '^''^^"^ ^^> «"'''
i"^— fui only that the ca.t i Tir'-T"' <^l^--acterisucs, be-
P^oduce decided alterations of ^2:1^;^^:;;^:' "^ "^'^^^
XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics.
count in selecting sires If tUo l.r " •; ^ "" ''« ^'I'^'a into ac-
ject to any here.litarv disability .< "f-"' '"'''""' '^'^'^ '^«'-^" ««'>-
f-n weak lungs, or^has :ho;:^\;; ;-::;;t;^:^^^^^ ''''-'' '"''^^
brn^e disease, such an animal should be di!^,^ j ^"^, "' r"" '" ^^'"^•
reditary characteristic of sm.,.;..) f "."'""'"^^d. Intelligence is a hc-
lookedto. Hereagainwti^ ;,,;;:",•:'"■•' '^"""'^ ''« --^""v
by careful trainingr Tlii^is e pe;^, " •'"''V; '""^ '" ^^'^='^^">' "'— ^
gle].uriK>se, as shepherd dornoin;^^ '" ^'"^^''^ '""^^ f- '^ «""
reditaiy instinct IkLi,.^"^^. ! ^ ^l^^'^^^^' ^^f-crs, etc. The he-
young animal takes to it^ s =^^^^^ t^^^^^^^^^ in them, that the
the age for .vguiar training i reach ^ b- """ '""*""' "'^' ''^"f«-
horses are noted for their Tvonde f i L n '"""•"'' ^■^^•'*'^'" ''''^^'^^ «f
owing to hundreds of y uT f c fr f , 'T'"' "'^ ""^^ '^'^ '''■''''' '^"--'
pa.od by the master, iho is 4:-;;;:;;;;^^^^^^^^^
Xn. A Careful study Necessary.
„, -.7 «DuoB8Bry.
with tiK, „„..„lv, ,„. I,„nv„tur I ''"","■'■ "" ""'" ''» '"""""
apparatus. From the h....,! fi> • ^ n- ^'^''^' '""S« 'i»d digestive
bo the index t^, the u.J^lr^^^;;'^!'''' '^"V"' *'" '^''"^'^ -•"
rately estimated from a p.: r:; i' ^'t ^: r^'";!^ f 7 '"'^ "" ^^""-
carefully study the succ-cinling c^'ipterf ""^^ ¥ one who Mill
Xin. About Object Lessons.
Object lessons, the delineation of a snbionf K , .
figures, have come to be regarded IZ ^ h' 'L "''' P''*" ""^
in modern education. Thev bri..., f. .i!! „ .. l""' "nporiant factors
ling is, and
Ihey bnn^ to the eye exactly what a th
r^
40
THK AMKRICAN KAI!.MKK\s STOCK BOOK.
its precise location. Hence, there bus been prepared for this work the
most accurate illustrations of every subject upon which it treats. In
connection with this, the plainest descriptions and explanations aro given,
avoiding, as much as possible, technical scientific terms. These, when
used, are explained, so far as possible, and should bo learned by refer-
ence to the glossary, since, now-a-days, they are coming to be more and
more used in every-day life, and in all languages, where used, raeiui ex-
actly one and the same thing.
If the latter part of this chapter has been somewhat discursive, it
seemed necessary to a fair understanding of what is to be said in the
succeeding ones. In the next chapter Ave take up the horse in the rela-
tion of the bones to the body. Its scientific name is Anatomy — short
enough and comprehensive.
'• FRAME
TON
MAN A
Trp I',
Tt.'; HJ
A clost
the aninia
'>reeds, re
the case o
fully mac
solidity ai;
large, hea
digestive c
')f man.
naal is inte
vice requii
road-drlvin
With refer
of the first
Without a [
be accurate
parts, to wl
be definitely
Hence we
the muscles
minute but i
ordinary obs
animal froir
oarefuiiy sti
ful anatomis
of the aninia
For these hi
livnig horse,
of the musci
to make the 1
CHAPTER II.
ILLtrSTRATma T^ ^^^.,0^ OP THK HORSE.
'• "^^r "^^""^ """^ INDEX OF VAIIF „
TK. HIND I.I„B«. ^"•- "ONK. AM. MU.CT.ES ^fF-^^FUONT LmBS:!!?^-
I. ^BTame Work tho Index Of Value
the :.z:^ zz!:t: r tr. ^^^ ---v ...a p.,.o,o^ .,
'>reed«. rears, or buys hem w h /^ "T T '^ «-^>^ P--" who
the ouse of the horse it is ospecHllt P'"*^' ^''""^ ^^'^' «-»«• In
fu% nmde, since, i„ the r^. 7^^ ''V'' study he care-
«ohd.ty and fineness of bone a fir , ,, . ^'^"'"^ P'^^'^' constituting
arge healthy lungs, and th; 1^ ^^f ^ ""^r ^-^'"P'-nt!
d^est,ve organs. Jies the real value of .. """""' "otivity of the
'>f 'nun. The owner or purchale l!t ^ T"'' "''^^"^ ^'^ ^'^^ -''vants
mal is intended for, andihouldSerh Ltn "^^^
vice required, whether it be fo» «,' ' Pf"' "'^''"^"'^ *" the ser-
road-driving, light or heavy daff.rT,^^^ '"' *'"**'"«' ^anng.
With reference to these scwerll .'s I th / ' " '"""^ ^^'^^^ "tilitj
of the first importance, sin^ t s ^ i , .""^ '*'"''"'" " " *'- »'"»-n«
Without a knowledge .f the bone t f " "P"" ^^"^'^ ^" ^»«« - huilt.
be accurate:y determined. th ric i t!' ^ " "' *'^' "'"^^"- -"-t
parts, to which they .ro attached -md " ;;""»«-'tio" with the several
he definitely understood. ' ^ ^«P««>«"y their action on the limbs
n. IttMter the Details Of the Skeleton
Hence we must first master the details of thT
the nauscles may bo studied, and from thL I '"^' ''''"«'"••«• ^«^
minute but important action of tl^ severl, T^"^ '''''^ understand the
ordinary observer will be altogether mi od ^;?;' V''^"''' ^^^''« ^^^^
=""'»a' from his outward .rnpeaL co i "'''"^ "^« ^^1»« «^ '^n
^•arcfuliy studied the physicTn'r ^ ™«^*^mentB. he who has
f"l anatomist will quick ynd ""^IT ""''^ '^' «^« of a care
of the animal from the r fati^'oT j'^ T'"'^^^"' ^^« ^-« -lue
For these habits of accuratrob er^lrr'n '""'' "" "'"^ -^^h-"'
I'Ving horse, the true charactc, of tllT ""'" '^'"^''^ ^«*«^t. i„ the
of the nmscular system, which .-overs 2 '"""*,""' "'' ^^^^^^'''^"^
..makethobo.^«truoLu.. plain t;f^L:l:tTJ^- ^' ^^'^^^
4^ *^*'^*^* 't IS here shown by
tqrtBq.rT^J* T. i|'?'?ffWT"*aF "-"
48
THK AMKItlCAN KAUMKU K STOCK HOOK.
diagrams or object ifssons, since this is the most graphir, and at
the same time the most aocuratc, nu'th;)d of presenting information
of tma kind. To make our object lesson still more easy we give
in the engraving, not only the frame-work, bnt this resting on or shown
against a back groiuid illustrating the outer form and contour of the
ho
rse.
Tlie skelet
1 — Cianiuni,
a — Dorsal V
vertebra-, or
of the riann
lying betweei
of the tail.
7— The Kibs,
hone, i) — S<
Pelvis, the ca
with those of
the Ilium at
— The hind lii
Thus we ha
as they appeal
next proceed t
The Head a
the skull and 1
which may afl
the general en
tween the shaj
bne are dividei
seven bones ; t
Lunil)ar v«'rtel
Dorsals, 7nake
number, and ti
bnc in the aniii
The Ribs.—'
transverse ])i'oc
their outHne an
are true rilis, ai
hone and to th
ing. Thus the
the horseman,
attached to the
side, the union i
cert, giving p!a;
The Sternuir
t'omposod of sij
ted into a wiiigh
TUB ANATOMV Of TIIK JI0R8E, 43
vertehnv, Di- those of tl.o ImIm 1 , .. '""''""" "'i'^'^- 4— Lumbju
"f .1... .,,.. , ,„ 5^" :;";■;'/ ° ''■'»" '■■'-■•■'''I'" "PiK-rouge
bone. 9-Scapula, m- shouldor 1 0,^ ) Tl f ??• "l "'' ""' ^""'^*
S:;::;?:?t^i]:':,;:;^,-Tr^r^^^^ "--
tl.elli.un at th' ^.s . 'V ''"T'f ^^' ^''" ■^-"-» "t the top.
ni. DiviBions of the Several Parts
, iin^ MaoK, 01 j^or.sjil, ei<>'iitf><>ii • -iiirj fi^„ T 1
Do.-»„l», make a total of t.v,.„lv-f.„„- Tl,.. ^ , ' •''"*"
iiumLci-, and tl,,. C-iud,! tift.J ' "''"' '■^■"""™ "i'" Ave in
1..™ in ti.o ,„,h,",l • '""'""-' " «™"" ""''' "f ««y-™>e verte.
«.o tm„ ,-il,s. and a,-,. ,,„ ,,2 ""'"''•""""■ *-"•" orcigl.t of them
ing. Thu. the .in^ ! V ' ' 'ir;::;,:'',"' "'°"'r""-"-
the horseman. The rennini ,.. • ! !"', ' " '"" ' ""I"'"""' t"
attached ,o the hfeast ,: ^l' l' Z::^tt^ "'"■ '''"'■" "■'' ""'
«e, the union te.n.inatin, 'in ,he sZ V ' " iTfteWr '"I '■'■' """
«ert, givins play „„t onlv to the lu„„. |,„t ,, ' to „,, '" ™""
The Slernum.-The Stennun,, o,', ,, , te „ : T"™- .
composed of «i. bone,, hut in the fnll ^!:^'::Z!'^^::Z"r'°' "
ted ,n,o . .,n,,e pieee, 'n.e font of this ^.^V.^^: , "X,;",;
■:Mf( i
I
»^«^giayiiiaStoS«ss4i&K«
44
THK AMKKICAN KAKMEK's STOCK BOOK.
keeled and its upper part projects so as to be plainly outlined in what
is called the point of the breast, that part which the lower portion of the
collar just covers.
The Hinder Limbs— The Hinder
Limbs are the propelling power of
all animals, and especially so in the
horse. Hence the haunches are
strong and the uppei portion is pow-
erfully developed in muscle, and the
lower correspondingly so in ten-
dons. The illustration will give a
perfect view, and the explanation the
proper names of the parts.
The names and reference to the
letters and figures are as follows:
a, Sacrum; 1), Ilium; c. Ischium.
These bones constitute the Pelvis, as
seen at a, d, c, and b, b. The other
bones are : e. Femur ; f , Patella ;
g, Tibia; h. Fibula; i, Tarsus; j,
Metatarsus; k, Digit. The figures
1, 2, 3, refer to the Phalanges of
the foot, con'esponding to the toes
in man.
The Haunch or Pelvis— The Pel-
vis is made up of six bones, three
on --ach side, all firmly united into
one. The Ilium is strongly attached
to the Sacral vertebrse, and may be
called the keystone of the pelvic arch,
while the lateral prolongations of the Ilium produce the prominences just
above and in front of the hind-quarters. The Ischium or hip-bone is a
backward continuation of the Ilium, and bears an enlargement which
projects on each side a little below the tail. The pubis is a single bone
and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with them,
and composing the upper surface of the lower part of the pelvis.
rv. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse.
The anatomy or bony structure of the horse is not so widely ailfercnt
from that of man as at first sight it would seem to be. Indeed, it was
^:^..^yf.,.j.<| ipr Aristotle in the dav3 of the ancient Greeks that the horse,
though a hoofed, and apparently a single-toed animal, actually has the
CUT 2.— HONKS (»K IIIMIKIC I'AUTS.
rudiment
the foot a
And whej
horse and
parts of i
portions c
allel lines
ing, thou<
proper, as
of the bon
Aria (Humei
Fore anil
Wrist (Carpi
Hand (Metac
Knuckles
Finger
Thigh (Femui
Knee
Leg
Anlde (Tarsus
Heel
Foot (Metatarf
Ball of Foot
Toe
This is qu
ative anaton
the skeleton
study is intfi
understand t
The bones
The parts of
Vertebra; B
the bone whi
or those form
luges joining
the Humerus,
bones of the
This is the lai
lying behind t
the chest ; M,
4
t^:m
.'jjjiail^l-r^tL'-'^^^
THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSK.
And when a parallel is onoriV, ' dTf . ''^^''^hich the animal travels,
horse and those of mL thJe i Vrj'"' '"'" ^'^'^^^'^ ^'^^ ^oes of the
parts of the skoletorrselTco ^^^^^^^^^^ '''S' '' ''' ^ '''' ^''^^
portions of the limbs of the horse Indnf '"'' ^'^ **^" ^'ff^*^"*
allel lines, so the reader ma^ at a Wane" h" ^™ '^'^""■" P^
ing, though called by different names 4 5"'' '^"'"^ correspond-
proper.asgiveninthe'^cut pir 46 wl'sh; T. ''"'^ *" ^'^^ ^'^^^^t^"
of the bones mentioned in thXrse P'-^cise location of eaeh
MAN.
Arm (Jlumenis) corresponds to the
Fore arm .i ^^
Wrist (Carpus)
Hand (Metacarpus) ♦'
Knuckles a
Finger i.
it
it
MAN.
Thigh (Femur) corresponds to the
Knee n ^^
I-eg
Ankle (Tarsus)
Heel
Foot (Metatarsus)
Ball of Foot
Toe
ii
Front liimbs.
HORSK.
- - Lower bone of shoulder.
- - Arm.
- - Knee.
■ - !;«'». cannon and splint bones.
- - Fetlock.
- - Pasterns.
Hi»d Limbs.
HORSE.
- - Upper bone of thiijh
- - Stifle joint.
- - Thigh.
- - Hock.
- - Point of hock.
■ - I'eg.
- - Fetlock.
Pastern and foot.
Thi'a • v i-j* ^»H«irn and foot.
.ho .koloto, ;!:ill show t pro;' 7.1:^^^^ ■' "™"^ '™- Thi,
.tudyis interesting, .^d Z^uZZ ^ ^°^''''^»^^''- Tbo
understand tl.e„„L„„;,lS~:;;|;»'M« -/"ne to M,
^' -'^naly^ing the Skeleton.
Vortebn., BB, Dorsal Vort^brr C l!, T "«""■»"" A, Cervical
.1.0 bone which for„. the ^^r.^^lf'^^ZZ'^cJ "' t™""
or those forming the fciil ; KF Rll,» • r r ., ' .,' ^^"^yg""' bones,
lago. joining the\.nd, of the ribs H S-'e S°ct ."""'T'' "■■ "«'■""«-
.ho H„„„rus, or the upper part oi he L Z KK tTj''''' ' ''
bones of the fore le^s boIn«r th^ u ^ ' ' ^^^ ^*^"' or outer
This is the la-xerof he twlTo es Xr ""' ""'"^ '" "■" ""«•
lying behind the ,.„,.,.,. .„.._:?' . *'" "PP"-- P"rt of the fore le»
the chest , M.The K^eTcC^Zr^TWri''''' '"""' *" ""• '"""^ P'"^ °°'
• ' v-arpu.;. This ,, composed of 8 bones, vij ,
t*
5 (1 %
^g xiIK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK »OOK.
1, Scaphoid, or boat .Uaped bone ; 2, Semilunar, or •'-;"^^^°«;'
resembling the geometncal figure of that name , », i l
Cut 3.— Thb Skeleton.
eembling a trapezoid ; G, the great bone of the knee, (Os Magnum) ; 7,
riooishaped bone, (Unciform bone) ; 8, the pea-shaped bone, (pis-
ifor bone) NN. the big bone of the fore leg. «- c^.oa bone or
large metacrpul; O, Splint bone, or small metacarpal; PP. Sessaa.o.d
bones-two small bones in the substance of the tendons, where the fore
leg is joined to the ankle ; QQ, Phalange.. These are : 1 the upper
pastern bone; 2, lower pastern bone; 3, the hrst bono in the leg, o.
pedis), inside the hoof, the coffin bone, and the navicular or sh.p-shaped
bone, not marked here.
The Hinder Part8.-Coming to the hinder parts, 11 shows the pelvis.
This is formed by : 1, the Ilium or flank bone ; 2, the Pubis or fore part
of one of the bone, of the pelvi. ; 3. the Ischiun.. or lander and lower
part of the hip bone. S, the Fenmr or thigh bone ; T, the Patella or
L.,,1 ,,^^,,p, ,«vPrin- the stifle i.m.t : U, tlie Tibia or the large, long bono
between the hock and the stifle joint ; V. the small, long bono behmd
and attache
ing small b
lus or uppe
num. the ia
sized wedir<
shaped bon«
or front boi
Small Metal
tarsal.
The Hea^
jaw, (Super
illn) ; 4. boil
cheek, (Mali
bones or ^idc
of the hindei
rjmal gland
bones ; 1 1 , P
organs of het
We will no'
of the foot, o
anatomy of tl
bones, as they
Ci
Vs^KTICAi, HKnTION
Lku anu
THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 4,
1- or upper b„„„ on:>\:x j,U :i.t°l?;-v ''i v'- '"^ ^*"="-
num, the iarscst wed^o-sh'mod !.!,„ J *r. " ' '' Cuneiform JW-
shaped b„„,. ; „A„e sJlVor-euJ: t^ed Cfx" V"""^*' "^''^^■
or front l,one of the hind le^ betn-,.r« i , ' ^'"'S'' Mctoto^l
S„.all Metataraal or ,„,»„ l:S;JTZZ Z^ ""' '"f? '°'"' ^ ^ •
tarsal. "^*^ "'"^ ^*^g' >» icar of Large Meta,.
ia^';^:':!;;:^^::^ j;n, C^ ^' the uppe,
ilia) ; 4, bo..e in front of the nosMl ^ .1 , ''' •""^'' ^^"t^'-!"'' ^^^^x-
cheek. (Malar bone) 1 tLT"^ V ^n '"'"^ ' '''*''« P-""»-t
bones or sides an.i 1 er par of Z ?^^^^ ^/ "'"'^'^ ^^«"«) ' 7' ^^"nctal
of the hinder part of 'the'C if' ^T"^ ^ '' ^^^^^'^al, or hone
rymal gland and duct; 10, Sqmtm' ,s n '77 ''""^. Enclosing the laoh-
I'ones; 11. Petrous or hard j^ Jtl^ a "^ '"77 ""^ '''' *^'"l'"-»
organs of hearing. ' t'"" ^^"U'oral bones, inclosing the .
VI. The Foot.
We will now enter upon a more oritioa) . . *• . ^^ *•
of the foot, one of the most inmomnt ■. !"" <f/
anatomy of the horse. We give a 2 T ' ' " ?
^-.-'^X;;.l..ai...ied:l^;L^^^^
section of the lower;/
It^g and foot. The
st'veral j.aits here ill-
ustrulcd a,v; «, ,.,1,,.
Jion or large aiet^icar-
""" Palbone;Aja,.iroi>„s.
tern hone (Os Suffra-
fe:'"'^) c one of tl.o HKcnoN.Kv.TTS'
fes.sauioid hones- d '^"''' "onksoi-tue
.a:.;r':'>''';''i/"'*"''>""™:naviou.
.,H™r.erf,,ra„,orpe„et„,tinJe'n!^,,f:
o yn , A, /., Capsular li.rument nr
--••••aneous elastic hag surrouZ;^^
;;"" ;,'\^':"""'^J'»".t;m, pastern joint •
^^ -«-Jou.t;o. horn, crust of hoof ;^;
fi <
it
KKTiCAL HkctiON ok THK LOWEB
i.Ku ANu Foot.
fmf
48
TIIK AMKIUCAN KAKMKR'S STOCK IJOOK.
CrT 6.
;,, horny sole ; q, the frog ; r, sc-usihlo
lamiuiB ; t, the sensil)lc frog ; u, the cush-
ion ; V, the navicuUu- joint . The next fig-
ures show front and rear views of the
})ones of the foot, c, c, Coffin bone;
d, Sessamoid bone ; b, b. Small pastern
a, The large pastern.
Front and hack view ok tub
bone of the foot.
vn. The Head and Nook.
Coming again to the head and neck we are prepared readily to under-
stand their atanomy. The names given to the several p.u-ts are as fol-
lows : a, frontal bone ; h, parietal ; o, occipital ; d, temporal ; e malar ;/,
lachrymal ; r/, nasal ; h, superior n.axillary ; V, pre-maxil ary ; ^- in er.or
t^;Wlaries' (U>wer Jaw) ; /, orbit. The bones of the ^^^^^^^^^^^^
tabnv) are named ; 1, atlas ; 2, dentata ; 3, tlnrd ; 4, fourth ; o, fif h . 6
sixth ; 7, seventh. Of the bones of the neck, the atlas is a rmg-sln.ped
bone with broad lateral projections. It a.liculates w.th the skull, and
has great freedom of motion on tho next bono ( dentata ) . On the art u-
ulBtionof these two vertebrae, principally depends the power of turmng
the head The remaining bones of the nock resemble each other closely,
and have various small processes for insertion of the ligaments and mus-
cles, and upon their flexibility depends the power of flexmg and arch-
in"" the neck. ' ,
The Head —The ]>ones of the head may be divided mto two groups ; the
cranial and facial. The cranial bones include all those which cover or
inclose the brain, and are mostly in pairs, or are on what is called the
mesial line of the skull, but may, for convenience, be spoken of as smgle
bones.
The bone of the forehead (frontal bone) «, forms tho space between
the ev's and extends to the toi* of the head with a narrowing outline. It
therefore occupies the most central part of the head and is important as
from its shape and surface it gives space for the brains. In succeeding
cuts the facial expression of horses will be given, showing the different
grades of intelligence in horses ; the broad and ample forehead indicat-
ing iutelligence and high I)rceding.
The parietal bone, ft, extends back from the frontal to the poll, and
has a rid're or crest of great stn-ngth and firmness along its upper sur-
. '^. , ■•I. £ .... ......i. o;,i,. onvoi'iixr iiiul nrotoetinflf the
fare, .^loping down iiRc » i""^ "*» xsAx^u r-?-.' , • "v-.n-j, j — ^r
brain.
joins tho extrem
II
t^mirmm
THE ANATOMY OP THK HORSE.
bead, »„dfr,„„i,,'p™H: ;>,';:; 77''«"'» ""-"I" -i.* "f .he
part o( the akull. It i, art Iwc , , ^ ""''" ""»" '"y """er
6
2
CUT 7.-SHOWI.N.i HONKS <,K ,
IIKAI> AMI NKCK.
dH ""'«- " -^ " ■• ^"". '"'" *'•" "»*«>•"»• l>a'fs of (he o«r, an^ \. ..-^^^
"»^-« ".lu u ii(;n()\v lor Uki Hrtiniliitinn .^f *\ i . " iiv,>i-
join, the extremity of tho f o ta • T'' ^''^'' ""^ '" ^'•""t
y fictul. (ont.nu.ng forward, it unites with
50 THE AMEllII-AN KARMEit'S STOCK BOOK.
the cWok-Wnc (nuUar), ,;, ..uking up tl.o zygomatic arch «"<» '»™'«
Z:V'or/; ';t-^' W» "*r,aee ..a cove.,,, the „.e™-
bone, (7, one or i i J- (superior maxillary), h, occupies
r* „ ''LX; ana\tir aU°'.h;Udi„g teeth (.K,,a,.») and the
the 5.de < t tt. pro-maxillaiy, i, unites with the two tat
:f ^t^lLeXarrhe nipped. (Inei- teeth) «;.^ -.«-,l»^—
-* of the nose. The lo^er ,^ con..^ t^^^LT^;.!
i„,e,w .-' l--^^^'^, „^ 1. : ^^dyloiu proeeL) articulates with
rr loIuIeTtL! haie of the zygomatic atel;, forming the h,nge
the '™'P»™ " • . „,„^,,, The second process (cronoid)
npon -b'A *" »k"^« 1»; j;j j^^ ,„,, ,„d of the large temporal
:nli:*:.^™n th;:::ietaT ho„e, andm„vesthe jaw in the act of
°'m'™ arc two smaU hones in th, lower part of the cranium, under the
pari rrdlled the Spheuoid, and the Ethmoid, wh,ch connect the
principal hones of the skull, but are not vis.hle externally.
Vin Bones and MuMlea of the Front Limb..
Comin./a.«in to the liu.hs.we represent in cut 8 on the next page, for
the sTl^of °m.pariso„, both the hones and muscle, of the front hmbs side
ly"t° 1-e i^ will serve as a convenient object lesson at one v,ew
Bones -A-Radius. B-Polnt of Ulna. C-Knee (Carpus). l-Ses-
amoTd! behind the fetlocks. G-Upper and Lower Pasten,s. H-Cofflu
Bone. I— Navicular.
mso\es-h- Extensor carpi radialu, i-Extensordyttamm Ion-
aT i-Extensor dir,itarumhrevwr. h-Mductor palhcrs longus. ef
l.E.tLal fiexor. ,n/-Middle flexor. ./-Internal flexor. ^
D »«* ♦»,«» Arm —The upper portion of the fore leg in the horse is
can: el tliunilthl^^n^espondinghoneisthefore Inthe
hor e t consi ts of two hones, the radius A and the ulna B, and -xtends
fr, ni 1 e elbow to the knee. The ulna is situated behind, and. to some
ex n Ihove the radius, there being a considerable projection received
bet n the heads of the lower bone of the shoulder (elbow), ornung
Tp well lever, into which are inserted the muscles for extending he
JZ The ulna continuing downwards, terminates in a point behind the
middle of the radius. ' _
Bones of the Knee.-Cut 9 on page 52 shows in detail the vanous bones
of the knee = Fi- 1 , the left leff. outer side : Fig. 2. a front view. Ihe
position and actimi of ihe knee, render it especially liable to shocks and
'ia»i»Wi™*«*a«l!"Ji»SBlS»B!KW*t»a
THE ANATOMY OB' THE HOK8B.
51
jars, or strains. Hence it is protected by being formed of a number of
bones, strongly united by Dgaraents, each bone being- protected by car-
tilage, and resting on a semi-fluid cushion, so that any shock may be dis-
tributed over the whol-^ number of distinct bones. The names of the
bones are as follows : a, Radius ; J, Pisiform ; c, Cuneiform ; d, Lunare •
e, Scaphoides ; /, Magnum ; h. Unciform ; r, Cannon ; j, Splint. These
two latter are called Metacarpals.
Fig. 1.
Clt 8.— Bonks anu Muscles of thk Foke Legs.
By reference to cut 9 on page 52, the uiruugoment and shape of the
several bones will be readily understood. A large, flat knee is essential in
the horse, smco it not only carries plenty of integument, but allows free
play to this portion of the leg. Fig. 1 shows the knee flexed and P- 2
tiio knee at rest. "^
4* i(
f^fF^
52
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
The true carpal bones aio seven in number. Six of these are placed
in two rows, each containing three bones in front of the joint, while the
seventh, the pisiform, (Trapezium), is placed behind them, forming the
point of insertion for some of the muscles of the arni. It also aids in
protecting the tendons running down behind the leg.
Fig. 1.
Fio. 2.
CUT 0.— SnOWINO BONES OK THE KNEE.
Bones of the Leg. — Between the knee and the fetlock are three
bones, the shank (cannon) and two splint bones, as shown in cut 8, page
51, Fig. 1. D. Those form the leg, the corresponding part in man
being the metacarpus. The cannon bone articulates at its upper extremi-
ty with the lower row of the bones of th« knee and below with the
upper pastern of the fetlock joint. It has scarcely any muscle, those
parts not covered by tendons, as well as the parts so covered bcin" envel-
oped directly by the skin. The log bone is nearly straight, rounded in front
and flattened or slightly concave behind. The splint bones, slender bones
attached to the cannon to strcngtl •• 't, diminish to a point before thev reach
■-ViJ-J >- '^■-■rV,,t,3f-mU!t»fimmS^-l^lllll-'!f.t«i3-~-~^
TIIK ANATOMY OF TIIK IIOKSK.
'^^ i'-
4-,
The names of tL:Z^:ZZlo\Z7^ S^koo.
«oid8 ; c, fetlock joint ; d, upper pasTeVn • 'I' T""""' °' '^""''^ ' *'
fin bone ; ^, navicular bone. The u L !nd i ' " ^''''''' ' •^' <^«f-
oonsiderable motion one on the otler to al 17^1 P"'*"""'^' ^' ^' ^^ve
The toe is fonned bv the coffin bono m7' '""' '' '^ '^'^"^ ^^k.
m by the horny hoo>. Hence it fonJJ '' «""-""»d«d and covered
Another small bone, the nav Ltr 1 , ' r.'' '."^""^"
junction of th« oo^„ «--^ ''"""'fl''l'««belnndand partlv wifhJn fu„
inclosed by thehoof " '""" ^'"''*«™- ^''^^ ^he Wn bonT.-tt
J
fwr
54
THE AMERICAN FARMEH'S STOCK BOOK.
IX. The Hind Limbs.
The bones of the limbs terminating and inclosed within the body of
the horse, as well as the whole of the front limbs have been carefully
illustrated and described. Many persons suppose, if they understand
something of the anatomy of one limb, that they understand them all.
This is a mistake, for while there are points m common, there are many
differences. Hence the necessity of illustrating every part fully m order
that the reader mav get a full comprehension of every part. 1 urther
on we -ive a cut showing the bones of the hock joint and portions of the
bones above and below. In the illustration, page 44, the anatomy of
the entire limb may be studied. .,.,7. n
Anatomy of the Hind LImbs.-Tho great bone of the thigh (femur)
which articulates with the upper bone (ilium), which in turn is joined to
the back, is very strong, stout and short for its bulk. It is ako further
strengthened by large projections (trochanters), placed m the^din- tion
of the length, or longitudinally, for the attachment of important mus-
cles. The upper extremity of the femur has a rounded head on the
inner side, fitting into, and articulating with, » horny cup (acetabulum)
formed at the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the lo>;«r end are
two prominences fitting into depressions in the true bone of the thigh
(the lower part of which is shown in the preceding illustration) and in
front of which is placed the knee cap (patella), making what is called
the stifle joint, which, anatomically, cori-esponds to the knee m man.
The thi-h bone is made up of two parts, the tibia, or bone proper and a
small bone at the top (fibula), which reaches down the bone for about
one-third its length. It is attached to the large bone by cartilage, and
corresponds to the small bone (ulna) in the shoulder of the horse.
The next illustration shows the bones of the hock. Figure 1 , back view,
inner side ; figure 2, front view, outer side. , .v. « , , t n
Bones of the Hook.-The names of the bones of the Hock (larsus)
as shown in cut 11 are : a, Tibia; b, Os Calcis ; c. Astragalus ; rf,C«-
noides ; e, Naviculare ; /, Outer Cuneifonn ; h, Splint ; ^, Cannon, (shank
^"^The hock is as important as it is complicated. It corresponds to the
ankle and heel in man, and is a prime factor in the means of progressn.n.
Like the knee of the horse, it consists of small bones, interposed between
the upper bone. Tibia, and the Cannon bone below. These are six m
number, as given above. The projecting bone at the back, the heel bone,
(Os Calcis), is moved by tendons arising from muscles in the lower
part of the limb. • ^i, ^ j
One of the Main Sprlngs.-The principal one of these IS the tendo-
Achiilis. In all fast animals it is much developed, since an merease „i
'i
TIIK ANATOMY OF THK HORSE.
55
the length of this lever adds forro tn fl
remembered that progression is sin^v a 1 ''''''"^' ^"'' '' "^"^^ be
Fio. 1.
Wl^t
Fio. 2.
CPT ll.-BONKS OF THE HOCK
to be especially 4died. ThTekeL^^'^K ". '^'"^'^^"'"^ P'^^^^ ^^^^ires
this is developed. "°" '^ '^' frame-work upon whiJh all
'iff
#■ 1 , 1 . 1 i n
CHA11ER III.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AWD INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OP THE
HORSE.
I. THE ECONOMY OP TUB MUSCLAR COVEUINO. II. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND
HECK. HI. MC8CLE9 OP TUP 8HOi:LUKIl AND BACK. IV. MrSCLES OP THK
HINDER PART*^. V. MUSCLES OF THE FOHE LIMB8. VI. MUSCLES OP THE LEO
AND FOOT. VII. STUDYING THE STRUCTURE. VIII. INTERNAL ECOMOMY OF Till:
HORSE. IX. EXTERNAL PARTS OP THE HORSE.
I. The Eoonomy of the Muscular Covering.
While, as already stated, the 'H)ae3 are the fraine-\V( k of the animal,
the covering of the bones, viz : the sinews, muscles, nerves, meml)ranes,
etc., are really what constitute the motive power of the aniraiU. With the
nerves and membranes we shall have little to do ; their study will not be
necessary to a correct understanding of the value of a horse to the
farmer, breeder, or buyer. The bony and muscular development being
perfect, and the digestive apparatus, the viscera, and all that pertains there-
to, being healthy, the ner\ cs and inenihranes may be taken for granted as
being in good order. We therefore pmceed at once to a consideration of the
more important organs which constitute the working parts of the horse.
This we have most carefully illustrated on the next page by a cut, show-
ing the entire figure of the horse with the principal muscles laid bare.
They need not be referred I • hero, since they will be named further on in
considering the illustrations of the several parts. The engraving is
considered necessary, as showing the connection of the parts, one Avith
another, as the animal appears in walking.
A Vertical Sootion of the Head.— A section of the head may here be
studied to advantage, as showing not only the bony and muscular struc-
ture, but the brain and ganglia as
well. In the study of this lisrure we find
at a, the frontul bono, showing the
cavity or channel, (^sinus) beneath ;
b, the wall bone {parietal) coverijig
the brain; c, the nose (^nasal) bone;
d, the bone (occipital) at the back of
the head ; e, e, the first bone of the
neck, (atlas) showing the spinal mar-
row in the center ; f, the eieTe-'ike
(ethmoid) bone through which ttu
nerve, (ol/actbr;/) giving the sense of smell i>asses ; g, the wedge-vihe
hone, (sphenoid). This, with the ethmoid bone, supports the base of
the brain. At k, Ixtween C iirnl D is shown part of the lower, {max-
56
Cut 1. Horse's Head, Open to View
itlary) jav
immerals :
l)rain (cer
dulla oblon
row itself.
c
r
bones) in the f(
brane of the nos
nosfn'lH • O n
(epiglottis ;) F,
1
T„K KCONOMV OP THK M„rUL.„ r„VE„,v„. „
0S
THE AMERICAX FARMER S STOCK HOOK.
Economy of the Head. — ^^'c' luivc heretofore spoken of the bones of
the liead being in ]iairs. So also are the various organs of the body as
a rule, namely : the ears, eyes, nostrils, lips, the lobes of the lungs, the
valves of the heart, the kidnej's, etc. Thus the two frontal bunes (a)
make up the forward part of the head. The wall bones (b) cover the
outer lobes of the largo portion of the brain. The occipital bone (d) is
strong and solid, and at its back contains the spinal marrow, and some
nerves and arteries which pass from the brain ; at the point where it is
jointed to the lirst bone of the neck it is rounded and smoothed to make
the articulation perfect. The 8])henoid bone (g) forms the inferior and
central part of the skull (cranium). Near the bones of the face (facial
bones), are sinuses or channels, that are named from the bones which
they pierce or channel. The bones of the head are of two kinds, the
soft and scaly, (sqtiamotis) , and the hard, (petrous), hones. The temporal
bones are lii<o\vise of both kinds ; the hard portion contains the organ
of hearing, and on its inside; surface are oi)enings for the passage of the
auditory nerve, and on its outside larger openings for the passage of sound,
n. Blusoles of the Head and Neok.
The muscles of the head are not many. Those of the mouth, nostrils,
ears and neck, are the most inii)ortant from the standpoint of the breeder.
Cut 3 on the next page we give shows, at two views, the various muscles of
the head and neck.
The Muscles of the Head. — a, the cheek, (Masseter) muscle ; b, tem-
poral muscle, (temporalis) ; c, circular muscle, (orbicularis) , surrounding
the eye ; d, the raising muscle, (levator) ; e, orbicularis ovis ; /, the di-
lator naris lateralis : g, Z ygomaticus ; h, nasalis labii superioris ; i, de-
pressor lubii inferioris.
Muscles of the Neck.— y, comolexus major; k, splenitis; I, levator an-
guli scapulae ; m, llyoideus; n, lerno-maxillaris; a, levator humeri or
deltoides. The masseter (a), forms the check of the horse, extending
along a ridge by the side of the head, below the eye to the rounded an<»^lo
at the rear of the lower jaw ; its function is to close tho jaw. The tem-
poral muscle, (h), also assists in the action, and the dimpling seen above
the eye in tho process of clicwing, arises from the action of this nmscle
while opening and closing tho jaw.
Tho action of tho muscle orbicularis is to close tho eye-lids. A'bove
tho eye, passing inward and upward, over this muscle is tho levator muscle
((f). Its office is to raise tho upper lid.
The inuscl(!s of the e<ir aro not consi)i(!uous. Oik) of them proceeds
from tho base of the t ", extends forwaid and turns tho ear forward.
Tho Hccojul. situated bchinii f)i(> (>!ii'. fur'>« if inurnr..! n.wi i.....! ^j „-i-m
the third nuiscio, a narrow strii), descends at the back of tho cheek, and
turns thu car outward.
The
nent ai;
Mus(
importfj
expansii
4
an index, ic
t<'ni|)cr of tl
"f those. I
opens the lif
the whole of
TJio njujB/.]
pression in ft
S'^
THE ECONOMY OF THE MTrsritT.^ '
i HE MUSCULAR COVERING. 59
Muscles of the Nose and i in. tu *
-P»os,„n a„a c„„t^„„„^, '';f»-«i°' n^IC ih^^t^t
ope,,;.;,; H ,"i';"^,::™;ri:.t rr "^- '-» "-^u rr:
■ rvp^m
m
THE AMERICAN FARSfEU'S STOCK BOOK.
into two parts to permit the passage of tlie side dilator of the nostril (/),
one branch passing straight to the corners of the mouth : its use being
to raise it. The other branch expanding under tlie side dilator, not only
assists in dilating the nostril, but also in lifting the upper lip.
The under lip is drawn back bythe narrow muscle (i), Avhich is inserted
into the Up below the angle of the mouth. Passing along the side of the
jaw, it disappears under the masseter or cheek muscle («).
Muscles of the Neck. — One of the principal muscles of the neck rises
from the transverse processes of the first four or five dorsal vertebra,
page 42 (3), and also from the five lower bones of the neck (2), same
page. The fibers from these two points, uniting form one large nmscle,
which, in fact, makes up the principal lower part of the neck, and which,
diminishing in size as it passes towards the head, terminates in a tendon
inserted in the (occipital) bone covering the back of the head. See i)age
49 (c). Immediately above is the muscle splenim (k,) page 59. It is
used for raising the head. This muscle arises from the entire length of
a strong and elastic ligament (ligamentum nuchr), having its origin
from the back of the occipital bone, to Avhich it is attached immediately
below the crest. At first cord-like, it passes over the first joint of the
neck and adheres strongly to the second bone of the neck, on which the
principal weight of the head is thrown ; it thence proceeds backward un
to its termination on the elevated spinous processes of the bones of the
withers. Thus the withers have to support the entire weight of the head
and neck, when held in their usual position.
To return to the spleyiiu,'*. It is inserted directly into all the bones of
the neck except the first, but having with this and the temporal bone, a sep-
arate and distinct connection. To its form and development, the nniscu-
larity and beauty of the neck are chiefly due. The thick crest and mas-
sive neck of the stallion, is principally due to its great development. If
overloaded Avith cellular tissue or fat, the neck will bo clumsy. These
facts cannot be too carefully borne in mind, for whatever the condition or
breed of the horse it is this muscle which gives character to the neck.
Behind the sphniii-i, and extending along the upper margin of the necik,
is a muscle (levator anguli scapulae) (/). Inserted in the back of the
head, and attached to the first four bones of the neck and to
the great ligament, it descends to the shoulder, out of sight. Its
action is reciprocal on the neck and shoulder, u(<()rding as o'^o or the
other may be fixcil at the time.
Muscles of the Front of the Neck.— On page 59(tig. 2, m. ) inunediatoly
below the head at its junction with th<? neck, its upper extremity, con-
spicuous, is the muscle /lyoideus. It is attached to the hyoid bono of
the tongu
the ehouk
muscles.
illaris, (n
the point i
proceeds u
is inserted
not a larsrc
Extendi]
along the i
the sterno-
or deltoidet
being held
from which
revcM'scd.
by means t
point of th(
sion, it ma}
times, but r
their positic;
of the anim
In every !
ing the sever
exact nieanii
which (iouM
from and in
other laiigna;
Onco named
defined by i
it would take
sary the nieai
is no coujiiMii
name. Fori
and flU[)poi't t
major) (</,) i
l>et\V('«'n the r
l)et\ve(>n them
explaining the
■ 1«MK il r\l'lJ I 1M ll « mM.i.» B
lAimit,
THE
ECONOMY OK THE MUSCUhAK COVKUINO.
61
the tongue, which it retracts ; dcsceudiiLr alo„.r tho fmnf rf ,i
the shoulder, it is for the greater ^yJotTtl !'^ """'' *"
J^xtending from the back of the head and upper nart of f 1.
alowg the front of tlie shoulder, to the ton of f h« / ' , "''''''
tang held „,, l,y i„ „„,, ,„„„„. ,„„„,„,_ ,^ ^^ ,;°P *™- J lu, h d
from wlml, tl.o ln„,or humeri niis,., ,|,„ »h„„H,.,. |,,„ ,, ., , '"'"
r»v,„....<l. Will, tl,o .h„„ldn- „« a «x,.,l ,„^ t to 1,„! ,'" """ ''"
po,„t„f tl,o.„.„,t „t„lK,,r,l,o „„„d ...tLt d",^ti'r ,'elt
m. Muscles of the Shoulder and Back.
In every science the u.so of Latin has generallv been ..dn,.f , i •
iug the several parts andobjects. The rcLoa o th 1 1 ' ' o 'ru:"!;
exact n.eaning of the nan.es is thus preserved wi s eient H
which c.n.M not ;dwa,s bo the ease if t^eseterl::!;jq^^
fro.n and n.to the various languages of the earth. In E Hil a^d '
other languages there are several nan.es for one and XU^Z^ ^^
Orn-o named m s. entitic non.enclature the object ren.ains tixc m, ! ^
defined by .ts scuM.tiHe name as long as the science last. i"'''V'"-'
it wcmld ta.<e n.ny words t<, express li.e san.e Zl .g ^^ ::Z^:Z
s.uy the n...unng of the scienliHc tern, is explained. SommJth^
.snocomn . name, ,,...1 hence we are obli.-vd o depend on ^^^r^^^^
na.ne. F.-r instance the (rapenu, i„ the nms ■! ^^t 1 ^ I ""
-a support the shoulders, agisted by anorim; ':/!::; '] ^ T
'-/-•) {,.) a „.uscle that is hardiv visible ^^.Jn^l^tll^T^
•H'tween the ribs and shoulder bla.les, and forn llie^^^^^ ^"^^
.^twecu them. Hence in explaining t..; illus^X:^, 'Z^Z^Z
.'xplanung tJuMu, so far as may be necessary, in the Lo.ly of thl" It '
XMatwaaMtSf'
i
ie>
THE AMBKICA.N rAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
Tho muscle, trapezius, previously noticed rises from the ligaments of
the neck, and the princ^ipiil bones of the withers?, terminating in a pointed
ehapo on a prominent part of the shoulder blade, and is at x.
CUT 4.— 8UOWIMJ .MfJSri.ES OK SUOULUKK AN1> AD.IArKST I'AKTS.
The muscle occupying the outer surface of the shoulder blade (scap-
ula,) on the front sid<? of the spine or ridge of that bono is termed
anfea spinatus, and is shown at h, <n\ pages 57, (!'2 and 64. It proceeds
to the lower bone of tho shoulder, and dividing into two parts, is inserted
into tho two prominences in front of it. Its use is to extend the bono
fonvard.
Situated on the other side of the t'houlder blade and inserted into the
upp(!r and outer head of the bone, drawing it outward and raising it, is
H»o muscle called pontea sjnuahis. Behind it is a small muscle (tei^es
minor) (d,) or little pectoral. Its office is to draw tho shouldi'r forward
towards the breast.
Inside th(i arm, at its junction witl; the body, is an important anf'
"'onsniciJos'H !!!'.!H!'!!>. thii larire 'jectoral nsuscle (iH'i'toralis tn(ijov) i*\xoyfu
shows all tho
names and re
"g'uin'x::.;';;;:,-*,'.;:':: ■ ". """'^ '"- -^^ '--'"^ ^-^
of the limb. * • "' ■" '" ""'"•■'■ "" «™" and r..„„1.r a.lio,,
bring the f,,,„. „„„ Zn, p n f!^™ S '"""'t *"" '"■"■■ T'"" -• t^
bono of the shoulder (/.I^., ;,"''/'''' '", " """ "•'"' ">" I"-"--
.ho„lde,.,thc.v„rei„,LTi A-h/pIfj'T "l" ''"™- '"•"<• "'the
•vhich bend the arm unw,.*^, ,'/ , , "'? ""'""■'• '''!'» "'"'"les
ai.n„,t entire,, ,..e,ey;;:i::,:;';;:":;;;:;i:''» "'""'' """"-'• "'"*
paJe'o/:r:s„di::t:,i te':.f ,!: "r 't'-- ■'-"• •'-»" »■"
" nnd U „t the • , T. Z^^f^^^^V^ '""-"' -« "" l-g-
bone, „„d ribs, „„d ■„ empIoveS T„ ,1 .1 f '"™'''"''' "' "'o back
and ■„ ..earing and kiel^i^f '^^^'b 1^ fvhtl " ""' "'"' ''""*"•
i> that part whieh is covered bv Z" . H "'""^"™"""«ai-c.-t Iheaurfaee
iMistinctIv apparent :;rl'l"rc,r'- ""' ""«'°" <" ''• however.
rv. Muscles of the Hinder Parts.
Tho muscles shown in cut 4 nr,. . ^ v' .
on page U. ^^^^"^ ^*" *'^'"''«d in the illustration
The Muscles of the Hind Quarters —The ilin«f .„f
sho.vs all the promi.ient muscles „ffL . , '""'*'^''t'«» "» I'af?e 65
namosandreferencesare r I l''^''lr"''"■^ '"' '""• '^'--
medim; n. Triceps femoris ■ o «!!.' ''^'"'"""' "*' »^«<^«
on page 57) ; „ ^tZ;^,;; f ^f ^ ^-^ f^^rano.., (.ho.n
nemii: z. Flexor metaLn. ^''^^"*«'' ' »'' ^^»'«'' i^er?«. ; y, Gr^,^^^,.
The Muscles Described.— The muscles of thn u; a
strongly n.arked, and the situatlo^. nf Tl "* ^'"'"^'^ '"■^' «'««%
rooognized. With then, wil ^"^ -- ^^ '" ''" '"^'^^
with tho n,otion of the hinder 1 n 1 A, o .7'"'''"'^ ^" "'' "'»"«^*«d
muscles on the front and outlr pa L of Z '' ", ""«f ^"'"'"•-'"t of the
t<Bm medim) urisino- from tho ! t'»«'f' '"^h is that one (the Qlu-
tluUoinsanc/fronuL'r a n pr:/^^;^'^' "^ t ^^••^'''"- «^
the pelvis heretofore described u^dr !•'"'''' (t''« •'J^*' I'ono of
groat trochanter or proiec^i"'!^ r',!™';"^'"»' f j*^ '"-tion in .he
i i
I • (
^IPgUi
;^.
64 THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S 8TOOK HOOK.
It i8 an important and po^yel•ful muscle and is used in raii*ig and bring-
ing forward the upper bone of tiie thigh, it h.s been not ,„ aptly ealled
the kicking muscle, and is shown at m, on pages 57 and <.4 and 65.
'Yh^glutc.usexternus, I, is a slender mu.. i. attached to the k.ckmg mus-
cle and has a sinnlar origin and function It may be called the assistant
kicking muscle. ^
CUl .").— UK,' It «11>E VIEW OK TilK MUSCULAR COVERING.
The Three Headed IVJi^sole.-When the horse is in motion a conspic-
uous muscle of the hind-(ii.atter is the three headed muscle of the thigh
(tHeepsfemorl.s), shown at n. This is really three muscles in one, each
having a .onunon origin and unfled together. It comes from several of
the bones of the spine, including some at the root of the tail, and from
various parts of the ha.iuch bone. It curves downwards and forwards,
dividincr i„t„ three heads. These are inserted broadly into the upper
part of^the lower bone of the thigh behind the knee {stifle joint). Its
acti.)n straightens the leg, and it has great power in carrying the animal
fonvard, for while the glutei muscles bend the leg before it takes tli„
spring, the triceps, acting in opposition, forces the leg straight and lifts
■he body forward The hind.T margin of this muscle may bo seen in all
, 11 1 i- •^i- r.-ztv- f ^h'" UiiHno\i. lint it IB nrominent in racing
horses, paniiici lu ihc oatiuic ■d .s -i
and trottiu
tion.
Parallel
on pages 5
bones of ti
thigh, fom
emu'S the i
A ii other
hauni i), aw
quarter is
pyge 57, ai
At the oute
down and sec
muscultis faar
the forward r)
two laycirs of
THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCUX^ 4;tfVHKINO.
€S'
and trotting ho«es, when proper exercise has brought them into eondi-
Parallel with the triceps a.id immediately behind it is the bicen, ^hown
on pages 7, 4 and 65, at o. Springing from the sacrum Shffi^
bones of tl,e t.,1, .t descend, to the inner side of the lo.er bom of tt
S''X ^"^^ ''-' ''^'- «^ ''' '--' -^ -- - ^^
Another fi,3Kor of the leg, forming the inner rear border of the
haun. .. and unitm^ . ,. the mesial line with its fellow muscle of the other
CUT (i— ftnoWIN.i MI«<I.M Of TIIK IHNI.
(jt'AKTEIM.
At the outer fron part of the haunch, is a peculiar muscle which binds
downand secures the other nmscles in front of the haunch. It is ^
the forward Dortion r,f the ores^ -^f *i.^ -•'■ . • "
two layers of U^ndinous nubsUvnoo which disappear below the stifle
/
••.f\%' y %»5I
m
THE AMERICAN FAHMER'S STOCK BOOK.
't,
The Rectus, r, forms the front edge of the thigh, and proceeds
from the ilium, in front of the hip joints, and is inserted into the knee
cap, (patella) at the stifle joint. This nmscle forms the front edge of
the thigh.
The vastus cxturmis, s, is a large muscle behind the rectus and is also
inserted into the patella. Only a part of it can bo seen externally, and
both this and the rectus are powerful extensors of the thigh.
The sartorius, or tailor's muscle, is a narrow strip descending inside
the thigh, and terminating just below the stifle joint. It bends the leg,
(tibia), and turns it inward. It is hardly visible. The gracilis, u, lies
by the side of this muscle, and at the rear of it, occupying the principal
surface of the inside of the thigh, (femur). It is inserted into the upper
part of the lower bone of the thigh, (tibia).
V. Muscles of the Fore Limbs.
These have been delineated on page 51, in connection with the corres-
ponding bones ; their names are there given. The elbow is the lever into
which the muscles for extending the arm are inserted. They are of great
power, and they extend up to the muscles of the shoulder, with which
they are connected in reciprocal action.
VI. MuBOles of the Leg and Foot.
The most important of the muscles which move the lower portion of
the leg and foot, is the extensor pedis, seen on pages 57 and 65, at v.
It comes from behind the stifle, from the extremity of the two bones of
the tiiigh, (femur and tibia). Descending to the hock, its tendons pass
under a sheath, confining it to its place in front of the joint. Thence it
continues to the foot, and, widely expanding, is inserted in front of the
coffin bone.
The peronoeus, seen at page 57 and G5 at w, comes from the fibula,
and taking much the same course as the last-named muscle, but in a more
lateral direction, the tendon passes on the outride of the hock and de-
scends to the foot with the extensor pedis. These two nniscles act to lift
the foot forward. Between thorn is another narrow muscle, which acts
witl^ them, and the tendon of wliich is seen just above the hock.
One of the principal muscles for bending the foot is the Jlexor pedis,
shown at pages 57 and 64 and 6.5 at x. Rising from the upper part of the
tibia, it l)e(!omes tendinous before reaching the hock, and as a round, large
cord passes through a groove at the ])ack of that joint. Then descending
behind the shank bone, it is inserted in the two pasterns.
At tile back of the thigh (iihiit) iiiay be seen the extremities of the
gastrocnemii, pages 57 and 64 and 6.^ at y. The united tendons (tendon
THE KCONOMV OP THE MU8CULAU COVKRIN(i ,;j
The flexor metatarsis is tlio muscle wliieh l„...ri. fi i
inside of the tlii-rh (t!hin\ . . *''*" ^"=- ^^ '^ "» tJ^e
Originat iisf ubove the sfifln <„, fi. l " """ '^'* "^ ^-
i.i.ed ii the .ii* rrx'i:::: -' '"- '^'«'' ^~>- '' <»
Vn. studying the Structure,
horseman tfw'nr.f 7"''"" "^ '^ '"di^yensuble for ever,
nerve,, ga„gli„ „„d vLejrwM, ' '"""'■''"'• "'*'""'' "'»<'°"''
ease,. The horslln ! ,'^' '""'»"''-'' "'"• "'" '•'"■» "' <i«-
endowed with ,„eed. .,.,., „r 7,:', ;!:;:;;;' j;,:';,,'!'' "" "*"°'' ""'■"'"•
w ,^. ^^^- ^"*®™al Economy of the Horse,
pnneipul part of ,he b„,i„, „uw .he w,„„„ 4 tI,,. J i,, f ",'" "
from the hca;t aM;f).;;;::r''n •' "^r"'"' ?" Htomueha„d hcwels
«<K1 Jungs, n.is ,n<.n,I,ra..e also «,s.si.sts in the act of
rt'spirati
heart.
Ifft kidii
(•vary or
intestine
They hai
This ci
"^
Explanati
4 — The pol
wind-pipe.
12~The eli
IB— Tht. St
20— The hip
The thigli or
27— The hot
30— The lai
33 — The hoo
fetloek. 37-
er'. 40 — TI
T»IK ECONOMV OK THK MU8CULAH COVER.xo.
I .a
69
''•ft kidney. ,, The hro.^^r:^^'^^'^^'^^-^^^^- "- ^^0
'ntestine. the rec/«m. /. The LJ * Vu , '^ P^"^'"" °^ the la^Be
They have already been .k^ZX '"' '""■'^'^^ "^ ^^o thi^h.
Th,-« . u ^" ^'^^^l ^arts o* the Horse.
ULT « ttliow I
KXTKRNAI
Explanation r-l-The x.^.-^, ^
lAKTS OK THK IIOKSK.
^<: nr-. -Tir:..;::"LT^!;: 'Tt^'~~''^: '°^^«^-
2-The elbcnv. l.Wfhe .^th 1 't-'^^'7««t- H-The arm.
;>-The stifle. 17-The wiuts T, > i ''-'"'" ^^-t**'
2fJ-The hip. 21_Tlxe croup 22 Th 7 ' ^"'-'^'^^ '«''»•
The thigh or Raskin 25'^ . * 23-The quarter. 24-
27-Th: hock. 2^,^"!'::^^^^^^^^^^ JV7"^ P'''"^"^ the hot^
30-Th,, large pastern. aH^he sLh 1 ''^^^ ''-'^^« ^«tlock.
33-The hoof. 34-The k.t l ' T" ^'■■"^'"'»- ^^--he coronet,
fetlock. 37-Tho-heel. 38-The ll^j! 1 ?""" 1 '"''^ '^^ '^''--Tbe
«r" 40-Theho«f. ^h« l«rge pastern. ay_The small paai^
If
I k
' ) i^ !" iHi
CHAPTER IV.
OUTWARD APPBARAWCE OP THE HORSE AS rNDICATINO VALUE.
I. ACTION TllK K111.ST IlKyiriSITK OK A <1001) IKJUSK. 11. KA.x T WALKING HOKSES.
III. IIOIISKS KOK IIIFFKRKNT KINUS OK WORK. IV. THE JIEAl) ILLU8TKA-
TEI> OlITWAKDLY. V. TllK KODV AND LIMBS. VI. 1«AI» FOKEQUAKTEKS.
VII. THE H< l)V A3 SEEN FHOM TIIF, KKONT. VIII. WHAT A ('lUTICAL HORSK-
MAN SAID. IX. FHONT VIEW, SllOWlN(J BAD FOKEQUAKTEKS. X. THE HIN-
DKK PARTS ILtUSTRATED. XI. THE I'KOl'ELMNO I'OWEK. XII. WHAT THE
ANCIENTS KNEW OF HOIUES. XIII. WHAT ONE NEED NOT EXPECT.
I. Action the First Requisite of a Qood Horse.
A hor.sc, like every other farm uniiiiul, is to bo bou ^ with a view to
the use for whicli he is intended. The buyer must therefore know what
he wants the uniinal for ; if for sU)W draft a very different frame will bo
required from that needed when fast work is to be done ; and yet the
general symmetry of the animal inu.st be looked to in every ease. Fur-
ther on the various breeds Anil be illustrat. 1. The present chapter will
deal simply Mith the outward eonfonnatio'js, .showing good and bad
forms, just as the jji-eceding chapters have illustrated the bony stmcture
and the nmseular development. Action is of course the first requisite
whatcM'r use the horse is intended for, and fiust walking is the ground-
work ui)on which to build al' other action. We give on the next page an
illustration of a horse, as seen in a fsist walking gait.
Action in General. — Oood a<-tior. can never be gotten out of a lazy,
lubberly horse. c animal must have sj)irit and ambition, whatever thi;
breed. Action is of only two fonns : smooth, safe, low action, and
high, showy, or parade action. The ^'itter is never admissiM(>, except
when the horse is intended only for slow and parade, or for a certain
class (»f carriage horses, or for slow driving or riding in parks or other
places of i)ubli(! re-sort. It is unsafe, unless the animal be intelligent and
naturall}' sure-footed ; for a high stepping dolt is generally bad-tempered,
and as unsafe as he is ungainly. When slow-and-safe and fast-and-.safe
action are conil>ined in the .'<ame animal, he is invaluable and should not be
lightly jiarted with.
Good actioi) is attained avIu'ii all the limbs are moved evenly and in
accord one with the oUier, the hind limbs being kept well under the
animal, ready for any emcrgenc}-. The action should be s(|uare in walk-
ing or trotting and Avithout j)addliiig with the fore legs, or straddling
liehind. It is true that ])addlers are staunch and sure footed, and horses
that straddle behind are sonietini(>s fast, l)nt thic is in spite of such
action, and not on account of it. They are never admissible, either in fine
harness or under the saddle.
70
Hi
ft
t"!
S(
H
a
OITTWAKO M'VKAU.\SCK or
THK lIonsE.
71
T,,„ ,, "• *■•«* Walking Horse..
n 18 sclJom one sees a horse th-it «iii n ^
mile, an hour in regular 1.2.i.4 tt J"''' ^""' ""^ "^ ^alf or five
g^ven n, tins d.upter may eaHiJy Ih, t«u..ht to dn it .u
die or in harness. Some horses mav hn , . V ' '"*'''''" ""^«^" t^^' '^^'
but they are rar^. A« a rule f^^ 1 * f' *^ ^*^^^ '^"^ '^•'^■^ «" hour.
*„„* ^i.l._ . - '^ " ^"" ' ^'•"t-walkinff horses may bo f«-,-' - -
t^
f
f!'
72
THK AMERICAN FAKMKU S STOCK BOOK.
and they will roll in galloping. It is for tiiis reason that we give the
illustrations, showing the perfect conformation for porfeet action. A
horse that is good at all gaits, is a horse perfect in his conformation.
Hence, a perfectly-formed horse will well repay careful training, for such
a one will bring a largo price for tlio tinuf and labor spent upon his edu-
cation ; or if it be a mare that is to be kept for show, and later for breed-
ing, the labor of training will not hav<( been thrown away.
m. Horses tor Difierent Kinds of Work.
Speed and bottom, which indicate the superior bone and muscle of
good breeding, combined with great lung and heart power, whatever the
breed, are what is desired in a horse. The nearer the animal comes to the
llustrations given, the better will he be for general utility, and measurably
so whatever the labor desired. The horse for heavy draft will be coarser,
more stocky, heavier in the bone, not so flexible in the limbs, more
upright in the shoulder, longer-haired, and perhaps with less courage.
Occasionally, how<wer, a thoroughbred makes a first-class work horse, if
trained to get down steadily to the work. This very flexibility enables
him to take a hard and long-t!ontinued pull without injury, and it brings
the oblique shoulder of the blooded horse straight in the collar. Yet
thoroughbred horses are not draft horses, and were never intended to be,
though they have imbued nearly every valuable breed existing to-day with
some of their l)est characteristics.
IV. The Head Clustrated Outwardly.
The head is the seat of intelligence in all animals, and without intelli-
gence wo cannot have a good sei^vant. TIk! illustrations on pages 74
and 75 siiow the formation of heads from good to bad. Those on
p igo 74 show the perfectly-formed head of a well-bred horse, present-
ing a bide and front view, that may be taken n;-t a typo constituting perfec-
tion, as near as may be. The side view e.\hibits the head fine and taper-
ing to the uni7.x\v, and the chin handsomely developed. The brow is
smooth, distinct, and yet not heavily prominent. The eye is large, full,
clear, and has a placid, intelligtuit expression. The ears are fine and flex-
ible, rather large, but well pointed, artd alive with intelligent motion.
The jaw is strong but fine. Observe the rnuscularity of tho neck, and at
the same time, its lines of swelling and delicate grace. Observe especi-
ally tho manner in which the head is set upon the neck. Again, it will bo
seen that the fa«'e is dished slightly, sliowiug spirit, tempered to intelli-
gent tractal)ility.
Now take the front view of the same head. Observe tho great smooth
swelling forehead, looking really broader between the eyes than it is.
Why? It will bo seen that tho eyes are appareiitly at (he side of th»
■'%♦*■■
OUTWARO A,.VKAKANCK OP THK „OH«K.
head, ui,d yet look straight forward Th,. f
the eyes, and the occipitol bono tholn 7T?' '^""^^ "' ^^^'^ «'^« "^
are pronunent. The nostrils and In! J ? '^" ^'"^ ^'^^«''^-' ^he ears,
could turn back the folds of the no rf s"t ?" T ' '^"''^'' "^"^ '^ «-
and healthy inside surface. In theTvlL V 7"^'' "'^ ''''^^' ''' '' '"«'«t
ure, all this would bo apparent ^ corresponding to the fig.
'^^^V^Z^r^^' ^T ^^ "'^'-^^ ^'^-non the
With the nose and lower aTt^rtl-!;, "^'t^^ " ^^^^ -.ewhat heavy
nostrils. The face is not dished bnf • ^ "°'^ '^*'"'^ «"<^ a^ove the
but with a son^ewhat wiW f^r^tio^ '\'r^f' '^'- «yes are bright
the head broad. The oars areTCn back '^', ^r' '"'" Prominent, Ind
expression. The head is set TZ kT t "T'^ " ^"'"^^ '" '^s
expression, as a whole, is indeed that of u, I ,, ' ^''*^ ""'' ''"«'«• The
but it is the intelligence of n.alice .f .r ^1^7' '"'"'^ "'""^'^^'l ''"'^e.
X« the front view, it will Tsll til th ''" "' "''■"'"•
and are in the front of the head r the t^ T^^^ close together,
pointed close together and backM^ard rth„u"h h " 1' ^^'^" "''^ "••«
chance to do mischief. The face is f ,11 /". ""'"'"^ ""'^ ^^ «»*«' the
ones. They are those of a stubll " ,'1'""° """'' ''"'^ ""^ «"^ooth -
ho^^nnot or dare not do otherW ""' ""^^ "'^ «^ ^^ --'^ if
exiltsi""' ThreLtkS'Lttr ""' ""^ '^ ^^"^''' ^'"^ '-tupid
«Pirit. courageous docim; Iri^ltfrd '1" ? ^'^ '^"^•^^'' "-'-
master. While this head does noTshow ' h^'V",^" *'"' ^^''" "^ " ^-"d
general -I-ssion, drooping a" V;;^^!^^^ '"™' >'^^ ^h«
than the average horse should posse" « '^"' "'^"^^ '^«« ^'^'^''^cter
position. The profile is c-urved Jv 1 „ « "'^'' ""^ " ^^"'^' «"'ky <li«-
are raised, indi-ating self-will anXil L 3 I'V;!''^^'.'"^^ *'>^^ "^'cbrows
areeruei. It is a face that never go wilh H '7 ""^ '"^^«'* ^'^^'^
<- o ride, except in the hands of o.^wh T ,!. i ' H "'*' *" '"^^' «"'^''^''
"■"i "t the san.e tin.e, always M.tch ul V fi ^ '"^^^^ ''"'''^'' ?^ '"'"-If.
<i<'««-nb,ng all the peculiarit„.s of to.nno 1 ." "' '''' "^'^ht go on
- «hown by the thin, c-lean fac" thlT 7 '"'"""'^ "^''^""'^ ^"^^^ty,
|hehcadshowingeviden<.es.;5;;i; r2 ;::t''''f "'^''^^
halIu,.,n«tions, aberrations of uuml L.i If "'""''"''""•" ^"''J^«t to
doubt. The cowardly, the v us 1 " -T "•" i"""''^^'' *'"-« '« ""
The aberrant and the insa.u Zo l^^ ^ 'd.ot.o horso is never safe.
">ost practice! horsn.uan .:.!-.." '' "'^"^« dangerous, oven to fh„
They will run their 'Mnuck-'at anv'w,7""''' "'''' P«»'«hment avail:
'^^
74
TUK AMEUICAN FARMKR 8 STOCK BOOK.
BUNi AMi> rBONT VIEW OF liKAiis— (looo. (See £xp]aiuitlon.)
OKTWAUD ArPEAKAXCB
OP THE HOI18E.
7S
«n>K AM. KHONT VM,„. OK „KA,.M
-BAD.
(See Kxpliiiiutiou.)
QMli
7e THK AMEllTCAN FAKMEU'w STOCK BOOK.
V. Body and Limbs.
The figure given on page 77 shows ti side view of the head, neck,
shoulder, and fore limbs, as they should be seen in a pei-fectly formed
animal. On page 82 are side views of the fore quarters of hoi-ses, even
down to those which easily becoiie distoitcd from hibor or use. In the
perfectly formed horse, the heck is muscular and line at the top, where
it joins the head. There is no useless Hesh, though Avhere it joins the
shoulder it is full and yet tine in proportion. The shoulder is deep, ob-
lique or slanting. The shoulder-blade is high, giving stabihty to, and at
the same time fully supporting, the withers. The breast is prominent,
but narrowing to the point where the legs leave the body. The arm is
long, muscular, and tapering to the knee. The joints are large, but firm
and compact. The fetlocks are long but flexible. The hoofs are rather
large, and arc round, deep, tough, and sound. It i.J tin* shoulder of a sad-
dle horse, of speed, bottom and endurance, that is seen in the cut. Few
horses, even of the highest class, possess this p(a-fcct ideal conforma-
tion. For the harness, the shoulder may be less obli<pu'. The horse of
all work, is more rigid and upright in limb and shoulder than the more
speedy one ; yet the illustrations w<? give may bn tak<'!i as the standard in
judging a horse intended for every kind of work. The general appear-
ance of the best aninuils of the various breeds is shown by cuts in their
I ppropriate places in this volume. A conq)arison Avill show that while
then arc differences, yet the rules here laid down will apply generally to
all horses, modified only by the difference:; required to enable i-. particu-
lar breed to perform special labor. The trotting gait, as exhibited in a
high-caste roadster, combining style witli high action and great and long
continued speed, would l)e execrable in a saddle! horse The springy,
nervous action, and the lonl^ stride of tlu^ legant saddle horse, would
not go far toAvards pulling a dead weight, however honest and courageous
the attemi)t might be — and we have seen thorough4)reds as honest and
counigeous at a dead i)ull as could be (h'sired in a draft horse. While
the higlily-brcd horse, especially the road horse, will fill more places than
any other, yet the horseman nnist seek the animal best suited to his
purpose. A .4udy of the various models we pn^sent will enabh* any intelli-
gent person to judge for himself, as well as an expert whom he Mould
have to pav for his services. It should certainly ])rcvent the palming off
of any "sorry brute," as is often done upon those who, while scorning
intelligent stud}-, imagine they "Know till n}w\\t horscH."
VI. Bad Fore-Quarters.
In the illustrations on page 82, tlw upper hfft hand tigure shows a
tli" rhv^t h'-Hvy, asul the lin-ha plact-d too fnr nr,de?t
_A :_l.j -1 1-1,.
OIJTWAIJI)
APl'KAKANCK OP THK IIORSK.
77
of strength goMcmUy '""' """ P""'™"' '"« *="' « « l«=k
joint aUve ToThe un^tZ T '""«"■ '""" "'" '■°°'*° '^e
« «. w.. the «e;s;:;rs.;^::;;~ -r rir^s
ill"»t™ti„g ,|„ ,„„'-X d llZl „7; T r- '-"-o chapter
tl.o„,p„i„I, better. "-""""P"""'' "t tbo horw !m ^U unde»t«d
78
THE AMERICAN TAKMBB'S STOCK BOOK.
11
ntONT VIEW Ol , .itlC-QPAHTKKfl, BHOWIHO IrtKFBRENT HAD CONKOUMATIONB.
^•'
OVrWAlm AI'PKAUANCK OF THK-
llOKHJi.
KKONT VIEW, «I,OW.m> UOO.. BHEAbT
A«i>li*n»«. .SeeJi-pjHnadvn,
79
-»^^a|(iff^
:'■ ).
80
THK AMRRIOAV FAUMKU's STOCK HOOK.
Tho left hand lovvcr figure e^diihit. a shouldc- tolerably well I'l^ced but
the limbs are set lo„ far under, and the patterns are too Btraigh . so that
the animal appears to stand on his toes, and there .s a general lack of
muscle and sinew. » i i. 1 1
The lower right hand figure will convey a good idea of what old age,
.],use, hard wo!k and want of care will bring to ether of the three parrs
of sh;ulders and lin.bs just noticed. Abuse and ^H-usage nngh rum the
living representative of the perfect figure on page 77, but the hmbs
would renuiin comparatively sound to the last.
Vn. The Body as Seen from the Front.
In the iUustmtion on page 79, tho neck and shoulders are oval or egg-
sh ped. The chest seems narrow rather than broad, but this is because
the muscular development about the breast bone is ample and full.
Ob.ene how grandly the muscle above the arm swells out. and what mag-
nificent muscularity the a.™ presents with the two great thews runnmg
down to the knee. The joints arc large and ample, as they should be,
but also firn.. The hoofs are tough and hard Look carefully at the
white space between the limbs running from the hoofs upwards. See
how thi neck, gradually rising from the chest shows strength and a
perfect proportron of one pad to the other. The jomts are compact and
Lnded! to meet the articulating shank and fetlock bones. Tlie s aunch
stron<r hoofs are rather open behind, but show no md,c«t.on of aflatfoot.
Set this and the preceding illustrations against the wall, n^tu-e untd you
Laperfect view, study thenx as an artist would a subject, compare
fhem with the living animal, and, if you buy a horse for breedmg or other
use, buy as near to the model as i)ossiblc.
Vin. What a Critical Horseman said.
One of the best authorities of all writers on the horse, a highly edu-
cated Englishman, whose estimate of an animal was always made from
Ihe standpoint of general excellence, the late Henry Wdl.am Herbert, m
his exhaustive work, "The Horse of America," says :
-The points of the phvsical structure of a horse on which the most,
indeed the whole of his ntility depends, are his legs. Without h.8 loco-
na.Xers all the rest, however beautiful it may be is nothing worth.
Therefore, to these we look first. The fore-shoulder should be long,
obliouelv set, with :i <onsiderahle slope, high in the withers and thin
Hbove ' The ui)per ann should he very long and muscular, the knee
broad, flat and bonv, the shank, or reunion bone, as short as may be, flat,
n..t round, with clmn. finn sinew^; tho pasteni joints moderately long
... ,.,: 1...4 .W.4 f-w. murh *n. US the cxccss produccs springiness and
w^lknes^Vhe 'hoofs firm. er«-t, or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet
OUTWAItU Al'I-EAlUXCK OF THR HORfiE.
8f
room in these parts gives free nlav to th« m V 7 ^^'*' ""^
fnrrn ^^ ♦»,„ i j ^'lepiay to tlio niost important vtals. The
Land. Tl,„ c„„ve«„ „f tl," njok » i i "'"-"J" "™ag»able to the
at the wi„d.,,ipo like a coc k'?,v-ttile , , "T ™ "'"' "'"='' °"'
most exceptionable of l.r.,t,.o ; ' "^'"^'^ "''*^"« -it apull, and the
.athe.. concavo, or'^^hat i,o.di; , !h , ^ t nlf I ™" "'".T'' "■"■
the eyes and nostrils. The ear, Imld ,1 « """'""-""''"l. •'■'tween
.yes la^e, elear „„d pro.n „ ea'd ' no,, ill I','" "1 "I','""' ' ''^
IX.
Front View Showing Bad Pore-Quarters.
On page 78 are four figures. The upper left l.,n.l _ _ . •
eg aown to the Knee ; f ron. that point down it is hadr Th^i,^:;;;:::;;
,#*
f^
82
i H
TUB AMKKKAN FAHMEIj'S 8TO(:K D<H)K.
,^jj,j.. Y;p.,v OV rnj!K=0!rAUTERfl. SHOWIsa BAIS CONFOUM ATTON. (Rpe Gxplaimtidii.)
t-f f
very much out ; such a hor^. hu8 net due strcn.rfh a .,
increasingly bad with .ge. '^^"'"gth, and the action will be
The figure to the riglft Jlunvs the reverse nf k
='re turned out. and the toen arc 'urrdT,!!' ^^^ preced.ng. The kneen
dangerous either to drive or tide '"''' un.,...tly. weak and
The lower left ^ T" '''""'''*'• ^'"'"' Kxpl.nutiou.)
"^ ''^'•'"^^"'g, ^•(Ulunicd out toes ' ';».. " • ' ' '/''S^ apniwlmg,
»t to(s. Some might think that such a
f * J
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
A -APPLIED IfVHGE In
1653 Eosl Moin Slt»»l
Rocheater, N*w York U609 USA
(716) 482 - 0300- Phono
(716) 288- 5989 - ra«
84
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
horse had a sure foundation to stand on ; perhaps so, if he always stood
at the manger. Such horses might be tolerably sure-footed, if not hard
driven, and carefully managed. They are often seen in the hands of
persons who will not pay for accurate information. The good judge of
horseflesh lets them severely alone.
The lower right hand tigure is as ])ad as possible all over,— a wcak-
le<rgcd, knock-kneed, splay-footed brute that is unserviceable, dangerous
anTcostly to the owner. This conformation often goes with what some
call style. He ~ jmen term them "weeds."
Thus we have carried the reader through a careful study of the front
half of the horse. If carefully studied and the information kept fully in
mind, the reader may reasonably expect to be aolo to buy a horse with
good fore parts, from an outside view, upon his own judgment.
X. The Hinder Parts Illuatrated.
The adage that if the fore-quarters of a horse are strong enough ti.
hold him up, the hind-quarters will carry him forward, is true in a sens..,
since if ahorse is perfect in his fore-quarters, the hind-quarters are prettv
sure to be good. Yet the majority of horses if they break down at a I!
do so first in their forward limV)s, spavin being one of the principal disa-
bilities of the hind limbs. The real facts are that the proportions of
the whole animal must be harmonious, each part assisting the others
while at the same time it is doing its own appropriate work. This will b(;
more fully understood by referring to what has been said in the chai)ters
on Anatomy, on the muscular conformation. As already stated, the hind
quarters are the real propelling power of the animal. The forward motion
' is given by successive springs or leaps, very clearty shown when the horse
is gallopiiig. Then the fore parts act more in the nature of a l)alance
than either in walking or trotting, or in that arfiticial movement, the
amble or pace. In the last named the chnnge of the center of gravity is
from side to side in connection with a slight one front and rear, in
walking and in trotting the change of the cent(!r of gravity is more equally
distributed between the sides and forward center. In running, the change
of gravity is almost entirely from front to rear.
XI. The Propelling Power.
If it is to do its work effectively, the propelling power nmst be i)r(i\i-
ded with a large loin, strong, nuiscular (juarters, great length of hip;
stron<s dense and necessarily line bones ; strong joints, and ilat, wide
le'^s, with sinews steel-like in their strength, and standing out like great
cords. It is this great tendinous development that gives the lower limbs
the flat appearance, scon in all horses of great power. The bones tliein-
selves are not flat ; the bones and tendons hnvever combine to for: i a tint
OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HOR.SE. 85
leg. On page 83 is an illustration of a perfect hind nn..,4
the side. On na<re 86 are fr.„r fi™ l\''"«f'^ nmd-quarter, seen from
Iim'>. If hrdoo n tst "d n -'d distinctly alike on each
or sinews, nng-bones and splints in front • ..,,.1 f "'^'''"^^' ^"J^red back
bog spavin, curb or thorough "h h^.^ ' t^ L s. T 'P""' ''°^' "••
page 8;i, showing good hi^dCrtors tb. V. "^' ''' ^" *'^^ ^^nre,
other blemishes If thVf ,t i ''" '' "«'^*^' '^ ^'^^ f'-om
side and fro^Vie v . d Tr\ ^ • "'"" f """ "" ^ '' -^^ ^9
p.-osent the appeZ^^ l^l^ :^ t/^^'^^;; ^^ ^^^^^ ''
l-.g time to find his n.ate. '^ ^ " ^''''^ *" ^"»t a
Look Well to the Limbs.-Study carefully Avhetbov fl
outline of the hock ioinf^ ...... . i ""-^ whether the pasterns or
ine to find if t^^ h I ; J^^ " '""'^ P-pendicular or angular. Exanx-
above the point o'f tZ ;r ^ IIT "'"T ^' proU,..ran.. just
iittle danger of curb, or of a terden^'lcro' Av^d '''"' TV'
horse, viz: ahorse with the hocks d™ in Tt '^'''^^^^^^
sczious malfonnation, for such an anit • n i '! "" ""^'''""'^ '"'^
s<::-.iddling horse. He mav e I, ' ''" '''"''• ^« »'>t buy a
in hi. nnn .nent;. ^t^JZ^l:';" '" T 'f ' '"^ "'^^^^ ^^^
apart, though s<.„.etimes a ho I j Tf '""' ^^/'^t'?'"" ^" ^«^^ -'^«
fore do not bnv a straddlin" eolt , f " T" "^ *'"' ^^^«^t- 'J^^ere-
Irfl l.a,„l side, «„,.. It i» , u, r tL . » ? ° °"° "" "'" "W"^
1 Me left hand lower fi<rure is fiir in ifu „„.> i ^t
in.. i,..if-i,„,,. "^ Tir. ,: "i"'" " ''"'■r""""'''i"""». "<■"" »t„„d
•V" '"-I aU dav i,fM:,f:,!:L;;,'r°*"''' "■ "- ■> ^-l- V>^n^.
'Ilii. iijrl.t l.mci- %i,ro i,,,, „„t ^ j ,,uarter Tl,„ i- i .
«.;; ;...cllv |,la,-,.d, a„d ,:,„ |„,»i,i„„ i» ,,,mnn.d ""'"• ''°""'™"-'
'.rta..k;:.:,ad ;;,::■, °^''""'' -""«• *'° <'- ''«-« ".-»,
86
THK AMKIWCAN K>I!M'..|{'s STOCK F.OOK,
quarters .slioulc
;in' Mcrfec'th- si
SIDE
MA(;K VI
liiir swell to the i
iHusculiir f'trnial
(tibia) eaiiiioL wc
oiTWAiii) ai'i-i:ai;a\(i.: or thk uoksk. §7
The Quarter from Cahlnd.-Looking at tlie lun.so from l>ohiud, the
qua,to.s .should ho full „ud squaro. This will bo tho case if the gracUi.
an. oorfeetly .shaped. Tho .irnuilis uro tho nmsclo.s which givo tho pecu-
HACK viFAV o,.- mNi.-.,,iAi{ri.;K.s-,u.o... ^.Sco Exphumtio... )
liar Hweli to tho inside of the thifeh, and an- dosoribod ia tho chapter on
ruuscular f.nnatu.n. Tho outside n.UHcloof the ^reat bone of tho W
ino^a; cannot well ho ,o<,la,.g,, .,„, fho tendons, connocting with £
88
TIIK AMEKUAX FAKMKU's STOCK I'.CIOK.
IJACK VIHW OK ItAII IIIND-QllAKTEUS. (ScO Exitllllllltloil.')
Strong, linn, ^
should also be
horso is flat-fc
with a hoiso o
Jf , in nioviii
straight forwa
as squirely an(
as illustrated ii
pay for a good
mare do not fe
disappoint you
As tho conv
>i>i, showing 1
figures should
straddling, or i
That the aui
and that their
extract from a
thousand years
accurate advice
ancient Greek v
liut he was a sc
size. Hero is ^
"We will wr
horses. It is i
l»y the construci
no very clear e
nwessary first ti
fine may ho tho
in a M'ar horso tl
feet hut bo bad
to look to the 1
tiio horn thick i
Nor will it bo wt
nght, both befo
hoofs keep tho fi
ecjual pressure oi
handy-legged me
can bo known I
OirWAUl) AI'I'KAkAXCK OF THK HOKSK. 39
hock, Hhould he krp and plainly yisiblo. The hooks should be lai^e
strong, hrn, well knit, snu,oth and free frc.n. blennsh. The fe lo£
should also he huge hut round and tinn, and the hoofs stron'/ If ho
horso ,.s flat-footed he is weak hoofed, and this defect should neve. 1
with a horse ot strong hone and n.usole ^
8ti.iiglit tonNaul, without t.irnu.g or straddling, and if they are s. t down
as Illustrated m the several good figures, it is a horse to buy, if you want to
pay for a good one, or to keep, if you already possess 1 im."^ K i be^
mare do not fear to ],reed her to the best »ires I the land. She vi I not
<hsappon,t you m her colts, if the sire be as perfect
As the converse of this we refer the reader to the figures on na..o
m, show„,g the gradations, fron. inferior to had. The^tud^ of t^^S
hgures should enable one to avoid cow-hoeked, pigeon-toed, bow-le^'eT
straddhng, or splay-footed brutes. '*^eoea,
XII. What the Ancients Knew of Horses,
That the ancients were critical judges of horses, there is no doubt-
and that then- standard wa.s not far below that of to-day, the fouZil
extract f.on. a translat on fron. Xenophon, who wrote .^ore thantwo
thousand years ago, will show. It is also interesting by reason cVtIo
accurate adv,ce ,t g.ves for ,Hgi„g a horse. The pekct horse o thi^
:.ncK.nt Greek wnter was not a thoroughbred, as we understand the er J
l.ut he was a good, .trong, well-nn,scled, enduring horse, and one of fa^;
size. Here is what Xenophon says : ^ , m one or laii
" We will write how one may be the least deceived in the purchase of
orses. It . evident, then, that of the un.>roken colt one must ud'e
1.V the construction, since, if he have never been backed he will afford
no very dear evidences of his spirit. Of his bodv, then, we say iUs
.oessary hrs to examine the feet, for, as in a hous^, it matters ncffchow
fine may be the superstructure, if there be not sufficient foundations ^
m a war horso there is no utility, no, not if ho have all other poiTt 1^
.t but be badly footed. But in examining the feet, it i beC Zl
> look to the horny po,.ion of the hoofs, for those 'horses wl h^ave
the horn tluck are far superior in their feet to those whic-h have it tZ^
Nor w. 1 . 1. well if one fail next to observe whether the holfs bo u"
nght, both .ef,>re and behind, or low and ilat to the ground ; for \Jh
Imofs keep the frog at a distanc-o from the earth, while the flat tread with
o,ual pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case wi h
Imndy-legged men. And 8imon justly observes thnf woll-footc-^ b - - ,
c«n be known hy their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a'cymbal
90
THE AMEBICAX KARMBH S STOi^K HOOK.
1?
when it strikes the solid earth. But having hogim from below, let us
a-sceud to the other parts of the body. It is needful, then, th.at the parts
above the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too erect, like
those of the goat; for legs of this kind, being stiff and inflexible, are
apt to jar the rider, and are more liable to inflannnation. The l)onefi
must not, however, be too low and springy, for in that case the fetlocks
are liable to be abraded and wounded if the horse be galloped over clods
or stones. The bones of the shank (cannon bones) should be thick, for
these are the columns which support the body ; l)ut they should not
have the veins and flesh thick likewise. For if they have, wiien the
horse shall be galloped over difficult ground they will necessarily be
filled with blood, and will become varicose, so that the shanks will be
thickened, and the skin be distended and relaxed from the bone ; and,
when this is the case, it often follows that the back sinew gives way and
renders the horre lame. But if the horse, when in action, bends his
knees flexibly at a walk, you may judge that he will have his legs flexible
when in full career; for all horses as they increase in years increase in
the flexibility of the knee. And flexible goers are esteemed highly, and
with justice, for such horses are much less liable to blunder or stumble
than those which have rigid, unbending joints. But if the arms, below
the shoulder-blades, be thick and muscular they ajipear stronger and
handsomer, as is the case also with a man. The breast also should be
broad, as well for beauty as strength, and because it causes a handsomer
action of the fore legs, which do not then interfere, but are carried well
apart.
" Again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizon-
tally from the chest ; but, li«ve that of a game cock, should be upright
toward the chest and slack toward the flexure ; and the head being long
should have a small and narrow jaw-bone, so that the neck shall be in
front of the rider, and that the eye shall look down at what is before the
feet. A horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently away,
even if he be very high-spirited, for horses do not attempt to rtni away
by bringing in, but by throwing out their heads and necks. It is also
very necessary to observe whether the mouth be fine and hard on I)oth
sides, or on one or the other. For horses which have not both jaws
equally sensitive are likely to be too hard-mouthed on one side or the
other. And it is better that a horse should have pnmiinent than hollovf
eyes, for such an one will see to a greater distance. And widely opened
nostrils are far better for respiration than narrow, and they give the
horse a fiercer aspect ; for when one stallion is enraged against another,
oi if he become angry wiiile being ridden, he expands his nostrils to
their full width. And the loftier the crest, and the smaller the ours, ti>«
OUTHARD .PI-KARAyCK Or THK ITOnsK. y^
more horsc-likc and Jmnd M,mc is the head rendor^H u, ^ .
give the rider a surer seat a„d nmH 'J'^'^^^^d ; while lofty withere
body and shoulders. '^"^"'^ " ^'•'"•^'- ^'"--^'"n ^^tween the
th:1ftt^^;;i?•:::;:;^^7'^"l-V"^^ P-easunterto,ook upo«
the ho.e easier t';i:::i:^:^^-t:e:rok'^ '"'^' ^^"^-
and the shorter and ),roader tholni,. ^ ''''''P '" condition ;
his fore-quarters and Xt hi hi' 1 ' -""" '' ' "'" "" '''"'' '''''
points, moreover, eaui:'^: ^wt^rt:!;!'" '" ^^f " ■7'^^-
lar-e, at once injures the 'im,o.,r..7J "»"^1'«'' 5 which, if it be
weakerandlessnani'elhl Th?" V 'r """"'^ ^"'^ ^«»^--'' h™
order to cc,n..spo; '^th t sid r^r'T" ''^'""'^ ^'« ^''-d «"^ fl««'>jin
firm and solid t^ won 11'!^ .t"'' "f ' ^'''"'' *^'^^'^ ^« -^^'-'^^
would !.e the peedieT BuMf t f n \" ''^' ^'^""^^' ^'"^ ^'^'^ '^«-«
under the tail by a bro id ^ viH "•" ''^^'^ '"' ^'"""^''^^ -P-'-'^ted
cloinghewillha^v api ::;d r ''""' ''^ ^'^
respects, be the bette'r In t"e n A S Tf T'.""""' ""' ^^'"'' '" ^"
who, Mhen they desire to r i!e anvH. f '^ ''' '' *" ^'^ ^''^ "' "^«»'
-ddiingtheij'ie,,n:w:i:s!;T^:;r^i^^^^^ ^* ^
Xm. What One Need Not Expect
mimal may „1,,„, |,y the- vun,. st„,l,, nitoHigcncc „f a„
horse i. goLali; i,o„ , ^ d ,■. 2 ..'d Z ' ■""""'"""• ^ '■"
f....;.;d ,„.. the ^„,„„e o, P.: ■;;r.;i::i„"';;7t;;;z:"'" "- "-
«-o must not expect a l,oi-so l„ l,e „ "f i " °'"' ""'' """*•
.»,.te,l for ,v.l, t f t " !,r ; "™"T '"" '' *'«• ""I"™ '« i»
11.0 horse ,„av li l,,; L T kV "fa" ^ " '°",'" "" "■'"• """ "™
.<»d horse is^the l,e"t A m rof I ''"■■p""™! work, tl,e medium-
.l'.f., oxee„t the haulh:^ oM , vy tr^s Hft "''' ""^ °'-*--.v
l.lOO-pouiid horse is suit ,hh. fo, ,k , •^''"°«"--'"J-"-lialfhand.
bright and eorres ,„ d iy t " i ! '-'t ' !' '""-'"'" ''""" '«" '"
,..i.e a. wel, h. si'agle r do ' If' Z '""!' "',T' '' ""' *'
««it«hlo for ooaehes a,„ „,. *> xteen.h,„,d l,or«e» are also
and heavy earrmges, while the lighter animals will
d>
TIIK AMERICAN' FAKMEIl S STOCK HOOK.
serve as double teams for road driving. If thoy are good ones, free from
vice, well-matched, and perfectly trained, do not J»o afraid to ask a good
round price for them. But do not expect to get a largo price for a cheai)
horse, nor need you expect to buy a perfect horse for a low price. Ho
may, however, be cheap at any price yom- purse may afford. In buying,
keep constantly in view what you want the animal for, but do not l)uy an_^
horse because lie happens to strike your uneducated fancy. You cer
taiiiiy will not do so, if you have carefully studied the preceding chapters.
H
ii:*
m
fllAl-l'Kl! V.
THE HOESB.8 TEETH^ HOW TO TELI. HIS AOB.
I. TIIK DKNTAL PORMI'r A
THE foal's TKKTII ' ' .,, V" ^'"^ '"••^Krii auk TIIK TKrn- Twrir-v «
^- The Dental Formula.
i« for tl,„ male. Th» marc ),.„ 1 u,,i i! * ?' "'*"« '"rty m a". Thi«
»• - - " '-.!.. Th,.«„ »; , ! 't^-kn'T f '" ,'""'' '"" "■■*•
iujr. •" •" ^'"' *'» tlevolop in tbo geld-
II. The Teeth are the True Index of Age
give .-i clear iiidic.-ition of the unin...l'u if''' '^ "''"^'' cli^iracd to
They ,nav l.o, and in faft i. h ^ U^. ^^f f—- "'1 f'^Huciou.
^y the tooth; and to the du Ited ev tT "^ " '''"'^'"" ^'^ ^'^^^^
the age accurately up to ei.htve"rrtn.lT' T"" •'"■« «"fli^i«"t to tell
for an practical purposes. "AC irti'Tl^f^^
the teeth are con.sta!,tly under ", I, "? '"'' '^^'^^^'^ ""^^^ death.
studies the changing LoZ^:^^; J^::' ^^ ^ 1'-- ^^'^^^^"^
the age cither of the c<,lt or horse TI o V. ' 7 "''^^^ately determine
tion, but to some extent the tushes or holT;i''"''"t '}'' «hief indicu-
valuable assistun^-o, since they n.ny corr ^ « ' * k "^ '^'' ^'"'"^*'^« ^^°
the incisors. To assist in this stufvl!' ?" "t'?"°'^°r'^te. ^I^^t is seeuiu
ing, from accurate drawing tlt^^^^^^ ''^" ^^^P^-' « «h«rt show-
colt-hood up to the age or ^!::;t^i:^'^ «/ f^ teeth from
;;>nipany,ng explanations, will enable any p riou oi i't n ' "'''^' '^' ''•
to age of a horse, even though he havener" fon^'^^'"? '" ^""^^^
of false marks on the teeth i« cuUed frouf. ^^' "' *^« "^^J^'ng
v""t<'d the practice. ' ""^ ^^'^ "^« "^ the rascal who in-
ni.ThePoal'9 Teeth.
«t age four «„,„,! „i|,„„.„'°.;7„^i/"[°™ '«" »" iroo month.
<|0 ~ --o~'"''^'« • aJiU
9i
TlIK AMKKICAN FAHMKK'h HTOCK HOOK..
attho age of eight or nine mouths the four corner nippers are se.Mi. At
this ago the colt has all his teeth, upper and lower. They are the foal's
teeth and are changed by tiie tifth or .sixth year for the permanent or
horse's teolh. As befon* stated, the three front double pairs of grinders
are seen at birth, and are aflenvards ihanged. The fourth double ])air,
those Keen from the eighth to liie ninth niontli, are tlie first that ren.iain
stationary, and are found in the moutli of every year-old colt. The tiflli
double pair (iifth four), appear in the second year, while the sixth doul)le
pair generally come in the fourth or early in the tifth year. These three
double pairs of hack teeth remain unchanged, as also do the tushes or
hook teeth. The tushes do not aiipear at a lixe<l age ; sometimes they
are seen in the stallion at the end of the third year, and sonu-times not
until the middle or the end of the fourth year ; iiometimes they do not come
until the tifth year, and occasionally not until the sixth year. The mare
never has them, and in the gelding they oc<-asionally fail to develop.
rv. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horso.
Tlie difference betwetui the nippers of the foal and those of the
horse should be carefully studied. Tlu^y differ, ( 1 ) by their regidar con-
ical formation; (2) by a naiTow contraction called the n«Mk, visibh-
almost in the center of the body of each tooth, while nothing of tlie
kind is seen in horse-teeth; (^) by their smaller size, even when full
grown. The milk teeth (those teeth which are shed), taken from the
jaws of dead foals and compared with horse-teeth similarly obtained, an;
found to bo only about half as long as the latter. The breadth is not to
be depended on, since the milk teeth of largo foals appear almost as
broad as those of small horses. When the nippers become hor.se-teeth
they form a great contrast to the middle and corner teeth. The size of
these last will at, once siiow them to be milk teeth. (4) The outer sur-
face of the foal-teeth is smooth and striped with brown, while on horse-
teeth the same surface is divided by a diity yellow indentation indii'ing
toward the center, which is sometimes double upon the upper teeth.
A study of the nippers of the horse taken at different ages will mater-
ially assist the beginnei . The incisor and all other teeth, consist, first of
the enamel or l.iting or grinding surface ; tlum of a bony substance, and
lastly of the root imbeddfid in the jaw. The teeth of the foal as well
as of the horse, are constantly but slowly worn away in the act of feed-
ing. If the animal feed on sandy or gritty, and especially on sliori
p^ture, the teeth are worn faster; if he feed on longer grass, and on
the prairies the teeth wear slowly. Horses kept in the stable, have less
wear on the nippers than those which have to forage for themselves.
Thus in old age the teeth, onco two and a half or three inches long, amII
;ii-
rilK llOltSKs TKKTU, AN
I) IIOV T«) TKI,L HIS AGE.
!>/S
Hiiallv Im! not more than liulf
!in inch ill Icnirth,
and tlio hreadfh
UcHTcases .,. ahout the .sa.nc prcportion. ThcM-o in this differcuo, how-
ever, .>o ween tlio teeth of the f.al and these of the horse. The til
nes.s H,H, hreadth <.f the foal's teeth are <.onstantly decreasing fron he
grnuhn. surface or enanieled part toward the rootf while the Teeth f h
horse decrease hy eontra.t.on. The .rinding surface of a nipper, which
has no heen used, .s three tin,es as broad as it is thick, and il hallowed
ft n the top downward, the hollow havinjr two sharp edges inciosin-. it
T^.s h.> ow is call^ the n.ark. In the c..ter of this ,.k thr^^el t
seen. 1 his ,s u tube coninx-ncing at the end of the root, and contains
bo nerve, which must not he confounded with the mark. The ma^k is
ho outer depression. lying next to the shaq, edges. The in.ier cavitv is
a funnel shaped socket of enamel, a hard shell. Around this, and in-
side the outer .hell is a thic-k fluid, whi.-h remains as long as the tooth
retainssensibility, but becomes by derrees a gray matter. Fi-^ure « o
the chart, will illustrate this. ' ^ '
Again, the outer e<ge <.f an incisor (m,:,er) always rises a line or two
-a line IS the twelfth part of an inch-abovo tho inner edge. Thus, at
farst, only the outer edges of the upper and lower nippers meet, and he
mner edges do not touch until the outer edges are sufficiently worn to I
low horn to moot, or until they are of an <-,ual height. Ilorse-teeth
oach this condition m about a year. When the coitus two-and-a-half
y ars old, the teeth l,egin to shed, and the permanent or horse-teeth be-
?TTr !^;'"f' ''''■ ^'^^' -'I -Pl-» this growth,^.
^ li, will show still further development and wear
The grinders have but little to do in determining the a-e of a horse
butstil they assist thereto. The crowns of thoVladei^ 11'^;
.overedwith enamel on the top and sides, but tho grinding of the food
wears .t away from the top and there remains a compound Surface of al-
Uuiato layers of crusted enamel and ivory, which serve, in grinding, tho
od, to tit it for the stomach. Nature has therefore made aS additional
provision to render them strong and enduring.
To illustrate this we represent a grinder s-ivved
across. The fine dark spots show bony matter. The
shaded portions show the enamel, while the white
spaces represent a strong bony cement uniting tho
other parts of the teeth. In thedental formula at the
beginning of this chapter we have given 40 as the
number of teeth for the stallion, and 36 for tho marc
wv . .u , 1 '*^"'"" ^"''''"- ■* ''""^ *''^tli, or tushes (canines)]
vhch the maro lacks. Sometimes, however, the mare has imperf^c
•™th m the portion of the mouth corresponding to that of the tuihls t
d«
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
the stallion. Twenty-four of the teeth in both horses and mares are sit-
uated in the upper piirt of the mouth, that is back of the tushes, or
above the lips. These are the true teeth or grinders (wjo^ara). They
are divid(id into six double pairs, counting from below upwards. Those
situated next the nippers of a mare, or the tushes of a horse, and in all
the four rows, ai-e called, lirst ; those next, second, and so on until the
last double pair are reached, which are called back teeth. Thei-e are also
sometimes in young horses imperfect teeth, just before the grinders, ig-
norantly denominated woLf-teeth, and are supposed to cause blindness.
They sometimes do produce irritation of the eyes, from inflamation by
sympathy, and should be removed with the forceps.
In the lower portion of the mouth, or that portion surrounded by the
lips, there are twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw and six in the lower jr»vv.
These are the nippers (iucisorf>). They occupy the entrance to the
mouth, and each six are in the form of an arch. These teeth are divided
into thr H! pairs in each jaw. The four central ones, two in each jaw, are
called "nipping teeth," or nippers. The two outside teeth in each jaw
are "corner teeth," and those between the corner teeth and the nippers
are called middle teeth. It is the attrition of the upper surface of these
teeth on each other in eating that causes wear, and thus enables us to
judge with tolerable ac(!uracy of the age of the horse, — usually to a cer-
tainty up to eight or nine years ; quite closely up to fourteen or fifteen
years, and approxinuitely up to the age of twenty-live or thirty years.
The nippers (iHcimrn) of the upper jaw are broader and thicker than
those of the lower jaw.
The tushes (caniHes) are placed singly, one in each side of the upper
and lower jaws, between the corner teeth and the grinders, but nearer the
corner teeth of the upper than of the .'ower jaw, so that they never conu^
in contact with each other. The age at which a horse attains the full
number of teeth is from four-and-a-half to five years. He is then, in
horseman's phrase, said to have a "full mouth." From this time onward
the inore a i)ermanent incisor loses in length by wear, the more it loses
in Avidth, and the nearer the worn surface approaches the root,
becoming narrower and thicker in appearance. Another fact is worth
remembering; as the horse advances in ago the gums recede, so that a
smaller portion of the teeth is covered. Hence the reason that the teeth
become narrower and thicker Avith ago. It is from being uncovered ; and
hence again, aged ttu-th an; longer in their visible portions than those of
youngei- horses.
V. Allowanoes to be Mcule.
Larffo horses have luriyer teeth thuu Hinsil! ones. 'VUp. nilcsi erjven 'ire
for horses of medium size. S«nne horses have harder bones than others,
THK HORSK-H TEKTH. AND „0VV TO TKLI. H,8 A(JK. yj
oeeu spoken of. Some l.iced.. of horses develoi, more slowly thai, others
i>pan.sh horses develop slowly. Again, a false system of e^ "1 wi ,
mature an animal sooner than if he were fed in the^.rdi Lu v w J ° Bu
aaunals wh.oh develop slowly generally live longer than Lue ' which
develop qa.ekly, so that in the end, the years of Service, '.^i/f^^
the- eeth. are about the same. The slowly-developed horise is,°h fwcve
Oder 1.3. perhaps one or two years than would ippoar fr.,n hi leoTh'
In hke „.anner, the ago of a nude is difficult to determine with ex c- less'
hough .t may be determined closely enough ; and a nude of'" 1^;
t^t^h :r ' ^^'' ' '' '- ""^ '-" --'^-^'' - --y ye- o^-
VI. Study The Chart.
Nine men in ten, hi examining the teeth to ascertain the a.re, will look
.nod and f,,r tins reason, the dealer or person who wishes to deceive
usually conhnes his operations to tan.pering with the inci. s of ."
ower jaw. Agam, the teeth of the lower jaw show wear, and ehun'e
the,r appearance more surely than those of th. .,,,«, ja^. He ce Ta
studymg the teeth for age, both jaws should be ...dked at, and Z a
careful study of the chart will be of the drst in^portance. I. IttTto
th.s matter, Youatt says : .^Stabled horses have the mark so r won.
out than those at grass, and a crib-biter may deceive the best judJl I
one or two year.s." While it is true, that a horse kept on dry'ha; a J
dj gra.„ wdl do so, it is a fact well known that horses fidt^l
gntty pas ures or sandy pastures, where they are obliged to bite dote to
the grouml, w.ll wear their teeth very nm..h faster tlnuroth.u-s. It Zu d
no be d.ftcult, e.ther, to detect a conHnne.l crib-biter. The teeth wilL
n..t only be worn fnm. grasping the object in the act, but the ed" s a^o
:::r,:;;:;;:r"""-'"^^"'-^' --nppingoif oft,, teeth mX
In relation to tampering with the teeth, by HIing, burnin-. etc it
oug^not to decen-e any one. ITpon this subjc,, ^'ouatt sav: ^Di
honest dealers have been said to resort to a method of proion<nn.. the
.nark m he lower nippers. It is called fusAopn,,, fr<,m the na re ff the
scoundrel who n.vented it The horse of eight or nine vears old is th own
d w.th an engraver's tool, a hole is dug in the now almost pla sur!
aco of the corner teeth, and in shape and .h-pth resen.bling the n rk „
a seven year old horse. The mark is then burned with a heated ,1,
and a permanent black stain is left ; the next pair of niiM,.- ■" -• ' '"
lmn-s iightly touched. An iirnorant
A.,iLM
in
in would very easily I
)e impose
m
THK AMF:KICAN FAII.MKi; S STOCK BOOK.
m
on by this trick ; but the irregukr appearance of the cavity, the diffusion
of the black stain around the tushes, the sharpened edges or concave
inner surface of which, can never be given again, and the marks on tho
upper nippers, together with the general conformation of the horse, can
never deceive the careful examiner."
Thus we see how necessary it is that more than a superficial e:llmina-
tion be given, and for this reason, we advise a careful study of the chart.
As the horse becomes aged, or after eight years of ago, the lov^'er jaw is
the sure index, since the marks there ' naturally wear faster than in tht;
upper nippers. The lower jaw is the one that is moved in gatherino' food
and in grinding it, and hence the greater wear ; besides this, cavitios in
teeth of the upper jaw are greater than in those of the lower jaw ; hcMice
the wear must be greater to obliterate the mark. In fact, the person who
aspires to be a critical judge, must examine the teeth of horses kept on
hay and hard grain, those fed on cut feed, and those from various pas-
tures. Yet, except this critical knowledge is required, a study of the
chart will answer for all purposes.
In the horse, the incisors are divided into three pairs in each jaw,
being the twelve front teeth. The first pair, above and below are the
two central front teeth. The next two teeth on each side in each jaw are
called the middle teeth, and the two outside teeth in each jaw, are the
corner teeth.
The canines are called hooked teeth, from their form, and sometimes
tushes. They are two in each jaw, lying between the incisors and
grinders. The grinders are the double or back teeth of the jaw, but
the term grinder is used to denote the rough surface of the cutting teeth,
and the mark is the depression in the surface of the teeth.
Another thing that should be noticed, is, that the teeth are regular, for
irregular teeth, that is teeth some of which are longer than others, will
wear unevenly. Thus allowances must bo made here, when it is
necessary to determine the age exactly. Again, the general rule is
to estimate the age from May 1st of each year. Thus, a colt born
on the first day of January v/ould bo called only one year old on
May 1st of the next year, when, in reality, ho would be sixtoon
months old. This is taken advantage of in racing, and hence foals are
desired to be born as near to the first of January as possible. But if
born in December, the racing colt would count as one year old the suc-
ceeding May. Yet practically, this makes no difference to the farmer,
but only to those who riar horses for the turf.
view
ph at
SiXTE
I view of
!>o long.
' « tHf t
of nllw
IIOII
tll<*
3UI1
I1U-
irt.
is
ihe
lod
in
ice
ho
on
18-
he
^v,
he
ire
he
es
id
ut
h,
or
ill
U
is
•II
Ml
III
•e
if
' -'^^^
<■'!!
Twenty Years.
tZf *?' ^""^^^ J^^' «''owmg the
ph at twenty jears. "'"g me
Sixteen Years.
Uiewofalowerjawat sixteen
!>o Jon
years,
i^ ^T/tfi8^*jftWii=l*^i- ,
l^xa^k
•**»"» IMP nut •• w.
Of nil work, (if good stylo^l^i^k;,,, .n<l„f about 1200
(Ml
pounds weighs
TEETH OF THE HORSE.- Chart for Acci
Fig. 1.
The milk incisors of tiie lower jaw as seen from the right
side, when fully developed, are hero represented in their natural
size. The exterior surface of the teeth is arched as above
represented. The explanation of the figure is : a, the nippers ;
b, the middle tooth ; c, the corner tooth ; h, the contracted body
of tcoth ; i, the narrow anhed neck of teeth ; m, the root of
teeth ; A, B, G, the concave side of teeth towards hollow of
tlio mouth; d A f, d B f, d C f, the outer edges of teeth;
d e f, the inner edge of tec'h, somewhat lower than the oute.
edge -the mark is enclosed within thc:c inner and onler
edges; g, the hollow inside surface of body of teeth.
Srr rha|>«rr V uf rirtortal Cyrlnp^diit of L.tT<> jntork for pxplniiallan~]
lit Urms, aiMl further faetn conccrnlnK the Ak"* ••( HorMM. J
■ I';.
iicr edges o» : '. >
middle teeth is worn, ui.^;
■ into contact.
Fig. 9. Two AND O
The lower jaw at two and a hoi
pers are just pushing through thi
corner teeth not yet shed (foal t«
surface.
Fig. 7. A.
The horse incisors of the lower jaw as seen from the outside,
with the outsr surface arched towards the bony blade of the
socket. Th« hook teeth are now seen for the first time.
Explanation: — a, a, the nippers; 6,6, the middle teeth;
c, c, the cornpr teeth ; ii, . , the hook teeth ; e, d, the line from
d to « shows the position of the cavity in the outer partition of
the mark ; ojo, o, o, the furrows which distinguish the horse's
teeth from tic colt's teeth ; m, m, the joots of the hooks.
Fig. 3. Half Year.
he jiiw of a foal at six months old. a, a, the
) midiUe teeth ; r, c, the corner teeth.
The incisoi leetf' of the lower jaw, from the inside of the
moutli. a, n, the nippers, showing wear of the upper and
outer edge ; &, b, the middle tacth, showing wear on the
outer edge whio the inner edge remains uninjured ; c, c,
the corner tcoihi d, e, e, c, the dotted lines, maik tlio divisions
between the cioyn of the t«oth and the gir.ns ; JC, IC, the hook
teeth nbout tDiiish through the giimn ; m, m, m, m, the root«
Fig. lO. Three and
At three and a half years the h
ance shown in this figure. The i
just pushing through, and the ni
edge. The corner teeth (foal tec
At four and a half years the f
lower jaw. Tlie nippers show
outer edge of middle teeth is v
corner teeth of the horse are jus
for Accurately Telling the Age from Six Months
maitonl
Fig. 9. Two AND One-Half Years.
The lower jaw at two and a half years old. The horse nip-
srs are just pushing through tht; gums, whUe the middle and
)rner teeth not yet shed (foal teeth) present a smooth, worn
irface.
Fig. lO. Three and One-Hali* Years.
At three and a half years the lower jaw presents the appear-
nce shown in this figure. The middle teeth (horse teeth) are
list pushing through, and the nippers show wear on the outer
dge. The corner teeth (foal teetli) are worn down blunt.
At four and a half years the foal teeth are all gone flrom the
ower jaw. The nippers show wear on both edges, and the
»uter edge of middle teeth is worn. The hook teeth and
iorner teeth of tlie horse are juHt appearing.
ODBTSIS -I^E3E3a?:iEZ.
Fig. 15. Six Years.
Ill the lower jaw at six years old the nippers are worn down even
wiih the middle teeth, which latter still have a cfi\ ity. The inner
edge of the corner teeth is also even with the outer one.
Fig. 20. Ten Year!
In the upper jaw at ten years the mark inl
down. The mark in the corner teeth is still via
Fig. 16. Seven Years.
The lower jaw at seven years is here represented. The pointed
ends of the hook teeth have become more rounded, nre worn away
somewhat. Both edges of the corner teeth arn worn to a
smooth surface, with a small cavity between them. Tlio middle teeth
have lost their cavity and sliow an even surface all the way across.
Fig. 21. Eleven Ye;
In the upper jaw at eleven years old the ms
is worn down even with the edges.
Fig. 22. iwelve Y
Sljowiiig the lower jiiw at twelve years olil.
or nearly so — as thick as Ihey are broad. The
ting round, and tlie corner teeth are gaining
parison witli tlioir bretultli.
from Six Months to Twenty- Nine Years.
re Torn down even
sivity. The inner
fcr one.
|ted. The pointed
B(l, are worn away
are worn to a
The middle teeth
the way ac-ross.
Fig. 20. Ten Years.
In the upper Jaw at ten years the mark in middle teeth is worn
down. The mark in the comer teeth is still visible.
Fig. 26. Fifteen Years.
The nippers of the upper jaw become round at fifteen years
old.
Fig. 21. Eleven Years.
In the upper jaw at eleven years old the mark of the comer teeth
is worn down even with the edges.
Fig. 22. Twelve Years.
Showing the lower jaw at twelve years old. The nip|)crR aii >uii(l
<ir nearly so — as thiok as they are broad. The middle teeth are gel-
ling round, and the corner teeth are gaining in thickness by coin-
])arison with their breadth.
Fig. 27. Sixteen Years;
The middle teeth of the upper jaw become round at sixteen
years old.
Fig. 28. Seventeen Years.
The corner teeth of the upper jaw become round at seven
leon voars ohl.
-i4^^,v
ears. -By Dr. LOUiS BRANDT, V. S
[ Copyright, i882, by N. D. Thompson & Co.
\RS.
nd at fifteen
yean
e round at sixteen
EARS.
me round nt seven
Fig. 33. Twenty-Two Years.
The middle teeth of the upper jaw become triangalar at
twenty-two years old.
Fig. 34. Twenty-Three Years.
The corn«r teeth of the upper jaw assume the triangular
fonn at twenty-three years.
HORSE TEETH-lrreguiar.
Fig. 35. Twenty-Four Years.
The nippers of the lower jaw are now twice as thick as they
e broad.
Fig. 36. Twenty-Five Years.
The middle teeth of the lower jaw are now twice as thick as
hroad.
Fig. 41. Twenty Years.
Here we have a tooth of tlu> lower jaw that is twelve lines too
long, as shown by the distrain. It has grown up a line each
year, but, owing to its posilion too far forward in the mouth,
it has not worn down proportionally. The mark indicates eight
years, but we must add twelve for the extra lines — which gives
twenty years as tiie true age of the horse.
Fig. 42. Twenty Years.
Showing an inside view of the lower jaw at twenty years
when the teeth are twelve lines too long. The mark and the
friction surface only show eight years' wear.
Fig. 43. Twenty Years.
Her* the superfluous length of the same teeth is removed,
and we have an inside view of the lower jaw, showing the_
Fig. 3. Half Year.
he jaw of a foal at six months old. <i, a, the
! middle teeth ; r, c, tlie cori»er teeth.
«
FiG- 4. Half Year.
,!,,«. v\-'^ oj the jaw of a foal at six months, a, a, the
r. : ' , iilc tooth; c, corner tooth.
Fig. 5. One Year.
At one year old the lower jaw presents the appearance
represented in this figure. The outer and inner edges of all
the incisors are partly worn by grinding, while tlie inner edges
of the corner teeth alone are uninjured.
Fjg. 6. Two Years.
Here we have the lower jaw as it appears at (wo years old.
The mark of Uic .lippurs and middle teetli is noty worn down,
as well as tlicir edges. The inner edge of the corner teeth also
begins to aiiow wear.
The Colt's teeth begin to shed at two and a half years old,
and the permanent or Horse's teeth then appear to tal:'> tliei'
place.s.
Fig. 7. B.
The incisor teeth of the lower jaw, from the inside of the
mouth, o, «, the nippers, showing wc.ir of the upper and
outer edge ; h, 6, the middle teeth, showing wear on the
outer edge while the inner edge remains uninjured; e, c,
the corner teeih ; d, e, c, e, the dotted lines, mark the divisions
between the ciown of the teeth and the gums ; IC, K, the hook
teeth about lOjHiBh through the gums ; m, m, m, m, the roots
of teeth not filed out with bony substance.
A I upper in the various stages
of development and wear from
throe years to twen*y-ff)ur years.
/ is the nipper Just pusliing thro'
at three years old ; from 1 to 2
is its breadth, from 8 to 4 its
thickness. // is the«ame tooth
at six years, the crown worn off
4 inch, the breadth decreasing
and the thickness increasing, so
that tlie surface takes more of
an oval form. Ill is the tooth
at twelve years old, the surface
nearly round, and the breadth
and thickness nearly the same.
At eighteen years old the sur-
face bcc'umcs triangular, as
shown at IV. At twenty-four
years the tooth is Just the re-
verse of what it was at three
years, and the breadth is oidy
half the thickness. — See V.
Tlie larger figure D shows an
incisor of a full-grown horse,
split lengthwise, d, a,/, the
outer raised edge ; a, o, the fun-
nel-shaped ca\ ity of the tooth ;
k, (ho hollow body of the tooth ;
m, the root not >ct filled.
Fig. 8. B. C.
Trie larg;- ugufcs B arid C rcprxjscnt Bide views of a lioreiu
Inciso'" in which the root c, c, is twice aa thick as the upper
e i. mil figures on the right and left at 6 and c
k V
P a foal's tooth.
Fig. 11. Four and One-
At four and a half years the foal tee
lower jaw. The nippers show wear <
outer edge of middle teeth ia worn.
corner teeth of the horse are just appei
Fig. 12. Five Yi
A side view of the lower jaw at five y
Fig. 13. Five Yi
A front view of the lower j.iw at five
Fig. 14. Five Y
The lower jaw at five years — an iiisid*
WO'rii uuwii uu bolii eitges unlit i,iie ma
outer edge only of the middle teeth sho
edge of the corner teeth is Just begin
The full-grown hook teeth do not show
'■'i-^m
"iG. 11. Four and one-Half Years.
}ur and a half years the foal teeth are all gone fW>m the
|aw. The nippers show wear on both edges, and the
edge of middle teeth ia worn. The hook teeth and
teeth of the horse are just appearing.
Fig. 22. Twelve Yeaf
Sliowing the lower jtiw at twelve years old. Thk
or nearly so — as thick as thoy are broad. The ni|
ling round, and tlie corner teeth are gaining ii
parison with their breadth.
Fig. 17. Eight Years.
At eight years old the teeth of the lower jaw, forward of the hooks,
are all equally 'vorn, and only a trace of t'le n^n* is s«en in tlie
corner teeth. The edges of the hook teeth are worn down almtist
half.
Fig. 12. Five Years.
de view of the lower jaw at five years old.
Fig. 13. Five Years.
ont view of the lower j.iw at five years old is here given.
Fig. 23. Twelve Yeaf
In the upper jaw at twelve years the indentaj
has become larger and more plainly visible,
increased in size.
Fig. 14. Five Years,
lower jaw at five years — an i aside view. The nippers are
uwa oil iMilh edges iinlil iiie mark is nearly gone. The
dge only of the middle teetli shows wear, while the cater
t the corner teeth is just beginning to be worn a little,
il-grown hook teeth do not tihovr any wear whatever.
Fig. 18. Nine Years.
The upper jaw at nine years old is shown in the above figure. The
mark in the comer teeth is comparatively deep and clearly defined ;
the mark is still visible in the middle teeth ; but it has almost entirely
disappeared from the nippers, and the inner edge is worn down.
Fig. 19. Nine Years.
The upper jaw at nine years old-
usually seen in the corner to Ah.
-a side view, d, the indentation
Fig. 24. Thirteen Ye/
The nippers and middle teeth of the lower
old are almost perfectly round. Their breadth a|
same. The corner teeth are not yet round, but i
The hook teeth are now blunt.
Fig. 25, Fourteen YeJ
The corner teeth of lower jaw have now becoi
CARS.
»w, forward of the hooks,
t!'.e jtgak. IB seen in the
are worn down almust
the above figure. The
pep and clearly defined ;
at it has almost entirely
ledge is worn down.
Fig. 22. Twelve Years.
Showing the lowor jaw at twelve years old. 'JIu- nippers are rouml
or nearly so— as thick as they are broad. The middle teetli are gti-
ting round, and the corner teeth are gaining in thickness by com-
parison with their breadOi.
Fig, 28. Seventeen Years.
The comer teeth of the upper jaw become round at seven
leen yoai-s oUl.
Fig. 23. Twelve Years.
In the upper jaw at twelve years the indental?!-
has 'ecome larger and more plainly visible, d,
increased in size.
I X Qpmer tooth,
the indentation
Th
l)roa(
Fig. 29. Eighteen Years.
The nippers in the lower jaw are triangidar at eighteen
years old.
Th<
twice
/=ii=u>.
Fig. 30. Nineteen Years.
The middle teeth of the lower jaw are also triangular at
nineteen years old.
The
thick i
Fig. 24. Thirteen Years.
Tlie nippers and middle teeth of the lower jaw at thirteen years
old are almost perfectly round. Their breadth and thickness are tiie
same. The comer teeth are not yet ronnd, but are fast becoming so.
The hook teeth are now blunt.
Fig. 31. Twenty Yea^s.
In the lower jaw at twenty years old ttte corner
l)ecome triangular.
teeth have
Fig. 25. Fourteen Years.
The comer teeth of lower jaw have nv.w 1)ecome round.
Fig. 32. Twen+y-One Years.
The nippers of the upper jawlsre now triangular.
Tho
ue twi
Uliu wo umytj nil iiiniuo y»s»T vx uiv •\#»t«.» j"-"?
N Years.
l)ecoinc round at seven
^y<
Fig. 36. Twenty-Five Years.
The middle (eeth of the lower jaw are now twice as thick as
Itroad.
Years.
triangular at eigliteen
EiG. 37. Twenty-Six Years.
The corner teeth of the lower jaw at twenty-six years are
twice as thick aa Uiey are broad.
Years.
are also triangular nt
Fig. 38. Twenty-Seven Years.
The nippers of the upper jaw have now beocnne twice as
thick as they are broad.
'EA'^S.
ttte corner teeth have
Fig. 39. Twenty-Eight Years.
The middle t . th of the upper jaw are twice as thick as they
are hroail.
! Years.
triangular.
Fio. 40. Twenty-Nine Ye bs,
Tho comer teeth of the upper jaw at twrnts iw ■ viars old
M» twice as thick as they are broad.
Fig. 43. Twenty Years.
Hwe the superfluous length of the same teeth is removed,
and we have au insitle view of the lower jaw, showing the
natural wear of a twenlj'-year-old mouth.
Fig. 44^ Twenty Years.
Tliis gives an outside view of the lower jaw, showing the
teeth in their proper length at twenty j-ears.
Fig. 45. Sixteen Years.
Here we have an outside view of a lower jaw at sixteen years,
showing teeth ten lines too long.
Fig. 46. Sixteen Years,
This is an inside view of the same javf in which the mark
indicates six yeais, but, iis tho teeth are ten linos too long, thr.
true ago is sixteen years.
iv>
D6 '
on by
of the
inner
upp^r
oevar
...i-i. ^ .STOCK BOOK.
f r
t
f r
ceeding May. Yet practical ij , ►„.
but only to those who rear horses for the tnrf.
7
n^
CHAPTER VI.
BREEDS OP HORSES AMD THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
I. 1NFLITENCE8 OF COUNTKT AND CI IMATV „ ^..„
CLYDESDALE HOUSE. lV.THKl^OK^j^^~:^nn^l^^: ^*«" ""KSJ^ '"• TIIK
TO-DAY VI. THE Vr^^ZTZ'^^or^^^,'^^^''!^^^;—-''- THE PERCHEKON OF
HORSES IX. HINTING HOUSES —-V^y,!;.""'"'^'' ^"I- TROTTING
HORSES XII. THE CLKvTlAND ^v — '^ [, ''"!::'^" "«'«*-« XI. COACH
DRAFT HORSE XV. THE NAURAGANSETT 1-ACER """'• '"""' ^^HMONT
I. Influences ol Country and Climate.
Every country of the earth has a breed or breeds of horses each with
ita pecuhar characteristics ; and the horses r.f A«i.. "."^''•'V,^''<^*» ^^'th
Amerina have .,.„■ „„i,«, ;, diff J:'",; „* ^flr,',, rZ ',""'
manmhabitantsof these gr,.„d divWo,,. „, the g'^^Z B a ',:
catafe, resul n,g from loon, !„,„«„„,, „, „,i„^,„,„_ j„ ™t,lv ot^
theho^c ha, others which are due to the treat.nout and t aiS t; teo
at the hands of his masters, since from a lon» coarse of artifi .i„M !,
m^ehimdegene^te-h^IintS^^^^^^^^
tnat or the horses found runnlno' wilfi «ri. n , . """'"i lo
If V 1 ^"uiiu I mining miIcI wiioro they have increiispil sm,!
diirtreir'"" '"dv-t'- --"«-"•.-"-. doZS::'
xne norse in the latter condition has already been suffitionfl,. », r i
m the tirst chapter. In the present chapti- le pnt ^ t ^^ ^i T^^^
the more important breeds of civilization nr thr. lu V , -
celebrity for their valuable aualitil ' '"" *'"' ''"" "''^^''-^^
II. The Farm Horse.
is c„p,o,ca in the pn.dirof'-ihar.S'trirhfrfn:,:;!;'"- s!
The Horse of All W«rk.-Thcfarni horse should essentially be a horse
of all work, of good „vlc and action, „nd of about :200 poulds Ce'^^^
A
)
/
100
TriK AMKKK^AN FAUMKK.S stock
MOOK,
pagi' 7!> f
hind quiii
Light F
plare on ;
'ill
from 950 to l(i
cob, a square-Ij
'Such a horse is
"^'lould Movor l)o
f&ia»^
page 7!» float viow, aiitl i.u.rn «-^ .• i
hind ,,„«orswiN ;,,,,,, ,:,/:':; tt:;,t:'"" '"" " '-'"■-..'
from 950 to llijo ijuuucls s„..|. , i.
Such a horse i. ,Jre,o„ted T M ** J!' "'° ""''^'° "'«" »" "sW to*
' • '"■ *«*■"« - " i«b„ro,., p,.aotic„. .„,d „„;„;;
■|1
|F ,t tWt*" ■
7
f
108
THR AMKBICAN FARM Kit's 8TOCK UOOK
happily gone out of fashion. The Morgans, or rather their rmsfiP«
when bred up to the weight hist mentioned . make udmuublo huisus of
this claws.
The Gold Dust Horses of Kentucky.— The Gold Dust Ilors.s which
wore on.nnatod by l.,e..ding fn,.n Morgan stallions on good fhrnou-W-
bred .nares. and carefully selecting for generation.s, make admix-able lil^ht
farm horses H.gh-strung, elegant, fast-going, staunch, and able f.,r
all light work on the farm, either for the saddle or harness, as li.j.t
dnvmg buggy horses in single harness, or for the light carriage iu double
Harness, they are most excellent animals.
m. The Clydesdale Horse.
Another class of horses that may be made .profitable o;. the breeding
farm are what are known as draft horses proper. In the United tiUtJ
the best representatives of this class are the Clydesdales and the Nornnn '
Percherons. -The Clydesdales are an English-Scotch breed of .rel;
power, bone and substance, and are capable of drawing immense loads
In Canada there are many excellent representatives of this breed, an.l
The VV(.st of Scotland has long been famous for its excellent dra'ft hor^
ses. The.r ongin is probably due in part to the blood of Flemish mares
though but little IS authentically known of their ancestry. Whateve,'
their origin may be. it is certain that they have made Scotland famous for
!^ r!^; rr**; :""u ""•''' ^^ *'•" excellence of the draft horses of
the North of Lnglaiul where the Clydesdale originated, is due to an infu-
sion of this Scottish blood. In England those heavy horses are useful to
farmers in working their tough clay soils. In the United States, especi-
ally ,n the M est and South, the alluvial nature of the soil does not re-
quire such strength of team in plowing ; but the vast amount of haulin.^
to be done in and near cities, where the railroad and steamer t-:.ffi.. of the
country centres, will always cause a demand for large, able-bodied draft
horses. ' "»»ib
Points of the Clyde8dale.-The jaw is broad and strong, and the muz-
zle, though neither well developed nor fine, is provided with lar^e nostrils
<.apable of n.ng widely dilated. The eye, though mild, shows eoura..,
and vigor. I he forehead is broad between the eyes, and ca,.acious. The
cars are rather long, and by their intelligent motion indicate uetivity.
The head is well set on the ne.-k, and the neck, as it shells to Iho shoul-
der. 18 massive with gi-eat devolopment of muscle on top. The shoul-
der is tolerably oblique, fully so f.n- a draft horse. The breast
18 full broad and strong The h-g is l„„g f,.o,„ the arm to the knee, and
«ho.t f..,.ni the knee 1o the f..tlo..k. The forearn. is amply provided with
&\ I'
'"*•"' ^"A«>" TKWHTIC8.
103
ffikSftkiiif*^
i
104
THK AMKRICAV KARMEK S .STOflK ROOK.
/
/
niusclo. The knees are large iind l)ouy, iuid from the knee to the fo,tl,)ok,
iind from the hoek down, the liml) is covert'd with h)ng luiir ; iit the fet-
loek the hair becomes thick and sliaggy. 'I'he hack and body of the
Clydesdale can hardly bo called s^Mnmetrical, yet the barrel is round, with
the ribs extending wcill back toward tin? hip. The quarters are broad and
low, with muscular thighs and large, cl(>!in, broad, well-developed hocks.
The lower limbs are flat, as they Avill be in any horse well developed in
muscle and tcuidons. The hoofs, large, tough, wide, are joined to ob-
lique jjasterns. The characti'ristie color of the Clydesdale is brown with
white marks. The height is about sixteen and a half hands ; and both in
walking and trotting there is a maji.'sty about their raovements, showing
the ])owcr that nerves their action.
rV". The Norman-Percheron Horse.
Norman-Percheron horses arc now generally divided into two classes :
the Norman, a heavy, musculai-, closely-l)uilt animal of great bone and
muscle, weighing sometimes 2,5J()() to 2,300 pounds, and the Perchcron,
a lighter, cleaner l)uilt and more active animal, attaining a weight uj* to
1,800 pounds. Both these strains of Norman blood an; among the best,
of draft stock ever introchuiid into Am«a'ica. They are superior in
some respects to the famous Conestoga horse of Pennsylvania, now [)rac-
tically extinct. Much has been written about these excellent animals,
both by partisans and by those who have investigated their historv with
a view to arrive at the real facts in relation to their ancestrv. On the
one hand it !■< contended that they arose from a cross of the Araliiaii
upon th(i heavy native horses of Normandy ; and tin; defeat of the Sara-
cens by Charles Martel, in which great munl)crs of their adniiral)Ie cav-
alry horses fell into the hands of the French, is cited in support of this
view. Many of these Haracen horses, it is said, were brought to Nor-
mandy ai <l to La Perche, and hence the commingling of 1>lood which
resulted in the present admiral)le breed. The old Norman war horses
were lu'avy, liony, slow, but strong, and capable of «'iiduriiig much hard-
ship. They wen; admirably adapted for their day, since thev were capa-
ble of carrying a knight in his heavy armor.
Again, it is asserted that the Norman horse is descended from a nice
then peculiar to Brittainy, and used fordraft, rather than fin- war. Another
writer asserts that the Perchcron is descended fi-om a remote cross
between the Andalusian, mix<'d with the Morocco barb, and again (rossed
upon tlie Norman, because, it is sai<l, llie Norman Avas t(M, s'ow, and tiii^
Andalusian too ligiit, fin- a knight in full armor. The old Norman horses
urc said to have transmitted to the race their great boiu' an<l nuisdc,
while the Aral), or Andalusian, or whatever the cross niav have hern,
«^
■ OF HORSES AND nmui CHARACIKIMS
ISTICiS.
105
>idded spirit, a(,tion, spcod und botton. Whatovor ,„-,v ho fl. f .
to the. on^„, both the .a,...,,,., ., ,,, Nonr s.!::;;: :::zz
s=v::xr=xvt:;-sj^^^^^^^^^
j^^i^M
.Ji^ail
lOH
THK AMERICAN KAKMKR's STOCK BOOK.
loads-iit a fair rato of speed. A pair of the lighter Percho horses (called
ill FniiH-e Diligence horses, from their use in drawing the coaches of this
name) are cai)al)le of going at a speed of seven or eight miles an hour.
These horses may now by regarded as having become a fixed race, cap-
able of reproducing itself i)erfectly, unchanged, and without deterioration
through generations, when pure sires are bred to pure dams. Bred to
inferior marcs, the stallion marks his impress Avonderfully upon the pro-
geny, and tha pure mares also transmit their characteristics in the same
wonderful manner.
V. The Peroheron ol To-Day.
The Percheron makes a capital cross u[)ou any of the large, roonn
mares of this country. When the Percheron is bred to this kind of dams,
the pi-ogeny M'iH possess great size, and Avill partake essentially of the
qualities of the sire. If this progeny is again bred to a pure sire, the
result is a three-(iuarters-l)red Iiorse that is but little inferior to the Per-
cheron in all that constitutes jjower and capability f(n- work.
The Percheron is not what would be called a fast horse. He is not
suited for pleasure driving, and yet he is capable of making long jour-
neys at a si)eed fully equal to that of horses of more pretentions to
speed. An instance is given where 58 miles out and 58 miles back Avas
accomplished by a Percheron horse, in two days, the traveling time out
being four hours and two minutes, while in returning the time was four
hours, one minute and a half ; and this Avithout being urged with the
whip. Again, a horse of this breed was driven 55 3-5 miles over a hillv
and difficult road in four hours and twenty-four minutes, without distres,.
to the animal.
In outward appearance the Peroheron presents a head that is not lon<r,
with broad brow and slightly dished face, showing intelligence, in which
respect he resembles the Arabian. The neck is of fair length, strong,
muscular and well-arched, but, like the head, well proportioned to the
close-ribbed, round-barreled, short-backed body. The hind-quarters and
shoulders are muscular, the -lower part of the leg short, hairy and p().>i-
sessing immense tendons. The hoofs are hard, sound, free from disease ;
but the Percheron is somewhat inclined to bo Hat-footcd. The hei.rht is
from fifteen to sixteen hands, though many excellent specimens of tlio
breed are somewhat under fifteen hands, esjjecially the lighten- Percjieron
propter. The same description will apply to the Norman prop(!r, except
that ho is larger and somewhat (;oarser. Their general color is gray,
nuniing from iron-gray to the handsomest dappled gray.
So difficult is it to draw the dividing lino between the Norman and the
Perrher.-ii, that the eaitor of the rerdieron-Norman stud book seemed
undecided just what, and Avhat not, to admit into the stud book. Hence
(he plan wai
crosses, so fai
■If I,
fm
W%
uiaies imported fr
or NoriuaM-Perche
Ijted of giving a full account of the brcodincr ..nd
obt.unable. and admitting to registry al, Jho^. ^
thii plan was adopted of giving a
crosses, so far as
%
1' i ! ,
'i'''|i''4liiliHfcv,;i!i|i
ii;)'';, il.Mi
t
il'll
I'll, |Jl
Jl,
11 ii
'"'fiifi'ii
l!l!lli;fj|«]iii:
11
II,
ili'l'mun'
ifi I
■iikiiiLii
? 'sis •".
ill
.^lllll
oT&'c::,''™"' " ''"■■'■"^™" ^^■'"™"- p-i— No™,,
108
"THK -AMKRICAX lAKMKIi's STOCK BOOK.
;il
/
VI. The Conestoga Horse.
It is unfortuuaU' that the Conestoga, on o of the very best of Ameri-
«an horses for dnift, for all work in fact on tlie road or on the farm,
shoulil liave been allowed to become extinct. Strong and able in evcrv
respect, a handsome, quick-stepping animal, and as honest as an ox at 'a
dead pull, the Conestoga horse possessed qualities which entitled his
breed to iJcr[)etuation. His original home was the Conestoga Valley, of
Pennsylvania, and hence the name. This valley was originally settled bv
Germans, avIio undoubtedly brought Avith them the heavy German and
Danish horses of their native land. Under the ample feed and genial
climate of the Conestoga Valley, these foreign horses were, by careful
selection, and an occasional dash of the staunch thorough blood of those
days, developed into a race of horses ranging from sixteen to seventeen
hands in height, weighing from 12.')() to l.-iOO pounds, and proving to 1),.
junong the most valuable horses ever known for drawing great loads over
hill and mountain. A cross of the Cleveland Bay upon large, round-
barrelled, roomy mares might again result in something likelhis horso.
The experiment would be well worth the trial by breeders, who have tJic
will and the years before them to originate" a l)rcod of horses, that would
be capable of doing any work, from deep plowing, to wagoning and heavy
carriage work. Though the Conestoga is no longer bred in purity, there
areyet many mares in Pennsylvania descended from this stock, 'vhich if
crossed with the Cleveland Bay, as Ave have known }iim, Avould, the breed
being carefully jicrserved in, produce a stock of horses possessing most
of the valuable qualities of the Conestoga. There are many such horses,
in the pastures of Oliio and Pennsylvania. They are high lieaded, rather
long in the limbs, not quite good in the barrel ; but, if bred as Ave hav..
described the outcome Avould be most satisfactory. The Cleveland Hav
is no'^ leaily a draft animal, but is most excellent as a horse of all work,
and will he descrilied fui-thei- on.
VII. Road Horses.
Many jiersons get their ideas of what a carriage horse, and especially
u driving horse, should be, from English books, and from travelers wlio
have visited that country. So far as action for show, in harness and the
•addle, arc concerned, they are admirable models, omitting their docked
tails, which, are happily going out of fashion there ; and Avhich, in this
country of generally dry roads and stinging insects, are not to be toler-
ated at all. The model English roadster is a horse in high condition for
service, not overloaded with fat, but in a condition of muscular strength
and ability that would be difficult to better. A Jiorse for similar rond
service should bo If) to 1/) 1-2 hands high, of good style, and well-nuis-
oled throughout. If he be half to thr«>e (luarters-bred from iiccepted
■■> ''^MHmi>i''' %m i iim$.v^« f( m'm^.*'» *^^^
BUKKUS OK HOK.KS AX,> r„K.K r.M.urTRK.ST.C.. ,09
trotting fuinilic., «o n.uch tho hotter. lu f-u-t ;„ Hw. t^ v , -
im for .nany years boon the ruh. in E„. „ ,' ' .. """' '^''''''' ^^
\i , * - iiiiinicd ^vitli thorouirh h hxul <,„.u , ^i
*«>" "■'«- >..o „„d ,„1 ' „t' :: :t: ; ':;• "i"^ ' ■"'■- •"
l«.t stylo 1,0 »h„„la hm.^ utlTli 1 ■'' '""' '""'' """""• " '" ''>■«-• ^
H ' ."-t -.0 n,,. „:;,',;;, :,,' ;':,:.";;;:,','''v"""""f""'- "^^
chaiactoiisti.- only of liijil, l>,-,.,.di,i„ »l"l"S)'. "oivous ,icti„u
VHI. Trotting Horses.
"The trottiii<j hor.se" of tho t,i,-f i, .
r" ".?-■ "-«'■ I « t,K:::l, ;: , fi >:^; r;:", ?'.'■■»"- i^.
kinn:s of the turf. If a f roffor l..., . ''<^<"l-aiid-hariie.s8
i« <-rIooked. If lu. i^ ^;^ ; ' r ?:"7' ^'"''f ^- '-'^ of «tyIo in hin.
brin,a good price as a 21 v r Cfl^f i ''' V''"'^^^ ^^'"
speeci. A trotter which lucks b^th s y uf," t'/"' ^'"^^'"'^ ^'''-^
mere hack. •^''' ■'"'^ •''P^«^ d^'gt'nerates into a
IX. Hunting Horses.
iiig liorse must be well-br -d able fn^r..li . '" ''»''^ ''"»*-
"'■*"| » '"'.teos d,-,:„l: 'Z" ;' x:"' "";' •" I""" '"■'" y
""•"'■■.v.f".-dc,.,-„„d ln,,i,-i„ w„|vo,„, ,1 • '""'■ " "'"""tl'
'K I vy „.,.isi,„ i„ . ,.;,r™,;t,:„"^ '''■"""' "'■""■lo of -.■,.-
«ml..r.,„.|,,.„„difi„„„„.oes,,H - - , ^ "■'■"""' "l'*iHo», and
;-'«' "1.."^ of .. ..o.-«o,"ir;,;i^r ,";;;;; "Sy f":,""""- '"'■"■■'»>■
I"'!"".!;. Ilo ,V,„d.l 1,0 d, ,„„s i„ ,1, , . .■' """ "'"'■'• »"<• to
'"'""'-'r" ' "'-"■-■^i'"HM;:'l:;";::::;;fS-
-f-
no
TICK A.MERICAX !• AUMEU S STOCK BOOK.
¥
is f:ir l»otter-l>rcd und li<;htcr tliaii those which men now iii middle ago
i'odc in youth, though a tiuve-<iuartcra-l)rcd horse, of the Monnioutli-
Eclipso blood, upon whi(;h, as a hoy we followed the chase in Illinois, up
to thirty years ago, was Mcll-enough bred for to-day. Ho was a larnjo,
slashing horse, that never i-efused a Virginia fence, ditch or water,—
there wore no hedges in the West in those days — and never broutrlit llic
rider to grief, though sonu'tinu's disast<'r seemed near enough as avc \\ciit
HRKKDS OF HOUSES AND TIlKIIl CHARACTERISTICS. Ill
floundering in and „at c.f d...i,, nuuldy stroums. The i»or«e, the deer-
hound, the mastiff and the hoy were all good friends, a verit:ble hap >y
fanuly .vho were ,n at the death of n.any a deer and prairie wolf, before
fences obstructed the chase m Northern Illinois.
A Heavier Hunting Horse.-Thc next illustration shows a heavier
hunluig horse for the saddle. M-hen sne..,! .u-.l bo**^->.« "— -i^-i-r r, .
n horse of good style and action, capable of long and high speed under
118
THK AMKKICAN KAKMKB'S STOCK BOOK.
BKKEl),'
the weight of a man of 180 pounds — and heavier men should never
hunt. Such a horso should be capable of great speed wIkmi called on.
a
M
H
H
O
able, and wiling to take jiiiy leap a .sensible man would put him at. and
sure-footed to a higli dcigrcc. To this end, every hunting horse should
have large lungs and heart, the best possible form, hard, firm l)ones,
strong tendons, aoc
oblique shouldered
have what is eallc,l
and combine in iii.>
will leave any cold-
for the horses wo h
of highly bred anti
hunting horse is nc
never be harnessed
move easily in harn
for the saddle, and
The light driving
twelve miles an hou;
and action. Such h
in parks and pleasu
are the rule. They
son, or, at most, tw
go rapidly over road
Here, again, we pi
fection of stylo and
not when going in tl
of i)osition for fast
It will be observed
trained under a curb
though under the sad
The carriage horse
light driving horse be
uni- weight carriage,
speed than those used
horse of 1050 to 110
carriage. For the coj
rather long limbs, if ]
but he must not bo
8 required, and withoi
difficult roads. The
shows a long-limbed, ]
from 16 to 17 hands h
class of horses can acq
HKEEOS OP HOK8E8 AND TIIKIH CHARACTERISTICS. Hg
Strong tendons, und jri-cat muscular powor ITo sl.m.U K„ i i^
oblique shoulderod .nd fotlocked, ^ikZll!^^^ j^ cle.„ 3. onned.
have what i.s calic 1 , double loin ho ^v\U. ™'''- "' '" 'addition, he
move easdy in harness, and especially under a load, would .0 ' nfit him
for the saddle, and for the huntingfiold.
X. Light Driving Horses.
The light drivmg horse i not required to have high speed • eiffht to
and action. Such horses are much sought, for driving on smooth roads
^tl ;:: P^;:;----^^;-?- style ..d luxurious sZuXg^
are the rule. They are also valuable for any service when only one Der
son, or at most, two light ones, are to be carried, since thJy Jll o£n
go rapidly over roads with one person where heavier horses would labt
Here. agam. we present an English type which shows a hoi-se the per'
fection of style and action, in movement. Sometimes they are fist bu;
not when gomg in the form shown in the illustration. The headt out
XI. Coaoh Horses.
The carriage horse bears to the coach horse the same relation that th.
light dnvmg horse bears to the roadster. Horses foTtho itht ^
u.n-woight caiTiage. should be handsome in ^'^e a^ of Ht
speed than those used for the co..,.h ,». 1 Y "^^^^ ""^ o^ better
«.m«ge. For the .oac.h, a „,„r„ .„.,dy „„i,„„| i " „„!> ,," T"
n*» long Itab., tf i„ i, „a„„„„ „/,„,„„;J -» »^ „/;S*!
tat ho nmst not bo defioioi.t iu mu«.ul,u- „„wo,- siaoo „"«. -^ ^
.■i»»« of h„«»„„„ a«,„i. t„o ,ig„ .to,;„i„, ,„..ii::„'„:r4i-;
114
TIIK AMr;ItK;AX FAUMKK'h STOCK HOOK.
eldpiiy ladies and ^t-iitlonu'ii, who s(H'k to coiiipcnsate in thi.s way for tli»>
speed they so liked in th(Mr A'ounjror di>ys. How to breed such horses
is partially stated in dcscrihing the Concstoga hors(>. Another wa\
would be to breed staunch, nniscular and handsome thoroughbreds upon
mares of large size, round barreled, and of good form.
horses, good and s
about as ensilv as 1
XII. The Cleveland Bay.
We come next to a class (»f horses always held in the highest esteem
for their many valuable (jualilics. It is a horse that is now bred to a de-
gree of perfection that leaves little to l)e desired in all thatgo('s to con-
Btiiutc s! •- ' ' xd ai)ility to perform any labor that may be requir-
ed, excei .nest drudgery. The Cleveland Bays are good carriage
thorough blood with e
nntely they are yet ran
iithi the West, I "hey hav
iiiark:il)le for their pure
;i5
BREEDS OF HOIiSKS AM) Tlll.||. r......
horses, good and stout wajron or dI.^w l.ru.^.. . i .1
tliorouji:!! blood with t'xcoiU'iit h\v,> ....-i ^-^ •
:-.. n., „,. ,.. ™ i:r nli^lrr ■;;:! ;!s: :i:r
IKi
TIIK AMEKICAX KAKMKIt's HTtM'K HOOK.
/orehcad with white, Tho illustration shows ono of tho most pt^rfect of
the ohiss, a l)ioo<J-hay with oii« whito hind fetlock, and a star in tho foro-
iiead. Tlic old-fiushioned ('lev(!land Bay of fifty years ago in England is,
like tho Conostoga of the United St^itos, oxtiiwt, but a better horse in ev-
ery way has been bred up from him.
The hito Henry William Ilerltert describes them as he knew them m
England, when a boy. "This great English family," says Mr. Herbert,
"which may, perhaps, be regarded as tho true type of the English horse
of the Midland Counties, from the remotest times, is that of tho far-
famed Cleveland Bays. Cleveland, a district of tho East-riding of York-
shire, and the Vale of Pickering, in the same county, has I)cen, from a
very distant period, tho principal breeding region for carriage horses,
hunters, troop horses, and hackneys, of tho highest grade ; and it still
preserves its chanvcter in that particular ; although thci character of the
animals themselves, used for all these puqioses, is now entirely altered ;
and although, in conse«|uence of the alteration of the demand, tho ori<'i-
nal breed is rai)idly passing away, and a pure Cleveland Bay, of unmixed
or unimproved blood, is now rarely to boinet with, even in its own native
district.
'• Tho Cleveland Bay, in its natural and unmixed form, is a tall, pow-
erfully-built, l)ony animal, avemging, I should say, fiftcnm hands thrco
inches in height, rarely falling short of fifteen and a half, or exceediixr
sixteen and a half hands.
" The crest and withers an- almost invariably good, the head bony,
lean, and well set on. Ewe necks are, probably, rarer in this family
than in any other, unless it bo the dray-horse, in which it is never seen.
" The faults of shape, to whi<-h the Cleveland Bay is niost liable, are
narrowness of chest, undue length of body, and flatness of tho cannon
and shank bones. Their color is universally bay, rather on the yellow
bay than on the blood bay color, with bla«>k manes, tails and legs.
"They are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent cai)-
abilities for draught, and good endunuic«>, so long as they are not pushed
beyond their speed, which may be estimated at from six to eight miles
an hour, on a trot, or from ten to twelve— the latter quit ■ the maximum
^)n a gallop, under almost any « ''ight.
"The larger and more sh(»wy of these animals, of tho tallest and
heaviest type, were the favorite coach horses of tluMrday ;tho more si)rT
and lightly-built, of equal height, were the liunters, in tho days when
the fox was hunted by his drag, unkcimeled, and run half a dozen horn's
or nmre, lieforo he was either earthed, or worn out and woriicd to
death. Then the shorter, lower, and more closely rib1>ed-ui> w.-n- the
stepH and gradations, has settled down ; /'''7^'^' ^'^c''. "ftcr sovoral
out a.. Yorkshire, ani .„ore tr 1 a. the n rdL'^'^' :"""""" ^^"-^''>-
hor.se, and riding „r driving horse ,f the f '""L'"' "^ *'»' *'''™-
was the stinti4 o^lC be:^^ Z^ZTi: 'l^'"-^"^" ^^'^'' '^-ds.
horses, .ith a view to the proge^^ Xwn^ TtT 1 ^"^ ^'^--^hbred
in the last resort, stuge^oaeh ho L ^ .fslv 'T' ^'^^^^ ^•""^«' "^
The n>ost pron.ising of these half bn^d .' ^ ""f" *"""^'^' '°'^«hi"e«*.
n.ares, of the sa.e^.pe uit; t^lt^I^r' Vld t^^^ "^ ^'^"""^ ' ^"'^
improved English carriage horse of fifty CeasLt ''"' ^^'"^"'^^ ^''^
" T''« ""^t «tep was the putting of hSred fi ii . u
out of Cleveland Bay , mires u seeond^^ * u ' ^^^ ^'^''roughbreds
their progeny to become the hL'e^^^^t^^^^^^^^^^^ thoroughbred stallions;
wore lowered into the carriage hore^ and t HT' ""^ ''"^'■'- ^^^iiers
had been the getters of canl ..rhljs wo "?"''-^?^ ^*!^"-'-' ^hioh
the new, improved carl-horse!'' ^^''"''"^ '"^'^ ^^e sires of
Thus it will be seen that we' have good Huthorifv f.
this .plendid anin.al. Canada has of LlT i ""*■ "''^ -i^» «*
tinely-bred and fi-oly-matchedc'L^Vw^^^^^^^ -l«'-ated .or
■ty of some Canadian breeders, in .;^.!Z Z^ll'/ n"" '" n""^
sn-PK. - ^*^'""'^ J^"J stallions for
Xrn. Ponies.
Ponies are much sontrlif ,^f \ *
^r pony carriages. ^^1; Jl^ ^^^ «-'« riding, and
have all been called into re,uiitrwSttl T'' '"'' ^^^^^''^"^
smaller Mustangs of Texas a' . used Ses L!" "' "^' ^''""^' *^«
."•o.wild. intractable, and often vicio r T. r,"""' *''" ^^"-^^^''g^
'HHoming extinct, and Canadian ponies are' also 1 '" ^'""'' '' ^""^
-attor. many of then,, are really L„d ol "''^f ""'"g «^''"'-- These
'o,uteen hands high, hanlv, li t Jc^ T" ''— >f thirt- . a to
-"•Hgeand botton.. The- are si h "\'""' ^'^'^^'"''^ "^■'^^^
f not abused. Shetland ^J^s '^S' '"\ /^^^-^b' tnutabl^
but they are ambitious little fellows, and cann!''''. """ '^"«^''''
srood uaee. wnth u f«r„i„^, ,..,.._ ,,, '" »<^»n>l>«r alontreasilv nf «
....»,;,, .,.„„.■,; :.:;;;,7„/;,r l::;^ 'nwf,,;;- .^f ";;"!"■ , ""' '■''"-
animal. It is claimed that
118
xlZli AMBUICAX 1 AHMKK's STOCK VOOll.
no true Shetland can be more than eleven hands high, and sonic of those
in the extreme northern isles of Tell and tJnst do not exceed seven and
lis jTood uii iiniii
I _ I .-. .iitii!;iij;ii UIC
gniBlleHt of iwnit'H, tliiy ure the most ptTfect in fonn, round and closolv
HKKEUH OF „0»8E, A»B TBEIR OHAaACTERISTICe. 1,.,
in tho West aro uiidoubtodlv „f H.„ . ■"""'•. ^"° '"<""'" l'"""" 'oiind
T...y arc p„r„. ijfZdwS Nola e^Zf "' "T ^""■."''»" ''""•^•
bred in a half wild slate by tUo Mam „72 f™ <l„n,estn.a.i„ d
Territories. Theyare.argerandhtvrthl Le^°f T*'" ''"""■' '""'
of the Southwestern plains and ,.roTlv!^ '■" ''"'''" "'■ *'"""»"
time, they are fourterh, „rh"h urZT^"- "",'"""'• ''"'"-
hands. They are compaet/e K; bid .t„:tlse I ""' "'"'■""
little fellows, doeile and »a..aei„„s inlhr;!. ""•••"lar, eou,ag„„,
shaggy n.an,.a filling on botl. sWe T te ,eck'"?;; f 77 ".'""' """
nortben, latitudes, and well-trained t^Tov "•''"■'''•'"y '""'l ">l.igl.
o.n.s ponies and would ^^X:^.^:;^::!^:^ *•-
Xrv. The Vermont Draft Horse.
,/:zx rt: ::::'. ::;;rin "r """'r""- """""-• "-^'--^
he«vi,.r animaLs. The Vermont ,lr,ft . „"""™"' <^'>''''»<'"lo "nd oHicr
1,200 pounds : of fine ,u i^, ct "JXj Td """" '""" '•'"' '"
hne crest s, fiiijablo of dmwino- Im..,,,, i i a. ■" » '""st-iuiu , v itii
i;. .i,e days p,Ldi„g :;::z„'n7,, itoit^f t ^ i-^^ '-'■;
aie-tncU, Id .I;:;!!;' ft: dTr;,::::::-,;':- •■■ "'*,""-'•
i. .0 be hoped that we n,ay H„u, hf th, ct atd Iv Id !"""■ "
"• -"«"' "■ """I "' "11 work, both for saddle I' U,^ "'" "°"'"'
XV. The Narragansett Pacer.
..id';: ir!:;:i;i;;:te;i,rs;:,:'riV'', T-'- -"-• •■"" '"»' ^^
^.;«.»t:La'\:!::rrrrrzv:s;.?rr^^
!n« -r tnilj jrait was a puco of the rnoHt norfn,.* o.wi • ^ -;"-'" '•
.ion. They a,, reputed to have beer. e';:?;:i:^|,rEir S'e"
120
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S 8TOCK BOOK.
. them forty miles a day for many days in succession without experiencing
excessive fatigue. That they were horses of great bottom, and some-
times of extraordinary speed, is undoubtedly true. The Colonial divine.
Dr. McSparren, in his "America Dissected," speaking of the horses of
Virginia, says : " There were plenty of a small sort of horses — the best
in the world, like the little Scotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary
journey to ride from sixty to seventy miles in a day. I have often, but
on larger pacing horses, rode fifty, nay, sixty, miles a day, even hero in
New England, where the roads are rough, stony and uneven." Again,
speaking of the Narragansett pacer particularly, as an animal for export,
he says : " They are remarkable for swift pacing ; and I have seen some
of them pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal
less than three." The good doctor probably did not hold a timing-watch
on them. The story, however,. is fully as credible as that other story oi
Vlying Childers having run a mile in a minute.
Ding
ime-
ine,
8 of
best
lary
but
o in
ain,
ort,
ime
ieal
itch
BNGLISH 1
in. THE
CBnSAUE
HORSE Ih
EREDS.—
T.io Eng
not 'itire r
V , but
Araoian, Bj
the last uiid
ing tho last
speed and ei
the chase ;
keep alive tl
blood that <
stock of hoi
horses, becai
but this fact
animals. Ai
these indisjit
tion. It is ti
vailed duririfl
breeds and g
breeding. A
ue in any of
ceptiiig our d
horse of Eng
yond tho Chri
Henry Will
II()rs(} of Ann
lisli horno so c
do licftor Ihai
r<!aders t)f to-
Youatt: "Tl
ChrlHtlun era,
CHAPTER VII.
THOROUaHBRBD HORSES.
CBUSADEBS V. BONE ANH nm ^ ,„!'; '^- ""K«K8 TAKEN TO ENGLAND RV
HOR.E IN THE TIMES^'o^' itEZ^Vm AnT/aI";™/'"^ ^^OL^^HHOI^^.'^TthI
ERKDS. VIII. THE ABABIAN. ^ ^"- ^MEKICAN TIIOKOUGH-
I. EngUsh Thoroughbreda.
Tlio English thoroughbreds aio horses of mixed h-nea.ro ru
r '^Tur;^' '-1^ '-"^-^« "^ ^- witiJu^iS oSit:
speed and endurance. Thcv have alw.va K„^ „ • . ^J'* "o'''<^« or
blood that could be secured tn i~Y,.^..»+ p u . . -lorcign
stock of horses. Zy Pers 1 a 0^3 fd' T"'" ""' '''^''" *^' *'^^^"-
horses, because they h^^e been use^ f^ ^ m """'"' thoroughbred
.. tins fa. sho.d^n:xr t^ esr s;];:: - ^r;::;:^
tion. itisthispassionfor tiding the;,:::;^:^^:!^:^^^^^
vaUed during the last ten centuries, thathasledto t!ie seloction of ho b ".
reeds and given an impetus during the past 100 years to r"X^^^^^^^^
breeding. And it is to these latter causes that wo owe all t ill of if
ue u. any of the improved breeds of horses existin.- to-dav no e 1
ccpting our draft horses. Let us loot „f fi, ""o, '^'^>^' ""^ «^«» t'x-
n. Herbert's HiBtory ot the EngUsh Horse.
Hoary William Herbert, in his admirable and voluminous work on the
'''■■•' ""•"'"■"- ■""■"*>"' -;*"™- -<«"«•'-"' .■i.ei:;hu«l',;'.:h!:
122
THE AMERICAN FAKHEK's 8TQCK BOOK.
acquired great experience in their use is equally certain. In the ancient
Hritish language Rhediad is the word for a race — rheder, to run — and
rhedec/a, a race. All these spring from the Gaulish rheda, a chariot.
Here, then, is a direct evidence that horses were introduced from Gaul,
and that chariot-races were established at a very early period.'
"This evidence" says Mr. Herbert "is not to my mind direct or con-
clusive, as to the fact of the introdu(;tion of the horse from Gaul ; al-
though it is so, as to tha antiquity of chariot-racing in both countries,
and to the non-Roman descent or introduction of the British or Gaulish
animal. As the blood, the religion and the language of the Britons were
cognate, if not identical, with those of some, at least, of the Gallic tribes,
it is no more certain that the Gallic Rheda is the theme of the British
rheder, than tl at it is derived therefrom. It does, however, in a great
degree prove that the Gallic and British horses were identical, and de-
scended not from any breed transmitted through Greece and Italy, but
from one brought inland to the northward of the Alps ; perhaps by those
Gauls, who ravaged Upper Greece and Northern Italy, almost before the
existence of authentic history ; perhaps by their original ancestors ; at all
events, of antique Thracian or Thessalic descent, and, therefore, of re-
mote but direct oriental race, in all probability again improved by a later
desert cross, derived from the Numidian cavalry of the Carthaginian
Barcas, long previous to liie Ctesarian campaigns in Gaul or the invasions
of the sacred island of the Druids. This, however, is of small imme-
diate moment, and is more curious and interesting to the scholar and the
antiquary, than to the horseman or horsebreeder.
"From the different kinds of vehicles, noticed by the Latin writers,
it would appear that the ancient Britons had horses trained to different
purposes, as well domestic as warlike,
"It is well observed by Youatt, in his larger work on the horse, that
from the cumbrous structure of the car, and the fury with which it was
driven, and from the badness or non-existence of roads, they must have
bOen both active artd powerful in an extraordinary degree. 'Caisar,' hv
adds, though without stating his authority, 'thought th(!in so valuable,
that ho carried many of them to Rome ; and the British horses \v«'ro, fcir
a considerable period afterwards, in great rci|ue»t in various parts of the
Roman empire.'
" <B ling the occupation of England l)y the Uonians, the British horso
was crossed to a considerable extent by the Roman horse,' continues tiu;
author in the volume first quot-ed ; for which I would myself, for reasons
above stated, pref<!r to substitue by the foreign horsvn of the Roman
mercenary or allied cavalry, 'and yet, stransre to sav- no opinion is siiv(Mi
by any kibturiun, iiumuu or British, as to the effect of this. After the
o ■
tion to the breei
may ho ohscn'ct
THOKOIOHHRKI) IIOK8K8.
knor that after tl,„ roi.., Tutt °,! '^ 1 '■""' "' ^'"^'- "'"» "''
Germany ;• thU l,„i„g tl^Li h .'rM ' ■? ''T' "°" '■"P""*"' ''»»>
produucd .1 maikod effect on tl.o .1,....,. f * ', ^* ^^'^^ *''^'^ importatiou
- before, no historian in thll'':uu'" ""''^''^ ^"■^'«^' b"*^ h^.
of either i.nprove,„r d: dSti^^^'^^^' '" ^'"^ *" '^^-^ ^'^ ^^
co:z?;:;;;;:;tr^:;;;;:';^^^^^^^^
in 930, A. D., a l^iXZ^ZZZ^"" '^77'''' "^^ ^'^ ^-^' ^o^
roign many Spanish horses wer pTXd ^i^" ?""" . "^ ^'''^'■^*'*°'«
English, even at that early nerL f / ""'" ^'''^ •^'''^''•^ "^ *»»«
dor that th.ir Jcscenda t ^h uw', .^ "''''T *^ ''"^'- ^^ ^'^ "" -°^'-
world. Shortly hefor^ he t i " ^''1""^ *^" ^"^«* ''"^-^ "> the
^hillings, a ,nar^ or eo,t at tte„ ^ irl: o^^tr ^'-^^ "' ^'^^^^
at tweaty-four penee-theso pri<^..s in "Se o tLl "^ T""' * ""'"
negligently lost-and a ^.n ,t a pound ^„*'^'"^. ''7^' f ^^royed or
employed i„ u.Tieull„r,. T , i i . *■■"' "'""■'' "' ''"'■■"■» I'ein-
i..g frequently „„ )„J„,„;.k. D i,, ,ho C^^ T'™" ''^''PP™'"
Bnl „f SI,rcW8l,ury, n„..er d,. n,r,? *^°"'!"<'""-'' "1?" Ilio then
l.o«e. to hi, e».„te of r,™i ,„tl Thl / T* " ""'"'••"• °' '''P'""*
culo,i»d .,y OinUdu, CandZL ,»d D^JtlrT 'r "'"° i' "''""'^
I. «o havo an a,,.o,u.t of l|,„ (ir,t A,..,|, '": ' " "'° "'''«'' "' "'■"■'y
A«d, J'«, ,vi,h „lv ,1 .Me ;• 7 ^ '■""""•'• '» ""> '''■™'' "f St.
ni,.„,y, however. i-Iih ,:',;;:' '■''"'"'''' """ " '""-""mU. „,tate.
..-ted. or a, ,o .hat «hi„:.:,; t,!:: ,7,2' -"'" •"' "'- -
--M-.e.n,ofh„,,:::'i^^^^^
I u^l^uy wpeaking, very recent times,
124
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOQK.
no heed has been given to the statistics of agricuituro or animal improve-
ment, and little mention niado of such matters, beyond a casual and pass-
ing notice, even l)y the Itest historians.
III. The First Iiondon Raoe-Course.
" ' The Englisli,' proceeds the work from which I quote, 'had now,'
— that is to say in tiie reign of Henry I. — 'become sensible of the value
and breed of their horses ; and in the twelfth century a regular race-course
had been established in London, this being no other than Smithfield,
which was at once horse-nuirket and race-course. Fitz Stephen, who
lived at that period, gives the following account of the contests between
the palfreys of the day. 'When a race is to be rini l)y horses, which in
their kind are strortg and Heet, a shout is raised, and common horses are
ordered to withdraw from out the way. Two jockeys then, or sometimes
three, as the match may be made, in-epare themselves for the contest,
such as are used to ride, and know how to manage tlieir horses with judg-
ment, the grand point being to prevent a competitor from getting before
them. The horses on their part are Tiot Avithout eiiuilation. They
tremble, and are impatient and continually in motion. At last the signal
once given, they hurry along M'ith unremittitig velocity ; the jockeys
inspired with the thoughts of applause and the hopes of victory, clappincr
spurs to their willing steeds, brandishing their whips and cheering them
with their cries.'
rv. Horses taken to England by Crusaders. '
•' It IS stated by Mr. Youatt, although, singularly enough, he main-
tains that the crusaders did not introduce eastern horses, that Richard I.
did import two from Cyprus, which he observes were of eastern origin.
The statement is made on the faith of an old metrical Romance, which
is tliat entitled by the name of the monarch whose feats it celebrated,
usually supposed to be of the time of Edward T., and contained in Ellis's
Metrical Romances. The lines are curious, as they indicate a full ac-
quaintance with various animals, natives of tlu! East, and more particu-
larly with the especial qualities of the oriental horse, his speed and suro-
footedness.
" These horses were uamtMl Favell and Lyard —
' fii the world WHS not their pe<!r,
DroiiM'dury, m>t destrt'rc,
Steed 'rabyte, no eauiayl,
niiit ran so swift hmms fail.
For a thousand pounds of fyold,
Should not that out! be sold.'
Destrere, is the old spelling of the word iJvHtricr. in Nonnan Fron.<'!u
derived from the barbarous. Middle Age J^atin, Z>ca'//Y?r?M.<i signifying a
THOROUGHBRKD HOB8R8.
bribes hi, apiri., „. ,,.„ d°l3 he hlrd"^' '" '^•"«' ««-"'- <"-
the nocturnal tourney »ithAlexa„dcr„f«.^ /"'"'' """'"' ^'' '""»• '»
the horse he bortrode ' *'°"''"''- '" *"'"« 'cognized by
• ALk. hi. Syria,, coureert (run.,
me rider'. J«„gtl, of limb the ..me.'
V Bone ™. a^ j„p,^ ^ ^, ^^^ ^^
two third,, to the Wood of the Zer umT "°""'""''- '" """"^
have been considered desirable tolTJ^^U ^' ''"' t"""' " """H 8oom to
bone and bulk, rather tl 1" 1,1,^1 f,"-"" ^"«"* *">'«'• »"<> g»m
gest, in the Miowing «""f r^lu^f rjt Ttf' ' f"""" '"""-
hol'^Z-'atll7;:^„Ci'ir.T°''°° *" "" -P-en.e„tof
gin of our dmught-horrHe' chM "° "" ""•'' '°*''""' '»' «■« "H-
bund„d chosen°tallior^„ . L,e „f' ""''°** '"™'''' ""or^s'-^ne
-^itwaseven in the tl: :'f"t.r Zu^h td PH^ k"""" "^"^
most approved cavalry trooper-, and „;I^ , . " Eugont^the
fact stock fr„„ thcsl tha^he w M eeT. ta^T" '° """"^ ""
crown-lands, and as fines for the vZolTl , * ""' "' "^n* '»■■
was both numerous and ercclen • rl. T- «'' l"'-^'-''! »tud
ward II. purchased thirt; Ta hLs^nd *""^ V'" """""'"'■ «"-
"Edward the III. devoted one Zl^ l' """"^ "■■""ght-horscs.
Spanish horses ; and of leh rportZldT '" "" T"^" """*■'
the English, or rather mingled ir,Tfh„„ \'""^''"> *«» addition to
tio„ was made to the ki„g,°„f Fn^J^ tdVn ?'' """' '°™'" "Wie-
the troop. When they L s ,fe y a rXod IZ" ^1"' '"'"-"-"-i""' to
pul«l that they had co^ the „ofa"h „' IT/T •!!"'' " ™ '"'»-
-hilling, and eight pence per horse. c,u. i , v t J^ 'I """"* ^'"^
•illy pounds of our monev Tl,l- J "' ™1m U, one hundred and
Tlie precise meaning rthlennstn'"'^ '"T """"'"^ ^O"-"-
light and speedy hoL, i,, oZ,i „ t J°— .*«■•. It might U-
were li,e,ally used for the p^lJ^T^:/ rLilg ."""''°''"'' "- *"'""' ">'"
'"•'*« H"" to the Ttae. o, Henry vm. „^ ,^ ,
l»r authoiity f„U„„s the history of the horse in !!■„ , .. "
™gn of Hem^ vnr.. who compcJied .ht dr„e«of ff'l-.^
IH\
THE AMERICAN KAKMKK 8 STOCK ROOK.
h(»r>>i(M, aiul reiiderod cornpulsorv the iniiiiittMitiiico of so great a ni'inber
i>f full sized mares and stalliuiis, in evca-y deer park, and in every rural
parish of the realm, that the reign of this monarch was marked by a
decided increase in the breeding of powerful, well formed animals. It
appears that the King even rf)de a race liimself, for it is stated, by Mis-s
Strickland, that the King rode a-Maying, with Katherine and the royal
bride, Mary, widow cf Louis XII., of France, and the bride of Charles
Brandon. The amusements of the day, says Miss Stnckland, were
brought to a <;li)se b>' the King and his brother-in-law, the Duke of Suf-
folk, riding races on great coursers, which were like the Flemish breed
of dray horses. During the reign of Henry VIII., an annual race was
run at Ch«!ster, the prize being a wooden ball, handsomely embellished,
for which, in l.')4(), a silver bell, called St. George's bell, was substituted.
Hence the phrase, " Bear the bell," in allusion to one who has come off
victorious in a contest.
In the reign of James I. races were merely matches against time,
trials of speed and bottom for long and " cruel distances." From the
time of James I. the history of the English race-horse, and of English
racing, may be said fairly to begin, thdugh no existing pedigrees are
traced back to that time. But, though pedigrees bo not directly traced
to great antiquity, enough has been given of the history of English hors<w
to let the reader know how long was the time, and how careful the l)reed-
ing, required to produce, in the thoroughbred of to-day, the most suporl)
race of horses the world has ever known ; for wind, speed and bottom,
he is without a rival in ancient or modern times.
The horse has of course always figured prominently in fiction and ro-
mance ; but in this connection it will suffice to state the fact that in the
Homeric poems of the Trojan war, there is no mention of the trumpet
or of cavalry. In Virgil, mounted men, saddles, spurs, and clarions are
mentioned. In the romance of " Sir Bevis, of Southampton," he speak.s
of races of three miles, for "forty pounds of ready golde." Homir
knew nothing of horsemen and trumpets in war, while Virgil was fatnil-
iar with them. The author of "Sir Bevis," in his day and generation
I)robably saw races of long distances, and long-distance races gcnenillv
precede shoit ones.
The excellence of the English race horse of the last 100 years is prob-
ably more due to the Barb than to any other one strain. It was in 1121
that the first Arabian was imported iiito England, but the Arabian of tiiat
day Avas not what ho was in the centuries 1400, 1500 and 1600, during
the time immediately succeeding the overthrow of Charles I. Of English
racing horses, Eclipse was the most wonderful of all whoso perform-
ances have come down to us well authentic rtt*d.
TUUUUIjOIIIIUKI. JiOBtiafl,
1
isr
128
THE AMERICAN KARMER'p 8T(K;K HOOK.
Vii. American Thoroughbreds.
The thor()ughT)red home of Americii is of courau the descendant of
English ancestors. It is probably true that the American thoroughbred
is a superior animal to the English thoroughbred ; and this opinion is
ticrtainly fortified by the triumphs of American horses in England and
France, in their greatest races, in tho year 1881. A horso transported
from one country to another, entirely different in climate, might be par-
doned for not performing as well there as ho would do at home. Yet,
our horses have won laurels in England and France from the very best
thoroughbreds there, and in their most exacting races.
In thr -iduth, there has alwa\ ^ been a passion for the sports of tlio
field, auu much attention has been devoted to tho breeding of horses of
speed and bottom. Interest in fine horses is growing in the North from
year to year, but while we have some high-<'aste breeding studs in the
North, the South, and especially Kentucky and Tennessee, still holds the
lead. It will not be neci'ssary hero to go into a detailed history or
description of the American thoroughbred. Importations made beforo
the revolutionary war, and continued from time to time have given us a
horse that 1ms no superior on the earth ;* one that has at last sniitchcd
victory from tho best of English horses on their own turf. In France,
American horses have held their own against the best of English and
Frendi thoroughbreds.
Vin. The Arabian.
The Arabians profess to trace the ancestry of their liorses back to the
time of Solomon, yet in the light of authentic history, their horses before
the thirteenth century were not of a character worthy of special notice.
The horse of tho desert i-eceives the personal care and affection of his
master. To the Arab the horse is not only a companion in solitude, but
is also his only means df locomotion in arduous and perilous journeys.
It is not strange, therefore, mat theee nomads of tho desert should bestow
much caro upon the breeding and rearing of their horses ; and durin"- the
past seven centuries, such care has been bestowed. The Arabs undoubt-
edly did understand the true principle of breeding, care, feeding, selec-
tion and training, at a period when Arabia was the seat of learning, and
all Europe was enveloped in the gloom of the dark ages, or was just
beginning feebly to see the dawn of the revival of letters.
Arabian travelers of the last century do not agreo as to the number of
distinct breeds of horses in that country. A Mohammedan writer who
seems to have had candor, and a good opportunity for gathermg facts di-
vides them into six tribes, as follows :
i::k > '•
0?S .■•*.:
■|-\V-»
v^mi'^
'imm^r
'"^f ?! ^
TnOROlTOUBKED IIORSRs.
liu
■jljP 'i»mmiiiin™pi,„, ,
130
THK AMEKICAN FAKMKR's STOCK BOOK.
" The E
'»ut t'omriK
of lofty 8t
ears uro lf)i
coei}'mg\y t
romurkablc
" Thp St
iiif(M-ior to 1
" Tho Mi
or the Sc(!al
Andaludaii
"A foiirt
possess no S
•' The Fri
aiid untrustv
the best of 1
" The Nej.
• to bo at least
assert that th
very high ia i
The Dgelft
known to be 1
mals of these
country.
Other writei
attribute nana
reconcile th(» s
miliy agreed i
diverse names,
certain breed f
speak of an irii
cull the Atteeh
come the Kadis
rcseinblanee to I
for the genuine
ants (if Noino ^,}^
Kailhaii. The I
tribes. The Ar
J»yHan<l the st
known that sonu
V<tui*«j ■Brli-L. ^.-
-I t
•rHOK<)|;<j,„„{K„ IIORKKK.
of lofty «tature, have narrow XlS^tr: i""" ".^' ''''^ '^"^ -
c'cd.ngly tractable, and their ability t« oZ t *^^'"'''' ''"<^ "''« *'«-
romurkablo feature. ^ *" ""^"'•*^ hunger and thirst h a
in^; Jto^IlXlf!:^^^::^^ "^ ^'- ^-^. ^on.ewhat
"The Mefki, a lmndso,ne\ors^ but "^, ''"' "' 'T '"'"'"
or the Socaloni. 1„ figure, he ,«;'«/ " r^ '" '''^"' ''" ^^^'^^'^^
AndaluHian ntock. '' '' resemblance to the Spaninh or
" A fourth breed is callerl tht, «„i • • .,
.iTlIS^Lf-:!:^^^ These are «.d
a««ert that there is no horse to be? eo „ 1 , iHrM "' ®°"^*' J"^-*
very h.gh in the market." ' '^'' ^'"""' ''^'"l ffn<y gtond
The Dgelfe and N<,jdi are renoHed f» i *.
known to be the favo ites of T w^ / "" '"'"* ^'''""'''- They are
.nuls of these stocks havi„;^^: ^^^^ 1 Y''^ '"""^ «"-"""
••ountry. ^ '^"••' "^ ^»"^l'n- by the sportsmen of that
Other writers make mention of l..,f fi ■• .
■wont-ilo tl,,. .■.tatem.„,t, „, tlm t«„ h.mi";!," A""'" ■' "'"' '' ''» Jifflnill f;
-ll^"«~d i„ „„y„,i„ ,„ 2 "''^,"f ''■'■"""" >vl.«MK.r, !,,,,,,,„„
™*i„ br«3d f,u„„„. „„a „;„ ;l* « r w r "■'';"' """ '■'""- "
«|>04.k „f „„ i„f„,,v„- „„.„, |i,n„ „,J , " " ■ »'■"«'■■■< "f tl..- I»l„.,- ..„«
-»o tl,.. K„di.„,.i. „ .„„ „, i,„i;:c ",,^1"' , '" " ."''•' ""'" ■ •'•!»
n'«iMnW„i,TO to til., t™., I,|„,„|, „„j |,,.i„„ ■ '■;. V"^«">«nf; „„,„., i,,,;,,,^ ,
«' • TI,o I,.., .,f , J,, ,.„,t ;. ' , r, '''•^,™'' '--''l-i o,-
tnl..». Tl,., Ami,, tl„,„„,|vt.. „ J" , " !" '''"'"""">• ""■! A,,..™,
!r:".!if ."".""• '" ' ' "- .vH«„„ ,;:!*: r:"L"°. •:"•*!»"• .■' »
13jf
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK ROOK.
finely-formed, enduring, fleet, rather araall-sized horses of great vivacity
and intelligence, hut for speed, hottom and physical development decidedly
inferior to our thoroughbreds. Yet, though not as swift as the English or
A-nerican thoroughbred, the Arabian is one of the best of horses? And
while we could hardly gain any advantage from a fresh infusion of this
blood, the Arabian is king on his native deserts, and no other horse could
there fill his place. Ho is pecuUarly adapted to the wants of the people
and to the topography of that barren country. So good a horse is he
to-day that English residents an India pay from $700 to $1,000 for the
best that are offered for sale ; and it is well known that the best horses
of the desert are iiovrr .sold at any price. The illustration, page 129,
shows the best form of the Arabian, as they are found in their native
deserts.
As showing the wonderful variations in breeds, we present an illustra-
tion on page 164, as an object lesson of the immense Derbyshire cart horse
of England, now comparatively rare. In the United States they are not
considered valuable, having been superseded by the more modern and
valuable Clydesdales and Norman-Percherons. A comparison with the
Arabian will fully convey our meaning as between the delicately bred and
nervous Arabian and the stolid and elephantine cart horse.
I. THE BREED
III. 1
GOLDSMIT
USE OF Tl
STKAltlS
The prod II
a distinct hi
view to devel
in the horse,
profession ne
to know the i
The Morga
many to be ii
hoped that tli
essary to devc
however, disa]
of the turf hr
breeding ; and
blood of thorf
Ethan Allen.
gans, w;is u go
Flora Temple,
2: 4:.'; 2: 3!),,
ed for that ajr,.
tweii(y years a«
trotters, but wi
couiiJry g4>nor
mal.H to bo redii
nige foi j)ossoH
Development
has been entire
"iii'ii.il of a sepi
«f Cinadian or
Stales of luixei
'»'«'«'<ls. and fin.1
CHAPTER VTfl,
ABOUT TROTTHTO HOBSBS.
I. THE BREEOINO OF TnOTTEBS
USE OF THE THOTTlN<J VAVvT^ "^^ " ««^«KNT IN TKOtoSo "^ '^"*'''
STRAINS OF TROTTINO BLOOD ' '"• ^ "^•<^ORD OF 8," Y TF:I;Z^7^
I. The Breeding of Trotters.
The production of (rottiii.r l.oi-..,.^ i.i *i
a di,,i„ct branch „f b Jdi",, "J J'; "";,"" "' -««. l..» come f, b.
in the hor,„. Hence, .n^ ,«;,„, „Sw„ ! t "' l'"" "t" '""''"« "««"
profession need, to „„der« and the t^SfT?'"' "' """ ''™*''"
.ok.o.the,„n.i„e,.on.>W.iehther;:r,t:b11:td'""'-'"
The Mopgan8.-Twentv years uo-o fi.« f *.- "''*'" '""ed.
many to 1,0 ,„ost Htron<r]y dovelop'd i fhl?^' f'"""' W'^« thought bj
hoped that this br..d „.i,itbe oufd to . os ''T " ' "' ^^'^^^ '' --
es«ary to develop the highest de Jeo of 2''' ^' ^"'^''fi'^^tions .uh,-
hou'cver, disappointed the oxneoHfTn! , i'"^' 'P""*^- '^'^^ Afonraus
ed f..,. that a.... The fai.o osti^.^ ,,j.^. , ''''' ^'''f ^''"o then reeonl-
twc".y years ago, ""t onlv kept back tdevT" ''"''^""" ^""•«- "P *<»
trotlers, bnt w«. . po.si.i;o ...^ S- L,! d!"'""'f "' -«'ly exoeflent
-""!ry g..,,„,,„,, i„ ,,,^,^ n . 'd '!,f"°'r ^" the horse« of th*
ma., to bo reduced. Fo, <ho farm res Jm/"" "' *'"' ''"""^ «"•'-
n.go fc. possessing Morgan horses ^ ^ "«»* z-Hbusly i„toth«
Development Of the TrottlnaHoiH.« Tk .
h- ln;c.n entirely <l«veh>pen"n;~IJ:/7'"^' '°™" "^ ^^--
ammnl of a sepamte and disHnet b ee f /T"^ ^'"''"' "« '^ ""t «"
^f C.um,lian or Nonnan-Fren.-h o<k ' f T".'" ''"^■^^'•'^ ''"-« «"»«
States of mixe,l blood, from th< V ' '^^^^^rsos of the middle .
l"".Hls. and fvnn, U'.„*„L , '" "'". ^^'""-fe''"'* and other Now p„.... !
" " -«-' "Horses of mixed l,Iood "~" ""^""'^
134
TUB AMKRICAV VAUMKIl S 8TO«K );ooK.
II. Progenitors of Fast Trotters.
Notable among tlu! horsos that have made wonderful records in trot-
ling of late years are tliose dci-ceiuled from, and partaking largely of the
blood of , IVressenger, JJellfounder and of IIaml)letonian. Ilanibletonian.
aftor a career of varied sueeess as u racer, at lenglh became distinguished
si8 a getter of trotting horses of elegan<re, finish, s|ieed and endur-
ance, cither undt^r the saddle or in harness. It is not our purpose to gd
minutely into the record of noted performances on the American trotting:
turf. Nowhere else in the world is the fondness for exhibitions of
speed in trotting, so nearly universal among the people, as it has become
here ; and in no other country are such exhil)ilions so patronized by ever\
dass. Even in Russia, the home of the famous Orloff breed, this sport
18 by no means a national one. AVhere the general r<'ader is usually so
well informed of current events, the familiar details of exploits upon
the turf are deemed to contain far less interest than will be found in a
brief account of some of the mo«t c(*lebrated sires, whose descendants
have proved eonstjint in thtsir performances.
Messenger. — The original source of our best blood, Imported Mes-
senger, not only gained fame for himself, but bequeathed his excellen-
ces to a long line of descendants, who have been famous in the annals of
the turf . His own ancestry possessed character for great and peculiar
merit. Foaled in 17H(), his first sire was iMambrino ; second sire, Kn-
ginecr ; third sire, Sampson ; fourth sire, iJlaze ; Hfth sire. Flying Childers ;
sixth hire, The Darh'v Arabian. On the female side, his dam was by
Turf; second dam, the sister of Figurante, was by Kegulas ; third dam
by Uolton Starling; fourth dam. Snaps by Fox; fifth dam, Gijjsey by
Bay Bolton, and so on through Newcastle Turk, Brierly Turk, Taffoict
Barb, to the ninth dam l»y I'lace's White Turk, out of a natural Barb mare.
Messenger Avas tiirefon; in-brcd to a consideral)le degree, and combined
in his veins the jturcst and ricliest blood of early English race horses.
Potency of Arabian Blood. — (iodolphin Arabian ain.cars three times
m the i»edigi-ee of Messenger. Flying Childers Avas the phenomenon of
the English turf in his day, and the accounts of his performances api)car
almost fal)ulo\is. Of one of the progenitors of i^le^-;cnger, Sampson, it
is said tiiat while the thoroughbred of his day was scarcely more tiiuii
fourteen and a half hands high, rarely reaciiingfifteen, Sampson was fifteen
hands two indies, and was reported to b<' the largest-boned blood lunse
then ever bred. Ibnses of the Sampson lih)od, as mo knew it neailv
forty years ago, were wonderfully compact animals of great bone, ninsilc
and sinew. Sampson, Engineer and Manibrino were all rough and coai x ,
and lh«! hisl hvo wcsre considered the strongest and heaviest-l)oned lioi.i
\H
AHorrr Tuorriv*; hokhes.
1 m
ofthe EnghHh tui^. It was a .no.st lucky circumstance for American
studs tl.at a scon of tLcso coarse horses was i.nported to stan , I
nnprcss upon the thoroughbred of this country. We W f Z t ^
k.nd of <.oursc„ess to he the emhodiment of stren^^h, bone mu I ul
consequently of n.ost enduring spe,.! and bottom ' "^
m. Imported Bolllounder.
his wonderful ani.nal n,,s known in his day «s the Norfolk imH.r
id was. lik<. Klvln.r r'i.,i.L.... .. ^ \ "" ^"'f<»'k trottei,
«ft«™ hands W^h, a hngilt l,„y i„ o„l„r, will, l.laJk lo™. ■V.;.i„rj"
i:i(i
THE AMERICAN FAKMKIt's STOCK BOOK.
been fouled in 1815. At live jeurs oltl lie trotted two miles in six min-
utes, and the next jear, trotted nine miles in twenty-nino minutes and
thirty-eight seconds. ^' 'K city, his dam, by Haphazard, trotti-d, in 180(5,
sixteen miles in an hoi;, aid in 1808 trolled twenty-eight miles in an
hour and forty-seven ji..iiutes ; wonderful work it Mas for that day, and
would be so eonsidered, if i)i"rformed hy a horse of the present time.
Bellfounder's Ancestry. — Bcllfounder v/as not thoroughbred. He
was sired by Fireaway out of a Shields mar-. The Shields horse, oth-
erwise called "Shales," in England ^ .'arly ouoi hundred years ago were
haekneys, or, as we would now call them, roaii and trotting horses. Had
the English people cultivated driving, as they did riding, Aiiieriea ndght
not stand uiu'ivallcd, as she does to-day, in the pre-eminemrf! of her roiid
and trotting horses.
IV.
The Modern Trcstter.
Our aeeount of modern trotters Avoiild be incotapletc if we should
wholly omit to li'erition that wonderful descendant of Hambletoniii'i,
Lady Suffolk. Nor must •*' ' .^f organs be forgotten. The Canaditt!!
trotters also claim remembruw! c ; ujtably amfi»;g which were those won-
derful little pony-horses, many of t]i.-.ii not fourteen hands high, known
as the St. Laurent cs, from the < ■ it> of tiitir sire. The best of them
were good for a tliree-minulo g:!<; • l the roiid, before a buggy ; for ener-
gy, docility, speed and tii«le,sh endurance, while drawing the load of a
horse, they have seldom been equaled among animals of their size. But
it is our purpose more especially to notice the famous trotters of the
last twenty years.
Gold \innith Maid and Abdallah. — Among the galaxy of wonderful per-
formers, iiono surpass Goldsmith Maid. This reraarkalde mare was
foaled in 1 ^57. Her sire was Edsall's Hambletoiiian, and her dam a mare
by old Abdallil'. Abdallah was aHambletonian. In 1802 he became the
property of R. A. Alexander, the cclebraledKentucky breeder of th(n-ouwli-
breds, and was thereafter known as Alexander's Abdallah. Early in
18fi5, this Abdallah, together with several other valuable horses, amoui;
them Bay Chief, a son of Mambrino Chi«'f, was seized by Gu<>rillas.
Shorth after, in an attack ujxin the guerillas by Federal soldiers, Abdal-
lah fell into the hands of one of the attacking jjarly, who refused to "-ive
him up. This magnificent stallion, unshod and wbolly out of condition
for hard service, M-as nevei-theiess ridden day after day, over the roughest
and hilliest road, until at last, completely exhausted, he was turned
loose on the wayside.and died of pneumonia.
Abdallah as a Sire. — To show what might have come of this iiorse, had
ho lived, it is oiily iifi'rssary to iijcjiiinn Nornc-if his oifspring and to liotf
:^
mJi
'!. /;
I
«.
what Ihey huvo <|oin
Ullil .. fi,,^U.i - -a
• " iuitijir rucora
Major Edsall, who u
AB
nojtemi.
137
r,.',f. ''r^'".":" *"'"• . *'™' ■« «<"*".!«, Maid »,th a r«»rt „,,.,. .
ISS
TIIK AMKKICAN >
K BOOK.
with sons iniikiu"' records in from
* I i . Piici eig Abciallah , the
getter of exoellont roadsters, was another of his sons, as was Belmont, th6
sire of horses going the mile in 2 : 28 ito 2 : 30. Again, there is Thorn-
dale, a compact and muscular stallion, great lycclebrutod, not only for his
own great speed, hut for the Excellent trotting qualities of his offspring. In
187(), after serving eight years ni the stud, ho made tivo mile heats in 2 : 22| ;
2 : 22J : 2 : 32^ ; 2 ; 20 ; 2 : 25. Anotiicr renuirkablo son of Alexander's
Abdullah, is Almont. His offspring are yet yoinig to the track, but Pied-
mont, at four years old, trotted in 2 : 8(U.
V. What Gtoldsmith Maid Was Like.
The likeness of Goldsmith Maid shows her appearance, when in trot-
ting condition, and will be studied with interest as an accurate view of
the proportions of this most famous and one of the best bred of the Queens
of the trotting course. She was fifteen hands and one inch in height, and
seems rather delicately made m a superficial examination of her form.
Yet the quality of her make-up is in every respect superb.
An accurate and capable ^^'Titer says of her: "Her head and neck are
very clean and blood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ; middle
piece tolerably deep at the girth, but so light at the waist as to give her a
tucked-up ajjpearance, and one would say a lack of constitution, but foi
the abundant evidence to the contrary ; loin and coiq)Iinggood ; quarters
of the greyhound order — broad and sinewy ; her limbs are clean, fine-
boned and wiry ; feet rather small, but of good quality. She is high
mettled and takes an abundan<'o of Avork without flinching. In her high-
est trotting form, drawn to an edge, she is almost deer-like in appear-
ance, and when scoring for a stait and alive to the emergencies of the
race, with her great Hashing eye and dilated nostril, she is a perfect pic-
ture of animation and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and sweei)-
ing, and she is, in the hands of a driver a(;quainted with her i)eculiai-ities,
a peifect piece of machineiy. She seldom makes an out-and-out break,
but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing nothing in
either case. Aside I'rom the distinction of having trotted the fastest mile
on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest three consecu-
tive heats ever Mon in a race, which renders any con»ments upon her
staying qualities unnecessary."
The time of Goldsmith Maid has been beaten several times since 1877,
but this detracts nothing from hei wonderful pei-formance. She con-
tinued on the tuif until past twenty years old, and after completing that
age she closed her public career with the year 1H77 by trotting, during that
year, forty-one heats hi 2 : 30 or better, and making a time record of
necessary stride. It is
AllOLT Ti:OTTIN(J KOIWKS.
I'M
•2:Uh. Hi-
the ag... ' ' "''^ '""^ ^"' ^'"•^'••'- «'- the nmrvel of
VI. The Movement in Trotting.
A trotter, c8i)eciully if he fro fast inust o-n U^..} i
fore and bohind. u.ul ^ith «. t- Ir " ^ ''"'* square, both
be-
p.'
. It
I I
AJAAdtt
140
THK AMKUIC.W I'AU.MKi: S STOCK HOOK.
has been cjiIUmI bv.s()iiu^thcHlii)<r-ti'ot, and by others tlif sloucliing trot, of
the thoroughbred, that cuiibh-s tho host trotters lo inako thoir groat
np<"i<l : tho sling-trot is simply tho gait in whith tho animal roaches far
fonvtird without i lising the foot unnecessarily high, thus e<onomizinir
time and muscle. This movement, at an easy gait, r f ,av cwolvo niilcs
an hour Ja well displayed in tho cut illnstiiiting the trotting iiinvcmont.
It is not an artiiicial gait, as has boon stated hy . ae < od Englisji hoi
men. Every one who hiis reared a woll-bnMl c t h ■«een it, whou f.
nr.m,
thii:
gatt, with ncad up and i.
."'tmight out. Ti
wlioii going at ea
action is the resi
That (IioEngli
extent, is not bee
allowed to ho oxe
gallop fast or far,
best udvantago un
it is a peculiarity «
seldom arrives at
will ap])ly to fast
walk fast, and the
this i)roliminary U
This chapter cou
by a brief ro(.ord c
and tho growth of
Spirit of tlu Time
thoir interest to tht
In 1824, A. M. (
8evi!n seconds. Th
to trot thi':« miles j
Topgallant I-y 40yji
tod 12 miles the ;
' minutes, 4U °oc(
and Boston Bhio . .-o
ported to have .oen
it having been done i
mare in 1824 had ret
2 : 40 horse was cons
of going on the road
In 1827, on the Hm
driver won two heats
the third best time oi
anio distance in 7 : 3;
In 1^10, outheLoi
mile trotting race, in
1»> >t time for 2 mile h
«^ 27, 8:41, 8:56. (
in 18 : 52.
!0
ABOUT TUOTTIXO HORSES
Straight out. Thotr«tisanatur.iWr.,if .*
wl.e,. going at eusv .peed o rt^io h '/T ''^ T' '^"^ ^ ^'^^y^ "^ed
action - the result of hn«edi„;„::;:;L7"^ '"' ^^^ ^^^ ^-tting
Th..M, r ,. ,^- ^"^«°*theTrottingPaoulty.
That (1,0 K„gl,,shl,l„od-horse has lost tho fmff .
extent. i,s not hccuu.se it was never in t , Ho . , /? '"'""^ '" '' ^'"^^^
allowod to be exercised in the Ira nln< A f' '. ''"'" '* ^^'"^ »«^*'r
,aIlop fast or far. without sf^Tc t fnin. 1 ' "'^ 'r" '""'"^ ^°"'^^ «-••
bc.tadvantagoun,e.theg^thal Te to h:"^" ^^ ^''" ^'''^^ *" *>-
.t IS a peculiarity of this gait that the < rnfJ T "^ "" ^""'^''^'^^ -^"^
^.do. arrives^ at his hestruntil'r is :r S ^;::'o;:"^^'^^ ^•"""^^'
will apply to fast walking horses Thev ^"7^*'"^ *''^- The same rule
walk f-^t, and there is no^,eter prep rLnf ]u ^^-''^^ trained to
this preliminary training in walking ' ' ''^"'"^ ^°^«« than
.,,. , , '^'™- ^ ^^^O'-d of Sixty Years.
and the growth of speed. For th? fit ^ ' "^ "^ ^'•"^^'"g J^"r«««'
-?i>m/o/.^. Tme.. They have been sel f, "''' ^"^'^'^^ *« P«rter«
their interest to the readers of Ihis^ork' "'*' '^^"'"^ ^^^^''--^ *<>
In 1824, A. M. Giles tn.fted his horse" 98 mH •
«cvea seconds. The sameyear TopX^tld i7 '7? ^""'' '"'^ ^''y
to trot tlu, . „,iles in harness for $T 0(^a " , ^;,^'*'^''"^'^'-« "^'^t<^'^«d
Topgallant .,v 40 yards, in H minut .' 42 seconds ^" "^^ "^^ ™ ^^
iod 12 mdes the road i„ 39 minutes The " aI. ^'^^^''"'^"t «'«" trot-
' minutes. 40 seconds. The TroTdwell ^ ^ /'"^ ''""^''" ^''^ * »>''«
and Boston I3I„. otted 18 mi 1^^^ tHo ' T ""^ '"^'•^^^
ported to hav.. .en the -t horse Ztro/., Boston Blue is re-
it having been uono i„ \, th .t it w I I '' ""^' "' '^'"^^ ^"'""^es ;
mure in 1824 had reduccu ,ne f l.e o 2 sT V .T '''''' '''' ^'''^^'^^
2:40 hor.se was considered extraorc^nat «« also w ""^ r"*^''^^' «
of going on the .oad in ;J nn-nutes. ' ""'^ ^^''^^ ^^^P^ble
in 1827, oiitheHuntino-Porlf Aoc„ • i.-
driver w.„ two ,,.,„ at^.!:' :trSr^"''Tt™''*'''''»' ^^^^ '
Iho thinl l„«t time „„ record. dL cht f ";;,•, '*," "' * '"' »"" « ^ 1".
.n,odi*„e.to7..32J.a„d L,uly S„S l!, Z^ """■"'>""''<' «>"
'""■'" 'he Lonsr Ishuid foursc I m, I . «k , ,
m,l» trotting race, i„«: 23 tho tirst Vcat and s T^"?""" "' ° "'■■»«-
W,4,„„e for 2 mile heal, that vcor J,, J' 0?. 'I>° »«<^o„d. The
« ".8:41, «:5«. On lon^dSo^^w;!!'.- .i: ■/".' ""'-• ^ - ^«.
'•« i5 : 02. - ' aetuinpjisiied six mile^
^H :^K
142
THK AMEIiHAX KARMEU 8 HTOCK BOOK.
Ill 1h;34 Edwin Forrest, us vet uii unentered horse, trotted his mile in
2:31^, }»eiiting Sully Miller. The course wm 1 mile und lOyurds in
length.
In 1H35 Dutchumn made four miles, ui^er the saddle, in 11 : 10 and
10: 51, and Dolly, by Messenger, out of u thorou<jhbrcd mure, five miles
to wagon, carrj'ing two men, weighing 310 pounds, in 1(5 : 4r) ; and i'l.-
mediately was started again to do 10 miles more, which she accomplished
in 34:07. The same year the horse Daniel D, Thompkius, i nder
the saddle, trotted three-milo heats in 7 : T)!) and 8 : 10.
In 1842 Eipton beat Lady Suffol , at three miles in harness, in i : 07
and 5 . 17.
In 1843 Lady Suffolk made milo heats in 2 : 28J, 2 : 28, 2 : 28, 2 29
and 2 : 32, which was not again equaled until 1854, avIk u this record m s
covered byTacony,
In 1844 Cayuga Chit made the first half-mile of a race in 1 : 15, the
fastest yet made in publi.' , and Fanny Jenks accomplished 100 mih\s in
harness, in 9 hours, 38 minutes and 34 seconds. The slowest mile M'as
done in G : 25 and the fastest in 4 : 47. At the end of the race this mare
was driven an extra mile in 4 : 23.
In 1849 Lady Suffolk trotted 19 times and won 12, beating Gray Eagle
and Mac twice, Pclham five times, Lady S'tton twice. Trustee four times ;
also beat Black Hawk, Gray Trouble, Plowboy and other horses. This
^'oar a Canadian mare. Fly, is said to have been driven from Cornwall to
Montreal, ninety miles, in 8 hours and 15 minutes. Fanny Jenks
made 100 miles in 9 hours 38 minutes and 34 seconds. Fanny Murray
trotted 100 miles in 'J liours 41 minutes and 23 secoii.l-;.
In 1852 Tacony won 12 races, beating all the best horses of the dav,
making a single mile in 2 : 2(1 ; two miles in 5 : 02 and was beaten onlv
twice. As a 3 year, Ethan Allen trotted this year in 3 : 20. Flora Teni-
ple this year won her first purse, on the regular turf, in 2:41.
In 1853 the entire sporting interest Mas centered in Flora Temple and
Tacony. Flora this year beat all the best horses of the dav winiiiiif sev-
enteen times. Her best time at mile heats was 2 : 27, 2 : 28, and at two-
mile heats 5 : 01^, 4 : 59. This year Tacony trotted a mile in 2 : 25' .
In 1856 the contest lay principally between Flora Temple and Lancet.
Flora made 11 races, winning 9, beating Lancet four times in harness,
and Tacony three times in harness, Tacony going under the saddle. Tlii.'^
year Flora Temple lowered the one-mile record to 2 : 24 i.
IX. Strains of Trotting Blood.
That the trotting horse of America owes his great powers to the infu-
sion of thorough blood, wo have before statt^d. To Imported Messenjrci
ting blood, M . J]
ABOUT TROTTINO HoRSES.
is this due in tho greatest decree Annfh
K;a was Iu,,,ortcd Bellfoundof Tl^^oltTl^'"' ^'f "^ "^"^ "^ ^'»-
h.8 breeding, first a„d last, but tha b '" ™"'^ controversy over
of adu^iruble borses. there io^ ^":." ^^^""^'^ ^-"--^ a^e
Still, it n.ust be admitted that,ad.n ilf'"" ^''i'lf ^ "^■*-» *" hi^gct.
get was not e.,aal to the desce rdantTo Mo' "" ^'^ ''"""d- hi.„self,\is
sped, cndura.u.e and ac-tion. Messenger in all that constitutes
Duroo also ))ecanio a valuablo f....f^ •
«n<l Gold Dust'.,. ■^ • """■ M^seiiger's, Mumbrino Chiefs
uni^u ;;i^j;-S::t!::rsr^ r^ "-"— '. ^ho
horse of America to the hi-d.^'t p" 1 ;''""'"'''' ^'" '''"'^^ ^^^ t'-'ttin^
■some bc.rse from a thorouirodl^"'; ;*'""' "^ ^^^^ ""* a hand!
bred, which has been doubl d Jlis S" ' 'l '"''^' ^' ^^^ ^'-ough-
Ilambletonian was bv Abdallab .ho bvM ''?■'' '"''" ^'^''^ ^'« f«"ows :
Thoda.n<.fAbda.iai;wasthe;;!;u;t.^j^^^^^^
-asbylmi,ortedlk.llfo,„u]or;seconrdr' tT \'';""^^"''°^'''^
N vextail, said to have been by I n orte^i M ^ "-nbletonian ; third dam.
In all that constitutes sto.ftn f . 'f !, pf'''^"
from tendency to disabilitv, b t^ol I 1 '^ ^" ^"^^--' "^ ^-edom
immense and strong joints, length a. d st .', ::^ T"'^'^"'' ^^"^^^ for
eular development, prominent, s.nnre n f "V*'?'' "''^="'<^^'^"»t "ms-
excellent barrel, all knit together Hi. Xlr'-'sT^^^ ^^> «"^
fo a nervous constitution that reproduced iT" f T'"'''' ^'•^""«' ""'ted
most wenderf Id degree. '^''''^ '" ^""^ descendants, in a
I» relation to the descendants of the nr. v
t."g Mood. M II. T. Helm, i^ h \v::r' r "' ''" ^'"'"^ ''^ *^^^ ■
Trotnngno,..,s," savs of the trottW h"!: J/ !"?"•«" ^-<i«^--s and
c.,,. » ,, ■■". .X, -^vmerio
K^s of the trotting horse of to-,lav
Trotting Ilor:
Ab<]..ll.,7, T. Mf ' r^'?"" ^"« ^rottnig horse of to-,hv • ..Tr^'^'" "'"^
AbUallah-T., Ilfounder is a horse of ti.e teens r f " 7'^ ^'^n'M'-'ed
Dexter, .^■ J 7 ; Gloster. 2 • 17 . n 1 ' ^"'^smith .Afai.l, 2 : 14 •
Gazelle. 2:2,; l^^llerto ,, 2 8 • It^' " n'^ ' '^•'^"''-' ^ -^ ^ w'
^: ^U ; Xottie, 2:18; Sta^le^ ' J^Z w "^"^ '■' ''' '' ^^^^ «-^^
^^tood as a 'right star in the firmament *:"'! ""'^' '" ^""^ ^I"""-". l^avo
op.mon as a breeder of descendantHf M. ''" ^^^' *« *'''« our own
F^rsago, that wo never h. J H 1 "^"^ ""^ ^'-^'llfounder many
dnvingh,.rses,of great Lt:^ ...raZ""^^ '''\ ^'^^^ -'- -^h^
and.ofeourse.ofgreatendurLnce ^^'"-^•' "^ ?reat lung po;er,
>..i.^«i#-
CHAPTER IX.
THE BREEOnra AND ILEARmfG OF COLTS.
I. IMPORTANCK OF ACCURATE KNOWLEnUE. II. BREED FROM MATURE ANIMALS
III. NO PROFIT IN INFERIOR HORSES. IV. HEREDITY IN ANIMALS V PFfi
LIAR ORGANIC STRUCTURE. VI. HEREDITY OF DISEASE. VII AVATISW oi»
BREEDINO BACK.-BREED TO NONE BUT THE BEST VIII. VARIATION AND DKVFr
OPMENT. IX. TRANSMISSION OF QUALITIES. X. TUB IMPRESS OF COLOR ANlI
FORM XI. RELATION OF SIZE iN SIRE AND DAM XII. BREED ONLY FRO ,
PURE SIRES. XIII. THE BEST ARK CHEAPEST IN THE END. XIV SKI FCTw.v
OF STALLION AND MARE. XV. SERVICE OP THE STALLION. XVI. 'th-! pVr I,
OP GESTATION — TREATMENT. XVII. TREATMENT AFTER FOALING —XVI,
now TO KNOW IF A ;iARE IS IN FOAL. XIX. HOW TO KNOW THE FOALINOTIMK
XX. THE FOALING STALL. XXI. ABORTION, OH SLINKING THE FOSTUS — Xxii
HOW TO RAISE A COLT. ^lu.i. xxu.
I. Importance of Aoourate Kaowledge.
Tho breeding and raising of farai stock la one of the most interestin<'
branches of agricultural art, and it is one requiring judgment and at"
curate knowledge in a high degree. In the preceding chapters m'c have
therefore, carefully gone over tho ground covered by what pertains to
the anatomy and phy-ical condition of the horse, to tho end that
any intelligent person may become so thoroughly master of the subjeot
that ho may not only know what constitutes a good horse, but may also
decide with tolerable accuracy as to tho ago and constitutional vigor of
an animal, and bo familiar with tho characteristics of tho principal breeds.
Know what You Breed For.— A horse should be bred with a view solely
to the labor ho is to perform. Tho first thing for the breeder to do,
therefore, is to decide what ho wants with the horse. If tho animal
is intended for tho turf, there is but one course to pursue ; breed only (o
horses of the most approved pedigree, for tho distance, whether it ho
one, two, three, or four miles. It is well known that but a moiety of the
colts, even of the best blood, ever arrive at high eminence. So manv
are tho contingencies to bo met, and so many the risks to bo taken, (lutf
our advice is. Do not undertake the breeding of this kind of stock, un-
less you are amply able to provide all tho varied requirements, includiii-r
the most perfect stables, and a training track. Above all, do not waslr
money on the so-called thoroughbreds, that travel country distric^ts, ox-
pccting to breed high-priced horses from common mares. You would le
quite as likdy to bo struck by lightning as to succeed in getting aiiv-
thin-botfcr, from such parents, than a (juarfer nag for a scrub ra.-e. So
with trotting horses, do not expect to get a crack trotter unless the blf..i,l
of trotting thoroughbreds is strong in tho veins of sire and dam. Nor
can you get a fine carriage drivisig hor?e from some weedy, dancing,
144
high head
blood is n
tained in
rather thii
If you
is a laudal
this case,
tho charac
Maturitj
to get tho 1
believo the
volopmcnt
of too carl
too young,
get tho higi
vclopment i
from immai
that tho sire
and after tli
work, excel
after tho sei
to tho etablt
train tho one
smooth in m
proper blood :
to own, tho si
require ; you :
mures considoi
will rarely bo
settled district
caste thorough
tho breeding o
THE „KK«D,No AXn „«^h,^„ ^^: ^^^^^ ^^^
tained ia the preceding chantelLdb^^ "ft ''"^ '"'•^'"">' ^^^^^^ '« «on.
rather tbu. seek to n,a\e a'brld vourLTf " '*"'' '^^"^^^ ^"^P^-^-
If you desire to breed up from tb„ sf^ I
i.s a laudable one. provided you wl I h ^"".'^'^-^^^ '"^ve. the object
this ca«e, breed frL the tsLrv . ""'^ ^"^ ^^•"«^^' "««• In
the charaeteristics you seek to pe^Tatr """^ '''"'' '''^^'^ ^°'°b'°«
Maturity in breedi!: iT-fT""'^ ^"^^•
veloj„„ent and la.k of constitutional vit to h ' "'""'^ T"' "' '^■
of too early and fast M'ork, and also nf i?. i . ^" ''"'"'*' '" P'^rt.
too young, or after they w re brok d2 J ° """ ^"""^« ^^''''« :^«t
get the highest exellenco in the Iff "" ''''^'''' «» <''« t»rf. To
velopn.nt in the parents! ^:^;::;^ Z ""1 ''^^^ ^"^ ^""^^'-^^ ^-
fronx i,nn>aturo or l,roken down an n T .f"'^ ^ '""'"''' '^ ^'^« ^^^eed
that the sire be given plenty of exorc ; j:;;"*'"':""^"''^""^ requisite is.
and after that, and un il the next s'as .1 '^ " '"''^"" "^ ««^-^'«« 5
work, except for a period of rest wi h J '''"•'^' '"^ '^'""^'^ '•-'' -'>«tant
after the service season. The nmre ,,].. /"'! ,"" *'"" ^"■"'' """"^Jiatelv
.0 the ...„ ., .,„,„,„ , ,„ ,,jr;t\tr;;;:\::\ ■:!'-- --^-^
ThnI, * , ^' ^°^°^**» Inferior Horsea.
Iho bestand purest stock, well ad-mh.H ♦ n
the cheapest. This is u f uniunent! ,^. • ? '" '"^ '"""''^t' '« 'always
view. Itcosts no nun-e to foe^ I ;'^''\'" ''" '^'^^^^
stock, than it does to feed. shelter\nd ^nn' /" fT'"'^ ^"^^e for good
cost of good anin,als is. of .ourse. ,no e but f .•".'""'* ''''"^'- ^he first
for which you expect to get ad^ t" ; u',^^^^ ^"7""' '--^^^.-d
good stock than it does to raise I'fe L 1 "k n "" "'"'•" '" ^'^'^^
tnun the one than the other. After vou .. J "" """■^' *« ^^ and
smooth in nu,ven.ent, of undoubtLr ? '"""'""'^ '^'" ^*^"'''''^' «tock.
;-.- blood for the hU^orilti^^^^ ->". -^ of th^
to own. the sire, you need not fear o ,,av i. , r'"' "'^^""""^ "^^^'d
-l"i.-o ; you may. „,oreover. HaMy J l' th^ "^ '" "'"' ^^'""^ «« ^'ou
mures considerable distances to nrcw-.v. .. "*° ''''P«"«« "^ sending your
will rarely bo necessary u^Z^I^^^' ''f-''"' ""• '^^"■«' ^owcLr
settled districts, there arc p e tf^i Z "' "'*^ '•'"'•' '" "» -»"
caste thoroughbreds. «nH t--" -" f ""'-' ""^^''^^ ^^ the hi^hp,f-
- breeding of high-cos. -^^.^-^It ^L tll^^ L^T ^
U6
THE AIVrERICAX FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
breeder can afford to keep the sires tit his own expense or by co-operation,
or in partnership, with, others.
Taking it for granted that the reader accepts, as true, the foregoinj;
propositions, ^^-o will next inquire into some points that should be borne
in mind by everj-- one who hopes to win success as a breeder, whether
fron-i the stand-point of profit or with a view to the pleasure of doing .^
thing well
rv.
Heredity in Animals.
We have dwelt with some emphasis upon the importance of breedin"'
from sound, vigorous parents ; for like produces like, and the rule is
constant even in the case of phenomenal animals. Extraordinary devel-
opment is by no means the result of chance, though it may be the bring-
ing out in an extraordinary degree, of qualities that have been dormant,
perhaps for generations, for the' want of what breeders caM nicking.
By "nicking" is meant the development of dormant traits through tho
union of a sire and dam of peculiar qualities, of the most excellent
traits perfectly blended together, and confefring vigor of constitution,
soundness and fineness of bone, along with great muscular development,
good digestion and excellence of the respiratory organs, and of the nen--
ous system, and nerve force. With these, an animal must be good ; and
how to have them good is the object of this work.
Let us now see what goes to mak.-i up that quality called hereditv,
which is carried in tho breeding of an animal. Charles Darwin has writ-
ten voluminously and conclusively on this Sc^bject, as have many others.
Dr. Miles, late professor of Agriculture in the j>I'chigan State Agricultu-
ral College, in a treatise on the laws of development and heredity, in rela-
tion to the improvement and breeding of domestic animals, has collectod
and arranged much valuable matter bearing upon this subject; mid he,
cites heredity of normal characteristics, atavism, variation, the relative
influence of parents, influence of previous impregnations, and various
Other matters, as being well worth tho study of tho breeder. Tho
1? )sition Ave have assumed is, therefore, founded upon correct and long-
t mtinued observation by the most eminent minds of this and other a<>-os ;
for more than a glimmering of tho laws of heredity was had oven bv the
ancients. In classic times there were families of athletes among the
Greeks ; and tho extract already given from Xenophon shows that h(> no
less understood what a horse should be, than ho did how to conduct tli(>
memorable retreat of the ten thousand, and to fight successful battles.
Later researches by Galton have shown that the best wrestlers and oars-
men belong to a small number of families in whir-h strength and skill
have become hereditary. The most successtui of our trotting horses me
TUK BREEDING iND «EA1„M OF COLTS. ,47
hor.0. Eclipse bcgae 334, JOamZlZTZ. ^"7! '"""'"'
mission of 8tron<rly marked noPni;....;f . "'''^- "^'^e hereditary trans-
in the Jews and h/the ^t;^z::::;' ^rT^^'' -'^-'^
own race. Hence, says Ribot "their Z.-'r' "'^' '"'"""fe' t'^^ir
remained the same fo centurts ,?^" f ^*'"f "-^""S characteristics have
Spanish Merinos, certain breed ' of ttUe Z. ^f '" ^'^"P' "^ '""^
breeds of horses, are strongly ehai.oteried'irth ?"";''' '^'^ ^"•*'^'"
tendencies. ^^ ^'^"''''^ V their hereditary traits and
^, , ^- I*eouUar Organic Structure.
JVo less remarkable is the tenrJon,.,.
:nal organic structure. A.ec^t Ttl^T T^ *° ^-^^^^'^ '^b"--
and vocal organs, gave to theTm ,. o tZl T T;. "^"""'^ ^^^*^'"
in eight generations produced no less tin nt ^''' '^''' ^"'''' ^^'"^''^
Fecundity, length of life abnor nnl n , *; ""'^^""'"^ ^'"inent singers.
day-blindness, Ltal blifd;otcirrt;tTi1"r^^^
are well known to be heredit.rv b ' T ™'*-^'' '^"^ of disease.
Finley Dun a tendency ocot'Znn^^^^ Accordingto
by certain well markec, si"r. Z m sl'l ^""^7 '^ ^^^"^^ '« "*'°«^
thin and long carcass, nar?::', i ^ ' c W "fl f V'''^ '^ ^'^^'•^' "^ ^
ance at the flanks, extreme thinn s and finen .?. "' ' '^"""^" '^l^I'^"''"
hollowness behind the ears f ^^''^ ^"enc^s of the neck and withers
muzde. All thesel ^2!^:::^^' ^^'^ ^'"^ ""^ '^ -'"»' — '
f^cnorally, not only to ca tl bT „ !th '"" T*'"''""' "'^ ^^'» -W^Y
tion is the parent of dislso! '""""*'' ' ""^ ^«^«««-« "«tri.
nf innn ^' ^^''^'^^^ °* Disease.
blind like himself. anVift^fs o^t f."\""'^""'"^''''^^ '«
generations, occurred at abou th L ,f '^T' '"' *''"" ^"-««^ive
.Blindness is well known ti'b S .^Tirr "^ -^'^oen years,
ring-bones, strains cf the back tendon« 1 ^, T"' ^^'"'"''' '•'"•'^«.
roaring, thick wind, chr^:. ': tr* iS^^
ness, malignant and other tumors ^ilo'f^"' ^'" '^^ <«^"' '''i^J-
tions, are also distinctly hereZ v in 1 7 '"'^ "i""""" "™"'^ "'^f^-
until mature age. ri.Le, it 1^™' "^5 '" "^'" '" "' ''''"'''
brood from is not only so, nd b„ Z7 7 "'"^ *^*" ^^"^''^ ^""
^U.ilitios may lie donuuat fli. i;';::;;^rr:'.:::-l:'»-*'T :^>r
ctj^inrsr. ~ — c tniivir^, ana thun
148
THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
The predisposition most to be guarded iignimt in horses, is hereditaiy
disability in the bone, sincM-, viscera, and especially in the sight. Defec-
tive eight leads to shying, fright and consequent unnianageability, and is
therefore dangerous in the extreme,
Vn. Atavism or Breeding Back.
In breeding, if an abnormal characteristic appears in any of the youn<^
and this is found to be valuable, it should bo sedulously preserved and
fostered. What is called broodhig back or throwing back, may occur after
the lapse of many years. The occasional appearance of horns in Galloway
cattle IS a case in point. Mr. Darwin mentions the occurrence in two of a
litter of Essex pigs, of marks of a Berkshire cross, that had laindormanl
for twenty-eight years. The reproduction of a peculiarity of an ancestor
near or remote, whether of form, color, mental trait or predisposition to
disease, is termed atavism. It is a valuable trait when good qualities arc
thrown, and they are likely to be, if the good qualities" are inherent It
13 to I)e guarded against, if the «,ualities transmitted are bad. Hence we
have laid it down as a rule : Breed to none but the best.
Vm. Variation and Development.
Variation is among the rarest of the occurrences that the breeder over
encounters. It is in fact not susceptible of proof that distinct and well-
marked variation of a race is jjossible. Its occurrence is probably due to
the throwing back to some long dormant quality of a remote ancestor
MS lid animals do not change ; among them one is like the others If
tran.sported,thc-ymay be dwarfed in size, and acquireamore abundantcov-
ering of hair, while their stomachs and other organs may become modi-
fica to suit the changed conditions in a rigorous climate, oi-, with warmth
and abundant food they may be increased in size and general develop,
ment. But this is not what we understand by variation, which Is not
some sudden change in the species. Variation is rather the departure of
thenidividual from the well-known traitsof his species or family, and is due
a« already stated, to avatism or breeding back to some ancient ancestor and
to some remote cross or mingling of blood. Species may acquire certain
traits by development, but the process is gradual, and when once attained
the traits niay be perpetuated. This development is most gradual in
horses, somewhat qul«.ker in cattle, yet faster in sheep, and still more so in
swine. Horses breed but once a year, mature the most slowly of all firm
animals, and rarely produce more than one young at a birth C-ttlo
mature faster, breed younger and frequently produce twins. Sheep ma-
t«ro still faster, and often produce two or m(,re at a birth, while swine
mature rapidly, breed young, and produce many at a birth.
THE BREEDING AND KEAKINO OF COLT8.
149
IX. Transmission of Qualities.
In breeding, there are two nninf- fr. k * i .
relation to tht t^smi^i™ of't ^qua itic, „, IT °T'f' '""• "■
rule the *e „, p„„ blood. ^o.,ZX :i'^uXLZl^2- ^/
which we mean a mare of m\xJ,l hi^ i .. ^'^'^ °'<^oa«a mare, by
resembling himself thi: ho mare SomJlf , "^ 't ""'"^ ^*^""='^
pressing their characteristics Zn'tho .T '' '^'^ P^^^'" "^ ^'"-
A fact that is still more s rikinH .h . ^ '^"7 '' '' ^•^'"^'•k-ble degree.
>>ringing young ren^X: ;' f L*:; f " Tl^^^'^ ^''^ ^'^ ^-"'ty of
If a mare possesses this nocnn.;-f , • ^« ^ «Pecics of atavism,
blood should never be sZt^'^,^ 7^^ i^ of pure
then she should be served by a siZf L r "•'"'• " °^ '"^^ ^''"^'^
sion of blood, and possessin: t le^l^^^^^^^ ^^ ^" ^''« ^'•^»«--
Agai.., the oftener a fem-de ?s « rv "n ! "'' ""^"^"^ '" *•'« ^"^1-
be the likeness of t^ e„v to Z ' ""? ""' ''^" ^^'•""»- ^'»
. . progeny to tlie sire, as a rule • imrl f».« ,.fi xi.
s-ro IS changed, the greater will bo the danger of vari'a^^i. ,1 ^'
Hence, the absolute importance of broedi„r: y^'^t'""^" th" progeny.
.0^ ».iu .,e .„„.. a,,', .„o.r;;::::::;:f,;\ ::,:::::•::■: ttiT/
and, hence, ajrain, the hnperative necossilv fr,.,t """"™'-' "-'flMfed !
e.,peoially„„oof p„„ li„L„„, i, ^C' t^,', «f , ''"- '--K
ananima of known nuritvr.f M«^ i i . / ' ""^ ""'>" <^o
th.tis, having the l^^Z^^:^' ^^ ^V^^ in the same line,
impressed with the f.lood of every sire w H L. .' u , ^ ^ '" *''" ^""^
.>ut the first impre. is stronger Z^l^^^l^^ t ^ t ^^ *
e.s.ary here to go into a demonstration of these fac?s Th »
established that they nv.y bo taken for gnu^fed '^ '" '' ^'"
X. The Impress of Color and Form.
J^';s::^::,i::;:!— ::r-:;^-- Ne.
forehcKirhut too much 1^70 ho.dV '«'"*»■ «'"1 by a «„r in the
ing»" are the W del JI ^ " Celri "''; ",""" ■'™""° "'«''-
"lor,, a» the cn.y in the PercL™, 1. , ^'"'* '""'° ''"^tori^tio
«..d l,.a,* in the Kn.Hi h c!rt .t™ AdL", "■:?": '" "■" ' Vlesdalee,
thoy may he , if other. ulT^.' ? *""'"' ""''"■■■'• ■"'""«"'
™i 4 »re due to zi^.T: .z ::!; -r^ rr -"- •-
.:iTr„: tittt ::7='t trr^ ;» ^" --
outward form and color to a .L. Ziti'.'"' ''•.''' ""'"-^^^^^
physical fom to a oorrospoudlnr de-sr;/^* t'"", '"''/"f *" '''" '"°«'' «»«<«
eeponain,, ,ie. s.^r,. Jf the sire be of the purest
^4
150
THE AMKRICA.V FAUMEK's STOCK BOOK.
hneage, h.s .mprcss, uU tluough, will l,o tho stronger, and if the mare be
tho purest, her characteristics will predominate. In breedin- up to -i
higher standard, be sure, therefore, that tho sire is of tho pures^t and thi
most strongly marked characteristics, as to impress of blood.
XI. Relation of Size in Sire and Dam.
In the production of full-formed, vigorous and synmietrieal animals if
It IS desired to inci^easc the size, the mare should be relatively lar-er th' ni
the horse. But if tho size is correct, according to the breed, select sir,.
and dam of relative size ; that is, select a sire proportionately lar-erth,,,
the dam, according to the breed. In Devon and Hereford cattle fi,,-
example, the cows are smaller than the bulls, wherein they contrast wi,h
the Short-Horns, where the relative size between male and female cor
responds more nearly with the relative size of horse and mare Abo, ,.
all, never make the mistake of attempting to breed-up the size by usi„.
overgrown males. Such an experiment must always end in dis.i.t,.,- ,^
many farmers have found by breeding small mares, which they happ.'n
to have, to some coarse, large-boned horse, vyith tho idea of .rettin<rl.,r.r,,
able-bodied colts. At the time when overgrown horses were faslHonubl,;
m England, for coach and carriage teams, the farmers of Yorksl,:,,.
attempted to breed such animals from overgrown stallions on small nnrcs
The result was a dismal failure. The converse of this has bei n see., j,',
this country, m breeding pony Morgans upon much of tho farm stocl-
with a view of getting tine horses. The outcome was stock to.)
small for labor, and not good enough for anything like road hors.s
The results of this mistake may yet be seen in some parts of the countiT
in undersized animals. •''
XII. Braed Only Prom Pure Sires.
In-and-in breeding, as already stated, as the breeding together of ■uii
mals closely related, as the progeny of one sire and dam m- member's of
the same distinct and closely related lineage. Cross breedin<^ is ll,e
union of two distinct sub-families of the same tribe. Ilybrids^ire (li..
produ.'e of two distinct tribes of a family, as for instance 'in the
genus eqmis, of the mare and ass, or the marc and zebra, or of the
maro and (juagga. Cross-bred animals are fertih- ; hybrids are n„t
Breeding in lino is the union of animals closely enough related to n„J
sess similar characteristics. In this connection it will be sufficient tosfite
conclusions founded upon exp.^rience and facts. The data may be found
in the re<-ords ..f herd and stud bo<,ks, and in works dealing in special-
ties relating to physiology, anatomy and breeding.
If it bo desired ^o keep a stock absolutely pure, and to rotmn th<^ wnlj-
kn
Til
breed to lino with i
object is to breed-uj
characteristics with
breed in-and-in, ore
own cliarai't
eristics of a breed in their best form, tho proper pli
ni IS to
cross, or breed to line, j
where stamina, stn^ngth (
characteristics aro requirf
eroNs.- s, n.-; heretofore stat
the Ix'st male you can fine
™" "'""'■''"'" -•■> '™.™ or coi™. J-.
breed to lino with indivi 111
object is to breed-up, to ZnaTZ^ ZT' ^'f''' '''^''^'^' ^' the
charactenstifs with a view to their n ' /^- !'"'^"« ^'^^ain points and
llijaiT,iagigmHiB8B=» '''' "" out
cmss, or hrecd to lir.e. a.s the .aso n.ayT^^ -^iiikliW
^Ix're .fa„.ina. strength of constitution m d nof "'"'""'•^ ''"1^"«^«'
; -a..ten.ti,.s arc re„„red. orossi, j ";,;;l"t.^:-''''':':^'--^ constant
f''' '- l"'retoforo stnted. must not hn .Wl ^■^' j """='"'^' l''"u^Wi violent
^"^ ""^^ -'-ou can tiud. havil^Z ::^ni^,i^rt^«-^-'^lesto
" a always to th^ point that the.
«)»«
152
THE AMERICAN FAKMEK's S' JCK BOOK.
female must not be bred to a male widely different from herself. Good
b'rt:' fi^'^T"""^' r^^'* "^^^^ "« '^^^^^« staunch thorout
breds to refine, and to give style, symmetry and speed to the foals -t.
Perchorous, or Clydesdales, to increase the size and strength f^tdra !
tho Cleveland Bay, to beget handsome, able horses for the farmt'd Ar
As illustrating our meaning, if the reader will turn to tho portrait of
Gold Dust, a horse of mixed blood, got by Vermont Morgan, ou of !
btX^n '"'° ^'""•^""'^^T^' '^ -" -- to show a reLltX I
bieedn g. Ihe progeny partakes more of the thorou.^h than of ft
nnxcd blood. The' cut of Shales, a half-bred horse foaled i'lnX^
early m tho century, and noted during his whole life as a most wonder'
fultrotter shows the result of a thoroughbred sire, with a danx of mitd
hncago Here the preponderance is in favor of the thoroughbred i-e'
The cut of Dervsh shows an example of pure breeding, and m-obablv „f
close, or at least line, breeding. He was a little bay A;ab, of'^g eat ^l
andhneness, rennu-kableforhis darting, square trot ; that iMor o v !
lll^tl '' '"' «tr.=ghtenh.g the kne.1 before the foo't touched i,;!
Vrn. The Best are Cheapest in the End.
The highly-bred trotters of to-day, those quite or nearly thorough
bred show the value of breeding in line, that is, we repeat, ioZ^
together of animals of close descent, or those havin.; charaeL i^t !. '
common. Many of our best thoroughbred racers shoVe:^^:
and-m breedmg, and, as a rule, those bred in the same line of descent a"'
jnore mnform m their qualities, than those which have been pnl-od "
he un.on of many sul>-families of the same original blood. The £
t,on to close in-and-in breeding is, that, if persisted in, it will ulti m 1
result m weakening the constitution, while' at tho same^ ^
To estabhsh a breed it must be closely followed, departing from (h? ut
only .vhen undue delicacy of constitutional vigor is feared. In tt S
tate, gregarious animals, such as horses and cattle, breed in and -li f
two orthree generations, or until the strongest males become ^ , Lj
w th age, or are obliged to succumb to younger and more vigorous^e
^'hich ,s m accordance with the principle of the survival of the ^ /
and may be called a modification of in-and-in breed inJ !lt^^^^^^^^^^^^
breeduigtoline. The same rule would be a sound on^ if Id^
Oireful «.lect.on, „ the artificial breeding of domestic In n"l' hlv^
keeping mm.ndl hat in sheep, and especially in swine, the rut^mj I
be so closely followed. But in all this, remember constant y ^
THE BnEEDINO AND KEARIVO OF COWS. ^53
best are always cheapest in the end Tf ,a ♦
must bo considered ; but. bo ho rich or poor^if f '^" ^'''^^'"^ ?""«
busmess to b.oed to an ill-fonned mulo Laaso ietXa; """^"'""^
Ti , .. ^^' ^^^°"°^°' Stallion and Mare.
The selection of the stallion, whilo it will d.,. . •
the colts are intended for. should Iwa^^ "/„?r,"^ '''T^'^y "P^'^ ^^at
Ho should bo of full modium-sizo ioT'tl-o bt ^^f '''''' '' "^ ^'»^-
characteristics wo have proviousirHt 7d ' '"^ '^'''^"'^ P""^'^-^ ">«
should bo masculine in eyoryLr ^^u n "7'!!^ ^^ '"^J- Ho
strength, firo and courage of then J; X T ^'f '"guishing beauty.
in|.ale Tl. outco.: w.ll ^st a'Xo^^'^' '' '' ^-i-o-loo^I
young. The marc, whatever he. st' ZjZ '"" '"''^ *" ^^'^
Her beauty needs to bo feminn.. Tu^t as th^^^^^^ ,7"" '' "'^ P"'"^'
masculine. She should carry more muscle t flo I H ''''l'""^ "'"^^ ^«
more rounded in outline, but bo finer in h'l, ^ f " ^''" ^^"'•««' b«
ncr in mane and tail than the stallion Her Ifr 1" , '""''' ""^ t'^^'^"
flcetness. her firo that of docile pLn;inessan H "" ''""'^ '" *^^^ ^^
bltion to perform. She should LvVa ,":''"' ^""'"^^ *^"' «^ «'»-
horse, and her barrel should bo rather roSer . ,'' "'''"'''"' *'^'^'^ t^"
m.-lking qualities should of course bo Jod f T'' '""^">'- Her
great measure, the future usefulness of the colt."^"'' '^'^'"'^'' ^" *
XV. Servioe of the Stallion.
Tlio mare may be served just as sIip ,'« ^ • * .
M after her greatest passion of heat las Zf, " T.'t ' '"' '^*^'
servce ,s early in tho morning. After being s^'^od ietl ' ' ""'"" ^°''
or, ,f she seem fretful, walk her slowly abo^t.rcaflr"""" ^""*'
urn her into a pasture that she may amuse h rT f ! ^'"'" """"*«-^'
in a pasture where there is other stock A Z u ^^ ^'''''' ' '^"<= ""t
horse on tho eighth or ninth day after 'fo^i.T .?"'"^ ''"^^«'^« the
i»g ; upon a second refuel, try .or a^b ™ H t f™""' ''"J' '■>"»«-
.-he Ihca rof „,c, she ,„aj. be fair.' ZZZ , ? "', ''"■'' """ «"" ^ «
'»-. tl- ">a,-e should ho kept aw f™„ t " 'T'' '""'• ^''°™ "»
cstatcdgoldtags : fromridc^l L, or l,„ '"/'""•""' = from badly
togono testielo in the h™,„ %1 ° .'." ','.°""»'.'"l«*«Hy goMed. and 1„.,„J
h».. men once the ttaV ^rGThl!:; °".t,f "" °"'" '"™"
'^"own, and servico given, tho
t'. t
sr n;."^ i«f rr-
r < i.
<»i
154
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
mare should l)o returned to the Ixuho as rocommendod, so that the time ma>-
not ruu over when the mure should rcfeivo the horse. Forty-four weeks
being the usual time the maro goes witii foal, if the service of the .taU
hon is delayed it will bring the birth of the next foal too late, perhaps, i„
the next year ; and, possibly one your may have to be intermitted in breed,
mg.
jrVT. The Period of Oestation.
Gestation, the carrying of the young, continues, on uu avera^^e, eleven
months or forty-four weeks. This period may, however, according t„
the observations of Mr. Youatt, be diminished by fiv, weeks, orexteiulcd
by six weeks. Thus it will be seen that there is .1 variation of nearly
eleven weeks, or nearly three months. M. Fessicr, a French observer
counting 582 mares, tinds the longest period 419 days, the shortest '>.S7
days and the average IVM days. In an observation by M. Gayot on
twenty-live mares,the average w.i.s 343 days, the longest period .')(i7 daVsand
the shortest period .'?24 days. Small mares, as a rule, go a shorter time
than large ones, and a mare is apt to carry a horse colt longer than one
which is a female. The observations of M. Fessier may be taken as
the most conclusive, since they were extended over a period of fortv
years.
Treatment During Gestation.— The mare should not be worked innno
diately after being served. Once quieted, it is proper that she have ordi-
nary work uutd within about three months of the time of foalin.^ After
this she may do light work, not fast work, with benefit to herseTf and the
foal. Care, however, must ', taken that she do not slip ,n strain hers.lf
nor fall down. '
Xvii.. "^fsvntment Alter Foaling.
After foaling, and until tu., olt is a month old, the mare should do no
work. In fact, no valuable maro should do any work, certainly not more
than enough for exercise, until the colt bedns to eat irrass and -min
freely. There are more colts dwai-fed, and mares injured, by the'^il'mi
being worked hard while sucklingthc colt, than at any other time, and l.v
all other means whatever. She is then weak, liable to become overheated
and any disability experienced by the mare will surely be participaicd in
by the foal.
XVin. How to Kdow ii a Mare is in Poal.
As already stated, if the marc refuse th<. horso upon the third trial on
the twenty-first day after service, she may bo considered to be ith
foal. Between these trials, however, if the maro be not gravid, or in
foal, the lips of the vacina will ho moi«<^ i...;„i,* and -^ • f. • • ••
appearance,
touchec wil
will he dry
before was (
the belly wil
movements 1
mare at rest
fore-finger c
From one
to liH and sw
the three wee
ai)pearance is
the spinal ext
will I)e more 1
fill, and two c
a gummy sub
'iVhat<\ cr tl
mare cannot g
and Awl'-litter
entirely to hen
ical aN>istance
the size of the
sud(l(>n fright , s
all, the germs ai
The jjreventio
])lenty of fresh i
strain or acute d
what difficult to
about a concurrei
taikc-i to pa-Vent
THB IU.KKDIXO ..VO KKAB.xa OK COI.TS. 155
appearance, aud with a fresh droi. of fl. • i ... .
touches .ill i,.,,i„„ t, ,,t;„77 '2 f '^ "t the louver part, which hoing
will he dry „„d of a dirt. L , ^^?''^'"'' ""'•^''^^ «f tl,. v,. ^
before was elcar fluid, wdfl.o d ik an l"! "^ '"'"'"' ^^''"« "'« ^r- ,
the hclly will lH.,M„ t<. Bwell. a,;, at the end 0^;! 4'^ *'" '"'^'^ "" ''
movements of the fc«tus „.ay bo seen by ..al 'in! " f"'' """^'^ ^'^^
mare at rest a,.,' pressing „,,8har,>lv in f^fl f' "' '^^ «t""d"'fe' the
Xrx. HowtoKnowthePoalinirTimo
.he apinal cx.c,„i„„, „, though L ", ■ f '° «"'. '"" ™ ' ' -d" of
"ill 1.0 mom and moro m>^^„tZlh, ■ ""I'"™""? "« 1 This
«U, „„d ,w„ days. goncrX t „";r:„ S'lT''"- .^'' '^ -«
MM * ., . ^^' ^® Coaling StaU.
' ■ uaT''> cr the place provided for fo-il"
man, cannot get her limbs roii.rh tho"£ ! '"''^ '"^ '" *'"&'''*^ ^^at the
and ...I).littered .vith short, fine straw an7 1'"' '' ''''"'^ ""' ^'^^
-ilrelytoherself. exeeptin those e^^^^^^^^^ should be left
leal as...tance in foaling. This howLr ^ ,? '""-^^ "^^^ '"^^han-
r^ .. . "^^^ Abortion, or SUnkinjr the Pn^i
From the t me when <rp«f ..ti,... i *^-
the .f^ njonth. t.er^m^tl^^ --;:::t:''- "^^^^-^^ "P -
mare should „ot bo exposed to foul snuUls Tu io t . -7^ '''''' ''''
Jving anm,als, nor should she be allowed in / "^'''^ "^ ^^^"«J «r
have better feeding, and less work s nee r ;;'"''""'• ^''^« ^'^^^
-ill bo called on to nourish thf.r."! /''*'""'"" ^^^'^ «^'«tem
causes of abortion. An.ong le mot"f rrf"*"'^- 'l''""- "^o many
food given others, that she dornoTlot ',;""' ""''""'^ ^"^ *« see
suddenfright. sympathy with the kst- ss "^^^^^^^^
al , he gcnns arising in a stable in which he o h T """"''' ' ""^ "''^^«
The prevention is to avoid all thi . ^^^ ''-» an abortion.
lf»ty of fresh air. If .A^lJ^Z^' ^^^^ to allow the animal
strain or acute dise.-ise, or if onco the tn.l ' '* '' '''"""fe'ht on by
-hat difficult to overcome the r dL o ftr""^ ''' -tablished, it is some!
^outaconcur^nt period of gSr'^Jl;';:;:^--''''^' !''•'- at
-MH ro prevent any liability to this disaster. ^'"''^ "^""^^^ ^
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
150 ™i=aB
buu
M ill u
2.5
2.2
1.6
^ -APPLIED IIVHGE Inc
SST- 'G53 East Main Street
^'^S Rochester, New Yofk 14609 USA
',:^ (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
^S (^'6) 288 - 5989 -Fax
156
THE AMKRICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
XXII. How to Baise a Colt.
The colt should be iillowed to run with the dam until it is about six
mouths old. The mure should have plenty of grass, and such other food
as may be necessary to keep up her condition. If, at weaning time;, the
mare do not dry off kindly, the milk should be drawn by hand, ofleu enoudi
to i)rcvcnt inflammation ; keeping her on dry food will assist hi the pn,.
cess of drying, especially if she be put to steady but light work. At all
events she should have plenty of walking exercise daily. The colt should
be handled and fondled from the time it is a week old, if strong, and a
light halter should be put on, to lead it by. Thus it early beco"ines ao-
customed to the master, and if kindly treated will soon come to seek the
fondling hand. As soon as it will eat, say at three montlis old, it should
be accustomed to a little crushed oats daily, and the mess may be in-
creased from time to time, until it gets a full ration, at six months old.
Many persons suppose that a colt needs no water. Nothing could bo
further from the truth. After it is a week old, the colt sliould be offered
water once a day, at noon, and as it increases in age, oftcner. When readv
to wean, it will already have been accustomed to lead by the halter. Tie
it securely where it may not hurt itself, preferably in sight of the mare ;
feed it generously, give it plenty of water, and alloAV it to run at i)lay
every da}'.
The word nmle
CHAPTER X.
ASSES AXTD MULES,
'■ ",V BKEEDINO JACKS "^'"'•'^,^;— "• "»' ^^S ,H. ANTIQUITr OF THE MULE.
IV. BKEEDING-JACK3. V. LON.! CVITY OF TIIK MULE. VI. THE VAI IIlT ni,
mules/'"' '•^«"«— V". MULES AUK NOT VICIOUS.--V„,y TnE"BB^EmKO OH
I. The Mule and Hinny Defined.
The word mule signifies a hybrid, tliut is, the offspring of animals
belonging to the same genus, and fertile one with the other, but of dif-
ferent species. Mules or hybrids are usually infertile, one with another
and are always incapable of propagating the species indefinitely. As noM-
generally accepted, the woi-d mule is used to desiffnate the offsprin.^ o}'
the male ass with the mare. They have been known and bred since'\h«,
time of remotest history, having always boon prized for their longevity
sure-footedness, and ability to labor in extreme heat.
The Hinny.— The hinny is the produce of a she-ass, bred to a ^orse
They were called hinnm by the Romans ;-hence, our name, hinny
They resemble the horse more than the ass, just as the mule, spruno
from the mare and ass, resembles the male parent most. Hinnies are
handsome, round-bodied like the horse, but exceedingly small, and are
also said to bo slow and more difficult to manage than the mule proper
They have, therefore, seldom been bri-d, and when so, soon passed into
disuse.
n. The Ass.
The wild ass is said to have been indigenous to Arabia Descita, mid the
countries which formed the Babylonian Empire. Those now f omid in the
northern region of Tndia are said to bo so fleet, in the hill country that
no horse can overtake them. Four different races seem to bo indicated
m the Hebrew Scriptures, where they are named Pam, Chamor, Aton
and Orud Of the wild ass Para. Scott's version of the description by
Jon IS as follows : '
"Wild tenant of the waste, I t-ont him tliere
Among tlie slmibs, to breath in Frcfdom's air.
Swift as an arrow in iiis spetMl lie flics ;
Sees from afar llio smoky city rise;
Kcorns tlie tlirong'd sti....t, wli.-re slaveiy drags her load
Tlio loud-voiced driver and his urging goiid : *
Where e'er the mountain waves its lofty wood,
A hoiindless range, he seeks his verdunl food."
11
a<
158
rim AMERICAN farmer's ktock book.
•i
m. Antiquity of the Mule.
Mules were used and much prized from a remote antiquity, and ar?
mentioned both in sacred and profane history. They were introdiK^d
into the chariot races in the 70th Olympiad, or about 500 years before th:.
Christan era ; and in the time of the Eomaus, Q. Axius, a Roman Sena-
tor, paid, according to Pliny, 400,000 sesterces, or more than $13,000,
for a male ass, for the stud ; and he also states that the best female aswc.s
were worth a like sum to breed sires. \Vlien we compute the difference
in value between money then and now, the price was greater than that
now paid for the most celebrated racing and trotting horses.
rv. Breeding-Jacks.
The best jacks now are those of Spanish origin. They are lar-re,
strong-boned, long-bodied, and, of cour-:e, long-cared. The cut will .rfvo
a good representation of the Poitou ass, an animal similar to tlie Si)imish
jack. The jack, whatever the breed, is sensitive to cold, and to the influ-
ence of storms, and, if not warmly housed in winter, soon becomes useless
and disabled, from rheumatic and other affections. Of the jacks imported
at an early day into America, as a present to General Washin";'ton, Mi.
Custis has written as follows :
"The lioyal Gift and Itnight of Malta, were sent to General Wash-
ington ;. bout the year 1787— the 6?/,/*(! with a jennet, a present from the
King of Spain ; and siiid to have been selected from the royal stud. The
Rnight, I believe, was from the Marquis de Lafayette, and shipped from
Marseilles. The Gift was a huge and ill saapeu jack, near sixteen hands
high, very largo head, clumsy limbs .and to all appearance little calcuk-
ted for active senice ; ha was of a gray color, probably not young when
imported, and died at Mount Vernon but little valued for his mules,
which were unwieldy and dull. The KnigJit was of a aate sizei
clean limbed, great activity, the fire and ferocity of a tiger, . ..rk brown,'
nearly black colour, white belly and muzzle ; could only l)e mam. -ed by one
groom, and that always at considerable personal risk. He lived to a groat
age, and was so infirm towards the last as to require lifting. He died on my
estate in New Kent, in the state of Virginia, about 1802 or 1803. His
mules were all active, spirited, and serviceable ; and from stout mures
attained considerable size.
•« General Washington bred a favorite jack called Compound, from the
cross of Spanish and Maltese— the Knight ujion the imported Spanish
Jennet. This jack was a very superior animal ; very long bodied, w;H
set, with all the qualities of the Knight and the weight of the Span-
ish. He was the sire of some of the finest mules at Mount Vernon, and
died from accident. The General bred mules from the best of his ('n.uh
marcK, and found tl
value of the dam.
of $800 : and two more
th' se mules wore nearly
" From these jacks a ,
i« larfre mares, were unc
AK8E8 AND MIJl.KlS.
i5y
marcK, and found the value of the nmh- to h...,r .. i.. *
iipwurds
'fl
of ^800 : and two more pairs at UDward *Ann ,
tk- .e mule, were nearly iixtco,. hlnrhigh';,!?, """' ' """ "'" "'
"From these jacks a compouocJ bree<! wo nrmln. ? i, . .
to largo ...arc, «re un^elM ,„r *.;:u activity. " " '""
wiShwii^
mo
THE AMKUICAN I AKMKU's STOCK BOOK.
The breedinff i
If confined to hui
Koiitiu'ky and T
iiiiois and Missoi
-tock was an ii
utod for service
file war, with the
ljm;xui.shed, owinj
however, has given
bcrs in th(! South,
assume more than i
of that section are i
in the ijuality and i
What the jacks s
iiss, a modification
and that of the lies
tlie manner of triu
a Spanish jennet <rj\
form of je?inet.
ASSES ANF) MI;lks.
llli
The brcedmg of jacks and jonnots, as th. fomaio of tin- ass is ,all..d
. conhned to htU few hands. Those breeding studs are n.ostly loeafod ni
vcntueky and lonnossee, ti)(»ugh some are found in Ohio, Indiana Il-
linois and Missouri. Up to the time of th.' late svar the l.reedi.,.. of this
4ock wa. an important industry, the ja.Ls pro.lueed iKMn-r'distrih-
utod for scrviee all over the Southern and \V<.ster.i Sf.< " Sine..
|ho war, vv.th the breaking up .,f the great breeding studs, the industry has
languished, owing to the decreased demand for mules. .\ n.nv impVtu.
» vorN(} si'AMsu .ii;nnkt.
however, has given rise to the breeding of jaeks again in eonsid(.rabl(> num-
bers m the South, and this branch of husbandry will undoubtedly a-iin
assume more than its original importance. ; for the agri,-ullural interests
of tliat section are steadily growing, and a (H)nstaut improvem,.nt is noted
in the (piahty and numbers of the live stock.
What the jaeks should b.> may be sec, in th(. illustration <.f a Poitou
ass a modificatioi. of the best form of tl... Spanish jack, on pa-e If,!.
m..l that of the best form of the mule in the <.ut on page ]«0, showing
the manner of triiiuning, (roaching) the mane and tail. The eut of
a Spanish jennet g,iven above will also <-onyey an a<-curate idea of the best
form of jennet.
mg
162
TIIR AMKRICAN :"AKMKI{ S STOCK BOOK.
V. Longevity ol the Mule.
The longevity of tlie mule is proverbial, it was a conimoii saying dur-
ing the civil war that "mules never died;" they might sometimes lio
knocked over hy a shot, l)ut if one ever died a natural death the army
wags refused to (credit or record the fact. Pliny gives an account of one,
taken from Grecian history, that was eighty years old ; and though past
labor, followed others, that were carrying materials to build the temple
of Minerva at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them ; which so
pleased the people, that they ordered ho should have free egress to tho
grain market. Dr. Keos mentions two that were seventy years old in
Bnglaiid. Mr. P. S. Skinner says, "I saw myself, in the West Indies, a
mule perform his task in a cane mill, that his owner assured me was forty
years old ;" and adds, writing nearly twenty years ago, "I now own a marc
mule twenty-five years old, that I have had iu constant work twenty-one
years, and can discover no diminution of her powers ; she has within a
year jjast often taken upwards 'of a ton weight in a wagon to Boston, a
distance of more than five miles. A gentleman in my neighborhood has
owned a very largo mule about fourteen years, that cannot be less tiian
twenty-eight years old. Ho inform«!d me, a few day since, that he could
not perceive the least failure in him, and would not exchange him for any
farm horse in tho country. And I am just informed, from a source enti-
tled to perfect confidence, that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent
agriculturist, near Centervillc, on the ciistern shore of Maryland, owmsh
mule that is thirty-five years old, as capable of lalxir as at any former
period."
VI. Value ol Mules for Labor.
It is beyond dispute that mules will (continue to lal)or for at least dou-
ble the period of tho usofuhuiss of the horse. They endun; extreme
heat better, but are pinched with cold. It is a mistake to suppose that
the nmle will snl)sist on far less food than the horse. In pi-oportion to
size, they re(iuire about the sam<! quantity ; l)ut, weight for weight, they
will draw a heavier load ; and, for the reason, that they take little notice
of what is going on about them, do not fret and seldom scare. As pack-
animals, tln^y are far supeiior to the horse ; while, in sure-footedness and
freedom from disease, no farm aninud, except the goat, can compete with
them. Tho impression that mules eanget along with little or no care, and
that they may be turned out in the winter to shift for themselves, has led
many people to be disapp()int<>d in their use. In summer, when a horso
would seek the shade, we have seen mules lie prone in the sun and enjoy
the heat. For ordinary farm labor and all teaming purposes, mules
become more and more valuaide as we go south of 40 degrees. As wo
ASSKS AM) MlLK.s.
163
pioceud north they l)ecome less and less serviceable, and few are found in
use nor... of 45 degrees.
Vn. Mules are not Vicious.
It is generally supposed that the mule is naturally vicious. This is a
mistake. He is resentful and never forgets an injury ; and if subjected
to a long course of ill usage ho at length becomes vicious. On the other
hand, no animal is more susceptible to kindness, or will exert himself more
strenuously for a kind master. Nevertheless, the mule must have a mas-
ter, one firm and yet kind. The mule, as some of our readers probably
know, has a most perfect means of ofPens,>and defense, namelv, his heels
PERCUEltON MARK AN1» .Mll.K KOAI..
These he knows how to use to far better purpose than does the horse.
I hey are not used, however, except under the impulse of fear or reven-^e
If kuidly used the mule is at once amialdc, tractable and willin.^ to per-
form any due amount of labor. On the contrary, if ill used he becomes
sullen, vicious and often balky in the extreme.
Vni. The Breeding of Mules.
In the breeding of mules, as of all other a.u.nals, attention must be
paid to the use for which they are intended. If f„r {.ackiug in the moun-
tHuis, small, compact mules, such as are bred from small, fine Spanish
■aiif.ifcii>.tf..rtf,»
164
THK AMKUIfAN FARMKR.s STOCK HOOK.
jacks, arc rcciuirc
on Southern plan
lirod from mart'c
Millies for till! rou
Tlicso aro served
ulion Avcll inatclu
man's and of llu; ;
|in'('ediiif,'ilia|)tcr
made ooniplctciv ;
they may l)e broken
i'niiiir tliem, uiid hit
off vvitliout much tj
ihey are four years
tion is simihir to tha
iilcntic.il witli the at
■^hoAvs a roomv Pei-c
of luules as wiulerei
A8SK.S AM) \HXK8.
!«;")
jacks a e re.,u,r.d. I l.^sc, are at on... aj,nlc. and .uro-footcd. F,.r work
oa SoutluM-n plantat.ons .„...li»,n-si„Hl muh-s an, n.ost sought. Tl.o.o v
inulcsforthoroadand foihravv l,.-m,in.- I r,. , '""ncuing
ri , .. '"•'».> ••.iiiiiii;;, larirc, vooinv iiiarcs arc used
I eso arc s.rv.d w„h 11... iar...sl ja..k>, and at tin., varsold .■ I. Id
■nan. and oftl.., .....I. ...ts .....dd ,. p.,,.,.^ ,„,. „,,1^ :! ^
i.n.mhM^n .a,>...... Tl.. col.s should •- l.andl..<l vouu.,p.„tIv troa od .„^
.uadc oo,np|,,..ly sul.onlina,. to tl... .ill of „.. n.ast,:.■:^V^ t^v ^o '" d
WINTKUINO IN I UK WOOnS.
thej ,„n.v l,„ l„-„k,.„. Tl„.v sl„,„|.l I,. ,.,„-,.f„llv ,,,s„,.,l, ,vitl,„„t friWlt
oif Without much < tK.ullv Tl...i<..,ff..,. <i ■ ,. , "vmovi
,1 - '"1111. inn . I iK'icattcr flu'v may do If' it work imi; I
f'':"-': '"'"■ > r "'"■ "■ ""■>■ '"-'y '■•■ ""' *" f"'" -• 1 .1
to,, ,« ,,„„,,. ,„ ,i,„t „r ,,,„ I,,,,,,., ,„„, „,„ ,.„,„ ,i„.i,. „ ;
,*.,.,..al w,H, the aUvicc f,„. „,„t „„i,„,„. Tl,„ illu*,.,i„„"„ " ^ 6
*o,,.., ,,„„„, ,v,.,.i„.,,„, ,„„,.„ ,„„, „„„„ f,„„. ^„„^.„ ,, , |"f ;,'^;
ot mules as wiutcivd lu mild <-liMnites. "^ ^
CHAI»TEK XI.
HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE.
I. TUKOLD8Y3TKM AND TIIK NEW II. TIIK AMKRKAM WAY BETTER THAN THE FN
QLI8U III. DIKKEKENCE HETWEEN BUEAKINCJ ANUTKAININ.K— -IV. FiaSMKn'
SONS. V. LEAHNINOTOI.EAI. VI. TO MAKE A COI.TCOMETO YOU. VIl' l'l.T
80N3I>(80I'NI>8I(»NAI,S. VI.I. KI.EXION.S. IX. THE PKOPER A<JE KOK WOUk'
— X. IIAUNES^INr* ANDUKIVINO. XI. THE A<iE FOU REAL WOHK XII 1 m
rOtiLllIUJKAWII.I.rOI.T. XIII. IIANI.I.INOAVUIO.SCOI.T. XIV. SIIBDIIN A
VICIOIHORTUirKV HOUSE. XV. TKA1NIN(> A 8 TAI.l.lON KOK SEKVICK —XVI
TKAININOKOU DKAFT. XVII. HOW TO HAVE A (iOOI) PLOW TEAM YVII
rORMINO A()OOI» .SADDLE HORSE. XIX. THE DIKFEKENT GAITS. ^XX TIIA w
ma TO TUOT IN HARNESS. XXI. FOKMINO A TROTTER. XXII. TO 't«AIV i
KACEU. XXIII. MADDLI.NO. XXIV. HAUNESSINO.
I. The Old System and the Wew.
Und(>r tho oW system of truining, mi animal was subauod by main fono.
Wliat ho learned was acquired under the impulse of fear. Under the
new system, an animal is taught to depend upon and trust his master, by
convincing him that he will not bo injured. Under the old system, tho
whip and spur, and "terrible voice," were tlio moans used to drive' and
force him up to, and beyond, an object that might bo terrifying to a yoim<r
and inexperienced horse, however harmless in itself. Under the new eyl
tern, tho young horse is allowed to see for himself that steam, harsj,
noises, great crowds, locomotives, the beating of drums, tho thunder of
cannon, and tho various sights ar.i sounds that, even to the savage and l)ar,
barian, would bo terrible, are quite innocent, when the master''s hand di-
rects. Henct, the horse, trained to obedience and made familiar with
the various sights he is to encounter, fears them as little, and is as eager
to witness them, as a child. Tho habit of entire dependence upon the mas-
ter prompts him to go forward, even into the most imminent danger, with-
out other sign tlian that of eager curiosity or of obedience to the will of
the rider or driver.
It is true that all this may be accomplished by the whip and s])ur,
which are, even now. freely and needlessly used by some brutal teamsters'
as well as by many really humane persons, who have never sought to un-'
derstiind the intelligence of the horse, and far less that of the'other do-
mestic animals under their care. Hence, to persons of this latter class,
the horse is a slave, whereas, to the intelligent.master, he is a servant anx-
ious and eager to do his will. The element of fear cannot, of course, he
entirely dispensed with in training. A wilful animal must bo subdued at
any cost of punishment ; but this punishment should bo as intelligently
and humanely administered as in the case of a child. Those who tniiii
animals should first, themselves, ham to knoM' what the animal meRns
166
HOW Vi, TKAIN A HOK8H.
167
y I..S nmte language ; .„ the case „f the horse, for instance, they should
know at a glance what is n.eant by the play of the ears, th; arcl of^e
neck, the expre.s.on of the eyes, and the attitude ...nerally. These
things on... understood, more than half the difficulty of training is ovlr!
II. Tho American Way Better than the BngUsh
It has often been rennu ked that English horses are wilder, n.ore dan-
gerous and d.fflcult to subdue, have stronger resisting ,, owe s. and are
;;: : ' This •"" r: *" ^'""^ '^""^^ ^^ *«"'P«^' ^i^-' An.e;iea. l^
lu.. .vs. 11 ns ,s qu.te true, and f<.r the reason that, in England, the old
j,st ,n of horse-breakn,g is n.ore in vogue than in this coun ry. la
Lngland colts are not nused on every farm, as in the United States and
Canada to be the fr.ends a.. I the pets of the children. Their keepers 1^
generally .gnorant servants, wi -> seem to think that horses have ,ut tw^
n„.uLse.s_to eat and to injure. In America, colts are the pets of Z
oysof the family, and, while running with the nmre, thev become
ub,tuat,ed to a I the sights and noises of the farm. They nev^- JZZ
now the.r real strength as a resisting power against man ; that power
TV, : *" Hccordingly insisted, as the result of experience
that the edncation of aninuds should begin at a verv earlv agerwh 7 he
1.0W.U- o res.stan<. ,s snndl. For, if once an animal finds tha the ^uZ
nor n,temgence of the n.aster is „,ore than a nmtch for brute force kbd
ness and careful lessons will thenceforth easily complete the edu iio: o
all farm animals, and especially that of the young hot.,..
m. Difference Between Breaking and Training
Thedifference between -breaking" and training mustalready be appan
nt to the reader. The aim of the first is il subdue, a.fd for^ a
promptly resorted to as the readiest means to this end. The eon pan^
tively-weak but intelligently directed brute-force of the master wfl^
.ourse, generally win, and the animal, broken in spirit, becomes a^auW
a on, perfornnng through fear what he cannot avoid by r "s tie ^
those cases where the superior force of the animal winsf he is thencefor
ward VU..OUS and tricky, and passes fron. one master oLothrun«r
won, out m the struggle, he either ruins himself or becomeslhedrudt*
of some reckless and brutal teamster. ^
Training, on the other hand.. consists in teaching the younc^ animal to
know that, whde the master must be obeyed promptly and impli tTy ^e
. tru y an indulgent master, requiring nothing but what is ne'e sf^ to
Biwwmri
•(•#'
1(5«
THK AilKKlCAN KARMKlt\s STOCK IJOOK.
No horse broken by muin-streiigth .md brute-force is quite siife for a
woman to ride or drive, unless she be a complete horsewoman. The
more wilful of them are never safe for any Avonian to drive. A horse
carcifully trained, however, is always safe foraAvonian to drive, if she Ik
not especially nervous, atid has accustomed hc^rsclf to the guidauco of
horses ; the oidy exceptions l)eing such animals as by defective orpmiza-
tions are naturally vicious, cowardly, timid from inij)erfect sii>lil, or
tainted with insanity. These defects have already been mentioned iu
the chaptcjr on breeding, Hnd«'r the head of heredity.
IV. First Iiessona.
As before stut(;d, the first lesson to be imparted is that of reliance on
the will of the master. This lesson in obedience should be g\\ni at
weaning time, or MJicn the colt is fust haltered to bo stabled. If it has
been haltercjd, as recommended, when <]uite young, there Avill be no resist-
ance. If this has not been done, the colt must bo driven into a confined
space where it cannot escape. Take the halter in both hands, and keep
holding it to the coit until it will touch it with the nose. Do not hurry.
The important thing here is to show the animal that there is nothing dan-
gerous about a halt(M-. When the colt c(>ases f o fear, place the halt(>r on
the head <]uickly, and fasten it. If it show no serious fear, tie it up at
once. If it seems frightened, allow it to wear the halter a lil tie time
before tying up. When you fasten it, do so securely, for at soino time
or other it will try to break away. AVhen this occurs, halter and strap
should bo strong enough to resist ev(>ry effort. When it ceases to pull,
it is thoroughly halter-wise, so far as standing (piictly is conecrniMl. It
will have ceased forever to pull at the halter simply to free itself.
V. Learning To Lead.
The next lesson before the colt is learnijig to hjad. You should have a
small yard, into Avhich you can take the colt. Provide yourself wi( ha
light switch, and also with a lino about ten feet long, to be tied to the end
of the halter. Let the colt play around in a circle, if it chooses, for »
time. Approach him gently, take the halter by the nose-band with the
left hand, while holding the switch in the right Iiand. If the coK rear,
Kuppoil yourself with the right hand, by grasping the top of tlu; neck to
keep the colt down. Use no undue violence. Do not strike it. AVhen
it gets through floundering, it will thereafter be (juiet. Next take the
halter in the right hand, and bid the colt go on. If it refuse, tap it
under the belly with t\ui switch, until it moves. If it rears agani, a^rain
subdue it. So continue until it moves forward. Then talk <!^ it, and
pet it, and it will soon lead kindly, turning to tho right or left at will
HOW TO TUAIxN A IIOHSK.
16}>
VI. To Make a Colt Come to You.
Have a long flexible whii). Place yourself just .so far ahead of the colt
that you can easily toudi him Iji the flank, and then bid him -come here "
at the same time pulling on tho halter. If he will not come, tap him m
the flank, or on the fore legs, and so continue until he obeys. If he pulls
back, checkhim, and continue touching him until he comes up. Then pet
him and give him a small taste of sugar, or something he likes. Continue
111 tins way until ho comes readily at the word. The colt will not always
become perfect under the first or second lesson . Perseverance will accom-
plish each and every other lesson more easily than if violence were used.
Vn. Lessons in Sound Signals. ^-
We have shown that the first lessons are to accustom the colt to
prompt obedience to the will of the trainer, as expressed by the voice or
signals. The voice, however, nmst be the chief reliance. The sic^nal by
sound, should precede the signal by sign , or the check by the strap or rein •
and should always precede the tap of the w' •',, when the whip is necessary!
A child IS taught to speak through . . power of imitation. Kit
never heard spoken language, it would never learn to articulate
speech. So, the same word should always be used, to induce the perform-
ance by the colt of a certain act, as : Whoa ! Back ! Go on ! Come here \
When this has been accomplished, and the colt has been taught to stand
atrc«t, tolead quietly or to circle about the tutor, at the end of the
rem, he should next be taught to follow the master about the yardwith-
out leading, first with the halter strap in the hand, the tutor backing as
the eolt follows, and afterwards with the strap over the neck of the colt
The preliminary lesson in backing may be taught, by taking the colt
by the head, standing in front of him, and using the word "back " at
the same time, pressing in the proper direction, and tapping it on the
breast, if necessary. After a time the animal
will back promptly and continuously at the
word. This lesson, and all others of flexions,
must be taught with the bridle and bit, since to
back easily and properly, the head must be
raised.
In all first lessons the form of the halter
is ini])ortaut. Wo give that of a good one,
which will not hurt the colt unless he pulls
strongly on it. Uiion ceasing, the halter will
let up of itself. When r.ncethe animal is taught
to stand quietly, an ordinary halter may be
used.
t
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A GOOD hOKH rO« A IIALTKR.
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170
Tim AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Vm. Flexions.
That tlie colt may be able pioii)i)tl.v to tuin in any direction, what
are called flexions should be practiced. The mor«! simple of these are,
nisnig the head high, putting it down close to the ground and then rais-
mg It, turnmg the head to the right or the left side, with the nose close
to the body, but obliquely to it, etc. B^ull instruction in these flexions
need not be perfected until the animal is two or three years old ; and, in
fact, but little of this exercise is actually necessary, except with the^'ad-
dle horse. "For saddle horses, flexions are especially important, since the
object of them is to render the head, neck, body and limbs supple and capa-
ble of varied action . A curb-bit is necessary to their proper performance,
and hence only preliminary and simple lessons should be given the colt,'
for the curb should not be used until the animal is nearly ready for work.'
At the proper age, put on a bridle with a curb-bit, taking care that it
fits properly in every part. Between the |L-hain and jaw, the finger should
sfip easily, and the bit should just touch the upper part of the lips, and
that only in the slightest manner. Stand in front of the horse, take the
off or right rein with the right hand about six inches from the branch of
the bit, and the near or left rein with the left hand, at about half the dis-
tance from the branch. Draw the right hand to the body, and press with
the left, so as to turn the bit in the mouth. If the horse backs, follow
him up, pressing steadily until he lowers his head, and flexes his jaw.
Then slip the left hand along the rein until it is opposite the ri^ht hand
and press the head to the breast, holding it curbed perpendicuTarly but
obliquely to the right, until the horse will maintain the position himself.
Then flex the jaw to the left by a reverse action to that above given.
Teach the horse to raise his head high and perpendicularly, by taking
each rein, six inches from the branch, and raising, and pressing slightly
back. Teach him to lower the head by a contrary action. Next teach
him to sway the head to the right and to the left, to raise and lower
the head alternately, by means that will readily suggest themselves. Tt
will surprise you to find how soon the average horse will understand.
In all this, use no undue violence, and above all bear in mind that a
curb-bit is a pow;erful lever, and must be carefully handled. When (he
animal is perfect in these flexions, tiike the reins in the left hand, near
the branches of the bit ; and standing close by and facing the shoulder,
holding the head fairly ui), and to you, induce the animal to move his
hind feet, in a circle from you, the fore feet remaining stationary, as a
pivot. This lesson perfect, make him stand firm l)ehind, and move his
fore parts from you in a circle. There are many other flexions taught
in the menage ; but the foregoing are sufficient for a saddle horse or light
HOW TO TKAIN A HORSE.
171
ing hon,e and tlv. •> tre not necessary unless the animal be intended
. this kind of work, or for racing or trotting. Remember one thing.
u h only one lesson at a time. ^
^ gain, lot us repeat the caution, never to use undue violence, and
L ^T T'' "'''' 'P^'^^ ^'''^' ^^ i'^'^ '^' r-'^^' or act upon
wZr r";' ^'""^«"i-*-totrain.„otbreakthe
wilh .17' ^\Z ""f ''•^*^"^« ^'^« ^'^h, and performs it, reward it
wth somethmg It hkes. and let it rest; a bit of carrot, or su^^ar for
instance, goes a gi-eat way with a young horse.
IX. The Proper Age for Work.
The preliminary training may go forward from the time the colt is six
months old unt, the age of two years is reached. It will by this time
be qujte submissive to the will of the trainer, and without fear. A paT
with light s irrup-leathers attached, may be put on. and the colt be
allowed to play about the yard with it, at the end of the rem. A well-
fitting bridle may be put on, with keys attached to the center of the
bit. with which the colt may amuse itself. When the colt is one year
od and over, the crupper-strap may be put on. and the little animal may
1)6 reined loosely to the top of the pad. Later, the side reins may ^
put on. and the head gradually drought into position. ^
The colt, if stabled, should be regularly cleaned. His feet should hfi
raised and the hoofs lightly tapped wifh a hammer. He hould ^
taughtto lead, walk and trot, beside the trainer. THus at the age o twc
years if well-grown. he will be ready to be trained to light work^ or T^^
used to be put, "broken to harness." '
Ji^tnf ^.^ ''"•'' of treatment we have laid down, he will have learner
he u e of the reins,_to go back, or forward, and to turn to the right or
fol o7h" ' "f ''r° '"''' '^ "'" ""''' «""«^-- '^- himself, and
no fear of h^ master. In nine cases out of ten. if the colt has been
aught to lead beside a well trained team, and used to the rattlin" Z
H^gon, he will go off pretty much like an old horse, except for hi^ super-
abundant life, the first time ho is harnessed, loijnis super-
X. Harnessing and Driving.
Two years is the best age for putting the colt to light work. He has
bettor teeth then than at throe years old. and has arrived at the per^
when careful driving will assist to spread and develop the frame
The CO t will, of course, first have been taught to allow himself to be
hanu^ssed and unharnessed kindly. Put the harness on cTefullvlH
h.tch him up beside a well-trained horse, usually on the offlid^ ^
start the team ; then, if he plunge, bo nnp Ho no !f i.^hi-f - In
^lo-tree of the old horse, so that ho can pull aU^lio tfd ^fZ:^
I
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$1
^.^^UUi'ii,,
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172
TIIK
AMKIfKAN lAIi.MKK-S .ST.KK HOOK.
and bid them go. If the c.lt pluniro and mir koon th» .» i u
motion, and talk to the colt. f he show to'> mu -h t ^^^ T
cuts of the whip wi„ bring hi. to i^: iz ^;^::z\:^:^:
once, and repeat if noeossniM. n-i.:. i- • i- i ""'"""^ n'^stiike bi
, pcai ir necessaij. llus diseiplnie, administered with n...
hit;*"!,;;:;"""' "■"-' "•^■'*"- """•« -"^-'-y- -S::;
3C[. The Age for Real Work.
Having performed light work, when from Uvn t.. iU.
U the CO... huvo ret du'ri,,, th„ 'twel™,,^ "h 1 I^'et ZrVo L""";
to giow. At live years they may l,e put U, real work, ,„d thev will f ,
go o„ getting better and wiSer, unfil they are ei..ht wa^ „ 7 , 1
age a h„r.e»h„„ld be kindand Without fe/r„l:;"':i::t^^^^^
fit for a,jy „„e to drive, who ean hold the reins, and L jud^ent e^
to keep fmm running against obstacles. ^memenougl,
_fhtr-'tii;-r-re:i'7^^^
w i^derrtrdrtr - -' - -"°'^- "-^^^
XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt.
The narrative of how the writer oiiee «iihrl.wwi j
tenable to the Will, a pairo, ^M:;,^^:^^^:;^:''^
had never even been haltered, may prove interestin^r Vh« n^u l^l'^'^
purchased from a p<...on who wa.f ^ eapit^r^la ^ t^^^^^
believed in never handling a colt until four vears old «n^ tK—
tainly better than imperfect handling. Thrtwo were 7X1 1 \r
^nto a close stall. From the outsid'e of the ^Z'Z^^ 1^1
which no violence was used, but. on the contrary, soothing wTdsi,
cavesson halters, such as are shown in <lio nin«fr..f' '^ ' ^
mals and buckled. A r<.pe tw^Ttv o ' f!et ' "^7" ?'f "" '''' ""'-
snap hook in the middle. C^h^'o^ rlllS'of ^iJt dt'^ T'''
to ends twelve feet. Two men were placed rt^cl td ^^;i; ^T
pc>.ssible Our horseman friend superintended onr^l^ f Tot:
The col s were allowed to find their way each into so, arate ya ds Tho
men picked up the ends of the rope, and the struggle bean
The masters' part was simply to direct the nrovements of the men
and talk, each to his own colt. In ten minutes the reirino- ^ i • '
one colt was over, and in less than Hfteermi;;::;::^^::^::^;^^
other had cease
hausted, allowe^
himself to be g(
Standing a sh
and a cord attac
ends of the ropi
the knee after e'
fear the master,
other, came fom
dog.
They were led
bitted, and their t
was ridden, and i
They were brokei
bits, accustomed 1
submissive to the
could not be quiet
Some colts are r
resented in one of
fortunately have oi
halter him and get
less than twenty fe
himself, proceed to
ing manner. Hav<
on him ; also fasten
cingle, with a strap
around the fetlock.
around the arm, and
with a similar loop,
under the surcingle,
the bridle by both re
rears to free himself,
cingle, and when he
gles, press his head f
and he will fall over
still, the horse shoulc
he should be allowed
must be gone over ag
This is essentially I
cept under extraordi
13
HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. ^^^
Other had ceased; in less than fm
hausted, allowed the hand of tL7ZrT't" ^^ '^ '^' ^«>*«' «-
himself to be gently fondled. "" ^^^''''^ "" ^^« ^ose, and
Standing a short distance beforo fh« « u -.,
and a cord attached to the rinrof the tl^^ ^.' '''^•'^'' "^'^ '" ^-^
ends of the rope, but slack I LI f h! u ' ^^ """" '*"* ^"^ing the
the knee after e^ery word, tiJh tt 'dTf tr\'°'"^^'' ^^PP^^^^^ ""
fear the .aster, only the assistantVa'd soo^ ^T ^'^ '''''' ''' °«^
ot^, ca.e forward promptly, and withtnThot^rid ^Lltkf I
bitid^^^^^^^^ sturVitiL^r k'^^ ^^ --
TOS ridden, and in ten days thev wp.-« i ™'' ^ ^««k each of them
They were broken. durii/tL ^LT ? trT'- ^^^''^^ ^"^ <^™-
bits, accustomed to various odd 72^ and . "f ""''^^ ^^^^^ ^-^-
submissivo to the voice and will of the 1 .^^ ^"'^ ^'^" ^«"*J«red
could not be quieted by a worT ' '''^'" '^''^^^ f«ar that
Xm. Handling a Vicious Colt.
Some colts are naturally vicious Tha h a xt '
resented in one of the illustrations given t^h cJT^ Z^""^^^ '"^P"
ortunately have one, get him into aldose ^^^^^^^ ?.'• '' ^^ »-
halter him and get him in the vnr-A ' ^*^° ^'"^ securely in
less than twenty'f eef at Ze^enr'^^Z^LZT 'f ^'^^^--/not
himself, proceed to make him lie down This l^^f '^ "°^ '""^^^'^^
mg manner. Have ready a stron- br'idl. , *r" '^''"'' ^" ^^« ^""ow.
on him ; also fasten aromfd the efrac^r^ v! ! ""''"'^*' ^"^ ?"* ^^
cingle, Hith a strap for the fore leTha^r f'"'" ^ «""^ P^^^^^^ sur-
around the fetlock. Raise the le.. "buckVe f h! 7 .'^ u '^''" ^^•"^' *'ght
around the arm. and you have him :; he canno'f^^^^^
mth a similar loop, but no buckle, ar"urtt "ff f^f f ' ''^"^^^ ^^''^l'
under the surcingle, taking the end in Z .• u. , f'"""^ ' ^''''' ^^e end
the bridle by both reins ; cLt oif the ham^ "^' ^^"^ *'" ^^^^*^-'^«P«
rearstofreehimself,pulUightthe LthTS"^"'^"^ ^
e;ngle, and when he comes down it C^l b':^ "reT""' "'^'^^ *^« «"-
gles, press his head from you, by puZl tL i ^. ^"'"'- ^« ^^^ «trug.
and ho will fall over on fhe ide."^ Wh!n t "" '''' ""'' '" "^«^'
still the horse should be fondled, th^ straust.f" 7 "^''"'^' ^"^ ^-«
he should be allowed to rise. If 'not eiZl 17 ^ '"^ '^'^" '^ ^'™«'
must be gone over again. ^"'^ ""^'^^^^d' tli« «ame thing
This is essentially Mr. Rarev's nlan Tf ^
cept und«r o^—v-^;-^ • "®®** "^^er be rPQort^-^ *,-^ —
I; I
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174
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
b^,a accustomed to handling horses, and understand the movements neo
essary in overcoming vicious and rearing animals ™°^««^«"t« nee
Another plan is to hopple the horse and throw him down but th.
we have described is the best and most successful It T' u "!"
attempted, however, except in a yard soTo^l^yltTa^^Z '
soft material that the animal will not hurt itself in Lhng "
XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse.
No person who is not well assured of his own power should h„v„
thmg to do with a vicious horse, especiallv if the Zma] V ^'"''^'
some physical infirmity, s«ch as'par'tial ^:li^2^^T'^
the horse has been made trickv bv a nrpvim,. +• a ^^^^' ^^^' ^^
» not .o bad. Go into the s Jie wLt hTh "a ZZll ii ""
firm voice. P„t . stro„g ,„affle bridle o„ b m, at irby the biT ": 1
:rr^ir:bo,Ji^bt::^T,;;s^^^^^^^
:^z-r^br:b^^~-i-£S
over the fleshy part of the le^. If he rear, cut him over the fore et
-never, however, giving more than one stroke at a time °
When he bacJ.:, take him into a small, close yard, and make him nh
you. comi.^ forward, backing, or standing, as you order If t^
show. >n3of temper, or unruliness, proc^^d to make hTm 1 e do J"'"
before directed. But a horse that has been in the hli nf t V"'
own way .^th a previous master, is thereafL Lit ta^^f a^J'.lt
drive, except him who h. . become his conqueror ^ '
In making a horse Ue down, never use undue violence On., fi
strapsarefastened. you Lave him completely in youTpowI; Let hf
struggle; it will do him good. You have simnlvT Z^ /^«t him
• f™. b„rti„„o„ a.d A tbe propltlrr?^ ^^^^^i^L^' -'»
otb^r?™. l^l-^T ''°™' ""'' "J"'"'- ''"'» l-™ " t-uffalo robe, or an,
other object he dislikes ; touch him with it, and let him ton^h it „°.I , ^
«ose^ When be at length smells at it, let Hm sat fy bimaUt J'n
not hurt him At the flrst attempt at putting him doZ, f, t » J^
advantage, let b,m rise and then try again. When, however, Z I e
him m your power and quiet, soothe him: pass ;onr hand Zcalcd v
over his body ; breathe in hi, nostril, ; open hi, mouth ; geutWr* hU
ear, and nose, and let him ta,te of something he likes ThulbT , ,i '
judgment, knowing your own power and ability to manage an a„im» S
m„,t VICIOUS can be ,ubdued to your will, if „„t to that ^f other div.r
HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE.
For the reason Z'. T^^- ''*^°" '°'^--
nocessar^thathisactual traininJ^ li Jr! ,^ .^^^^^"g' ^t is absolute y
.ust.b.«tab,ed. unless a pa.ture1;';^:id^ hI
day. The ordinary training to lialter anH .k 7*^ ^« ^^J run every
fomard, to back, to stand.to go kbl " / .k' ^^^•''^«' ^^^^ning to go
jnay bo proceeded witU mu'ch rsin^'::^^'''' "'^ ^"^ ^ ^^-t
tioii to these exercises, he should fT + ! ^"^ ^^^^'^ «olt. In add!
descnbe the figure eight, to kneel, to sitnnK i, ''"''* ^^ command, to
to come as suddenly down at the wo^f " "T""''* «"^ *« rear and
-I"-ed he should be exercised in them fr "f ^^^^« '«««««« being
-.eins^ntlyto .s master at ^^ ^^T^L::^^:^
It will take time all f hJo k ^ i.
to keeper about as' th„„gt\'':'^tra'T'' '"' "'" ■""""»'°°-' "-Wn*
«tu.Ue„s„„ „, service fs at IZWm' ''"^'"^'' '" '■■'°- ^t™ thf
'° ""'"•* '"iu-mly mares. *" »™ ""-y an accident, whl
». used sharply and strongTy L ^„bd„e ^^''T ™» ""'P ■»" "C
•"onth open, strike him suddlnYv T^ "°- " •"> ""■>■« «t you ,nth
»", ™t bta across tbe for^trTL'Tr"'^ "■" »- « he
^ bHttriSraTbe^jr b'-r'-^^'"- -- ""- onoe ^.,
istinc. a word o, co™ Jd ^bTre- *7 r"""' ^ "PaS b.^'
iJie horse and master shnnU
-. the strongest brut^ore t.^^^^l-; ^-P- «t the sametime I,
once thoroughly trained, never"! ht"."^ '"''^"^" ^^^^ a staTi'on fj
^^.room, and one of calm fo^g^ 'LT ^' ^ ^^^"^"^'^ -^^^^^^
be either aoused or spoiled. And du2 .k ^^'^ ''^'"^^'e an animal to
!""> to be ndden from one Btat",„ 7n ^ 1 ''"'**" "'^^'^i^^e. neve^lW
another horse, eve. when ta^g ^ .aX ^ • ''' ^''""'^ ^« ^«S
bethorough. outof the season !fseS '"'''"'' This exercise sho^d
a month's duration immedl.tel i ' ^"""^P* *°r a Pe^orl .* r— -
~ '^^'•> "^^'- tfe season. Durin.rfh«^ "^
■L/unng the season.
1
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^1
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17(5
THE AMERICAN yARMER's STOCK BOOK.
If
tho exercise must be sufficient to keep the muscular condition well un
and the digestive organs in perfect order. Thus only canyon expect 1«
have the most perfect colts as the produce of your sire.
XVI. Training lor Draft.
A horse to be used safely for draft, requires less training than any
other He has but one thing to learn ; viz : to exert his strength to 'the
best advantage when occasion requires. To accomplish this, he should
be daily exercised at a dead pull, being careful always not to overload
until he has acquired his maximum strength, which will not bo until the
age of eight or nine years is reached.
Training to the Wagon.— The wagon-horse should be trained to trot
steadily with a light load, and to walk fast with a medium load He
must turn readily to the right and left, and describe short circles ; he should
also be taught to stop suddenly, by throwing himself in the breechincs so
as to hold a wagon steady in going down hill, and last, but not^c'ist
important, he should be taught to back all that he can draw forward.
XVn. How to Have a Oood Plow Team.
A plow team should be thoroughly under control. The animals should
be trained to the v ord, fully as much as to the rein, and taught to obey
promptly the slightest signal. They must be evenly mat<;hed for
strength and agility ; for a fast, fresh horse, and a slow, dull one
together, are bad enough anywhere, but worst of all at the plow AVith
fluchateam, no plowman can do good work, and without good plowin- we
need not expect good crops. The team should be taught to move forvyird
without crowding together or pulling apart; at the end of ihe
furrow the horse describing the l<iast segment of the circle, should keep
a little behind the other when coming about, so as to avoid bein- stop-
ped on ; and m the case of coming short-about, as in turning comers L
should make the turn by a series of short steps. To accomplish this 'the
team must be talked to, though few take the trouble to do it, and hence
we seldom see a reallyperfect plow team, one that can accomplish their
task with the least labor to themselves and their driver.
XVm. Forming a Good Saddle Horse.
The forming of a saddle-horse, perfect in all his gaits, and amenable
to the slightest sign of the bridle, voice, or heel of the rider, is more
difficult than any other special training. It can only be done under a
sharp curb-bit, and, to use this properly, the rider must have perfect
command of himself in the saddle, and the lightest possible hand in
using the reins. He must first become a horseman himself, before he
can tram a horse to the s.addlo. The animn! should be perfectly fie
to render supple
taught to go witl
short circles and
and also with the
suddenly without
plished by a turn
just after the imf
A saddle-horse
in motion ; and u
manner in which
of another person
line by pressure o
foot of the rider.
line of progressioi
liar movement of 1
leading with the ri
heel turn the crou]
forgotten.
The nj,tural gait
Walking is perfor
ordinary trot and tl
Galloping is pen
more nearly simulti
so that when the he
in 1-2 time. Then
tail straight but.
exhausts the animal
The slower the gt
more should the heti
Thus when an anim
ade canter, if he is
ments, he is almost
ing the horse in to j
pace required. Thus
self. To teach this.
The canter then is
easy gait for the horf
ner. The running gi
to tell on the wind ai
xed,
HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. I77
short circles and the fi^^re e.^ 1^^^^^ under him, to describe
and also with the fore C T^'J^.^ \T\'''' ^'"^ '''' ^ " ?•-<>*.
suddenly without danger of 1^2 ' \ ^'i'""^** ^"''^ '^«" *« -^-1
plished by a turn of tie hind let L, ""^7 J""'' '^"^^ '^ —
just after the impulse is partiall"^^^^^^ /^^^^ '?"- - *b« -' and
A saddle-horse should nl^n kI . u/ ^""'^''''^ movement,
in motion ; and under Ihat.e;'^^^^^^^ '^}^^'^^^ ^oot, while
manner in which a personXn Js he I V 'l"^" '^ ^^"S'^* ^^°"^ ^^e
of another person. The horse's L„^ lead,ng foot in catching the step
line by pressure on the br^Terl^:^^^^ ^^^^^^'^^^ -^ o^
foot of the rider. This will throw thA^^ I'J Pressure of the opposite
line of progression someZ a^Ts done af ? 1"°"^ ^"* '' *^« -^-^
liar movement of the limbs thdrmotln' "V '^"^^' '^"^ t^en by a pecu-
leading with the right foreie^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^"«' ^^^^6 horse is
heel turn the croup to the leff ^7 ^^ ^ ^^^ "S*^*' ^-^^^ ^ith the
forgotten. ^ ' ^'^*' ^"'^ "^^^ ^^^*«- Once learned, it is never
XIX. The Different Gaits.
Galloping i, perforLodl^l 2% !, 1'°"' °' ""' "Ik-
more nearl^ ailltanelswllLet '"7' ..'k' ''"''' ""' ""■"'^' "»
.0 that when the horse ia ™l^at Tpeed t, "'' '"' ''™"''" "'°™'
in 1-2 time. Then the miS°:^'>!^t 1 '°°™'"""' '' W«"tly
tail straight bnt. The gaT L tSv f """""■ ^* '«'»<' "-d
exhausts the animal. ^ ^"' """"^^i™ of leaps, and soon
«.o'r::hi:rtrhSdt rdTdrr'' t'"" ■« ^^"•'»='- -^ "■•
Thus when an animal aeonires the dt "''f "'™"" ""■'"^ *« body.
»de cantor, if he « handsITa ^ M oZ^'e "' *^'";.™'>"'. P™-n.
menu, he i, almost priceless tL „! °*'"^^"»'™»l»"ding accomplish-
ingthe horse in to get h Lad wein 7'°.".! """"•"■ '' »""="" ''/-^i»-
pace required. Thus tte s oter heles''r "" "'"'"''"''"« ''™ '" '"«
* To teach this, the spur itSr.rtTithS::^ "'" "'""
4';rfrtrh'L:t-:r- . - -^-p <, fasC and i, «.
- f
««
178
THE AMRKICAX FAUMEK'S STOCK BOOR.
I/I
Besides these, and other artificial modifications of the gallop, the pace
and Its modifications, aro the only other gaits which a horse may ho tau.ri,, .
for leaping, wheeling, rearing and springing forward or from side to S.l,.
aro all forms of the gallop. The amble is sometimes classed as a modili.,!
pace. It IS, m reality, a slow gallop, easy and smooth, and, like any
other saddle gait, must ho taught under the curb.
The true pacing horse lifts the fore and hind feet simultaneously on .
Side, first on one side and then the other. Like running at speed i't
18 performed in 1-2 time. The rack is a modified pace. Instead of two
feet being lifted simultjineously on the one side and then the other, the
feet are lifted in 1-2.3^ time, but not regularly as in the walk.
Single-foot, again, is a trained rack. Some horses tiikc to it easily
and in fact almost naturally, just as some horses take to pacing natuV-
ally. But it often takes time to instruct the horse therein, though once
acquired, it is not soon forgotten. '^
No written instructions can be given for adapting all these gaits, except
each general rules as are laid down for rendering the -.Mnrnal amenal)lo to
training. Once, by practice, you have imparted the gait, be sure to give
the animal a kind word, and a rewarding caress.
XX. Training to Trot in Harness.
If a horse have the trotting instinct, all that is necessaiy in order to
develop it is perseverance and training. The head should be carried toler-
ably high, but not unnaturally so. The conformation of the horse must
be studied, (see Chapter IV), and to assist the reader further, two cuts
are given, one showing a horse's head, strained unnaturally an., unduly
AN UNNATUKAL POSITION. j.^^^ ^^«„,^^ NATITBALLY.
by the bearing rein, the other showing the head drawn up naturally with
the bit. In the one case the head is strained up by both check rein and
curb, while in the other it is simply held in proper position by the curb
There is no objection to the use of the check rein if it be not improp-
erly used. It serves to keep the horse in shape under a slack rein, and
from putting his head to the ground, when standing at rest
A matter in relation to driving in light harness, under the curb, may
h^re be worth relating. Wo once trained a pair of fine roadster mlt., t^
drive together
was thirty yr .t
them, and thu^
to 1)0 nonsense,
teams that cou]
seemed to be g
had never been
wore amenable
form, but it re(
gant was this th
driving for plea
single light-driv
you may drive t
All that is req
enough. The ti
few i)erson8 gain
is in a horse, ma
ter, grooming ar
bring his muscleg
in each exercise,
ing into a run. '
he will forget the
off his feet, he cu
ing the bit ; that i
horse change his 1
to make him trot
him steady and u]
The real work ii
stride, by means
ceed tiie first or pc
full trotting powei
until he is eleven c
With running ho
be trained into per
be attended to, so 1
Thi? part of the trs
required is to keep
ing, grooming and (
by daily speeding t]
HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE.
179
to 1.0 „,„.e„,c, and tl,o «r»t wo f„S„cl too" t It ^th " !;°"
teams that could „„t.f„„t them on the road ■ ZTt^,\- ." '"T '"^
.eemed to be going „„„„ a slu-k vZ No^ ZX^IH"'^ ", T"*'- "'"y
had never heceallousedhy the .awing „ \| '•'" ; ^ h '"' '";;';""
wore amenaWo to the slightest si-n L, f.,eV .1, " , ' "'"' "'"J'
fonn, but it required deUea.e h fdii„, to' 'ir^HoTn, "b '" '"'"'"''
gant was this than the "g'lau^" stvll a,l„ ,„ . """'' """■" "''^
driving for pleasure on the road T. 7 °° """"^ """■'»"» "''™
ainglolight^riving hltJ^ tlj S l^'^^d rn"'/"'"' °?
,ou raay drive them handsomely under the InaS; ' ' " """ """'
XXI. Forming a Trotter.
All that ia required in a horse for trottin<r „ ^„.. • .u . ,
enough. The training of trotters is a fJn!^ . ,' '' *^'*^ ^" ^"^ ^'^^
fe. persons gain e^inlnt sue L a f ir L^'t T.." "''^' '"^
is in a horse, may be gotten out of him I I T ""^ ^^^ 'P^^** *^*t
ter, grooming and prCr Jol He ^. k"'' ""'"*"" to feed, wa-
bring his muscles int';, pro^reltditi!: rL^oTatd atTj "'^ "
in each exercise, he must be made to trot as f..,f 11 f ^ ^'^'''''^
ing into a run. Thus his speed may heZtll , ""' T''^'^'* '"'^^-
he will forget the impulse to run and if ^^u"-^ T"^'""^' ""'" ^' ^^'
off his feet, he can readily be I^t cLtoh fe"^ '•? ^*^°"»'>^' '^^ g«««
ing the bit; that is by pulling him a Iktle out of"?' '^"'"' '^ ^'^"-^■
horse change his leadino- fnof Tf . ^ '"'''' ''^ ^" "'=^J^''»g a
to make him trottst ^The puH ToTT7 l'^^^''^" P"" ^- ha^^d
him steady and up to his ga7 "'^ '' '^^' ^'^""^^ ^o keep
-S X Z^::,?^:^ pl:tr 'r^' -^ ^lengthening his
c^ed the first or second yTarwrhTcoir'!; 1" """ "^' "^P^^^ ^^ «"-
full trotting power, until'^hTis IvL or "ei^ht vl" "u" ^^""^^ ^^ ^^
until he is eleven or twelve HeZ thi 1^ ^ ""^^^ ""''^ "^^^^ ^^^t
eive. Hence, the large pnces the fast ones brinir
XXn. To Train a Baoer.
With running hors-^s, as with saddle horses it i« «.
be trained into perfect obedience ; and Tr 1 s on" ^^^^ ^'^ ^
be attended to, so that their limbs «„^ ^'^^ /^«««°8 i» flexions must also
Thi. part of the training TaL ™ een tt m ""'^ ^'^ ""^'^^^^ «"PP^«-
required is to keep them hTeffe t '^^^^^ accomplished, all that is
ing, grooming anlexerds" ^ rX 3"tf '"' '^ ^'^^^ '^'^-
hv da.lv «,.p4i— -^ -.- I '■ ^^^^^ ^ increase their «f^^p
. -V -.- di.^ ..cu., cxtenamg the trial from time to time untifthe^'
1
' T
■MiiMki
im
THE AMK8ICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
M'i
»u. po ^ ttt four, fivo or six yeara of aoe.
T\e raimug of c-«lte to run faat races It two years old. is severely to
NevTrth i '" • ' *'' '"^"" usefulness of the an.Ll is to beconTdefe
^nnnTiru""^ " ' " found, .ofitablo by breeders and traine Ht
W.1 no doubt be practiced. The tr.iMingof rurmin<. horses 1 -« i,
training of trotte.-. Is a fine art. YettheVneralTrincteT'w^^
given, „.ay be und. .ood by all. A diet of oats aThTy^he L; !
.t;M. le earn, and daily work upo- a proper course, under The eve of „
U.MJ^,ent master, are the things necessary to get the speed ouTof In
bred horses; and no other than properlyLed^nimals'sholever b
trained for great speed. It is not in them. ^'
The horse being in motion, the rider throws nearly all his weiaht in ^k
atirrups steadying hin.self with his knees and thighl 1 he "Zj J th!
body IS thrown back end the loin arched so as noV t^ !, ^^
too far forward. The trainer must knoJhow to rde Sh " ""T
ease to the horse, and to assist the movenjentbyleryn^^^^^^^
thus, the leg, from the knee, will be s7ightly%hrrrbrk '" t'hTh'
st^ffonrng the leg, the rider's center of height may be eat'ly oha^^^^^^^
without lus ceasing to bear firmly in the stirrups ^ ^'^'
These directions are for riders or jockeys of medium weight T • u.
ones r.de with longer stirrups, supporting'themselvesZrM^^
The best race-nders scarcely, if at all. touch the Li of the S'
This gives a good command of the horse h.,f ,'« ««i , \ ■ ^'
si-o^ it .„„„ .i.e, „„e .he rider, xtr™ poZ'f hTwetr^r^
::'X hCci"'"^ ■"- - -•''' ^""<'- - -y^^ '^" z
XXm. Saddling.
tz^^::: z:i:7tx ^^X^J^ :r"i r t
length from the head-piece to the Wt Tfofe IZ *' "^
thegirth,. Theyn,ay„eedt,ghteniogat[h::hor - "™'^^'°'°
Ji~sj.v Harnessing.
In harnessing a horse it is also necessnrv thai- +u
«, a,. .„t heavier tha„ oeea.o„ r:;:r t tr Kr'^
HOW TO TRAIN A HOBflH.
181
part of the collar and neck for the handT'; '"'T ^^ «» ^he We.
it is a breast , -liar, «eo that tk d'a^^K ! '" '"^''^ '^'^'^ »>«t^een. If
breast. For hght work, a horsl ll^^::' " ,"' '^" ^'"'^^ P'-« on t^e
heavy work, but whatevl-r the ork th ^•^^^^-""'"g co"ar thaa f ,r
horse and not the horse to fit the colla '7u "''^ ^^ "^*^« *« ^'<^ the
a badly fitting l,arnes8. So mava man wj'.h n'"''' '"''^' '"'^^«'*' ^^^k in
case, it is at the cost of muchCmfoT ", / "''' *^°'- ^^^^ '" -t^-
but another way of saying, a lossof Ine^ " "' ^^"^^ ^ ^"^' ''^^ -
I*ulllng at the Halter
hUter put on the colt should be strong u P''«^«"ti«" 5 the first
«BV,CE TO CUKE THE HABIT OP PULUNO
A strong bitting harness pnri * * •
pull will „„„e „„ the iaw One 'ffof ',, " '"""'" "'"8'-' °' '"-^
•biiity to break loose, and the Dm-t.,^ f ""''*■*' ""» "' W, i„.
pull thereafter. Pmiahment ,vJl be euoh that he wUl „ot
*#
m ifi
CHAPTER XII.
STABLES AND OTHER SHELTER.
I. THE ECONOMY OF COMPORT II. HOW TO BUILD STARi ir«i tit «,tt»„^
HARNESS.— IV. TEMPERATURE AN^ VENTILAT,ONf-^V "^E ArI^NOFM^^^^^^
• STALLS VI. CONSTRUCTION OP MANGERS AND RACK8\^vf^^ THE HAV^vf
STRAW loft; VIII. AN ECONOMICAL GRANARY.— IX THE WACOw Avl^^^'*
I. The Eoonomy of Comlort.
In building a stable, or other structure for housing animals, however
rough It may be, the economy of comfort should be as carefully studied
as though the building were intended for the family. Even the wealthiest
do not always do this. Everything may be elegant and costly, and yet
there is often less real comfort and economy, in the arrangement of their
stables and barns, than is found in the poor man's buildings which, thou<rh
rough, may, nevertheless, be arranged 'with an intelligent aptitude for
makmg a place for everything needed and proper facilities, crude though
they be, for doing the work and providing for the comfort of the occu-
pants in the easiest but most thorough manner.
The selection of the site is of importance, since much depends upon
this, when drainage and ventilation are considered. A commanding situ
Rtion is generally selected for the dwelling house, and there is no reason
why the next-best location should not be taken for the stable. The horse-
stable should, if possible, be a building separate and distinct from the
barn. In a suburban place, it need not bo entirely hidden from the house
Neither, on the farm, is it proper that it be glaringly exposed to view, to
save steps in the morning. In either case the stjible may be somewhat
hidden by planted trees, but not so much so as to cut off the free circula-
tion of air. On the farm, if there is a chance for a bank-basement
breeding-cattle, equiring extra care, may occupy the basement; l)ut
never put horses there. Like birds, they require an abundance of air
but must not be exposed to drafts. The stable should be comfortably
warm in winter and cool in summer. Attention to this point not only
secures economy in feeding, and perfect health, but promotes that pecu-
liar luster and softness of the hair, which all the grooming possible can-
not give without it.
n. How to Build Stables.
The stable floor should not be less than sixteen feet wide. The walls
should be at least eight feet high, though nine is better ; and the horses
should stand i
of the animals
admit air direc
horses are kept
wished, they mt
row that they ci
ample.
For farm or d
seven feet high,
fine gear, should
andtheefiiuviaoi
for all harness, 1
and it is, on the
when there is abu
proper windows, i
The proper tern]
five in summer, b
ous. The horse is
is less than fifty d(
ated by clothing ;
in stable managen
though it is one to
must be kept up in
ing, than by extra i
cool, and is espe
from flies.
Ventilation, agaii
proper supply of frcj
but it is also an imp
cially iu winter. If
may come up throu^
admitted as high up
A simple means oi
may l)e moved easilj
case of windows. 1
same rule will apply.
Not the least impoi
the impure air up thr
veuiiliiting trunk sho
STABLES AND OTHER SHELTER
admit air directly to the^Ta lsl^:\V'''' ''^ ^^°^^'^^«- -^^
horses are kept than a single row w llT *"P ''^' P^'^'^e. If „,ore
wished, they may stand in a d ^ '^^^^^^^^^ - « bam of the si^e
row that they cannot kick each other tT-J^ '".'"* '^'^^ ^^^'"^ --«h
ample. ^^"^ ^^^'^^^^ Thirty-four feet in width wiU be
Forf. ™' ^^®'**°^epa«raa«B.
severfcrhi^h^luhfrrofel^rw." '" '""^ '"^"^'^ «" Pegs
fine gear, should be hun<. in the 11 ^""^ '^''''S^ ^^^--^^, 6v othll
andtheeffluviaofthestabTo Thehtrel""™''"'^ ^'^^ ^^^^ «f dust
for al, harness, but fo. person wTtllX;' '"f^^
and It IS. on the whole, economy to Ian. l «! ^ '' '" "'^''^^ ^^ ^^ere,
when there is abundant light admitted to tL 7m ^T ''^''^' ^«P««i«"y
proper windows, and the ventilatnt p^rf^t "' ^''''' '°^««^ ^-^
Th«nrn . ^- ^«"^P«'*<^ and Ventilation.
The proper temperature for the stable is fif ^^ ^
ous. The horse is especially sensitive L TJ ^^ ''*'^^«» is obvi-
is less than fifty degrl, the'^sX b'c Im! '.'n 7'" ''' temperature
ated by clothing; and. here agatl oro^th \ •'"''^ "^^^''^ «b--
m stable management, both !n tLe scd / """'' ^^^P^rtant matters
though it is one too generally ^1^:7 Th '""^^ ""' ^^^^-t'
must be kept up in some way u'sTht. . J'"^'' ^'^^ «^ ^^e body
ing, than by extra feeding. ^So in sumr'' .u" '" ''^ "^^^"« ^^ ^J^th!
cool, and is especially^sef^' I ZZ7f- ^ '^^^* ^^^^^ ^^e body
from flies. ^ ^'"^ ^" protecting the animal, measurably.
Ventilation, again, is all-important, since bv ih\
proper supply of fresh air consLntly adm kte 7 ""?"' °"* ""^'^ ^'^ the
butat salsoan important mean of t^^ t,"?"' ^^
cmlly in winter. If ihe stable be made with bn ^^"P^'-^ture. espe-
my come up through these. In anyd e I "''['' '''' ^^''«^''*i«"
admitted as high up as possible. ^ ' ^"'''^''' ^^^ ''^ should be
A snnple means of admitting air is hv f ho . ,
may be moved easily up and Sown if ^hun. "!. 'f "^ P^"«^«' -^-^
:::ui::sr:;;,^^^^ --- --^rtrr ^i--:
t^-r ^^X^^ ^:t S!«-- - - P-« - oon^in.
— . trunk Should be not 1^ tC^rj^^iXir hegj^.^t
1
1 i :
■i
'^^^^^H
K_. ■ ■!■-'-■• ■
■: .rr.
■i -^^^^^^^^^1
BH^n^'''
'7^^^»?^^
": ^- ,:,■
■ ?
J 11 1
. J
■-J- v^Jf, •
"-wm^w^^^
mif.
184
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
the center of the stable and leading to the peak of the roof. Funnel
shaped branches, opening behind each two or three horses, should connect
with the main trunk. If the main ventilating trunk be provided with
proper doors, it may serve to convey straw down from above for
beddmg, and also hay, if open mangers are used; and it may be
remarked, in passing, that op«n mangers are altogether the best, to our
way of thinking.
An excellent additional means of ventilation to supply cool air in sum
mer and warm air in winter, is Mr. Wilkinson's plan of sub-earth venti
lation. This consists, simply, in laying an eight or ten-inch tile tube at
a depth of four to six feet under ground, and extending for 300 to 400
feet away, to an out-lot. The air coming from this pipe will always be
cool, or about fifty degre s in winter, and seldom more than that in sum-
mer. If four funnel-shaped openings are provided at the upper end of
the upright tube, it will always catch air from whatever direction the breeze
comes. This means of ventilation is especially valuable in country dwell,
ings, cellars and dairies.
V. The Arrangement of Stalls.
Large stalls are best, and each horse should have a separate stall
Whether built cheaply or elaborately, the stalls should vary in width
from five feet, to five feet six inches, according to the size of the horse
and should be ten feet from front to rear. The partition-posts at the rear
should be round, not less than five inches in diameter, with a gain cut
on the inside, to admit the ends of the plank forming the sides of the
stalls. The partition planks may lie between cleats. The posts may in
chne inward or not. If they do so incline, the bottom should be ten feet
from the wall, and the top eight feet. The sides should be four and a half
feet high, of two-inch plank, and if on the top of this there be placed a
strip of strong woven-wire cloth, two feet higher, it will prevent u<.ly
horses from biting or gnawing each other, and at the same time allow
good-tempered ones to get their noses near together for companionnhip
The floor should be double, and the upper one should bo in three jnrt^ •
that 18, the first three feet in front, of hard-wood, two-inch plank should
be laid close and nailed solid ; the other two sections, of narrow hard-
wood plank are nailed on strong end-pieces, and with half-inch 'spaces
between. These are to bo hinged to other plank nine inches wide next
the sides of the stall, so as to shut together at the middle, to within half
an inch of each other. Thus, all the liquid matter passes directly through
to the solid and water-tight floor beneath, made of planed and grooved
plank, and ending just inside the posts, in a narrow gutter, whence it is
conveyed away to a tank.
Thus the anii
for the daily wa
be wheeled out
trap door, to be
If the expens
great, the floor ;
cobble stone laic
floor to stand on
bedding to keep
ever the floor, w
The Economy
' ding. With a f u
comfortably in oi
thin bed. What i
much of the soih
there is much strs
be scantily bedde(
tion of the manu
farmer.
V
The constructioi
room for hay. It
floor, with a slat b
more than two feci
bottom, and about
across the stall, th
two feet wide, for |
sixteen inches will
inches at the botto
On the other side
and so arranged th:
for cleaning. An ii
wood, on the scor
mangor should not 1
the bottom, and so t
The bars of the racl
be bought, of iron,
back against the wal
have a substantial rii
to tie to.
The manger may Ij
thick for the front, h
m
8TABLE8 AND OTHER SHELTEK. jgg
Thus the animals are alwiv i
for the daily washing it should rec2e""'Th« "T.' ^^ '' ''^^'y '^'^^^
be wheeled outside, or if there Tnt '""^^ ^""^ and litter may
trap door, to be made il compost "'"'' *'"" '' ^^"° ^^-"gh a
If the expense of such a fl
great, the floor may be made of h«r/' . described, is deemed too
cobble stone laid i/sand Halrr^I^I P'^""' "'' ^^"-' "^ --oth
floor to stand on, if it be kept xtZ d 7 T^"' ' "^"^^ comfortable
bedding to keep the animalsl/pilro/i"" '"""»"' ^^ "^^^ ^-
ever the floor, where the animal lies dowf '" ""^' ^^ "««^' ^^«^
^i^^ wr?:s^^i-^ ^r r ^-- - -t the be.
comfortably in other respects, there is no L^^ T' "^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^"' »>"*
thin bed. What remains clean can be used a'aT fT '-f^' *'"" "'^b ^
much of the soiled straw may be drld ndTs^d atl ' ^ o' ^^ ^" "^'^'^^^'
there is much straw wasted, it is incomnr^K !^,^«''/"- ^^ farms where
be scantily bedded. The soi ed stm7ctT ..*''' ^'^ ^"™
tionof the manur^the urinelfnd^: T ""?"' '^f n^ost valuable por-
farmer. nne-and is a mine of wealth to a careful
VI. Construotion Of Mangers and Backs
The construction of the manger shonW K. u
room for hay. It should be buHt from ^.n ?" . "' *' '^"^^ P^^^t^^ «f
floor, with a slat bottom or a tigt bottom 7' 'f '''" ^"^'^^^ ^^^^^ «-
more than two feet four inches Wderthrton'f"^^^^^ '' ""' ""^ ^«
bottom, and about three feet four inch s hT/h ^r^^'"'" ^""^'^^ ^^ *b«
across the stall, the top rail bein<r of somfd « rl '^^^^ '^'^"'^'^ «'«^r
two feet wide, for grain and cut feed an7 ,' "* ''"''' ^"'^^ ^ ^««d-box
sateen inches wiu'be ^o^'Zo^i;;:^^^^^^^^
mchosatthe bottom, so much the better ^^' ^'^ ••^bout eighteen
for cleaning. An iron feediox simtarlv ""^^«"^«^«d ^t pleasure
wood, on the score of cleaZZ ll\Z''"^'^ '' better than one oi
mangor should not be omitted, and thisshm,w'h''i "^ ^"^ '"•■^^'^' ^^^
the bottom, and so arranged that the Z n ^ r^'"'*'^^ *"P «'"" «*
The bars of the rack should be about v in if ''""" '"^ '''''^ '"^^ '"ft-
I'e bought, of iron, if it can be rfforded ..' 'P"''' '"^ '^^'^ ^^'^ "'"J
l>ack against the wall, for ease^ ifp^^'S^n t' T '^ ^^^" "''' '''
have a substantial ring at the top, .ith nS 1 J'Ln 1^:11:^
The manger may be built of velb
thick for the front, back and
ends, and the bottoi
P'ue or oak, an inch and a half
of two-inch plunk,
«•#
'smiii^jiMs&
Mm
186
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
unless it be made of iron and hinged at the back, to let down for clea^.
ing, in which case a secure catch must be used in front. The top-front
of the manger should be protected with two and a half inch iron bands,
mded at the edges, firmly screwed on, so as to project slightly over
a top bar. They prevent the manger being gnawed and disfigured. It is
so better that a post be placed from the ground to the under-side of the
jp bar of the manger, and midway from the sides of the stall. In this
case a ring may be screwed by the shank, or stapled into the post, in
such away that it may play freely. The tie may have a light weight
at the end, so that the bight of the halter will be in no danger of get-
ting under the fore legs of the horse.
Vn. The Hay and Straw Loft.
Every stable should have a loft for hay and for straw, with chutes, or
tubes, for easily throwing it below. The chute for straw may be the
tube used for ventilation and, of course, must have a tightly-fittinw door
to prevent effluvia from entering the hay loft. The ventilating tube may
be used for hay, even if the hay has to ibe carried from the floor to the
manger, but it is better that the hay-chute connect directly with the
manger. If a rack is used, the chute should connect therewith.
The floor of the loft should be of tightly-fitting, planed and grooved
flooring, to prevent the sifting of seeds and dirt below, and especially to
keep the effluvia of the stable from rising into the loft.
VJJLX. An Eoonomioal Granary.
The granary of the stable should be in the loft or floor above the
stable. This should be a tight room, rat proof, with bins for oats, brau
and cut-feed, with chutes from each running to a feed room below, each
bin being provided with a proper slide, for giving out or shutting off the
grain. The bottom of the bins are better if funnel-shaped, so that tlie
entire contents will run out when necessary. The chutes for grain should
bo four inch(!.s inside. There should also be a roomforcut hayandsiraw,
each with its chute, these being not less than twelve inches in diameter,
though fifteen is l)etter. Thus it will always be easy to get either cut
hay or grain, and it is certainly easier to put the supply at once where it
is safe and easily come at, than to take many steps each time you want
feed. Besides, it saves grain.
Below them should be a suitable trough for mixing feed, and also a
sieve, with a mesh small enough to save any feed grain, for winnowing
and cleaning the ^rain before feeding. The regular feeding of absolutely
clean grain has often saved the stable-man the care of serious disorders in
his horses.
8TABJ.es and other shelter. jg^
need not be made, and yet the principles of imZ t 1' '^' ^'^^^^^
is the same here as with buildin<. iZ 1 ^ ^ ^"^ retained. It
economical in the design, my bffj^^^^^ ^^ strong and
most expensive. A thL-^ wel^ done 1 '',"'^ comfortable as the
causos waste and loss. If you have \',„7"7'^^"^ ^o-^- ^y done it
carefully smoothed. answer^^Tve'yTu^^^^^^^ -<^ P-^ns.
framing and must do your own work stron. L l ^''.°''* ^" ^^"P^ «*
..nch. or driven solid', and quite ctLtoSe^^^^^^^^^^^^ " t T'' '^^^
cross-piece nailed securely on the too wilf I * ^^® *°P' **»^ »
A DEVICE TO CURE THE HABIT OF KICKING.
tho bottom, and clear thivuKrh fi,« *
.ugcr, .„ revive thoZ.whifh,l , ^'"'T' "'* "" '""^ »■"' « >>«"
S. tho rear postsray 4 ™„t"Z ° Btaght sapling,, p„p,,, ,^„^^_
- I.y any „„„ Z'X . » ^^TZ a 1° r"^r>"?' •7'' "^ "="■*
mcr, ,» every farmer should be Th a ■ Z' '"''' ''"''" "'"' •>»"»-
f. .• a,™ sensible plant; „ k li ! b "^Z" ""■" *"•" '"""^ " '*• A
hve one. i. ,„ .J..." ,|° , :^'' .'« """"t' " J""- "■•'= «» unfortunate as to
b^h, Thirwnfp;„i;;-;i;L:;t;r,^rc':''""'' "' ™"^" "^""^^
,^1
«#
188
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
IX. The Wagon and Carriage Floor.
It is good economy to have ample space in the horse-bam in which to
keep the carriage, buggy and other more costly vehicles. No one should
own a vehicle for pleasure, or even a spring wagon, without pro,)or
means of sheltering; and it is needless to say that fowls, pic^eons or
other birds, are never to be allowed inside the horse-stable and^carria-o
house. "
^ The ordinary farm wagons may be kept under a proper shed, when not
m u^ If the habit were formed of putting eveiy vehicle in its place
even if to be used again soon, it would be found not to take any more timJ
than to have them left wherever the driver may think proper. In nine
cases out of ten they are left just where they are in the way, or else they
are exposed to the heat of the sun, or to sudden storms.
X. The Harness Room.
The harness room should be near the carriage floor, and easy of access
from the stable, but separated from each by a tight partition. Tliis
worn, besides containing pegs, or hooks for hanging each harness, should
also contain a table for cleaning and, oiling harness, and a cupboard for
oU, blacking brushes, sponges, tools for mending harness, needles
thread, wax, a saddler's horse, pieces of leather, buckles, etc.
XI. The Stable Yard and Out-Sheds.
The stable yard should be dry and firm, and large enough to properly
exercise and train an animal in. It should be protected on every side b^-
a tight fence six feet high. On one side, but not facing in the yard, wifl
be found a good place for the wagon shed. Along one side, and openin<r
mto the yard, may be a shed containing feeding troughs at the wall. It
will be useful for many purposes.
XII. Grass-Lots Near the Stable.
At least one grass-lot should be near the stable, and, if large
enough to be divided into pasture and meadow, so much the better. The
pasture will often be wanted to turn a lame or partially disabled animal
into, and it is also a good place for the colts to have a run. If there is
no spring or stream in the pasture a trough, under shelter, must be pro-
vided, and this may be connected with the house-pump by an undercrround
pipe. "
Xm. A Good Supply ot Water.
It is essential that a constant supply of fresh water be had at the
stable. The best stable buildmgs are provided with a windmill atthe top,
And a tank in the loft, to secure the needed water from the nearest well
or stream. The tank should be closed tight and should be provided with
» waste pipe at i
Blablc, with a bi
hoso will thus ei
windmill and tai
the water may h
other part of th(
This should al'
and of tenor if vvi
sweep away the
time during the d
•lean will more tl
man should alwaj
The tools neces
brooms, a scrapi
brushes, curry-coj
the body, and pie
horses. There sh
summer, and wan
tools for cleaning
ksptinthe stable
8TARLKS AND OTHER SHELTER. jgg
« waste pipe at the top. Another ninn f,.« *u ,
^blc. with a branch To the pa" wLere Z '"""'"' ^^^'^^ ^^ *^«
hoso will thus enable you to Va«h veh le. t^ ''''".f ' "'^ "^^'^^"^- ^
windmill and tank n^a^ be phZ a-^^wh re onTor^ T' T'"' ^''^
the water may be carried bv undpZ ? «l«vation, from which
•ther pa. of" the premil^^t ^^Tbe Sd" ^'^ ^^'^^ ^^ "^ ^"^
Xrv. Cleaning the Stable.
This should always be done at the proper time fw! ^
widoftencrif wa.sto matter accumuktTr *""«' t^»«e a day regularly,
«wecp away the -umulatiorof tan L Vaf ^Ih'T ""^- ^""^
lime during the day, and the satisfaction Tf^ee^l^e!;r^^'" ''"' ''^
.lean will more than compensate for Zi. v Z ^ ^verythmg neat and
man should always be heirtoaeeo-^f J^ght extra labor. A stable-
Thetools necesLy in^sLTaT Jo^?^ "^^'J^' ^ ' .
brooms, a scraper for nulUncr n^ manure-forks, a hay-fork,
brushes, curryimbi;^;eSerb:Tcra::no^ ',f- «P-^-.
the body, and plenty of cloths for ZZ 1 u « *^^ ^""^^^ ^^O"*
horses. There'shou^d be al prt d f^^^^^^^^^ ^-^s of the
summer, and warm blankets for t^ter Th re 1 m?'"'^ ^'''' ^
tools for cleanmg the animals fo?7v . """^^ ^^ '' ^"" ««* «'
M in the stable. "'^"'^ *^°' ^'^ ^' ^<>«t three, horses
CHAPTER Xni.
FEEDING, WATBRIN-O AND GROOMINa.
1. THE GOOD THAT A SIEVE WILL DO. II. HOW TO FEED. III. WHEN TO FFPt.
IV. WHAT TO FEED. V. CONDIMENTS. VI. HOW TO MAKE MASHES -—iTT
HOW TO MAKE GRUEL. VIII. THE 9UANTITy OF GRAIN TO FEED. IX HAY *« '
ZIJ^- " «KOOMING. XI. WHEN TO GROOM XII. GENERAL ST uu ^
CARE Xlll. BLANKETS AND OTHER CLOTHING. "«.«l!.KAL STABLE
I. The Gkjod that a Sieve 'Will Do.
There is, of course, such a thing as beingtoo methodical, but more fail-
ures result from want of proper attention to the little things that to to
r-ake up the whole, than from too minute an attention to details. A com-
petent knowledge of the requirements in every case, combined with accu-
rate judgment to c&rry each one out accoi ^ing to its relation to the whole"
is what marks a man of sensible, methodical habi:;s, hy contrast with one
who works at random, or neglects some detail that may be of the first
importance.
How few farmers, for instance, think it necessary to have a sieve for
cleaning the grain which is fed to horses I And yet, this is one of the
most important of the minor implements of the stable. The use of a
sieve saves cleaning the dirt from the feeding boxes ; saves horses the an-
noyance of swallowing bits of wire and other trash, quite common ia
these days of automatic binders ; saves the teeth of the animals from
being broken on gravel, or other hard substances in the grain, and 'rives
one the satisfaction of knowing that the horse is enjoying a meal, clean
and wholesome as that of his master. Many careful men wash the grain
after it is cleaned from trash in the sieve ; which is a most sensible opera-
tion, and an easy one, since you have only to drop the sieve partly in
water and shake it, or pour a bucket of water over it and let it drain.
n. How to Feed.
A horse must be fed with reference to what he is to do. The horse
doing slow but hard and exhausting labor, should have all the clean
sound grain he will eat three times a day, with as much clean, sweet hay
at night as he will consume, though we seldom find hay so fine and -^ood
that all will be eaten. The grain, during the heat of summer, should be
oats, in cooler weather oats and corn, while in winter the corn may con-
stitute fully half the ration.
If cut feed be used, half oats and half corn, ground together, may be
used, and this mixed with one-third its bulk, not weight, of bran. When
the animals are fed whole grain, this mess should be given two or three
times a week, at evening, as a change.
FEEDING, WATEUmo AND GROOMING. 191
night to feed. ThU pli„ wo dislikl tZT ? ''""■ ''°"°' "'
...„., u„a ,j.o„,d ,.eft i„ t^rb,: who": „' rrk-'^Th:"""'"-!
oace or twice a week Zf ,1!, ^f^' ";'"■ " '"'«' -""^h »' t>ra„
to pasture during the »u™2r'^rthil m' 7 ' '""• ''"'" "" »» ■>"'
.uimals are eateS up byflfes .„d ml^ T° 1 °'°™ '"''''"'°'"- The
«d the owner bta.'es'^hf^t ":r :' I^^f ' ""' "' "°"*''>°'
WMk. H they arc turned onf .,t „i J? "'"'^Sr-'zed them at so much a
get h».f «ti„„^, „, iZt, ■ It :td ^''^"^"■' """"^ ''^ "^y -0
j::j;T;:rx:,"srurdt:;vir„Tj^rT''--^'^
gmss is amply sufficient. '''"'^- ^ """"th «*
th^ftim^X^Tccttf^r "d"" 'T '"'■^ «"»*'>' "*.
* Musty gmh^ZtJ f,l!".l' ; "• ""•'' "°"""' ""^ "^ *'>">■ -"
«crs, and^ho;," nefcrheM'toaty C "-:° "--.-<> "'"er
W, be sure that it is made from sound^ Z w ? ' '" °""S ground
d«. not cure .usty g™i„, thoughTt ma^I-^i,?*'!:' '"°«'^°^
•gain, the best plan with all drivin.. hoLes 3 tl T"^" J^"'"^'
work, is to feed whole grain to them! ' '" ''*^''' '"*
ni. When to Peed.
A horse should get his feed as regularly as a man w *
that of a man, is small and thn «;1 K u ^^ stomach, like
breeding and ca^. flTr erdoin' f^t 1^ ^ "'""' '^ "^'^^^-^
fed grain four times a da^; at sfx md at t Tl"? "*^^'^' «^«"'d be
two in the afternoon and'l.atn It 2m n ' ''"'\^" '''' '"^^-"fe'' -*
befedfour.mesaday; bufthel :tgfee'^:X^^^^^^ T' ^'^^
eight o'clock, since the animals are not requited to L / T ''^'" "'
before ten. They should h« f«H o • , ,^"",^** *" ''e "sed, as a rule,
-possible; «isoitregoL;?utrt'helft""'"°'r "' "»" *'""™
«tur„ in the evening; ifttey br n- th, 1^-^°.°' """' "«"'" "P"" *«!■•
*. have a feed bef^i bci„Ileft "ftthe Zl ""° '^'^' '""^ ""'"•"'
. . - - l.ah.-..cdmg an,ma,s should have every inducement held out
,mmm*-^^-
■»#
192
TIIK AMEKICAN KAUMEK H STOCK ilOOK.
■il
to get them to oat enough. It is seldom that animals of this kind are too
greedy. Their feeding is so regular and their care is so good, that tli..y
are seldom inehnod to overload their stomachs. If an animal bo a -lut-
ton he must bo restrained to such a quantity of food as will support the
labor he is to porfonn. No horse driven at fast, or to exhaustive work
should bo taken out in less than an hour and a half, or two hours after
finishing the meal ; and it is better for any horse if ho have an hour of
rest after eating, before returning to work.
IV. What to Feed.
What the feed of horses should be, has been partly stated in the pre-
ceding sections. It may bo varied somewhat, according to the price of .rruiii.
A.S a rule much cut feed is given to teaming horses, express and dniy
horses, in cities, especially in largo stables, where the a methodical nys-
tcm is followed, and intelligent foremen have charge of the different
departments. If com is given as a substitute, in part, for oats, bran
should bo used with it. Cut feed at night, with oats morning and noon
makes excellent provender for any draft team, including those for farm
work. On a number of farms where many horses are used, t.i.3 is the rule
and a most excellent one it is, during the season of hard labor. In winter
more corn may bo fed than oats ; and when corn-meal and bran are used
a heaping measure of bran to a stricken measure of meal, is a good i)ro-
portion.
The intelligent reader will be able to judge, from the suggestions here
given, how to regulate the messes. A horse, regularly and fully fed, will
seldom eat too much. Now and then it will be necessary to restrain a
greedy one. If a horse is given to bolting iJ^ grain whole, ho should
have chopped food, or it must be so managed that he can only pick it up
little by little. It is the half-fed horse that founders himself when he
gets at the grain l)in.
V. Condiments.
It is well to avoid horse condiments, condition powders, and nostrums
wan-anted to cure. On the farm they should not be needed ; and if the
animal is really ill, the proper treatment of the case will be found fur-
ther on, in the chapters devoted to diseases. In the cities and laro^er vil-
lages, the advice of a competent veterinary surgeon can now-a-davs "ciier-
ally bo procured. Arsenic, strychnine and other violent drugs, cspoc-ially
the first named, aro much in vogue to give an animal fire and a sleek
coat, especially by ignorant persons who pretend to know all about I.orses.
They aro ruinous unless used as prescribed by a competent vetorinarian.
If a horse lacks appetite, rest and a few bran-inushes will generally rem-
edy the trouble. Condition powders are beneficial, if the system is out of
FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMING.
1
193
order. Their use, and how to prepare them, will be given . olmp
tens on the treatment of diseases. Salt is the only true condiment for
h<rl,.verous an.mals. This they should have always before them. Thev
will then take just what is needed and no more.
VI. How to Make Mashes.
A sweet mash is made by taking four quarts of good bran, moistening
,t gradually with hot water, and then adding enough boiling water to
brn.g It to the proper eonsisteney. Cover with a eloth, and when cool
added,
enough give it to the horse. A small teaspoonful of salt may h
if desired. *^
Another good mash is made by boiling two quarts of ground oats, a pint
of flax-seed and a little salt, for three hours. Then mix with it enou<.h
bran to bring it to a proper consistency for eating. A half pint of
molasses may be added to the water. Cover with a cloth and feed cold
Th.8 IS the quantity for a horse, and is a good Sunday morning meal
when the team is kept on dry food during the rest of the week.
Vn. How to Make Gruel.
There is nothing better for a tired horse than gruel ; every horse should
be taught to dnnk it. Stir a pint or more of oat-meal gradually into
four quarts of cold water. If you have no oatmeal, use half a pint or
more, each, of fine com-meal and flour, according as it is liked, thick or
thin. Then fill up the pail, m wliich it is mixed, with water; stir and
give It to the aaimal at once. Sometimes a dainty horse may be induced
to take It, by first giving him a single swallow of water
Never give a horse solid food when exhausted. If he will not take
gruel, try him with hay tea, after having first turned down a quart of
good stock ale. Rub him in any event, until dry. and then give him his
feed. By this time he will probably have taken some hay
Hay Tea.-To make hay tea, fill a bucket with the best of hay, clean
and bright Pour over it enough boiling water to fill the pail. Cover
closely to keep ,n the steam, pressing the hay down occasionally, or put
It on Uie stove to keep itjiot while pressing. In fifteen minutes it will
be sufficiently stee,3ed. nvrn off the water into another bucket, and add
enough cold water to muke six or seven quarts, and giveto thehorse when
Zd iZ! '^ " "'""^''"^^ ^"' ''' '^^^^^-^ ««-'-^ f- a
Vm. The Quantity of Qrain to Peed.
Grain should always be fed by weight. If a team require a bushel of
oate a day. this will be 36 pounds of sound, clean oat. ; if the oats are
not clean, the bushel will weigh only 32 pounds, or !««« t. JT: I
be substituted, give only a half bushel, or 28 pouni""of LiTed 7oZ
tt
"tntUfMrr nm-imiirfi
r.)t
THE AMERICAN KAKMEU's HTOCKHOOK.
U» IIk! ti'Min lit three feeds. If this is not enough, tlic allowuncc may l,o
iiHMVuscd to tiiirty-six pounds. If the corn he on tlie ear, thirty-liv,;
pounds is the weigiit of the half bushel. In every caae a half bushCi ,,f
corn is tho equivalent of each bushel of oats fed. In other words, the
stable uses seventy pounds of car corn, or fifty-six pounds of shelled torn,
for every two bushels of oats discontinued. The change, however, should
never bo made suddenly, but gradually. Barley, rye and wheat ai(< not
injurious to tho horse, but wo must not feed more pounds than the niru.
lar ration of the grain previously fed. If ground feed is given, onc-lifth
less in weight will be required.
IX. Hay and Straw.
As before stated, none but sound hay should bo used. Timothy, Blue
grass, (poapratensisor poa compressa),Fo\\l meadow, (^oa serotina),
Orchard grass, {dactylis glomerata), and Red Top, all make excellent
hay. Clover should never ho fed to horses ; it is always dusty, and jjcn-
erally badly cured. Hungarian grass, if cut just when in blossom, may
be given once a week ; if fed constantly, or if too ripe, it acts stroniily
on the urinary organs.
Straw should always be used for bedding— oat-straw is the best ; and
a feed of sweet, clean, bright straw is relished occasionally by the hoiso.
We once kept twenty pairs of farm mules all winter on bright straw and
corn, with a feed once a week of Hungarian hay, and never had them
come through better.
X. Qrooming.
Stable tools are to be used, not abused ; nor is the animal to be tor-
tured with them. The groom who strikes a horse on the hocks, or othet
pait of the body, with the curry-comb or other stable tool, should be
discharged instantly. The groom who uses the curry-comb to the posi-
tive discomfort of a horse, or about tho joints, should be admonished,
and if he persist he should be discharged. The use of the curry-comb
is simply to loosen the scurf and dirt, and to clean the brush. The
curry-comb should be carried lightly and in circles over the body, and
then a good bristle brush should bo used to clean the horse. The brush
should be used with firm, long strokes, and after every two or tliree
strokes it should be drawn over the comb to free it of dust. Very short-
haired and tender-skinned horses require little more than tho brush, to be
followed with a damp wisp of straw, finishing with cloths. Tho wisp
and cloth should always be used to finish a horse.
If the legs are dirty and wet, they should be washed clean and rubbed
dry ; if they are dirty, clean them with the brush. Be particular about
TM^'-t.^mm,
FEEDING, WATERING AND OROOMINO.
19A
[ i
**-
196
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
i
Thty must he left
the fetlocks, and the long hair of the lower limbs,
both dry and clean.
The maiio and tail should never be touched with anything except a
coarse-toothed horn comb, and the brush. Brushes are madot'speciallv
for this purpose.
The feet should always be looked to and cleaned when the horse comes
into the stable, lie may have picked up a nail, or graveled himself
Whatever injury of this kind he may have sustained should be promptly
treated.
XI. When to Qroom.
Every day, before going to work, the horse should be thoroughly
cleaned. If becomes in dirty at night, he should certainly be cleaned
before the master goes to bed. It is an open question among horsenicn,
whether a horee should be washed when dirty. Our plan is to scrape th(i
body as dry as possible immediately, blanket in cold weather, biiiida<rc
the legs to keep them warm, jind clean when dry. The tired horse should
never be placed in a draft of air U> cool. If he do not cool kindly, he
wants a stimulant, hay tea or gruel. ' If necessary, he may be walked
about in the air ; it will both dry and refresh him, unless he be badly used
up.
XII. General Stable Care.
Of general stable care Ave have previously written. The animal should
have done for him what he cannot do for himself. It is poor economy to
be without any necessary article to properly care for the horse. The
ordinary tools have been already indicated. Proper tools for cleaning the
stable must be had, and proper implements for cleaning the horse are
quite as necessary. The drinking bucket should never be used for wash-
ing the horse. When not in use, both drinking and washing buckets
should be prevented from falling down. Keep them full of water, and
change when necessary, but never mistake the wash bucket for the drink-
ing bucket.
A wheel-barrow is a most useful thing in the stable, and its uses are
also various about the place. The list of cleaning tools is a long one,
but a horse may be cleaned in the most thorough manner with a good
curry-comb, a brush, a wet sponge, a wisp of straw and rubbing cloths.
A scraper should always be near for use upon sweaty horses. A section
of a flat barrel-hoop will do very well at a pinch.
Xm. Blankets and Other Clothing.
The driving horse should have a summer and a winter stable-blanket,
and a summer and winter blanket for the street ; also a hood for the head
and nock, and other appliances for protecting iho limbs, as bandat'cs.ete.
FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMING. jgy
CHAPTER XIV.
HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSE.
I. THE ECONOMY OF HUMANE TREATMENT. II. CO.MMON SEN.SE IN ALL THINGS
111, THRIFT AND UNTURIFT C!ONTKASTEI> IV. CRUELTY AND IMPROVIDENCE VS
THRIFT AND KINDNESS. V. WHY THE HORSE REQUIRES INTELLIGENT MANAIiK-
MKNT. VI. HOW TO KNOW AN INTELLIGENT MASTER. VII. PICTURES FROM
REAL LIFE. VIII. THE KIND MAN WILL HAVE A WILLING TEAM. IX. THE
" GOOD FELLOW'S" CRUELTY. X. HOW TO USE ONE'S MEANS.
I. The Economy of Humane Treatment.
In the treatment of animuls, humanity and common sense are one and
the same thing. For, the humane treatment of these dumb crcatuios
not only contributes to their comfort, but promotes their physical wel-
fare, and enables the owner to get from them the largest amount of labor
that they are capa>)le of. The farm animals, and especially the horses, of a
cruel, slovenly or miserly farmer are rarely in condition to perform the
most efficient labor. A master, so unthrifty or penurious as to begrud<fe
the proper care and feeding of his animals, is also apt to over-work and
under-feed his laborers, and an employer who does this never has efficient
help. His hired men, while at work, shirk ever}' duty they can, and at the
first opportunity they quit him ; and the work that they cannot shirk is
done in the most inefficient and slovenly manner. Even if inclined to do
their duty they cannot work to the best advantage because the team is
unfit. Here, then, we see two causes operating against the grudgiii" or un-
thrifty fanner — inefficiency in his help and in his animals ; whereas, the
farmer who has common sense and humanity enough to keep his animals
in good condition, has only one possible cause of inefficient labors;
guard against, viz : inefficiency in the men he employs. A man of the
latter kind, however, will have little difficulty in securing efficient liolp;
whilst the grudging or unthrifty man seldom secures the best labor, he-
cause good men will not work for such a master, unless oblifrod to.
Jlence, the want of common senee or of humanity always reacts against
the individual, and at a loss to himself. The horses of a good farmer
are not pampered. His workmen do not expect to be ; but the common-
sense man will see to it that they are made as comfortable as circnm-
stances will admit ; that neither horsc's nor men are overworked ; that the
food, both for man and beast, is given in sufficient quantity, and that it
is of good quality. Plain, but substantial food, well-cooked, should be
provided for the men, and sound grain, plenty of water, careful groom-
ing for the horses ; and the eye of the master should also see to it that
tiu6 aniiQUio iirG rC'^ aoussu; ijy uoating. If the uorsos iiuvv; uo!/ bccu
19»
f»"jms*
HUMANITY VD COMMON SENSE. 199
broken ia spirit, they will not need whipping; for the intelligent master
Will not long keep dull, lazy brutes, any more than he will employ lazv
shirking men. ^ J "*^jt
II. Common Sense in all Things.
It would show as great a want of common sense to put a pair of colts
intended for fast road horses, or trotters, or a younga' imaUntendedl:;
a h,gh-pnced saddle-horse, to continuous and hard draft, as it would to
expect extraordinary speed from an ill-bred brute, or from a horse bred
solely for draft. Docs not the same rule hold good in all transactions?
s.tnot the result of ignorance, or of a penny-wise and pound-foolish
disposition that an inferior animal, of any kind, is ever allowed to be bred
for any purpose? Whatever may be the labor that is to bo performed
none but the most superior animals for the use, should ever be bred -
just as none but the most perfect seed should ever be planted or sown'
If the rule were universally adopted of breeding none but the best ani-
mals and sowing none but the best seed ; and if, in addition, the proper
care were observed in the breeding of animals and in the cultivation
and saving of crops, the productions of the country might be doub
led 1.1 three years, from the same acreage, while the average value
of farm animals might be more than doubled in ten years. This is the
direction of our thoughts when we urge the importance of common sense
intelligence and humane care upon the farm ; their exercise brinc^s the
largest profit to the master at the lowest cost. "
In 1879 which vv^s a season of unusual productiveness, the avera..e
yield of wheat ,n the various states comprising the Union, ranched from
7 bushels per acre, in the caso of North Carolina, te 20 3-10 l,ushels per
acre in the case of Indiana The average for the whole United States
was less ban 10 2-10 l>ushels per acre. Is the average farmer satisfied
with ton bushels to the acre? Taking the country through, does it pay
to raise wheat at such a rate of production ? How many worthless acres
rau^t be sown to reduce the general average to ten busheh t
Again, the average pri(.e of horses for the whole United,States in 1879
was $.,4.7.) per head. Can any farmer expect to make money by raisin*.
and htting a common horse for labor at less than $100? How m-inv
absolutely worthless brutes must have been sold for a song, to reduce the
pnera average to half the price at which common workhorses should
m. Thrift and TTnthrlft Contrasted.
_ In the one case we see a shiftless and at the same time cruel and nei^
uup:. drunKon owner, with a miserable mule and a still more miserable
one^carcd and one-eyed horse for a team. They would sell simply fo^
<ri
200
THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK,
the price of their hides. Of course, they do not eat as much as an able
team would cat, because they cannot get it. Scant feed is certainly not
economy in their case, for the result of their day's work would be not
moro than an acre scratched over. So much for the unhuppy toani of a
reckless master. This man and his family do not live. They siruply
CKUELTY AN1> IMI'KOVIUENCE AMU TUEIK SUUKOUNUINOS.
exist, and their only mission in life seems to be to reduce the nvorage
price of live stock, and the average yield per acre.
Look at the other picture, if you wish to see a thrifty and able master
with a handsome and able team, going off as though they meaht business.
There, also, are the happy children, just come out with the lunch basket;
there is nothing mi
the average yield o
aense, raising the a
rv. Crue
The cruel or imp
ifring in the street t
HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSK.
201
there is nothing miserable here. The master is hard at work increasing
the average yield of wheat, and by the exercise of humanity and eommoa
aome, raising the average price of farm stock.
rv. Cruelty and Improvidence vs. Thrift and Kindness.
The cruel or improvident man's team stands exposed to flies, or shiv-
•ring in the street of the village, while the man is guzzling beer or whia-
K1NUNES8 ANU Common Sense Exemi-lipieu.
key close by. They stand in their own filth at home, uncleaned, as they
are half fed. The team of the kind and thrifty maater stands in the stj-=
hie at home, eating generous provender, when not at labor on the farm,
or hauling heavy loads of produce to the market. The animals do not
m
*i
202
THE AMERICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
lack blankets when necessary. They have no bony shoulders to be gallerl
They are not jerked about by the bits, nor are they lashed or beaten with
a club Avliilc at work. Thoy have simply been trained to obedience, and
have been tauirht soincthinj? of the En<jlish laniruace.
In the streets of our larire cities we can see plenty of such teams as we
have described, teams both of the cruel and the provident master. On
the average farm, we see none of the first kind. They are, happily, con-
fined mainly to a rare class, shiftless, drunken squatters on waste land,
though occasionally such masters are found, as renters, with their wortli-
Icss brutes on the lands of a landlord too greedy to give an industrious
laborer a fair rental for his lalior. Do such landlords thrive ? Unhap-
pily yes. Sometimes, by denying themselves and families the common or
decent necessaries of life, and by cheating even the poor knackers whose
improvidence has thrown them in their way.
v. Why the Horse Bequires Intelligent Management.
It is because horses are intelligont animals. They have a sense of
reason, which may be improved by training. They are naturally dis-
posed to rely upon their masters, and this disposition should never be over-
come by the fear of injury. They are courageous, and at the same time
timid. Their courage should be fostered, since it increases their spirit
and decreases their timidity. They fear objects with which they are unfa-
miliar. Once they learn that an object is harmless, they cease to fear it.
Thus they may be accustomed to the sound and sight of a locomotive,
one of the most fearful objects to them naturally, and if allowed to satisfy
themselves that a locomotive is not dangerous, they will at lenf^tli
want to touch it with the ncse ; for this is the last means a horse uses to
fully satisfy himself that an object will not injure him. Thus satisfied,
all further fear of that object is pasiied.
VI. How to Know an Intelligent Master.
An intelligent master, however poor he may be, will not drive ii
broken-down, rat-tailed, spavined team, with ears torn away, eyes knocked
out, ill-kept and ill-fed. He will not have rusty tools, nor keep a liojr-
wiillow by the side of his door. His wife will not be found pulling down
and burning the remnants of a fence, for want of better firewood. His
team, indeed, may not bo in high fljesh. The necessity of extraordiiimv
labor, and plain food, may keep master and horse thin, but there will \k
intelligent oarc shown even in poverty. Cunning is not intelligence, neither
is brute force power. The intelligent man, however unlearned, may be
known by his surroundings, and by the care of his horse, if he is for-
All horse owners
a poor team. The
owner is losing mo
houses and barn:
other ways, uncoi
may easily learn h(
M
illustration on this p
mals. The horses a;
well cared for. Tin
are well trained and
ieulediy, preparator_y
is a rough structure,
HUMANITY AXD COMMON SENSE.
203
All horse owners cannot haVe tine teams, but no man can afford to own
a poor team. They must be kept in proper condition for Aihov, else the
owner is losing money on them constantly. All farmers cannot have fine
houses and barns, but no farmer should have either cold, or, in
other ways, uncomfortable buildings. By studying chapter XII, one
may easily learn how to make the cheapest structure comfortable. The
illustration on this page fully illustrates an idea of comfort in farm ani-
mals. The horses are not specially line, but they are in good flesh and
well cared for. The master has no fear that they will run away. They
are well trained and know they will not be abused, hence they drink con-
leuLediy, preparatory t^» the half-day's plowing expected of them. The bam
la a rough structure, but it is well built and thoroughly warm in winter.
Ih
. ,'S's
0(]
mi
204
THE AMERICAN FARMEH 8 STOCK BOOK.
The 8;.n undings (
his character. The 1
the sides iilled in witl
will be comfortable.
THE SHELTER OF THE
to build better. Hov^
will sow no more crop
for, and himself can (
trumpery, and what i
will be no more than
barns and yards may 1
the provident man.
The barn of the im]
be off the hinges, an(
attempt at chinking uj
storm, while his har
of the wagon, or el
«barn. His animals w
selves at a neighborins
he will have no time to
ridge-pole with fodder,
HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSE. 206
Vn. Pictures from Real Life.
The8;-n undings of a man, in any condition in life, are an index to
h.8 ^■haract.r The kuid master may have only a stable built of poles,
the..desiilledmw.thhay. and the roof of the same material ; but i
wJl be comfortable. Health, thri '. .nd care, in the end, will enable him
THE SUELTEK OI- THE PKOVIDENT MAN. AN IMPROVIDENT MAN^ WT
to build better. However poor, there will be method in his labor He
will sow no more crops than his team can properly prepare the jn-ound
for, and himself can carefully tend. His debts will not be for useless
trumpery, and what tools he has will be in good order. His animals
will be no more than can be properly cared for, so that, in the end his
barns and yards may look something like the picture of the shelte'r of
the provident man.
The barn of the improvident man will be dilapidated. The door will
be off the hmgcs, and propped up with rails. There may be some
attempt at chinking up cracks. His wagon will stand anywhere in the
storm, while his harness will lie handy, perhaps on the ton^me
of the wagon, or else be flung on the floor of the hovel be calls
An Unthrifty Home.
• barn. His animals will be unsheltered, and allowed to shift for them-
selves at a neighboring hay stack, yet he will be so fully employed, that
ne will have no time to do botfor He win u„™ „„ i-._. x.,. , , .,
ndge-pole with fodder, no horses, cattle and sheep enjoying themselves
«i
•mit 1-iiiMiiiiii
20«
THE AMKRICAX FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
in the stables. Hia pigs can of course shift for themselves entirely.
They will be so thin that they can easily slide through any fence near by,
vnthin which, indeed, all his stock have probably helped themselves,
unless his careful neighbors have made their fences "horse-high, bull-
proof and pig-tight."
As to his home, it may look something like the picture, airy
in summer, but not comfortable in winter — for a brush-pile, eked out
with bark torn from the fences, does not make generous fuel. Dear
read'ir, have you not recognized the picture in your ti,.»els? Have not
some of us seen the same thing near home?
The home of the intelligent and thrifty^lnan will in time come to look like
the one shown in the illustration of kindness and common sense exempli-
fied. At all events, however humble, neatness and good care will be
apparent everywhere.
vm. The kind Man will have a Willing Team.
The team of the considerate man, if they unfortunately become chafed
by the harness, when away from home, in a storm, are immediately at-
tended to. They are kept warm, dry and clean ; and however tired at
A Kind Man's Team. A Cruel Man's Team.
night, are always ready for work the next day, because they have rested
in plenty of clean straw, with plenty to eat. If the master's means will
permit, they will be lordly looking animals, not unlike the picture of a
kind man's team.
At all events, they will not resemble a cruel man's team, with ribs show-
ing like bean-poles, and themselves the pictures of hunger, gazing at an
empty bucket, — or at least, a bucket empty except for the air it con-
tains.
IX. The " Qood Fellow's" Cruelty.
.e is another class, known us good fellows, whose time is so taken
aelping their friends, that they never have leisure to care for anything
at homo. They have time to hunt and lish, to play cards and drink. When
they work, they work very hard, and are generally so used up, both man
UrS l>OOl<-YAKl» GA'
U
HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSE.
207
and team, that they require rest for several days. These "good fellows"
nfi<'n own but one horse, and borrow some other "good fellow's" horse
to «'8i)lice a team." Their borrowings are extensive, and their morointel-
ligeut, .because more caro-ul, neighbors lend, for the sake of the poor
family at home. Some people would call thot; lazy ; perhaps this is as
good a name for it as any other. They certainly do not work when they
can avoid it. They do not think themselves cruel. Are tha;/ not? Yes,
cruel in their negljct at home! The
"good fellow's " surroundings may
be shown in three pictures. First
is seen his ba: , if ho has a bam,
with his Gorry old horse niournf iill)i
contemplating the chances for the
corain ' winter. He has a house ? Yes,
j|WO show a corner of it, and his dooi
?yard gate. He has, perhaps, a farm,
or has hired a part of some richei
A "ooo,.KK, LOW'S" BARK. good fcllow's farm. Here is the
other good fellow s iield gate, and himself comiiif, home after havin- had
a good tune. If too tipsy to open the gate, it will not be difficult to
push it over.
X. Row to use One's Means.
This chapter may not, oerhaps, l«, altogether practical, except in the
sense of showing tlie impractical, and the folly of neglecting to use the
means which any man may have. All cannot own fine teams ; all cannot
own strong teams, but every man who owns a team of any kind, should
keep it m a condition for labor. The man who is improvident in the neff,
lect of his farm and stock, is improvident in the underlyin<r principl*
upon which all else rests. Hence, the pictorial story of thrift and
unthnft may not come amiss ; and the thrifty man who buys this book
H,9 1K,OH.VAUl,GATK. H.9 FIELD-GATE.
may iKHotno an angel in disguise, if he will lend it to his unthrifty neiffh-
bor. It mav bo tin^ means of mendinj; his wava. Th« u"thrif^" i-,- we
nave depicted seldom .sees books-his family almost never, unless they be
loaned to them. May-be it will teach the use of means at his command.
i
mrTT'TT,
'"m illiiiiiw
-'ig'Mf^j:
208
THE AMEBICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
to improve his condition. If so, it will be a beneficent work that will
give comfort to some animals, by improving their masters.
All bad masters, however, are not improvident, in the sense we have
last shown ; but whether improvident, niggardly, selfish, cruel or brutal,
the amendment cannot but do good to themselves, their families, and to
the dumb animals under their care. The improvement will put money
in their pockets, because none of the vices arise from intelligence prop-
erly directed, though many of them proceed from perverted intelligence.
In preventing the growth and spread of vice, every man may increase
the measure of intelligent endeavor. And intelligent endeavor is always
the easiest road to success in any walk in life. And, again, the intelli-
gent treatment of brutes is not the least of the human virtues.
Diagram show
OF
Diagram SHOWING THE AGRicifT Tiiu At ak^t. t
iMH. AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER INDUSTRIES
OF THE United States. (Official.)
AGRICULTURAL LABORERS
3,323,87«
FARMERS 4 PLANTERS
4,225,»45
^ WOHKtHS IH
OTMIR BRANCHES
^Of Aajucgtrum .
nbjxa,
NUMBER
ENGAGED IN ALL OTHER
OCCUPATIONS
17,3&2,099
l^«J«»/^pA.l-=|l*i^
imiiiTiMiriiTiiigiirmtiin'Biii n
ICOTTRATK KNOWI
AMTEE or SOUND]
OF THB;HORaE.-
GOOD HOBSE.
TING FORM S
mOH FORM :
XV. SELECTING 1
XVII. SOME PAUI
XIX. BLEMISHES.
The value of co
m buying a horse,
guarded against in
the labor intended
by previous owners
mission, by overw(
dishonest intelliffei
must have been a <
agaicst them all.
in addition to the (
In Chapters II,
given illustrations
the chapters relati
ter, we shall go th<
The mania for b
much less than his
persons, that it i» .
of farmers. Their
88 possible for the
the parts^of an ani
having thus been tti
one if the victim di
To avoid being swii
that is offered for i
offered has general!
is vicious in some
represented. Hen
iiio price paid is sui
CHAPTER XV.
HOW TO BUY ASm SELL A HOBSB.
I 1C0T7RATE KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY II. BnYINO CHEAP HORSES IIT A niTAu
^^^^^HS^^^vi-^K^rHf^r ^"^^ "**" BU^^Eo'^^-^r T^PR^'pOBtVo^
WOD^OM^ ~;;7l7"«n»^r«^««^ ^*" *=*'"^**= '^"- '"'HAT CONSTITUTES A
™0 FObT'I; in,. ^o^^Ll^" ""''''''* '^- ''"^ «AC™G ^" THE TROT-
i^„ J^^ • 'HE ROADSTER. XI. SADDLE HORSES. XII. A HORSE OB-
HIGH FORM xni. BUYING FOR BLOOD XIV. CHOOSING THF RROOn M*«/
XV. SELECTING THE STALLION. — XVI. HOW TO DETECT VICES AND DEFECTS -^
ITxI-BLFMISHES.'" ^" •«r'=«*'«CTIONS XVIII. WHAT if UNSOUNDNEsfp—
I. Aoourate Knowledge IVeoessary.
The value of correct information in trading is no where greater than
in buying a horse, with a view to his future use. There is so much to be
guarded against in selecting an animal of good physical proportions for
the labor intended ; so many vices, the result of bad breeding, or of abuse
by previous owners ; so much unsoundness occasioned by hereditary trans-
mission, by overwork, hard driving, or neglect; so many defects which
dishonest intelligence may cover up for the time being, that the purchaser
must have been a close student and a keen observer to be able to guard
against them all. In fact, no man can do so without a trial of the horse,
in addition to the exercise of critical judgment.
In Chapters II, III, IV, and more especially in Chapter V, we have
given illustrations and directions covering many important points. In
the chapters relating to veterinary, others will be found. In this chap-
ter, we shall go thoroughly over the ground not elsewhere covered.
n. Buying Cheap Horses.
The mania for buying cheap horses, or rather for getting an animal for
much less than his actual value, is a weakness of such a large number of
persons, that it is .10 wonder there are so many bad horses in the hands
of farmers. Their means are often small, and, desiring to get as much
as possible for their money, without being prepared to judge correctly
the parts of an animal, they are often duped by designing men. And,
having thus been taken in, the animal, as a rule, must indeed be a sori^
one if the victim does not in turn practice the same deceit upon another
To avoid being swindled, it is a good and safe rule to distrust any horse
that is offered for much less than his apparent value. An animal thus
offered has generally been dishonestly corae-by, has some unsoundness,
IB vicious in some way, or has some defect known to the seller and not
represented. Hence, a guarantee should alwavs be taken, unless
rii« price paid is suiiicientiy low to cover all possible defects. Moreover,
14 209
is,4 :
210
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
never buy a horse of a man whom you do not know to be responsible fc.,-
ni. A Guarantee ol Soundness.
When a horse is bought on a guarantee, the article ohould be concise
and yet comprehensive. Unnecessary verbiage often causes litigation'
and long forms are frequently written by scoundrels to deceive. AfZ
hke the following will cover the ground •
Heceivedo/Mr. , Dollars for
warranted years old, and under years, sound, free from vice an.]
quiet to ride or drive. "^ Jf^ vice, and
The place and date of purchase, the name of the person ^hTvlZ^h.
amount paid the description of the animal with pedigree, if any 'a 'd
Sows ""' '''' '^'"" "^' '^^ «"^^-*«« -gbt re^d
iJeceeVerf ^J. Zom., JWo., ./angary i, 1882, of James Oashman
Eight hundred and fifty (850) dollars for the dapple bay imported
^^onFearnougM, Mack mane and tail, and t.o JL MnlfeLu st
Stakeholder, dam Surprise, etc., as contained in the stud book. Said
stalhoms warranted five years old, and under six years, sound, free Zl
physical defect, and safe and quiet to ride or drive.
rp, . . , , (Signed) Alexander A. Horseman.
Th,s form dearly covers the ground, and may be altered to suit any
transaction m buying a horse. '
A bill of sale may read as follows :
St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1881
For and m consideration of the sum of dollars, [or, if a note
.s given for the whole or part, state this fact.] I have ki day sJdt
James Cashman the horse, etc., etc., [as in the other form.]
rv. Know What You Buy For.
The buyer must have a definite idea what he is buying fof If for
work, the horse should be large, able, a good walker, and strong all ove
r mI' f '^^VT'"':,""^ ^"''^^^ "^ "" ^"'•'^- I^ f"'* the carriage, he
should have fine style and action. If for speed, this must bo known If
for breeding, the p^trticular use to which the offspring is to bo put must
be duly considered; if for breeding racing horses, the pcdigrl 1
bo without a flaw; if for use where speed of any kind is desired, th
ped,gree should not be neglected ; if for trotting, the pedigree si, ,1
trace to trotting blood. And so of particular Leeds, fho gl eal Zl
HOW TO BUY AND SELL A HORSE. 211
peculiarity „ill „„t bo apt to Zea ° t^T O . v '"''" *"■"" """' ""=
w„„M do „e„ to .feno^wKat iTr/oMLs^ltHSy'"' '^°'"
V. The Proportions of the Horse
J;rtt'zifp!r'"°-:;|:rTt'rr^^
om of the most graphic aid coLc Tf T' . ',, f''* (Stonehenge)
combines tl,. avefa..^ rf .1, hX ' I , f 't """'"""^ ""the horse,
taken, two of them frl ^lebrXd S . ""?'' '^"""="-^' '»"
hunters, and two from ch^ f V "^ \:,:: "™».th„r„„ghhred
will not apply to draft horses, yet it willT found ;h,..K"'' *■"■''""■
gene.1 utility horse eomes to tL n.easlmentletj^^h:;!^!'''
ScALK OF Measurements
Height Inches.
Length from shoulder-point to quarter. ^
Prom (ho lowest part of the chest to the ground "."..■ ' ' ' ^®
Fromtheelbow-polnt to the ground....:.. ='"
From the withers to the noil iimt b»tiin,i ti. ', •*■'
The same measured Ing the'crL; "^' '° ' "'^^^'^'^ ""« »«
Length of head =.= ...... 32
2a
I ?*'' 1'
■■i^
r 'Va^XH^.
212
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Width across the forehead . .\ Inchrs.
From the withers to the hip . . ^^ 1-3
From the sU^t^U^epoi^UoMi^-;^^^ 22 ,
From the root of the tail to the stifle-joint '" ^"
From tlie point of the liocli to the ground '^^
Lengthof arm from the elbow to the piVi;;;m"b;ne' (the';;a;bone"of '' '■'
Fro,„ .h„ ??f '"'"^ ^^^ "PP^^ articulation of the knee) . i,, , o
From the pisiform bone to the ground . ^ ^" ^ "2
Girth varies from..., 19 1-2
16 1-2tol8
VI. Description of Eclipse.
His neck was unusually lomr hII i!. "*^ *'^^ ^^'^^lau character.
ui- , ""UBuauy jong. His shoulders were strnncr cffi^- .i
obhque, and though not remarkable for, not deficie 't^' /?.";?'
-ehed. His quarter, wt s^^^rVuTrf^i ^^ ^iill^
were lengthy and broad, and his joints la L I„ nardcukr h' ''
thighs were long and muscular, and his knees 1^1?' ^r''"'^'^"^
Vn. What Constitutes a Good Horse
The fine roads
majyet be mucl
trotting horse ha
in 2 : lOJ, thus b
1874, and in 18J
fastest two heats
in 2 : 13. There
2: 15, and not a
Where the limi
to the fastest ru
horse to breed co
to form, but to t
those of good pe(
dinary speed. Bi
no pedigree, how(
For reasons her
the merits of a ho
only of what coti:
familiar knowledsr
manner, the varioi
lessons, we have i
proportion, musct
faithful representii
animal of the part
to buy if you wish
E
As a model fo
good. The illustn
may also be referr
tlic best trotting fo
horses is there give
hij^Ii, muscular all (
deep and oblique sh
Bet on. The limbs
not small and slend<
full, bri<,jit and clen
cau-age and energy,
Roadsters must j
act ion, elegant carrii
• Maud S. lias since
HOW TO BUY AND SiaL A HORSE.
213
The fine roadster, the trotting horse and the horse for general utility
maj yet be much improved. Within the last ten years trsred of the'
tDtting horse has been greatly develoned Tn 1 ssn M ^ o ^ !
!n 2-10:i fKnoKo,^- ^i •^,P®^' ^"1^8"' Mauds, made a mile
874 a'dt 881 ° T"*^ "'' = '" '"^^^ ^ Goldsn, " h Maid in
1874 and in 1881 we saw her trot two heats in 2 : 11 and • 11? the
fastest two heats ever made.' We also «n«, T Uf i r» ^ """ " ' ^ ^ *» the
in 9 • 1 !i TKo, ^ ■^**"® Brown Jug pace a mile
in 2 13. There are now a number of horses that can trot the mile in
2:15, and not a few that can do it inside of 2 • 20
Where tlie limit of speed for trotters is, or how near they may yet come
the fastest running time, no one, of course, can tell^T buying
hor.e to breed co ts for fast time, great attention must be paW nTt o!ly
to form but to the pedigree as well. You may breed fast horses from
hose of good pedigree, though they do not themselves po sess e^^^
d:„ary speed But you cannot breed fast horses from those which3
no pedigree, however good their apparent form may be.
Vm. Models for Buying.
For reasons heretofore given, we have insisted that, to judc^e corrects
th merits of a horse, one must have accurate knowledge Jknowled^nS^
only of what constitutes general excellence in horsel but m Sand
familiar knowledge of the qualities which fit them to perform Tn the best
manner, the various services required. Knowing the ^eatvre of olc
lessons we have not only presented numerous%enL forml showC
proper ion, muscu ar development and anatomyt but have also Zn
faithful representations of the more celebrated breeds. If you nuTan
an,mal of the particular breed, conforming to the standard, do not fe«
to buy if you wish one from which to breed.
IX. The Racing and the Trotting Perm.
As a model for study in racing form, the illustration we nve is
good The Illustration of the American thoroughbred in Chlptef^
may also be referred to in this connection. In Chaotor VrTT ,
.0 best trotting forms arc shown, and explicit i^formTt fon Ibo 1 Z:^
horses IS there given. The racing horso'should be from 15\i^\Tl! 7
hsh, muscular all over, short-hadced. round-bodiod v^fl f "'^j
^epandol^queshoulde..thchcad^leaiA^^^^^
^11, hri,it and clear. iL I^Z:;^:::^ T ::!::^^^:fi^
cau-age and energy, combined with docility of temper. ''^'''^' ^'^^
X. The Boadster.
Roadsters must possess so many valmihl., nu..i:t;„. „„„^ • .
Maud S. has siiiou trotted u luilu in 2 :10>4.
' c
•'"-tmimii-mnii
.'j.7LTg- - ^■^ q,.''fe«i:gf| ^; ^.ia^5y,ayi^^ '-^W\
214
THE AMERICAN FARlVtER'o STOCK BOOK.
It ,8 difficult to define their distinct point., seriatim. A sixt^en-Vin,]
mare handsome and fairly bred, generally brings first-lass tadi^i^r"
whenstzntedtogoodtrottingsircs. If you are goi°ng to breed them ^i
hose that come nearest to the forms we give. If you are goin-. to bur
for use on the road, s.le.t the form to correspond to theLlel .„
H.enms.st upon a thorough and extended trial, and take agu Lt
betore you pay a high price for one or a pair. gu-iraiitee
The saddle hor
the fastest turf
onough to carry t
better the breedin"'.
the next page shows
lioth for driving and
well and not easilv ti
hut rather light in th
HOW TO BUY ANT) SELL A HORSE.
XI. Saddle Horses.
215
The saddle horse ,s the most difficult of all to get in perfection, except
.0 fastest turf and trotting horses. Thoy must be handso^; W
.oughtocanythe weight easily, be perfectly trained; and then L
hotter the breeding, the more vuluablo they are. The illustration nn
t^ next page shows a good form for a n.dei, if the horse oW^
1.0 h for dnnng and for the sa<ldlc-one that M-ill perform well "ook
well and not fiftsilv tirp q,,-.}, » I- -n l ^'^"t"i weii, looK
Wv.fi r' ^rr-' V .. "'""''" '*^'''^' ^'P*'" '"Jiros of hiffh style
l™t,a,l,orI,gh(„„the limb. „,.d pcrh„,« with ,1„, p„„e„,s ^t2u
i ipmrn-f.
% , 43
irill— IIIWIIM
21(5
THE AMERICAX FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
too weak, get h.gh^aste, easily-trained, flexible goers, that will sel!
anywhere. And those not of perfect form for the saddle wiU n. ,
good driving horses, or good horses for general utility ; for it mu"
remembered, that, whatever the breed, only eomparativd; a few Z :
trained to a degree approaching perfection. But, the better the nfock
the more perfect animals the breeder will secure.
Xn. A Horse of High Form.
Forfine action, high form, ability to carry weight and good perform-
'Je, especially in th« h.jntMjfl- «pi,i .. u-,^ - , ^^, i"^'^"™
I J Lj_ ...j..T..i5g iit,ju, d hui'su ac least three-quarters
bred is to be pref
in the South, and
ionable in the We
breeding, for saddle '
and Tennessee horses
fessed.thatasarule
HOW TO BUY AND SELL A HOBSE. 217
bred is to be preferred. The taste tor hunting is larcrolv ,-n^„7 a •
in the South and, as wealth increase, it will bell tTlaltfL^^
,o„able m the West. In fact, the demand for horses of high form Tnd
breeding, for saddle use, is increasing in the West, and nmny Kentucky
and Jenuessee horspa or« Km-c-ht '-.- ^!^ - J "«=">^"i^K^y
t J XL . " «>i-gnt xOl iJiia purpose. Jt must be rnn-
f«d, that a^.ruletheyare not ^ good JthTy „„ght ,„ befmaV^
•F
<•*
oaiiimmim
»8
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
them ranging as under-sized. Colts from a "horse of good form and
action on proper mares, staunch, handsome und well-bred, will tu™
out to be the animals desired. ^
Such a horse will have a great stride, fine leaping powers, and the
bottom o^carrywcght at high speed. It must be admitted. Jlso,tha
such u stalhon w en found, would cost a rather large sum of money;.;
the colts would sell correspondingly well.
Why should not every w.Il-to-do farmer, who breeds horses, brerd
good ones, and for a particular purpo.^e?
There is no reason why he should not have a wcll-trained and well-bred
saddle horse to sell, when called for. ^
wJ/''''J\rf"''"'''""*'*^ ^"^ ^'""""S ^^**" ^^^ West and the South-
west, and the trammg could easily go on during the use of the colt If
the reader has given close attention to the chapter on training, the'abil
.ty to succeed w.11 come with practice. But do not try to mike a Jod
saddle horse out of a -plug." It cannot be done f ^
Xm. Buying'tor Blood.
A person who buys blooded horses with a view to breeding must not
only understand the form and the various other qualities that go to mak
a good horse, as we have described them, but he must also undersTnd
pedigrees, or else depend upon some friend who does. There are ab^^
as many chances of raising a crack colt from the ordinary thorou..hbrcd
even of unstained lineage, as there are of drawing a prize in a lot e ''
The sira and dam must not only be <,f perfect lineage, but the desceni
must be direct through aline of winning horses. Such sires a Ino
numerous, and are m the hands of but few breeders. The well-tol
fumer cannot expect to compete with them, but he can secure blood tZ
mllimprove his stock yearly, and give him many fine saddlel.. "
|md those hkely to fail as saddle nags will make handsome and fast-sell'
rag horses for general work on the road.
XIV. Choosing the Brood<Mare.
noIt^^T^ ^ ^'■^"^-™*''« '^^ fi'-^t thing to be considered i. her blood-
next her development; next her freedom from disability and disease'
whi.h lat er zs called soundness. Last, but not least, her temper mlt'
be carefully looked to. A fretful, ill-tempered mare is totou/u .fiTTo
breed f n>m ; and yet undoubtedly, a majority of farmers consider
mare good enough to breed from, even when worn out with work A
and badly developed, or one balky from bad temper, or suffering frrf
hered.tary disease. A sensible breeder will reject all marcs of this kind
The Value of P
as speed, horses I
mares the half b
HAL|.'-I
muijh of the wondorf
breed, whatever it mii
finor, as the unoriti
good blooded mares.
* • **
HOW TO Hl'Y ANI> SKI,I. A IIOR8E.
919
The Value of Partl^Bred Horses.-The real value of ull drart. as woU
mares the half bloods make magnificent animals, losing, it is true
HALK-BBEU OLVOESUALE OELUFNO— FKONT VIEW.
mueh of the wonderful appearance of strength, as shomi in the ori..iaal
breed, whatever .t u,ay be ; but if they lose iu this respect, thev become
finor. as th« iinninH/.ai ~,-.j1h How -'- n , - "tJi-ome
<,n.HM ^ 1 ""'^ ■ it— really so, when bred upon
good blooded mares. ^
«»
220
THK AMERICAN FARMKR's STOCK BOOK.
Ill the half-bred Clydesdales, as seen in the accompanying illustrations
the limbs are finer and much of the shaggy covering of the limbs is lost!
The breadth of the forehead is well preserved, also the strong, haad-
«omely supported neck, the fine shoulder and breast, the length of arm
the short leg below the knee, the strong fetlocks and hoofs, and the
round-barreled, well-rihbed body and tine loin.
HALF-BRKD CLYDESDALE— bear VIEW,
In the rear view of the same gelding, is shown clearly the excellenl
eye and prominent brow, the fine neck, the active, pointed ear, the great
power of limb, the broad quarters, the muscular thighs, and handsome
tail. Such animiiis will sell any where.
Stonehenge
any given man
fix upon the h
in-and-in, and i
In some cases,
answer better,
to be had than
If, ou the othei
two degrees, th
believe, from tl
cross into blood
nor used more 1
Traits of Sii
dependent upoi
inaro, and it mu
there is no occai
ing and containi
sliould be the i
soinetimes it ma
exaijijeratinsr the
not connected wi
tiie mare is very
selected, or if he
particularly long
out. But in all >
with regard to si;
due proportion
unwieldly."
Sound Anima
remarks exactly a
are to bo avoided
•ntireiy free fron
ttaiiiiiig, and othe
causes. With re
horses absolutely
oxen at Christmt
quantity of fat u
good qualities, it i
just as there is ofl
or anv hnnv norfo
HOW TO BUY AND SKLL A IloKSE. 221
XV. Selecting the Stallion.
Stonehenge saysr-'Tn choosing tlio particular blood which will suit
any g.ve„ ™aro, my impression always would be. that it i, desi" lo t^
hx upon the best strain in her pedigree, if not already tw e bred
.n.and-.„. and then to put to her the best stallion uvailable of t^t blood
In some cases, of course, it will happen that the second best strainwm
answer better, because there happens to he a better horse f tl I bod
to be had than of the superior strain, which would otherwise leteforrd
f. on the other hand, the maro has already been in-bred to the ex ent of
two degrees, then a cross will bo advisable • but I am ,l,h v I
believe, from t.e success of certain well-kn;>:r eL^ 'or Thl "l
cross .nto blood already existing in the mare, but n^t receni; inZd
nor used more than once, will sometimes answer " ^
Traits Of Sire and Foal-- The choice of particular stallions as
dependent upon their fc-.:natio , is not less difficult than tha of'th«
.naro. and .t must be gu; .d by n. .ly the same principt: xcept t a
there .s no occas.on for „y n-an,.. .-k especially calculated for nourish
ing and contuming the foetu , as i ■ ijer case A« f..r „c. ''*'"^, \""'|"^h-
«hould be the counterpart .f wharLTsired irth7prrc?'^^^^^^^^
.cneUmes.trnay be necessary to select an animal of a bree^sthtlv
exaggerating the peculiarity which is sought for. especially when t^tt ^
not connected w.th a preponderance of fore or hind-,uarters Thu
the mare ,s very leggy, a more than usually short-Iecc^ed ho s« rn k
selected, or if her neck is too short or toe. Ionian anlmat wtth thr""
particularly long, or the reverse, as the case may be shield be "^t?
^t^ But in all cases it is dangerous to attempt ^l sudden at at
wth regard to size as the eflFort will generally end in a colt w thou "
due^proport.oa of part, and therefore more or less awird^la
Sound Animals.— " In constitution aud general he-ilth th«
remarks exactly apply to the horse as the mare Al h^.n 7 . "
ttiuiuiig, and others resu t n*' from not,,u} ri;o„ . evcre
causes With recr-n-d . '"1^/'"'" f "^^^'^^^se. occurring from other
just as there is often; hvpertronhvn. T P'*"^"'^ ^'''^'^^ ' «°<J
or anv bonv „„, " " :^?''t ^^l!^ ' ""' !'.^'''' «^ nourishment of the heart,
V -V ...r.„. o. .= .hero onen a i.ke superabundance of fat. causing
>¥i
222
THE AMERICAN FARMERS' BTOCK BOOK.
obstruction to the due perfonnsince of tlie animal functions, and often
ending in premature doatli. This is in great measure owing to want of
exercise, but also to over-stimulating food ; and the breeder who wishes
his horse to hist, and also to get good stock, should take especial caro
that he has enough of the one and not too much of the other."
XVI. Vices and Disabilities, and How to Know Them.
• A horse is reduced in value, in proportion to his disability for liii)or
or other use. A blind horse will do as much work in a horse power us
one that can see. For any hibor where sight is required, he is prac-
tically useless. A horse "dead lame" is useless anywhere. Unsound-
ness is a disability. Vices are dangerous, and defects also detract
from the price of the animal, and, as in the case of stumblino', are
also dangerous. Balking, backing, kicking, palling at the halter, run-
ning away, rearing, shying, etc., are vices, and all of them dangerous
ones. Crib-biting, the tail turned to one side, stumbling, etc., are
defects, and more or less serious, aocording to the use to Avhich the
horse is to be put. For the saddle a sturabler, among defective hor-
ses, is next in danger to the horse with the vice of backing. Tlun
follows probably shying, which is a vice if occasioned by bad usa<re
of the trainer, or a defect if occasioned by weak eyes or cowardice.
Youatt notes vices as follows :
1. — liestiveness. — "The most annoying and the most dangerous of all.
Whenever it appears in the form of kicking, or rearing, or boltin",
or in any way that threatens danger to the horse, it rarely admits of
a cure," This is really the starting point of nearly all the vices of the
horse, and generally ends in some one or more determined vices, more
often perhaps in difficulty of shoeing, from the brutality of the smith.
The cure is difficult. The prevention of nearly every kind of vice
may be accomplished by firm, temperate, and yet kind management.
2. — Backing or Gibbing. — "These are so closely allied that it is not
easy to separate them. It is frequently the effect of bad breaking.
To detect, rouse the temper of the animal.
3. — Biting. — "There is no cure. It is caused by foolish or timid mas-
ters or servants, in handling a bad tempered horse. The biter will
usually throw l)ack his e; rs, when ap[)roached by a stranger.
4. — Gelting the Cheek of the Bit Into the Mouth. — "This is to be
detected l)y bridling ihe horse, aurl enticing the movement of the
muuth It is not .serious^ siiice around leather guard on the inside of
the chyak of the bit will prevent the vice.
5. — Ki ''nnj. — "Exjiiniac the horse for swelled hocks, or other injury
Notice if
about the hiiid le^s
Examine the stall for nmrks of kickinjr.
HOW TO BUV AND SELL A HORSE, 223
the horse remains kind, when a strap is placed u.ider the tail. A kicker
HI harness should never be tolerated.
Q.-Unsteadiness While Being Mounted. ^^^Thh r^v^y h^ from ea^er-
ness to start or from irritability. The first is unpleasant, the latter lan-
gcrous. ^^ hen confirmed, it is a vice. The prevention is never to allow
a horso to start unt.l the word is given. Firmness and gentleness in
tranung must be observed. .
7. -Rearing -^^T\n. h always unpleasant, and, when confirmed, most
dangerous^ It .s usually caused by a sharp curb in the hands o^an
unpracticed nder. Drawing the horse up suddenly before starting him.
IS the usual test. « '
S-IiunningAway.-^^Once the habit is confirmed, there is no cure.
And on.,.e runnmg away, the horse seldom forgets the vice. A <rood
horseman may manage such a horse under the sad. le, with a sharp c'urb.
a hurnoss, the horse is dangerous to the best of drivers. It is difficult
9.-mying-^^ms can only be detected by trial. If occasioned by
cowardK.o,c>rfr.>m wonk eyes or nc-sightedness, it is dangerous If
from piayruiness, it may be cured by firmness and gentleness
lO.-ncious to moe.-^^m. is caused by timidity or bruialitv in the
s hoer, With young horses. If confirmed, it will be shown when ; shoer.
strange to the horse, handles him."
XVII. Minor DisabiUties.
Among defects that may, or may not-some of them_be classed
as vices, arc the following, condensed from Youatt •
l.-Crib-Biting and Wlnd-Suc/cing.-They are analogous to each
other. The iirst IS gnj.ping any hard substance, with contraction of the
wn.dp.pe, the other a violent sucking motion, attended with a peculiar
sound. ^
2.-.Cutting.-Tho marks will be shown. Proi,er shoeing will often
remedy this If net, boots or other artificial appliances mu^t be used.
ji-^ot Lying Down.-k serious disability to a hard-worked horse.
Give such horses a loose box, good, evenly laid bedding, and plenty of
room. ^ ^ J
4._0.enjac-A._Striking one shoe with the other. A heavy shoe, or
tocMvoights forward, will sometimes remedy this. If in old horses it
may amount to a serious and dangerous disability. Young horses may
outsji'ow it. ® •'
h,-Pavnng.-K serious defect, or vice, of irritable horses. There is
no remedy save confininjr t|,o foio foot.
mii
>'>s;*iB!«g^a^s#w*tM»-i
824
THE AMERICAN FAKMER's STOCK HOOK.
6.— Quidding, and Swallowing the Food Without Grinding.— The first
is occasioned by bad teeth, or disease, as sore tin-oat, catarrli, etc. Tlie
latter from the same cause, or greediness. The cause must be removed.
In the case of greediness, it is difficult.
1.— Rolling in the Stable.— More a vice than a disability. It may ha
either. A horse inclined to roll, should always be given the end of the
halter in a straw yard, before being tied in the stall. Rolling i,, the
Stable is a vice dangerous to the horse.
8.— Slipping the Halter.— A. trick of which a horse can never be cured
The remedy is a halter that cannot be rubbed off, or a strong loose l)ox
that cannot be broken down.
Q.— Stumbling and Tripping.— K disability, that by bad usage and pun-
ishraent may become a vice. It is always dangerous, and the result of
infirmity. The only test is trial over rough ground. Seine horses,
however, are more apt to trip on even than on rough ground.
\0.— Weaving "consists in a motion of the head, neck and body, from
aide to side, like the shuttle of a weaver passing through the web, and
hence the name which is given to this peculiar and incessant motion'. It
indicates an impatient, irritable temper, and a dislike to the confinennut
of the stable ; and a horse that is thus incessantly on the fe«i, will seldom
carry flesh, or be safe to ride or drive. There is no cure for it, but the
dose tying up of the animal, except at feeding time."
As an example for the detection of disability or vice, we give a cut
■howing an exaggerated illustration of the action of a horse totally blind!
It is high but not good action. (See page 226.)
XVm. What Is UnsoundnessP
Upon this head we condense from Youatt, retainining his langua<rc,
as follows: "That horse is sound in whom there is no disease, nor
any alteration of structure in any part which impairs, or is likely
to impair, his natural usefulness. That horse is unsound that lahors
nnder disease, or that has some alteration of structure that does interfere
or is likely to interfere, with his natural usefulness. The <. im natural
uaefulwss must bo bonie in mind. One horse may posse, groat speed
but is soon knocked up ; another will work all day, but camiot got l.oyond
a snail's pace ; one with a heavy forehead is liable to stumble, and iseon-
tinually putting . hazard the neck of his rider ; another, with an irritahio
constitution and a washy make, loses his appetite, and begins to scour if »
little extra work is exacted from him. The term unsoundness cannot ho
applied to cither of those; it would be opening far too wide a door to
disputation and endless wrangling. The buyer can discern, or on-ht(o
anew, whether the form of the horse Is that which will render him likely
HOW TO BUY AX,> 8KLL A HORSE. 335
repeat, has reference only o dLZ „r ,7^7! I ^T"'"^"^'- "">
ti.h„.e™„,K.vefan™,r„„^rt:at;„';r:rjs
nder ; but no person would buy a horso with h.r.}. i ^®
th.o„,Hv t,.ied ^ a„d .at./e;, •::::;:r„ti rrj: ^: ■-''
Mication „, ,iee , hut i„ the mai„rit/„Vlt ^ e^^Se ^
consequence of snra n of th« hnnt n,,^ „ . , , ^ citner the
u *i , /. ♦ *^"" accompanied by enlaro-emeiif nf If
3^-"CWac(i„» i, „ considerahio deviation from the natural form „*
.ur,o„n to ascertaiu that the™ it TullZZ^^; o^tS
iled thtrt'h ''"'. "'° '"'«• ""■°"="'' "■"■i-i^W h .i e, t"
diseased , that tlio horse does not step short and cr„ „, jf fi,„ , /
.e.K,er and that there i, not the s,i,,ht.'»t trace of iaCe'" '""' "'"'
.aJau,acciL„JStt:lesu:;l:h ""?"']'■••""' ''■-■'--•
-., tSlTTCuid LtrT' ,::i,:::rs'^. "'""r^-^- ^
without an especial warranty • or ^^ ', '^"^ ""^^ '^ ^«»gh upon him
heispurchased^nderag: !,':„, tth;'"' T' '""= ^"^•"^^^^•
as it is discovered warranty, he may bo returned as soon
passages, and intorferin. wi/^ tte IrLT f T '" T'"' "^ *''^ "'^
espedally when the horsl T put on hi ."""^T "^ '''^'"''""^' '^'^^
u— 033. There arl l^iZ ^ rt:tr tJ: -^'^^^^
universally admitted to be erroneous K.I «o"frary, which are now
still more decidedly unsound ^''^'"'''''^ "^^y ^^ regarded a.
1 v-; , J
, m
•il
■^-"•"Tl?"-'—'-
22(i
TIIK AMKUICA.V FAIJMEIi's STOCK BOOK.
/ .—" Cn6-6.Vmy.— Although there is some diiference of opinion arno.,.
veterinary surgeons on this i)oint, crib-hiting must be regarded as unsoui. f
ness. This mmatural sudsing in of the air nmst bo to a certain d.wr,,,o
injurious to disgestion. must dispose to colic, and so interfere wit lalu.
strength, and usefulness, and health of the horse. Some crib-biters -no
good goers, but they would have probably possessed more endurance h ,1
they not acquired this habit ; and it is a fact well established, that as s,„',„
as a horse begins to become a crib-bitcr, he, in more than nine cases o„t
of ten, begins to lose condition.
8.— "Curb constitutes unsoundness while it lasts, and perhaps while the
sweUing remains, although the inflammation may have subsided ; for a
KXAGGERATED ILLUSTKllATION OF A HLIND HORSE .'N MOTION.
horse that lias once thrown out a curb, is for a while at least, very lial.Ie
to do so again on the slightest extra exertion. A horse, however, is not
returnable if ho should spring a curl) five minutes after the purchase, for
it is done in a moment, and does not necessarily indicate any previous
unsoundness or weakness of the part.
9.—*' Cutting, as rendering a horse liable to serious injury of the lo<r,s,
and indicating that he is either wciik, or has an awkwardness of .^ait
inconsistent with safety, should bo considerod as unsoundness, ''as
some doubt, however, exists on this subject, and as it is a very material
objection to a horse, cutting, when evident, should have its sorious
consequences j)rovidcd against by a special wuminty.
10 "E
the jaw mui
size, and es
partakes of
it should b(
Wo should
11— '•^?
structure of
although the
well, ho will
will always 1
12.— "T/i(
usually termi
acter of remit
it fully runs
regains so ne;
HOW TO BUV AND 8EI.L A IIORSK. 227
.izo, and especially if they ,,e L, T \ , ' "'°^ "™ °' <^»™WTal.l.
n.~-i;nla,;e,lj2TTZl ": ''",""'*»"» '"■■king, of dUe„.so.
altho„ghtl,el,„,.,„„ ''^pl^i^'^Jf J ""materially affected that,
well, he will aecasionril": ;r r'thT ^^™: '" *' '"■""'•■"7 "-t
will al^ys I„,„e him. '° '''"'' '""' " f"" <>V^- hard work
«."-f r^T„f:i„T^::i;:!^^^^^^^^^ -- ..ich
-.gain, «o., early it, farmer I, urtlU "T""" °' ««"«-">»«o„.
with horse, willLtalways rect" it h" '^' "]"' " "'"" "''"-"•■1"^'".W
. time, however, the MlmZ™ rC °°' 1 '°™'"' ""'^''^'=- After
.hie. A horse fro,,, f™,r t" t™ T' "f "'" """'' '' ""»™W-
Ihis complaiut, i, ,0, 1 1" e™I C , "f "'"' ''"" ''"•' """ """'* »'
«e,„ »o be, hecause he car,™ abou ^H'h 'h ""''T''"'''''"' "'° ^^^ "-■-
breakout, aad eveatually destr^r h! tl^ "^'--o that wilU^.,i„
may he returned or not, depends oi^ th pos ibilitJ! ' '"'■ ""'""°"'' "'
in»ammation of the eve Dri„,. ,„ „ •^'"""^ °' P""""? au attack of
424., All defect, of'the' ^ ^.o^TdTo "-d'?" °'"'*'"'"'''- f"^"
guarantee. (Seepage 210 ) "' '"' ''^ "P"™'
.«r i™;t:;i:i;r oT'hr:: ""r "'""=• '- ■'»-"■"'"-• How-
bo,-.. a,rd reLe,r[i^„ .iT^t ITl" '^ "V 7' "^'^ "' '"■'
laay ho afterwards affected ,u,JL. a ,"""''"• W* ^undness
ce. A U.e horse is fo^l thlt^'ru:;:; 1 '•""""'"-- »' ""«
recovered fron, the lameness with Xh, w™ °' "'» '"»' ""'' h"*
ki. .ork well. „,„y bo :„:,w?„? :" : ::, j't""'*'""'' »""■'"
•annot bo a doubt about the matter lu °"'" "P"""" 'tore
b. hecn performed 4 W I o^;edt m'^^rset be',''" °"^"'«°-
well for many year, , but there .', no ceZntv of \ T"' '"V «°
•«, and ho i, unsound. certau,ty of h,s continuing to do
15. — *' Oasification of thp Int^^ni ....,./ ■,
iaterfc-ing with the (ZT:!!:!:!^':^ rtT' "n»ou„dne,s. a,
Qaick work almost invariably pro'duang hlmoues, """ '" '""''™ "'
K^
228
THE AMEBICAX FAKMKR's STOCK BOOK.
lo-''Punitced./bot.-When the union between the horny and sensible
lamella, or httle plates of the foot, is weakened, and the coffin-br
.e- down, and presses upon the sole, that horse must be unsound, and
>^^ound forever, because there are no means by which we can lift u^ the
ooffin-l)one again into its place. ^ ^
17.-- Quiddins H unsoundness for the time ; but tb. unsoiK,, Inesn . Ml
cease when the tecDi are properly filed, or the :atar .a relieved, or )t
cause of this imperfect chewing removed.
18. — '^Quii'ior is Uissoundness.
19._"7?;„^.6c,ne --Although when the bony turner is small, and on on.
side only there ,s httle or no lameness, and there are a few instances „
which a horse with ring..!,one has :.,m ked for many years without lame
«ess ; yet. from the actioa of the ioo?, and the stres. ur,on the m- 1 the
inflammation and the formation of Lone :.ave <.ch a tendency, apilly
to spread, that we must ponounce the .ligh^'est cnlnroonent JZ
pasterns or arour.d the coronet, to be a cau.so of unsour-dnes*.
20 ~ .Sand crack is manifestly unsoundness ; hut ft n;av occur without
the sUu^,i varuiog, a.,d no horse can be returned for one that is sprun.
after pur.^liay^, ' =
21._< ,>^-,^ i« unsoundness, whether bony , r blood-spavin. In the
first la».^ .a.. ,, im.duced, at least at starting, in ninety-nine cases out
of a hua. rod, and there is enlargement of the hcek, which rapidly spread,
with quick and hard work, although the horse .aay be capable of and
may even get better at slow work. Blood-spavin is .unsoundness, bec'ause
«.khough It may not be productive of lameness, at slow work, the rapid
and powerful action of the hock in quicker motion will produce per.na
nent, although not considerable lameness, and which can scarcely ever
be with certainty removed.
22—'*Splent.~lt depends entirely on the situation of the bony tumor
on the inside of the shank-bone, whether it is to be considered as
unsoundness. If it is not in the neighborhood of any joint, so as to
interfere with its action, and if it does not press upon any ligament or
tendon, it can be no cause of unsoundness.
2ji.-^^T7iickemnff of the Back Sinews, if pronounced, and occasioued
with thickening of the leg, in unsoundness.
24 --- TJwrouffhpin, when of great size, and thrush, when pronounced,
should undoubtedly be regarded as unsoundness, and is so regarded by
good authorities." "^
In fact, in many disabilities, the most discriminating judgment should
be used. Since a disability that wouid detract 1 ut little from a horse
for one use, might render him comparatively wor :. > for another.
PART II.
Diseases of the Horse
flow TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PHEVBN-
TION AND CURB.
^''^ni.\,iu»ia
Ifsi vfjftayfcia-'. ■<«;,styt,
gggg^iig^»^y'^r*y-^
Diseases of the Horse.
CHAPTER I.
SYMPTOMS AND QENERAL TREATMEBTT.
I. INTRODUCTION. 11, OUTWARD MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE III «v„„
TOMS OF INTERNAL DISEASES IV. IMPORTANCE OF PROMPT TREATMFNT
l'^''''\:^»^^JOV^^^^'^^^'^'^^^^-~yi. NURSING AND FEEmNOSCKA";r
MALS. VII. EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED VIII. GRADUATION OP I.nsVj
;rADMINlsTlB?"^^ ™ ^'^^ MEDICINES._X. FORMS OF mTdIcInES^^D ll;^^
I. Introduotion.
The horse, especially when subject to artificial care and conditions, and
more especially in cities and large stables, is liable to pretty much the
same diseases, or, at least, to disease^ similar in their nature to thoso of
man. Besides various epidemics, such as lung diseases, colds and iiifluen-
Ea,— diseases arising from injuries, and bad care, involving diseases of
the skin and its integuments, and of the ligaments, muscles and hones,
are quite common in horses. Such diseases are comparatively rare iii
the human family, for the reason that horses are often put to terrible
strain in running, leaping, drawing heavy loads in the mud, and on rou<rh
pavements, etc. These, from the want of proper knowledge, or fHra
neglect, assume the most serious forms, and often totally unfit the horse
for active labor, if they do not entirely ruin him.
The importance of common-sense treatment and training has been
fully elucidated in the preceding pages. The importance of proper care,
sufficient clothing, grooming, good ventilation, and kindness in their .Gen-
eral treatment has also been insisted on. If the in+S;mation to be g^vcn
in the succeeding pages, relating to proper care in sickness, is observed,
much trouble and loss will be saved to the farmer, who is often necossarilv
precluded from calling in the services of a competent veterinary siir-
geon, because, in many country districts ,there are none.
The object of this work, therefore, is to give, in plain language, the
necessary treatment of such diseases as may be cared for, by other than
the professional surgeon ; and to give such advice as will prevent the oc-
currence of many disabilities, which, if taken out of the list, by their
prevention, would very much lighten the task of the veterinarian. These
should be well known and carefully studied by every horse owner, for
thus might often be prevented spavin ; curb ; splint ; ringbone ; caries.
230
fa its varlou
rious trouble
and other f
tions of the j
other disease
have become
A careful i
and the appl!
and at the sa
allowed to be
feet and limb
the torture ol
a horse suffer
disease, attacl
horny coverin
know it by ou
except by mut
In cases when
diseases, as gl
animal should
the way of dai
To make pla
diseases will 1
disease in its st
more easily rec(
eases of the ski
without the cau
internal diseasei
most of them ai
given in their pr
chapter. Thecc
illustration on tl
1 — Discharge
occur Mdt only ii
2 — Pi'oftisejl
of the tongue, th
3~Loose, flal
4~Fhtulaof
involves a large \
S—FiHtuh of
6— Blind eye.
tinuous flow of t€
t El
DISEASES OP THE IIOHSE. qo
in its various forms ; swellino-a r,f tu^ , .
and other fistulous affections • ZclJT-^^ , ' ''""'" = P"" ■"»
.»;.» of the glands and vebrVra'rrhJjfs'^lt '/r''-' ""^ "
feet and ,in,b.; are n,:st le " diseasr-Th""' ^f" " '"'^"■■°- '^''"
the torture of a tiWit boot em „, l /' ° "''° '"'™ »"*f«"-°<' ' ■•""i
. horse suffering ?r"d°sea,„ "f th^ T "/""*'" '*" "' ">" "g"^ of
fcase, attaeki,?,. as it doTthe mo r 1." . "''"''''''^ '""" """'"'-
horny covering of the foot.^^The « 'o "ueaTTher:?'""''/" "'°
ftnow zV by outward symptoms— for th. T ' *^^^'^^^"'-«» ^ow to
.Kept b, mute signsf ant::, .^^I e^LZtl *;',', "'" "'"'"''■
In cases where danger is nr»«.,( f,. ° ."'"""> '""""mg l«iffcs.
diseases, as glandeCo iSefZt-""^?'""" "'"■ """^'^ "'™"''"'
..i.a. should be qui;k.;::rmer^ 7r„trr;K "'^'"^"^■•^'^^0
the way of danger. "^ ' **"^ ^""'''^ <Jeep out of
n. Outward Manifestations of Disease
di^se i„ its s.ro„gest'f„™.thrb, fhtir dT2;:?t- " "Tr '"^
.:e::Si-tre:;itA^^^^^^^^^^
.ithout the eaus; beingSX^t "Z^e ftl fL^ltiU '7 ''-'
r:f\tr::::urb;n:r;t\ti%r '-^^^^^^
^ve„intheirpr„perp,aees!r: . n:L:Xse?;L'7r-"':"'''°
c .ptor. The condensed description of theTr' orWn tit-^f' """' •""'
iltaratiou on the ncrt pa"e, will enable them f^' '"*"'''"■»"«<■'' '<> the
;-^,w,»,,e /™. i=. 'ei.her:tur„: ; vrbl -Tri'^r"-
»f ".» -^::rn:;Ct:t:r;:;r,7„::^ - --° "-<' <-■■ »«niug
3~LooK,JlaU,j lip, an evidence of partial mr.,1v«T. „f .1
, *--H.*fao/«eto»e,va«,. fro,„ »n le ^ ed oolb T, »?'"';.
involves a large pari of llie Jower jaw ' *""">"""'»
«-«.** „/,/,e upper j«w, from same cause.
; I
fi
:-f:
•rt
wri"?fflrfnmii.
|ilj||,^jag0
'■---' •■^-
232
THE AMEHICAN FARMEltS STOCK lM)OK,
lui IIUIIIJ^ nil
28— Rat 'ail,
drops out biidly
29—TJiickene
the leg, fioin spi
30~8j>iint; t
between the caiin
31— Gall on J
32— Enlarged
■ i3—Malform.e
coiifonmition, the
34 — Ridge in i
the existence of i
3,5— Ox foot;
DI8EAS OF THE HORSE. 233
7— Salivary Ji,'<(ula; a fistui, as openincr i„to tl.P .i.. f ,u .
saliva from the parotid gland to the „".utl/ "'' "''' """"^^^ *''«
^-Zargre fo/^^r, rfroo^^n^ ear. Some horses have ears so !«...,. fh .
tbey droop from their own weicrht. '*'='' *'^»*
9 Small short ear, sometim^es called "Hare Ear."
,g,in,t tl,„ manger ,„. „,he,- l,„rd iJli;; '"" '"'""• ''■'"• »"'l'i"S
y^_e<,,V,-.,- tlu, common n.mo for „n enlarged tl.yroid ..land
itf — rannj fnuls on (lie neck.
/9-/14«cf», o„ Jrera/, from brnise from a collar ,..■ „.i
22—Sinay back; a back unusually hollow
f-l^Mle gall, forming a sitfa.st when chronic.
24~Bel back; a rough uneven outline over the croup
25-Drooping rnmp~an extreme cnse
'''~^rZ; f r^r '"^; "" """^ *^ ^^ '^"-ked down.
. ~At>op/y of the muscles, from disease or a bruise or pI . *
.^J^]^t^i::rci=rx^-r-' — ^
^(y_^;;/,„^,. a bony uuuor, the ossification of a. ff„.- .i,
between the cannon and splint bones. " "^ "' ^"'^ thrown out
3J-Gall on fetlock Joint, from interferinrr
'^2~Enlnrgedfethck joint, from ne-lectod or ill frnnf ^
.■A?-^«(/.,w./^«.,e.„, which is u:!t:!z^:^^;^T^;'^
con^>nnat.on. the fetlock is lia..,e to come t.^, Iw i^'uc J sp T ''"'^'
?^ n^ X . « *"sonc. a ne previous tin ,'
35~Oxfoot; a foot roserablinir fl.at f an ov «ifh
r an ox, either as a natural
i.
juii^m^
S84
THE AMEKICAN FAKMKU's STOCK XIOOK.
peculiar coiifommliyn or from disease of tiio coffin joint, causing n bul<r.
iiig of the hoof ill the fioiit part of the foot. °
36— Quarter crack; a split in the fibers of the hoof from faulty nu-
trition of the part, allowing it to bi'comc brittle.
37 — Indurated enlargement of the kneen, from sprains or bruises.
.. 3S — Stilt foot, from disease of the foot around the heels or quarters.
39 — Contracted hoof, either from disease or disuse.
40— Mud fever (fhythema); inflaiDmation in the skin from exposure
to ice water -id mud. There is swelling of the leg, scabby condition of
the skin, aw the hair falls out.
41 — Mallenders; inflammation of the skin in the flexure of the knee;
the skin becomes dry and hard, with transverse fissures, and the knee
is chronically enlarged.
42 — Shoe boil; a tumor caused by lying on the shoe.
43 — Navel rupture; the intestines protrude through the unclosed iiavc!
opening, lieing held in only by the skin.
44— Inguinal hernia; the intestine?* pass down through the abdominal
rings and inguinal canal, and, in stallions, into the scrotum.
45 — Flank {or ventral) hernia; the al)d<)minal wall having been rup-
tured, the bowels protrude through it, being rotained only l>y the skin
46— Stifle lamenexs, from a sprain, kick, puncture or other wound.
If dislocation of the patella occurs, the horse is said to be stifled.
47 — Farcy buds; enlarged (sometimes ulcerated) lymphatic glands.
48 — Bog spavin; distension of the synovial bursa, with lameness.
49 — Sallenders; a skin disease in the flexure of the hock joint; the
same disease in the flexure ot the knee is called mallenders.
50 — Bone Spavin ; a disease affecting the bones of the hock joint, and
generally accompanied by a bony tumor on some pint of the joint.
5 J — Bursal enlargement of fetlock, in front; a soft, puffv swtljinfr.
52 — Hoofidith rings, indicating previous fever, usually laminitis.
53 — Sand crack; same as quarter crack, but comes in front.
54 — Flat foot. The bones and hoof are flat and large, being the oii-
posite of the straight, upright foot.
55—Quittor; a running sore or fistula of the quarter, the openin<r be-
ing above the coronet, and the sinus running downward, inside the lioof
56 — Grease heel; a deep-seated skin disease, with an offensive (Un-
charge ; due to humor in the blood, and aggravated bj iilth and nc!,'leot.
57 — Big leg, from neglected disease of the limb.
58— Wind galls; soft, puffy swellings that appear to be filled willi
air, but, really, with synovia or joint oil.
59— Blood spavin; a distension of the vein at the hock from pressure
upon it by u bony tumor.
DI«iGA8E8 OF THE HORSE.
23^
60-Throughptn; n puffy eiihucren.ent at tl.o upper and l.uck part of
the hock j..mt, usually appearing b<.th on the inside and outside.
67— Wmk, minll thigh, from faulty devplopiucnt.
62-Capp,dho,k, auenlargonicnton the point of the hock, usually
filled with «eru.u ; caused l.y u bruise, oftenest by kickin- in the stall
tfJ-Cw/i ; an enlargement of the back of the hocU, from sprain.
64— Saddle gall, from uneven pressure of the saddle. *
m. Symptoms of Internal Diseases.
Internal diseases cannot bo illustrated except to depict the actici.a of
the umraal when suffering with derangement of the internal organs or their
connections. Their actions, such as position, standing, lying, rolling, kick-
ing, jumping, running etc. ; inclinations, such as the appetite, eitli"er rav-
enous or lost; thirst, either excessive or none, etc., are all condensed
into one word. Symptoms. They express the feelings and appearances
of the animal, and these, along with a few scientific observations, are all
we have to rely upon to diagnose (recognise) the disease. Hence, it is
of vital importance to bo cognizant of the actions, habits, constitutional
condition as to pulse, respiration, digestion; color and quantity of the
excretions ; nature, quality and quantity of food required ; characteris-
tics of age, length of time in utero, development and longevity ; in fact
all the (iharacteristics of health, in order to be able to know when an ani-
mal is sick. The sooner sickness is recognized and given the proper
treatment, the sooner health will be restored and the less will be the lia-
i)ility of death and loss ; and from a humane point of view, the less
the animal will suffer from extensive lesions.
rv. Importance of Prompt Treatment. '
A stitch in time saves nine. There is nothing in which this true saying
applies more forcibly than in the treatment of ailments of all kinds')
either external or internal . For instance, a horse goes lame from a corn ;
if attended to properly it is cured in a week ; if neglected it festers',
spreads, works up through the foot and })reaks out at the top of the
hoof , forming a quittor, which takes from one to three months to cure
the animal necessarily being idle nearly all the time. Or the horse
catches cold, has catarrh, running from the nose and eyes, sore throat,
cough and loss of appetite ; and if pronii)tly and properly treated he may be
curodin from two to ten days. But if neglected fora dayortwo, tosee if
ho will get well without any bothcror expense, the disea.se is almost sure to
rundown onto the lungs an J cause a sickness very painful, of long dura-
tion, considerable expense :in I possible fatal termination.
V= Know What You arc Treating.
Therefore wo would urge as a matter of very great importance that the
course adopted in case of sickness or lameness bo applied promptly and
:i
ft
23G
THE AMKUICAN KARMKR's STOCK BOOK.
thoroughly, yet with sufficient caution to be convinced that you are on t|,p
right track, so as not to be treating an ankle because it is cocked wlien
every particle of the lameness is in the foot, or dosing a horse for Lots
when the trouble is pleurisy, or giving a dog medicine for iuflaraiuat ion
of the brain when he is suffering from rabies.
These and many other similar mistakes have come under the obson-.i
tion of the writer. One notable case, in which many might have l„.c'.u
deceived, was seen not very long ago ; a horse was blistered from one
knee up the leg, over the shoulders and withers and down on the other si,|,
to the knee for sprain and soreness in the shoulders, when every bit of tl„.
disease lay in the feet. It was a case of acute founder. Wo relate this
to impress upon the reader the necessity of careful, deliberate study „f a
case before taking action ; but when the derangement is conclusively
located go ahead and apply promptly the remedies prescribed.
VI. Wupslng and Feeding Sick Animals.
Much ingenuity can bo displayed in nursing a sick animal. In order to
do it intelligently the nurse must be familiar with the habits and n (,uiri>
ments of tiie animal in health. A few simple rules will assist the a.n-i
teur. Make the animal as comfortjiblo as possible, warm in winter uid
cool in summer. Give plenty of fresh air to breathe, hut in all eisos
avoid a draft ; ventilation without drafts is the rule. Clothing for horses
is often necessary, woolen blankets in winter and linen shocfts and nets
in summer. Hoods to cover the head and neck are often needed if the
stable is not sufficiently warm. The proper temperature for the stablo
that is used for the hospital is from 55 ° to 60 © F. This is Wi,riii
enough for all animals except very weak lambs and sick do<r8 • f'i„.v
require a wanner room, from 62* to 70© F. A part of the dweJliMir
house is the best for them, if they are not too numerous. "
See that the place is dry and the drainage good. An elevated location
is better than a low-lying one.
The food wants to bo simple, clean, nutritious, easy of digestion hv
being cooked, changed occasionally and administered often and in small
quantities. Give green food, always, when it can bo got. Oats, („,'«
barley, bran, shorts, etc., may bo scalded with boiling water, <ovore.l and
left to steam till cold, and then given. It is a great advantage to have
the gram ground. Hay and water should always be givcui in lil,eral
quantities ; and see that they are clean .and pure. Warm milk for - iilves,
and the same diluted and sweetened a little for lambs and foals ; hoof
t(8, law eggs, porridge of either oat or corn meal and milk fordo-s.and
the same for pigs will be found to be tlu^ best diet. In feeding siek niii-
iBsIs gi^ e a little, often, but be careful
not to over-feed, as that is liable
1>I8EA8K8 OF THE HOK8K.
tothronrthepatientbackund increasA f„v
to be fed three or four times a kv 1 ,1 i """'' "''^^'' «^«- "««d
two to four hours. ^ ' ^""''' '''^'^'^'^' ''^'"^s, dogs. etc.. every
Fever patients should have nurn w«f„.
.elves when they wish it. Thrse sufftiL"7' V'' ^'^^ ''^'^ *'^^-
purgation should be watered four or fivo fimo« "!!' ^•?"'''°«'* ""^ excessive
titles. "' ''^'' *""«« »^ day. but in smaller quan-
Rest should always be o-jvcn in «w.i,
fromworkingtoo4.ft:;:i„g;'t:;:rt'^
too soon after recovery. ' "'^ ^^""^ ^'^•"g P"t to work
vn. Explanation of Terms Used
^n/acirf» are antidotes to acids.
Anthelmintia, kill or ex])cl worins
AntiperiodicH arrest or retard the return nf o
eases. ^ '^°'"'^" ''^ » paroxysm in periodic dis-
Antiseptics prevent, arrest or retard putrefaction
Antispasmodics prevent or aflay crumps
^i)er»fn^« gently open the bowels
Aromatics, strong-smelling stimulants, dispel wind and ..11 •
Astnngents cause contraction of vital itructur 7 ^^''"•
CaZlt'p ""'"'"^' ^"'""'"'^« ( Aromatics).'
^ff ''''*' ^«''^«'*-«^^S freely open the bowels
Cliolagogucs increase tiio secretion of bile
Dnnulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaoos
A«^ 0,. .. Suaorijics, cause perspiration.
Dtscntients dispel enlargements
Z>/«m>,./an^. destroy infecting matter.
Dnirehcs increase the secretion of urine
EMcs, Parturients, cause contraction of the womb
A'w<^^/o.o induce vomiting. '^ womr>.
fP'-foranU increase the secretion from the air tubes '
tehnfugcs counteract fever-h.wer tempcraturo
laxatives (Aperients). "P'raturo.
Narcotics allay pain and ,,roduco sleep.
iiffngeranfa di.'r.ir.ish heat
.^^rfa^Ve. depress nervous j.'ower or lower circulation.
•**
/, ..-..-...g^^-.yp..^^,..
238
THE AMEKICAN farmer's STOCK BOOK.
Soporifics induce sleep.
Stimulants temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory system.
/iS'/aJojrog'Mt'* increase the secretion of saliva.
Stomachics improve digestion.
Tbnics gradually and permanently improve digestion and nutrition.
Vermifuges kill and expel worms.
vn. Oraduation of Doses.
The relation of quantity of medicine to the age of the patient is thus
given I)y Prof. Low : The doses given may be held applicable to full
grown animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must be made
in any case in which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of
his kind. A similar modification must be made as regards young anim-
als, not only on account of their smaller size but also of their greater
susceptibility. The following table may serve as a guide :
HORSE, ETC.
OX.
SHEEP.
SWINE.
DOGS.
uuoE.
3 years.
l>^-3 -
9-18 m'ths.
5-9 "
1-5 •'
2 years.
1-2 "
6-12 m'ths.
3-6 •'
1-3 "
m years.
0-18 m'ths.
5-9 '•
3-5 "
1-3 "
lii m'ths.
8-15 '•
6-8 "
3-6 '•
1-3 "
>8 year.
3-6 moths.
1 J^-3 '
20-J5 (lav\
10-20 >■'
1 part.
^ -
A- i
Allowance must also be made for a nervous temperament which usually
renders an animal more impressible, for habit or continued use whioh
tends to decrease the susceptibility fpr individual drugs, for idiosyncrasy
which can only l)e discovered by observing the action of the agent on the
particular subject, and for the influence of disease when that is likely to
affect the action. Thus in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and
in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of pur-
gative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza and ether low fevers
half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the bruin,
stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoseyamus,) would aggravute
the symptoms, etc.
IX. How Often to Give Medicines.
Febrifuges, or doses intended to reduce fever, such as aconite, hella-
dona, spirits of nitre, solution of the nitrate or chlorate of potash, or
any form of ammonia should be repeated as often as every two hours in
bad cas((s, and from that to threo or four times a day in mild cases.
Alteratives nuiy bo repeated once or twice a day. Purgatives iiiav l>e
repeated after twenty to thirty hours in bad cases, and after forty to
forty-eight hours in mild cases. Tonics should be repeated once, twice
or thrice a day. Stimulants, especially alcoholic, may bo repeated after
two to six hours, Ecbolics may be repeated after half an hour: ano-
dynes after half an hour ; other remedies as required.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 239
X. Forms ol Medicines and how to Administer
the liquid run'ingtto' : „l"' ^ZT ''^'''''' of choking frooi
ours and tasteless it can be Sd wl, ""'.^'''"^ ^' "'^^^^ ^""dor-
Aloes should be made in o T'll thl ,' '" ?'f "'' ""' "''"" «"^^ ^««d.
wrapped in thin paper o put into a. , T '"^ '^^^^ '^ ^""^ «""«»• -"^
the root of the tongue of"rse^"^^^^^^^ '''' ^^"^^ '^^^'^^^t-
tie inserted at the Td; o/ ttlorrnd ^^' ^^^^^ "^^"^ "^ ^^^ '^^
poured very slowly in, the head being
kept raised till all is swallowed. If the
patient coughs while being drenched, let ^^^=a«^««a«.^^.-
he headdown instantly, regardless of the ^^-"SM™- V
loss of the medicine, for, if kept up, it is
ap to run into the lungs, and cause death
m two inmutes.
Small doses are best given with a syr- -^^^^ < ^^'
inge; open the mouth with the left hand »^*™=« of giving a deenchto
and insert the syrino-e in f ho ^c.f4■ ^-^ j> . ^ hokse.
.".t» well back'-uto" Z ttoa/ f *" ''" ■""""'• ""'' "-oot the eon-
all small animals. ^ "Se or spoon may be used on
Medicine for cattle and and sheen need, t„ i.
onaocountof the great si=e, compari'v Iv o'f Th7. ""^"°'' "'"'^•
not practicable to administer it i, tl,,, f j ! , "'"■"""I", and when
f™ one to two quarts of wal ,o 'ca h! ' H ""''' '^ "'''""''«'' i»
•Wp, and given as a drench from a Mt ' .'r Si"'" '" *"° "'"'" '"'
;-c:tf?;.-r„: stf r:x -f r r r ^ -^
two rows of upper teeth If fl,« • V, "'""^'^ between the
n/d
rl
tttilK.--
CHAPTER II.
FEET OP THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES.
1. CORNS II. QUITTOK. III. QUARTER AND SAND CRACKS. IV. SEEDV TOE
V. PRICKING FROM NAILS VI. ACUTE FOUNDER OR LAMINITIS— Vn'
CHRONIC FOUNDER OR LAMINITIS. VIII. PUMICED FEET.
I. Corns.
There is no ailment so common to horses' feet as corns. Fully nino-
tenths of the lameness in the feet are from this source.
Causes. — They are the result of uneven pressure of the shoe, too much
bearing on the quarters, especially the inner one, and too hr ivy bearin<'
on the heels. This results from the shoes being loft on too iono- without
being reset, and the feet pared down and the heels opened to remove the
surplus growth of hoof, that would be worn off if the foot were not
shod. Corns are often caused by contraction of the feet, the pressure
on the walls of the quarters, by the contraction of the hoof, bein<>- very
great. "^
It is necessary, as a rule, to shoe horses' feet, and in order to
keep them healthy the shoes should be reset about onee a
month, the sole and wall reduced to their proper size, heels
opened, and the ragged surface, if any, trimmed off the fro<r.
The effect of the too heavy bearing on th(^ quarters and heels is
to bruise the soft parts underneath, giving rise to soreness, and
after a day or two a reddish or purple spot will appear, varying
ipm'.'imika- in size from a ten cent piece to that of a quarter of ji dollar. If
d^l " "'" the bruising is light, the corn may become caloused and remain a
constant source of lamenesp,, but not very severe, for a long time ; hut,
if it is bad, the corn soon festers, matter forms and increases, sprcndin"
in all directions, till it gets vent either by being opened at the bottom, or
breaks out at the top at the junction of the hoof and hair, formiiitf a
quittor.
BOLE OF A
FOOT.
Sliowinff R
■man scarlet
jnere.isnig
How to know it. — Lameness appears, slight at first, but
very fust from day to day. The horse will show an inclination to favor
the sore quarter, and will not wear the slioe quite so much on thnt heel.
By jipplying the hand to the toot, you wjI! uotice heat in the si?re pari.
240
Tapping the f
the sore spot i
it out forward
pletely off the
will change fe
the corns are «
diminish with t
go quite sound
go off lamer thti
be very lame, i
with tlie greate
you will iiiid t
bar, near the h(
What to do.-
move all pressui
then put the fo
Leave it on tv
off, examine the
deep, you will m
freely ; for if yo
Before putting
carbolic acid, or
'water. Dress it
horse will stand c
If proud flesh <
vitriol. The hoof
stopped running,
When it is all dry
shoe to protect th
warm tar into th(
shoe. When 8ho(
iiig on the heels,
the bar shoe may 1
If the foot is n
redneii.g the walls
iiig been sprung of
the heels well up U
spread while growii
H'heu a foot Li n
often — every t.vo o
time.
Extra care will hi
t3d with corns, to k
I T?
SOLE OF
FOOT.
diminish with travel so fh .f . ' ^«^"ene.s8 may
be very lame, indeed, wi 1 only touch fh„ f * "' "« ^^'" poB.uo„ofacor„.
with the greatest difficulty audM tance W ^e./ ^ ^T"'^^' -'^ '"-e
jou Will find the purple snot m fl.« " . ^fe» the shoe is removed,
bar. near the heel. ^ '*'' '^"^'•^«''' between the wall and the
What to do-Remove the shoe, pare o,.f ih^
.uove uU pressure, and let out an; ma ter tfat ' '^ "'"' ^" ^« *«^-
then put the foot into a linseed uoZ f ""^ ^' ""^^^'- *»'« «"Iei
Leave it on twenty-four W^ ^t^r "'' '''' with hot water
off, examine the foo' to see f 'ne da^vT ^'' ""'"^ ^'^ ^^^^^^ «
doei, you will need tocuttheho<f"SaZtrn ^!?"°^ '' '''' "^^'^ '^^
f-iy ; for if you do not, it will w^ ^^Throjtt: tr 7''''T ^''^'^
Before putting the poultice on .,r.;.. '"'^""^'^ *» the top of the hoof.
;arbolicacid,orWLer::in;^^^^^^^^^^^^^
'water. Dress it in this way once a davlw „ -^'^"t^d one-half with
horse will stand on the foot^s wellas^evt ZT' " ^""' ""^ ^^^^
If proud flesh comes up in the hole iTrn it d " V^ '^' P°"^^'««-
vitriol. The hoof you have pared away ' ' " '''"' P"^*^^'-^^ blue
stopped running, apply the vitll 17 , " ^'"^ '»'""• ^'^^n it hua
When it is all Iry/^d^^^: h^ ' ^s l^, ^f ^1' ^'T and heal it!
shoo to protect the weak nuarter »ivi„» tklf °°'' P"' "n " ""T
«™ tar i„t„ the hoi,, „ ,d li^ akl or " """,'* '"^'""'' ^ ?""
shoo. Wi,o„ shoeing „,terwa,* boa, h "i ,7 ^ ' '" ""■ ""'"' "»
>ng on tho heels. When that on, r.l i '""'"' ""' '"'"vv boar.
««;;- .,„o ,„a, be reph^dhl" »:;r;r ■'" ""' »^'"'". -« ^« «tro„g,
..o:i,;r J:,,r:tti~!' ht- r ''"'■« "« "■" -«- ^
i"g l.ccn ,pr„„g off the heel,, but ,etU,„ 1 'T""*"™ "' "'" »''°« l"""
tho hoois wen up toward, the hat „ ^ ^7 '• ""f "'i^ '°'='- »•«"
•piwd while growing. ' "^ '" S'vo tlio feet a chanoe to
^\ ilea a foot - * mij^h inrlhi^H »«!,.„
oftcu-evcry tvo .. th e t'ks^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^'^ «b«"'d be reset
time. w<-eks-and the quarters well cleaned out each
Ext
rti care v
'H
■ivt' to be taken of the feet
tsd with oorus, to keep (hem soft
that hi
«"ak them in a tul> of eith
tvc oui'e been affec-
ler <'old or
•*»
248
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
warm water. Some add salt, soda, etc., but it is better clear, as the only
virtue lies in tho moisture. Many of the substances used are injurious
to the hoof, by making them brittle. Or pack the hoof with linseed moal,
or oil-cake meal, wet up with hot water. If there is much heat and
fever, put on swabs, either made of felt or pieces of old blanket or
woolen cloth, folded and tied around the pastern, and left to hang dovvii
over the feet, and wet frequently with hot water.
n. Quitter.
Quittor is the name given to a disease of the foot, when the festeiiii<r
of any other sore works up through, and breaks out at the top of the
hoof at tlie junction with the hair.
Causes. — It is usually tho result of a neglected corn, prick of a nail,
gravel getting into a nail hole, or rf" festered corn working up throuirli
to the top of the hoof.
How to know It. — It usually occurs on the quarters, anywhere from
the heels to two or three inches forward, but is oftener seen on tho in-
ner quarter, because corns are most often found there. It makes its
appearance, after the horse has been lame for some iime, by swellino- at
tho coronet. Sometimes the first active swelling of the part is as lar<re as a
hen's egg. In the course of a day or two it breaks and
discharges matter, when the horse will be relieved of some
of the pain, which has been very intense during the for-
mation of the sore. Sometimes the foot can scarcely be
put to the floor at all, and may be kept paining much of
the time.
After the quittor has been running two or three days,
the flesh around the opening will turn purple and get soft, and the mut-
ter will spread, extending each way, but more towards the front. In a cou-
ple of weeks pipes will have formed, pointing downwards in all directions,
having one common center in the opening at the top.
If let alone, the walls of the pipes will thicken and harden, and the
enlargement at tho top will increase sometimes to the size of a man's fist.
All this time the lameness continues very great, and, if
allowed to run on for three months or more, the foot be-
comes so full of pipes and so large, hot and painful as to
require very persistent and thorough treatment to stop the
disease, and can never be reduced to its natural size and
form. In extreme cases lameness is permanent, with a
tendency of tho toe to turn up, and the horse walks on
his heel,
if taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, poultice
A QUITTOR.
In iictive »iippiira.
tlon, before the puts has
broken out at the top.
A QUITTOE.
After it ha* broken
out at the top.
wnat TO uo.-
tho foot for twenty-four hours, to soften all tho parts. Then give the
TEET or THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES. 243
make it bleed, 'as "thll "l.d : ^.t tlTr' '^ ""' T^ ''' ^^"^^«
good. Open it freely at the top probe it 1 /r^' '"^ ^""'^ ''^ ""
rounded whalebone to find how Ze; the ho ' ^T ^^ «'"«"th,
tion. Then follow the probe dotTJh h kni^e' ".' '" "''' ''"^■
and down the hoof as fir u. fh« I, i t*^« /mfe, and open right out
of the wall to allow tt matt tt ^"'' ^"'^"^ ^"' ^ ^ '^'^^^ P--
.aking it co^e ou7af rt Sorr^tht fuUt "l' ^^^^^ "^
healthy, artificial inflammation in the mrt Thr^ *^ ''' "P ^
warm water to cleanse it, and fol J X^otiiriZT^Ir ^"^
No. 1.
2 Drachms sulphate of copper,
H Pint water, '
Mix.
Inject it well down into the wound, twice a day If it bum« . ,,
causes a scab to come on thp floai, ^-i i. •. ,. , -^ ' "' ""^ns and
four days. If after a^ek or te, d ^k" '"*'" '"'' "*'« '' ""^^o "'
begetting well, eha^Ithe lultf , *'" "°"°^ *- "°' Wear to
No. 2. 3 Drachms sulphate ot zinc,
>^ Pint water,
Mix.
By being careful that the opening is down t(, the bnf f. „ . u
to let the matter out, you will hav! nnZ^ ^' ^" ^^^ **™«'
shoeofftillthefoot is we enourh to'^^^^^^^^^^ ^"""^ ^*- ^eep ^^e
.« to protect the weak quarter ^ ' '^''^ P"' "" " ^^' '^^^ ««
a^JZ's'n;i:;;tr:rtrr ^^^^^ t-^-^^- - ---
Then go on with tJ.e lotLrg vl'lbo J^^^^^ ""^ '^^^'^-'>'-
the following: ^ ^' ^""^ ''^''''S^ occasionally to
No. 3. 1 Drachm corrosive sublimate,
H Pint water,
Mix.
J t "iCr/rar.^^^^^^^^ r '"'•""°""- '" "• -
the discharge i. all dried u,. „„d th d ea": 'outd °,r'T."^- T^"
m.nt to reduce it. After the Mister h.as taken hrid ^ e t '"'''"^''■
. dv, till it is nearly well, then rer<,„, ^k! mI'-"'! 'T".""! P^^ once"
ma psok ,t with oil-oake meal, to keep it'sofr"' ' ""^ """ '""* °"*"'
iiifa.
fi
244
THE AMERICAN KARMEK's STOCK HOOK.
m. Quarter and Sand Cracks.
These are cracks in the hoof, usually leugth>vise of the fibres of
the hoof, though sometimes the hoof breaks across the fibres for a dis-
tance of an inch or so. But the crack rarely extends throu<x;,
the hoof into the laminae, or quick, consequently it does not
cause lameness.
Quarter cracks come on the quarters, usually on the in-
side, on account «)f that quarter being thinner and weaker
QUAETEB than the outer one.
CBACK.
Sand cracks come on the wall of the foot, anywhere forward of the
quartei-s, and are so called on account of their being more common in
sandy parts of the country.
These cracks are due to a brittle condition.of the hoof, and a want of
elasticity in the fibres.
Causes. — Poor assimilation, or faulty distribution of the food and a want
of ijroper imtrition to the hoof, are principal causes giving rise to a slow
growth. What does grow is hard, brittle and inelastic. Sometimes tho
hoofs become cracked from the heating, drying influences of sandy roads
stony pavements in cities, and long continued want of
moisture to the feet. When the feet are in this condition,
any severe work or pounding of the hoofs is liable to break
them. Racers and trotters are particularly subject to them,
because the tracks are sometimes very hard, and the tre-
mendous exertions of the horses, and the pounding of the
feet on the track, are peculiarly trying to the hoofs ; and
unless they are in first-class condition, they are apt to crack.
How to know It. — A crack or split in the hoof, it may be only at the
top or at the bottom, and very short, or in the centre, from top to bot-
tom ; or it may extend clear from the top co the bottom. It may extend
inward but a little way, or it may be deep, clear into the quick, so that
the soft parts are pinched between the edges of the crack, making it bleed
and causing great lameness. The lameness may come on gradually or
suddenly. It depends upon whether the crack starts on the surface and
increases in depth with every strain, or whether it breaks right throu<^h
to the quick at once. In the latter case, the horse will go dead lame
immediately, and oftentimes the blood will run from the crack. But in
the former case he will not be lame till the crack does extend throuirh to
the quick.
As in all cases of lameness in the foot, where there is pain, he will
point the foot, that is, thrust it forward, to rest it.
FALSE QUARTER
Or deficiency of the
outer wall.
What to do.
take off the be
sharp shoeing 1
ieiigth, enough
on each sido of
sharp knife or j
tho crack at the
an inch long ; tl
and naturally.
If the crack (
is not necessary
lameness, you n
the quick, for if
good plan to cut
take off the beari
so deep as in the
cither of brass, «
!in inch and a hal
al)out a quarter o
assistant draws t
pair of pinchers,
other foot to take
As the foot gr
down, about once
ofteiier than once
grows fast or slo\i
If flesh grows u
it down with powd
and the soft parts
with pine tar onc<
Cracks that breat
aaiount t., disabilit
^«T or XHK HOH8E AND XHKIR nxSEASKS. 5^45
taS* ttt-:::Tf •trtz'r"^^^^'^" ^^ ^^^^^-^-^ to
sharp shoeing knife and pare do vn H T'^ '"'' '^' ^"'^^' ^^^^^ «*
]engtl.,enoughtorelio;'trpt;i„ 1^^^^^^^ V"" ^"^'^ *'^« ^^^^^
0.1 each «id., of the crack, to Tke it Zr '"^/\f ^"^'« ^^ half an inch
sharp knife or a , ..; hot imn ZZL T P'"'^'"- ^'^^^ '^^e either a
the crack at the top. z^t th--h to tf '" '' ,''' "^' ^"^ «^ ^-" ^-ss
an inch long; this fj toVtart a "f ' hoo^^? """'^ *'" ^"^ "^^ ^^^
and naturally. "^ '"''"^ *»^ "^^^e it grow down sound
If the crack does not extend clear through the hoof if
IS not necessary to pare away the ed<res uT '
lameness, you may be certain it is ZT\ , '^ '' "°
ti.o quick, for if i^ i, th"; ';: iif^^Tf -^"^^
good plan to cut or bun, across the crack that "^ ■
take off the bearin^r at f l.« J.^f* "" ^''^CK at the top, and ^^ImM^
« *.,, „. i„ tkjrr:, ';::;''";:! "t ™' "^ ^"^ r""" ""^"'
„;*i.„.. «* I ^*^^*^ *'*^^- Inen have a plate *="""=™«3 the topjhe
fiuoc bearintf taken off at
.n inch and a half lon^ IrT I '"'''' ^'''''' ""<> •""' ' ""
•bout a, carter „ i-leh Z:'':;''""'"".^ '^"'^ '■"™ '"" --e™
A. fi.-, * i. *^<^'gnc oit the one operated on
As the foot grows, the plate will have to he Z' a
dow.., about once a mo..th or six weeks or ne h '^ -^SSW^
ofteiier than once in two r»« .u ' P^^^^aps, not ^-'JSSBss^mf^
grows fast or slol '^'' "'^"^^"^ "« *he hoof <^— cbxck.
T. a I Showing- the hoof
- .he ,0ft pa«, a. healed^ 1; ot. "dZ i^' ^"'"' '' '» ^^^>
With pnie tar once a day. ' ^'
I., all cases blister the coronet at the junction of
hoof and ha.r. clear around from heel to heel bnf
not blister back of the heels, in tl ho, 'wo
;&Lr '"' ^'""^ '' '' -^-^
If the cracks are bad, it is best to shoe with a
^-i.o^ which should be reset every thr:::!:
Cracks that break crosswise of the hoof «oUo "^^^^'^o a hoof crack.
--at to disability. If there is any ^esh^'scS " 7 ""•""•
J •^•■'u txposed, dress it with
-ir,
m
i ■ M
.%\
240
THE AMERICAN FAKMKu's STOCK BOOK.
powdered blue • itriol once ,i day, till it is dry, then with tar. No
change will be made in the shoeing.
FALSE QUARTER.
RLlieved of bearinc
on the ihoe.
SAND CRACK.
Pared away at the
aides and bottom,
to remove bearinfr
alio method of
(hoeing witli clips
to support sidrs of
cracli.
SAND CRACK.
Dressed, shod and
bandajfrd f o r
work, when rest
cannot be f^iven.
'^f.:-
rv. Seedy Toe.
Seedy toe is a dry, mealy condition of the wall at the toe.
CP?-«eS.-It is caused usually by bruising of the toe, by the clip of the
shoe being pounded into the toe tc, tightly; and the
bruised part takes on a sort of dry rot, or gangrene.
which extends up between the wall and the lamina! It
causes tenderness of the foot when bad, but is rarely met
8EEDT TOE. ^^^^^- ^^ ^^ «• Separation of the two layers of horn which
Showing: the separation COUipOSe the CrUSt of the hoof TesultinJT from diso-isp
of the wall Irom the i. a i • « , ,. ^ iium ui»Ld8e
soft parts underneath, o"© to bruiscs or faulty coudition of the body.
How to know it— When the shoe is removed, a mealy, whitish-lookin<r
substance will be seen immediately under the wall, at the toe, runni.i.r „„
towards the hair, sometimes for an inch or so, and may be picked or
broken down easily with a nail, leaving a hollow beneath the shell.
What to do.-Pare away the wall at the toe after taking off the shoe
so as to remove the bearing therefrom. Pick out all the mealy substance
that breaks down easily, and turn in warm tar, and press in a littlo wad
of tow. Replace the shoe, and apply a mild blister of cantharides to the
coronet.
PI
Prevf Hon.—
away a ttle of t
DIAGRAM
Showinfr c
hammered
■ omet ir
•eedytoe.
Causes.— Pricki
ihoeing, or a nail n
ho stepping on a
pulled right out aj
broken off inside.
How to know It.-
is wrong. Pull off
the shoe-nails has pi
nail is found anywhi
it off. If it should
hold of it with nippt
The lameness will
done ; if the nail wo
in the foot, or piei
lameness will be ve
sometimes permanen
there is high fever, g
ing, redness of eyes
down. He will pa
foot. There will be;
and not in others ; t
and every evidence oi
especially if the woui
more especially if the
In that case there wil
a yellowish watery mi
Boon after running ou
FEET OF THE HORSE Am> T^EIB DISEASES.
Preveitlon.— Avoid pounding the clip r,f
away a little of th. wall to form a hollow pl.i
247
oe into the toe, h it cut
for it.
DIAGRAM OP SHOE
Showing; clip that is
hammered into the toe,
JomeUme.c.u.in^
VIEW OF A FOOT,
.howingr toe pared to receive the
clip to avoid leedy toe.
V. Pricking irom Nails.
ho steppingonapLeoTboaJ. , . I*- "^en done by the
pulled right !ut a^/ZZCZtCJ^^^^
broken off inside. ^ ^ ^^^ ^°'*''^' «^ *^« «**" may be
How to know It.— Sudden lameness will t«li ,,„,. ,u 4.
i8wron<r Pull off fh« », ""' *®''y"" ^hat something serious
8 wron,. Pull off the shoe and examine the foot carefully If ohp of
the shoe.na,ls has punctured the quick, it will be moist and black If a
nail IS found anywhere n the foot n„ll if „.,* c 1, **
it off If it 9hL?rJ h. 1 «' P °"* carefully, so as not to break
ho^f of if :!th:;;:t'.: antuiitor ^^^-^ ''- '-' ---' '^ -^ ^-
m the foot, or pierces ^ ^J^:^r ""' ""^''^^ ^"""^
lameness will be very great, long continued and
sometimes permanent. In many of these cases
there is high fever, great pain, restlessness, blow-
ing, redness of eyes, and t!u> horse will not lie i
down. Ho will paw or continuously raise the!
foot. There will be loss of appetite in some eases, i
and not in others; the flanks will be tucked up
and every evidence of intense pain will be shown,'
espemllyif the wound is in the hind foot, and
more especially if the navicular joint is punctured.
In that case there will be a dischanrfl nf ,-»:„* ^:, *'«'«'«»no ™om nails.
a yellowish watery matter, which clots like blood T«'"c\7„»C:?h°el!
ayellowish watery matter, which clots like' blood '^ "?v"Wt^£;..whe^
soon after running out. When dressing it, you wiirfi;Td;Ts"or;ellow.
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
jd -APPLIED IIVHGE I
EST- 1653 East Main Street
IT*^: Rochester, New York M609 USA
— ('16) 482 - OiQQ - Phone
^= (716) 28B- 5989 - Tax
248
THE AMERICAN FARSIEU's STOCK BOOK.
ish, amber-colored matter on the poultice. In bad cases the leg swells,
sometimes to the body. Great heat is in the foot and leg, and pain \l
shown if the foot is tapped. There will also be a hard, hot swellins-' in
the hollow of the pastern and around the heels, with great tenderness to
the touch.
All these symptoms will be noticed to a greater or less extent, accord-
ing to the amount of injury done. Cases in which the nail does not
wound the joint are usually simple.
What to do. — When you have removed the shoe, and found where
the prick is, pare out the hole, and around it a little, to thin the hoof;
this will relieve the pressure when it begins to swell. Then turn in a
small quantity of solution of carbolic acid, one part of acid to twenty
of water, or use a little turpentine. Either will tend to pruvent suppur-
ation. Then put the foot into a boot, or !)ag of linseed meal poultice.
Change it once a day and examine the wound each time, to see that any
matter that forms can escape. This is very important.
If it is a mild case, it will get well soon and the
lameness disappear, when the horse can be shod and go
to work. But if it is a bad case, and much matter
forms, it will extend under the hoof and spread. In
order to prevent this it is best to remove that part of
the hoof which has matter under it. The Kame rule
applies to the frog ; sometimes the matter works un-
der the entire frog, and it has to come off, but a new
one forma readily.
A hot poultice is best, except when there is an open
joint, then put on a cold one instead. At every dress-
ing apply the carbolic lotion, and poultice right over it.
If proud flesh comes up, keep it down with powdered blue vitriol,
applied once a day ; if it comes up suddenly, as large as your thumb,
you can cut it off Avith perfect safety. Then, when it stops bleeding,
dress it with the vitriol. As soon as there is no more matter, and the
lameness is nearly gone, leave off the poultice and dress it once a day
with pine tar.
If the joint is opened, in addition to the treatment given above spread
over the injured part of the foot, and also in che hollow of the pastern.
Solid Extract of Belladonna, a piece a* large as your little finger-nail,
once a day and let the poultice go on cold, right over it. Continue
this as long as there is much lameness. If there is much fever, give
Tineturi; of Aconite Eoot in ton-drop doses, in .' table-spoonful of coif'
water every two hours until the horse is better.
Showing nail wound and
und how to pare it out.
FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIK DISEASES.
2iy
No change need be made in the shoeing, except to stuff tar and tow
over the nail-hole, under the shoe. If nail wounds are neglected lock
jaw is very apt to follow.
VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis.
Founder is of two kinds, acute and chronic. It s acute where, when
it first takes place, all the symptoms are aggravated and the disease is
attended with more or less fever. It is chronic when it has been of long
standing and the diseased condition has taken an organized form, will
remain as it is and become a part of the organized system, but is not
attended by any fever, other than a slight local heat.
The inner surface of the wall of the hoof has horny leaves or laminae,
very fine and near together, running up and down. On the outer surface
of the bone of the foot are sensitive, fleshy leaves that dovetail, as it
were, into the leaves on the wall of the hoof. On these leaves is borne
the weight of the entire body.
Causes.— Sometimes it is caused by overwork, in which the feet are
pounded, and sored up, caushig inflammation in the leaves. But founder.
is usually a metastatic disease — one that originates in some
other part of the body and goes to the feet by a peculiar trans-
ference called metastasis. It may originate in congestion of
the lungs, pleurisy, inflammation of the bowels or periton-
eum (the membrane holding the bowels in place) or in almost ,_ __
any part of the hody. Drinking cold water when warm, or foot with
standing in a draft when heated will cause it. ^'i>olk.^
How to know It. — The acute form is easily recooriized bv Predisposed to
ill !••,■ . ^ "^ founder and
the horse bomg ni great pain, [)ersistently standing in one P'^'^dfoot
place, as if riveted there, it being almost impossible to move him an inch
in any direction, especially backward. He absolutely cannot back, but
will hang the body back, throwing most of the weight on the hind leo-s,
and stretching the fore legs as far forward as possible. If the animal
trios to lift a foot it fails and acts as though the foot were fastened to the
floor.
The pulse is quickened, temperature raised, the mucous membraner
become red and injected ; the breathing is quickened as though there were
some lung trouble ; sweating is profuse, ho will not lie down, and thf
appetite is lost for the time. The characteristic symptom is the inability
to back ; if you try to force the animal to back, it will swing the bodt
back, without moving the feet. When thoroughly exhausted from stand-
ing, the horeo will drop down, and will lie much of the time afterwards.
The inflammation in the bones of the hoof is follo.wed by an effusion of
water which severs the connection between the leaves by maceration,
1
^w- >
250
THE AMERICAN KAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
letting the toe of tho foot drop down, forming pumiced foot, if it
promptly treated. Pumiced foot is incurable.
18 not
POSITION TAKKN IN ACUTE FOUNDER.
Sometimes the inflammation goes on to suppuration. Matter forms-nd
extends around the hoofs, often causing them to drop off, which ini
talie place in the course of three to six weeks.
Acute founder is often fatal by the excessive fever, by the absorption
of pus mto the system, causing pyemia, or by the extreme weakness that
follows a long, lingenng case.
Whatto do.-Give a dose of Raw Linseed Oil, one Pint, then pull off
all the shoes and pare down the walls of the bare feet, so as to let him
A CONVENIENT WAY OF SOAKING THE FKET IN HOT WATER IN CASE
OF FOUNDER. y^^on.
Stand on the sole and frog. If the feet cannot be raised to remove tho
shoes, lay h.m down and then remove them. Then, if standing, put him
mto a hot foot bath all around, one or two feet at a ti«,o. Let he Wa r
be hot for each >
it as high as the
ren)"i"s liot ; th<
hot and soft, an
am' night for iw^
from the feet. '[
out of nights, an
need to be contiii
off till he is read
poultices, begin
No 4.
Give a tablespc
paticnt becomes c
tinuG this for abo
on warm mashes,
How to know i'
In had cases you ^
the feet, first on
shambling gait, as
THE MOV
thrown forward, gi
Hciice the mistake i
dered. There is nc
FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIK DISEASES. 251
be hot for each one, and w,th a little mustard in ,t. Bathe the legs with
,t as high us the knees and Locks. Leave them in as long as the water
renK.ij. act ; then take them out and put each foot into a linseed poultice,
hot and sou, and bandage the legs with flannel. Repeat this morning
a.ul night for vwo or three weeks, or until the soreness is nearly all gone
fron. the feet. Then stand him in a clay puddle, daytimes, and take him
out of nights, and contmue this as long as there is any stiffness. It will
neo.1 to be continued, in most cases, for a month or more. Leave the shoes
off .11 he IS ready to work again. As soon as the feet are well put into
poultices, begm on the following mixture :
^° *• 1 Ounce sweet spirits of nitre,
1 Draclini tr. aconite root,
1 Ounce potasli nitrate,
)^ Pint water,
. Mix.
Give a tabkspoonful every two hours, until the fever abates and the
patient becomes comfortable ; then drop oif to three times a day (^^n-
tinuo this for about a week, or in a very bad case, ten days. Feed lightly
on warm mashes, scalded oats, grass, &c.
"^I. Chronic Pounder or Laminitis.
How to know it.— The chronic form is a modification of the acute
In had cases you will nr>tice the difficult backing ; lameness ; poi.a.lc of
the feet, first one and then the other; the horse goes with a short,
shambhng gait, as though the legs were all stiff, and the shoulders are
THE MOVEMENT OP A HORSE SUFFERING FROM SUB-ACDTK
OR CHRONIC FOUNDER.
thrown forward giving the chest the appearance of being drawn in
Hcaoc ihe mistake some make, in supposing the horse to be chest-foun-
dered. There is no such thing, it is always in the feet.
*^-'''-'"TltfliiilMHiii I
If
252
THE AMEHICAN FARJIEIl's STOCK BOOK.
With rin^s indica-
tinc sub.acute or
chronic founder.
The shoes will be w6rii off more ut the heels, and when pointin-r tluTn
he will extend the feet and rest them on the heel, turning the t^oes un
us much as possible, because the trouble nearly all lies in the toes.
Horses with chronic founder will choose the soft j)ai-ts
of the road, but will avoid the water and mud holts as
much as possible. In feeling of the feet you will ixitiic
them very hot nearly all the time, and there will be
rings on the hoofa, from uneven growth of horn, Tlio
A DEFORMED ^^^^ "^^''1^ ''"T sooD become much contracted and the
HOOF. hoofs brittle.
What to do. — You cannot do anything to cure it, but
it can be alleviated by keeping the feet as cool and 'soft
as possible vnth poultices, clay puddles and foot baths.
In addition, rub a little fly blister around the coronets once a month
and reset the shoes often. '
Vm. Pumiced Peet.
Causes.— When the inflammation in the feet, from acute laminitis ia
neglected, or allowed to run on several days before the proper treatment
is applied, the connection between the sensible and insensible laminio
or leaves, is destroyed by the effusion that accumulates between tlioni
and soaks them apart, letting the toe of the bone tip on to the sol,.
pushing it down to the ground, or nearly so, and making the lower sur-
face convex instead of concave, as it should be. Sometimes the too of
the bone will be punched quite throuo'h.
How to know it.— Take up the foot, and instead of seeing a nice cup
shaped sol^ you will find it bulged down towards the ground, maki'n.r j,
oval the wrong way. If the bone is punching through, you will ^^0
it, and it will leave no doubt in your mind as to what it is. The horse
will be lame with all the characteristic symptoms of chronic founder.
What to do.— Nothing can be done to cure it, but if it is not very hid
careful shoeing, to keep all pressure off the sole, by me^ns of a HJioe
well concaved on the bearing surface, will help to keep him on his foot-
then, by keeping the feet "s cool ag possible, he can be made serviccabl.. for
easy work.
When the toe of the bone pushes through, ho is of no more uso. and
might as well be destroyed, to mercifully put him out of his niiserv!
PEET OP 1
CHAPTER ni.
FEET OP THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES. CONTINUED.
THK FOOT. vni. STONE BRUISES —i^Ii'oe BONe!'"''^ ^'' ^^ '*'^'''' ""
I. Thrush.
ThruHh is the name given to a disease of tlie fro^ It i« .. r.**-
erj discharge. The frog rots completely off sometimes -m^ «Jf a
t:-Z^ cleft Between the heels, to a ipth oU^Zul Lit
ownZe-„;:r'Therth '*"''"^^ "• ^ f ^^ ^*^'^^' ^^P--"^' - their
on n excrement. The hlth remaming in the foot a long time and exclud
mg the air, sets up decay which runs into ulceration.
How to know it.--Tho ragged frog, offensive smell, black discharge
deep cleft between the heels, which causes them to drop in towa ds'fch
other, makmg them look very much contracted, are evidenHtnr in
bad ca^es the animal sometimes goes lame, but not in mild easel Sti I
great harm results from neffWfino- U «„ j. J ! ^""'
shape of the foot. "^S^^^ting it, on account of the injury to the
.Ply.linseed poultice, witVr^^p::^^^^^
twenty- our hours clean it all off, and dress the affected i^irtlw^thta o
mel well m roduced into all the cracks, with the case knife C,ti^:
;rr n'. T' "^'^^'^ ^"^ "^'^"-^^^ ^«^-- ^^e appncl ions W '
It IS all dried up, dress the part with pine tar. '
Prevention.— Pick out tlio feet well each d'.v to i«f *i • ■
tbo f,-.,g, „W„h i, „ece.ary t„ keep LrlX ' "'° ""' "" """'"■'
II. Navioular Disease.
ao":;:'.*; rti; iil t/":.,r - ^f ^f ™""> p--
i=:?r:s-r t:- .;r ;r 5: :? T"
orjoint is navicular disease. ^ *^^ ^^'''^'"'' ^"»«
'X,
17
253
'-"""•"^^'^ ■■ . fir riiMHia
2r»t
THE AMERICAN FAUMEK's ^TOC'K BOOK,
Ihe tendon is n.fliunod, sore and swolei. ; tl.o in(lan,mafi(m extends tn
the jonit and fmni that to the bone, which hcconies ronirh a„d mmm
from having its fatty portion absorbed. The ed-o sometimes ..ets .„
sharp and rough as to saw through the tendon. This will let the fetlock-
down onto the ground, and the toe will turn up.
Causes.— It is caused by a very severe sprain of the tendon in its lower
portion ; any severe bruise on the frog or heels ; the prick of a nail ,,i
tenng the foot far enough to wound the tendon or joint ; or it mi-ht |,e
caused by great contraction, the hoof pressing on the ends of tlicMiavi-
cular bone, interrupting nutrition, thereby setting up disease.
How to know it— There will be lameness of a peculiar kind In tiie
earlier stages the horse will go out quite lame, from a dryness of tho
jomt, but will improve as he goes farther, thouirh not so as to <ro sou.ul
for the tendon being injured it would be impossible for the lameness to
disappear altogether with exercise. Ho will wear the shoes most at the
toes, will point the feet when standing, altei-nating them if both are if
fected, and rest them on the toes.
As the disease progresses, the gait becomes short, and the horse isliihic
to stumble, going too much on his toes, forming lameness known is
groggy lameness.
Upon pressure of the thumb down into the hollow of the pastern be
tween the heels, tenderness will be noticed, and usually some swelling • ' tlie
hollow will be lilled up, and the pastern will be strai<rhtened up Vvmv
the perpendicular than is natural, and the knees will soon be<rin to -o
over. '^
What to do— When the first symptoms are noticed, viz : sli^rht l.i„u,
ness, with inclination to stumble, going out a little lame and soon WMn.i-
mg out of it, tenderness to pressure in the hollow of the pastern •uui to
tai)ping (,n the frog and heels, take off the shoes, pare out the feet woll
open th(^ heels, reduce the frog a little, and put on a wide-webbed open
shoe with the heels raised half an inch, to take off the bearin- from the
heels and frog, and to relieve the tension on the tendon. Thl-n put the
foot into a hot, soft, linseed poultice ; change it once a day, and continue
it right along for a couple of weeks.
If matter should show itself anywhere, you may be sure yoii have
made a mistake in the disease. The matter must come from a nail or i
corn, for matter never shows itself in navicular disease. Trace the pus
if any, to its origin, and treat it as prescribed for Pricks fi-om Nails and
Corns. '
After ten days or a fortnight, if the horse is better, take off the iioul-
tice and apply a fly blister to the hollow of the pastern, if it is swollen;
FEET OF rriE irOBSE AND THEIK DISEASES or.n
if not, let it alono. Aftor tlio M;.f„.. i i
.nu-arfroslnardovcTit Conth.,^ . ' "» for twelve hours,
then turn hi,,, ou^^^ ^r^I^^r"" "' '?' '" ^'^ "="'^ *•"""' "^ '
with the sa.o ai.eet.:'r::.r r .^:;^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ --h,
Heh.ahetter^,ot .>o ;:.::i i^t^::^',:, -^^H^^ ~""^^-
.ent. Even ufte. ^ou think he is well, the high heel h^
better be contnmed for a couple of months.
If this does not cure, the next thing to be done is to
have a frog seton inserted. This requires the skill
of a quuhhed vetennary surgeon, and the foot must
be kep m a poultice boot six weeks. A lon<.
rest and proper shoeing afterwards will also be neces!
necessary. °
In all chronic cases, or those that will not yield to
treat,nent, all there remains to be done, is to perform
neurotomy. Th,s also requires the skill of the sur^^eon
.never should bo done, except as a last resort, and^whe^
the horse is useless from incurable lameness, from this or
any other disease in the feet.
ni. Contraction of the Poet.
Causes. — Contraction is thou<»'ht bv nnmr f,. v. ...
»,„i„.„„ without „,„ cleparturrf ™,ThC,W fooVZ" f'T'
thh i, a mistake, exoopt in very ,,„„ i,,sta„cc. It Un '■'TT ' '""
.Ifcctof ,o„,e other di.soase, espeeiali; ,v, ^ bad Co ^: i '""' *"
,.™ic, „avic„lar di,ea.e, cor,.s,'fou„d'er, spL„° ^f ^7 ta.dlT"
nuMits and muscles of the lc<r or shouldpr A . tendons, l.ga-
«., o, the ,00, or ,e,. i, a.^I at:::::;ied itl-^Si, ri!^'';! ..IZ-
toi>s, »]Kn stjuding, he always points that foot, and rests it tin
»mpol ed to start .again. At the same time, the health^- foot T™* ™
..l.cr lar,e . and they wi„ .IC'r'r: ^ '^Z^ore'tir ""'
<Iit,„„ you may look for ehronic lameness ■ it is most IkT , ,
feet, either navicular disease, or ehronle founde" '' '" ""
A tftrfooT?';.' '" 1 '""""I ''"""'• '" ""> "'''""We result of shoeing
A uilt s foot, before bemg shod, is huw, round -inH ^„,„ • i j ?'
.,«crs spread out like wings, and the wl,* frt ZtZ^^-^ ^L'
I>IAGRAM.
Showing the cour$»
of Ihe nerve thai
IS severed in neu.
rotomy. a is tha
nerve leading t«
frog.
25«
TIIK AMERICAN FARMEU's STOCK BOOK.
the appearance of a large saucer. In shoeing, the quarters have to !>«
narrowed more than the toe, because they are spread more, and in their
expanded condition cannot bear weight on a shoe ; the toe gets broken
and worn off, while running, so it never spreads to the same extent as the
quarters.
The cause of the colt's foot being so round and open is, that lu> hits
run on the turf without shoes, the feet have gathered so much moisture,
been kept so soft, stepping on the earth or into the mud, that they
act like a sponge, being compressed when stepped on, and expandiiiir as
soon as the weight is relieved, so that the hoof spreads a little every time
the foot is raised. Another reason is, the foot being in moisture neiiilv
all the time, the hoof grows faster, and extra fast growth is inclined to
spreading, whereas a slow growth is inclined to contraction ; and as soo,,
as the colt is shod and put to work the slower growth of the hoof hcirins,
and with it contraction.
Good shoeing will do a great deal towards preventing contraction .md
keeping the feet in good condition ; and bad shoeing will ruin a foot in
very little time.
There is no more prolific cause
than leaving the shoes on six,
eight or twelve weeks without Iw-in-r
reset, for the shoe, being nailed to the
hoof, compels it to grow down in the
form prescribed by the shoe. And
when it is removed, and the hoof pared
down to its natural size, you will find
the heels very much contracted. An-
other common cause is standing on
hard floors, allowing the feet to become all dried up.
What to do. — When there is no other disease in the foot, and con-
traction comes from bad or neglected shoeing, pull off the shoes, pare the
feet down liberally, so as to be able to press the sole with the thumb,
open the heels right up to the soft parts, rasp off the quarters quite (liin,'
leave the frog as large as possible, in fact do not touch it at all. Iheii
rub in a little fly blister to the coronet, smear the quarters with hoof oint-
ment once a day, and turn out to pasture on soft ground. If you do not
wish to turn the horse out, the shoes maybe put on again; in doinir
BO, let them be plain shoes with no calks, medium weight, perfectly level
on the bearing surface, and beveled off to avoid bearing on the sole.
Reduoo the quarters so as to relieve them of any bearing on the shoe,
SHOE' LEFT ON TOO LONG.
Caasin^ the hoof to prnw over (he shoe at the
quarters, and to contract.
FEET OK TIIK HORSE AN1> THEIR DISEASES. J^
and let the frog come right down to the ground. Sot the shoes once ev-
ery three or four weeks, and repeat the above treatment each time, andia
tho course of three or four months, you will have a decent foot. There
arc severa methods of spreading tho heels by force, but in the lon..rua
they are all impractK-al,le, and cannot be recommended. In addition to
tho above tmitment, the feet may be packed with any soft packing, or a
wet sponge held to tho sole l,y anyone of the many devices for thlt pur-
po.se ; or the horse may l,e stood in a soak tub of either hot or cold water
a couple of hours m the forenoon, and the same in the afternoon ; or
stand him in a clay puddle, as prescribed for founder.
A LOW HEELED, FLAT FOOT.
Seldom afflicted with contraction
rv.
A STRONG, UPRIGHT,
niGII HEELED FOOT.
Predisposed to contraction.
Gravel.
Causes.-Gravel is apt to work up into a sore of any kind in the foot.
and cause great pain, irritation and lameness. It often gets into a corn
or into a nail hole, made either by a prick in shoein-r, or by a nuil nicked
upm the road. It may get into a quarter crack,^ calk, ov any wound
whatever, and always causes an increased inflammation, and a-c^ravates
any existing difficulty. *"
How to know it.— Examine the wound carefully t avoid pushlno- the
gravel farther in. It will be readily detected by leeling hard, gratin..
grams in the wound, or by the dirty appearance of the wound itself; it
mil look black and unhealthy.
If neglected, it will work up through and break out at the top, forming
aqu.ttor. It sometimes gets into a crack that forms between the wall
of the quarter and the sole, either from the sole shrinking away from the
wall, or the wall being broken away from the sole.
What to do.-Trim tho hoof away around the opening, so as to b^ive
plenty of room, then wash it out, rinse it out with a syringe, by shootin^r
258
Tin; AMEUUAX FAHMKU'S .STOCK HOOK.
the water into tlie liole with soi.u. f„nf ; then di- it all out carefully, an
inject into it earbolie lotion :
No. 5.
1 Pint cartxilic acid,
;!() Parts waicr.
.Mix.
Then apply a poultice, hot and soft. Repeat this once a day till the hojo
is filled up with sound, healthy fleah. Thou apply the treatment pr...
ecribed for corns.
V. Canker.
When any extcn.sivo disea.so of the feet necessitates the exposure of
much of the soft structures, in.stead of the flesh becoming nicely covered
with hoof, and coming out .smooth, it sometimes sprouts up into a shreddv,
leathery substance, that will not growtogether und fornx hoof, but remains
spongy, enlarged, soft and tender.
CANKER OF TUE SOLE.
The horny sole beings re- .
moved.
CANEEB OF THE FUOG.
The horn laid back to show
the diseased parts.
Causes.— Neglected or badly treated wounds, they being also ,affectcd
by the air in which the horse is kept during the healing of them ; low,
damp, dirty stables, without drainage or ventilation; and the'horse
standing in his own excrement during their treatment.
It is more common among draft horses and those of a phlegmatic
nature.
How to know it.— By the uneven surface, growing up in leaves that
extend down, sometimes from a half to three quarters of an inch,
Whattodo.— Bad cases are usually considered incurable ; when such
exist, the foot never can be made to grow into a fine, solid hoof. But in
most cases the disease will yield to proper treatment.
Pare away all you can without bleeding it; then dress it with pow-
dered blue vitriol. Keep the sole and all diseased portions dry ; this is most
important, as moisture prevents a solid growth, and promotes a fun.frous
growth. If any pus comes out between the leaves, insert, well down into
KKKT OK TUK UoK- ; AND Ti.KIU DISEASES. 260
th.. holo, a stick ,.f lu„u,. ..austic. Dross it i„ this way once a day till tho
leaves an. all n>du,..d to a s,.Iid surfa.-c, the,., if it l^rLfh-sh ani, !oo
pn.,a.no„t. a,>ply ....nt alu.n or air-slaekod lin., alt n.: tu. ^^
oo.a.onallyw.ththovariol. Keep tho .ore part perfectly dry 7.11 the
U'hen it is well started, and jrood quality of hoof is growin-., dress it
w.thnn,etarandtow. The horse may be shod as scron as° tis we
.noagh to ho dressed with tho tar; before thatti.no tho shoe is b t r off
the foot I,e,ng .n a .-anvas bag a,.,I tho horse run.iing in a box stall
VI. Calks.
Causes.-Calks are cuts and bruises on tho coronet, or soft parts abov«
it, eausod by o,.o foot stepping upon the other, and to calk o the shoe
.f sharp, cuts ...to the flesh. It is most common i,. fall, 2tef^^ua
.pr.ng, when m.,d and snow are deep • tl. horso gettin.^ stuck is almo t
dure to step on his own feet. ^ ° ™'^^
CALKS OR TREADS ON THE CORONET.
What to do.-If the wound is in the skin, and of any length beyond
one .neh, take a s .tch in it, or more if needed. Put the stitches haTf an
.ichapa.t,hrstcl,pp,ng off the hair along the edges of the wound If
any artery IS cut, so as to bleed a stream, put a dry sponge over it and
andage w.th a coarse cotton bandage, tight; leave it on ten or twelve
hours, then remove and di-ess with the carbolic lotion :
^"- ^- >i Oamc carbolic acid,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
Sop it o.ia„d bandage just tight enough to keep the parts in their proper
po.t.o,.. Remove the bandage twice a day, wash the wound with warm
water and cast.le soap, and dress with tho above lotion
When the edges are united, (,r if the stitches tear out, which thev are
vcy apt to do, and exi^ose a raw surface, apply the Whiie lotion.
No. 7.
6 Drachms sulpliate of zinc,
1 Ounce sugar of lead,
1 Pint water,
Mix and shake.
260
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Dress the wound with this three times a day, washing it as often as
necessary to keep it clear of pus. If the wound is inclined to gape open
continue the bandage a few days.
If the calk is in the coronet, running down under the hoof, it will feg.
ter, and pus will accumulate and cause great lameness ; the part will
swell, and will be red, hot and tender to the touch ; the lameness bein..
so great m some cases as to prevent the animal putting the foot to the
ground at all.
Pare away all ragged edges, and as much of the hoof, following the
sore down, as confines any pus ; remove any hair or other foreign matter
that may have got into it ; then apply a poultice, after dressing witl, the
carbolic lotion. No. 6. Change the poultice twice a day. usin- the car
bohc lotion each time, and examine the wound carefully to ascertain if
there is a sack or pocket containing pus below where it is pared out
The hoof needs to be reduced to the bottom of the wound and kept so"
Continue the poultice until the hole fills up, and the lameness is nearly or
quite gone ; then discontinue the poultice and dress three times a d.v
with the White lotion. No. 7. ^
Lay the horse up till the wound is well enough not to be injured l.v
sand getting into it. If any proud flesh springs up, J,urn it down with
burnt alum.
When the hoof is growing down, apply a mild blister of flies to the
coronet, and trim the new growth from time to time to keep it smooth. •
The flesh which fills up the hole in the hoof must be kept down even
with the deep edge of the old hoof, otherwise the edges press a-ainst
the flesh and prevent it from healinf. ®
Vn. Praottire of the Bone of the Foot.
Causes.— This does not occur very often, but we see it occasional' y
It IS caused by striking the foot with great force against any hard sub^
stance, especially if the foot receives the blow on the quarter. The bone
of the foot may also be fractured by being run over with a loaded wa-on •
or by being stepped on by a heavy horse, the foot coming on the ton of
the hoof iniront breaks the pyramidal j^rocess, (the point risin- from
the center of the coffin I)oiie.) "^
How to Know iti,— Extreme lameness comes on suddenly, soon after
the accident, aud increases with time. The foot swells around the coro-
net, and is very tender, and the horse will not put any weight on it at all.
What to do.— Remove the shoe and ascertain, if possible, the location
of the injury by pressure, tapping and pinching; then pare or file away
the hoof over tl
pressure. Put
the pain as muci
hoof you can <
grow again Jon,
If any hole fori
may be sure the
is acting as an
Follow down thi
much as is necess
for every piece
body will have t
When all the ]
Iwice a day, letti
ped, and the hoh
lion, No. 7, thre(
{jrow down as ev(
turn him out, do
the wound will fi
be nearly as goot
Causes. — Bruii
heels. They are
or other hard sub
any treatment otl
But sometimes tl
bruise is so deep tl
is liable to spread
out at the top, likt
is so severe as t
parts underneath,
bodily as soon a
removed, leaving a
finger into. Some
blow on the heel o
quarter, and all of i
so (hat a cot-e as la
sloughs off the win,
roust bo promptly
quitter.
''ft!
DIAGRAM OP FOOT.
Showinif the position of the cot
fin bone, which is often fruo
tured.
FEET OF THK BOUSE AND THE>K DISEASES. 2M
^TflT'-.^r '° «'™ """""- '»•-»«"■» -Heveth.
r;r;s .rxt:r.;-:;:;;'s :' °""-^- - --
hoof you can over and around the part; -t will
grow again long before the horse is fit to work
If any hole forms for the escape of the pus, you
raay be sure there is a broken piece of bone that
IS acting as an irritant, and must be removed
Follow down the hole, paring away the hoof as
much as is necessary to remove all detached pieces
for every piece that is separated from the main
body will have to come out.
When all the pieces are removed, dress with the caTbolic lotion. No 6
r '. ;!' u* '°^''^' P°"**^^« ''""' "^^^^ it until the discharge s tool
,.ed. and the hole tilled up with flesh. Then dress it with 1 e White T
Uon. No. 7, three times a day. Trim the new hoof as it ^ro s trmakeTt
|p:ow down as evenly as possible. When sufficiently ho 1 to beTafe t^
urn 1^- out d s^, and let him run two or three months. In most case^
he wound will til up and heal with very little trouble, and the footTfl
be nearly as good as before. » u tue looc win
Vm. stone Bruises.
Cause8.-Bruises are often found on the feet, especially around the
cIs Ihey are usually caused by stepping on round or pointed stones
or her hard substance. Sometimes they are slightand get well wZu;
any treatment other than a day or two of rest -
But sometimes they result seriously, when the
bruise is so deep that suppuration takes place, and
IS liable to spread or wonb up through and break
out at the top, like a corn. Sometimes the bruise
IS so severe as to destroy the life of the soft
parts underneath, causing them to slough out
bodily as soon as the hoof over the spot is
removed, leaving a hole large enough to put your
hngiT into. Sometimes it comes by a very hard
blow on the heel of the shoe, which bruises the
quarter, and all of its attachments, from the bone
so that a oc,.-e as large as the end of your thumb
sloujrhs off the wing of the coffin bone. When the iujurv is so .rroat it
must bo promptly treated, or it will ^-^k out -f \ I so great it
quittor. . - it wm ^ ..a^ out at tnc top and forma
BOTTOM OF FOOT.
Showiiis- a stone cnu(flit between
the sole and shoe-
-J " r TiJ
262
THE AMEiaCAN IMRMEU's STOCK ,,OOK.
a corn; but the tender s^lx^tV^u?';";""^^ discoloration de„oti„;
ular disease would be found tho'ref '''''' tenderness fro„, „avie!
it is a bruise. ' ^^'''^'''' >^«" ^^"'^ to the conclusion that
tw^lri*^!";:;^'^ xt?::! r°"'' ^•f ^^^ ^««* -^« ^p-»ticefor
any pus that may have formed, t/" "" .*^! ^"""-^^ «Pot and libera
deep, replace the'poultL ir t^ lrt;;\, "x^'d' "''r .^"^*^"^' ^"'>
ers will help to locate the bruise IvlZ! 7 '•^- '^ P'"' «^ I'i"<h-
tissue is bruised off the wino- "f tL "1 1 """"' ''' ''"'• ^^ ^ho
core when it is sufficientlyr^tted and he "l "' 't """ ^""^ °"* ^''^ «
it is not cut away the dise^ise wHl to \V" '"* ^^'^^^ underneath ; if
hoof. -^ ''''^ '^'" S« «" «»d break out at the top of thl
When the c^re is taken out, dre.s it
with the carbolic lotion. No. 6, and rephce tl
poultice. Continue this treatment till thoVf
|s filled up with sound, healthy f,:l'"a^,t;:
itupwi^h pondered blue vitriol by apply 1
once a day ; omitting the poultice an'd leav]n!;:ii;
DIAGRAM OF A FOOT. ««'« dry, but kccp tho foot cool and soft with
Showi„,p„su.o„ o, „i„,orcof. r;f ' ^!f "'"''"'^^ ^^^ ^'i" of the foot, and wet
^"d "^S^:^^"^ 7**^ cold water several times a day. When drv
to «... .e .. .,„e xrre-;rH:rrr4t.*r" "'
IX. Side Bone.
aide, and are attached to the wings of thT Iffi I ^^^*' «"« «" «'"^^h
above the quarters of the hoof!:? cl^e^ 7^ .\Zh. sk 7 T'
be felt readily ; they are found to be very pliab e Tn helth H / ""'^ "'"
fectly solid in cases of side bone, being olmed Thev « '.^ ''f'-
inflammation in the lateral cartilages. ^ ^'' ^^' '"'"^ '^
Causes.— Any severe injury to the quarter bv th*. hnro- * •
his own feet, getting the foot caught under a Lt in ^ I ^^^'""^ "°
contraction of the heels settinrr „n iJ Z f " ^""""^y P^'t'-''^
<«r, very severe nai'TvounTorr^?^^^^^^^^^^^
accompanies navicular disease. ^ ^''' ^''^^ ' '^"^ '* «^t*°
How to know It.— The quarters -.rn
are as hard as bone, a„d perfectly' b. ff '^.''^Z''"'^' ^^'^^ the hoof ,
Apply the water as continuou ly arn'^^^^^^^^ 'f"" '''''' "' h«* ^e-then
cloths saturated with water between t'' "' 7?^ ^^^"^ ^» ^-^en
soreness has left them, and therlTs ' m T '^ ''''^^"^- ^^^^^ the
water treatment, and apply a fly blister Z 2^""^''^''' discontinue the
any remnants of inflan^LnTo b tb o b:d ^ff' t. ^^'^ -» -»-
oughly hard they seldom or never caused! * jt "" ^^^^ ^'^ «"^^« t^or-
; fi
<n
CHAPTER IV.
SHOEmO AND CABE OP THE FEET.
I. WHATASHOEBCANDO._n. HOW TOFBEPARETHE FOOT FOR THE SHOF „
WHEKEXHK B-HmaSHO..O KESX.—.V, WE.OHX O. SHO^O HOw";; ^
^ALL «^«« O^ ^«« ^'B^ET IN TE,^ STABLE VI. THE FLOOR OK THB
1. What a Sheer Can Do.
Horse shoeing is a trade in which a great deal of skill can be exhibited
A good shoer can keep the feet in the very best condition as far as s oe-
ingjs concerned, and a poor one can ruin a set of feet in a very short
n. How to Prepare the Poet for the Shoe.
The foot shonld be carefully prepared by being rasped down to its
proper s.ze and all supei-fluous gro>vth of wall andlole removed. To ^o
this requires judgment, forthero are scarcely two feet alike. Some - Jw
faster than others ; some are high-heeled and some low, some ha'^ I
.oles and are very concave, while others have thin so.es and are flat. Flat-
footec' horses have the latter, and the extreme in the other direction^
seen m the club-foot. In flat feet the toes are long and thin and a
spread out the heels low and soles thin. In club-feJt the to! i Irt
the wall straight, almost perpendicular, the heels high and strou-. and
the soles tuck. The flat foot needs very lifctle parhig and is ^ Idom
afflicted w.th contraction, while the strong foot is very p^rone to ctlZ
.on and needs considerable trimming to prepare it fot the shoo. iTe
flat foot IS more subjeet to laminitis, bruises, prickingand gmvcl • the
strong one to corns, quittor, contraction and navicular ditease. B..th the
foot '°"^ ^"' ''' "''i««t">»'^We; the medium is the best
264
III paring the ]
the bearing, thot
heels ought to bi
should be opened
allow the foot to
to avoid as much
stated, is the ine
cases. If there
wise the frog nee
rv
In making the i
beveled off gentl;
the outside to the
and to facilitate t
the shoe and sole.
horse ; some I'equi
shoes. Fore sho(
ten to twenty oi
eight to twel
ground surface it
the centre, then
which protects th(
pricking from n
rounded off for d
stumbling, and gi\
as their work wil
horse is usually 1
while the draft he
him a purchase oi
pull heavy loads.
best with a small
raised by leaving tl
to level it up to th
Siioeing for dis(
cal shooing,) has b
nectiou with the t
the two preceding (
In finishing off a
be rasped above the
ing tlmt is there, to
crack.
SHOEING
-> CARE OF THE FEET.
265
ni. Where the Bearing Should Best.
In paring the foot for the shoe, the wall wants to receive the r ost of
the hearing, tliough the sole near the wall can take some of it The
heels ought to be lowered the least trifle to reduce their bearing, and
should be opened about half way up to the hair in a V shaped mannerto
allow the foot to expand a little every time the weight comes on it, so as
to avoid as much as possible the evil of contraction, which, as already
stated, IS the mevitable accompaniment, more or less, of shoeing in all
cases. If there are any ragged edffes on the frog, trim them oif, other-
wise the frog need not be touched.
rv. Weight of Shoes and How to Pit Them.
In makhigthe shoe it should be perfectly level on the bearing surface,
beveled off gently all around from about three-eighths of an inch from
the outside to the inside, so as to avoid giving any bearing on the sole,
and to facilitate the removal of any gravel that might work in between
the shoe and sole. Let it be of good length, and of a weight to suit the
horse ; some require heavy and some light
shoes. Fore shoes vary in weight from
ten to twenty ounces ; hind ones, from
eight to twelve ounces. On the
ground surface it is well to bevel towards
the centre, thereby widening the web
which protects the sole from bruises and
pricking from nails. Let the toe be
rounded off for driving horses to prevent
jtumbling, and give them as little calking
as their work will allow. The driving
horse is usually better on a plain shoe,
while the draft horse needs calks to give
him a purchase on the ground so as to
pull heavy loads. The hind shoes are
best with a small toe calk, and the heels
raised by leaving the shoo a little thicker
to level it up to the toe calk.
Shoeing for diseased feet, (pathalogi-
cal shoeing,) has been treated on in con-
nection with the diseases of the feet in
the two preceding chapters.
crack'. "^ '*"^'' """ P'^W^' Mid prevent sand
THE CRAMPON, TO PREVENT HORSES
8LIPP1MG IN FROSTY WEATHER.
i
I
"**-"^
266
A PLAIN SHOE.
With large, sharp-headed nails for
winter use.
THE AMEKICAX FAUMKIt's STOCK BOOK.
V. Care of the Peet in the Stable.
Care of the feet in the stable has a frreat
influence on their health. Horses that are
kept on floors and pavements oontinuall/,
and even country horses in dry weath-
er, should have the feet either soaked
out in a foot bath or clay* puddlo, or
packed with moist sponge or oil-cake meal
two or three times a week. If it is not done
they dry and contract from want of moisture
get brittle, and have sand and quarter cracks
and lose nearly all toughness. When the hoof
is brittle and inclined to crack, in addition to
the above, a hoof ointment, made and ap.
plied as follows is beneficial :
No. 8.
4 Fluid ounces pine tar,
4 Fluid ounces whale oil,
Mix.
Rub a little well into the coronet and upper part of the hoof once a aay.
If the ointment gets too thin in warm weather, a couple of ounces of mut>
ton tallow may be added to give it a better consistency.
VI. The Floor ol the Stall.
Confinement to the stable, even under the most favorable circunistan'.
8es, has a tendency to produce diseases of the feet, such as are compara-
tively rare among farm horses which ^njoy constant exercise at work or
running in the pasture. The anatomy of the
horse's foot is such that exercise is absolutely
necessary to keep up the circulation of blood
under the hoof, and the bad effects of inaitionare
only aggravated by requiring the animal to stand
on an unnecessarily hard surface. The confined
horse endeavors to supply the lack of outdoor
exercise by stamping and pawing, and should have
a soft surface of earth or sawdust to paw upon.
Pawing and stamping serve the specific purpose of
keeping the blood moving under the hoof ; crib-biting on the other hand
is often merely an exhibition of the restlessness an active auimai
feels at being cooped up.
horse's
VEINS OF THE
FOOT.
The network of veins without
valves situated immediately
•■nder the secretive membrane
uf the hoof.
RESTING W]
SIIOEINO AND CARE OF THE KEET.
In constructing the floor of the stall the health and comfort of its
pant will also be promoted, if care is taken
to avoid having his fore feet rest upon a
liigher level than his hind feet. The
opposite practice, that of building the
stall floor to slope from the manger
backwards, is too often resorted to for
the i)uipose of securing surface drain-
age ; but it is a blunder to do this.
When in the open field and free to
choose his ground, the horse will select
for rest a gentle slope on which he will
stand with his fore feet restin"- on a
267
occu-
lower
CRIB BITING.
level than that
occu-
^'^^M^r:^Jm'-'''
RESTING WITH THK lUNU FEET HIGHER THAN THE FORE FEET.
pied by his hind feet. It is the position in which there is least strain
upon the back muscles of the foot and leg while standin;?— the one
in which the horse rests easiest.
% ■ i
ft
CHAPTER V.
LEGS OP THE HOME, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES.
BONE SPAVIN. II. BOG SPAVIN III. OCCULT SPAVIN IV n.n^,.
,N._V. THOKOUGHPIN.— VI. CimB VII 'Kma BONE.I^Vin.^.:;:;^,;
-X. BROKEN
IX.
DOWN.
SPRAIN OF
BACK TENDONS OF THE FORK LEGS.
1. Bone Spavin.
Spavin is an arbitrary name given to disease of the hock joint, in which
inflammation is an early sympton. Effusion follows it, and ossific.tion
of the exudate forms a bony lump on the joint, usually on the inner
side near the front, but it may occur on any part of the joint. It ilwivs
affects the joints more or less and causes great lameness, which is usujllv
susceptible of a cure, but sometimes defies treatment, and perman'en't
lameness is the result. -
The hock joint is composed of a, true hock joint that works like a hin-c
"^ and three flat gliding joints below it before we conie^to
the cannon bone, and on each side of the cannon is a .,,Ii„t
bone the same as in the fore leg. The connection between
the splint and cannon bones is ligamentous The
spavin usually takes its origin between the cannon and the
inner splint bone, and extends up to the joint and around
It, and sometimes involving the whole hock, except the
true hock joint, stiffening it and interfering with the action
very seriously.
Cause8.-It is^ften caused by a sprain of the ligamentous connection
between the cannon and inner splint. Some-
times the sprain may affect the ligamentous con-
nection between the cannon and the outer splint
but usually it is on the inner side, on account
of the line of the center of gravity being
more to the inside, bringing more woi<rht
to the inside than to the outside. It is sometimes
caused by a bruising of the joint itself by luck-
ing, jumping, running, pulling heavy loads up
hill, bringing great strain on the hind legs ; by
, . , , slipping when the weight is on that Ic-i by
blows, kicks from other horses ; by getting cast in the stall. In fact any-
thing that seriously injures the joint, may run on and form a bone
BONE SPAVIN.
Showing the bony
tamor on the in-
ner side of the
hocit joint.
POSITION TO TAKE WHEN
FEELING FOR A SPAVIN.
spavin.
268
LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIK ACCIDENTS ANU DISEASES. 269
How to know It—In the early stage there will l,e lameness, more or
less acute, accord.ng to the amount of injury to the joint. The lameness will
be distjuiguished by a stiffness in moving from side to side in the stal
by backing out and going off on the toe of the foot for a few steps bu
soon improvn^ with exercise till he will go all right after having go'ne a
few steps and remains so till stopped and allowed to eool off. ILn he
will go off worse than ever, until warmed up again. The cause of thi.
position of a foot that cannot je raised from
the ground by reason of spavin.
Position of a healthy foot raised from
the ground in an easy trot.
IS : By standing the jonit becomes dry, and great pain attends the flex-
Tf /k ! "''^'"''^ ^''''*^' ^'^^ secretion of synovia, (joint oil)
which lubricates it, and the horse is comfortable till the joint gets dry
again
Upon pressure, a soreness and heat will be foUnd. usually just at the
bottom of the joint on the inside, but well to the front. A liZHZ.
of swelling may be noticed, but not much until the .ecofdsZet
reached, when a hard bony enlargement will spring up and extenlTo e
or less some lines only involving the splint, cannon and the first bo^e of
the gliding joint. But at other times it extends dea- around and in
volves all the gliding joints, the calois and cuboid parts of the joint and"
back of the hock. The enlargement is best seen by standing at the side
of the horse, about a yard from the shoulder, when, instead of th!
smooth, straght declination of the inside of the hock, 'yl til detec
e umpjust above the end of the cannon. Sometimes the ump s
arthcr back ; then it can be seen better by stooping down in front and
ookuig between the fore legs. Occasionally it will be seen 01"; "e
back part of tne hock; then it usually escapes detection even bj ox-
i« r.l*o«f;rfa-'' Tl '' " " *'' '"' '''''' ^«^«^^ -3^ «ff--
flanvm'a^or tI " T .'T ^^ '''"^'"^ vigorously to remove the in-
flammation This IS best done by continuous applications of hot walor
im.
of
270
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK,
i *A
or poultices ; raise the i,eols of the foot about an inch and give absolute
rest till all lameness and soreness are gone. Then turn bin. out to
grass or straw yard for three or four months.
But if the spavin runs on to the second stage, in which effusion m
thrown out and ossification is begun, a good smart blister, well rubbed in
after the soreness is taken out by the hot applicatious, will perform .r„od
work m some instances. If H is not improved by the first api.licltion
repeat It. The blister is made as follows :
No. »
Also prepare
No. 10.
}4 Ounce powdered cantharides,
2 Ounces lard,
Mix.
2 Drachms red iodide of mercury,
2 Ounces lard,
Mix.
xMix the two blisters together and rub it well in, first cuttin^r off t„e
hair. After twelve hours, smear fresh lard over the place. "^ R,.,,e.,t
the lard once a day till the scabs are all off and the skin is nearly healed •
then repeat the blister, and so on till ho is cured. This treatment is effec-
tual if begun in time and vigorously applied, and sufficient rest .nveu
afterwards. It may absorb nearly all of the enlargements. If this fails
or if the case is allowed to run on to the third or confirmed sta-rc, in
which the lump has become thoroughly ossified and the gliding jointS'mnre
or less incurably affected, the only hope of doing anything to any advanti.re
is to produce anchylosis (stiffness) of the joint. For when the articular
surface of the joint is much affected it cannot be cured and restored to
soundness, so the only thing to do is to stop the lameness. The most
effectual way to do this is to apply the actual cautery (firing iron), which
produces so great an amount of artificial inflammation, causes such an
increased flow of nutrition to the part, that, when accompanied by rest,
it destroys the joints that are affected, by stiffening them. There are
several ways of applying the firing iron, but the most common is to pus.
the iron, with a dull edge, over the part affected, in lines ruiuiin..
obliquely each way, forwards and backwards, from a centre line drawn
perpendicularly from about the centre of the hock on the inside to a point
on the cannon about an inch and a half below the hock. Draw .similar
lines on the front and back of the hock, and then draw the obliqui; lines
from one to the other, giving it a feathered appearance. In bad eases it
is advisable to fire on the outside of the hock, too, as a surer means
of removing the lameness, but, on account of the iron leaving scars where-
ever it touches, this outside application is usually objected to, unless the
first firing fails and it has to be repeated ; then it should always be chi-
ried clear around. It is the opinion of some authorities that every case can
be cured of lameness by repeating the firing, if necessarv, half a dozen
LEGS OF THE IIOHSF TliEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 271
times but it is accepted as a lact, l-y most surgeons, that when the
articular ends of the l.ones are uh^erated there will be i.ennanent lameness.
Apply the blister, No. 9, well rubbed in with the hand, immediately
after hrmg. homo operators delay the blister till next day, but it is
preferable to rub it in before the leg gets sore and swollen from the
finng lie up the horse's head for twelve hours to prevent him biting
1 . After twelve hours, grease over, and repeat the application once a
day fll pus begms to form under the scabs ; then wash it once a day
with warm water and soap to prevent blemishing by the pus burrowincr
under the .scabs. When dry, rub the grease in. Give him absolute rest
m the stable for four weeks ; then give him a three or four months' run at
grass ; and when beginning to work again, let it be gently for some time.
While this treatment is going on, it is advisable to have a hi-h-hecled
shoe on the foot of the lame leg ; let it be raised an inch. When shoe-
ing, after he is well, continue the high calks for a month or two
There arc numerous patented spavin cures in the market, some of
which have more or less merit ; but as a rule, the above is the only velia-
ble treatment. Some of the nostrums claim to bo able to cure a spavin
111 twenty-four hours without breaking the skin, but they are humbu-s of
the worst kind. Sometimes very strong corrosive blisters are recom-
mended, such as corrosive sublimate, etc., but they are cruelin the
extreme and not as likely to cure as the treatment laid out above, which
being the most humane, although pretty severe, is the best to pursue!
Tl hen firmg, ,t is advisable to cast the horse to keep control of him and
be able to perform a better operation, and the hair should be shaved off.
n. Bog Spavin.
This is the name given to an enlargement of the hock by distension of
the synovial bursa. The synovial membrane of the joint becomes in-
learned and secretes a superabundant amount of joint oH which distends
the membrane and enlarges the joint sometimes to the size of a child's
head. It can be alleviated by good treatment, but when once well-dis-
tended ,t can seldom l,e radically cured, and very manv unfortunate
animals carry the big joint with them to the bone yard. '
Causes.-It is caused by severe sprain of the joint, the inflammation
extending to the synovial membrane, and sometimes even
to the joint. Sometimes the origin of it lies in the joint itself
from severe bruising by concussion when jumping, kicking or
being kicked. It is also caused by wounds from being stabbed
with the fork by reckless grooms, or pricks from nails in
the stall, when a restless horse demolishes it by kick! n-.
How to know it.— There will be a large, soft swellimr
on the inner and front aspect of the hock. The swellin"
flOPK JOINT.
Showin«r the en.
largement of
Bog Spavin.
1
f
is of the same character as wind galls ; it seems to be filled with airimt
Tfi*' nURRIhan farmer's stock book.
272
*
It i« synovia T^j ,^ Id eases there N Mttlp. and, sometimes, no lameness •
but lu 1^ ciuses the. 's hiin(>noas of a penor-O character, stiflness in the'
hock. ^„re pain evince -d when starting than after a little exerci.se, hcit
§etimm» upon pressure, .md a tendency to get y,ov^o rather than better'
#vpn \nlh ii "itment. '
Wlwt to do.— Batho ;t as continuously as possible with either hot or
cold wufAT U 'welve hours, then apply an o"' meal poultice, hot and soft
Contujuo the pou/'^ico for several days, changn.g it once a day, and b,th
ing v'lth hot water at the time of changing. When the soreness and
lameness are gone apply the following liniment twice a day :
^°- ^^- 3 Ounces tincUire of iodine,
1 Ounce aqua ammonia,
1 Ounce turpentine,
1 Ounce glycerine.
Mix.
Rub well in with the hand till the skin is quite sore ; then grease it once
a day till it is healed, then repeat. Keep it pretty sore for a few weeks
giving perfect rest. Then turn the horse out for a long time.
Some recommend bandages, but they are not practfcal since they ire
very difficult to keep on and always chafe the skin above and below
necessitating their suspension from time to time to allow the skin toheil'
uncturing the sack is prescribed by some, but it is very dangerous and
cannot be recommended.
m. Occult Spavin.
Occult spavin is similar to bone spavin in all respects, except that there
18 no enlargement, and no external evidence of any lesion whatever The
lameness is severe, persistent and of the same character as in bone spavin
the horse going off on the toe, working out of the lameness with exorcise
m the earlier stages, but the lameness is often permanent throu<rh all the
subsequent stages. *
Causes.— Severe concussion on the ends of the bones in the joint
How to kuOW it.— There will be the characteristic bone spavin lame-
ness, but the djsease will show no outward marks. A very sure test i^ ^o
drive the horse ( nough to warm him up and -rt the spavin to worHw
well, then let him stand half an hour, then take the toe of thefoof , " „
lame leg in your hand and raise it as high as possible so as to flex the
hock joint. Hold it there two or three minutes, then drop it and rush
the horse off on a smart trot. If it is spavin he will go oif on three leers
for a few steps, ..'. bring the toe down first as he warms up again, and
after a little will g . U rj^ht until stopped and allowed to cool.
What to Do.-V^ ?.• '1 .9 F.V: isfactorily located give it the same lieaU
ment prescribed fi I • e s. ,vin.
LKOS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENT8 AND DISEASES.
27B
TV. Blood Spavin.
CaU8e8.-Blood spavin is adi«tcn8lou „f the supheim major vein us it
passes over the eulargementof bono spavin. The vein is . , Kstricted and
the h.ood dammed up to a certain extent, cau.mg a distension of the
couts of the veui and giving the leg the appearanee of having a very large
bone spavm on It. It seldom does any harm. = .^ 5
How to know it-stand at the shoulder and view the hock as directed
for bone spav.n, a,.d you will see the enlargement in the same position as
the none spavin.
What to do.-Ui. r examination with the hand, the enlargement will
bo found to be soft and readily rubbed down, which should be done often.
Thi- id th« only treatment of any virtue.
V. Thoroughpin.
This is of the same nature as bog spavin (distension of the synovial
bursa) but occu^ between the os calcis. forming the point of the hock,
and the rest of the jomt. It seldom does any more harm than to form an
eyesore. Lameness from it is very rare.
Causes. ^It is produced by many of the same causes that are ascribed
to bog spavm, though the principal cause is hard work, consequently it
ENLARGEMENT.
Forming thoroughpin .
DIAGRAM.
Showing dissection of thor-
oughpin and bog spavin; al-
so the J unction of the two «ffec-
tinns.
'"^ZnZ n T"'^^^^^^^^ ^"d animals for
C T }'■' '^r "^''" ''''' '"^ '^^'^"'«'- that are used for serv-
"g .aares, the sfra.n thrown gn the hind legs being very great. It is
ufton seen m young growing colts when largo and h^avy for their aJ
owing to the immense weight brought upon young and tender joint.. " '
How to know lt.-Unsightly puffs are seen just in front of the point
of the hock They are soft and appear to be filled with air but it is s^-
ovial fluid that distends them. Thoroughpin usuallv accomp "C
^iJavin, but It may exist without ihe latter. ' i ' ' Oo
"QF
ww*«*iiwiaM«mo»«-«..--y,,^.: .- — ,
274
THE AMEKICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
What to do.— When first seen, apply a cooling lotion, made as follows ;
^o- 12. 1 Ounce muriate of ammonia,
1 Ounce saltpetre,
1 Quart water,
Mix.
Bathe the part with hot water, rub dry and apply the lotion three times
a day, giving absolute rest. Follow this up for a week, then, after bath-
ing with the hot water, apply tlie liniment No. 11, well rubbed in, twice a
day. When the part gets sore from the liniment, hold up a few days and
grease the part with lard tilt nearly healed, then repeat. It cannot ho
permanently cured, for, when made to absorb by the treatment and rest
it will return with work. '
In case of a young colt getting thoroughpin, shorten his allowance of
feed a little for a couple of months, and the puffs will become absorbed.
VI. Curb.
Curb is an enlargement on the bnckof the hock and a little below, it
is seen in the form of a bowed section about four inches in length ; sonie-
ti'nes it is swollen up as thick as un
inch from the healthy form, and .soinc-
times the enlargement is so slight as
to bo hardly noticeable. When in the
inflammatory stage the swellings cmse
lameness, but when once well liardon-
ed they seldom do. The scat of tho
injury lies in the cahianoo-cuboid
ligament and others lying near it.
That form of hock known as curby
hock is most liable to it. Tiio form
that merits that name is curvinl from
the foot to the stifle, extending Ixuk-
ward outside of the perpendicular line
drawn straight from the posterior point of the hip to the ground. It is
■ometimes called sickle or cow hock. On account of the curved out-
line of the leg there is a greatly increased strain on the back of the Ic;: ;,t
tho point of the greatest curvature. This is found at the hock, hence we
frequently have curbs on such Ic-s.
Causes.— A sprain of the ligaments of the back part of the hock, fre-
quently prodn(!(!d during severe exertions in jumping, running, trottincr,
pulling heavy loads, etc. "'
How to know It.— Standing at the side of the horse, opposite th(> hind
parts, and looking across tho legs you will notice a curve on the bmkand
lower portion of the hock, instead of a straight line, as there ou-dit to ho
SICKLE on cow IIOCK8.
Most liable to curb.
LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. m
in a healthy leg, from the point of the hock to the fetlock pad. I„ recent
ca«es there ks lameness, heat, soreness to the touch, and, like all sprains,
jt j,n-ows worse with exercise.
What to do -In a recent case when the sprained tendons and ligaments
arc sore swollen and hot, apply the cooling lotion. No. 12, batlTing the
part with hot water three or four tin.es a day for half an hour at a time.
J ai.e the heel an inch, continue this treatment till all soreness is gone
about a week or ten days, then apply the blister, Nos. 9 ^nd 10, mixed.'
)\ .on the blister has taken well, grease it once a day for a few days till it
IS healed, then blister again. Give three or four weeks' rest. If this
does not cul^e, or, if there is no improvement ia two weeks, resort to the
finng iron. Drawa line down the back of the leg, over the curb, and then
dnnv linc-s obliquely tg it in the form of a feather. The lines should l,e
un. about half way through the skin, but i.. no case burn clear throuoh,
or that would make a bad blemish. Rub the blister, No. !), well in ovci-
tl.o hriiig Grease that the same as in the milder treatment, and wash it
,.cn.s.onally to remove scabs that may have pus underneath, which must
e 'derated In old, chronic cases that have been neglected or have not
.I'lolded to other treatment, resort immediately to the firing iron, as rec-
ommended above.
Prevention.— Avoid breeding animals that have curby hocks, for thov
TttlZ '^J'''^°"'^^^' '^"^ '^"^ ^«"" «^ the leg, in most cases, is tran^^
VTI. Ring Bone.
This is an exostosis (bony enlargement) on the pastern, around thv,
uiper orlower pastern joint. It usually runs clear around the k- in tJ.e
fom. of a ring, hence its name. It usually forms around the upper pastern
jomt, but sometimes affects the lower one. In the latter case it is und.-r
the coronet, and is then worse, as it cannot be got at to be treated, and is
mo.e likely to cause permanent lameness from its extension to the navic-
ular joint, involving it in the inflammation and anchyolsis. When the
nnghone comes under the coronet, it often grows so large and extends so
much as to make a large, ugly, stiff, club-foot of the handson.e, chvsdc
pedal extremity of the horse, and gives rise to permanent Limencss But
when ,t forms around the upper joint it does not usually grow very lar-e
and IS quite susceptible of treatment. ^ e^»
Somotnues the bony deposit is only in front or on one side, or on both
Bides and not in front, in eitherihe upper or lower forms
Causes.-A sprain, a blow on the bono from a ki.k, stumbling and
stnkmg ,t on a stone, stab from a fork tine, in fact, any severe in-
inrv hnttin" U" !"fl-j"ini"'^i -J - *^ v»t,n. Ill
J . „Li.u^ n ...fi.wmiauuu u.i or ncarrrio boi.e, is apt to result in a ring-
bone, lor the nutritive material sent to the legs and feet is of a bony
ml
2T6
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
UIAORAM.
Showing Pastern
and Pedal Bone of
a horse affected
with Severe Ring-
bone.
I. The Joint between
the pastern bones,
showing the
groove in which
Character, that .. makes bone, so when an effusion is thrown out it be
comes organized or forms part of the living syL^
and ossifies the size of the deposit depending^po, I
extent of the inflammation. There is a ihtnrZ
^oientific men, that iiabiHty to th^oVLl b ^^r f
njents. especmlly around joints, is hereditary in the W
of an oss^nc diathesis, which is borne out by actual I
penence m breeding; mares or stallions affected vkh
spavn.. rmg-bone. splint, enlarged knees, etc., are '^
to transmit them to the offspring. We freouentlv
foals two months old with rlglnes, andt^.:
With spavms and c.rbs. making it very convenien
dealers to excuse their presence by saying the colt w
foaled so, and that it never will hurt him! Whicl , l
groove in -Which ^6 true euough in one sense, for the affected parts J
^-neV^' ««"^« ^ohd\y anchylosed, and as strong as any other m,
a. "n 'TnTi. e. "^"d Perhaps stronger, for the extra deposit LuT. ^ '
foot. hented from one of the parents, the deposit is u„ cC
of nature to strengthen ,t. Therefore, the practice of breedin.. frl
stallions or mares that are unsound from any bony deposit, excopUIm !
caused by some known accident, is to be most emphatically condemn 7
How to know it.-In the acute stage, (when it is beginnin.r to ..row;
there will be ameness that works off with exercise; and als^o sort. 1^;
heat and swelling when examined carefully with the hand Wher it I
run on to the second stage, and become hardened into bone, it will b. fX
around tlie pastern joints in lumps, or in a ring running clear around the
pas ern. Or it may be spread over the surface of the bone as if piaster! on
Nature may effect a cure by anchylosing the joint, which will stop t le
lameness but there will be a certain stiffness always ; or ulceration of e
heads of the bones may take place and cause permanent lameness U
long as it IS in the stage in which the lameness works off with exovr\.
there is a chance of curing it by stiffening the joint. But when tlioit!
IS permanent lameness the chances of a euro are small .,1
though it is best to try, and repeat the trial too
What to do.-In the first stage apply hot baths, and fol-
low them with the cooling lotion, No. 12, three or four ti.nos
a day ,11 all active inflammation is gone; then blister w,tb
Nos. 9 and 1 0, mixed After the first blister has healed,
repeat it. But when the ringbone will not yield to tins
treament and goes on increasing in size, hardness and lanieiic.s
or when it has reached the second stage without treutnieiu
. , ,, . ^''""'' '•'. "."<^'^"'- '" '-'^^^tual as the actual cautery rtin„J
u-on.) It Ks applied i.i Hues running up and dow.i parallel ^th
FOOT OK A
IlOKSi:.
Affected with
ringbone. The
uastern joints
being rr.tir^iy
stiffened.
5 """' and the spiim
I-EG8 OF THE HORSE. THEIE ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 277
Other, beginning at the corner of the pastern nn,l ow ^•
front of it to the opposite side. , ', P'^*^"\ '^"d^^^tending around the
thcpastem. as the Tx on of the w "?^ f''^' ""'' ^" '^' ^«"°- «'
Apply the Mister, ^i:^^^^^^^::^' '^::^^ z''
«od jive absolute rest fno exorei.o .if «IT^ * T ^' T = "" ^'"^
turn to pa,t„« for „ couple o/Zl'h.""'" '"' "™ ''^*''^''»
dra,vi„g tL i.™,, i„ therme u 'r^a ,0 wlhf «• T", ."■" °''="'"°"'
ta, may be „,ade f™ ,he ooZt TleCr "jr^rfT^^^ . ^'
a distance of from two to fn„r in.i, T ^ *"® ^^^'"^'^ J^'n^*
A short pastern isTJ^ ZbTtt .I;:^^^^^^^^ "^P-^--
concussion it sustains throu^^h its la.W IvT . v ^^^.^'^^^^^ ^^n^unt of
has. The foot will alvvlvs to^ ftt, Tf/' 7^''^ '^"^ 'ongpastem
ringbone, therefore tl ir^iU ^^^^^^^^^ t" ^^^ ^^^ f-
healthy foot, and the hoof reducl^ be reset of tener than on a
vm. Splint.
"" ""'' """"■'>" ''""■» '-»««=- 'act, „eari, al.trra: wto:
DIAOIUM.
Showing the different locations
of spTints. ]. High splint
near the knee, a. Low splint
far below the knee. 3, 6onv
tumor, often miscalled a
splint.
SPLINTS OP A SKKIOUS KIND.
I. Spl'nts involving: the knee joint. 3 SxMnt
SmVnZ1„r'\ "'\'"«='^ tendons.®"'',"'
Tensor mCle?"''" ""= '«'"><"' "^ theej.
ii:tr«t 7 ttris"b ^ --r*"""^ '-- °" «■» .-nd ,eg,.
Bmall. They i^sncrallv 0,,,^ c f ' "*«' '"" "'"""y "™ q"ite
so aftc. tlu/bfcomc Ld ' """™°" "'"" ="■•""'""• '"' ™4 do
»»*.Tl« ™y^;!rre^™""'"«' "■*'•""■-■>." the b„„c, etc.,
r,;., ,,,?„ ^. "'""'" "'" I'glmoutous attachment betwc, thr r»„
■ 'lffWi^iwaiiMiwi>«j»....^.
¥i
278
THE AAIKUICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
npl .r' " '""'" "'"'^^ '"'"^""•^•^' b"<^ ^hen it comes under the
peuosteurn (the covering of the bone) it is very painful. When splilt
come from bruuses they may come on any part of the lee ^ "^'
liar kmd, in that the horse will go sound on the walk and will ^ l^^
^ Upon exammation a sore spot is found below the kneo
on the inside of the leg. By feeling of it, with the le.
flexed, you can locate it immediately. In the ],ter
stages a bony lump will form on the leg, adherin.r di
rectly to it. When the lump is an inch or more hHow"
the knee, it is no permanent detriment, but if it is
closer to the knee than one inch, it is objectional,],. as
It IS apt to interfere with the action of the knee. AvLn
It does affect the knee it usually causes permanent
lameness. "''
VVhat to do— If noticed when the injury first orcnr.
Zlfnw!:"'"'"'' "^^'" "^^'^ the c'ooling ,oU„:;
JNo. 12, till the soreness is nearly gone and then apply
the bbster, Nos. 9 and 10 mixed. Give a couple of
DISHING ON THE
TRPT.
Thought by some to
indicate splints, but
It is an erroneous
Idea; for as many
dish the fore feet
when trotting that
have no splints, as
there are that have
them.
Aveeks rest. Feed on light, soft food while id!
KMl
., ^ , - -" "■' "«"•'» --'"it ioou wniie lU (>. \Vlif>
the lameness and soreness to the touch are excessive, especi.illv f
nodule is small, the tt .uble lies beneath the periosteum anrr.
operation penosteotomy to split the covering of the bono Ju
exudate ,ro„. tUen,fla„„„«„„ .„ e,„ape, ^,i;\:;;r ,1; ^;;-^^^^^^
I ,, done by cuttmg a small hole in the skin and pushing i„ a th
IX. Sprain of Back Tendons of the Fore Legs.
.frTT "^ '^' ^r^" *'"'^""' "'' ""^'y ^""^™"" «" ^«««""t of the severe
6t am they are put to in all cases of unusual exertion. In su h ^s^
a large amount of the effort is made bv the fore lo-s esneci-tllv ,
where the strain upon the fore legs in grabbing threiXd'^^^
body exceeds that of the more powerful hind le-rs in push.m.
the frefjuonc^ of thc.espniins. There are fourligl^'^tl :
the leg below the knee, and the degree of injury to the horse i"
apram depends upon which tendon is most affected. That o to,"
nearest the bone being the worst, the next one to it bein/nox .u d
ao^on to the la«t on the posterior surface, injury tothat one bdng of'llt
Causes.-Sprains received during severe exertion in running, jumping
trottn.gfast.shppmgon uneven ground, stepping on the edg;!>;^o;:
■■if ^^
LEGS OF THE HOK8E, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 279
With the toe lotting the heel drop, and sometimes euts or bruises bv a
blow across the back of the leg. overreaching, etc. ^
How to know It.— Severe lameness will be a prominent svmnt^n, +V,o
jncoso the more important th. tendon is in iTerThelCn'sory
hgan.entshonexttothe bone, and sprain of them cL ^e froTe" her
l\: rr**^"^ '" ^'^^^•'^ ^'-^-h (the inner or
t.tarea«^ted,thes^li4:i;fr:^Si^r^
the bone, and not far from the fetlock joint. These liga-
ments are the mam support of the leg, and when Sprained,
the lameness ,s far more severe than when any of the oth
ers are affected.
When the one next to the suspensory ligament is sprained,
the swc ling will be on the sides between the latter and the
outs.de tendon, This tendon, next to the suspensory li.,^
ment, ,s called the perforans. The outside one is the per-
foratus, swelling of which is seen on the back of the lee.
curved backwards, like a bow. Sprain of the latter is of
the least importance of any of them, as the damage done
IS «l,ght, being easily cured, and not causing much lame-
ness compared to sprain of the others.
Sprain of the metacarpal ligament is next in importance ^fi^^
to that of the suspensory ligaments. They are often af ^^
fected in common with the perforans. Swelling of it, the "^ « oTs^"?;
metacarpal, ,s found near the bone just below the knee, but
usually extends to all parts immediately surrounding.
It. *=
There will be swelling, heat, pain and soreness ; when
the injured spot is touched the horse -vill rear some-
times HI his effort to draw the leg from your grasp. I„
resting the leg he will thrust it forward and cock
giving It the appearance of being swollen on the front n.rt
and in walking he will not straighten the fetlock back to its natull Po '
tion but wil maintain it in the cocked position. If neglected and " ired
t!:Z:^Z''''^ '^"'^" ^""^^^^^^ ^-^^ ^°^^ ''- ^^^^-^ - thai pist
What to do.-Remove the shoo and replace it with heels raised an inch
to ako the straiu off the back tendons; apply hot fomentltlmrtott:
part as continuously as possible till nearly alltho «or.n^^! T-! ' - v!
the leg in a woolen bandage and keep it wet and hot. apply ingni^vvi^t^r
FOKE LEGS.
I. The perlorans,
a. The perfora-
«•"■ 3. 4- Ac-
cessory imipcles.
,■;, 6. Restrain-
ing ligaments.
7- The pedal
cartilage divi-
ded. 8. The
navicular bone.
the fetlock,
front part.
— ««fia«B««»>
280
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
.r„:ri^t ™.^- .-- :t::- '^-- — ^*« -^
No. 13.
1 Pint strong vinegar,
1 Handful common salt,
1 Tint water,
Mix,
Bandage as tight as the soreness of the Iprr ^;n „ii
or linen bandage, in^n^ediately after applSe^' "'f"\^'>'-«on
soreness is nearly gone apply the flllo v^n^r^- ! '^^''^- ^^'^^^" ^^^
bathing with hot water, tl a dav Tnd '' T" '"''^'^ "^ '^^^^
baadage from day to da^ : ^' """'"^'^ *^" ^^^^^^''^ «f the
^°" ^*" 1 Ounce tincture arnica,
1 Ounce tincture opium,
1 Ounce tuipentlne,
1 Ounce alcohol,
1 Ounce liquor ammonia,
Water, to malie one pint.
Mix. i
If the liniment irritates the skin much sumvn^ u f
grease with fresh lard till healed, thentCt it Civ'tV ^ '''' "'"
rest for three or four wpoks thon if ,.^''''\'^' ^'^« ^^'^ treatment and
tho horse ot.t for Zn a^^L^/J^^^^^ turn the
with No. 9. When the blfster hasVoL ^ '''"' ""^ ^'''^tcr well
to keep the air from ^X'-t ti^ 'T"" '''''''''
washing, and when dry ,r.JrtJZJ^:::iX h ^l"^^^
give . :.ng rest. If all these means fail to offe'a cure C t ! " ' "•'
an old long standing one the tiring i.on must be resorted tl 0^1
the hair and fire in lines feathered as directed for cu b Wc^w^^ 'f "^
ommend in this, as well as in all similar oases th- 1 Z \ '' '''•
be done by a qualified veterinary s^ geo^ for it s v '' "" "' '"'■'"=
before giving the treatment requiring the lonfrest. "" "" ""^
LEGS OF THE HOUSE. THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 281
X. Broken Down.
Causes. — Broken down is thpfprmor>r.i;„^*
limments It ;«. ^ , applied to rupture of the suspensory
the body forward, and when the bodv I n« They grab the earth, puU
lifting the forward foot oFthe l^d T'"^ '"'P"''^' ^"^ J"^*^^^«^«
that sends the body forward and at r '^'\r\^ tremenduous push
falling on the nos"^, w^rlln^^^^^^^^^^
J • *u • . S'linering their feet for another sorincr T+ ic,
•ntaal. " *" ""> S"""""*' "-mpletcly ruining the
What to do. — ^In cases of complete hrfint ^«,^ -4. •
to destroy the animal. But horsfsar^ T . '' ^" ^'* "^ ™^''«y
they are ruined for all Zds of J ^k'" °'"''^ ^™^«" '^""'^ t^'^^^
breeding purposes by ^1' the 1 7. "V '"'^^^ ''^ ^^^^^^ ^^^
.St. The^rme trelfnT^pit^^ ^^^^^^^^^^
will apply to this, especially the tiring, whic^hrill^^^^^^^^^^^^
'^immifitmm,tm^am^«m,.^g
• I
**
CHAPTER VI.
I^OS OP THE HORSB. THEmAa=n.E»TS «™ DISEASES-Oo,.
r. CAPDLETORCAPPED HOCK AND ELBOW „. FRACTURES T,x ^
IV. BROKEN KNEES V. KNFF SPBrmn ,J "'• OPEN Joint
WINDGALLS. VIII. SHOULDFtt i l^^Jtl ^'^ LOCKED ANKLES .y „
OF THK MUSCLES OF THE THIGHS ^^"^^^«« ANDSWENEY IX. ciuL^
I. Capulet or Capped Hock and Elbow.
The olbows and points of the hocks are liable to injury, -ivinc riso f
swellings of the nature of tumors. They are filled w h a Z
date slightly tinged with blood. If noLnipf d and propriw^ir;
they become caloused and organized into a solid fibrous mass Lttr^
of a month or so. When this takes place, the cZr^'the T"'
becomes very heavy and hangs from the elbow, a very uns Ibtlv
sometimes as large as a child's head. ^ "nsigbtly mass,
The callosity on the point of the hock never crets so lnrcr« „
eb„„ but becomes iust a, hard aad nnsigH^^ ^^T^TroZ^
being farther from the body. '" "onceablfl
Cause8.-Bruisiug is the only cause. It is usually long continnp^
hence the gradual development into a hard fibrous tumoVheen
the elbow IS caused by laying the point of the elbow on the sboV
the hard floor. Some horses have the habit of ,Lu^, b btddi,: :
back be ore lymg down, and letting the elbow come directly on the W
while others always lie with the elbow on the shoe. Either wav of 1 ,
If con mued or any length of time, will bruise these poil a fd a J 2
exudation is formed, which fills the sack. If not evac'^.ated t^t^^
and may suppurate and break, or it may become organized and «o Idtfv'
the walls thicken and the whole become a solid mass ^'
CAPPED liOCK.
AN UNUSUALLY LARGE
CAPPED HOCK.
harness. It ,, often »ecno„ nervous, high-spirited horsesthat do noteet
LE08 OF THE HORSE, THEIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 283
work enough, become restless in the stable and go to kickiu.r to
amuse and exercise themselves, and thus bruise the points of the hocks
against the sides of the stall ; if kept in a box stall, they are just as apt
to do It. It 18 also often seen on draft horses that are worked to the
cart ; being hooked too near to the box, they strike it with their hocks
every time their legs are raised. Sometimes it is caused by runaways or
by pieces of timber falling on the hocks.
How to know it.— In case of the elbow a scurfy, wrinkled appearance
indicates the danger, and if not attended to and the cause removed, it
goes on growing day by day, till a large tumor is developed. Some-
times by a sudden shifting of the position of the feet in lyincr, a lan^e
hard, hot swelling may spring up in one night ; it may be only a couple
ofuiches thick, but may be eight or ten in diameter, very sore to the
touch ; but when the tumor grows gradually it is not usually very sore.
When on the hocks, the points are found much swollen, hot, tender
and sore to the touch. The trouble usually comes on suddenly with one
or two nights' kicking.
What to do.— When hot, sore and of short duration, remove the cause •
give a laxative of one and a half or two pints of raw linseed oil ; foment
the parts with hot water, with a handful of common salt in it, for an
hour or so, then rub dry and rub gently in, the following liniment:
No. 15. 1}^ Ounce tincture arnica,
1)4 Ounce liquor ammonia,
1 Ounce tincture opium,
Water to make one pint,
Mix.
Repeat morning and night for two or three weeks, and if the case is a
mild one, this treatment will cure it. In case it is the elbow and there
18 a soft fluctuating feeling, tap it with a knife and let the water out
making the opening large enough to pass your finger in. Syrincre out
the sack with warm water and follow it with No. 6. Repeit it twice a
day, continuing the external treatment the same as before. After the
oil has operated, give one of the following powders in the feed mor -
»nd night : , • "
No. 16. 2 Ounces rosin,
2 Ounces saltpetre,
Powder and mix,
Divide Into twelve powders.
It should be borne in mind that the cause must beremoved absolutely
m order to have the treatment of any avail, otherwise it will all h« lost,
aud tue tumor will continue to grow in spite of all you can do. When he
284
THE AMERICAN FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK.
Ues on the floor, give more bedding ; if on the shoe, apply a roller to
the pastern, as large as your arm, so as to let it take the bearin<r oi, th
arm instead of the elbow on the foot. If it is a very bad case, it will ',!
well to keep the horse standing a few days. If it still remains lar-e and
hard, change the injection to the following : "
No. 17. 1 Drachm iodine,
1 Drachm iodide of potash,
1 Ounce alcoliol,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
Inject a little, twice a day, after using the hot water as before. When
dry apply tincture of iodine twice a day, till it gets veiy sore, then -rease
it with fresh lard till healed, and repeat it. *
If it becomes hard and solid, .the only remedy lies in dissecting it out
bodily. The operation is quite simple. Cut the opening in the skin in a
line running up and down, then cut the cellular tissue around the tumor and
dissect the whole lump out, being very careful not to cut into the cil.ow
joint. If an artery or vein is cut so as to bleed a stream, take it up mv]
tie it, sew the skin together, and dress it three times a day with the ]„.
tion, No. 6. If the stitches break out, and the wound gapes open, it is
no use to resew it, but dress it three times a day with No. 7, and it will
draw together as it heals. We would urge in this connection the e.n[)lov-
ment of a qualified veterinary surgeon to perform operations in overv
case, as the use of the knife requires a thorough knowledge of the anat-
omy of the parts, as well as experience to avoid giving unnecessary paij
to the animal.
Where it is the hock that is affected, the same treatment will suffice in
all matters of detail until you come to puncturing the sack, when you
must stop. Never cut into a capped hock except in a rare, -exaggerated
case, and then employ a veterinary surgeon to do it. Hand-rubb?n<' will
do a great deal towards making it absorb. As soon as the inflammation
is well reduced, and all points working satisfactorily, the horse may as
well be at work as idle.
Prevention.— Give the horse plenty of bedding ; do not allow a faithful
friend to sleep on the bare floor. Give plenty of exercise to avoid mis-
chief in the stable, that may run on to bad habits and vices.
n. Fractures.
Causes.— Fractures of the limbs are very common among horses, not
that the bones of horses are more brittle, but they are more exposed to
accidents than those of any other animal, man not excepted. They are
so active, quick-motioned, fleet and heavy, that when an accident orcurs
LEm OF THK HORHK. TUVAU MCIUKSTH AM, ,„8KAHKS. 285
the effectH are apt to be di.sa.tn.us ; f,.,, like a raihvay train, the unlucky
anunul docs not have n.any dmnces to o.Mne out wlu,Ie. All ho" e..^
ho hody are hahle to fracture, hut the hones of the le,. a e e «
from be.ng more exposed. In runaways, the a„i„»al of'^en or t,> a
sudden stop hy falhng or colliding with son.e heavy, solid ob ^ l^n
he. sure to suffer; any one of the limbs may be^noken, oHt Jy ,
the nhs, hack neck, head, jaws, hips, etc. Kicks are very of ^Ulo
causes of fractures especially of the legs-tho cannons, thighs o.^ r m
be.ng he hones wh.ch n.ost frequently suffer. The bo .e of i^. f.
l;';nS:;^t^'t;"^^^''^^^ ^-^^^ --'''-* ^ ^toncpo^tTor:^^
etthhvlutnit t' ""TV" ^""'''""•'^ ^'^"^ ^'^'--^'^ »t-"tire
leng 11 by jumping. Ihe writer knew of a case of fracture of the can
nonhoneof one of tlu3bi„d,egs hy catching the toe in thc^lit of tl"
harness when kicking flies, breaking the bone short off
Fractures are divided into the following dasses : Simple-when nothin..
e so IS broken but the bone ; compound-when the ends of the bo. c pu eh
through the flesh and sk.n ; complex-when the bone is shattered into m . y
p.eec.s, and one or niore pieces may prick through ; transverse-^ «
bone breaks short off ; obli,ue-when the fracture is in an oblir d re
t.on across the bone; green stick-when the bone breaks lik 'a tec,
stjck sphttmg and bending and twisting without I,.-eaking directh , ff
The hone may be only cracked, or broken without misnlac '.. !'
The hones of old horses are more liable to fracture than thosrof
y(.ung ones, becom.ng brittle with age.
How to know It—When the fracture cannot be see,., but is susnected
«a„,pulate .t a I.ttle listening attentively at the same in^ ndTou m
hearthogratmg of the ends of the bone together, which is an u.mTst k
able sy.npt,om ; for grating or rubbin<r of ro.icr], ^,„i. . "! " '"'^^"'"
Leardinhealth. Great h:^.e.iess is h^^bh!' ^: ^C:;: ^ H
ever .o s hght. When the bo..e is o.ily cracked, thei-e will be grel 'l „
ne.s w.thfew.f a,,v conclusive symptoms to indicate f. Jtf e ut"^
careful oxam.nat.on a sore place can be felt; the horse w no^' ^r 1
pouuc 0.1 the hmb, a.id will keep lifting it as if in great pai.i iTaU
cases there will be a rise in frequency of the pulse and respinZas om
he nc-vous shock and pain ; more or less i.ifian. .nation fo'lo ..d tl^
tcnpcrature w.ll be raised a little. As the len<.th of bn
after the fracture, if nothing is done to relieve .^ e .^ZTr
crease, the nostrils dilate, the countena..c3 becomes h gZ7 Zd ^
presses a,.x,ety the eyes become injected, the injured Ihr! tjl bl"
ZZ '^^^ f ''^'' ^'''^^•'' ^^''^" ^'- inflan..natio. relet; t
he.ght, .nortificat.on begins and extends towards the body. wlJlHtht
im
THK AMKKICAN KAIi.MKIt's .ST(»<h |l(»«)K.
only a question of a few hours. Tlic part ^.cts ,.ok) and clammy nne
culiar offeuMivo sweat rises on the surface, the skin, if white, l)ei,„„e'
purplish, Init if l.iaek, the disc-oloration eannc.t he seen. As soon us uuJ
titication sets in the pain ceases.
What to do.— If itisji fractmv (.f tlie camion, arm, thi.'h f,.,,,,,,
(the hone hetwecn the hip and sfirtc), shouich-r or l.a.k, ninctvH.inc tin,..
out of a hundred the case is fatal if disphuvment tak.-s ].ia.."c, ,,.„! .~.S
cially so if it is a compomid or comph'x fracture. If it is a fractiin ,,1
the buck, paralysis of ail parts hohind the fracture will ,.nsi„.. l„ ,„, [\
SLINOS Koit A MOKSK WITH K1!A( Tl I{K1> LIMB.
the above instances, th.' Iiorsc may as w.-il h,> .h-sfroycd, for it is utterly
impossible to keep him (|uict till the hones knit'; thev would n-inii'
as readily and as sul»stantially as those of man, if we could put l.ini to
bed and keep him there six weeks. Jiut tak<' what measures you ,„av
in most cases you will fail from no other reason than that he keeps mov^
mg about, swingin.ir the leg, and l)chaving in a very restless manner .ro„.
erally, which prevents the ends of the bones from remaining in.|iiiet
contact long enough to grow together. The Imnes of dogs, sheep mi
sometimes cattle, grow togct^iei- v.-ry readily becauso they are more
quiet, and favor an injured leg more than a lun'se. Jf it is the shoulder
or thigh, it is so deeply imbedded in nms<-le that it is very difficult to set
the bones, especially if the fnicture is oblique, for the muscles contract
and draw the ends of the l)ones past their i)roper positions from two to
six inches, and it is an utter impossil)ility to bring the ends tojretlier
.again even with the aid of pulley and tackle.
I.K..S OK r„K non.,:, rm-Au ac,;,„kxts am, ...skasks. 237
But if itisiifmctuiv of the foot i)iHh.i.i, f-.»i 1 i-
t„.v„f ,tar„i, „.it„ .„...„ wi„.i „f ,,„„',„ ,•„!,„,,. , , ' ; ;i;™;;
dozen tiiriM, put ,.,, tli» ,.,,li„ls, ,„„, „„ „„-h ,i,l,. .,,,,1 , , ", ' '" ' '''' "
"'■",'■ "' ' • •■ "■ -'"".■ .1.0 i;'f ', :z, "" ';";•■ ',""
swells, .„ a. ,„ „„u„. ,|,„ i,,,,,,, „, • ,1,0!, ml i r^ ?
way at, eithov e,„l. Uavc tUe wl,„l.. ilC ^ -ZJTTT "■' " T
keeping tl,o l,„r, the »li„., „n ,,,„ time 7„ , , "" '""'"•
If any piecos „f hone l.ecoiiu? detacluHl thov will -...f ., ■ fo. •
an.i must I„. removed \mv .n,.|. . ^ ^""^" '»"<^^e*
F. Iho pulso ,.s takcM, on the an-j.- of tho lower i-iw JiL
passes an,„,ul the under si<le on its way t.. th T e Pen "" Z"'^^?
taken by a elinieal the„.H>„u.ter inserted in the r uin n'^r """^ T
-aini,.,.on.in.tos. Kespin.tion is taken b;::!;:','^:^^
.one Ml a.Kl one out niakinir a respiration ' " '"eatlis,
.ent is indieated. Fra^tu^ .If ' tSi: : ::de mI^I 'J^r t;:h "^''"
w«,s except that it , night he advisable to pnt th:t>;::;::l;;^: ''' ^^'"^
In a eases watch the syu.pton.s and treat them us they renuife but
It would be well always to givethe following ,„ixture :_
^^- ^^' 1 Drachm tinctun^ iiconito root,
2 0imoes spirits of iihif,
2 Drachms fluid (.xtnici Ix-liadonim,
1 Ounce iiitnito of liotash.
i Ounce carbonate of annnonia,
Water to make one iiint.
Mix.
388
THE AMERICAN I'AKMKU's STOCK HOOK.
Give ouo ounce (two tohlcspoouful.s) oveiy two, four or ,six hours, ac-
cording to tho requircniont.s of the case. This is tho doso for a full sW.^'^
adult horse, a young or small one in i)roportion. Continue this as leu-
m there is any fevor. Give all the cold water to drink the horse wislio '
hut give it little at a time and often. If the nook is l,roken, death cnsihN
iimnediately, on account of tho nervous conununication to the heart'
lungs and stomach heing cut off, and so they stop working.
m. Open Joint.
Open joint is one of the most serious accidents tliat horse flush is lia.
We to, and unfortunately is quite common.
Causes.— Cuts, bruises, pricks from nails, pricks from the fork in
handling the maimre and bedding, falling on the road, kicks from othii
horses, etc., are common causes.
BAKER'S BKACB FOR lUtOKHN
KNKK WHEN THE JOINT U
OPKNEU.
WHERE JOINT OIL IS.
The lines mark the poinu where nynovia
(or joint oil) !• Interposed between the
dlSerent •tructuna.
How to know It— A wound, of course, is present, and a disrlmr-rp
aifio IS seen when it is at all serious. The character of the dischar-ro ,L
tormines the extent of tho injury; if it is an open joint, in addiUon 1.
pus there will be a discharge of joint oil (synovia). Synovia is in„do.-
ous ; has no smell ; amber colored when fresh ; whitish yellow wii(«n to-
Yh*ted; thin and watery, but at the same time is of an oily nature
when fre.sh ; coagulates on exposuro to the air. When the disciiai
w
LBOl
partakes of th
and is acoompn
iiisr of muscuh
rapid), tucked
ii(>ss to the tou<
there is an opci
What to do.-
fatal in almost i
haustion and iiu
nicnt, therefore
applied, and vi.
When an open
a fow drops of (
mixed with the K
erally, however,
any more than ii
towards filling uj
wound is nicely i
Xo. 19.
Make a plug oj
extract of belladc
let a cold poiiltie<
tho jioiiltioe and c
there is a (flear flo
directly in eontaej
piury food and wj
practicable apply
I'onveiiicnt appliai
liiiees.
The most difli(Mi
flow of synovia wi
is i>aa ill a wound
tiiiio you cannot w
you would an ord
wound open and c*
opportunity, usuall
tonics composed oj
No. 20.
rapid), .uck„d ,n, ,,. ™ , * K^J/""""';'"™ "-" »»»«"K of ti.,u„ i,
Ihoro is ,u, o, Vint ""'"■ """" ''" "" """'" '"" "■»'
h»...stio„ ,u,d inaniti'Ls,,"',;:;;!: ,;","■"'" "?""» ''"«'• -
,.pli«d,„„,, vi,.™„:,V,lt;''''*'"°° "'"'"""''''"" ''"'•■•""'>'%
..™*mn,,,„„th, wound with I SiV t il. " f ""'"' **"."
wound „ nicely was ,. „„k„ „ ,„„,. ..f^i;:'';;;,'!;;'™^; ^" """" »" "«>
No. 19.
2 DriuihmsKlycerirn',
I Dniclini ciirltolfc .u',l<l,
Hour to iiiiik«'u(hick'piiHt<-.
Make a pl«j. of tho paste and insert H mtothv wonrul H
extract of holkdonnu overall the h..rH c . ' ""'" '"'^'"" """''^
the poultice and dross t twi ! ^ " Pv wf 'h ""' "" "''"'"• ^^'""'^''
there is a clear How of sy o .. ,' ni tt 7 ' «;'F'P>"'ati.>n eo^uses, a,„d
dirctly in oo„ta<.twith th wound r' '1 "^'"" ''* ""' """'^'"^^ -"-
-ry food and water to „rrt to T l^ '"T " '""''' "" ^'"«^">'« ^
i'-i-"'o appi. <u.,.ratni":;m:;:;:t ir H^r ■;■ ^: ' r
3"- applia.. Will he deserihed ^n the"!::^ t^rrik^
TliiunoatdiffionltthiiiL' i„ ih., l,r,,,i „„.„,,., ■ .. .
.- ,a., in a wound i, n,„»t „on,o "out, or d 1 .^o*: , „..' d':;,':';::,"' '"""-
tinio you cannot wash and svrin,r« «.. • • ' '^^ *"" «'"n<^
,vo.. would an ordinarrwounrh "'^'T'" ^" ^'^'^ "'' "^ ^'"P'-a^
wound open and .o^ZJTV'T:,:^. T'' ^"^ ^'^ '"'''^ ^''^
opportunity, usually, to display ver Z "In 1"^ P '' ^'T" " ""
tonics .omposod of: ^ ' "'"^ J"«.«?"''^nt.- (Jive, .nt^^rnally,
No. a().
2 OunC!'.-;
>!i»ii,i!r (if iioi
a Ounces chiiK-lionii biirk
Powder uiid ml,.
'>lvi<l('int() •.w«(|v.' pow.lni..
iliif
• I
290
TIIK AMKRICAX lAUMKU's STOCK m)f)K.
(in«j
^ Give one night and morning in tlu- foed. ( ontinue this till tho w„
is nearly well.
rv. Broken Knees.
Broken knee is u term used to designate contusion, abrasion ind
lasrerat.on of the soft parts-skin, ligaments and membranes-ov.r'the
kneejon.ts, hutnotthe bones. It is quite common, especiallv whcMv
.horse-back riding is fashionable, and fox hunting and steeple (•hasiu..-,,v
practiced. Sometimes the knees are only bruised or the skin brokon
and then it is very simple and recovery is <juick. But thev are ofWn
broken right through into the joints, (»l)eningthem comi,letelv*and allow
mg arapid How of synovia. Sometimes thev are easilv cured", and -it oth
ertime-s d.«fy .all treatment, and the joints b.-come ruined and stiffeiu-.l"
*nd sometnncs large spavins grow upon Ihem. Thev .s.nnetime. ,„„vj
UltOKKS KNEK.
Manner of probing the
ilrrt sac of ii broken
knee.
BKOKE.N KNEE.
Manner of opening the dirt sac of «
broken knee wlien it is found
necc«siiry lo do so.
fatal by the ex<-essive amount of irritative fever produced ; the liors«
becomes very much ema.iated, tucked up in the Hanks, runs at the eves
and weakness is gr.'at. Whenever the joints are opened, vou have i very
serious ea.se at the best, artd one that will tux tlu' patience and judonicut
of the attendant.
Causes.— Knees are always broken by fjdling on them. The cau.ses
of falling may differ. Work horses droi) upon their knees sometimes
wlien starling very heavy loads, and if on stony or gravelly roads, are
very apt to break their knees. Driving horses stumble and fall on IhCir
knees when th.y are .sore in the feet, stiff in the legs or lame in (ho
shoulders, and often oi.en the joints. Saddles horses are the most liable
to broken knees ; if ridden sh.wly, on snumth roads, the weight on the
back makes them more liable to stumble ; if ridden across eoimtrv- they
often come upon their knees (»n the other side of a fence or ditch.
LKOS nv THK HOHSK, rHKlH ACCOKN S AM, m«KASK.. 291
How to know lt.-Thoro will l,e a c-onttLsod, laseerated, ra<...ed wound •
.1.0 .k,n ha„g„.,, ,„ siu-cHls hnlr hruised off, the onds of endt s p otr 'd'
,„gandcuH,„g .ko hands of white tape. A discharge <.f s n Tat
y looku.,-, a„U,e.. c-olo.cd li.p.id) takes phu-o. and in .^.d oase^ t vl it"
ghstcnn- },(,„e,s of the joint can be seen and felt
What to do.-If the wonnd is dirty with sand, gravel or other .ul>.
stance, wash gc-ntly to renn,ve it. If the ends of tcl^^dons or 1 ! ne^
protrude, ol.p then, off with scissors elose down to the edge of th7wZd"-
draw the ends of ),. skin together and l>ind on a soft ,^eee of od linen
10 keep he parts n.phu.e and the air fron. it. wetting'the won.d "d
nen w,t . lot.on No. .;. Then proeeed to have the I.rate n.ade ZZent
i.o,llustrat,on on page 2.SH, for it is ahsolntely necessary to ke p 1 "
l:noo st,ff and perfe,.tly qniet, so as to get as snull a secretion of ^ov I
.s possible. .Spl.ntsaregenerally used, but thev always irritate tW
To inak.. the braee, take a rod of good iron half an ineh s,,nare, and of
along sutfie.ent to reaeh fro.n the ground to at least hreo ndie!
<"-" the knee ; r.vet a band two inc-hes wide and six inc-hes long on rtho
upper end <. the bar. and bend it to tit the fleshy part of the'^nn hen
bene! the rod n. ,ts passage down the baek of the eg to fit a he-U 1 ; liZ
nuts natural position wlH-n the weioht is on if- .nake . t ! ^ 1
I, wj. .tji 1 ii 1 .. '^ "' "'•'^i' a tliree-duarter
""Kutthe botton., bendn.g Lu-kward, to hook into the eye in the bar oi
H..' sh.K^ so hat .f ean be inserted and renu.ved at pleasure wi hc^ ,"!
"H.vn.g the sho,>. Insert two rivets or a staple at the top, and ano 1 Ir
.. nncluay be ween the knee and fc-tloek, to re.-eive the .^ aps tl Iw^
ho log to he braee. Let tl. straps be an ineh wide, and , ul f. " '
t on. and he leg espeeially over the shin. Pad the band well to prevent
j nas,oa of the skn.. The slu.e n.ay l. an old one that tits the foot , w h
iH'hools earned out at least an ineh beyond the heels of the foot Tnd
">■"-» "P-H-d a l.ttie ; wehl on aeross the heels of this shoe I^r
l.roe ,,.arters of an ineh wide, with an ey.. in the eenter to r^^i !« Z
hook 1 he shoe nee.ls to be nailed on very strongly, or the lun^o will
o>u.tof^^in his efforts to Hex the leg, whieh he1^:in fry t d^ ^ 1^'
"P tl .an. ,s a nu.n w.fh a stiff leg. The strap at the fop wants to be
buoklod ,ght enough t<, keep the braee in plaee. the one at the ..^^^iZ
unnon t.gh enough to keep the leg well straightened baek in is , Ir^
position. The shorter braee is used in the .,Zu> ^-^y ?•, ,.Jt " • l
orpasfoin joint is opened ; then it is not ,.oessa.. t^ s;;ff:rt!!rk;;r
292
TIIK AMEKICAX FAUMKlfs STOCK HOOK.
When the brace is adjusted, remove the bandage and linen, and api.lv
directly to the wound a soft, cold, oil-cake meal poultice, wet somewhiit
with the lotion. No. (>, after it has taken up all the water it will. Wht'ii
ready to be applied, sprinkle the poultice over with finely powdered cliar-
coal. This will encourage and promote healthy, solid granulations .uk)
prevent much suppuration and sloughing. Some sloughing and suppu-
ration Avill have to take place on account of the wound being contused in-
stead of being made l)y a clean cut, as with a sharp knife. Dress tlie
wound in this manner twice a day ; continue it right along till the i1„vv
of synovia is stopped, even then it is better to leave the dressinir on a
few days more to further reduce the inflammation in the part. Jf the
ends of the tendons protrude at any time they must be clipped off. If
there is high fever give the following mixture :
^'^- 21- 1 Diiuhin tineture aeonlto root,
1>^ Ounce sweet spirits nitre,
1}4 Ounce nitrate of potasli,
Water to make one pint.
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful <'V(!ry two hours, till the pulse is improved m .
fever abated. Feed lightly for a good while.
V. Knee Sprung.
Knee sprung is not a disease, but is the effect of disease. Wiu>n th.
legs arc healthy, the center of gravity passes down through the center .,f
them, and out at the heals; but in case of knee sprung, the center ot
gravity passes back of the knees, giving them a very bowed appearunco
It always comes on gradually, and may stop at any stage, and n.^ver get
worse; but sometimes it goes on to so great an extent as to render the
unimal almost ust^less. Horses often sleep standing, and do it vith
safety, no danger of f.-illing, as long as the legs are sound, but ^v\wn (he
knees are so bowed forwards as to throw the center of gravity on a line
forward of the origin of the suspensory ligaments the horse will fall when
he goes to sleep standing.
Causes.—The most (fommon cause is sprain or other injurvofthe
back tendons <,f the leg. The ones most often sprained, and injurv to
which IS nu.st likely to cause knee sprung, are the suspensory ligaments
and the metatarsal ligament. Sprain of these, without proper t'reatnieut
and rest, is sure to be followed by k.uH, sprung. Sprains of tlu, other
ligaments, long continued soreness in the feet, sore shins, soreness in (he
joint, etc., are also frequent causes. In fact any abnormal <H)nditi..n of
the foot or leg below the knee, that gives rise to Ioiil' continued hmvno..
and resting the heels or leg by knuckling the fetlock, is sure (o ho fol-
lowed l)y a going over on the knees, from contraction of the back tendons
and ligaments.
I.EGS OF THE HOK8E, THEIR ACCn,ENTH AND DISEASES. 293
and ligarnonts, which liold the parts in that portion ever after, unless
relieved by the operation called tenotomy
How to know jt.-Tho legs of sound horses are straight from the el-
bow o the fetlock. Hence, any deviation from that position indicates
somethmg wrong Stand opposite the shoulder of the horse, ai diot oe
the log; any bending forward from the straight line at the knee crea el
suspunon. Any bad case, and many mild ones, are accompanied wth
What to do.-There .s nothing to be done, excei,t in recent oases
wh,ch are rare. A case that has not been longer than two o thm!
months mcommg may be benefitted by clipping the hair from the back
tendons wherever there ,s any thickening pr soreness, and showering,
with CO d water several times a day for two or three days, and then ap!
ply,ng bhster. No. 9, well rubbed in. Remove the shoes, .re dow he
eet and open the heels. Tie his head up, so he cannot bite the blister,
or tinrty hours; then grease it once a day till nearly healed, and turn
Jirt^ bl- Ll:""" '•"" " ""'''■ " '' ''' -' '^^^--' ^" ^^ -th. re..
In old, chronic, incurable cases the operation called tenotomy, can be
performed sometimes to very great advantage, but not as oft;n as in'
ca.e of cocked ankles, which form the subject of our next article The
operation will be therein described.
VI. Cocked Ankles.
Tiie fetlocks are often knuckled forward, but this, like knee sprung
.8 only a symptom of some other trouble. The fetlocks are, however'
often mistaken for the seat of the.lameness, and are blistered and muti!
lated, of course without aiiy benefit.
Causes.-Sprain8 of the suspensory ligaments, when low down around
or hclow the fetlock joint ; . vmeness in the bursa of the perforans ten-
don, as It passes over the fetlock ; brui.es on the heels ; corns • auittor •
navicular disease, or nail in the foot-anything that makes Uie horse
rest the heels or lower and back part of the leg. Sometimes in bad
asos c, shoulder lameness, the leg is rested in such a manner as to let
the l)a("k tendons contract so as to throw the fetlock forward
How to knowlt.-It is recognized by the ankle joint being thrown for-
ward hke a knuckle ; the heels raised slightly; the tendons contracted •
and ubscnce of any soreness or thickening in the joint itself
Whattodo.-Spare no time nor pains to find the cause and remove it
and to effect will cease. Ninety-nine times in a hundred ,tT .ml^
Hymptmnatic In a groat majority of cases the cause will be found in
the feet ; treat them, and the ankle will straighten up.
»-SI
ft
294
THK AMKKICAN KAUMKU's STOCK HOOK.
In long-standing cases the tendons become so contracted as to render u
return to a natural position an impossibility ; in such cases tenotoniv is
sometimes practiced to advantage. A small opening is made in the ski,,
about midway between the knee and fetlock; a small blade is run in,
edgeways, and through to the skin on the opposite side, but not throm-l,
it ; then turn the edge up and cut off the tendons, stopping before th,'
skin is cut above them, l)eing careful „ot to injure the suspensory liir;,.
ments. If they are severed, tlie animal is useless and might as well 1,,.
destroyed. To pei-form the operation, a knowledge of the anatonu- of
the parts is necessary ; hence it is advisable always, when possible, to
emploj' a competent veterinary surgeon.
VII. Windgalls.
The tendons, as they pass down the back of the leg, are covered with a
sheati listened with synovia ; and where they jiass over the fetlock
WINDGALLS.
Showing situation and formi
of Windgalls,
W1N1)(JAI,I,S.
As they appear upon dissection,
joint arc .synovial bur.s8e, to prevent fi-iction ; there is also synovia between
the tendons to prev»!nt them from rubbing against each other. When
from hard work, the membranes secreting the synovia become irritated,
they are e.xcited to secrete more than their natural quantity, and the ac-
cumulation of it forms the soft, puffy swellings around the fetlocks, either
fore or hind. They are always caused by work.
It is an old, popular idea that these swelling are tilled with air, lieiioe
the name. They seldom cause lameness, except in the early stage, or in
the very last stage, when they become ossitied ; in the first stage the liinie-
ness soon i)asses off; in the hist it is permanent.
How to know It. —Soft, puffy swellings appear after considerable work,
around the fetlock. They urc usually tlie size of vour tluiml!, hut in
some cases they grow to the size of a hen's eir"'.
l.EiiS OF THK IIOKSK, TIIKIK ACCIDKXTS AND DISKASKS.
295
What to do. — Mak<^ frequent iii)pIi(;atioiis of cold wator, or cooling
lotion, No. 12; and after a couple of days apply liniment, No. 11, well
rubl)ed in, twice a day, and bandage tightly over it, till well blistered.
Tiioii omit the liniment but continue the bandage, with grease applied to
the tikii), giving the puffs all the direct pressure possible. Pieces of cork
laid over the puffs, and bandaging over them is very effectual.
When the skin is sufBciently healed, repeat the liniment. Continue
this* treatment for three or four weeks, and then give the horse a run at
grass or in a straw yard. This will be effectual if persevered with ; but
as soon as the horse is put to wor! again, either road or heavy draft, tho
windgalls will return.
Vin. Shoulder Lameness and Sweeny.
Shoulder lameness is common. Sweeny is rare, but it is often imag-
ined and severely treated for, when the cause of lameness is very remote.
Sweeny is wasting of the muscles of the shoulder blade, leaving the spine
on the blade exposed the whole length, with hollows on each side that you
could nearly lay your arm in.
Causes. — Shoulder lameness is usually caused by a sprain ; it may be
of the ligaments of the joint or of the muscles around the joint. Sprain
of the latt(M' is most comnujn.
The sprain may bo produced by slipping, falling, stepping on the heel
of the fore shoe with the toe of the hind shoe, especially in the mud or
snow, or catching the heel under a rootor railroad track. Sweeny is usually
caused l)y the shoulder being badly bruised by the collar in hauling
heavy loads, or plowing, or by the horse falling and bruising the shoul-
der.
How to know It. — Lameness is a characteristic symptom ; the shoulder
and leg arc carried forward all of a piece ; no knee action ; the shoulder
carried forward and the leg swung ; at the time the leg is being taken
forward the head is nodded down at the start and suddenly jerked up
toward tho linish of tho action. There is an inability to raise the leg to
stt'i) over an obstacle a foot high, but he will drag the leg over. Swell-
ing, heat and soreness are noticed.
In case of sweeny the muscles are wasted as described above, and
much the same action of the leg will be noticed. In recent cases of
either, the horse will rest the leg by flexing the knee and resting the foot
on tile toe without extending it. In mild cases, when he is able to travel,
rest wdl seem to cure him and he will go out sound, but will go lame
after a little, and get worse the farther he goes.
If allQwedto run n!i witJ^out treatment, -prain of the shoulder, espe-
cially if It is ot the joint, becomes chronic, extends to the bones, affect-
ing the heads of them and causing permanent laraeuess.
f
_L__' ^__.ii
296
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
LE08 OI
What to do. — In all cases of sbouldor liimeness where there are heat
swelling, soreness to the touch and lameness, foment with hot WiUn-
never with cold, for half an hour at a time, three times a day. It is wolj
to add a handful of common salt to a pail of the hot Avater. When it lins
dried after washing, rub well in the liniment, No. 14, morning and niirlit.
In most casjs, if taken immediately and the above well ajjplied, a cikp
will bo effected, 'if rest is given, in from one to four weeks. If tliis fnils
to cure, a blister well rubbed in over the affected part will do {rood -.
use No. 9. In nine cases out of ten, when the lameness is in the shoul-
der, remedies applied to the joint of the shoulder will be effectual. A
common mistake is made in applying blisters over the shoulder blade and
withers, which only cause pain and often leave blemishes, without doin.r
one particle of good, except necessitating a long rest ; but it is better to
have some other excuse for the rest.
When these means fail, the last resort is the seton. When woll an-
plied it produces counter i> ritation, that can hardly fail to euro unless
there is pc rcelaneous deposit op the heads of the bones in the joint.
When the exact source of lameness is located, pass the seton down ovoi
it just beneath the skin, letting it run always as nearly perpendicular as
possible. Let it pass eight to fourteen inches ui.der the skin, and leave
the ends projecting three or four inches. The seton is best made of
strong, coarse, unbleached muslin, torn into a strip, one inch and a iialf
wide. Fasten leather buttons on each end to prevent it coniin<r out.
Smear it once or twice a week with a little fly blister to promote a dis-
charge and increase the irritation. Foment and wash thoroughly clean
with hot water morning and night. If the horse is inclined to bite and
pull the seton, tie one end of a stick to his halter, and the other end to
the surcingle to hold his head and neek straight. A needle made on
purpose is needed to insert the seton ; it should be fully a foot loii«f.
The seton should be left in three weeks in mild cases, and foiu- to six
weeks in bad and chronic cases. Always give from on<! to throe months'
rest after removing the seton.
Sweeny is treated by mild blisters of flies in ointment as in ^'o. !t, or
in tincture, rubbed in gently, and repeated every fortnight for two or
three months. The horse is better at grass while this treatment is home
given. It will stimulate the muscles to re-develop. Gentle exercise is
better than absolute rest.
IX. Cramp of the Musoles of the Thighs.
The muscles of the thighs are very subject to cmnip in hard-
'■' — I -•••i'- ••.».. i_j iii -Mu rfiito. I !icfec viaiujjri :trc uiLeii uiugnosca
wrongly, are mistaken for dislocation of the .stifle, are in fact rarely rec
ognized except by an expert.
LEGS OF THE HOUSE, THEII! At^CIDKNTS AND DISEASES.
297
Causes. — Very severe exertion, especisilly if prolonged to any great
extent ; the niuselcs bt omo fatigued, and the nerve.s in them exhausted ;
then if the horse is ioreed to continue working, criini}) is very apt to
take place. It is sometimes seen in cases where horses are being made
to swim ; cramps seize these muscles and rei.ak.. them for the time use-
less, being often the cause of drowning.
How to know It. — The horse is going along apparently all right, ex-
cept that he is laboring from fatigue, when suddenly one or both thighs
cramp uiid draw all into knots ; a constriction will be seen in the hollow
of the thigh ; the jjoint of the hock is drawn up, and the horse crouches
with his hind pans ; in fact he is drawn down and is utterly unable to
move. On accouut of the position tiie hind legs assume, the trouble is
often mistaken for dislocation tf the stifle. When both legs arc affected
the horse often falls in the most intense agony, being unable to stand
longer. When only one leg is affected it is usually drawn upwards and
backwards ; he is unable to extend it. If left alone, the cramps may pass
off in the course of a few minutes, or they may last several hours.
What to do. — Get hot water as quickly as possible, and apply it, bath-
ing the leg continuously till the muscles relax and the leg is let down, and
the horse walks as well as ever. Then rub dry and rub well in liniment
No. IJJ. In the absence of that high wines, tincture of camphor, arnica,
hot vinegar, etc., are good.
Give the patient a few days' rest.
CHAPTER VII.
LEGS OP THB HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES Cnw
TINTJED. ' "'
I. STIFLED.—
TIASIH O
vn. ,
X. wo
MENESS AND IlIPPEl) III. STOCKINO.-
viTKs. V. scKAT<;nK.>s OK <!kac;ked heel
-"■ vni. KUUi;NOULrsoKCAuni;N(;i,E .ix. dish,
XI. KORE SHINS. XII. OSTEOPHYTES, FOH.<>^VI^
IHINS Mil. rORC'ELANKOUS DEPOSIT.
FERINO. XVI. OVEKUEA0IIIN(}. XVII.
MU.SCLES. XIX. ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES
IV. EI.KPIUN.
VI. <i)'.K-\sr..
XIV. STRING HALT XV. isyvx.
FOROINO. XVIIl. RLPTUIiK OP
I. Stifled.
The term "stifled" is usually applied to a horse suffeimg fi„„i a„y
deraiigeineut of the stifle joint, but pi-operly it is only applicahl,. wlu.„
there is dislocation of the jjiillcy bono, (the patella). The \y.iU']h\^
sometimes thrown out, but not as often as is generally supposed, and al'
ways oil the outside, there ])eing a ridge or flange of bone on tlie inside
which ])revents it going that Avay.
The ligaments of the stifle are often sprained, giving rise to lameness
more m- less severe.
Causes.— Dislocation is produced by a slip and a twist at the same
time, the weight prol)al)ly lieing upon that leg at the time ; the animal re,
covers from the slip aiidttnds hims,.lf with the leg as farhacik as it ,an l.c
got, having carried tiie body forward on it, and wiicn ready to hrin<Mln.
leg forward he is unable to move it. The leg remains protrudiii::' hack
ward until help comes to relieve the awkward situation.
Sprains are caus<'d in the same way, but to a less extent.
How to know it. — Di.slocation is recognized iiy the position of tiie Icr
as described above, with inability to move it forward. The lioisc .aii l,e
made to back, Imt he will swing himsidf back over the injured Ictr with.
out raising it off the ground. The other legs are moved all ri Jit, l.ut
this one remains with the foot in one position as if rivetccfto' the
ground.
Lameness from sprains is recognized by a labored action in earrviiiirtlie
leg forward ; the leg is carried fai-thcr forward than in hcialtli", ami is
.swung outward, flexing the stifle as little as possible. When made to
trot, all synii)toms are exaggerated. Up„n a careful examination with the
hand there will be found a thickening around the ligaments and soreness
upon pressure. When brought to a standstill he will rest the leg.
298
LKfiH OK THK IIOUSK, TllKIl; ACCIUK.NTH AM) OlSKASES.
2l»!>
Whattodo.— Ill (-asy „f .|i.sl,„iiti„„ (i,. a r<»i)«' to tlir- ijasteni and
pull it foiNViinl a.Ml a littlo ouUvard at th« same time, the imui liandlin<^
the rope stamiiiijr ulxxit a yard from tliu horse's shoulder; then anothe"
man standin- at the stiHe .shov»',s the l)one l.m;k into its pluee, l.v imshin<r
toward th(> hor>.-'s flank. It ^viIl slip in with a snap. Theil put on a
high-heeled shoe, !he heels raised two in, lies, and Imthe th(! stifle as con-
tinuously as possible with the eoolini,' lotion. No. 12. When the inflam-
mation that follows is ,ufo„(>, ai)ply a blister all around the joint, use No.
9. (iive a long ivst. If this d„es not cnni in four or five weeks, a seton
may l)t^ put in over the joint, running up and down about four inches ;
wash it clean onct; or twice a day with hot water, and leave it in from'
two to four weeks. When entirely well, replace the shoe wit: n ordi-
iiiirv one.
DEVICE FOE A ST' V'l.EO HOUSE.
Showing the manner „f rrplaciiig tlie patella, in case the stitle I's tllro^Yn out.
Treatment for sjirains of the stifle is the same; as prescribed for dislo-
cation. Do not omit the high-heeled shoe, and give plenty of rest. If
it is a mild case a strong lininu'nt may be effectual ; apply No. 14. The
more heroic treiitinent nniy be applied when the mild fails.
II. Hip Lameness and Hipped.
Lameness and accidents are commoidy found affecting the hips. The
points of the hips often knock against door posts, trees,"stakes and posts
ill the pasture; and also when falling the hip is often the first point to
strike. At such times a point is often broken, or the whole hij) is knocked
down, giving a one-sided apjiearance to the hips, when they are known as
hipped.
Causes.— Ordinary hip lameness is caused by spraining the lio-aments
or iniiscles around the joint. It may be done by slipping, falling. bein<r
kicked by other horses, etc. " °
not)
IIIK AMKKICAN KAKMKIf's MT(K;K IMX)K.
A mi-l'KI) IIOllSK.
How to know it.— Lamoiics-s in tli« hip is rather hard to diagnos* „„
uec^ount of its usuiilly luMiig so deep-«oatcd. A bad case of hip h„ion(.s,s
i** known by a short step, about half th,
length of that of the sound leg, while tji,.
whole log is carried togctlier, all of n pj,.,.,.
and swung outward somewhat. Whois staii(|i|,J
he will not always rest the leg, butniav.stiind
perfectly sound on it and only show lai,!,..
ne.ss when moving, showing it entiiciv l»v
labored action, the leg being brought fonvuni
slowly and with difficulty.
Manipulation will usually lind soreness dj.
rectly over or near the joint, and upon dose
examination, Avhen standing behind and coni-
paring the two sides, there will bo found ti
slight swelling in the region of the injurv.
Sometimes the sprain is in the back part of
the joint ; then the labored action is seen
mor9 in backing, the horse going fdiwarj
Showing ap^carmice of the hips when with little Or UO difficultv
one side is broken down, forming v.iui.,uii,jf .
-hat is known as hipped. In caso of fructuro thorc wlll be a very
perceptible deH.-ieucy or falling away in that region, accompani.Hl by
great lameness and soreness to the touch.
What to do. -Ill cases of fracture all that can be done is to make the
horse as conifortabi,. as ,)ossiblo and apply anodyne lotions and liui-
ments, accomi)anied with hot ai)plications, either water or vine.rar md
tlie hniment. No. 15 ;and also give along rest, from one to three moiiths
The bones cannot be got at to be set ; so all there is to be done is to let
nature do the work. The animal will always remain one-sided, and will
generally go a little one-sided, partly cornerwise, in the road; but he will
be just as useful as over for ordinary work.
Si)i-ain of the hip is treated the same as any other sprain. Rest hot
water, and liniment, No. 14, well rubbed in, twice a day, will geno'rally
cure in from one to three weeks. But in bad cases a blister is often
required ; rub No. 1) well in over the affected part. If this fails to cure
a seton is the last resort. Let it be a i)iece of strong unbleached musiin'
an mch and a half wide and ten inches long. Run it upwards and down-
wards, about four incdies, under the skin. Leave it in from th, r to six
weeks. Keep the place ruiming by applying a little fly blister to the
string from time to time. Give absolute rest during this' treatment, and
when the seton is removed, turn the horse to pasture or straw yard for
two or three months.
I<KON OF THE llflRMV ftii..... .
HORHK, TIIKIR ACCIDENTS AM. OISKASKN. 30]
III. Stocking.
Stocking is the name jrivon to s\v..|lii,,r , p .1 i
,J«,vi.tli,..,oj„i„|„. • "'"""'Kl' '" :>«<1 «H,.8 it oxtcds
"j'-'f™- «'-' K from „i.,t .iut. ,'""'":"""•" '
iaJly (imined and illy vc„tllul"d si, ,1, f ' ""■'"»« «"'>■'""
»ul.jc.t 10 it than older „„ J t i ' 1 r " -""""S '""■•"■•'' "'« """'•
«.,„!„, attctio,, , ,'r;,„:.ii ; tz:rrzj """" "'"'"'■
«ak„c.<, wi,i,.i, „„,.ds ,„„i,, „„„ .„i;,„i,;„,r '™^'' " '^'"p""" "f
How to know It. — Sivcllinfr „f tlio lr>.r« win . ..
.»..;ll,c .swclli,,,, cutirolv'dis. 1 ""■''■'•™P'""""'f''i»-
»Undin«a.;i„,,Xlf.im:'' ■''* """ ""■'"'"• '"" ■•«""■""'."
i.*a1.!:?ccdT'"~'''''°'"''"''"''^ •''"'"■ ™« l>-^- "igh. a„d ,„„,.„.
^''' ^^" '-'s Ounce pure sulphate of Iron,
•i Ounces nitrate of potash,
Powder and mix.
Divide into twelve powders.
Shower the leirs with ml*! iir..f,... • i . ,
in cold .eathe.l,i.e t^t^;^: : rlr^^^!;^ ^'^ ^''^ --
oo„.n,inft.on,oxo..eisoof wc.fK, l.anda;!: L^ti^ ""^f i.;'" ^•"^"
use cotton bandages ; in winter use flunnel ' - - ""'^'■'
Avoid all .strong, irritating or l)li,stering .mplications If
repent the powders. Remove the band :wlen'oi ? ,^ ""''"'''''y ^
and give the legs hand-rubl,ing. ^ ^ ""* ^°^ exercise,
IV. Elephantiasis or Lymphangitis,
liiis liisease, sometimes cill^.d ,.„„ i •
».■. i.ai ,«,„; locate ,:;':;:;: ',""'■■■' '""■"^■'"-■'■>' « "'"-d -««-
"e .arc ..f. „ ,„„ally „,,„,„ „„„ 1... "d h.,r' ,''7 ,'''"»';' '""
<»niot,nR.s it i, 5„,, i„ |,otl, hind lo-, -, d , " fl>-« " l"nd leg, ll„,„j.,|,
d,vel,,,,.0,,.,we,.,,S,,u,,.d,,v,,i."l,?LL.hr' '""'''• "''''■'■■ ""'■""■
....», a„a the „„„.,.„„„„, ,„„,„,. „.,,.„ .^ ,,_^:^^_^. ;ft .,■.,.,,.-
*!
302
Tin: AMKHICAX KAUMKIt's STOCK IJOOK.
tho lymphatic vessels beconic weak luul tlio fluid oozes through tii.ni
infiltrates tho cellular tissue ami makes u leg somethiui? like that of ■.„'
elephant. '
Causes.— Too high feeding with too little work. When horso>. iro
work«Hl every day it will seldom dcveloi,, but when a too hi-rhly f,d
horse IS left in over Sunday, a rainy day, or from a nail in the tVmt \>,,,
the l)ig leg will l»c found next niorning. ' "'
How to know It— An immenscv leg is seen on enterin<r the stable u
is hot, painful, sore ; if touehed on the inside of the thigh the hor-c- will
nuso the leg as high as p(»ssible, .sometimes so high as to throw hi..is,.|f
d(,wn. It is with tho greatest diflieulty tha£ the leg i.s moved at ul
There ,s a nigh fever, aee.'lerated pulse, t,"mperature raised, breathi,,.."
increased ni fre(,uency, inoulh hot, great thirst, and usu.Jly loss of ap,,."
titc. It IS as liable to happen in winter as in summer.
I>ISCOVElUN({ TIIK ELEPHANT LEU.
What to do— The treatment applied is with a view to depletion to,o
duce the .system to its proju'r condition in re-ard to tho amount of f,t it
18 capabh, of taking caro of. So the first thing to bo done is to -nvo »
ball of IJarbadoes aloes : """
^'^- ^•^- "> Diachnis Baitjailocs aloes,
1 Dnwliiii gt'iitiiui,
1 Dracliiii ginger,
Syrup or Konp to mix.
Make it into a ball the shape of your tinger, and, grasping tluMoiKnio
with your left hand, draw it down between the front teeth and pi.s n,o
ball back onto tho root of the tongue with tho right hand, kcepin-Mho
hand upagaiiLst the roof of the nK.uth ; do it fearlessly, for vou.'un.mt crot
hurt so l«)«g as you keep firm hohl of the tongue with t'hc h-ft l„m.].
I ho ball being saf.^ly down, put a tea.spooiiful of saltpetre int.. u ..,|io„
of water and give liim to drink. Repeat this every three or f..url,o„rs
till tho iirino IS increased in quantity and clearer in color ; then continue
It two or thrco times a dav.
LEGS
Iktho tho leg
or two, having t
bind tho leg in
reach clear to th
water and bran i
soreness Avill alh
a (lay, increasing
ness and inflamn
will bo before all
help to reduce it,
and give j)leiity i
to his feed gradu
Prevention.—]
quiintities of ver3
1)0 cut down one
should receive a 1
oats or corn at all
lar uilowanco on t
1)0 found on Mom
is fed Saturday iii
inanv other disord
Si'ratdies or cr
iieels and in tho
hands in man. '
scvoro and require
Causes. — Kxpos
proper care in fall.
How to know it.
aroun<l the heels, (
cracks will run arc
floxed. When dry,
and painful. Sonn
cause the animal to
at lirst, but with ox
pears.
What to do.—Wl
parts as nicely ns p(
to keep them warm,
onghly with a briish
"II. Washing with
if they wore well dri
Itatho tlio log witi, lH,t miter will, ,i |,a„jfu| „, ,.,., ■ ., .
...or „„d l,ra„ .a^ol'tiu'lt Hi' glt^rft* ? '": "'"' " "T
.orcnoss will allow „f cxoroiso irivr l,i,„ „ n V '^ As s„o„ as the
• >i.y, incroasi,,,, it f^.n" l" .'.Ty Thi ^ ""T""""' """'■""''=»
to i,i« food sraU>,ally, „,« avoilovcIrZ,?. ""* *° '"'~ "«""
Prevention.— If a horso is working hard cverv <luv .,.,,1 • ,
quantitu. of ve.y „«tntious, hoati.J food ^n!^::' Zir^'T
..0 ...t down ono half when ho i.s h.id up for a ^u.^aJ^ZZlr^'^'tt
should m.Mve a largo, wot bran .nash for supper on S^iM.r^] , ^^
oats or oon. at all, and only ono-half or two thS l "'\ '^''y "'^'^t, no
lar allowan..o on Sunday. If h 1 L /^ ^^^ Tl' "' ''"' "«^"-
l>o found on Monday n.orning ; ut if tic f I "" '' ""^' '^^ ^'"
• * 1 v: * 1 • , *' '^ *"" iillowanoe of stroii<r (rvt,;,,
. f..d b..turday mght and all day Sunday, the horse is liable o his ad
many other disorders. •■•umi, lo lait, and
V. Scratches or Cracked Heel.
Scratches or cracked heol** nm (^;i...^k. i
lunds i„ man. They are us dlv ..,'„" 7, ™"'°'''"!«' "' '^^''W«l
1 • '^. , ' '-^^ ®""P'^'' i>ut soniet mes are niiifn
severe and require considerable porsovcrance to cure them
CaU8es.-Kxpos,„-e to cold nuid, snow, slush and ioe -water without
pn,,..r .u-e „. fall, winter and sprint. It is unknown in h I weat or
How to know lt.-Tho skin is swollen in tho hollow of f 1 T "
around ,ho heols, cracks and chaps exto,: dh-^^^^^Tn ' '"'
cracks will run around the Ic. where it is the nnllt ' """"■^"'*
fioxcd. When dry, thoy will be hot, sore to tho touch
a-Kl pan.fui. Son.etin.os tho llcxion in inovin- will
cause tho anin.al to raise tho feetu ccmplo of feelhicrh
at first, but with exercise the soreness partially disa^.
ppurs. ''
What to do.— When the horse conies in, wipe off tho
parts as meely as possible, banda-o then with llunnol
tok<M.ptl,oin warm, and when dry oloan thorn thor-
ouirniv with a bnisli. nof «<>,.,.!.:.... ii.^..-
all. Washing with Warm water would do no harm o«aoke» „kk,
■f Uiey wore well dried afterward, but to bo on the safe sidoTt «: ^Z
'Ss-J
"^ ^ I
I 1
304
THE AMERICAN FAKMER's STOCK HOOK.
feed morning and jiight for three or four days. ^^^
Prevention.— Never wash the feet and ]e<r,s in cold or wpf ... .i
VI. Qrease.
Grease is the name given to a disease of the lower narts of t l.o i .1
KIKSTSYMl-rOM OK OIJKASE.
Scratching one leg with tlie other foot.
FIRST STAGE OF CONFIRMED OHKASE.
EXIDATIO.N.
=::^eif;r;:a;;:n;;;rd:^,^^^^^^^^^^^^
be^r^-::;;!;;r t:;:;r iit: z;t.r ^ ;"' ""■" --^
bound and general had eondition. TL i ^ as HM^T "' "' ''"'■
weather, when it is the result of sufe " f . "^^^ '"^r"""' "—
weather, when it results from neglected .^nitd^J '' '^'''' '" '"'^
How to know it.-The legs are swollen to the knees and ImH- ,
an offens-ve, greasy matter is oozing from the po " tt^^t;!
are so sore as to cause considerable lameness The dis-I '
lEuch. and nfinn Mu frnm .1 ""''™- "'« discharge cnmos as
" " ' ^'""' ^'''"^'^ ^h« f«'f'"«'k« as from below, and
LE
mostly from
are most subj
srease is iieir]
the pus, and i
arc called gra
has become eh
What to dc
bran mashes a
ful of saltpeti
Apply hot pou
SECOND STAGE O
CI
legs, changing ti
tion is nearly all
No. 24.
Apply three tii
clean and ])oult
While using the ]
feed once a day.
When the disea
legs, work, hand-i
This is fever in
hocks. The skin
when they come oi
Causes.— Chilli
and ice-water. Tl
Utton, and when
mostly from , he l„„g tWek h,,, „„
are most subject to it. Itohing of tho mrt , "«'• ''"'" Worses
grease is ..eglectod, ,„.„„d flesh s'° " ' '" "" f':'^ V"!""'" ■ Whe„
the pus, .„d after „ 'while they be« I '"T .''',° "'""""S" »"'<'<' ^y
are called grapes. At this sto»e oTthrH ""'. '"'"^' -""tt^-they
has be^meehroaio, and eau uevl ife redueT" ""^ '"■'""« <" '"» '^^
bra„malh:s"",'%vCthe''""'^'"'i "' ""«'• ^°- ^^- ^-d o„
M of ,.lt,«tre i„ th'e feeltl'r* f^ '„i U ^V «'" " ''-'>°°"-
Apply hot poultiees, with Powder«l"eh Joal'f 'r ,,1^' .^ .^e ^^'^^
SECOND STAGE OP CONFIRMED OHBASE
CUACKS.
GRAPES.
iti'trrr^'r" "'"'."•. -«™-«amma-
%s, changiiicr them <
^^ y got. . ... leave them off and apply lotion
"■ **■ ^ Ounce sugar of lead,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
Apply three times a day W-ish ♦!,„,. ^ j,
;lean and poultice the..; o2:^^ Ci:^lrt '"^ ^'"^ "^^
^Vhileusmgtho lead lotion, -ivo a tabl.L T, ! '"^'"""''ition out.
feed o,.ce a day. If pro^j flesh snri.ls.r" f '^^""^ ''''' ^^ ^he
Wi.on the disease il cured if t I'e is "' T- ? ^'"^'" "''^'' ''»'•"* «l"'»-
legs. work. hand-rubbi„, and U^:u^i;, ^^^^ ^^""-^"^ - «^e
Vn. MudPever.
aiiJ ice-water. The .l,i„ uJlLZ """"' "S ^ '«'*"« i« eold n.ud
u...a„d wheu -w„™ed-th:;:a:zt':;:;:::i;trf ^ '-»''
b'l^iii as to produce much
V?.:
306
THE AMKKICAN KAUMKKS STOCK BOOK.
fever which leads o,. to tlie conditions spoken of above, and sometnno.
to furuncle and carbuncle. It is most common on limestone ro^d T,
soil beinn: irritating, 'udu.s, the
How to know It—Swelling of the legs is seen. After beinc exi.coH
for a day or more to cold, wet mud, or ice-water, they will be "f cZ
' fin 7'-^^ "u T '"^* ™"^'""^- ^^'- ^ f- d"/« the hL 7i :
fi led w, h scabs that cling tightly to the skin, but after a few da; .
hey w, 1 loosen and come off, bringing the hair with them, leavi ^
legs entirely bare sometimes. There is usually more or less J ^, ■
fever with rheum "tic tendencies. ^y*'tunic
What to do.-If bad, leave the horse in for a few days, wash the lo..
with warm waiter and bathe them afterwards with lotion; No. 24 i^, 2
th.s two or three times a day. When the swelling begins to ,'o 'f
them and the skm gets scaly, grease them with fresh iL-d once^tdav v
rubbed in. Give internally two tablespoonfulls of Glauber's salU k
times a day for a few days and follow that with No 22
Mud fever often runs into furunculus which will next be described.
Vm. Purunoulus or Carbuncle.
Furunculus is the name applied by Prof. McEachran to what is called
by many mud fever in an aggravated form, when it cakes the o,™
carbuncle It attacks the legs, but usually is confined to the co ,Irv
region and pastern. It actsa good deal like a bad boil, swells ve^ l":^
gets very hard and ,s awfully painful, so much so that when i oml
under the coronary band or on the front of the pastern it is oft „ f IT
especially on the hind foot. *''^''
CaU8e8.-AU the causes that belong to mud fever are applicable to
furuncle, and in addition, an unhealthy condition of the bTo d w i
always has a tendency to aggravateany malady.
How tcknow it-Extreme lameness is usually the first symptom
noticed; a reluctance to put the weight on the foot; a continu f 1"
of the foot, indicating great pain ; the horse does not lie dow, " a
ever in the system ; mouth hot; eyes red; nostrils dilated and moH
ess blowing ; swelling of the coronet in the region of the carbuncle, unlo
t IS situated an inch or more above the coronet. When this has u„ on
for twenty.four hours the skin breaks in rags and in the course oft
next ten hours it sloughs off and a core goes with it varying in si.o fron,
a cherry to that of a man's thumb. Sometimes the skin sloughs off fr
a surface as large as the palm of a man's hand. When th^se case I
fatal the horse di,s from irritative fever and exhaustion from pain The
appetite is not always affected, the pain being so great a dnin or, fh.
system that the horse will often eat more th„n :..... ^T, j. ^;;;'" "" *J^'
loses flesh fast and becomes thin and tucked up in a very few dayr" "
What to do.-When first noticed, rive a ball , f
made up as directed in recipe No 23 tILl L P"'-^t"« medidi.e
by the size of the horse ; Xo fr'om thf f "? ^""'"^'-^ "^ *''« "'"<'«
tincture of aconite root in 'ten-dZdo^'" ' '^'■'^'''•'"^- ^hen pve
tive begins to work ; then s^T^ TpnlH 7""^ .'"" '""" ''" ^'^ P^?'-
to the inflan.edpart. Change t tv^ 'a'dL InMh ^?"''"' ''"^ '"'^ -^^'
then wash it with a weak solution of I u , ' «'"»?hi„g takes place ;
acid to forty parts of watl!:!! 3 ^ne Tthe': t'~"'" '"'' "^ ---•'^^
till the «ore begins to granulate ni[2 H ' "" ' ^'''' '' "» t'^'^^ ^^^Y
three times a day with lotion No 7 wL ';.'" "1"' V"" ''''""'''^' '""^ -^'-^ss
clean. ''°' ^' ^^-^^''-'g -t often enough to keep it
'f the swelling conies directly undpr th^
-, on account of the little eSctt 'T"? '^' *^"''"" ^'" ^'« i"^-
cnnot swell, and therefore the .juin will l" ' I ""^^^ ^'^''**^ "nderneatli
So we would recommend in such Ij ! ' " r'"''"^ "'"'^'^■^ '* be cut.
prohe-pointed knife in under it a.'dltti \ "'' '"'"""^'^ '^^ P^'^^'"^' '•
fuscly, which it is likely to do tl^^ it T"^ 'I^'T"'' '^ '^ '^'eeds pro-
bandage. SubsequentLatl; J , be tTJ "^ ' ' "'''^ ^""^^ ^ -^^"»
liberally all the time. The hea „!". T, '""? "' ■'^''*'" "''°^'^- ^ocd
but patience is required, as the S wi. otT. "'" "T"'' *" ^« «'-^'
once, but must grow over from the ed " ^""l^^.^^'' ^''^ ^"'^ace all at
S -- - - no proud Hesh n. ^hlr hill^ tot [::^\Z
IX. Dislooations.
Dislocations are verv dm-p in f k« i
is described in the article m.der H n beld" T^ ^'^ "' *'" •^^'«^' -h'^"''
are imbedded so deeply i„ „,u,,,e' a d thp , "''^''' ""^' '"> J"'"^^
well guarded by the Ltilage L ^^^d't '' "^ ^
those parts is seldom met with TheTr , '"' ' dislocation of
ture through their necks before'thd he 1''' ■ '"' ""^ '""""'•"•^' ^••'«'-
The cIl,ow, knoe, hoc-k, fetlock ten ^^ I'^ ^'•"'" '^''''' ^-^''t'^-
guarded by flanges, centr id J , '"^ '""*" "'"•"'■^ '""'' "" -> -ell
that fractures al^oItinvl^lll^yS^^ of Joint, etc..
for a dislocation to occur, many of tl 1 stt •"'"""'"• ^" "rder .
and hold their joints togthcr would hve T? ^^"""'"*' *''''* •'^"'''•"""d
their attachments, which would be ll; / ^P^^'-ed and torn fron.
fracture, and in n.o.t cases, exclt th of H "?^ '^"'^'^ "'^ "^'-'""'^ »« *^
hor.e would be the chenpes t.'atme f^' "" '^^t'' ""^^'-"^'tion of the
he required to effect a cure and n' "T?' '"'^'''' "^ ^''"'^ -"»'d
But in case of a val^i;: ".'.'"'* """'' "^^ ^^""^ "usatisfactorv.
^-.it.ouidbewento,;;th:n;;r--;X;^^^^^^
Hm
THK AMERICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
«Imgs and u.sing hot fomentations, and careful bandaging to support fh
mjurcd jomt. at the same time giving internally, mixture No 21 tot
down any fever that might arise from the in^ry to the vno id nt?
l.ra,e. And after bathing with hot water. wlJcl/ought to L do . "
<n-fourt.mesaday, the following liniment may be\sed. a^.dTnd '
right over it, applying the bandage middling tighf :_ '"'
^- 1 Ounce tinetiiie iiinicH,
1 Ounce liiudanuni,
Water to ninke one pint,
Mix.
X. Wounds.
What to do.- Wounds are conunon, and in most cases have to 1.
treated, n t least for the first dressing, at home by those who ha2„ t,
u,K,n he premises, owing to the urgency of the^ltuation. B e"i
often profuse c, a dangerous degree, and when stitches are required |
always desn-able to insert them while the wound is fresh. Feu tl 'i
Z'l^Ti T' '""?'''""'"' ""^ '-S successful when pt;^^^^^^^^
but after a few hours, when swelling and suppuration have LSn
useless, or the edges will not unite and the stitches will certain iCrlr
addmg totha soreness and blemishing that follows. Hence Uil:
.n,.H^for some one about theplace to act as su^eon. aJ^: Z^
When the skin and flesh are laid open bv kicks calks cuts .nir •
etc., the first thing to do is to stop the bleeding A tllblo;;"'.;
scarlet, venous blood is dark blue. When^u. t2 7 ^t
ompress above the wound, towards the heart, to intercept thbS.
AU.und, for the veins conductthe blood towards the heart Tho .. .
".ay be a cork bound on the artery or vein, or a wh^ f do h ''"'
of<lry sponge with a bandage wo.L over \t \>:::t^^ tZ li::
vuns . ut. so a. to be dangerous, they nmst be caught up and tied I„
he absence of proper instruments an artery can be taken up w ; fi
pa.r of nippers and the end tied with a ,,ie4 of silk But 1
|t js umjecessa.y to tie the arte.y, since'.i.e bleej ^ J^^^ Z^:^:
h^ng the cuf^ . th scrapings f ron. the Hesh side of s;de 1 JthL ' S
oakum, low, hnt, etc., or a solution of c<.pperas. or the tinct ,ro of tl'
may be thrown into the wound. '
If no bleeding is taking place, proceed at once t., sew up the wound
Use a needle that .s strong and not liable to break while Lv pulll
I.KOS or THK HOK.sk, THKIU AC;C.UKXr.s AXO Or.SKA.SK«.
309
""•';, '^l""-^;;"^' t'« ^--^'-h one Lefor. takin-.
another. Cl.p off the hair fn.n. the edges of
the wound .so that none will |,e doul.led under
an(U:ithe ,t with the carl.olic lotion, No. (I '
It flirt iir^kii....] ? ,1 . _ *
If the wound IS on the leg it is best ((
draw
STITUHINH WITH A FIXED
SETON NKKDLE.
,, , . ^ , "o " '» <'csi to araw
tho skm t<.gether with u few .stitches, even
though they are certain to tear out, and, after
-hossmg with the lotion, apply a handage
.uoo hly over the wound just tight enough !o
nM the parts m place. Then let it alone til]
It hegnis to suppurate, when it needs washin-
inthwann water and castile soap to clean it"
..d dress as before with lotion and bandage.'
mm, the stitches burst, cut them out
When tho wo,u.d is filled up with fle !i even " "*«-
^rith the surface, change the otion to No 7 a , ''"''"•
[f the wound is on the bodv -ZT fr , ' ''"'* ^"'^^^ °^ *''« huud-^go.
the flesh has mad;'!: ^ ^^.^Uw^^t^-"^^'^ ^"- '^'^'"
thou change to No. 7. ^ ^ ^ * '"''■^' ^"'"= "P the hole and
If tlie bone is affected and <-aries ( ulcention ^ l,o„- ,
day witli lotion : ^ "icci.ition ) begins, dress it twice a
'^"■^''' >^ '>""i'e hydioclilorie uciU
1 Pint water, '
Mix
Apply it with a swab directly to the caricd .spot Thp fl . • ,
case tnny bo dressed with tho other lotion, ih ''' '" ""^^ a
If the joint is affected tre it.lVf ' '""" "'^ '^''°^^^-
der the hiad of Open Joi;,! '" " '''"-^'^^'--ly will be f.>und un-
If tlu) tendons arc cut off so as to let the fotu. i i
and tho toe turns up, the horse lui^ht ! u ^ ^"'^'' '" ^''" ^'•"""d
are only partially ^ut, .>r iroid 'on islt fT' ' '"^ '' '^'^^
t rough the wound, cut off nice' and clean il "t h , r^ T ^""''^'^
^harppairof scissors, and draw fh. I ? '^II that sticks out, with a
'-ing in mind that un; L oTof tentuhT'"'^ '"' '''''' ''' ^^'^-'
^« ti- must bo cut off ;.!d tho end ^^'^ ilS^t^ "^ ''""'
XI. Sore Shins.
m
310
THE AMEKICAN FAKMER's HTOCK BOOK.
and cuu.se lameness. The consequences of sore shins are quite s,.,-,,,,,
a.s they often render the colt unable to go on with hi.s training The . '
flanimation is often followed by an ossification of the effusion tir/'"
thrown out and gives the leg the appearance of having patcl,.^ u<
bone plastered over the shins under the skin.
Causes— Too much galloping when the bones are soft and younc. md
the soreness is often aggravated by too much rubbing when coming
m from exercise. The bones should never be rubbed hard nor verv
much, but the tendons on the i)ack of the logs may have all the rubbin-rtliev
can get. Sore spots on the legs are often produced by bruise, "kicks
from the toes of stable boys' boots, kicks from other horses, etc 'ihese
last named causes are often followed by bony enlargements on anv part
of the legs, or the enlargements may come directly on a joint, when vorv
seiious results may follow. •'
How to know it.— Soreness forward, shown by a short, stiff stilted
gait ; if more in one leg than the other there will be lameness. There is
soreness to the touch, more or h-ss swelling '11 over the surface „f the
shin bones, or at any point of injury when it is the result of accident
The swelling is soft at first and spungy, but in a few days becomes ouit^
hard and has the feeling of bone. The soreness may extend over tho
whole surface, or it may be confined to that part near the joints osuec
lally the feth)ck and pastern. The animal is inclined to knuckle at the
fetlock, and go over on the knees.
What to do. Give al)solute rest ; remove the shoes: foment the le-r.
with hot water for half an hour at a time three times a day, and follow
the hot water each time with the lotion. No. 12, and bandage loosely wet
ting the bandages and legs with lotion No. 27, as follows :
No. 27. 1 Ounce tinctnre arnica,
1 Ounce tincture opium,
Water to make one pint,
. Mix.
Continue this treatment till all soreness is gone, then, if necessary, apnlv
a httlo of the blister. No. 10, rubbed in once a day till pretty well blis
tered, then grease once a day till healed, and repeat.
In mild cases, where the first symptoms are shown, frequent bathiiii;
say three times a day, with lotion No. 27, and loose bandaLnn-r, will mt
vent Its full development, especially if rest is given. In bad cases the
rest needs to be prolonged to several months. The same rules and
recipes will apply when enlargements come on the bones from kicks iiiid
other bruises. The firing iron may be drawn over the spot when ncMi' or
on a joint, if other and milder measures fail.
LKG8 OK TIIK IIOR8E, THEIR ACCIDENTS AN.) DISEASES.
311
1.
XII. Osteophytes, Following Sore Shins.
This is the na.Mo giv<>n to the bony deposits that foUow sore shins
There are .everai different kinds. The velvety, or villous reseml.lin.^
hoar frost >s usually spread all over the l,(,„c in a uniform layer, and is
see., on hones of young nteers, haek horses and sometimes drivin-'.
horses. I he sphntered or laminated kind grows more in excrescenees and
spmtered as n, spavm. The warty or stalactite kind grows like a wart
w.th e.ther a ped.elo or stem o, a narrow base, or may-be u sn.all sur-
fm-o on a large base, or a large excrescence spread on the bone (,ver con-
siderahle surface ; these are seen <,n any l,one as results of bruises, etc
and sometimes appear around the hock and knee joints. Many other
fonns may be seen, like tarry matter poured over the bone hot, and hard-
eiH'il while cooling, etc.
Causes.-Hard work of any kind making the bones sore, inflammation
sets „, and then deposits follow as a natural result. Accidents, bruises
kicks, etc., contribute their share.
Howtoknowit-The bony enlargement can be seen and felt. In
addition to that there will, in all probability, be more orless lameness.
In he absence of lameness there will be a stiff, short, stilted gait ; more
or less knuckling of the fetlocks and going over on the knees-knee-
spruiig. It IS most often seen in hack horses, saddle and hn<r<^ horses
that get much work. ''^^ ^^^
Whattodc-Treatment is unsatisfactory in that it requires a long
tmie continuous rest and considerable attention, and after all, the hors!
.8 not much improved ; but it is always best to give it a trial, especially in
young and valuable horses. In the early stages the same treatment pr"
^nbed for scn-e shins is applicable, which see; and in the later stLe,
repeated applications of the blister No. 10, and a long rest will help li^m
«>me, If It IS an old, chronic ease ; and if it is a recent^ase, it will cure
Xm. Poroelaneous Deposit.
Cause8.-0ften in bad cases of spavin and ringbone, and in many
oth r jomts of the body, an ulceration of the head of the bone takes place
mthe joint, the cartilage becomes absorbed and lets the ends of the bones
ogether and as a result of fricti<,n, a bony deposit is made on the end
ommg ogether which gets rubbed and chafed till it is polished as smooth
hard and glossy as porcelain, hence the name.
How to know it.-By negative symjitoms rather than positive. The
horse IS always evenly lame; the lameness does not work off with exer-
cise; no treatment does any good, and the true „a.u- ... .k„ J'alC \
only be determined by a postmortem examination "
i;^
312
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK UOOK.
What to do.— Give the affected joint the treatment prescribed under its
Ijropcr head, exhaust all known remedies, and when you utterly fai! to
produce a cure, you may come to the conclusion that there is porcoiu-
ncous deposit in the joint which is incurable. No treatment is of aiiv
avail .
XIV. String Halt.
Causes. — String halt or spring halt is a [)urely nervous affection in
whicli the cause cannot be definitely located, but which may be due to
any local disorder. Jt often exists without any visible lesion.
How to know It. — The leg is jerked up towards the body with every step
sometimes so strongly as to strike the belly with the fetlock. Some-
times it is very slight, only showing in moving from side to side in the
stall, or only when starting forward or backward. Sometimes botl
1 i
cgj
A BAD CASK OK STKINO HALT.
are affected. It is usually worse when starting ; sonietimes it is so bad
that the horse has hard work to start at all and ^vill stand and jerk up fli'st
one leg, then the other ; but once started he goes without hesitation. Rut
it is very fatiguing and wearing; and tho horse seldom accummulate^ anv
flesh. ''
What to do.— The treatment is very unsatisfactory, seldom or never
resulting in any benefit, but it is best always to treat any local disorder
of that region as it requires, with a hope that it will allaviate the ner-
vous jerk.
How to know li-
i'ljurj ; this done, p
tEOS OK THK nORSK. TME.U ACCOENTS AND m«EA«E.S. .313
XV. Interfering.
,„t wi,l, vo,.y higl, k„eeacti„„, above the k;:t„ 1^1: '"
sivclv high action. ' '^"*''^*^ "^ oxces-
agumst the h.^r .u .,ueh a .nann.r a.s tc. strike it c-m.iu<rZ
horse to go off on three legsfo. a few steps. LaZ:^^
mjury ,y h,.u.s.ng the part. This is sometimes d^o'ety
orses hat do no brush habitually, but from some misstep
the foot .s brought for^vard with a swing and strikes the
othff leg HI its passage. " *"®
Causes.-Colts before being shod, seldom or never inter-
en. ut often do ,t as soon as shod, while in other casestl e
fimlt does not appear until son^e bungling shoeing is don
The shoeing ,s a eomnu,n eause ; the foot is oflen pared
own too much on the inner side, tipping the fetlock in so as ^™v ex.
tobrmg it m the wav of the ofhof fr,»f . 4-1 i ■
..Uathe inner ,de:proiec:;.^';:;t^:krttf^^^^^^^
«hod too heavy or too light often causes it Colts ,.?°' T^
.shod lirst, is due to the°inereased wei-it of the foe 7"? "'""
musdos become accustomed to carrvin^the shoe it d "^'" ''^
formation is a common cause ; the fetlocks !,.e« "^'"''^i''-''''- ^^'^l"
-turnedinoroutgivinga;wi;-:^:^r rrf:::^^ ';^ r
.less ,s a ..on.rnon cause, and also thinness in flesh ''^'
».«! .o,„..,i„„.. ,,,o.,d i tl„.i,','; ' '" " ''°''*'"' ""■'"'■'■ "" »'" foot,
.11. L »,■ ,J ■:/ r, , 't, ;^"f^-'"'i"g '■■><>'» for aU „art» „f
^' " 'S in Ul(> s|)0(ii|i(r
ENLARGED
knp;k, KHOM
spkkuy cut.
t m
.f
i&ii
<$f
314
THE AMKKICAN KAUMKIiH STOCK HOOK.
takctlio hoiw to ii Hluwr wlio is un artist in tho l)usin(.«s, and Lylo-^
cxanjmaticn ascertain what chanjres can he made. As a rule no tvvn f *
are alil<«, and it ro,,uirc:, an artist and a n.oclnn.ic to chan.rc d.e ,„.,„: ''
of the feet and legs rclativelj. A good rule to follow in all „nii,, '!
cases ,s t., shoo so as to tip the f<.tlocks „nt, jriving the feet room t.. .hs'
by w.th<,ut hrushing. This is done hy leaving the inn.-r side stron-^ .' J
paring down the outer side, which will throw the centre of .rravifv i'„
new line and often prove successful. Instead of loavinir the im.er .id,. ')
the shoe full n.ake it rather s,-ant. If the shoes are too lu.avv li-ht *
them ; If tr.o light, or too large .hange them. If the hors.- is overw,.d<,,|,
*'"'> "'»J weak, give him a rest and a liti|,,'
bettor feeding. There is no plan mud,
more effectual than to s[)read the Icir.s with
good solid flesh, making them traverui,i,.r.
If tho knee gets larger and the swclli,,,^
fills with liquid, tap it carefidly an.| let tlii-
liquid out. Other points are not likely t.. be
briysed badly enough to causo an effusion.
After the cause is removed f( ,iicnt ujfli
cither hot or cold water and apply lotion,
No. 1 2 ; repeat it three or four times a day.
Gentle exercise may in- given if the swoU
ling is not too large and son , When i.elow
the knee bandages may be used to advan-
A GOOD FOKM. tago. Whcu thc swellings become hapil
%hts';read"th~r;,:X'«vc;;?T„:«I ""*^ ^"'Housed the liniment, No. 11, „,av b,'
*!""!■ , ^"''''^'<^ '" *"'»■« '' d'ly after a hot Imtb.
rubbnig the part dry before applying the liniment.
-<^ fwrv.
ANKLE BOOTS IN COMMON DSE.
The cuts above illustrate the application of a few of the most com-
Uiou foriiisof hoots, used to prevent injury by interfering.
moment until Hu' Z'^lA^l'L^^'";^, "" '•^-- of reducing the
V i.<)<.) should I),! worn till the
eniurgemcnt until tho cause is mn..v(>d
tcn.loncy to iuU-ifcru =s obviated
XVI. Overreaching.
the l.:<.I« and paston.l. ' '"^ ^'""'"■^ '^"^ ''""^'•'' ''-"v putclu... over
What to do.— This is a fault th-it l..iw f,. 1
i..fr. l^^uailv, sh<.ei„.. nui e hi vv f ,'" "T"""'"" ''■^' I"'"'''''- '^''"«-
u.ake the ho^so take up tl fo. " , ?'''' ""^ ^'""^ "»'" ''"''"'d will
'.^ tiu. hind fo<,t ,.;;:;: : zz;::T'\r;' ^ '-^-^ -^ ^'-^ ^^-^^
is insufficient ; for, when tro ti . f . . '" ^''"'""= '""••^'"^' ^'"-^
.ot.n the outside to ;;;rr: hi;: ;;i:':i.:i!;;T'^^irr
•^""■^''•^' =""' '"t their quarters l.„di;. Vl.is u , ^*"" ^'"' *" ^"
weighting the hn.d foot on the outer ;ic' • r. H. ' '' """'""""'« '^^
were, to the foot ; this will huve a f.nH \''"V'*''' ^"'■"^''•wi««. «8 it
and forward at the same ti.ne ' *'' '''^*" ''« ^""* ""^--d
Hilt ill slow-going horses this is inipracticr . ..nrl rt
I'1'"'<'<1 on sl>oei..g. The heels of .1 . f V" ' dependence must he
thet,,oofthehi,rd8hors d, 1 7 f'"? '""^' ^o he verv short.
a...ot.e,i hack 'r^ ::!: ^r^ '; ^t ^ 1^'^ "^ 1^' '^
work of the horse will allow, it is best not to h '"'''' '^ ^''^^
let the shoe be plain \Vh ile rv \l ""'^ *"^ ^'^^'^ '^t all-
habit, apply <,«u^er;;;,dh^^,S^"Lt^'lL''f': ^ ~ *»>«
them. ^ ' ^'" ^"'« f^'^t to avoid ruining
XVII. Forging.
Forging is the habit of chiekinsr the hind n,.rJ f
when trottnig. It is „ot in-oduetivc^ nyl^n oth^^^ ^T^^-
the t(.(! of the hind foot • but it ! ■ v r ' ^^'''" wearing off
dnvcr, and fatiguing ^alj hi;!;: " ""'"^"'^ ^"' ^"""^'-- ^^tho
Causes. — The position of tlio fi.of ..< *k x-
-t from what it L popula t i.p d « t Th ''^M^'"' ''^ ''■^«'-
is. that the toe of tie hind shoe noT • P»-^^'"I'>'g i.»prc8sio„
^>rc shoe, but that i^a' t ^ T^^e'LH'T' T'' ^'^ '^^^' "^ *^«
grouiKl, with the heel already raised and thlf / ". ""^ '"''"^^^ "^ ^''^
tlx" toe, the toe of the hind f ^00:^ i r.;" ^7 "m "'. ^^"'"^^ ''^
fore. ...nd the two shoes co.ne to<ret 2 f f * . ' "'" ''""' "^ ^^^
-'^l. of the fore. maki.,. tl.reLck^ :- 7 "^ *''' '""^ "^-''^•"^^ ^''^
'^f <1.- I.in.l foo» badly " " "' ^' ""'''" ^^'«'"-« "^ the toe
"^9Wii#M«nitt-iM
-^--^ismmmiiiiigmfm.^
316
THE AMEKICAN KAUMER's STOCK HOOK.
What to do.-The Object to l,o gained is to increuso the action mH
act.v. y of the fore leg. to get the foot out of the way of the h "d f n
Shoe l,ght behind and heavy forward. Let the weight o the f,^ ' "
bo mostly on ea<.h side, and the web at the toe as Harrow s ,,'
setting the too calk, if any, as far forward as you ,^ ^^ r "j
shoe back fron. the toe a <,uarter to half an inchf and the toe ca k J
back on the web as possible, and very small. Leave the toe of the h , ,
projecting over the shoe. '^
XVIII. Rupture of Muscles.
Causes.-Th.. musck-s are sometimes ruptured across the fibre^ hv
overexertion, s(>vere sprains, etc. ^
Howto knowlt-dreat lameness is apparent as an early symptom
Swelling, heat, soreness and pain are noticed in the course c.f fro 1^;
«.x hours after the accident. There will bo unwillin.M.css an ,
almc^ to inability, to move. When the intla.nination harentH;." Si
J^theswelnig sail gone, there will be a depression in thJ luu I
theseat of the injury from absorption of the injured portion.
Whattodo.-DuringthcactivojnHamination, foment with hot witor
as continuously as possible, an,l apply in between bathings, the a ol
hmmen , No. 2 . When the iiiHannnation has all subsided ami
own. the muscle has f<.rmed, apply the tin..ture of ..antharides , '
rubbed .n oiu-e a day, till it is pretty well blistered, then suspend i,
grease the part once a day till it is healed, and then repeat thb.
Continue this reatment for several weeks and the muscle will .en r Iv
redevelop. Give gentle exercise during the treatment. '
XIX. Atrophy of the Muscles.
This is a wasting away an.l shrinking of the mus,.ular tissue, leavin.^ a
flattened or hollow surface in the place of a full, round mu cl. m
sm^.lar m effct to rupture of the muscles, but is more extended "
Causes.— .Sprains, strains, bruises, sev.'re pressure etc
Howtoknowit-Atlattenedur hollow surface will be found in , ho
phi . of he muscle, (-ompare the part with th,. correspon.lin. n> !
o,M^u. othc-side, andyou will notice the affcvtcl muscle hl.s was,;, "v I^
Whattodo.-Kcpeatcd applicati..ns of ,h„ ,)„,,„,„ „f ,.,,„, i,,,,,,-,;,;
V.11 usually make .1.,. n.,.s..Ie rclevclop, b„t if it ,|„.. „ot s.k..
ty.ngf..r three or four wcks, insert setons over ,l,c vva..c<| ,
fly bl.ste to the setons about twi-e a wck. Komen, tlu-m uill, ho,
water twice a dav. L.-ave then, in three or four w<...ks. (Jive ... 1
crcise AM nu.ns frc,uen,ly fail to make the muscle rc-dcvei:,, ' , ,
animal .s often just as useful, but the waste.
BODY OP THE
I. CAUIF.S. II.
KXOSTOSIS «»K
VIII. IIIIO
XI. TII.MOI
KISTlM.AOi- Till
XVIl. INI'
FASTS. XX.
NIA XXIV.
ITCHY SKIN.
This is molecii
bono in the body
fedcd by ciaries
from injury froi
diseased teeth ; I
spines of the bad
(if (he tail, from
lainiiig an injury
nlongliiiig of tli(!
Causes.— V\^)u I
the itone, are lia
Khiugliing of tli(> I
How to Know ij
the bone is affecte
directly from the? 1
from the lleshy su
Hiiiface of till! boil
tcndeiK y to spread
oonsiderablv, and
loused.
What to do.
-W
if |)(ts.sil)|(., to .iiiov
of the bone with ii
lotion :
N'o. 28.
astcu muscle is a constant ev
C-SOI'C,
n
®k
'"V>,^;
CHAPTER VI 11.
BODY OF THE HORSE. ITS EXTER1.AL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES.
;tf
CAUIt
KXOS
VIII. ItUOKKN lilHS.
-XI. TII.Moit.s XII
ROSIS. III. OS
TKO .SAKCOMA.
-IV.
OSTKO
- I'OKOSIH. V.
-.xV ummr t';:,'"''-—^''- «''"*'n «>k tiik hack
(JOITHK — xm7 ;«Tr'^- "'"ACTIIUK OK TIIK SKULL.
i.OITHK XIII. INI' LAMEI> I'AHOTIO OLAND Xiv!
KISTi;i,AOKTIIi;i'AU()TIi>|(iT,.T v., .,. ^
— xvn. ini.lamkV.'";'; i!;,7~vk'n -^Tv'/.T'^^lTr^"-^— ^vi. pollkvil.
.T<I.V .KIN. XXVI.I. MKLANOSll. lJxV;r~,m,p'„n. vV"'' ''*" ^''^"•
•X.M.X. IIIMK HOIM. XXX. KCZKMA.
It may iiffect any
CAKIES.
Of the l,„ver Ju«r-Tl», effect
of btmg a pulier.
I. Caricf?.
This is .uol.'culnr dcatl. or uUeratioi. of a I,,,,,,
bono 111 tlio luHly. The l.oi.o.s n,„st fro.,u,.Mtly uf-
fed.Ml l.y rarios an; (ho teeth; the lou-ei-'jaw
from injury from the hit ; the jaw hoiuvs, from'
diseased teeth ; Imiies of the neck, fro,,, ,,ol| ,.vil •
spnies of the haek, f,-o,„ <i,st„lous withers ; I,o„e8
of the tail, f,-(m. (loeUi„jr_i„ f,,,.,, ,„,y ,„,„„ „„^_
(."Minirai, mjuiy of sufii,.i,.„t -evei-ity'to cause a
HJonirhing of the boii(. siil)stanee.
Causes.-WouM.K ei.iier e.,„tuse,|, hu:erate,l, or c-h-un c-ut, affeeti,,..
ho iKine. a,e hahie to he followed hy ii.tlam.natio.,, uleen t ion S
Kloujriiiiijrof the hoi,e stil)stai,ee "^"auoii, and
fn, „ th.. Il,.s|,.v »„rt,u-,. („ (.iv„ tl,o >vl„,lo fl,„ ,|m,«,.|,.,.i„i,. ,„ , '
if :!!:^f.K f,?-,^r:':"r„ :::,•::; r;;,:" r-'z "","•" ""'- '"-
of the hnae with -i dull ) , ^ ' '"'"' ^''" ^'•''^'•■'^•'<' "'"-f'"'''
_^^^.^^ ^^.th a dull ed.e, and d.ess twice a day. with the followi,,..
N'o. as.
n
2 I)iiich;iis ii.vdn.cliloric acid,
Mix.
317
:j»^»«.-.?;
318
THE AMEKICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
Apply with a swab directly to the diseased spot on the boue. This will
have the effect of arresting the curies, and promoting a healthy irranu-
lation oil the surface of the bone, which will till up the hole. Comiuue
this lotion till all disease of the boue is certainly gone ; then ch-.uvro to
No. 7. which will heal the flesh wound, or use a little tincture of tnyrrh
or gum balsam. If it is cold weather, compound tincture of bcrioine
(Friar's balsam) is probably the best for flesh wounds. These latter ihhv
be applied two or three times a day. Treatment of parts recjuiriii"<T
particular appliances will be found under their proper heads. "
n. Necrosis.
This is death of a part or the whole of a bone ; usually seen in the lon<»
harder bones of the body, and quite often in the lower jaw-boiu-s of
horses that pull very hard on the hit, Necrosis is sometimes seen tiffect-
ing the cann(»n bones of young racers, causing the whole hone to run out,
and a new one to form, but it is very rare.
Causes.— External violence is the usual cause, setting up inflammation
of the poriostoum (the covering of the bone), and cutting'off the nutri-
ment of the bone, so that it perishes.
How to know jt.— There will be one or more openings in the skin and
flesh, through which the pus will find its Avay ; the odor of decayed t('eth
will be present, and occasionally a small piece of dead bone will puss out
with the pus; this dead bone is called sequestrum. The discii.irije il
irritating and excoriates the surface it runs over. '
What to do.— Make the oi)ening8 large and dependent to allow ;> free
escape for the pus, and remove the seyMe^t^raw as fast as possible, for
the sooner it is removed, the sooner the sore will get well. Keep the
parts dean, and dress three times a day with the following lotion, if the
disease is cmi the surface, so that it cau be got at easily :
No. 29.
}4 Ounce carbolic acid,
^ Pint raw linseed oil,
Mix.
But if the pus cavities run deep, inject lotion No. 5. If the legs are
affected, put the horse in slings.
m. Osteo Sarooma.
This is cancer of the bone, and forms what is known as biff head. It
is very rare ; it affects the upper jaw bone, side of the face and teeth.
The bon's softens and degenerates into a cheesy substance, and is only
held together by the skin ; die teeth loosen and are easily removed ; the
horse is obliged to chew on the other side ; sometimes hay and other
food collects between the teeth and cheek.
The CMiargcrnrnt increases very fa<<t, and the disease 8[)reads till tlio
whole side of the head ia involved ; the nose twisted around towards the
i
BODY or THE HOS8E, ,T8 E^EH»AL ACCDE™ *N„ DISEASES. 319
™nd side ; caling becomes painful ; ,^„patl,etic fever sets in • emaoi.
* of'.e faee. ,L .i.atM::';::',::',:!™: :::: "™'- °" -^
cbeiTni "s* fife';:o'„ri:v"!„r"r'°" ■"'''■ ""'""''"■" "■
the head will he the fl st .™ l'™Sa Z" "'°r T' '"''""«
of the faee will be»i„ to swX ^1,1 f ^ " '""' *'^'' ""' '"'«
toch ; great tenden LrwiU be evild""'"" "' ""' '""«' °' """ "'"l"
.»en a^d e.e„d dow^ llerrje^h" '^Z' ^l """'■'""
..fse will tarn ot t™:rd t ^21^ rbe';:;::*/ 2'" ^'^
swells so lis to almost obstniot tl,o h... fi • .'. """» °^ *"o ""se
».;.^».e sun is-:: --t--- --»--.
rv. Osteo Porosis.
Osteo porosis is tiie opposite „f ostoo sarcom.i Th„ v
hard, porous and brittle fn,m too nhund 17 3 T ^''''"'^'
1-dor portion of the bono. Ttis ve;y ut „ th?," '"" "' *!" "''^'
incurable. ' ^ "" '" ^^^ '"^^^ animals, and is
V. Exostosis of the Jaw
th'^r;;;:- ..' "^"^"^ ^'^"^^' ^ ^-'-^ -^--^ -i-^, often i^
How to know lt.~They are sometimes
spread over a large portion of the jaw-bone
with a very broad base; sometimes thev
•>;'■ in the form of little nodules the size
"f tl... end of a man's thumb, with a very
small base. They become perfectly hard
I'nd .1.. no hann, usually, farther than to
l)fi ail eyesore.
What to do.-Treatment is useless, owing
to the late sttiL'o of tho ipfl..ir,^.,*:„„ »* ,. '
BONY TtJMOB.
«'at(Srtl byruib.clmin.
■B8&i
320
THE AMi:i{ICAV FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
VI. Broken Back.
Causes— The back is sometimos broker, by heavy objects fallin-r on
it ; this quite freciuently happens in Nortiiern cities by snow and ice slid
mg off the roofs of houses. Sometimes the horse falls through traps .,,1(1
holes, and the back is sometimes broken when being cast for nu'Jl
tions. ' "
How to know it— If the spinous processes only are l)roken, then. wMl
not be mud) change in outward appearance ; but\iie crepitation cl..„..,',.
terist.c of all fractures will be noticed and probably some alteration' in
the straight outline of the back will follow—it will become depress,.,! :„
the region of the fracture. But, if the back is broken so as to press
HOKSE SUPFEIUNO FROM PARTIAL PARALYSIS OF HIND LEGS.
apon the spinal cord, it will cut off all sensation and pow.'r of motion
from all parts back of the fracture. This inability to move and M \<
paralysis and is due to the pressure of the broken bones upon the sni„.,l
cord. '
Sprain of the j).soa>. muscles is sometimes mistaken for biok. ii ha,!;
hut the distinguishing difference is very plain, and the test easily appli.-.l.'
Pnck ihe tail or any part back of the fracture with a pin ; if there i- no
sensation the back is injured, and the spinal cord is enduring pressure;
but if iho p.«o(n muscles are only sprained, wlilie there will belnahiiitytJ
move the iiind legs, there will be sensation and ability t<. move tl./t.il
when pricked with u pin.
MODV t:
What to d(
will recover.
loMvc him on
the slings, un
feet. Apply
sionally with!
tioii has subsii
nature will m(
do not reunite
remove them.
If the back
no sensation ii
mciit is uselesi
question of a i
fering accomp;
In (;ase then
irritant is local
abscess is soft,
allow the finw
thorns.
Causes. — So
the sprain is se
liiramcnts, an.d s
these are ameiial
HO»V OK TF.K HOa8E, iTS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 321
wirn.c!.vor*'°V.If I. ' '^'^1 '""T'"^ '^"'^ ^'"^ ^''"^^^^^d, the animal
«,11 .cove,. 1 ut hi.n ,nto slu.g.s if he can stand when raised ; if not
-V I-n on he flo,>.-, as he is safer and n.ore ecn.fortabh, the..; Ian
1.0 sh.^... loss he ,.an ..ear the n.ost of his weight eomfortuhl/c ^
feet Apiy cold wat.r ru^s to the fraeture, and bathe the part occa-
sionally w,th t.ncture of arniea or camphor. After the active nflan 2
tu)n has ubs,ded, stop the cold water and just give the horse tin.e and
nature will mend the fracture. But if any of tit broken p^^e.! o 1. «
rtjVrm:' "'' '""""^' '" """' '"' •^^'^^"^«' -^ ^-- "IK... then, and
If the back is absolutely broken, so that there is inability to move, and
no sensation ni the hnul parts, particularly if there is displLment, treTt-
,no„ .s useless, and the annual ought to be destroyed, for it is ^nly a
question of a few days for him to die, and he might be saved all the L
fering accompanying a natural death.
In case there are broken bones to remove, it is best to wait till the
irntant IS located by the abscess that is sure to follow; then, when the
a scess .s soft, tender, and nearly ready to break, open it sufficiently to
il! finger to enter, and remove the pieces that are acting as
VII. Sprain of the Back.
Cause8.-Sometimes the back is only sprained by slips or falls, but if
the spram ,s severe, many of the same sympton.s J^U he noticed, Ind thf
Ti:.-ir K.U .-Si'HAIN OK TUK llA-
K.
lijiaments. and snm('t!m«c t!i£- "/^ .: si - =
.,; --.in-.v.. .. tin vovvriiigs (.f the spuial cord,
these are amenable to treatment but recovery is often slow.
are iu7oivod;
••—frmmimKmf.,
rtr-nffrnm-rmiT i
322
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
How to know it.-bpra.n of ti.e I,ack is diagnosed by pressing tl
thumb a„d finger along the spines, and by tin-owfnc the weilt sn H '
on the tender ,.t. when pain will be evinced ^ ^'^""■^
Hfterwards. Ke;;at ,. if necessa^^;!; .tou^ 1^' ^i n'^'^
rest and a run at pasture. P^^oiwee&s. bnoa!>..cr
Vm. Broken Ribs.
Causes. — The ribs are often brokon hv ^.n:,.„ n-
How to know lt.-If thsre ^.. „o displacement there will be „, „xt,. ,
ten,,,,,,, ,„ the l,od.y. a-d the diagnosis „„rt i„ b „' , .^ " "
':r ::s,:; "id.: ^':? r;;r r*^' '- t r """-' '"■■'""■ »
o ''^ "'"- ■ ' "' 'Mjlly tc iiv-oid workinff the ribs in bro-ifi.:?,
unwillnigness to asov^ fi>i<l „r.^>n ii.« u » """ "^'"s i» i>nMthmjr,
8tandin<.! ' ^ ^''' ^^''''. P^'-^i^tently ren,ai„i„j.
If displacement Ukc .s place thero will be either -i hulo-in^ •
for a day or two, and more or less fever, according t« tu
Injury done to the chest and its contenti ^ '^' """""^ "^
VVhatt0d0.-After moving the horse as carefully as possible to l,io
loos. .ox. apply a bandage with surcingles directly cLrtlfeltt, .
draw them middling tight, to prevent workin. of he rib 1^ n
rhage, etc. The fever is best kept under control with the following ,„ix-
No. 80. 1 Drachm tincture aconite root.
2 Drachms fluid estttict Ix-lladonna,
'. Water to nial«e four ounces
Mix.
Give a teaspoonfull everj- two hours, if there is much fever till it is
and able to take gentle exercise, which will be in four . r five weeks Zl
month« should elapse before the horse is nnf. t. w..., ^"^^'- ''"
liuion.siii runa
BODV OP THK HOHSK, ITS EXTERNAL ACCir>ENT8 AND BI8KASES. •$.>.{
IX. Broken Tail.
Causes.— The tail is sometimes broken nf fK^ ^^«t u . .
the bod,, b, tbe horse faHin, U.^:^ Z^^^^^^Z^Z^rZ
some heavy we,ght falling from above, or hy roaring up ani famn^ back
-n fac any accident that may break the back will break the "fl -fth;
.owsnkes m the right place. The place whore the acturil most
How to know it.— There will be a sudden dmimin.r nf +k .,• .
the upper and back part of the rump • 21^13^1 ,* '"^^^
What to do. — Nothine can be done for if o,r„«^* * x
P^ by introducing the fand intorant^ tjr^^Z^-t:^^
retam. the parts m position, the attempt will not be attended 'vithsV^
cess. It ,s no permanent injury for work, but is a great eyes^^^^^^
X. Praoture of the Skull.
Causes.— The skull is often fractured hv k;,.tc 1 1 l .
•iuionsin runaways, etc. ''^'^^^^'^^ by kicks, blows, bruises, col-
A IIORHK liVINU FKOM AU.SCESS WITHIN
TIIK BUAIN.
.=rr^s;r-rrt"-rs--
324
THK AMEKICAN FAKMKB's STOCK BOOK.
Keep the wound olc ," *, t,: .?^ i " '",""""' l"'°"""« °" ""■ ''■"...
«i.d fever »eU i„. Liv Z f vi , / ! " """'''M'"""'- " U'" I'-l* ii>«
(Chopped jee .J cJo to t,::v:r:;,::;,;;;i;'':!:;^^ '^'-
l.»e» ,„,d d,.|,m,m ,„ere,„e.s it will tenoiimte fatally i„
« uoiiai.: M«u H.OM iNn.,„iaATi„» or iii« nimr..
XI. Tumora.
of ?i'"rdr'''Zy rv'TfTi,^'"'"'",'- '""' "»"""'• "" ■'">■ '-'
1 J / . , " ^- ^"**>^ ' fi'»'""«. '>ony, ciirtila'nnous .rl.n.i
«^e,";t Tt,e^"'''*'r""' "" ' "^ "'"•"■■™' -- So-
u^iea uiey ao little or no har»!! f«v,.,>..t *„ i.i_. • . .,
ua!.!! <>„. rj,^ ^o .jicuush the api)earaii(c ; at
BOUV
other times tl
brcuthini^, uu
the ("vi! wliou
How to km
romposition,
joints. Fil)ro
on the ribs, et
not so den.s(? ;
Cartilaginous
of tht'iii ; art) s^
are hypcrtropi
become indural
Fungoid tumor
gninulutious, u
iironnd ilio cyo
What to do.
diat re((iiirc.s ji
should never l)(>
This is Iiypeii
OOITKE OR BKON
What to do.-
to remove all dirt
a8 a ehestiiut of t
No. 31.
Continue tois f(
while working .
These glands ar«
near the rvu- to tlsf
medium sized hanc
other times tlicv do a •ri-oif .m„»,.„f <• i
the ,.,„ :i,..„ ,„,„•,'; ' "'^'"'' "■ "" "•" ''"i". «»<i injure
on the ril)8, etc. Bouv tuinr.,-^ «..„ i ' ' ^ **''"'' '*°''^'' '"'"PS
not ,so dense; theVZt L l""'' "' '" f"^*"'-« *^' '-"«' tlu.ugh
of theuT; are seen <.„Vrhr ^ f;""", ,"", """'^^'^' ""^ "^'"^ =' ^^^
are h^peH-cphied .h^l^ t^n r*!:;;^ :; t' ?'^f "'-^-"-
become indurated and irnriin so <! " •? f ' ^''""^'' '^"^ they
Fungoid tu.uor.s ar th^ tl .^ :'"'^:r'^ '"^'^'"^'^ l^-"''^ »"->«l
gnurulations, and ..h.d ,1 ^ ;: ^ Z^aT' ' '''' ^" ^^""^^^"*
J^; .^<.^:^^;^::^t;:^,r'-""- '^"--^^ H..a>^ invokes «u^e^,
Xn. Qoitre.
Th. .s hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, that is situated on the unde.
^ . s.de of the neck, about five to eight inches
below the angle of the lower jaw, on each
side of the windpipe. It someti.nes attains
the 8,.e of a child's head, and presses
Hgainst the trachea, so as to interfere with
the breathiner.
Causes.— The cause is unknown.
How to know lt.-By the largo, hard
u'np on the side of the neck. It is mova-
u/L * * J „. . '^'' »»«e»sitive, and grows slowly
OOITRE OR BRONCHOCELE.
No. 31.
2 Drachms iodide of potash,
2 Ounces lurd,
Powder and mix.
Treatment may be carried on
Continue tais for three or four weeks
while working.
rp, , ^ ^°^- Inflamed Parotid Gland.
llu'se glands are situated on each side of the tl„.n..f
near the e.u- in tl,o ..n^- -f ih , "^' •""""'S f«-<)»n very
."ediu,„ sized hand. "'' J""' "''^ ^^''^ ^''^"'^ ^^e size of a
tt
326
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Causes-They become inflamed occasionally from cold settiin-r
tnem, orfrom injury. '- '"
^OW to know It-There will be considerable enlargement, and soren...
upon pressure ,n tl.ut region; hot, dry mouth; painFui ma tiea'i ^
more or less general fev(>r. ""•>"• .md
What to do.- Fiathe the ^- fh hot water and api.lv linseed puulti,.os
G.ven,ternallyfevermixt.,.e,No. 18, till the fever i; subdued nt
XIV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct.
CaU8e8.-S«metina..s from a tumor or mmp of hardened food in thp
region of the parotid duct ( in the cheek ■ , . ,. third mol' o
upper row of teeth), the opening oi the duct becomes ohstruct d
.nflamn.at.on sets ,n, and the duct often break, cut in a fresh spot AnH
on account of there being a constant flow of saliva, the openin. :;"
becomes fistulous. ~ "
How to know It.— A sore is fownd on the cheek, usually on the out .ido
but sometimes on the inside; but the inner one does little harm I'
the sal.va n not wasted. The saliva flow, continuously, but more f^ v
during mastu -ition. "
Whattodo.-CIip off the hair around the opening, and ren.ovo any
u-nt.„t or obstructioa on the inside ; see that the natuL opening i. ,1?
S.anfy he edges of the external opening to make a fresh wouL o t
hen apply he paste, Nc.. 19, to the opening, and let a cold linseed ,.o ,.
tioe go <.„ d.rectly over it. Dress it in this manner twice a day, 1 he
fistulous openmg will soon close if the natural pa. .age is kept oiU
XV. PiBtulous Withers.
Causes.— When the withers become bruised, swollen an' 'estered, and
BllGHT ENLAKGKMKNT WHICH MAY END
IN FISTULOUS WITHEKS.
FIST OVf ITHERS— WORST h ,,;e.
runnms sores foijuw, pipes are formed and constitute fistulous w.-rs.
{t/itscu^ of the horse doctor and cow leech).
BODY <,F THE HOK8E, 1T8 EXTERNAL ACCID
I "H AND DISEASES. 327
conveying the pus are wliite with thirk u-.n '"""'^er. The pipes
What to do. — The kiiiff must Im nanri #„^ i i .
W«se„„d„,«„the ,i„„«. right „„ f,,„„ top t„ l,„tt,l. If there
«.,,„ end, ,,, the uj^^i::^ ':<^tz':s^z^fz
,o,ril,ng badly the disc„,ed portions m„„ be removed ethcrwihb™
DZtr;;f:;tb":;i::L''T;:' "'1 " f ^ -"" "•«"-"- ^^
rrrttr^rer''"- ' °" "■^■" "-•' """■- ^ -'^^ "<>• '-t'o'::
XVI. PoU^vll.
,he™:,:Vr m'""' '"" "*°""^ '-" """- °' '"= "'* -- .-e top o,
Causes— It starts with a bruise from strikincr thp t,... «f *v, u o
against a ' .. ceilinjr, d..orway or roof of ^ ' *^' ^"^^
a car whe;. being shipped, rearing and
fallingbackwu, Is, etc. Suppuration sets
in; tlio pus aksor.t on the top, like
any other ah w ess, bm ,rro^ s down into
the bones at the san ime, differing in
this respect from ordinary scesses, so
that, within a ''ow days .-.fter bursting on
top, it hii Imrrowed down so as to reacli
the hones or the joint between them. In
old, loiijr-standing cases the disease some-
tinips causes the Ugamentum nuc/ite to
become so rotted and eaton away by the oniu-urnHn^
di8asrree.-ibb> o,Jo. .^^i *^ ,. .^ ""^^ '^ ' ''^' P"'' has a strouff.
^o. the ,.,e:i; wi,i'ha;:,^x:sror;i;.::; ""'"
i'LL-EVlL UUniNG THE Pllt
STAGE.
II coming
il
j;
.M\
if
328
TIIK AMKHJCAN KAUMKU'ti HTOCK HOOK.
POLL-EVIL IN ITS SE'JONU STAGE.
In tho course of u week or so, pipes form, and their wulU soi tl.i, k^,.
und thicker m they are aHowod to run.
Whatt0d0.-.\.s hi (he treatment of all fistulous sores, the ^i,u„,.
must 1.0 opened up and a free dependent <.penin<r ,„„de for the pus l, ;'
more difficult to do this in poll-evil than in almost any other ca.- ; |,'t
the sinuses usually run down intotlu
muscle of the neck more or k-svi.
Follow them and open them .m,
freely ; then, there being a free con-
nection between the top of \t„' ,„|.,.
and tho bottom of the sinux's, wusU
it out thorou^'hly and inject loti,,,,
N(». 5, twice a day. If it !« inti.cil
in its incipient stage, apply a linscod
poultice, hot and soft, till it is ivady
, .. -, ^ ♦♦» "Pt'» ; then open it and inject
lotion No. 5. twice a day; contim.e the poultice till the holes all fill u„
with fine, solid, healthy, granulations ; then apply lotion No. 7 tinv'
times a day. If the bones are affected so as to expose a caried snvHv
wash them off with warn, water and scrape the rough surface to cx„„s,;
the healthy bone; then dress it by applying loti<.ii No. 2«, twi,,.ad'.v
with a swab till the exposed surface of the bone granulates so as to f,;!
like velvet when touched with the finger; then .haiiire to lotion No 9-,
Alternate lotions No. 29 and No. 5, one week on and one week <.ff ' 'if
proud flesh spn ,gs up, keep it down with powd red bluestone.
XVII. Inflamed Jugular Vein.
Causes.— This disease is not so common as it used to be in the davs of
bleedmg Bleeding is rarely resorted to now-a-days ; hence the infro-
queney of this trouble, for it is always the ,,ossible Sequence «,f bleodi,,.
As the effect of this inflammation, tho vein is liable to become oi.litc afod
filled up and calouscd so as to remain S(,, the work of returning t !.,> I.lood
to the heart being done by the vein on tho other side «.f the neck
A horse with a jugular vein obliterated, cannot graze on account of the
rush of blood to the head, (.wing
to the les.sened capacity to nturn
the blood from tho head freely.
How to know It.— In the active
stage of iniiammationthe vein and
contiguous parts will be ,sw(.lleii,
sore and hot. In the later, chronic
INKI.AMKU JuouLAB VEIN. ^Uge, the veiii will be a hard, ine-
P<..it.onofMhor,ewi,hinflan„na,ionol.h.ju»ul.rv.i,.. l-i.tie ridge rUUniug doWl, from
the head to the body, above the windpipe.
«01>V OF THE UOmE, ITS EXTKKNAI, AfriDENTS ANI> DIHF.A8ER. 329
What to do -After hlreding, w.U.h the vein for „,.vorul hours If it
hU'cdH, and the bhuHl coaguhitoH. and the vein begin, to swell, huthe it
«.th warm water, and n.unipulute tin, clot to try and l.reak it down and
Hiiikeitimsson. Continue this till all danger of obliteration is past Once
the veni lias become obliterated, nothing can be done.
If the inflammation cont in., es and abscesses uro likely to form, apolv
ftblisitiof tmcture of cantharidos, after ^
having removed the pin. If sinuses form
and sacks of matter are found, open them
freely, and continue the hot fomentations
and |ioultices; syringe the sinusrs and
abscesses with lotion No, ."). When the
sinuses and wounds till up, if any flesn inplamei, jugular vein.
presents itself too prominently, dress it Appearance of the juguIar»einwh«.bMeMM
onee a day with burnt alum. " "'''
XVm. Saddle Oallg.
Cause8.-When a badly-titting saddle is ridden any length of time or
a. addle .s kep on a back unaccuston.ed to carrying one, U.e ba " get
hnn.ed, scalded w.th the sweat, <.hafed with the saddle, and the skin nib
off H. spots, leavn.g raw sores exposed. The same applies to the collar
breast plate or harness saddle. '
What to do.-Foment them with hot water with a little salt in it, three
or four tunes a day, w.pe dry and apply lotion No. 24, or the following!
^"- 3^- 1 Ounce vinegar,
J2 Oiuiee tannin,
1 Quart water,
Mix.
Sometimes the skin will becon.e dead, and continue to hold on fast to
ho flesh hke a scab ; th,s must be removed with the knife before it can
begmt.heal Make ,t a clean, fresh, active wound, and it wil Ihed
read.Iy w-h the above treatn.ent. It is absolutely necessary to remove
the e,.,use by e.ther leavn.g off the saddle, collar, etc., till it heals, or by
re,.,.HM^^^^ the same so as to give a., even bearing on the bLk or
XIX. Sit Pasts.
Causes -^Thesc are large, . alloused, tumor-like lumps on the back ms
a resalto saddle galls, or on the points of the shoulders, f om colla
galls, \\hon the an.mal is continued at the work that eauU the JIus
these calloused swellings make their appearance ^ '
What to do.-Any treatn.ent other than tho knife is of little use Thev
<a" be easdy dissected out by cutting arou..d them caref J ly a" d taktj
them out boddy; then treat the wound as u sin.pie wound. LepaH
'sLjm^^ammiif^.
*i
330
■
THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
pressure Off till it is thoroughly healed. A breast collar can ofton ,
used .u the place of the ordinary collar, while waiting for the w^:; 'l
XX. Surfeit.
Surfeitjs the term applied to the breaking out of pimples on the .ki-,
It 18 an effort of nature to throw off some of the impurities of tio 1 1 ^
due^plethora. When the body gets fat and the Zrri ^t ,r'
and kidneys often become inactive, and that throws an extra amoL';
work upon the sldn ; and surfeit is the effortof nature to get riS of Lf
fluous heat and effete matter. ^ " "u or super-
size for tender
aloes may be
passed back int
open with the h
with a bottle,
the ball. Aftei
the following m
"%)
A UORSE AFFLICTED WITH SDKFEIT.
Causes.— Too high living, with too little exercise.
^n^^*"" ''"?'' '*'~'^ '""»''' ''""^^'y '"••^"^« ^^'» be found on the «kiD
bometmies it comes out, suddenly, all over in little blotch tl U
may disappear in the course of a few days, or may scab over o "i; t!
the surface fever that usually accompanies it. Little or no diffe^
grc.it amount of itchmg, and sometimes none
is !!dl!of ^'^r^^T "'' r"'' ''^ "•' "^^^«*'"»' ^t« t'-^^tment i.dieated
.8 to deplete the system. The best way to do is to give a full .lose of
pZ 1:: ^t '^''"1 *'^ '^"'' '"' ^'^^ -"- Lrcise tI!: :
purgat.ve for he horse ,s from four to seven drachms of Barbado.^aloe,
ucco dmg to the size and age of the patient, and the time of y r Sk'
l:i'r;L^'ll"'^l^-"-;'''-VV-Bi.od horse. Larger dose' lu^yt
-..,..,...»5 .uauiu cue run. The dose must bo diminished i„
cnvpn in
D" ■
No local treat
cbe condition of
Causes. — Dro
peculiar conditio
a debilitated condi
of the kidneys, an
irre^'iilur teeth.
How to know it.
slieath; languor; ]
t^>fo()d; einaciatio
What to do. -rt
""ttiiiiig; therefoi
', I '''' :J
BOD. O. XHK HOKSE. XTS KXXEHKAL .CCXOKNTS AXU mSEASKS. 331
Size for tender years, even if the colt is as larc^e us he ever will b. Th
aloes may be ffiven in a l»r,i.,a +i • . '" "''• ^"e
passed back int^ l" throat itht T. ,""', ''"»" '' ^""•' «"=-' -"^
pen .dth the lef o^- iTn av ! ' "" > ' ^^"' ''"^^"'^ ^''« "^-"th
1 a bottle, jtd on b" .f I^astTf "'"'/" '' ''"'' ^' ^^"'™ ^^^r-
the ball. After the ba^l 1 a ' fintt ^ ^"'^ ^.-«»Plo of days after taking
.e following .ir:::i:;:^ti::^t^L^^^^ ^^^^---^-^ -
^°' ^" 2 Ounces nitrate of ootash,
2 Ounces rosin,
2 Ounces linseed meal,
Powder and mix.
No local treatment is needed Pvr-pnf f^ ,„ n ^.
Che condition of the skin wilUUow ' ^ '" ''' -cessary grooming
■XXI. Dropsy.
Causes.— Dropsy is rather tho rf>«iilf «# ^-
CROW-BAIT— EPFKCT OF DROPSY
Whattodo.— Itis of paramount iuinort-inro tr> r^m s
'^l
■--"^''^^^•nmiifii i-iiii iJL
332
THE- AMERICAN FAUMEIi's STOCK BOOK.
directly into the g«,„, ..^{^, . Ji.^ ^^^S^ :^;:1 T"^^
this ca.e, rasp or .aw it oif. If ti.e caune lief in ?de ili^tS r~~"'
fromsomeothordisea.se, tonics are indicated If ft' ?/'''"'''''*"
give the following powder • '"^""ifed- If the appetite is g,.o,,,
No. 34.
1 }4 Ounce pure sulpliate of iron,
1 Ounce iiitnito of potash,
2 Drachms foenugreek seed,
2 Ounces linseed inea],
Powder and mix.
Give a taWespoonful niyht and morning i„ soft feed If .t ■
,"«c,ent appetite t„ t„l.c n.edicine i„ the^feed, X^^ Z^^^ " «
•^°' ^- 1 Ounce tincture of iron.
1 Ounce tincture of gentian.
Water to make twelve ounces.
Mix.
i
Give one ounce (two tablespoonfuls) three Hmo« t
.fte with whatever he ,„ay fan'e,; aZtll 22 JZT "'°!''"*-
oats ho will eat eoin or apples carrot. ...iT , -von'd,.!
tinne the tonic, till all signs of dropTv 1 T "■'' '?"""'• '"■ <'»"•
else as s„„„ a, the stre^ oflhf Zl^ Z al:. ""' '"' ''""" ""-
XXn. Chordes.
This is u name applied to cramps of the muscles of th. r ,
- Of a rhen.atie nature, and i!:.no.t ™„,:oXH;:t,;::,!';::
we^"r>;:.Sr"'° °°'' ""•' ""■"•' "^ -'-p'"*^- -" <»",' r.
How to know it —If may be known liy awellin.r „f ,i,
""'■<=""l ■"'. K'ndernc,, on p,-e„ure LI, "if T'"''" "'""
side, and i. „iff, „ „„.t ,J h,n" „ t"" 1 '7;':,:.'"' ""T* ""«
the following powdetT:ifr r '.''ti;::.,^'^'"'^- «- « »'
No. 36.
1 Ounce colchictirn seed.
1 Ounce nitnue of poittsh.
2 Draciims foinugreek seed,
Mix.
Divide into twelve powders. Give Lrc.H.. ..v.„„.^
BODY OP THE HORSE, ITS EXTERXAr .,
J^AliBJsAL ACCIDENTS Ax^r. ■
iUtNTS AND DISEASES. 333
TT . XXril. iTemia.
iiernia or rupture is tho } ] ■
bowel. ..netimes i„ one pC^.:Zf ''' ''''' ''^' -"^-n the
he'inas uro na,„ed from their loci Is ' '" r''^''' ^i^^ different
the scrotum, and the bowels nasTlu ™*'^' ^''"'^''^ i« rupture ^!l
the .crotum ; this only oc^m't S^ ''""f '''^ ^"^-ni"al r " ^
into the groin through one o""T-. ^"»'"""J ^erniu is .i; ,2
when the ahdominal^aU« .rl r ^ l:^'""'?'' '''"'" ^-^-' 1-
the skin; this is most liable to I Cto " ' *'" ''""^''^ througl to
;«-U^-e through the opening L^r^r,"--- U.oilicarhe; I
f-t^il hfe. and which never has do "d^ ^''^ """''^^ ^'^^ <"rds during
Cau8es.-The last mentioned one i; f.n
arc fron. blows, kicks, g.-.at strains n iu„"' "■ "''""' ""'''''' ' ^'^ "thers
^«---iion,itisusua.,:::r;ri;r^^
scrotum ,s larger than it ought to be d LT '" '^^ ■^^^•"^"•" ^ tl>e
very serious results, such as colic strZ . '""'" ''^ "^*^^" "ttended by
of the bowels in that region, rZ£:^!:f:^Z "'..''^ ''''^ '"flannnalion
ound n, he groin or flank, an.l is n^, "-T' t^*^' '-Sol.nl hernia is
dfferen kmds of hernia are liable T f It-.Tt'' " '^' ^"•''*^'- ^H the
the scrotal. Sometimes the omentmn o, '""''?*'"" -« described for
he bowels together) only i. p o X ,1'' •^''" "-'"''r-- holding
hahle to a fatal termination unle s fe ' '' '' ""^ «^' '"^^ and no!
bowels to protrude too. *^'' "P^"'"^ ^nl'irges und allows "he
introclr!kl'v;7s^Ii^^^^ '^^^ P-hi'V^ it back; then
: --"d the skin, below tl^Zt o iL 'sV *''^ "'-'"•■-' -i w^
put on a compress and give the iTnf ' • 'T;'' ""'^^''"^^ ^'X'l't ; then
not s.K.essful there are ot^,er 1:,^ ' ""^^"'^^"''''^ P'-'^^sure. If a/f"
-vi"g up the opening in the Ibl 1 IT''^' T'] ^ ^P^''"-? ^'- «kin and
;ng salt and water unSer the sHn etc n T''^ '''^''' «"*«'-« ^ inje -
the veterinary surgeon. "' '*'• ^"* ^^^^^^ "" requi... the skHl of
Scrotal hernia is the hardpsf f^
■ f;-r pcrroet rest. If this fails hn «,iii" u ' ^"^ ''"''^ '^"''^ "» possible
^ "'"'"PS and .nelosing the extin '' '" ''^ ^"«*''-**«d by usi';
j^^S;;^ **">«- ^'•■•'(ssaaftii
Wltfii. ,M||||B»
334
THE AMF,RICAi\ I'AUMEU's STOCK BOOK.
XXTV. Warts.
HEAD COVERED WITH
WARTS.
lit!i!'^K""^"'*' "'' '"""' "'^""^' "-'»"-"-T tumors of v...
little v,tal,tj. I hey nmy come on any part of the l.ody, l.ut usuhi'v
come in the greatest numbers and most f.e(iu..n(|'"v
on th(> head. Tlioy are composed of tihinionts thu
are semi-fibrous, and are rooted in the skin. Soino
times they are tough and hard ; at other (i,„,.,"
they are soft, and l)leed easily. They are flat or
pedunculated.
What to do,— If they are pedunculated, clip
them off with a i)air of scissors, or tie tiicm .,ff
with 11 silk thread ; then, when done bh^edin- c,u
terize them with huiar caustic, or touch the.n\vith
a red-hot iron. The latter may be resorted to, t,>
stop the bleeding if necessary. If they arc fl.t
burn Jien. with mtric acid onee a day, till they are destroyed. Wlu i
well burned down, grease them ' once a day with fresh lard. It mw I,p
added that attempts at charming them off do not generally succeed.
XXV., Rat-Tail.
.u'^u' I'.vT ""^ ^^^ ^^''" •'^ ^^^ *^^'' ^'•«™ disease, destrovin.
the han- follicles, and leaving nothing to reproduce hair from • cLo
quent y it is incurable. It is called rat tail, from its resemblance to the
caudal extremity of a rat. Sometimes a rat tail is not so bad but thut it
will pass for a light tail, and sometimes there are only half a dozen hairs
nearly ruining the appearance of an otherwise good looking horse.
XXVI. Itchy Tail.
This is an itchy condition of the tail at its origin or dock
Causes— It is caused either by filth, surfeit, worms in the rectum
mange, or some other parasitic disease. * '
How to know it—The horse is continually rubbing his tail a..ain8t
posts, the fence, or anything he can reach, till he rubs off nearly all the
hair from the dock. "^
What to do— Wash it well with soap and water once a day, and satu-
rate t..e ha.r w,lh a strong lotion of salt each time. If that docs no\ cure
g.ve ,nje.t>ous of salt and water, and apply lotion No. 24, to Ihn tail
three ,mes a day. If that does not effect a cure, give the horse a purg-
mg ball. No. 23 ; and use lotion No. 32 on the tail.
BODY OF THK liOKSE, .T.S .XTEKNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 335
XXVII. Itchy Skin.
*™n"„™°''tb"t '-^ '"T" ;" '"""'"■ " » ■" """^ -■'<"«''" <" the
sKiij .111 over the body, which some-
times makes the horse almost frantic,
rubliing, scratching and biting himself
continually.
Causes.— It is one form of surfeit
when not due to mange or hen lice,
and is caused by a heated, surfeited
condition of the body, which mani-
fests itself in this manner.
What to do.— Give the horse a pur-
gative. No. 23, and when he has fin- ^ ^. ...„.««.
ished purging, give a tableaf.oonful of the following, in bran mashes mom
iiig and night. o » '" "' it" masnes mom-
No. 3'7. 4 Ounces Epsom salte,
2 Ounces nitrate of potash
4 Ounces lingped meal.
Mix. ,
Wash him all over with soap and water, and when dry, sponge him over
with vinegar. If practicable, give green food fo. a mo^th
Sjnrm. Melanosis.
This although a constitutional disease, is only seen to be recognized
rth'if i^t:;: ''- '''''-' ^^ ''- '-'y^ ^^-«^- ^* -"^ ^e desS
SHOWING SIGNS OF PRURIGO.
PREDISPOSKU TO. MELANOSIS.
Color and cl*.. ofhor.ee usually affected with melancU.
'■•<W*V: .i^,«,
aagfeis
886
THE AMERICAN FAUMEB's STOCK BOOK.
skin that It IS found during life in the horse ; usually around the tail
Pus cavities and abscesses are apt to foi-m around them. One fully six
inches dcoi), and located under the tail was seen by the author lately.
They seenx to be confined to white horses ; even grays are not affliitod
with them.
-The cause lies in the blood— in the form of a predisi)f)siti„„
Causes,
to cancer.
MELANOSIS.
Dock of a horse afflicted
with melanosis, showingf
loss of hair as an effect oi
the disease.
No. 38.
How to know it.— Black tumors form under the
skin but show through quite distinctly; tliey
are usually flat and irregularly round, about half
an inch or an inch thick, sometimes not larger ihun
hickory nuts, and sometimes they are seen the size
of a man's hand. Nasty, disagreeable sores often
form around them.
Whattodo.— When they first make thoir appear-
ance, tlu'y can be cut out with perfect safety. If
sores form, olean them out, scarify the surfaces aiiO
dress them with lotion No. 5, three times !i du/.
Give internally the following mixture : "*
2 Ounces potassium iodide,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
Give two tablespoonfuls morning and night, in a bran mash. Continue
this for about three weeks ; then omit two weeks and repeat.
XXIX. Hide Bound.
Causes.— Hide bound is the effect— not the disease itself— of some
derangement in the system, that interferes with the general health! and
gives rise to a generally unthrifty condition. It may be due to indi-estioii,
diseased teeth, exposure to cold, and starvation. Abuse is a e()iiiiiion
cause ; no hoi-se can thrive and look handsome that is pounded, jammed
and banged around.
How to know It.— The akin is as tight on the body as a glove on the
hand, and the hair all stares the wrong way. A thin conditfon i,s usually
an accompaniment of hide bound. The hair is dry, and skin dirtv— full
of dandruff.
What to do.— Remove the cause— if exposed to cold storms, shelter
him. Examine the teeth, and if the edges of the molars are sharp, rasp
them off with a rasp for the purpose. If starvation be the caus<>, feed
better, and the skin will begin to loosen as soon as the horse begins to
thrive, and will l)ccome oilv suid sfift ^f ft.o mn..,.«-^ u.,« „ ^f^-.. " . . n
give him a purgative, No. 23, and a teaspoonful of saleratus in soft feed,
once a day, for a while. Give regular exercise.
BODY OB' THE HOR8E, ITS EXTEHNAL ACCIDEXTS AND DISEASES.
337
XXX. Eczema.
This is the name applied to a scabby, pimply condition of the skin
CaU8e8.-Hcat, either fn.m the sun, or fever in the skin from ..et'tin-
we and the sun coming out hot and scalding the back, or getting we°t
aiH rcmannng so a long time in the fall, this chills the skin, aifd the fever
IS the reaction and eczema is the result.
How to know rt.-The skin is covered over the neck, back and hips
and .ometnnes over the belly and sides, with scabs usually about the'
size of your httle hnger nail, and as thick as they can stand, givin-^ a
rough, punply appearance and feel to the skin. It seems to cause'no
mcwemonce, not affecting the health at all, nor even to cause itching.
What to do -Treatment is unnecessary, for as soon as the horse ts
she! ered from the sun in summer and otorms in the fall, the scabs will
gradually come off. Grooming will assist in removing them. Wher
they are removed the hair has a rough, dirty appearance^for a few days.'
but will soon regain its smoothness and luster.
A PHOLinn CAUSE of hide-bound in horskm.
:«s*Si"*«**»**
'•"•••"•*'**^^^^finrTi
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
I. TUMOB IV THE FALSE NOSTKIL H. POLYPUS. III. CATARRH t^
GLEET V. LARYNGITIS, ROARING AND WHISTLING —VI '^JI* ""''^^
BRONCHITIS. Vm. PNEUMONIA IX. HEAVES.— -X TONOESTrOK ■;:r''"-
LU»G8.— XI. PLEUBISy X„. HYDROTHOKAX— xm. CHKOmL^COUGu'"'
DIAGRAM SHOWING RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN THE HEAD OF A HORSE.
guttural pouche.. or large membranous and on.n.1."" """%-„ _'.J. 5"';"^'* "' the larynx (». 6.-T&
-The
I. Tumor in the Palse Nostril.
The false nostril is the small pouch or cul de sac on the outer side of
the lower edge of each nostril. Tumors are liable to form in those, and
partake more of the nature of abscesses.' in
that they are filled with pus of a cheesy
consistency, but are tumors in that they
form slowly and do not point and break like m.
abscess. They are usually about the size of a
hen's egg ; they are not sore, i)ut cause more or
less wheezing in the breathing on account of
the diminished capacity of the air passage
How to know It.— A small swelling "win he
apparent on tiie outside, but the main depend-
ence is to l>e ph.ced upon the exammalion of
, ^ ^ , ^^^ »"»<^'''>' when it will be found to bo nearly
FACE OP HORSE.
Showrag appearan
wbea there is a
fitoaamtrU.
- of muzzle
umur in the
FOBOBPS.
storms, cold nil
DISEASES OF THE KE8PIRATOUY OKGAN8.
;^;{9
Han gini;
from the
upper part
oi the nos<
What to do.— It can be opened without the slightest danger. Insert
the knife lusido the nostril and make a free opening and evacuate the
pus. Inject lotioQ No. 6, twice a day. It is not likely to recur,
n. Pqi^^us.
This is a tumor-like excrescence growing in the nostril. It may form
in any part of the passage from the muzzle to the throat. It is usually
a fleshy bulb, on a pedestal or neck. It varies
Xin size from a cherry to a man's fist.
How to know It.— The breathing is obstruct-
ed, to a certain extent, and, upon examination,
the polypus is found.
What to do. — Cast the horse, and catcb
firm hold of it with the forceps for the pur-
pose, then pass the chain of an ecraseur ovei
POEOEPS. it, and cut it out close to the surface from polypds.
''''ulfo'r''ISS'.vl/^'^" ^^^^^ '*' gi'ows. A fine copper wire may be
used, if the ecraseur cannot be had ; pass the
wire over the polypus and twist it off . There will not be hemor- trii.
rhage to do any harm. The polypus may grow again, but it is
not very likely to.
m. Catarrh.
Under this name are included acute catarrh and the common cold
when it is confined to the nose. It is simple in itself, but all inflamma-
tions of the upper air-passages are liable to run
down into the lungs and cause bronchitis and
pneumonia, which are always serious. Catarrh is
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nos-
trils, and often extends to the sinuses of the h^ad,
especially the frontal sinuses situated between the
eyes.
Causes.— Exposure to cold winds, rain and snow
storms, cold nights, etc.
How to know it.— There is always a discharge
from one or both nostrils. The discharge is thin
watery mucous at first, and turns to mueo-puru-
lent in the course of a couple of days ; and then
to purulent, if not properly treated. The muco-
purulent is white and frothy : tho purulejjt is yelhW
A HOKSE'S HKAI) WITH
COLU. •
111
it
and h;i.-r ;Ui offensive
li'STTtni in
840
odor,
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOfK BOOK.
I|^ases, there is co.Ksi.l.rablo fover. lo«. of app.tiU-, .„,.
roUi.ess of the eje«. If n.-glct ..,). „„i
iiuturois iiwt vigorous enough to tlmnv
it ofF, it bccomos dironic, uiid k kiirv,,
MS nasal -leet. Sonictimos t'io h
pliatio ghuid, under the lower juw/eu-
larges.
What to do.--Removo the cause • if
exposed to cold storms, slielter tlio ,i„i.
^ „ . '"'^'' put on a iilanket if necessiiv f i
on soft f«.d, giv. a tBa«p„„„f„l „f ,„ltp„,„. i„ „ ,,ra„ m'tiZk,
mo,,„„g^ ,f that doe, not port,,™, ,h„ „„,* satisfac" * , ^ T'
No. 18. In all bad ca«!8, give rest till the horse is Letter If ,1 ' ,
took ,s prolonged l„ a week or more, during convalesenee, give th „, fc
folio:;;;,:' r'tr-"" "^ "°*"' --'• '"" "■■ *- «°- •*'>•■ *°«.x
LYMI'HATIC OLAND OK THHOAT
SWOLLEN.
I— The enlarsed lymphatic within the jaw.
No. 39.
NOSE HA<;.
For steiminv horse with cold.
2 Drachin.<( carbolic acid,
1 Pint of water,
Mix.
Ai)ply the blister No. 41 to the throat, lettin- it
go well up towards the ears. If the skin is m
mildly blistered with one applicntion, repeat it after
tn «l,ry-four hours ; then grease it once a day wiiJi
fr..r, lard. When the discharge does not come
iv* ,.»', It can be helped by steaming the head in i
•>«!> of hot bran.
IV. Nasal Qleet.
This is the name
given to chronic ca-
tarrh, and is always
complicated by exten-
sion of the disease to
4^1,„ . - ,. A HOUSE WITH THE TUKO.AT
the sinuses of the blistered.
head, often causing the bone over the one affected to bul^e out, as if
swollen. ^
Causes —Neglected or obstinate catarrh, that will not yield to treat-
ment witli an ordinary amount of perseverance, are the only cau^o.. Tho
sinuses of the head are all in communication with eacli other by tubes
and pas,sages. When inflammation extends to them, tl.t, swellincr of tl,„
mucous membrane closes these passages, and confines the pu^ with .suffi-
What to do.-
DISEASES or THE KE8PIKATORV ORGANS
341
nt
age
cient forro to cause the l.on, „ l.uljre out, hut there will 1„.
flow of puHfro.n the nostril, utReient '-inir forced throu-h fl
by (lie pressun- to kcej) up i l,e disihurgc '^
How to know lt.-The g, ,.eral health i. not in the least aiieeted
except, I>crh,.ps, n. long standi,,, eases. Then, in a continual Ho. of th cfc
offeM.s,ve, j.uovvish nmt.er that w,ll nsuai.y sink in water. One nostril
usually runs more than the other, and oftentimes the ehron.e IrouMe is
cntuvly eonfined to one Me. The faee between the eyes will ho found
tolu; ull. g.vn.g a dull, solid sound when tapped on each side of the
medau. hue runn. , d,.wu the eentre of the faee. In lonsr standing, bad
cases the bone ot tl.e faee, referred to above, will be bulged , .t and
great paui evinced when tapped.
Pus is, naturally, the blandest secretion of the body ; ..in., con
fined, It corrui,ts, and then smells abominably. The facia .s formed
in nasal gleet open to the nostrils on either side by two .nparativelv
s.all Haps shts or valves. These are their only nieans of con.n.u ct
tion with the external atmosphere ; and through these valves all the ,,us
T T:-u i' " ""' «">T>ri8ing that such structures occasionally become
clogged, t.l the accumu .ed s.-cretion, or the in.-reased breathing, or the
1 isition of the bead, ol)lige8 the passage^ to give waj.
What to do.-If the sinus is full, there is no cure for it without the
operation of trc>phn,ing to remove u portion of the bone, to evacuate the
sums, and give local treatment ; but if there is no bulcrincr
of the bone, it may be cured by syringing out the nostrS
with warm water to clean it, then injecting a little of lotion
No. 39 with a long-nozzled syringe, using considerable force
to cause a spray when it strikes the back of the nose
Repeat this, morning and night, for a month or so, and
give internally. No. 34. The operation of trephining the
fi-nti.! sinus, will be found described in the chapter on
operations.
All (leatment, except the operation, may be continued
and the horse kept at his work, unless he is laid up on p
acmmt of the appearance of the nostril, as it looks very nasal oleet.
bad to drive a horse with a chronic dischar<re from the """'= effected
nose. " *•""! IXie with nasal ^leet
V. Laryngitis, Roaring and Whistling.
This is what is ordinarily known as sore throat. The inflammation
!:^::*'':r:::^«^^^'^;^7'r^'-^-^'--^iia.i"ousboxinti:r:r
and bulgin^r of
• the trontal sinus.
^"™*««»«o«>»iill»,j
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
1.0
I.I
rr 13.6
1 2.0
1.8
1.6
M APPLIED IfvHGE Inc
^l 1653 Eosl Main SlrMl
r-2 Rochester, New York 14609 USA
J= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
= (716) 288- 5989 -Fox
342
TIIK AMERICAX FAU.MKU"S STOCK HOOK.
EFFECT OF LARYNGITIS.
A horse trying to drink, the water returning by
the nose.
Causes. — Exposure to cold winds iiiid stoi'iiis, stiuidiiii;- in draffs \vh(>n
warm, ncgloot when t'oniiiig in when warm from work, and oxttuisioii of
catarrh from the nose. Thecauvcof
roaring is ehronie inHammatiou of
the mucous menihrane lining tiic hu--
ynx, diminishing the air passaire so
that when he is unable to get sufS.
cieiit air, and forcing it through the
small i)assage, makes the noise.
How to know it.— The throat is
usually swollen on the outside, but
sometimes only on the inside, and is
tender uiion pressure ; the nose is
protruded ; he has great difficulty in
swallowing, and often, when drinkiui;,
the water will comeback through the
nose nearly as fast as it goes into the
mouth, and what is swallowed is forced down with an effort. Theio is
usually a short, painful, subdued cough, dry at first, but getting more
moist after a couple of days.
What to do.— Clothe warmly ; shelter from cold storms and drafts ;
rub mustard paste well into the throat on each side, \vell up towards the
ears ; feed on soft mashes, boiled oats, etc., and set a pail of water in the
manger for him to play in to cool the throat and mouth. Give internally
fever mixture No. 4, every two hours till the fever is reduced and the i)ul.se
lowered ; then drop off to three or four times a day. If the swelliii<r in
the throat does not yield to the above treatment, apply a soft, hot linseed
poultice to it, and change it once a day for a fresh one; The loss of
appetite, or rather inability to eat, will soon disappear and recovery will
be rapid.
In case of roaring, apply a smart blister of cantharides. No. f), to the
throat, and after three weeks repeat it. Inject a tablespoonful of the
mixture No. .35, three times a da;» well back into the throat, and let the
horse run at gi-ass or feed on very soft food.
Bad, long standing cases of roaring are incurable. Whistling is similar
to roaring, except in the noise produced ; it is subject to the same causes
and treatment.
Ro.'iring and whistling are sometimes, but very rarely, the effect of
paralysis of the nerves of the larynx, letting one or more of thecartila<j;es
drop into the box to a certain extent, and therel)y diminishing the caliber
of the air passage. Sometimes a small portion of the cartilage doing the
damage can be removed, Imt it ref|uires the skill of a (lualified vetcii-
nary surgeon.
DISEASES OV THE UESl'IUAn >I!Y OKGAXS.
343
VI. Quinsy.
Causes.— Sometimes tUe infliimraatioii in the throat in laryngitis is so
ffi-eat :in(l deep seated that abscesses form i>ithe throat, producing quinsy.
It is caused by the same agmits as laryngitis, and is always more pro-
lonir<'d ill duration tliuii simple sore throat.
How to know it.— It may start with all the symptoms of laryngitis
but will not yield to treatment at first. The throat gets sorer and sorer
from day to day, till suddenly the abscess bursts, and a tremendous
flow of pus comes from the nostril, and the animal will be relieved at
once. Quinsy lasts from one to flhree or four weeks, and is very apt to
he followed by roaring or whistling.
What to do.— Apply the same treatment as prescribed for laryngitis.
Continue the linseed poultices right through; apply them so as to cover
the tliroat nearly to the ears, and keep them quite soft.
VII. Bronchitis.
The bronchial tubes are the two branches of the trachea or wind pipe ;
they lead to the lungs. Inflammation of these branches, and also of the
lining of the tubes as they ramify through the lungs, is known as bron-
chitis.
A Fir SUUJIiCT FOK FOlNDKIl OK UKONCHITIS.
9
Causes.— The same exposures that cause catarrh and sore throat are
prolilic! iiLivnts in producing this disease. And there is a very i^reat t<!n-
dencyiii (he liorse to inilammations of tlio upi)cr air passages ^'hich run
down upon the lungs, so much so that many cases of catarrh and laryngi-
tis terminate in bronchitis and pneumonia.
■ Wi II I , ~
-M.»*(IUa '»,
344
TIIR AMKKKAX IWIi.MEIi'.s STOCK liOOK.
How to know it. -It is ahvavs ushered in nitli a shiverin- Ht, |„„ ,„
ht .s sold,„n soon, and if soou is thought nothing of hy most pooph. •
dull passes off and the roaetion h.ings fever; the pulse runi up i;,":
;;: ^^!?: '^r'l: ^" • '-f . "--^^-» ^ ten„e,atu,-e soon runs up to lu'o
n 10,,^ K; the breathing is hurried and the nostrils are dist.„,i;.,i
If pressure ,s applied to the ehest just above the breast bone, pain w H -
evnu-odandacough provoked, which is soft, deep and subdued .n-o.lT
bcn.g manifested while coughing ; the horse is loth to move Tf j,.'!
.s placed to the nostril a grunt will be heard with each breath- „„
ho ear IS placed in front of the cheat a thick, unnatural soun.l' wi
honrd; heears and legs are usually cold; the appetite is indiffer ,
All of these symptoms will be noticed in the course of ten or (mo ,
hours. In the next twenty-four hours the pulso may run up to 7.. ,
the temperature to 104 o or 105 = ; the pulse will be soft and full '■
cough will increase and the thick, heavy sound when the ear is applied
A rAINKM, COlGIl OK BUONCUITIS,
the breast Will have run into a harsh, grating soun.l ; ti, .se persist-
ently stands ; drmks considerable water, and the appetite ,.11 be^c.s^t
UH,st cases ; the motith will l,e hot to the finger placed under .ae tongue;
the breath IS ho as it comes from the nostrils, a.u the urine is s.^J
and high colored. The horse may die from continuation of the inllui
M.ation and extension of it to the lungs proj.er, or may drown in the
HHu-us that ,s secreted in the passages forming the next stage foliowi,,.
the d.y one ; in this last a rattling bubbling sou.Id is heard when tiu- oar
.s uiipl.ed to the ehest above the breast bo.ie, by the air rushing through
the mucus. . '^ o
Convalescence will bone ,.* +i
f xy c .i ' ' ■" ot the mucous ratte;
falhngof the pu so and tei. . •■ M, i> ^-i. ,
,, ,. / .OKI u,i. . , .u, ,, , heappetite; andagen-
orally.reliovod anpoar.uKM': .'.='■ . . ,1- \. • ,, *,
-. i! .1 , • ;. »<^« rest quietly, and the
frequonov of the l)reath 11"- » ."
What to do.
DISEASES OF THE UESl'lHATOUY ORGANS.
345
What to do.— If scH'ii duriiiii' the chill, give two ounces of whiskey in
alitlie water iimi follow it with ^'(). 4, for the next twelve hours ; then,
if lutler, continue the siune at longer intervals, hut if worse, change it to
the following :
No. 40. 1 y^ Ounce sweet spirits of nitre,
1 Driicliiii tincture of aconito root,
2 DnicliuKs lliiid extnicl licUadouaa,
1 Ounce tincture of j!;t'"'i;in,
1 Ounce powdered saltpetre,
1 Ounce jjowdered sal ammonia',
Water to make one pint,
Mix.
Give a vnne-glassful every two nours till the horse is better, then drop
off to three or fouji- times a day. Set a bucket of water in his manf^er
Give scalded oats to eat ; if Jie won't eat them try him with other things
A HOUSE UKESSED FOK BIIONCHITIS.
—a couple of ears of corn three or four times a diiy, carrots, apples,
good hay, etc. Rub a little of the following liniment well into the sides
over the l^n"•^^ and on the chest once a day till it is well blistered :
No. 41. 2 Ounces liquor annnonia,
2 OuiK es s|)irlts turpentine,
2 Ounces linseed oil.
Mix and shake.
When the blistering has been carried far enough, rub a little fresh lard
well into the hair once a day to hxko. out the sctibs without pulling
out the hiiir. If the skin (iomes off anywhere from the blister, apply
No. 24 to the spot three times ti day.
Give plenty of pure air to br(>at.he, but avoid drafts and dampness-,
sec that the drainage is good. Remove him from the otherhorses if pos-
346
Till': AMKUIC.W I MtMKlfs STOCK liOOK.
sihle, on account of the vitiated air lie would have to l.reathe in iIk. ,
bio with them. '■
When convalcsceneo is well establisiied, and there is much wod-n,
chano:«> the medicine to No. 18, l,ut do not -ive it as often as everv ,'''
houi-s, unless there is still a good deal of fever ; three times a day is'nft' '
enough in most cases. '
When the fever is all gone, change the medicine to No. ;55 if ,1
appetite is poor, but if it is good, give No. 34 in the feed. Giv,' o,,„h"
exercise when well enough to bear it. The horse should oe w(.|i ,.lo,i,,,i
and the legs bandaged. Bring him back to his feed and work -nuJuiih '
W h.le wearing the bandages they should bc> removed morning and ni'..i; '
and the legs well rubbed and the bandages replaced.
VIII. Pneumonia.
This is inflammation of the lung tissue ; oftentimes the right lun- only
18 affected Pneumonia is rather rare, at least it is far less com,„„i,
than bronchitis, and sometimes the two diseases are combined in the form
of broncho-pneumonia. '
=«fex
A CASE OF CONGESTION.
Causes.— The same as for other acute affections of the air passu-es
Howtoknowit.-The first stage is the shivering fit and san-mincous
congestion, an which there is a rush of blood to the lungs ; high fever
follows the chdl, the pulse runs up to sixty to eighty, and is s^.ft and
weak ; the temperature is likely to run up to 105 « to 107 o Fahr The
breath is hot, and breathing labored and fast-respirations runnin-r up to
twenty-five to thirty-five pc-r minute ; the ear being applied to thc".siL,
the gratmg sound indicative of inflammation is heard ; there is no cou^h ;
ear8 and legs are cold ; the body heat is great, and the urine scanty and
high colored.
THE I'OSITIOl
DISEASES OK THE UESl'IUATORY OIUJANS.
;?47
The second stage is tlial of hepatization, in which the lungs hecome
solid, like liver; no sound is heard at allhythe ear when j'pplied to the side,
and, when tapped, it sounds solid likea barrel when full of water — the natu-
IIORSE WITU PNEUMONIA.
The appearance of a horse in the early stage of pneumonia,
ral sound when tapped ])eing resonant, like a drum . The lower part of the
lung l)eing usually most affected, the breathing is flo :ted upward, as it
wore, and becomes shallow ; the breath becomes cold in consequence ; the
nostrils flap, and the horse thrusts his noso through the windows or doors
of the stable in search of more air ; the flanks heave ; the ribs are worked
violently in and out ; the legs spread to stand in a braced position ; the
strength becomes exhausted, and the system suffocates for want of oxy-
gen, and the animal usually dies in this stage.
THE POSITION ASSUMED BY THE HOUSE DURING AN ATTACK OF PNEUMONIA.
If he lives through this stage, the third stage begins — that of absorp-
tion ; in favorable cases this goes on to so great an extent that recovery
is ('(unplcte, Unfavonsblo ca^es fail t(> abs{>j-l> the Uvor-lijio condition of
the lung, and suppuration sets in ; the whole diseased portion may turn to
MHHM
ti
348
THE AMKKK-AX rAI^MEI^'s .STOCK HOOK.
pus, i,ud bo thrown up tlirough the nose, where it has a rrayish himn
appearance. This is the fciirth sta-e, and is always fatal ; the di.Hi.!
IS extreiiu>ly offensive, attracting hosts of flies, and rendorino- a ulu^'
stable untit for other horses to I'cniain in. " '
In this, as in bronchitis, the horse never lies down till he is veiv „„ i
better, or nearly well. ' • ''
What to do.— The same treatment proscribed for bronchitis will m„|v
to this, and, in addition, during recovery, if weakness is great, .rjv,' ',,,i,
ale in pnit drenches three times a day. If there is no appetite! put t'lu
ale in with oatmeal gruel, and give them as a drench together ' Cloth
him ^^•armly, and give plenty of fresh air to breatlie, l)ut°avoid a drtft
It js ^^ good plan, when feasible, to isolate him from all other horses.
IX. Heaves.
The lungs are made up of an innumerable quantity of small air cells
and the lung tissue is capable, to a great e.Ktent, of expelling the air from
It, and drawing more in by virtue of the elasticity and c")ntra,.filitv it
possesses. Sometimes many of these cells ))ecome ruptur(«d into one lu-.ro
cell, which destroys the contractility of that portion of the l^n.^ i„ whjel,
case the diaphragm, ribs and abdominal muscles are brou-ht into use to
expel the air, giving rise to the second spasmodic, twitcliing effort -em
in tlie flanks. This condition constitutes heaves, also known as hrokdi
wind.
Causes— The most common cause is driving too fast, and keepin<v it up
too long when the horse is not in condition— either having his stoniadi too
full and not iriving the lungs room, or the lungs themselves ar<> woik
from vei-y light work, or entire disuse. Horses fed entirely on dusty
Timothy hay, are more subject to it than those fed on prairie hav A
horse is more likely to got the heaves when driven fast against tlic wiiul
than with it ; the lungs get very full of air, immensely distended bv the
extra amount taken in, and if kept at that kind of work any lencth of
time, the lung tissue gives way, and a rupture is the consquonce.
How to know it.— Instead of the regular, easy breathing noticcMl in the
flanks, there is a second effort, made by the jerking of tho^niusclcs of the
flank. When the ear : ? placed against the side over the lung, a whistiin.',
wiieezing sound is usually heard. When once begun it is very apt to
increase, and often renders the horse useless.
What to do.— It is incural)le, but it can bo alleviated by careful feed-
ing, giving as condensed food as possible, with a view of gottinir th.
greatest amount of nourishment in the smallest compass. Wet'"evervthii)^'
■ - —
DISKASKS OK IIJK KESI'IKATOliY OKOAN8.
34 y
he oats, to lily the dusl. (iiv<! (li<. f„I
feeti :
lc)\viii;r niixtiiro twice u day in soft
No. A-2.
2 Oiinecs i)ow(li'it.(l l(,l».lia swtl.
2 Ounces linseed meal,
Mix.
Divide into eight doses ; give one night and morning. Wlieu <hev are
gone, wait a we.^k and repeat it. Avoid giving too mueh, as it ia apt to
weaken the kidneys. Always drive a horse slowly
that has the heaves.
X. Congestion of the Lungs.
Congestion, is always a precursor of inflaninia-
tioii of the lungs, but it sometimes comes on in
8ii(ii II way, ;is to need sepaiiite consideration.
The pathology of it is turgesccnce of the lung
tissue by stagnation of the capillaiy blood vessels
and arterioles. Under favorable circumstances it
improves, and total recovery is the result, but in For heaTo, IZYZd wuh
bad rases it is very a])! to run on to inflammation 6m"ii breathin"!.^""™'" ""«
of the lung tissue, and a case of pneumonia is the result.
Causes.— Overexertion when not in condition to take it : the system is
fat ; the blood is rich and fat ; the lung tissue is weak from want of use
during longer or shorter periods of idleness. When in this condition, the
horse is taken out, perhaps, once a week, and the driver thinks because he
has had so long a rest, he ou^ht to be able to go faster than if he were
out every day, and sends him through to beat the crowd. Congestion of
the lungs is quite frequently the result. This is oftener seen in the old
country among the hunters, but is not infrequent in this country among
the gentlemen's road horses. From the contraction of the mu-ular
tissue, the blood is thrown inwardly to the lungs, liver and spleei. >^e
hmg tissue becomes fatigued, and the small blood vessels surcharged with
blood to such an extent as to interfere with the circulation.
.How to know it.— The horse suddenly stops, all out of breath- nos-
trils distended ; the countenance has a look of anxiety upon it • he 'looks
|.iouna as if m search for more air ; paws the ground in his endeavor to
breiitl.o, and acts generally as though suffocation were near.
What to do.-Let him stop ; turn his head towards the wind ; loosen
all harness that interferes with the free expansion of the chest and pass-
age of air to the chest ; let down the check rein ; loosen the throat lash •
remove the collar or breast plate and girth ; and a small stab of the knife
■n the roof of the mouth to draw a little blood may assist in restoring the
circulation. As soon as he is sufficiently recovered, take him home quietly
850
THE AMERICAN I'ABMEB 8 STOCK BOOK.
and place him in a conifortahle loose I)Ox ; give liim a sponge bath wiih
alcohol and plenty of friction from head to foot : also cold water to dri'ik
in small quantities, and give recipe No. 30, in a little water, till iju;
breathing and circulation are normal. If it does not yield to this licut-
ment, and pneumonia is inevitable, adopt (he treatment prescribed for
that without delay, and apply it vigorously. Approaching pneuninni.i will
be noticed by a rise in temperature. If the temperature goes above lOl ^
Fahr. and the breathing continues labored, look out for pneumonia.
Prevention. — Feed a horse according to his work. If he is doinir
daily hard work there is very little danger of overfeeding, liut iftlio
work is light and little of it, feed sparingly on heavy grain. Give Jailv
regular exercise. There is very much less danger of derangements if the
horso goes out every day than if he only gf)es out once or twiro u
week, and he is able to do ten times the work from the fact that he is in
a strong, vigorous condition — muscular without being fat.
XI. Pleurisy.
The lining of the chest and coverings of the lungs are serous mem-
branes that secrete a serous, slippery moisture that prevents friction i.y
rubbing of the lungs against the ribs — called the pleura. Inflanniiiition
of these serous membranes is known as pleurisy. It is attended with
great pain, and is often followed by hydrothorax or tilling of (lie chest
•with water, which is generally fatal. Pleurisy may exist alone or with
pneumonia ; then it is called pleuro-pneumonia.
Causes. — Any sudden exposure to cold rains ; drafts in the stahlc,
especially if the horse comes in warm. It would be very prevalent if tiie
inflammation in these parts did not go to the feet by metastasis as often
as it does. See founder or laminitis.
How to know it. — The horse has a chill, followed by high fever;
great pain in the chest, shown by colicky pains ; nose turned around towards
the chest f reijuently ; ears and legs are cold ; breathing hui-ricu ; pulse
quick, from 50 to 75 per minute ; temperature raised three or four de-
gress ; elbows turned out, and a line along the lower edges of the rilis
denoting a fixed position of them to prevent friction in the chest ; loss of
appetite ; great pain evinced upon pressure with the lingers between the
ribs; a grating sound heard by the oar applied to the sides, made hytiie
rubbing of the parts internally, which are rendered dry by the inflam-
mation.
If recovery takes place, it is usually within four days; but if it con-
tinues longer than that, effusion takes place, and the chest begins to fill
with water, floating the lungs up and forming hydrothorax. If the chest
does not till more than one-third, it will usually absorb, and he will re-
cover; but.if the chest fills more than one-third full, it is usually futal.
What to do.
Showing the distensio
DISEASES OK TIIK UllSPIKATOUV OKOANS. 861
What to do.— If -si'di durincrtlR. tliill, put on blankets ; shelter from the
cold uir, and give half a teacup of whiskey in a little water, and follow
it with rrreii)e No. 40, giving a dose every two hours till he is Letter •
set a pad of water before him, and feed lightly. Kul, the liniment Xo'
41, well in to the sides, and, after six hours, repeat it. Wheii the
fever m broken, ehange the prescription to No. 18. When convalesence
ie well established, give receipe No. 22.
XII. Hydrothorax.
Causes.— This is a filling of the chest with water, following pleurisy
How to know it— The horse has been endnring great pain all throucrfa
thf3 attack of active inttamnrnt'on, but as soon as ctfusion I.e-Hns -ind
the chest begins to fill with water, the pain is relieved ; he I,ri.ditens' up
.oinmences to eat, and is more comfortable, till the water float^Ithe lunorg
up and interferes with the l,reathing. Then the countenance becomes
haggard and anxious ; breathing short and fast ; breath cold, from shal
low, bronchial respiration ; the extremeties are cold ; pulse very high
from m to 150 per minute ; tapping on the sides will produce tha Bolid
HORSE WlXn r-VDROTHORAX.
Showing the distension of the nostril., heaving ,,, ae flank, and drop.icl .welling .round the ches.;
sound of a l,arrel full of water; the ear placed to the side will fail to
detect the customary respiratory murmur; there will be liftin- of the
\oms and eleyation of the back at. each effort at inspirati<,n, that is, draw-
ing breath ui; the ribs bulge outward; dropsical swellings appear under
h chest and belly ; the head is extended ; there is flapi^ing of the nos-
nls; regurgitation of the blood in the veins ; splashing of the water is
Z? '" , "^r\ '' '■'"''''' '''^^ ^'''''' ' ^^'' 1'"'-^ -^^'t^ «'»«11«- and
ml or; breath shorter and shorter, till he drops suffocated, as com-
'lotol y drowned as though he were pitched into the lake. .
; m
1)1
862
THE AMKRK AN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Favomltle symntonis arc lossming of tlio effusion in the chest ; im.
provcim'Utin tliL" l)i(.athiii«raii(l pulse; return of healthy appetite.' ctf"
But recovery in »h>\v, and complete recovery is seldom realized, fur tho
lung is apt to grow fast to the ril)s, and stitches in the side attack him
during acti\e exercise.
What to do.— I*ut him in a comfortable }>lace, dry, warm, and well-
ventilated, hut no drafts. Clothe warmly, and bandage the legs! If ti,i
sides have not Ixen well blistered with receipe No. 41, apply" it ,„„„e.
diately, and repeat it every six hours, till the sides are well-l)listere(i. and
give No. 18 internally, every two hours, very persistently; if he eats
nothing, drencii him with oaf-meal gruel. If the chest continues to fill
it may be tapped, the operation being called pa raven UMs thoracis, direc-
tions for which may be fr)und in the chapter on operations.
XIII. Chronic Cough.
Causes.— When thcinflaninuition of the mucous ■'membrane of eitherthe
larynx or bronchial tubes l)eeomes chronic, the iiritability of it remains
and the smallest thing will produce a cough, and sometinu'sa fit of couch-
ing that may last several minutes. Dust in the hay or oats, or breathed
in while on the road, sudden gusts of air, pressure of the collar or throat
lash, or pinching of the throat with the hand will e.xcite the cough.
THE ACT OF COUGHING.
How to know It.— Coughs are efforts of nature to free the breathing
apparatus of irritants, and they differ according to the part affected and
the extent of the affection. The healthy cough is strong, full and usu-
ally followed by a sneeze to clear the nose. The throat cough is ji
lighter, shorter, hacking one, while that of the chest is a hollow, deep,
resonant cough, except in the acute, painful stages of bronchitis, when it
is almost noiseless from being so much subdued.
What to do.-=Chronic cough is almost ineurablo when lonfj standing,
but in the more recent cases good treatment will benefit and oftentimeg
Divide into
food. If one
apply blister
Dick's recipe i
No. 44,
Give it as oi
and repeat.
If the couirl
following :
No. 45.
I>IHKA.SK8 OF THK RKilMKATOItV ()U«AN8. 353
oun-. If tho voud. is rocont, apply rocip. So. 41 to tho threat, wollruh-
N6. 4a.
rc.po.> it once a day for a week, then rest u week
l>i Ounce gum carnphnr,
1 OuiK'f (ligltali,s,
2 ()uncc8 liiiM'cd inpal,
I*<>\v(Jer ami mix.
Divide into twelve powd.M-s and -Mve one ni.W.t and n.orning in soft
foo i. f one course does not cure, repeat it. If that proves inc^^e.-tua
appv hhster No^ n.stead of No. 41, to the throat and give P of
Di<'i< s recipe as foUows : » ^'
^°' **• 1 Drachui oainplior,
1 Diiicliin (li;^itali«,
1 I>iailiia i-altmiel,
1 Drathru oi)iuui,
Mix in a ball with syrup.
Give it as one dose
and r('p(;at.
flJ'ng:""'" " """■" "■"•""™""'« -t 'I'" "LPetite i» ,,„„,■, giv.. the
^°' ^' 2 Draciinis diluted i.ius.si.; aeid,
1 OuuKc tincture of camphor,
3 Drachms lluid extract bclladona,
1 Ounce tincture gentian.
1 Ounce chlorate of potash,
Water to make one pint.
Mix.
Give one ounce three tinies a day, with a syringe ; open the mouth
w. one hand and shoot it well h.ck into the throa. . Do not atten.,7
old a horse's head up to drench hitn with anything else than oil whe he
has a cough ; for it ts apt to irritate the throat and n.ight choke hitn.
to th'e. " IfT'"', ^''" "^'^-^P-'^'--^ catarrh -tnd larvndtis refer
to them. If the above treatment fails, we ^
would rcconnnend the insertion of a seton
under the skin of the throat and a loni; run at
grass, if practicable. Leave the seton in
three or four weeks ; Avash it nice and clean
once a day with hot water. Sometimes a
•run at grass will do more for a bad coujjh
than all the medicine in tho world.
If the cough appears to come from the , „,^
chest, and pressure in the hollow just above " housk.""^*'' ^*' *
!!!.'!^!:!!f.' :?"' a^rav^vtes it, apply the blisters there, and give the same
;l
treatnjcnt otherwise as for the throat
»■*
CIIAPTEK X.
DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS QP THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.
I. TKKTII-AniE. :)KOAY, KILINO— WOI.K TKKTH II Trivniv w .^„,.
III. .SOKK MOUTH ,V. I.AMPAS.—viMIAlANOIT.Tvf ?,"*'■'•'"■---
MOUIO (;OM<'. XI. FI,ATIILKNT OOI.IC XII I IPTii. ,. Af, ^^ •^' "'A^-
INTE.STINKS «,H J.IAPHKAGM XIII roNSTIPATION v.t wT'"' ■'™"*'>..
,T,S.__xVin. VALCVIA XIX. INTUSSUSCKPT.ON TlMa™! '^ ' "'"^^■
I. Teeth— Acho, Decay, Piling- Wolf Teeth.
^•ffl "l?-®®";^';""':^'""""*' "^ ^''^ ^^''^^^ ^^'••^^ frequently l.acl U. .,nv,
difficultuvs, both lc,.ul and constitutional. The teeth often l.o^o.,
deciiyod, holes f<,rni in then,, and tootlwu-he is a eonnnon oecum,....
How to know it.-It will be detected by the horse holding his hind
on one s.de winle chewing, turning his head first one way then the oih^
lis if trying to remove food from a sore tooth'
and doing the same when drinking, if the water
is very cold. The disease often extends i,,, ti,,.
tooth, or starts in tiie form of ulceration on tho
fang, and break's out into the nose, causin.r a
discharge from the nostril on the side on wliU
1 he rotten tooth is located. A chronic disdiarir..
. ^ ^•*"'" '^ tooth is often mistaken ffir nasal (^10^^
AHOItSKWrrHTOOrilACIlK. ...„i „^ .- J. , , "-'Nil gUHt,
iind sometnnes for glanders, on account of tlio
disagreeable odor, which will bo recognized as that characteristic of dj..
eased bone.
Sometimes the ulceration, when of a lower tooth, breaks out at the
angle of the lower jaw, and sometimes extends to the root of the ton-r,,,.
and to all the soft tissues between the branches of the lower jaw ; i„ oiu
instance that camo under the notice of the writer, the disease proved fatnl
to 11 valuable horse.
The teeth frequently get broken by chewing on stones taken np with
outs, and when one molar tooth gets l)roken off, the opposite tooth not
having anything to wear against, gets very long and sticks into ti... .m,m-
nto gum, and makes mastication very painful. TIh^ edges of iho molu-
teeth get sharp from the fact that they wear bevelling— the ed-cs must
necessarily sharp.-n as they W(>ar ; the upper rows bevel downward, and
outwards, the edg.-s cutting the cheeks, and the lower rows bevel .mw.nd.
and inwards, cutting the tongue.
DISEASES AM) ACCIDENTS OP THE ALIMENTAUV CANAL. .{Sr)
Tho broken and sliiirp teoth muke nmsticiition not only iminful, hut
aluKKst ilnpo^ssil)I(^ constujuently the horse
bolts the food lialf ehevviHl, whicli nuiscs
indigestion, <'olic, dysiu'psiii, hidebound,
(>inaci:ition, etc., any of wliieh may run on
(d u fatal termination. The food is fre-
(liiciitly quidded and dropped into the man-
Colts, when shedding their teeth, often suf- '^^Se--
fer a jrivat deal from soi-o mouths, which ^ "'''^*' **^"«»™«-
causes them to look rough and scaly until tho old teeth are shed, and new
ones grow.
What to do.— In ease of a discharge from the nose, always examine
Ihe teeth, and if any are decayed so as to cause the trouble, remove them.
If a tooth extends below the others on account of the oj)i)osite one being
l)rolven, tile it off even with the others. If the edges get sharp, so as to
scarify the cheeks and tongue, tile them off round! There are files made
expressly for that purpose. The edi.'es only need tiling ; the surfaces get
very rough, but that is intended to I, i> hy nature ; it is Uv:: millstone
togrind the grain; iiiid the arrangement of the tooth material is such
that the more it wears the sharpev it <r(.ts.
In ease of a parrf.t mouth, where the u|)|)(>r incisors project over the
lower ones, the horse is unable to graze, and the mouth, as far as age is
coiu'erned, presents a horrible ai)pearance, passing for
doul)le the ago ho really is. Either tile or saw thorn off
cv(!n with the lower row.
Wolf Teeth.— These are small, insignificant teeth, that
conie inunediately in front of the upper rows of molars.
It is a popular idea that these affect tho nei-ve running
to tlh- cyo and cause moon-blindness, weak eyes, etc. But
it is a whim ; they do no possible harm, except, perhaps, to wound tho
clu>ek by its being pulled against tho wolf tooth by the bit. But they do
no possible good, and, consequently are just as well, and a little better
out. Take a i)air of blacksmith's pinchers and pull them out. They are
usually only in tho gums, and come out easily. When tho new teeth of
colts come before the old ones are out, the old ones should be removed,
to make room for the new.
II. Tongue Laceration.
Causes.— Tho tongue is sometimes bitten by falling and striking on the
mouth ; torn with tho halter chain, or by being jjullod forcibly out of the
mouth on one side, being cut against tho sharp molar to«th. '
PARROT MOUTH.
♦»
THE AMERrCAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
What to do.- Wounds on the tongue heal readily. If the end !. ♦
half-way off or less, it will heal, but will not grow'^together Z Jh T"
left .„d no „.convenience will be felt; but if ^it is m^ore tl u. la L':
off. ,t W.1 be found advisable to eut it clear off. Dress wound „V
tongue with the following lotion : ^ ^'*"
No. 46.
1 Onnee borax,
I Ounce honey,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
SOKE MOUTH.
With the angles excoria-
ted by the bit.
Dry the sore with a sponge, and rub on the lotion three times a day
Sometimes it ,s necessary to amputate the tongue, on accou, i of
wounds and accidents. It is quite feasible, but requires the kU f
qualified veterinary surgeon. '^'" or a
III. Sore Mouth.
Causes. -The mouth is often made sore by the bit, by causfi.. .„i
stances ,n the food and medicine, b^ too hot mashes, etc. Thet oftt
excoriates the angles of the mouth,
and. if allowed to continue doing
harm, the mouth soon becomes cal-
oused. and loses all sensibility.
Sometimes the bit injures the lower
jaw bone so as to kill a portion of it,
when it will become a foreign sub-
stance and slough out, leaving a very
sore mouth.
This is most often seen in violent
pullers and when the curb bit is used. The oval portion of a airl. hit
often presses upon the roof of the mouth and does a great amou.it of
mjury. o n- ui
How to know it.— When any
portion of the mouth is swollen
and sore, examine it carefully
and locate the cause if possible.
When the bones or roof of the
mouth are injured, there will be
great soreness and some swell in*'-.
What to do. — Remove the
cause, that is, leave the bit out of
the mouth for several days. If
the angles of the mouth are raw, apply recipe No. 32 three times ,t day
If the bones are injured and exposed apply No. 3(» three tinu s a day.-
SORE MOUTH.
With the angles and
cheel(s swollen, cal.
loused and insen-
sitive.
1N.IUBY BY THE BIT.
A mouth witli trte bone bad.
ly injured by the bit, tlie
left side being; much swoj.
len around the tusk.
MISUSK OK CITRB.
The roof of the moutli
injured by the curved
partol the curb bit.
DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 357
if the flesh is not brokp it would l)o advisable to scarify it to allow it to
bieiik through the i; <. ; skin nioi-c easily, and
oxiiinine it carefully c ..oh day to see when the
(Kad piece of bone is loose, and remove it.
Then dress the wound with the same lotion, (No
39) till the bone is covered by healthy granula-
tions, then dress it with No. 46, Do not use the
bit in such a mouth under two months at
least.
When the mouth is scalded by giving strono-
medicine, pure, instead of diluting it as directed
on the label, the whole inside of the mouth will be found to be swollen
red, and if very bad, will skin in spots. Swab it out with recipe No. 4«
three times a day.
rv. Lampas.
This is an imaginary disease. It is supposed by most people that when
a horse does not eat he must have the lampas, and they proceed t«.
SCALDED MOUTH.
f •■'"'' Rivingf strong caustic
medicine pure.
BURNING FOR LAMPAS.
LAMPAS IRON.
The old time instrument
of torture.
burn out one or two of the bars in the roof of the mouth which are placed
there by nature to prevent the food dribbling from the mouth, which it
would do were it not for these bars in the roof of the mouth. They
all point or turn backwards towards the throat, and have a tendency to
work the food back. It is the same in the human mouth.
Sometimes the one or two bars nearest the incisors become inflamed,
especially with colts when teething.
What to do.— If the bars are red instead of a bright flesh color, and
extend below the teeth, take a pen knife' and scarify them gently ; this
will ho. sufficient. Never countenance the burning nor any other barbar-
ous practice.
V. Pharyngitis.
That portion of the aesophagas or gullet that lies in the throat, abova
me iaiyiix is called the pharynx. Inrtummation of it is ])haryngitis.
*i
358
THE AMERICAN KARMEK's STOCK HOOK.
9
i"
m
Causes. — It is usually cuuscd by some foreign substance lodging tluic
or hy extension to the plmrynx of iiiflamuiation from the larynx an,;
nasal chambers. It is usually associated with pharyngitis and catiiili
strangles, quinsy, etc.
How to know It. — Painful swallowing, and sometimes a total inahiliti
to swallow is seen ; the water returns by the nose while drinkiuLr, :i|,'„
the food is quidded. More or less enlargement of the throat and g'lai)(U
on the outside, tenderness upon pressure, and the neck straightened iii„i
the, head extended, will be the symptoms usually noticed.
What to do. — If any foreign substance is suspected, examine the throat
and remove anything that may be found. Apply a counter irritant in tlif
form of the recipe No. 41. Give internally, mixture No. 21. Feed o,,
soft feed, such as scalded oats, boiled barley, bran mashes, etc. If it
continues longer than a week, give oat meal gruel injections— two (imirts
every four or five hours. Cook the gruel the same as for the table.
VI. Choking.
Causes. — Horses very seldom get choked ; but in some instances they
bolt their food, especially when fed on dry ground feed, and swallow it
before it is properly moistened with saliva,
and it accumulates in the gullet sometimes an
large as your double tisf, usually about six or
eight inches from the throat. It often trives
rise to a great amount of flatulence. Some-
times it leaves a sac in the gullet, fioni the
distension of the fibres of its walls ; the sue is
called dilatathn of the amophaguH.
What to do. — Give the horse a cou|)lc of
swallows of raw lindseed oil, and niaitipujate
the lum|), and try and pass it on a little at a
time, till 't is all worked down ; if this pmves
ineffectual, the probang must be used, but
great care and caution are necessary not to keen
A hpr«e trying to raise the (nod stuck : 4 'ti i -. i-,,, ,,
in the tJiroai from n stricture in the 't Ml tOO iOUg, and UOt tO l)U8h it tlnOU-fll t IC
walls of the gullet. A horse cannot lucatlic
with the probiing in his throat, therefore it is dangerous to leave it in
longer than one ininute at a time. If the obstruction is near en()ti'>h to
the throat, so it can be reached ^with the hand, run your arm down and
remove it. As a last resort, when all other meiins have been exiiausted,
cut down u|K)n the substaiueand
remove it. Make the opening
in the skin larsje enou<'Ii to <ret
a hand in, but iuake tlie hole in
the gullet as small as ])os.si!)!e,
just large enough to get ofio linger hi, and break down the obstnution.
TWO FORMS OF PROBANG.
The probang with a piece of sponge on tlie end is
best.
DIS" -^ES AND ACCIUENTS OK JHK ALIMKNJAUV ( ANAI,.
Sf);*
Out carefully so as not to wound the juffular vein. Draw the edges of the
gullet together with either catgut or silk, and dress it twice a day with
lotion No. 39. Sew the skin with silk, and aftei dressing the wound with
the above lotion, saturate a wad of oakum with the lotion and tie it over
the wound. Keep the horse on very sloppy food, and very little of it.
THE LOW CHOKE WITH FLATULENCE.
mostly oatmeal gruel, until the wound in the gullet is healed. Avoid'
milking the opening if possible, for it is very hard indeed at all times,
mid sometimes utterly impossible, to make it heal, and a fatal termination
is often the result.
Vn. Gastritis.
Causes. — This is inflammation of the stomach, caused by over-eatinf
at any one time, getting into a clover field or at an oat bin or corn crib"
Eating poisonous herbs or accidentally eating poison also causes it. The
HOUSE SUKFEKING KllOM ACl'TE <iASTKITIS.
disease has a tendency to leave the stomach and go to the feet and cause
founder. On account of this tendency mo seldom have occasion to treat
gasLfitis.
--iri'mmm'mmm
V-i
360
THE AMKUUAX FAIJMEIt's STOCK BOOK.
How to know it-There is a tendency to wind colie. the food nn
be.„gd.gestedrup.dl3; enough, decon^positlon sets in and lead/t J ^
lenee. Ihero ,s usually a loss of appetite, and sometimes synmton 'f'
nausea, such as turning up the nose. .)""Pioi,i« of
CHRONIC GASTRITIS.
A horse quenching the excessive thirst of chroDic gastriti..
hp!?'f'V''i!'''*""?'r''"'"''''^" "'""•-" "^^""^5 if corn and oats have
^rel t'od T •.-» carrots and boiled harley, and if in season, J
green food. Cx.ve raw hnseed oil in half pint doses once a day t lUh
bowels are ,u,t« soft, and feed a little oil-cake meal,' a pint once d t
If wmd accumulates after eating, give the following as a drench : ^'
No. 47. 1 Teaspooiiful bicarbonate of aoda,
1 Oiiiiec! extract of ginger,
H Pint water,
Mix and give as one dose.
If thirst is excessive, give half an ounce of chlorate in the water, well
dissolved, twice .» day This excessive thirst is often seen as a sy„ plo!
of the disease when it has become chronic. ^
Vni. stomach Staggers.
This is a sleepy, dumpish, stupid condition resulting from enfforge.uent
Causes.--It frequently happens after over-eating on clover, or the
horse gets mto the garden and fills up on cabbages or roots of anv kind
How to know It—The horse is usually found standing in a stupid man-
ner as though ,.leep, perfectly quiet, and perhaps with his mouti. .' ,11 of
food; he isobbvious to all around; place one foot across the oth.,. and
hewdl leave it so ; prick him and he may wake up for an instant, but
subsides again as quickly.
Give as one
DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE ALIMENTAUY CANAL.
361
What to do.— Put liini in ii siifo place: rtMiiovcull food ; give him very
littlo water, uiid give a dose of purgative inedieine as follows :
No. 48.
« Diiiehms barhadoes aloes,
1 Pint raw linseed oil,
Mix.
Give as one dose. As soon as he is sufficiently recovered give him
walking exercise. If the purgative does not work in the course of twenty-
A HORSE WITH STOMACH OK SLEEPY STAOGEKS.
four hours, give injections of warm water and soft soap every hour till
purgation is obtained.
Prevention. — Avoid engorgement ; feed on bulky food.
IX. Dyspepsia.
Causes.— This is rather uncommon, but is occasionally seen in horses
that have been fed artificially for any great length of time, especially if
highly fed.
How to know it.— There will be a general unthrifty appearance to the
horse ; he will be thin ; coat rough and staving, hide bound ; and the
surest symptom of all is the yellowish color and offensive smell of the
manure. After a while the appetite wanes ; he gets hungry, and will
rush at the food as though he would swallow the whole at once, eats a
few mouthf uls and leaves the rest : perhaps he will nibble a littlo more
but will not eat as though he relished it. He gradually grows worse, till
he becomes a mere skeleton.
What to do.— If p-acti(!able, give him three or four months at "'•"s° •
first examine the teeth, and remedy any defect. If it is not the^'ri.rht
if'
^^fwWiWR^^awKi^?^ ^
362
TIIK A.MKUrCAX KAUMKIj'vS STOCK UOOK.
time of yetir to turn out to gnis.s, give a complete change of food ; car-
rots, turnips, apples, boiled barley, scalded oats, and bran mashes. Feed
no corn at all. Give a dose of purgative medicine, recipe X(,. 23
When the purgation is all over, give the tonic No. 34, in soft food. If
the appetite is poor, so that he won't eat the powder, give No. 3.5. Con-
tinue it a week, then stoj) a week, and repeat.
X. Spasmodic Colic.
The term colic, means pain in the colon, (one of the large intestines)
but is accepted as the name for all pain in the abdomen. It is often
called belly-ache. It is always very serious, indeed, for two reasons*— it
m terribly painful, and is very apt to run into inflammation of the howeL*,
which is usually fatal.
Spasmodic colic is pain in the bowels, from the violent, spasmodic con-
traction and cramp of the muscular coat of the bowels. It is called spas-
modic on account of the pain and cramps being spasmodic, and not con-
THE FIRST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.
tinuous ; there are moments of relief from the pain, in which the animal
will be quite at his ease, but it is apt to come on again after a few mo-
ments.
Some horses are particularly subject to colic, owing to a ravenous
manner of eating and drinking, consequently they have it from time to
time, and usually die with it after a few repetitions.
Causes.— It is caused by some irritant in the bowel — indiircstible
matter ; also by large draughts of cold water, particularly if the horse
is warm. Colicky pains nre very often symptoms of other diseases.
How to know it. — In the first stage, the horse will begin to be uneasy;
looks around ; raises up his hind feet towards his belly ; steps around from
one side of the stall to the other ; stops eating ; will curl as if toliedown
; fSEASES AND ACCIDENTS OP THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.
3ft3
In the second stage, he lies down and gets up again afte. lying, per-
haps, a couple of minutes ; in the third stago, he rolls, kicks, veats pro-
fusicly, has a hairgard countenance, is inclined to tiirn upon his ack, ahd
remains so. In^miid cases, after kicking for half an hour or so, the
•:!;ii
SECOND STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.
horse usually gets better, the pr all passes off, and he returns to his
accustomed spirits and habits , t if it does not go off in the course of
half an hour, and front that tc .,/o or three hours, it is apt to run into
enteritis, and kill him.
What to do.— Cxive mild, diffusible stimulants, as early and quickly as
possible. Give either of the following :
j^o. 49. 2 Ounce whiskey^
1 Ounces extract of ginger,
1^ Pint water,
Mix.
Give as one dose. Or this :
jfo. 50. i),^ Ounce sweet spirits of nitre,
1 Ounce laudanum,
>^ Ounce extract of ginger,
^ Pint water,
Mix.
Give as one dose. Always, when possible, give warm water injections
with a very little soap in it, just to make it a little slippery. Give the horse a
soft, roomy place to roll in, and if he has the colic at all bad, give a
couple of days rest afterwards, feeding on soft food. Give the abdo-
mou friction, and put on a blanket to avoid his cooling off too soon.
Wlien the worst part of the psiiu is over, a little walking cxorei.o will
1.8 beneficial. If after giving the first dose the pain continues more than
3G4
THK AMKKICAX KAIt.MKKS STOCK HOOK.
half an hour, repoat it vy.vy half hear till .-.licf is ohtaincd ; but if ,f
does not vK'ld with throo or fr,„, ,l„s(..s, give the following :
\o. 51.
1 Quart raw Imsoed (lil,
}-a Oiiiicii chloroforiu,
iihe as one dose. In half au hour, if the puin is continuous, .nve
No. 52.
4 Grains stilpiuite of morphia,
}i Ounce water
Mix.
oive as one dose with a syringe. Repeat it every half hour if ncces.-.rv
l; keep hun quist. If this does viot effect a cure, refer to treatnie.it for
01 teritis, for it certainly has run into inflammation of the bowels
start, but gradu
^'^^■
t'l
THIKU STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.
XI. Flatulent Colio.
Causes.— The nature of this disease is acute indigestion. Either
weak digestion, or a suspension of digestion entirely, allows the undi-
gested food to decompose, and while undergoing that process, fermeiita-
tion sets up, gas is evolved, and the horse bloats up, sometimes to an
alarming extent, even to cause death by suffocation or rupture of the
stomach, intestines or diaphragm. It is most common where corn is fed
freely, and is apt to come on when the horse is taken out to woik or
drive immediately after eating. The active exercise retards or wholly
interrupts digestion, and the moment digestion stops, decomposKion sets
in and the evolution of gas liegius. It is very weakening and often fatal.
It usually lasts about two to four hours, but sometimes linirers for ten or
twelve, and sometimes proves fatal in half or three-quarters of an
hour.
UI8KAISKH AM) A(< IDKNTS OF Tllh AI.IMKNTAHV CANAL.
3«5
How to know It. — Tin- ihariuteristir symptom is tlm hloiitiiif; witli gaa,
and thci-o is nlwajs a omit iimount of imiii. The horse rolls, kicks,
paws, tries to V on his hack, <rcts up iiiitl down, sweats tremendously,
hiisa haggard look in his face, gulps wind and food from the stomach in
small (|uantities through l)is nose ; and the food thus discharged is usually
green and very sour. The nostrils are distended, breathing rapid and
breath cold from the shallow breathing ; the pulse is quickened at the
start, but gradually grows harder and smaller as the fatal termination
approaches ; the belly becomes so distended that the flanks are above the
points of the hips ; and in some cases, when lying down, the legs are so
spread from the distension of the belly that the aninnil is unable to get up.
If it last;* very long, the nervous system becomes exhausted ; the
HOUSE DYING OK KLATULKNT COHC.
muscles around the chest, shoulders and neck cramp and draw down so as
to almost pull the horse to the ground, and he will sometimes scream
out like a child from the pain. The ears and extremities get deathly
cold.
If rupture takes place, he will sit on his haunches like a dog, turn up
his upper li[) as though nauseated and try to vomit ; but owhig to the
peculiar formation of the stomach the horse cannot vomit. The pulse
gets weaker and smaller till he falls and dies from nervous exhaustion.
When hi! dies in earlier stages, it is from suffocation : the distension of
the stomach and bowels presses on the lungs so hard that it forces them
up into so small a compass that they cannot work, and suffocation is the
result.
•Jti
♦I
:w(i
THK AMKIUCAN FAKMKU's HTOCK. BOOK.
''IMhi&d
Favorable symptoms arc cessation of pain ; froo ovatuation of gun |,e.
tuHi 1 ils(> returns to its normal condition ; oars and oxtrotnitics re-
uuttual t(U(|)('rature; sweating stops, and tho horse returns lo
iW/# feei. and fustoniafv bahjts.
Whit v") l|o,---As soon as ^t is liscovered, give the following:
gWili tit
Nu. 5S.
• Tnl)les(^)(mi I bicarboDute 8odji (saleratus).
1 'IViiciipliil waUT
Mix.
Ql>o as oiip dose, aid repeat it, if necessary, in'ten minutes.
Oive warm water injections, H«ing careful not to push the nozzle of the
6ynu^« through iv gut ; for the inicstinos crowd Isackward so hard ijiut it
is very difficult to give injection enough to amount to anything, alUu)u<r|,
it is best to try. Jf the soda does no good, give the foUowinj? :
No. 54. 1 Ounfe tiirptfritiae,
}i Pint raw liiisoed oil,
1 Ounoe hiiiUuuuin,
Mix.
Give as one dose, .md repeat it iu fifteen minutes, if necessary. L
this proves ineffectual, giv<' '
No. 56. 1 O.mw ehloroforiu.
I I'iiit ruvv linseed oil.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat, if necessary, in half an houi.
Bind hot water rags to the belly, and keep them hot.
As a last resort, if tho flatulence v^loes not yield to the above treatment,
the trocar and cannula may be used. Let it be a small one, not over one
quart <'i inch in diameter and three inches long;
find the center of a triangle formed by the
last rib, poini; of the hip, and the edges nearest
the flank of the spines in the loins ; clip off
the hair, and pass the trochar in slowly
and firmly, pointing it in and down at the same time, so as to
avoid wounding the kidney ; leave the caniiula in there, but draw out the
trocar, and, if the gut that is distended is tapped, the gas will rush out.
Sometimes foical matter will clog the cannula ; if so, pass in a small
piece of whalebone, or other probe, to remove it from the lower end. If
no gut is tapped, try the same operation on the other .-ido Tt .nakos no
difference which side is tapped, for there is no paunch ji<^.hercnt to the
side of horses, as in cattle. The treatment by the ;;io! ;Ji maybe kept
up while this is done.
When they drop from suffocation, or when ruptore takes place, it is
too '; ♦o to do anything ; but, in ever}' case, persevere till either one or
the . '^er of those tolls you further effort is useless.
TROCHAR PUOVIKED WITH
CANNULA KOU PUNCTUR-
ING THE ABDOMEN.
DUSKASKS \M) AC'(;iUKMS OF TI£K AMMKNTARY CA^AL.
:\cj
Xn. Ruptiu-e of the Stomach, Intestines or Diaphragm.
Causes. — Thia ocourn in viokm cusi's of fliitulonce. V»i,-?n the gener-
ation of giis is excessive in the sto . ,. ii or the iiitcstii jiey uro liublo
to rupture, und let the food "out into the ubdomhml cavity, or from the
UNNATURAL ATTITUDE INDICATIVE OK ABDOMINAI, INJURY-
tremendous pressure against the diai)hragni, it is liable to rupture und bt
the intestines into the chest among the lungs and heart. Either case in
fatal, the animal dying from shock to the nervous system, hemor; hago
ami suffocation. '
How to know It.— The horse will sit on his haunches ; but this is not n
characteristic symptom of itself, for we see it occasionally in spasmodiij
oolic, and often in enteritis ; the horse will
turn up his nose with an intensely diso-usted
expression on his countenance, but this, too,
is often seen in colic and enteritis ; he will try
to vomit, which is a characteristic symptom,
and the muscles and legs will tremble and shake
as if with cold ; the ears and legs get cold ;
cold sweat breaks out in patches; the mouth nose strained uhwauo.
gets cold, the pulse grows smaller and smaller, till it l.ecomes impercepti-
o!e, and death claims the patient in the course of half an hour to two
hours.
Xm. Constipation.
When the facal matter in the intestines gets dry and hard, and resists
the peristaltic effort of the bowels to pass it on, or when there is no per-
istaltic motion to the h- -vel, and tho food lies quiet in one spot, there is
?l
'tmmmmm
"r-emmmmmm.,:
368
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
an obstruction to all intents and purposes, which is called constipation
or costiveness.
Causes. — When the food dries and hardens so that it cannot be passed
on, it is due to an insufficient quantity of water in the bowel, owino-toit.s
all going to the kidneys, or it is duo to the horse not drinking enough, or
to inactivity of the liver and other glands that supply the bowels with
juices. When it is from a want of peristaltic motion, it is due to ner-
vous weakness in the bowels.
How to know It. — Little or no foetal matter is passed ; what is passed
is hard and dry ; mild colicky pains are felt at intervals of half an hour
oi'so. The horse may continue to eat and otherwise appear all ri<'ht,
but as it runs on, the pains will come oftener and be more acute till it
runs into enteritis.
What to do. — If the pulse is natural and the colicky pains slight and far
between, give recipe No. 23 ; also give warm water and soap injections.
If the pains continue and increase, give a quart of raw oil and recipe No.
52. If it does not yield to this, give the following :
No. 50.
1 Quart raw oil,
1 Ounce tincture nux vomica,
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat recipe No. 52 often enough to keep down
the pain. If the pain seems to be increasing ami the constipation obsti-
nate, apply to the belly, well rubbed in, the following:
Xo. 57.
1 Ounce croton oil,
H Ounces raw linseed oil,
Mix.
Repeat recipe No. 56 every six hours till a passage is effected. Re-
peat the injections once an hour, but put in less soap each time. If it is
necessary to repeat them more than four ot five times, use clear water
without soap,
XIV. Diarrhoea and Superpurgation.
These are watery evacuations from the bowels, and are the opposite to
constipation.
Causes.— Ill diarrhoea there is an excessive secretion of the juices of
the system, owing usually to some irritant in the bowels, but some-
times to too laxative food. Superpurgation is due to an overdose of
purgative medicine.
How to know it.— The evacuations are frequent and watery ; after run-
ning a while the bowels become irritable and the patient strains a good
deal and becomes weak ; the pulse gets feeble ; the mouth chuniiiy ; tin
oar., and extremities cold i the eyes and nose pale ; the horse grinds hii
J ■ .»j
I)I8KA8E8
ENT8 OF THE ALIMENTARY CIANAI-.
:u)i)
tectli, and refuses . . irst is excessive. The temperature of the
body tJikeii with ti leter is down, perhaps to Slf) <= Falir. If it
goes down to 93 ° , the disease is almost sure to terminate fatally.
What to do. — If it is a straight case of diarrhoea — that is, without any
purgative having been given — give a complete change of food and the
following :
No. 58. 1 OuHce prepared chalk,
1 Ounce ginger,
1 Drachm ojjium,
^ 1 Pint starcli gruel,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat it, if necessary, after three or four hours.
Give him water with Hour stirred in to drink, ])ut restrict the quantity to
about two quarts every three or four hours. If this does not stop it after
giving two or three doses of the medicine, giv« the following :
No, 59.
}4 Pint raw linaeed oil,
1 Drachm opium,
1 Ounce tincture catechu,
Mix.
Give as one dose. If superpurgation is the trouble, give the flour and
water to drink. If this does not check it in five or si.x hours, give in
addition :
No. 00. 1 Oimce tincture catcclui,
>8 Ounce tincture camphor,
1 Ounce tincture opium,
1 Quart starch gruel.
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat it if necessary every four hours. Restrict
the drinking a little, and feed lightly when the appetite returns.
XV. Dysentery.
The nature of this disease is bloody evacuations with great straining,
There is inflammation of the mucous membrane of tiio largo intestines,
with more or less fever and great iiritability of the intestinal tract.
Causes. — Neglected diarrluca and superpurgation ; too acid a condi-
tion of the bowels ; impui-e, indigestible and musty food ; and foul
atmosphere. ,
How to know It. — By the bloody evacuations ; severe, frequent and
ineffectual attempts to pass f(Bcal niurter ; colicky pains ; considerable
fever; great thirst; no appetite; pulse quiiik, weak and compressible.
It IS rfttner Dirn in f ho horao • wjioii H /)/>r>a <fv!,jf <.r.,>.»,^ .,,.» r^f^an *~..".1
too, and are thought by some to assist in the cause of it.
370
TIIK AMKKICAX I'AU.MKU's
OK.
What to do. Giverecip6 No. f)!), and
one ounce of laudanum in each injectioi
tions of staich with
the latter every lialf
A HORSE WITH <;HR0NIC UYSENTEKV.
hour. In one hour after taking No. 59 give No. 58, a„d in another hom
If the straining continues, give No. 60, and the following injection :
No- ^J • 1 Ounce tincture of opium,
1 Ounce sulpiiuric ether,
1 Quart starcli,
, Mix.
If no improvement takes ])lace in the course of ten hours, give a pint
>f raw oil and repeat the injection every half hour.
XVI. Enteritis.
Inflammation of the bowels takes two forms, according to the part
iffected. Enteritis is inflammation of the nmoous lining of the bowel;
the next subject, peritonitis, is inflammation of the outer or serous
covering of the bowel.
Causes.— Irritating substances in the food ; catching cold whicli settles
in the bowels, continuation of colic, either spasmodic or flatulent : and
poison. «
How to know it. — There is continuous pain, light iit first, and increasing
as the inflatnmation develops. It is different from colic, for which il might
be taken by an ordinary observer, in that it is continuous, while colic, isln-
termittent ; in colic, the horse throws himself down ; in enteritis belies down
carefully ; the pulse is r.-iised to seventy-five or eighty, or even alnmdred'
DISEASES AND ACCIDKNTS OF THE AIJMKNTAUY CANAL. 371
beats to the niiiiuto ; the couMteimnce wears an anxious look ; he is very un-
easy ; when not getting up and down he is turning around ; if in a box stall
he looks around to his sides, paws, raises his le-s up towards the body • the
breathnig is hurried ; there is profuse sweating ; the pulse is soft at first
but grows gradually harder, faster, and at last it gets wiry, and finally
imperceptible ; the extremities get cold, and the horse wears himself out
POSITION ASSUMKU BY IIOKSK SLKFEKINU FROM ABDOMINAL INJURY.
with the pain and constant moving about. Towards
the last, the pain will apparently abate a little ; he
will stand quiet for a while; brace his legs till he
cannot resist any longer, and will reel and drop, the
hind end first, generally. He dies in the course of
eight to twenty hours after the first symptom, but in
some instances the horse will die in six hours after the
very first symptom. Sometimes they get perfectly
crazy with the pain, and they will rear, run, climb
over anything, tear down the stalls, etc. They can
bear no pressure on the belly without pain.
What to do. — Treatment is of very little use, for
a genuine case of enteritis is always incurable, l)ut it
is best to try always. At first, it^is usually taken for colic, and the pre-
scribed drenches arc given for that disease ; but when you notice the pain
IS continuous and the pulse runs up, it is sufficient evidence to locate the
trouble as inflammation of the lining of the large intestines; then gi've
No. 5fi, and apply a mustard paste to the belly. After it has been on an
hour, wash it off and repeat it, or apply No. 41, and confine the fumes
with a l)lanket. A few minutes after giving the oil, give No. r>2.; repeat
the latter every h.-.jf lw.,„v if nec<.ss.o,v ,,, {,,,,,,, i,|„, ^^,,^. (j;^.^ ^^^ ^^^^
contmuously. in addition to the others. Also giv.> injo.'tions of s„ap and
ENTKRITIS.
A test for enteritis, the
mouth usually being
found hot and dry.
rmrHi-M.
372
THK AMERICAN FABMEK's STOCK BOOK.
water. If the pulse continues to quicken and get liard, repeat the („|
every two or three hours, and apply No. 57 to the belly where the uius-
ANOTHE^K TEST FOR ENTERITIS.
A hor»e manifesting tenderness upon pressure on the belly in enteritis.
tard was. If the oil works through, there is a chance of success ; then
just let the horse remain perfectly quiet for several days, give oat-meal
gruel to drink.
Post mortem examination shows the bowel affected to be almost l)la(k
from congestion, inflammation, and mortification. The disease usuullv
APIM.IOATION OK AN AMMONIACAI. KMSTEK.
cc.nfines itself to about a yard of the gut. The tissue of the intestine
will be swollen sometimes over an inch thick.
XVII. Peritonitis.
This is inflammation of the outer covering of the bowel ; it is less rapid
ui Its course, and less painful. It may last a week or so, ,„• it may kill
ill im\ or twelve hours.
li(yei>. Mild are
piece of a nail,
to eiiornious siz
stones are most
is usod for drin
Dust balls an
dust !iccuniulat(
us a dozen have
('alciili are se
tlic liowcl, and i
the im.ssage, an<
liiid death.
How to knoM
will fr('(nu'ntly i
symptom, but ii
symptom.
What to do.-
which are tliosi
DISEASES AND ACCir)ENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 373
Causes.— Wounds i„ the abdominal cavity, exposure to cold stor..i8,
kicks in the belly, etc.
How to know It— The puhe h (luick— from sixty to seventy-five, and
i, hard and wiry ; tiie horse lies down very easy, l)ut gets up quick ; h)S3
of appetite. When the inflaniniation does not kill, effusion of water
takes place into the belly, giving the horse the appearance of droi)sy by
the large abdomen. There is great pain upon pressure on the aI)domen.
Pnsf mortem examination reveals extensive discoloration of the bowels
and surrounding tissue. A great quantity of bloody matter is floating in
tho cavity. The inflamed poition of the intestine," is very much swollen.
Whattodo.— (iive No. 5(j as soon as the nature of the disease is recog-
nized. Give No. 52 occasionally to allay the pain, and applv No. 57 to
the holly. Give No. 30. continuously for several doses, till the pulse is
improved. In case the abdomen tills with water, it may be tapped by
passing in the trocar and cannula— the smallest size— through <he ceutni
of the belly, and through the hard, fibrous band running down the center,
\\.\^ vAWad paracenteHin abdomenis, and should be performed l)y experbi
only.
XVIII. Calcim.
Intestinal calculi are not very common, although they are occasionalb,
met with. It is very probable, that if all the (^ases o* death from bowel
tn)ui)les were examined post mortem, calculi would be quite often found,
as that is the only way their presence can be determined.
Causes.— These stones are formed of calcareous nuiterial laid on in
hners. and are usually found enveloping a nucleus of some kind— a
piece of a nail, or a pebble, or a wad of hair, etc. They sometimes attain
to enormous sizes and weight, and are usually round (.r oval. These
stones are most common in sections of the country where hard well water
is used for drinking, especially in lime districts.
Dust balls are common in horses that arc fed on mill-sweei)ings ; the
dust accumulates around oat hulls or chaff from (tther grain. As many
as a dozen have been found in one horse after death.
(^aicnli are seldom or never passed in a natural way, but nuike sacks in
the l)()wel, and lie there till by accident they are dislodged and roll out into
the passage, and form an obstruction, cause a stoppage, inflammatrn
and death.
How to know It.— In addition to the symptoms of enteritis, the patient
will fn>.,uontly sit on his haunches like a dog. This is not a characteristic
symptoiM, but in cases where calculi have been found, it was a prominent
symptom.
What to do.— Nothing more can be done than to tre.-it the symptoms,
which are thos,. of enteritis. Back raking is advisable, but it is not
■" J" iimi
374
THE AMERICAN KARMKK S STOCK BOOK.
among the probabilities that tlic stones would be near enough to the
rectum, to be reached by the hand.
XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie.
This is the slipping of a part of a gut into another part, like tuniiii" a
finger of a glove partly wrong side out. It is rather uncouinion. Atuse
was lately seen by the writer, in which the blind end of the caetnim was
turned into the other part, the fold coming at the intersection of tlie
small intestines.
Causes. — The cause of intussusception is purely accidental.
How to know it. — There are signs of bowel troul)le ; colicky pains that
come on gradually ; the horse looks around ; paws ; stretches at fuH
length, which is a tolerably characteristic symptom ; gets up and down ■
the pulse rises and has a tendency to become hard and wiry ; Icirs and
ears get cold ; patches of cold sweat break out over the body ; the pulse
gets smaller and harder ; the muscles tremble, and death soon follows,
which is caused by strangulation of the gut and mortification of the part
affected.
Post mortem examination shows great swelling of the gut, sometimes
to an inch thick, and the mortified portion will be black.
What to do. — As soon as any rise or change in the pulse is detected,
especially if there is stretching and colicky pains, give recipe No. ,5(i, hot
water injections, and hot water rugs to the belly. If this does not give
relief in an hour, give No. 55, and repeat it every two hours till relief is
got ; in between these doses, if necessary to keep down the pain, give No.
52. In some cases the intestines will return to their proper ))];u'e, aiKJ
their functions go on naturally again, but in some cases all efforts are
unavailing, and death takes place in from ten to thirty hours.
Gut Tie. — This is similar in effect ; the bowel gets into a half knot
and strangulation follows the same as in intussusception.
Gut Twist — This is a twisting of a gut l)y turning partly over. If it
d*ies not right itself, strangulation and death are the inevitable result.
CHAPTiai XI.
DISEASES OP THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.
I, PHUENITIS OK INFLAMMATION OK THE BRAIN. II. CEKEBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.
III. APOPLEXY. IV. MEGKIMS. V. TETANUS OR LOCKJAW. VI.
PARALYSIS. VII. SUNSTROKE.
I. Phrenitis or Inflammation of the Brain.
All the highly developed nervous systems — those of man, the dog and
fbe horse — are more subject to disease than the quieter, and less devel-
oped nervous organizations of the ox, sheep, pig, etc.
Inflammation of the brain, sunstroke, tetanus and|paralysis are quite
liommou in the first mentioned animals and very rarely met with in the last.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.
Sample of the antics of a horse during the delirium of brain fever.
Causes. — The causes of phrenitis are various, such as concussion or
the brain ; exposure to cold, wet storms; extension of fever from the
body ; and sometimes the cause is not apparent.
How to know It. — There is a quick pulse ; great prostration ; respira-
tions are quick, bowels constipated ; visible mucous membranes are very
37.')
HMMH
Mj^^|3tti0|^uum^^^j^^ -
37(5
THE AMKKICAN IWIiMKIt's STOtIK HOOK.
red ; delirium iit tirst, but eoon ruDs into stupidity ; the horse places his
head against the wall and pushes and braces himself against it, a id
always bruises his eyes and head badly ; he will eat occasionally, and \ni|
doze off into a fit of stupor with his month full and let the food (Ikii,.
when roused he will paw and move around, hang his head agujn.st, tin"
wall and then doze off again. These symtoms may continue for seveiii)
days, the mad tits coining oftener and more violently each time till dciitl-
takes place, or he may die in forty-eight hours. Animals thus affctttd
sometimes recover, but not very often, and when they do they are not safe •
they are liable to another attack at anytime, from the most trivial cause'
A HOU8K MAD FBOM INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.
fits may come on while in the street, the disease assuming almost h
chronic character. Young horses are more liable to phrenitis than old
ones.
What to do. — If discoverea m the very earliest stage when the pulse is
very full and quick, bleed the horse, taking from two to four quarts of
blood. Give a purgative — recipe No. 48, and ajjply ice to the head and
keep iton continuously. Give No. 30 as a sedative. If the fever oiitirely
subsides and consciousness returns, blister all over the upper i)art of
the head with No. 9. It is necessary to secure the animal well, for he
struggles violently during the mad spells.
DISEASES OF THE UUAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.
n. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.
377
This is not a common disease among horses in the cities, and is rarely
or never seen in the country. It has existed as an epizootic in New
y-ork and Boston.
Causes. — Impurities in the air, the horse being kept in a small or
overcrowded, ill ventilated stable, fed very high and not workcc' very
hard. It is induced by a pl'.!thoric condition.
How to know it. — The horse seems listless for a day or two, stumbles,
reels behind, and sometimes Avill fall <iuite down ; the pupils become
dilated : the pulse gets quick and full ; respirations rapid ; there is
tffitchin"' of the muscles of the head and neck ; at first he is ccnsi-
tive to noises, but as the fever increases and the disease developes,
blindness and deafness set in, and death soon follows.
What to do. — I'ut the horse in slings, if possible, before he gets so bad
that he cannot stand, and a{)ply ice and bran poultices to the whole length
of the spine ; give the purgative No. 48, and the following recipe in one-
eunce doses three times a day :
No. 62.
8 Ounces bromide of potash,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
Effusion takes place on the brain and paralysis results. When the
effusion reaches the centers that supply nerve power to the lungs and
heart the animal dies.
III. Apoplexy.
Causes. — Apoplexy results from a sudden pressure on the brain when
the horse is otherwise healthy ; it is usually due to over exertion in a tight
collar, causing a rushing of blood to the head.
How to know It. — There is insensibility, the horse staggers and falls ;
froths at the mouth ; the muscles twitch ; there is partial paralysis for the
time being ; respiration is suspended for a short time.
What to do. — Remove the harness as quickly as possible ; give a free
chiincc to breathe ; and dash cold water over the head. He will soon
recover and go on again all right .
Prevention. — 1^*> not allow the horse to get too fat ; see that the collar
is not too short for him ; it may press hard on each side of the neck to
advantairc, but it must have good length, at least two inches at the bot-
tom below the neck ; avoid fast driving when the horse is not in a condi-
tion to stand it.
M
;._^,_,- ,_^^_„-,
378
TIIK AMKItlCAN lAKMKIt'.S STOCK HOOK.
■liiimal
EXPIIESSION t'lIAKACTEUl;!-
TIC OF MEOKIMS.
IV. Megrims.
This U similar to iipoi)loxj, but is u milder form of tho disease
Causes.— It is duo to the same causes us apoplexy, but tlu;
recovers more quickly.
How to know It.— The horse stops, tlnov;,
up his head, shivers all over, staggers ; li,,. ,,y,,^
close for a miuute ; he braces his legs so ,(s i,„t
to fall ; stands so for a few minutes |ii<,. .j
drunken man, shakes himself and goes on ;,s if
nothing had hap{)ened.
What to do.— See that the harness do.-s- not
press too tight where it ought not to; if ,.„ij
water is liaud^-, throw a little over his head • if
not, just let hiiU stand and he will soon recovor.
It is a pet hobby with some to bleed the horse.
to stick a knife through the partition in (ho
nose, or into the second or third rid"^e in the
roof of the mouth, but it is entirely useless and somewhat t'i ngerous from
overbleeding ; it is often very difficult to stop the bleeding 'from these
small stabs.
V. Tetanus or Lock-Jaw. <
This is an excessively irritable condition of the whole nervous systmn-.
the sympathetic, motor and sensory systems alike ; all parts are in a
cramp. It is divided into two kinds, idiopathic and traumatic.
Causes. — The idiopathic is a milder form, caused by worms, or bi,
over heating ; and it sometimes follows a cokonion cold. Tho traumatic
is the result of a wound of almost any kind ; sometimes a v(>rv siif^ht
wound is followed by lockjaw, but the most common cause is nail wounds'
Pricks from nails, picked up while the horse is at work, are very oftoii
followed by tetanus.
How to know !t.— The first thing noticed will be the haw of the eve
drawn over the eye ball, showing more of the haw and less of the eye ; the
nose is protruded ; the neck struii;lit-
ened ; the tail elevated and tremb-
ling; the legs straddle and iiro ns
stiff as saw-horse legs ; the l)cilv is
tucked up; the nostrils dilated; the
ears are as stiff as sticks ; th(> respir-
atious are hurried ; the niusijcs are
Jis hard as board ; he sweats \)\-o.
f usely ; and the most serious point of
all is the jaws are locked. If the
THE TF..T FOR TETAHr.. J-,,^,^ j^ disCOVOrcd at the St
jaws will be found not to be locked, but very stiff and open
enow. NO no
DI8KASK.H OF TIIK HUAI.N ANO NKItVOl'S 8VSTKM.
a7»
difficulty ; but they usually lock tight in tlioi-our.se of twelve hon If the
heail i-< mi.sed, the huw is dnuvu completely over the eye ; the tail iaiuore
cleviitcd ; he trembles all over, aud, if the head is pushed a little farther
up, he is liable to fall. He never lies down; cannot eat; drinks with
very groat difficulty, and is in the most i ntcnso agony all the time. Death
usually follows in from throe days to three weeks.
enow. NO HOW far an animal with tetanus is capable ok motion.
What to dc- -If it comes from a wound, and all the symptoms are
My developed, there is no use doing anything but to destroy the animal,
and thus save a great amount of suffering ; buL if it is a mild case, give him
acluuice. Give ihe purgative No. 48. Put him in a quiet, dark, loose
box; allow no visitors; keep him as quiet as possible; put oat-meal
water in his manger, and also a pail of clear Wiiter. Clothe him warmly,
apply a linseed poultice to the wound, wherever it is, first smearing it
with Solid Extract of B^^lhidonna. Change the poultice once a dav, and
smear on the belWonna each time. Give inteniallv the foUowiujr :
No. 63. 2 Ounces fluid extract of belladoana.
2 Ounces prussic acid, diluted,
Water to nialie eight ounces,
Mix.
Give a tables)H»ouf ul three times a day with a syringe.
If it is an idiopathic case, give the same treatment as above ; put him
In a cool place, and get the purgative down if possible. Let the same
38()
TlIK AMKKKAN KAKMKII'h STOCK HOOK.
man tend him all the tiin«', iind iillow no .spectators, no loud talk, ci,
let cvoiylhing he us (juii't as possible, and he will usually rorover in il,e
course of five or six weeks. Never bleed nor blister for loek-jaw, for the
bleedinjr only. weakens and the blistering only irritates the nerves all fh,.
more. Some practitioners put the horse in slings, but it is of no use
whatever ; a case that might require them would be fatal any way, ;i,i,i
the excitement attending the operation would only hasten the end.
VI. Paralysis.
This is just the reverse of tetanus; the nervous system loses its
power, and the part affectc^d becomes helpless. It usually attacks tiic
hind parts, but sometimes one side, and somotimes the neck and face.
Causes.— Injuries to the back arc common causes, in which case there
is paralysis of all parts back of the injury. It usually accompanies
azoturia, cerebro-spinal meningitis, lead poisoning, sun-stroke, etc
WTien half the body, face, or neck is paralyzed, the cause lies in the (on-
•titution, and is not apparent ; or it may come from abscess in the brain.
ABSCESS IN THE HKAIN.
A common cause of partial paralysis.
How to know it.— The horse lies in a helpless condition ; he can raise
himself forward, but is utterly powerless behind. Prick him with a pin,
anywhere back of the injury, and no sensation is produced. If it is
paralysis of one side, that side is partially helpless ; he drags the Icffs.
If it is in the neck and face, the part will be twisted off towards the well
side, and the diseased part without sensation.
What to do. — If the horse can stand at all, put him in slings ; if not,
let him lie down as comfortably as possible. Turn him twice a day, to
prevent scalding. Clip off the hair close, iind blister well with recipe
No. 9, along the spine, from the seat of the injury back to thccioup. If
DI8KA8KS OK TIIK IIIJAIN AND XKUVOIJS SYSTKM
;wi
it Is paralysis of the face mid nock, apply tlio blister (o llic Imsc of tin-
brain, over the poll. KuU the surf-ico well witli liniincnt No. 14. Give
internally the following powders ;
No. 04. 1 Diiichin powdered mix VdiiiicM.,
'2 Driicliiiis powdered geiiliuii root,
].j Ounce linseed meal,
•Mix.
Give as one do-e ; repeat it once a day for two or three weeks ; tlioii
let him wait a fortnight, and repeat it. When convalescent, give gentle
exercise. Abscess in the brain is almost always fatal.
iil
i,
UNSTEADY OAIT OF A HOUSE WITH I'AHTIAL PARALYSIS.
vn. Sim-Stroke.
This is common in some parts of the country, espe( "ally in large cities.
It is a liquefaction of the fats of the body. All the functions of the
body iire interfered with or almost stopped.
Causes. — Exposure to the hot sun, or over exertion in hot weather,
even if the sun is not shining. Some animals are more subject to it
thim others, probably depending upon the condition of the system at the
time.
How to know it.— The horse may be sweating and suffering with the
heat, when suddenly he will stop sweating and dry off ; wilt be<»in to
stagger; get dumpish, deaf, weak and stupid; there will be labored
breathing and he will soon drop in the road iu an unconscious condition ;
|-^
^1
382
THE AMERICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
the breathiug will become more and more labored till death takes place
which will be in from half an hour to two or three hours if no reliof is
given. The surface of the body will be found to be very hot to the
touch of the hand.
What to do. — When the horse begins to suffer and labor with the neat
let him stop in the shade ; give a few swallows of cold water to diink
and also sponge off the head and face with cold water. After hiilf aii
hour he will be able to go on. If he has been compelled to go till he
drops, or even till he is in a staggering condition, throw cold watci all
over him ; or if it is in a city where a hose can be used, keep it playio»
on him from head to tail continuously till he is cooled off ; then leave
him in a cool place, but not in a draft ; let him rest till next day. If it
is in the country throw cold water over him by the bucketful till he
recovers. If he goes down, use ic3 on the back if possible. As soon as
he is su^ciently recovered to be able to swallow safely, give the fol
lowing drench :
•
No. 66. 2 Ounces whiskey.
% Ounce sweet spirits of nitre,
1 Drachm nitrate of potash,
^ Teacupful water,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat it every half hour till he is pretty well
recovered ; then drop off to every four or six hours. Leave him \\\ the
stable at least a week, and be very careful of him for a long time.
During recovery feed on soft food— grass if it can be got. If it^leaves
him weak and staggering in his gait, clip off the hair from the back aud
blister with recipe No. 9.
This is infli
CHAPTER XII.
DISEASES OP THE HEAHT AND BLOOD VESSELS.
I. INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM IT Fwi »T»or.„„^,™ „
III. ATKOPHY OF THE HEAHT.--IV INDURATIOv n^'^^^^^^ ^^ "^"^ "^^^'^ '
DEGENERATION OF THE HEART VI OBES^Tr oT^HP kIk^^''''- ''' ^^"^
SIS OR BLUE DISEASE V.II. RUPTUro7THE hLrt J^^T" m' nl^^***
A BLOOD VESSEL X. ANEURISM TCJ vrjt^^^J!^ '^* RAPTURE OP
VEIN. XII. THUMPS. '^''^^^^^^- ^'- PHLEBITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF A
Diseases of the heart are numerous but difficult to diagnose, except bv
their eftects. Few of them are influenced by treatment; therefore this
short chapter on the subject, is given more as. a matter of general infor-
mation than of practical utility.
I. I nflamm ation of the Endocardium.
This is inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart This sac is
a serous one similar to the pleura, and secretes a fluid to moisten 'and
lubricate the heart m its perpetual motion.
Kow to know lt.-The horse will attract notice as not being in his usu-
sual healthy form; his head will hang down; the countenance will
express pain ; he will stand still with no inclination to move ; the pulse
will be raised considerably. Upon application of the ear to his side over
he region of the heart, a harsh rasping sound will be heard indicating
the dry stage of mflammation. *
What to do.-All that can be done to advantage is to treat the
horse constitutionally by giving recipe No. 40. Feed on soft food for a
few days ; keep him warm and aoply No. 41 to the side over the heart.
n. Enlargement of the Heart.
This is not uncommon ; the heart sometimes increases to twice ks r^at.
::zj^':£::'''^' - -' ^'^ ^^^^ -^^^^^^ ^ ^- -»« --ime^
How to know lt.-Tt cannot be definitely recognized during life but a
fair opinion can be based upon the pulse, which' will be irr^guk; in te
action both as to force and number of beats. The temperatm-e o tL^
body Vill be uneven ; one side may be cold, and th« other «^arm -^^ - ~
cold and the others warm, etc. ' ^ ' """ '"»
• 383
884
THE AMEEICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
What to do.— Give the following recipe
^^- ^6' 1 Drachm Iodide of potash,
1 Diachin powdered uux vomloa,
1 Drachm powdered foenugreek seed.
Mix.
Give as one doso in a brim mash, and repeat it mornlnjr and mrrU ,v
J.reo or four weeks. Feed on soft food, and give gentle exercise. ' '
m. Atrophy of the Heart.
Thi3 is a shi-inking and wasting away of the substance of the heart
The Avails become soft and flabby, and fail to perform the work in •'
healthy manner. ''
How to know it.— The pulse will be weak and irregular— often missin.r
two or three beats at a time. There will be emaciation, lan-uor ,v,lIor
of the visible mucous membranes. Death is liable to occur suddenly ,t
any time, from complete interruption of the circulation by ante-morfrm
clots, that is, clots that form in the heart and blood vessels boforo
deatii.
What to do.— Give the following oowder night and mornin^ in «nff
feed. ' *=' "
^o. 67. 1 Drachm mix vomica,
1 Draolnn sulphate of iron,
1 Drachm foenugreek seed,
Mix.
Give this at one dose, and repeat it morning and night for three or
four weeks. Give gentle exercise, and feed some oil-cake meal evorv
day if ho will eat it. Feed well.
rv. Induration of the Heart.
This is a hardening of the substance of the heart, which sometimes ik-
comes almost as hard as wood. There are no characteristic symptoms
other than the weak, irregular pulse, and sudden death at soiiio uiux-
pected time. Nothing can be done.
V. Patty Degeneration of the Heart.
The fleshy substance of the heart degenerates into a kind of fatty sub-
stance that is not strong, and may be easily pulled to pieces by Um Imiid
after death. There are no symptoms to recognize it by exc :pt the weak,
irregular pulse. Death is apt to occur suddenly, from ante-mortem
clot.
VI. Obesity of the Heart.
This is an accumulation of fat around the heart, which interferes with
its action, giving rise to a quick, fluttering pulse as though the heart wprn
iaboring under a load that muftlcd it. It niakes the breathing short, and
li
DISEASES OF THE UEAKT AND BLOOD VESSELS.
385
the animal will pant after tho least exercise. Nothing can be done
Death is liable to occur from suffocation when the horse is put at hard
aoi'k.
Vn. Cyanosis, or Blue Disease.
This is very uncommon in the horse. The circulation peculiar to foetal
life does not change at birth, as itoughtto, by the closing of ateraporary
opening between the right and left sides of the heart. The failure of
this opening to close at birth allows the venus blood to pass ri^^ht throu-h
into the arteries without going through the lungs to be a'erated, and
gives a blue color to all parts that ought to be pink— the eye-lids
mouth, etc. The animal does not live long, but dies in the course of I
week or two. Tlie surface of the l)ody never gets warm ; the respirations
are usually slow, and there is great weakness, which increases as death
approaches.
Virr. Rupttire of the Heart.
Horses are liable to rupture the heart at the time of any sudden exer-
tion or jerk. Those with heaves are the most often affected. The ricrht
ventricle and the auricles are most liable to it : the left ventricle has w!lls
so thick that rupture of them rarely takes place. Nothing can be done
for it. Instant death is the result.
IX. Ruptured a Blood Vessel.
This is a more common accide.it than any other pertaining to the heart
and blood vessels. Any very severe exertion, such as racin<r, trottincr
jumping, extra hard pulling etc., is often interrupted and brouo-htto^a
stand-still by the rupture of a blood vessel. Those most liable to rupture
are the arteries and veins m tlie abdominal region of the bodv • the next
those in the chest, head, etc. There is no way of foreseeing its'approach
nor of obviating its effects, which are always fatal from internal hemor-
rhage. Having the horse in as fine condition physically as possible for any
extra exertion is the only way of diminishing the liability to its occurence.
X. Aneurism.
Arteries are liable to get weak in their walls (a tendency to rupture),
and dilatation is the result, owing to the immense pressure of the blood
from the action of the heart. The large arteries in the abdominal cavity
near the back are most often affected in this way.
How to know It.— If it is suspected, examine the parts internally by
the hand inserted in the rectum ; a large bulge or elliptical enlargement
ana (listinct pulsations are felt when on/.priorv, .^.«:^i.- mi ...
- TTUI.IJ .i....i.rioin TjAioio. xuo swelling IS
soft and compressible. ^
»P»»».^. ..mttm
386
THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
What to do.-Nothiiig can be done for it in that position : if it oor,,.
on the outs,de of the body, apply cold water and ice, and a con^lerr
the enlargement. ^""ipres* to
XI. Phlebitis, or Inflammation of a Vein.
This is far less common now than it was a few yeara a-o owin,. f. ,
pract.ce of bleeding being done away with ; for it was a ^:^^
bleedn,g, either from using a rusty floam, or from the horse catol i , ^u
m the wound afterwards, or from improper care, the horse not b^K
clean . It may result from any wound. = ^^^
How to know lt.-The vein swells and gets hot, sore, red and punf,,,
he n.flam.„at.on spreads to surroundmg parts, and cousideratf '
faction IS the result. The effect of this condition of thin^.^ is quit
obhteratK,n of the vein ; it becomes hard, tilled up, and cLl^t . "l
vem. The resu t is not so serious as might be supposed, except vt
he jugular vem ,s the one affected ; then the horse cannot graze .nv
to the blood that is forced to remain in the vessels of the hc^d and J
eausmg congestion, of those parts', they being in a pendent positi:'. ''
Whattodo.-lomenttho part affected with hot water three times •.
day, .md mampulate the vein and get the obstruction to move oTi';
Xrr. Thumps.
This is an excited, spasmodic action of the heart, due to over-ex.rtion
-It may be from pulling in heavy draft, leaping or driving. It 'CZ
likely to occur in very hot weather. '- '^ "lo.t
How to know lt.-The horse appears to be ia distress, and is pressed
fo breath ; the heart thumps away as if it wanted to make a 1 •
get out; It often shakes the whole body; the countenance has an a xi
expression, and the horse usu.-dly sweats profusely.
What to do.-Give something to revive the nervous system, and stim-
ulate the heart to a healthier action. Give recipe No, 65. «',.".
down we 1, put on a blanket if the weather is cold, and give a In-a„ n
o eat. Let h„n rest for a day or two. and the nervous .systenWl
regain its strength, and the horse be as useful as before.
CHAPTER XIII.
il
GENERAL DISEASES OP THE BLOOD.
I. INFLUENZA— p;PIZOOTY— "PINK EYE "-
RHEUMATISM IV. ABSCESSKS.-^V
-II. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. III
ERYSIPELAS.
I. Influenza— Epizooty—««Pink Eye."
Influenza is ti.e name given to a blood disease in horses tliat is peculiar in
Uiny ways. It is known as the Epizoiity and "Pink Eye " It is ■.
b.ood disease in that it is caused by the introduction into thi system o'f
a poison that has its origin in tiie atmosphere, and cannot be isolated • it
,s supposed to be of a malarious nature due to mfluences very extended iu
cfltiriictGr.
The great epizocity of 1872 extended over the most of Europe and the
w ole of North America. It spread from East to West, nio4g slowly,
rttuckmg al animals of the equine race, and lasting from one to three
weeks in each locality. It proved fatal to a great many horses ; it laid
all horses up for a fe^w days at least, so that in all large cities the streets
were clear of horses for about a week. It left a great many horses .vith
chrome cough and debilitated systems from which they never recovered
BO th.^. they were left in a condition that invited diseases of all kinds'
many of which proved fatal, coming as they did in fall and winter
Jr ''^?^.^': "!! 'f y^^'-' !««!' 1^- been less general' in its
attack, and milder m Its character in some respects, but more severe in
others. It was more severe in the latitudes including the cities of New
^^: i Til' T""''' ^'"''^"'' '''■ ^' ''-'' ^'^-y '"''d both north
and south ot the above mentioned latitudes. It was fatal in many cases
but mostly eitner from want of care or improper treatment
It was called "Pink Eye'" from the redness of the eyes! which was a
prominent symptom in all cases. It was of a complicated nature, the,-,
being catarrh of the mucous membranes, both of the resniratorv and 'ili
jnentary tracts; typhoid fever; acute rheumatism ; audi in some cases,
inflammation of the lungs, bowels and brain : and occasionally tetanus
How to know it.-The first symptom noticed will bo languor • dull^
nessm harness; weakness; sweating easily; and, in very manv'cases,
actual staggering from weakness and nei-vous prostration in the ccmrse of
.en hours after being first taken. The horse hangs his head; the ears
387
''»*t",li»SrJ?i.^(Sf-
"-»'*'— •--•■■
388
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
droop ; the appetite fails ; tbc eyes become very red ; the puisc very
(luick, frequently as high as seventy to eighty per minute, full at fii4
but gradually getting weak; the respirations are rapid ; the eyelids
swell sometimes so as to close entirely ; the temperature taken by the
thermometer will show as high as lOf) => to 107 ^ F. All these m„,,,.
toms will appear in the course of twelve hours. In the next twxlve
hours there will be colicky pains, and constipation; the stools Millie
rather hard and dry and covered with slime, indicating a feverish lining
to the bowels ; the legs swell tremendously and get very sore to tlie
touch, especially around the fetlock joints and ulong the back tendons ■
the mouth is very hot, and sometimes dry; the eyes run tears profusely'
which flow down over the face ; the surface of the body in most cases
is very hot to the touch ; the urine is scanty and high-colored ; the thirst
great ; in some cases there is swelling of the throat and a couo h ; the
nose runs a watery discharge. During the second and third davs tlie
eyes discharge matter which runs down the cheek, scalding off tlic liair-
the discharge from the nose becomes purulent and sticks around the lu/s-'
trils ; the legs get sorci- ; the bowels loose ; sometimes diarrliaa sets iu
and carries the animal off suddenly; sometimes constipation appears
which usually runs into inflammation of the bowels and kills ; the hmfs
are liable to take on an. inflammatory condition and run into pncumonit
often causing death ; and the fever often goes to the brain and causes
phrenitis which is usually fatal. Horses with influenza lie down a great
deal at first, but if the lungs become affected, they persistently stand, and
they lo?e flesh most unaccountably fast — it goes off as though it wore
whittled off, leaving a fat hearty animal as thin as a skeleton in a week.
They may refuse to eat ; and the fever may continue to increase, and
weakness become so great as to prove fatal without any other complica-
tion.
The favorable symptoms are return of the appetite ; diminishing of the
swellings around the eyes and legs; ability to lie down comfortably;
bowels and kidneys regular ; and a brightening of the countenance
What to do. — When the first symptoms are noticed, lay the horse up
at once ; see that the stable is clean, dry and well-aired, but no drafts;
put on blankets, and bandages to the legs ; givo soft feed to eat, if they
will take it, and anything they may fancy, if the appetite is poor ; a little
corn, oats, carrots, apples, etc. ; but the best foe J is oats and bran in
equal parts, wet up and steamed with boiling water ; all the treatment
must be given with a view to sustaining the strength. For medicine, at
the outset, give No. 40, in two-ounce doses, every two hours, till the
fever is checked ; continue it night and day till the thermometer oonies
down to 103 ^ ; then hold up on it a little, and give it only three times a
OENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.
389
day, and when the temperature comes dovn to 100, change to No. 18
—three times a day— for a couple of days ; then, if everything is pro-
gressing favorably, give No. 35 three times a day, or No. 34 in the feed
twice a day. If the throat swells, and there is a cough, rub the throat
witli No. 41. If the fever goes on to the lungs and causes bronchitis or
pneumonia, apply No. 41 to the sides and chest, and give the other
recipes as directed above. Set a pail of water in the manger, so ho cad
A HOKSE WITH INFLUENZA.
drink a swallow or two often to cool his mouth and throat. Give plenty
of bedding, and make him as comfortable as possible. The bowel trouble
you need not give anything for, unless the colicky pains hang on for
several hours , then give a few doses of a pint of raw linseed oil, at in-
tervals of six or eight hours. Between times, if necessary to control
the pain, give No. 52. If there is long-continued weakness, give No. 64
alternately with No. 35. During convalescence, give gentle exercise.
II. Purpura Hemorrhagica.
This is a disease in which the watery parts of the blood ooze through
the coats of the blood vessels, and settle down into the tissues of the
most (l('pond(!nt parts, causing them to swell to enormous size.
Causes. — It results from an impoverished condition of the blood, in
which the fibrine is deficient, allowing the watery portion to pass through
the pores of the coats of the blood vessels and gravitate to the limbs,
belly, chest, and nose. This impoverished condition of the system is duo
either to some debilitating disease or to starvation — usually the former.
How to know it. — The limbs swell enormously, so much so that the
animal can scarcely move. The swelling begins in the lower part of the
legs, and keeps coming higher from hour to hour, there being an abrupt
termifiatton of the swelling at the lop. It continues to rise till it reaches
the body ; then extends along the belly, the full width of it, and as thick
*8 a small mattress.
li^
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890
THE AMERICAN TARMEB'S STOCK BOOK.
Yellowish, watery fluid will oozo through the skin and trickle down the
legs. The same from the belly, but to less extent. The muzzle bcrins
to swell the same as the legs, and the swelling exit iids
up towards the eyes, often completely closing tjipin •
when it reaches the brain it causes death. The sc/je-
tions are usually at a stand-still, especially the urine,
none being secreted ; the water, when it accumulates
around the internal organs, causes death. The visible
mucous membranes will be found to be covered with
purple patches, varying in size from a dime to a fifty
cent piece. The pulse is small, weak and wiry. The
discharges on the legs and belly have an offen.sivo odor
and the breath is also offensive. Great debility is a
prominent symptom ; the horse is unable to eat or drink. The disouse is
generally fatal, either by the causes mentioned above, or by suffocation
from the swelling of the nose, or by gangrene of the internal oraans.
Usually before dying, the animal presents a most horrible sight, so as to
look like almost anything else than a horse.
What to do. — Begin early to give the following recipe :
PUKPUKA.
Appearance ot horse's
head with purpura.
No. 68.
1 O.mco tincture muriate of iron,
1 0uiu:5 tincti ;e of gentian,
2 Oiincfg water
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful every two hours with a syringe, so as to get it
back into the throat with as little trouble and worry to the patieut as
possible. Alternate with No. 68, the following:
No. 69.
1 Ounce turpentine,
3 Ounces linseed oil,
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful every two hours. Alternating these two recipes
will fetch doses only one hour apart ; continue these as persistently as
possible, till he is either better or dead. Give oatmeal gruel to drink,
and give anything to eat he can masticate. If he cannot eat nor drink,
give oatmeal gruel injections. Foment the head, if swollen, with hot
water as persistently as possible, with the view of driving the swelling to
other parts.
The favorable symptoms will be a diminution of the swellings, retuni
of the secretions and appetite, improvement of the pulse, and disappear-
ance of the purple (echymosed) spots.
ni. Rheumatism.
Causes.— This is supposed to ()e an accumulation, in the blood, ota
peculiar acid that settles around joints, along tendons and sometimes
OENEnAL DI8EAHKS OK THE ULOOI).
:wi
in muscles. Upon the slightest jji-ovocatioii in the way of exposure
or doran«|enicnts of the stomach and bowels, it is apt to assume the
acuto fo n, anti to cause intense pain and lameness.
How to know it. — There is lameness, usually of a peculiar kind, flying
from one joint to another, and from one leg to another ; sometimes the
t);irt.s swell and sometimes not , me joints most commonly affected are
the fetlocks, knees, shoulders and hips. There is usually more or less
fovcr, liigli pulse, and sometimes sui)puration of the affected parts.
What to do. — Give recipe No. 3(). Foment the affected parts
wi:I\ hot water three times a day, and apply as a liiiiraent, recipe No. 15,
after wiping down the legs quite dry, and bandage Avarmly with flannel.
After the most acute symptoms are gone, give walking exercise.
IV. Abscesses.
An abscess is a gathering of pus in a sac from a morbid pi'ocess iu the
tissues. ' It may develop in any part of the body. The most common
locations of them are on the ribs, on the bell}'', iu the groin, in the leva-
tor humeri muscles, etc. They sometimes attain to tremendous propor-
tions ; they are not painful as a rule, but if they come in or near a nerve
center there is great pain ; when they form in the groin, for instance,
thiMc is very great pain ; while on the ribs they cause little or no pain.
Causes. — Impurities in the blood from retention in the system of
effete matter that should be eliminated through the excretory organs —
the bowels, kidneys and skin. The exciting causes are sometimes bruises
from blows, kicks or other injury ; but these bruises are not suflicient in
themselves to cause an abscess, but must be accompanied by the morbid
condition of the blood ; then the injury may simply afford an excuse for
its breaking out in that particular place.
How to know It. — There is always a great amount of swelling, hard at
first all over ; but as it grows and approaches a full development it gets
soft ill the center, pitty in a ring around the center, and hard on the out-
side. It is hot, red, and sore to the touch. It takes from one to six
weeks to mature an abscess so it will break of itself, according to its lo-
cation and depth. Those in the groin tsike three or four weeks to ma-
ture ; those on the ribs and belly mature in the shortest time above men-
tioned; and those in the levator humeri muscles (found just inside and
in front of the joints of the shoulders) take the longest time to mature.
In fact, the latter sometimes acts like a tumor by its 8h)\v growth, hard-
ness and length of time it takes to break out without outside assistance.
When opened, the pus runs out, and the abscess usually heals readily ;
but sometimes the healing process requires a great deal of assistance, and
the abscess is liable to start anew and develop others as soon as one is
healed, unless the cause is removed by purifying the blood.
-™iiiim»isa)(», tmA-i
392
THE AMERICAN V'AUMEK's STOCK BOOK.
What to do. — Give a purgiitivc of recipe No. 23, and when it has&t(^ppo4
purgin<,s give No. 34 for a week or so. Poultice the abscess witli any
hot, soft poultice— linseed meal is the best— till it points, (comes to a
head), in a soft spot ; then tap it with a pointed knife, and evutMiale i[,n
sac ; make the opening big enough to allow a finger to be passcfd in ; .^ee
that all is clear for a thorough emptying ; then inject warm water to wash
it out, and inject No. 5. Repeat this twice a day. Make the oponin./it
the bottom, if possible, to allow the pus to gravitate out, instead of lia\'iii<r
to be squeezed out. The abscess in the levator humeri muscle is always
deep-seated in the muscle, and requires a great length of time to rot oiit
It is easily recognized by its position, being inside .iid a little to the
front of the point of the shoulder. It is useless to wait for it to come to
a head ; open it at once. Take a l(5ng-bladed scalpel or pocket knife and
run it in directly into the center of the tumor, letting the knife h(. |,;i,.,
allel with the horse's body ; then there is no danger of tapping the jn.ru.
lar vein. It is necessary, usually, to cut about four inches deep before
reaching the pus, but when once emptied it heals very readily.
V. Erysipelas.
This is inflammation of the skin. It may be superficial and only
involve the upper layers of the skin, or it may be deepcr-sciiteil aad
involve the under layers. The superfi nal does not suppurate, l)ut the
deep-seated usually does, with more or less sloughing. It is often
thought to be contagious, which it undoubtedly is to a small deoroe ; hut
not sufficiently so to be ranked as a specific blood poison. It some-
times rages as an enzootic — common in any certain district. It usually
follows wounds, injuries and sores, but sometimes comes on api)aieiitly
healthy skin.
Causes. — It is due sometimes to the wfeather, when it is damp, hot and
oppressive, with thunder frequent and low barometeric pressure, espoci-
ally if the horse is kept in low, filthy places. Poorly fed, thin, neglected
animals are most subject to it. The sudden suppression of a chronic
discharge, and feeding on rich, heating food when the animal has \\m\
accustomed to poor, scanty food, and keeping animals with open soies
near decomposing animal tissue are also cause of erysipelas. The com-
mon means of contagion are washing erysipelatous and healthy wounds
with the same sponge, using the same harness, clothing, etc.
How to know It. — There is usually some fever ; the pulse and temper-
ature are raised ; the urine is scanty and high-colored ; the bowels usually
constipated ; there is loss of spirit and appetite. These symptoms are fol-
lowed, in the course of twelve hours, by a diffuse swelllnir thnt is hot.
; r
UEMCKAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.
393
red, and painful ; if it is on a white hIuh it will he found to ho shin-
ing, tonso iind of a deep red. Jt sprendH rapidly, terminating Ml)ruplly
aUIio edges in a well defined line of demarkation. The swelling does
uol. pit on pressure ; the redness disappears on pressure, hut returns
when the finger is removed. It is confined to the head and legs. It
ha» i". peculiar smell, like that of huriit hair.
Sometimes it extends to the cellular tissue under the skin when it is
known as phlec/monoiis ; this always 8upi)urates, and has a purple
appi arancc previous to hreaking.
What to do. — Give tonics and stimulants internally; give recipes No.
37 and No. 35 ; if much depression exists, give No. Oii. Feed on hoilcd
oats, harlcy, etc. Apply locally No. 24, and keep the part wet with
it continually. If the swelling spreads in spite of .lis lotion, paint the
healtliy skin for two inches all ai-ouud the diseased part with tincture of
iodine, and change the lotion to the following:
No. 70. 1 Ounce tincture muriate of iron,
8 Ounces water,
Mix.
Keep the surface wet with it till the skin hegins to he ir.-itated ; then
go hack to No. 24. If extensive sloughing takes place, poultice withoil-
cako meal, with charcoal sprinkled over the poultice, till a healthy son;
is obtained; then api)ly lotion No. 7. If the erysipelas comes from an
unhealthy sore, cauterize it with powdered hluestone continuously, once
a day, till all signs of a purplish, unhealthy condition, have disappeared ;
then continue the lotion No. 7. Continue the tonics for several weeks,
giving soft food enough to keep the howels loose.
II
CHAPTER XIV.
CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES.
OLANDEUS AN1> FAUCY. II. STUANGLES.
IV. UOKSE VOX OK EQUINE VARIOLA.
-III. RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA ,
Diseases arc said to bo contagious when they reproduce themselves in
a healthy animal, either by inoculation and absorption of the virus into
the system through a wound or mucous membrane, or by absorption of
disease germs floating in the air or in the water that the animal drinks.
I. Glanders and Faroy.
These are different forms of the same disease, which is a specific poison
that affects the whole system. When it breaks out in the nose, affectiuo
also the lungs and lymphatic glands between the branches of the lower
jaw, it constitutes glanders ; wiien it attacks the lymphatic glands and
other tissues of the legs and body, it constitutes farcy. The two fon ,^^
of disease often exist separ-itely, but usually symptoms of both will bo
found in the same case. The contagion lies in the discharges from tlie
ulcers, either those in the nose or farcy buds ; it is contagious only l)v
inoculation, the poison being of heavy specific gravity and not voLitilp.
The virus from glanders may produce glanders or farcy, or both ; the
virus fi-om farcy may do the same. The mode of inoculation is usually
through the nose or mouth, by the introduction of the virus taken by one
horse working in double harness with a glandered horse, or standino' in
the same stall, rubbing his nose on a hitching post or fence or ed^e of a
water trough where a glandend horse has stood. These latter aie com-
mon channels through which glanders is got ; for when a glandered horse
is driven up to a post or water trough, the first thing he docs is to rub
the accumulations of matter off his nose, the clogging of which is uncom-
fortable. And so ;L:reat is the vitality of the virus, that a horse comin<T
along an hour, a day, a week, or even a year after, and happening to rub
his nose on the same place gets the disease by inoculation.
The poison may lie latent in the system a week, or a month, or two
months and then break out, pcihaps violently, and run the acute course.
causing death in three to six weeks ; -r the disease may appear in a verj
mild form and run the chronic course, so that ths horse may live in very
394
'^tLANDEKS.
CONTAOIOfS BLOOD DISEASES.
395
comfortable condition for one to three or four years, though sowin"^ the
seeds of contagion for other horses to gather all the time, thus doing an
inestimable amount of harm.
When the disease breaks out, it doej so by ulceration of the tissues
involved. These ulcers differ from ordinary ones, by their resistance to
treatment ; if made to heal, they break out again either in the same or
another place, and have a tendency to spread and slough, eating away the
tissues till the ulcers become confluent and the Schneiderian membrane
(partition in the nose) is destroyed. The disease was known in the earliest
times, and was written on by Vegetius, Rouan, and many others ; but it
was not well understood as to its actual seat till La Fosso discovered that
it lay in inflammation and ulceration of the nasal membrane. The poison
of glanders and farcy is communicable to men, goats, sheep and dogs,
with all the characteristic symptoms of the disease in horses, and is con-
tagious from man back to the horse or ass.
Causes.— It is usually propagated, fostered and extended by contagion
through the villainous trafiic carried on in glandered horses by unscrupu-
lous dealers. For many diseased animals retain the appearance of health
sufficiently well to be bought and sold many times, the dealers explaining
the discharge from the nose as coming from a cold, and the swollen legs
as resulting from impurities in the blood; and Tom, Dick and Harry,
thinking they " know all about a horse," buy the animals, believing the
explanation of the dealer to be true ; and thus thousands of dollars worth
of stock is ruined each year by the spread of this fatal disease.
But the disease sometimes arises spontaneously i> mies, on ship-board,
or in overcrowded, low, damp, badly-ventilated bi,^oleK. Overcrowdino-
is the chief cause of its spontaneous appearance, tho horses, asses or
mules being compelled to bruut'o over and over again, air vitiated by
the emanations from tl' )wn foecal matter and from their bodies, and
aLANDEKS.
The firs; stage of Klander*
ihowing a watery dis-
charge trom the noie.
GLANDERS,
When the discharfre has
become muco-purulent
EXAMINATION
Of the nostril for glanders.
which has been exhausted of its oxygen by passing through the lungs a
number of times.
?1
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396
THE AMERICAN PABMEK's STOCK BOOK.
GLANDERS,
When the dis.
chur^e has be-
come paruleut.
GLANbERS,
In the hist stujre
when liic pu,
is mixed n,^
blind Irnti. ex.
tensive slough.
inf..
How to know it. — Acute glanders is characterized by languor • (i, .
staring coat j red, weeping eyes ; loss of appetite ; quick pulse ; ol('v;iJcl
temperature, the thermometer registering 103 o to 106 © F. ; accelerated
breathing ; a grayish purple color of the lining of the nose ; u watt'ry
discharge, which soon becomes yellowish and sticky, causing the hair on
wnich the matter accumulates in and around the nostrils to stick toiriihe,.
The oischa-ge looks like melted butter, and when dropped into w^a^T it
Bi.iks. The glands under the jaw swell and often adhere to the bono, but
not always. The partition between the nostrils will become ulcerated-
small yellow points with purple bases will '
come up and burst, making the discharo-e
bloody for the time. These ulcers, with ele-
vated edges and depressed centers and purple
bases, will spread and become confluent,
eating away the membrane till little or noth-
ing of it is left ; the discharge increases and has
a horribly offensive odor; the lungs become
affected by ulcers forming in them ; the breath-
ing becomes labored, and the animal finally
dies, the most emaciated and disgusting object imaginable.
The chronic cour.se is longer continued and runs less rapidly ; but all
the same symptoms are developed, with the exception that the appotito
is less impaired till near tht) last ;
the discharge is less copious and
offensive, and emaciation doos
not lake place so rapidly. But
if the horse is exposed to any de-
gree of hardship and cold storms,
n, , A .u u .. . , *h® chronic form may rini into
Of aglandered horse, showingthe existence of tubercles. . *
the acute form at any tinio. Tlio
cough is not always noticed, and the ulcers are sometimes so far up in
the nose as to bo out of sight. It is often necessary to inoculate a woith-
less animal in order to determine the disease. If it is glanders, it will
probaI)Iy prove fatal to the one inoculated iu two or three weeks, runnin"
the acute course.
Farcy is recognized by swelling of the legs affected, usually one or
two, though sometimes all four. The swellings are alongtho linos of the
lymphatic veins on the legs, belly or any part of the body ; sm::! \(luliir
points come up, which break and discharge n glairy unhealthy pus, run a
tew days, dry up and leave a scar or bare spot that usually lasts to tell
the tale as long as the horse lives ; other nodules follow and spread nearly
all over the body, head and ueck ; the swelling of the limbs docs not
SECTION OP A LUNO
CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES.
397
yield to treatment, and they soon become chronically enlarj^ed. The dis-
churge is contagious the same as that of glanders. Farcy sooner or later
runs into glanders and terminates fatally.
What to do.— "iirreatment should not be attempted at all, for it is always
fattil in spite of the most scientific and persistent efforts ; the fatal tcrmi-
nation may be postponed for a while, but the animal is sowing the con-
tagion all the time, and doing an inestimable amount of damage. The
fact that the disease is contagious to men, and always fatal too, is another
reason why no man should attempt to treat a case a moment after it is
satisfactorily diagnosed. When any doubt exists, or a suspicious case 1-
seen, isolate the animal at once and quarantine him ; prevent any com-
munication with other animals, and await developments. The discharf^e
of catarrh being whitish and more mucous in character, is easily recoo--
nized, and the nasal membrane never assumes that mouse-eaten appear-
ance that is seen in glanders. Shoot every animal known to be affected
with glanders, and bury the carcass very deep.
Prevention. — Avoid overcrowding and poor ventilation. See to it that
no affected animals are allowed to run at large, or even to be used about
the place in any way ; avoid letting horses drink any more than is abso-
lutely necessary in public troughs. Either tear down and burn any
infected stable, or have it disinfected under the supervision of a qualified
veterinary surgeon. All suspected cases should bo placed under his
charge till the doubt is settled.
It should be made a criminal act, with a heavy penalty, to expose
affected animals in public places, or to sell or offer them for sale. A
health commission of three qualified veterinary surgeons should be em-
powered to destroy glandercd horses, with or without the consent of the
owner; and the State should bear half the loss, by reimbursino- the
owner with half the value of the animal before he took the disease. It
is a misfortune for which he is not to blame, and which the State should
help him to bear.
n. strangles.
Strangles is a specific blood poison, peculiar to horses, and usually
confined to young ones. It depenJo upon a morbid condition of the
system, is contagious, and corresponds to children's diseases in human
medicine. It is most common in damp, cold seasons. The poison in the
blood manifests itself in large, phlegmonous abscesses around the throat ;
this is the usual manner in which it breaks out. But in some cases it
takes a very different course, breaking out in abscesses on any part of the
liody. Sometimes no abscesses gather at all, and the fever remains
diffused in the system, instead of coming to a head in one place. These
'-^m^m^i^wms'MwimiatHSi:
398
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
last two kinds arc called bastard or unusual stranslcs. It is often fnia]
but such cases are duo to neglect, to colds from exposure wliilo tiic fever
is high, etc.
Causes. — It often arises spontaneously, from the cxiStenc(! in the sv;.
tem of some morbitic matter developed while growing; for spontiuieou.
cases are only found among young horses; when older ones Imve ji,,)
comes from contagion.
How to know It.— There are all the indications of fever- -quick, \\e;,ii
pulse ; high temperature ; hot mouth ; cold extremities ; staring ediit ;
loss of appetite, and nervous prostration. In a f^y
hours the throat begins to swell, both on the sides and
between the branches of the lower jaw ; this swelliuo
is sometimes immense, and makes the colt hold his
neck and head stretched out in one position, stiff
like a child with the mumps. There is usually a
distressing cough and inability to swallow; often
there is a desire to eat, but the throat is so sore lie
cannot swallow. The nose runs a mucous dischave
at first, which soon becomes purulent ; the eyes very
red, and tears run down over the checks. The swol-
ling is painful and sore upon pressure, and usimllv
braaks in about a week, and discharges pus. WIhmi
these swellings come in the lungs, the l)reathing will
be affected, and the chest will be sore upon pressure or percussion oiitiie
ribs, and he will stand all the time. If it comes in the abdomen, colickv
pains are felt, and he lies down nearly all the time. Sometimes it comes
around the heart. Any of these unusual forms are likely to bo fatal.
What to do- — Avoid depletives of all kinds, and foster the strength of
the patient in every possible way. If the bowels are constii)atcd, give a
few injections, but do not risk a purgative ; give recipe No. 40 every two
to six hours with a syringe, for it is unsafe as well as painful, to tryto
drench him with the throat in that condition. Apply hot linseed ijoultices
to the swellings, and let them get very thin indeed before opening them;
or, even let them burst of themselves to avoid that thickening often sceii
after being opened. It is no use trying to check it ; it must run its coiuv,
(Jive him a warm, dry place, well ventilated, and nourishing food such as
boiled oats, barley, roots, etc. During convalescence give recipe No. 35.
III. Rabies or Hydrophobia.
This is a specific blood poison, arising spontaneously in the gems
cam* (dog, fox and wolf) and in cats. It is communicable to all ani-
mals and to man, but can only bo inoculated by a bite. The virus lies la
the saliva and bio
;i rabid dog, are a
A BATD CASE OF
STRANGLES.
CONTAOIOUS BLOOD DISKASES.
399
the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. Nearly all animals bitten by
1 rabid dog, are attucked with the disease in the course of time, but man
seems to possess a partial immunity ; only a small percentage of the
men bitten by rabid animals have rabies.
Incubation.— The period of incubation varies in different animals. The
lorse goes fifteen to ninety days, usually
thirty ; cattle, twenty to thirty days ;
sheep, twenty to seventy-four days ; swine,
twenty to forty-nine days. In man the
period of incubation varies from a few
days to a few months, though some cases
develop after a year or so, or even longer,
the rabies at last l)eing more the effect of
fear and long continued anxiety and worry
over the possible effects of a bite, than of
the bite itself.
How to know It.— The horse becomes
frantic with fever and pain ; delirium sets iu early ; ho neighs, paws,
bites his manger, lothing, etc. ; is ravenous for water but swallows with
difficulty i he grows worse till death takes place by paralysis.
COUNTENANCE OP A HORSE "WITH
KABIES.
UESTKIICTIVE IMPULSE OF UYUKOPIIOBIA.
What to do. — No treatment is of any avail ; if there were anything that
could be given, it would bo too risky to attempt it ; but so far, science
has discovered nothing to prevent a fatal termination. As soon as a case
is suspected isolate the horse, tie him so tliat he shall bo powerless for
harm, and await developments. As soon as it is satisfactorily recoiruized
destroy him.
41
" -I
m
. ^ ^ » i ^ -<.^:> m mm mmmmt:>m m mm --
400
THE ABIERICAX FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
\'
rv. Horse Pox or Equine Variola.
Nearly all animals have a pox peculiar to their kind, although all forms
of pox seem to be clo3ely allied. They are all contagious from oie ani-
mal to another of ihe same species, and usually among the different
species to a greater or less extent. Having any of the different kiiids of
variola once, gives immunity from subsequent attacks of the oth.-r kinds
for a number of years at least. Kine pox, taken either by inoculation
from the cow or by vaccination, confers immunity, to a great extent, from
sn ill pox. Horse pox appears to be identical with kine pox ; the one can
no- be distinguished from the other when inoculated into man, ox or
horse.
Horse pox usually attacks the limbs, but sometimes the face, flap'
other parts of the body.
How to know it.— There is slight fever, which is often unnoticed ; heat
and swelling of the affected part for a day or two ; then hard nodules
form, increasing in size to about half an inch in diameter ; the hair ruffles
up and the skin reddens around the pock ; on the ninth to the twelfth day, a
limpid, yellowish fluid flows from the pustules, and sticks the hair dp in
yellowish scabs or streaks, on the removal of which a red, raw depression is
seen with the scab fixed in its center. In three or four days the secretion
ceases, the pustules dry up, and the part heals and the scabs come off.
The most active virus is the lymph that runs from the pustules. Itis
readily carried from horse to horse by the grooms on their hands or
clothes. It sometimes exists to almost to an epizootic extent in some
localities. The gi-ooms often get inoculated and have the horse pox,
which saves them the trouble of being vaccinated.
What to do. — It must run its course, so all that is necessary is to <nve
laxative diet ; keep the parts clean by bathing with warm water oiico or
twice a day, and grease them over, when dry, to pre /ent itching and pain
from the scabs getting too hard and dry. If the fever should run iii^h
and the appetite suffer, and the urine become dark and scanty, give
recipe No. 23.
CHAPTER XV.
DISEASES OP THE UBINAKY ORGANS.
I. NEPHRITIS OB INFLAMMATION OP THE KIDNEYS. H. CONGESTION OF THB
KIDNEYS. III. CYSTITIS OU INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDEK. IV. PAR-
ALYSIS OF THE BLADDER V. EVERSION OK THE BLADDER. VI. SPASM OF
THE NECK OF THE BLADDER. VII. RUPTURE OP THE BLADDER VIII. DIA-
BETES INSIPIDUS OR PROFUSE STALING. IX. HiEMATURIA OR BLOODY URINE.
X. SUPPRESSION OF THE URINE OR DYSURIA. XI, DRIBBLING OF THB
BRINE OR ENURESIS. XII. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. XIII. GONOR-
KH(EA OR GLEET. XIV. FOUL SHEATH. XV. URINARY CALCULI.
Diseases and derangements of the urinary organs are fav less common
than thb majority ot people suppose. Whenever a horse has the colic or
pleurisy, the average horseman attributes the pain to the ravages of bots
or to stoppage of the water, and goes to work to start the latter and
quiet the former. Many are the nostrums that are given, sometimes
harmless and sometimes very irritating and injurious.
a,
SYMPTOMS ATTENDINCi DISEASE.S OP THE URINARY OIUJANS.
Many of the diseases mentioned in this chapter are often seen, by a
veterinarian who has an extensive, active practice. Diseases of the kid-
neys II either organic or functional, usually the latter.
I. Nephritis or Inflammation ot the Kidneys.
Causes. — The usual causes are too free use of diuretic medicine, and
blistering on the back with fly blister ; eating musty hay and kiln-dried
401
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f
402
THE AMERICAN FARMER' S STOCK BOOK.
oats ; getting chilled Ity^tanding under the eaves where water drips opon
the loins ; and extension, to the kidneys of inflammation of surrounding
parts from l)lows and other injuries.
How to know it. — There will bo very profuse sweating, great puju f lom
the inelastic character of the capsule covering the kidneys ; the horse strad-
dles in walking, and is loth to move ; high fever ; elevated pulse, toinper-
ature and respiration ; heat and a slight humping up of the back ; (nnt
tenderness upon pressure in the region of the loins, especially wlicn an-
plied to the sides just under the transverse spines of the loins ; the pain
is colicky in character, and more severe at times than at others ; he looks
around to his flanks and is almost continually trying to stale, and passing
■ a little at a time, and that very red and thick, sometimes mixed with
blood and pus. It runs on to suppuration, and sometimes to gan^reue
and death. When onoo well set in, it is very hard to control.
TEST FOR I.M'l.AMJIAI'ION OK Till: KIHNKVS.
What to do. — Examine the case carefully to l)c ceitain of the location
of the trouble ; then apply hot water rugs across the loins continuously
for several days. Give internally a quart of raw linseed oil. As soon as
this is well down, give recipe No. 30, and follow it up every two iiours.
If no relief comes in the course of five or six hours, give copious muci-
laginous drinks in the form of flaxseed tea and slippery elm bark. Clothe
warmly, to encourage sweating. Freshly-flayed sheepskin may be laid
across the loins, or mustard paste may bo rubbed into the hair, and the
rags applied over it. Feed op. short, laxative diet. Avoid diuretics
strenuously, espeoialiy nitre and spirits of nitre. Give anodyne injections
of warm water and one ounce of laudanum, once an hour. Keep the
patient quiet and avoid over-feeding.
DISEASES OF THE URINAKV ORGANS.
403
H. Congestion of the Kidneys.
This 18 a constitutional disease iiffecting all parts through the blood, in
which lies the cause of the internal lesions ; but as it affects the kidneys
most, and the kidney symptoms being most noticeable to the average
observer, we describe it under this head.
Causes. — Too plethoric a condition of the system is the great cause.
Tiie 1)lood gets so fat and thick that it interferes with the working of the
internal organs, especially the kidneys. The animal is usually fat, but
not necessarily so, for it is often seen in horses in strong, working condi-
tion, but thin in flesh. In post mortem examinations, fat can be seen
floating in globules in the blood. It gives rise to thick, coffee-colored,
ropy urine.
HORSES WITH CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS.
The muscles in the loins swollen, etc.
On account of its effect on the urine, the disease has been called
Albuminuria, from the supposed existence of albumen in the urine ;
Azoturia, from the abundance of urea the urine is thought to contain ;
Plethoric congestion, from congestions in the system, due to plethora.
The latter name is the most appropriate, as there is no albuminous urine
and not any great increase of urea in this disease, but the name under
which we describe it is readily comprehended and the trouble easily
located by the average observer.
How to know it. — The animal is accustomed to hard work or regular
exercise, and high feed ; ho may bo laid up from a nail wound, etc., for
a few days or a week ; the feed is kept up the same as though he were at
work ; he gets well, and goes out hopping and prancing like a colt, goes
about half a mile or so, begins to sweat profusely, lathe-^s up well, gets
1»i!i. Ui^A I
i;««j +,
extends to the other leg; the horse becomes weak across the loins,.
11
404
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
i.
staggers behind, blows hard, and is pressed for breath ; he goes on for
half a mile or moi*e in this manner, and then comes down in a heap, pf;r.
fectly helpless, unable to rise, and has the appearance of being paralyzed
behind. * He is unable to pass urine, which, when drawn off with a oa^he.
ter, is thick, ropy, dark, coffee-C( lored. Swelling of the muscles over
the loins is seen, and they are very painful and sensitive to pressure, as
are also the kidneys, if examined per rectum. There are severe, colicky
pains or cramps, in which he will throw himself around, try to get up
will get up forward, and will sometimes drag himself all over the terri-
tory allowed him. Inflammation of the kidneys follows, and runs on to
suppuration and death in the course of four to fifteen days.
What to do. — Knowing the origin of it to be plethora, the rational
treatment is to deplete ; give No. 48 internally, and also frequent injec-
tions of warm water ; apply hot rugs to the loins continuously, and f^ive
a great abundance of flax seed tea to drink ;' if he will not drink it
drench him with it liberally ; give nothing to eat for a day or two. Tie
his feet if he is inclined to struggle much. When he is able to get up
put him in slings ; keep him on short feed ; and during convalescence
give gentle exercise. Be chary (of diuretics. If the case has run on for
a week or more, give No- 4, but only three times a day, in a little water.
Draw off the urine three times a day, till he can pass it without
assistance.
m. Cystitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder.
Causes. — Too free use of diuretic medicine ; too free application of fly
blisters and turpentine to the back or other extensive surfaces ; acrid
diuretic plants in the food ; prolonged retention and partial decomposition
of urine, and irritation from calculi.
How to know it. — Colicky pains ; looking around to the flanks ; fre-
quent painful evacuation of urine in small quantities, with more or less
mucous and epithelium from the lining of the bladder ; straining ; high
fever ; mouth hot ; respiration and pulse quick ; tenderness on pi'essure
just in front of the pubic bone of the pelvis, and same upon pressure in
the flanks. The loins are rigid ; the bladder is tender to the touch per
rectum — or in the mare, per vagina; if examined by running the finger
into the bladder, the walls will be found to be thickened ; the tail is
switched continuously ; the gait is stiff and .1 raddling. If the neck of
the bladder is affected, the urine escapes involuntarily ; if there is a stone
in the bladder, it can be felt by inserting the hand into the rectum.
What to do. — Remove the cause, if possible ; stop diuretic medicine of
*11 kinds ; 2ivo l-U'sre dosos of flaxseed tea- and iniectinnsnf wjirni wsitcr"
give a laxative of linseed oil, one pint, and soft diet and pure water at
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
405
«t Ml
iinll ; also, a long rest. Avoid diuretic medicine ever after, as the parts
once affected are more tender and susceptible.
rv. Paralysis ot the Bladder.
Causes. — Long continued distension of the bladder from the urine being
held, as in lockjaw, rheumatism or any disease that confines the horse to
a lying position.
How to know It. — The urine dribbles away as it is formed, and decom-
poses, setting free ammonia, which scalds all parts it conies in contact
with; the urine tcalds the sheath and the inner sides of the thighs and
legs. This disease often results in inflammation of the bladder, and
sometimes follows partial paralysis.
What to do. — If the trouble originates from paralysis, give that its
proper treatment and draw off the urine several times a day with a catheter
to prevent distension.
V. Eversion of the Bladder.
Causes. — ^This affects only females, and results where labor is very
protracted, or from straining in cystitis ; the bladder is forced back in
the pelvis and turned wrong side out.
How to know it. — The bladder will be seen protruding from the lower
part of the vulva, a round, red, fleshy looking substance, and the entrance
of the ureters (tubes from the kidneys) willbe plainly seen near the neck
of the bladder, with the urine dripping from them.
What to do. — Bathe the bladder with tepid water and laudanum in the
proportion of an ounce of laudanum to a pint of water ; then press it
gently and continuously till it is returned to its place. Great care will be
needed to avoid pushing the fingers through the walls of the bladder,
especially after it has been out some time and become swollen. If it is
inclined to come out again, after being returned to its place, put on a
compress to hold it in.
VI. Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder.
Causes. — It is caused by long retention of urine when the horse ia
being driven or ridden ; nervous irritation ; becoming chilled when
heated. It is a common occurrence during colic, the urine flowing freely
when the colic subsides ; males are more subject to it than females.
How to know It. — Frequent attempts to pass water, which is forced
out in small quantities by great straining ; colicky pains ; looking at the
flanks ; tenderness in the lower back part of the belly ; by introducing
the hiuid into the rectum, the bladder wiii be felt fuii and dialeuded on
the floor of the pelvis.
406
THK AMERICAN FARMEr's STOCK HOOK.
1 .Itii'V" ••
What to do. — Spread fresh litter under the horse to induce hini to pasH
the urine ; give warm water injections iiid antispasmodic drendics. such
as Nf). 50 ; gentle pressure on the bhidder per rectum is sonK'tinu's Mitfi.
cient, hut bo very careful not to overdo it for fear of rupture. Pass the
catheter up the penis if necessary ; in tiie case of a mare all that is neces-
sary is to insert one finger into the neck of the bladder.
VII. Rupture of the Bladder.
Causes. — This only occurs in females during parturition when the
bladder has failed to be emptied before the labor is be«,'uii, and in eases
of long continued spasm of the neck of the bladder — especially, if bv fre-
quent repetitions of the spasms the walls of it have become woakoued
and flaccid.
How to know It.— Nervous trembling of the whole body ; acceleratod
pulse ; cold extremities ; nausea ; abdominal paiu that runs on to iiiHam-
mation and causes death, or ihe animal dies from the nervous hIuw^.
Examination per rectum finds the bladder empty and flaccid ; introdiution
of the needle of a hypodermic syringe, or a small trocar into the median
portion of the belly, will let out urine which is readily recognized by the
odor.
Nothing can be done.
vm. Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling.
This is a superabundant drain of water from the system throu<rh the
kidneys.
Causes. — Excessive and long continued use of diuretics in acute dis-
eases, especially, lung troubles ; acidity of the stomach and chronic indi-
gestion, causing much thirst, so that f^reat quantities of water are drunk.
Musty hay and kiln dried oats are frequent causes.
How to know It. — By the excessive thirst ; profuse staling, floodint^the
stall ; the urine is copious in quantity, frequently voided and as clear as
water. Emaciation and hidebound soon follow. The appetite is capri-
cious ; the coat staring ; slight fever; inclination to lick the walls and
mortar to get lime, and to eat the bedding in preference to clean, fresh
food. There is weakness, and palpitation of the heart.
What to do. — Give one or two doses of the following recine .-
No. 71. 1 Drnchtn iodine.
)4 Draelim iodide of potasli,
Powder and mix with linseed meal to make a ball.
Give as one dose and repeat it once a day for two or three days ; then
give a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda in a bran mash, morning and
night for a week ; then give rejrjpe No. 37, snd give a ccmplete changg
of food — a run at grass if possible.
DIHKAURS OF THK I'UINARY OUOAN8
40 ;
IX. Heematiiria or Bloody Urine.
Causes. — This is caused by violence, affecting the loins, kidneys, blad-
der, etc. ; by cancer, tubercle, or abscess in the kidneys ; by acrid
diuretic plants, etc.
(.
';2ii^J^„,^c^t^'^J^
HORSE SUFFEKINO FKOM BLOOUV URINE.
What to do. — In case there is a profuse flow of blood, dash cold water
over the back. Remove the causes, if they can t^ located, and give flax-
seed tea to drink, and recipe No 70, in doses of two tablespoonfuls, three
times a day.
X. Suppression ol the Urine, or Dysuria.
Causes. — This is retention of the urini' from various causes, such as
contraction of the sphincter of the bladder ; enlargement of the prostatic
gland; stricture of. the urethra; bean m the head of the penis, and
calculi.
What to do.— Pass in the catheter to empty the bladder, and then
endeavor, if possible, to find the cause and remove it. If it is from
enlargement of the prostatic gland, give No. 6G ; if from conlmctionof
sphincter of the neck of the bladder, refer to the treatment for spasms of
the neck of the bladder ; if from stricture, refev to the article on that sub-
ject ; if from a bean in the head of the penis, oil your fingers well and
remove it ; if it i^s from calculi, refer to that subject.
XI. Dribbling ol the Urine, >r Enuresis.
In this case the urine dribbles away involuntarily. It may come
from weakness of the sphincter of the bladder, or from injury to it by
the catheter, or from paralysis of the bladder. Care should bo taken,
wh 11 passing in the catheter, to pass one hand into the rectum to guide the
point over the cui-ve. It may come from calculi ; if so, remove them.
If it couies from weakness, give a change of food, and No. 37 as a
tonic.
408
THE AMERICAN FARMER'h STOCK BOOK.
^ ja ^_r:_ _.
XII. Stricture of the Urethra.
Causes. — This is caused by in-itating ingredients in the urine, and by
strong astringent injections used in gleet ; or by the healing of ulcers iu
neglected gb.'ct.
How to know it. — The urine is passed in a very fine stream ; the passage
requires a long time, and is attended with pain. There are frequent
painfbl erections. *
What to do. — Pass in, daily, a catheter, beginning with one small
enough to pass the stricture, and increase the size of it from day to day,
pushing it by the .>lricture with gentle pressure.
Xm. GonorrhoM.
Causes. — This is inflammation of the urethra from irritating ub.
stances in the urine; excessive copulation; masturbation; connection
with a newly delivered mare or one that has an irritating dischari,'o from
the womb ; mechanical injury to tiie penis, and irritation from the pas-
sage or arrest of small stones or gravel. It is mostly cor.H'ied to
stallions. >
How to know It. — By swelling and soreness in the sheath and neni^-
painful, slow urination, frequently interrupted and sent in je' i, o-'iii" to
the pain ; more or less dischnrge of pus, which will be sein !«rou.id\ho
head of the penis.
What to do. — Give a pint of raw linseed oil as a laxative, and fc o"*
the sore part with hot water ; rinse out any gravel, and injec* a loiun,
made as follows :
No. 72. 1^ Ounce sugar of lead,
1 Ounce vinegar,
1 Quart water.
Inject a little once a day. If it is necessary io continue this longer
than a week, change to
No. 73. 15 Grains nitrate of silver,
>^ Pint water.
Mix.
Inject a little twice a day. Feed on soft food.
XIV. Foul Sheath.
The sheath of most horses needs cleaning ocmsionally. The slands in
the skin secrete a fluid to lubricate the parts, and at times it is Kecreted
in larger quantities than at othtfi' times, and accumulates in a gummy,
black substance in the sheath. Wash it out carefully with soap and warm
water, being careful not to use any violence in drawing down the yard,
DI8KA8E8 OF THE URINARY OHGAN8,
409
snd parUcularly oateful not to scratch the parts with the finger nailB. If
this occurs the yard may swell to enormous proportions ; if so, bathe it
with warm water and suspend it in a wide bandage passed over the loins
Repeat the bathing two or three times a day. Give gentle exercise ; and
when the swelling is nearly gone, oil it with olive oil.
XV. Urinary Caloull.
Stones or calculi in the urinary apparatus differ in size, chemical com-
position and location. Sometimes they attain to very largo sizes ; soujo-
times several small ones exist in the same place,' and sometimes the
deposit is sand-like, the granules not uniting to form a stone.
Their chemical composition differs according to the nature of the food.
The calculi of herbivorous or grazing aninmls are composed mostly of the
carbonates, while those of carnivorous or flesh eating animals consist
mainly of the phosphates. The calculi of omnivorous animuLs partake of
the character of the two kind ; - !: mentioned. They will be more largely
composed of the carbonate or of v!a •> phosphates according to the charac-
ter of the food and water ak»'ii.
Causes.— The c roonatt c; Uip.} v. id magnesia are the principal com-
ponents of the calculi of ho) . ? ,,i.a cattle; they are due to the large
litoportion of vegetable acids ni the f- id. These vegetable acids become
transformed Hto carbonic acid, whir . ., i with the lime and magnesia
in the blood, thus forniing calculi. / tendencies to form calculi from
the food are strengthened by the following accessory causes : Scarcity
of water ; disinclination to drink ; excessive loss of water from the sys-
tem by diarrhoea and dysenteiy or profuse sweating ; feverish conditions,
giving rise to scanty secretions of urine ; dry winter fodder; and hard
drinking water.
A solid substance of some kind for a nucleus or starting point is usually
necessary to their formation ; around this nucleus the salts crystallize in
concentric layers. The nucleus may bo a particle of mucus, fibrins
or blood, or a foreign body introduced with the catheter.
The locations in which they may be found are the kidneys, ureters (the
tubes leading to the bladder), the bladder, the urethra and the fossa of the
glai'i penis.
How to know It.— Those in the kidneys and ureters cause colicky pains,
straddling gait, tender loins, and sometimes blood in the urine. Those in
the ureters can sometimes be felt by the hand introduced into the rectum.
Those in the bladder _('t into the passage and obstruct the urine occa-
sionally, in which case they give rise to frequent straining efforts to pass
unne ; the urine escapes in uribiet.s and jets, with frequent sudden arrests
of the flow J but if the stone does not get into the passage, the flow is not
410
THE AMERICA*! FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Checked. Blood, in clots, may bo passed from wounding of the muco»«
membrane of the bladder, by the stone. Examination by the hZT
rectum will determine its existence. In the female, it can sometimes 1'
reached with the finsrer. ^""its oe
What to do.— There is no satisfactory treatment in cases whcr.- ih
location of the stone is out of reach. Those in the bladder and arc, 7
can be removed by either breaking them down and washing the f ra-niu , '
out (l.thotnty), or thoy may be rem(,ved whole (lithotomy) ; botirono u
tions w.ll be found described in the chapter on oj.erations ' "^
Preventlon.-It is well to guard against the formation of them in tU
first instance, and to prevent their return wiibn removed. If anv f. ,il
exists in the feeding, correct it ; give a reasonable amount of ,LnZ
salt, twice a week to horses, and to cattle three 1 imes a week ; also .ivo
abundant supply of good water. If the water is hard, put a little :,,„.,
soda or potash into it once a day, or a little hard wood ashes. Giv. ,oo
to eat If ,n winter, and grass in summer ; give half an ounce of tin.ture
of gentian morning and night for a fortnight, or a tablespoonful o
powdered gentian or quassia moruipg and iiight in soft food.
'kr-^.\
«', v<f»f
CHAPTER XVI.
DISEASES OP THE ORGANS OP OENBBATIOW.
OF THE MALE:-!. INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES 11. IIYDROCEI E ORI>nnn«v
OF THE 8CROTDM MI. EVIL RESULTS OF CA8TRATION._IV WOUNDS OK T^!f
PENIS. V. QONORRIKEA VI. PUIMOSI8 AND PARAPHIMOSIS —VU Jis^
TUKHATION. «i lumuoio. VII. MAS-
OF THK FEMALE :-VIII. PARTURITION IX. METRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE
WOMB. X. INFLAMMATION OF THE OVARIES -XI. LEUCORRlIffiA^^x,,
PUERPERAL FEVER. XUI. MAMM.TIS XIV. HYSTERIA^^XV AB^ION."
Horses as a race do not suffer with these diseases as much as cattle
and otiier lower animals, probably on account of th- r greater activity
whicii is conducive to health, that of the organs of generation as well
as of other parts of the body.
I. Inflamm ation ol the Testioles.
This usually occurs as a result of oxternal hijur , but is sometimes the
result of excessive copulation, glanderous deposit, or a localization of other
morbific conditions of the system. There will be more or less tumefac-
tion, great soreness, some fever and a straddling gait.
What to do.— Give a purgative, No. 23 ; also, give No. 16 in the feed
which should be light and soft, grass if possible. Spread over the or-an'
alittlo solid extract of belladonna once a day, after hot fomentations
Give gentle exercise, but allow rest from active male service for a week
or longer if necessary. Should it go on to suppuration, open it and in'
ject lotion No. 39. If it becomes calloused, hard, and does not diminish
io size, substitute lotion as follows :
No. 74. 1 Drachm iodine,
1 Drnchin potuasium iodide,
>l^ Pint water.
Mix.
Inject a tablespoonful into the organ twice a day, and apply some on
the outside. If treatment fails, castration must be resorted to. (See
chapter on operations.)
n. Hydrocele, or Dropsy of the Sorotum.
The scrotum is the i)oueh or bag that contains the testicles. Dropsy
of It i^s due to the effusion following an injury thereto. It will be found
enlarged, toiidor, soft and nuctuutiiijr.
411
412
THK amb;kican faumek'8 stock book.
What to do.-Draw off the water with a small trocharand cannn].. .
pea ,t,jf necessary, half a dozen times, for these cavities are pi .l?"
refill. Pamt the outside with tincture of iodine. If all mea. s f .
th. ease becomes hopeless, resort to castration. (See chapter on !;:'
m. Evil Results o« Castration.
Scirrhus cord.— When the cord is left too loner, the emU h ■
down between the lips of the wound made in the scrotum it" Lm?'?
herenttothem,andthe whole swells together, becoming au indunt;
mass, sometimes as large as a child's head. "
What to do.-The horse must be cast, the cord dissected away from
the scrotum, and the cord (which will be found in the form of a LnmM
excised. In the absence of a good veterinarian, excise it 'v tT
Icrazeur. taking pains to get down low, so as to take out as much of t !
possible, and dress it, twice a day, with lotion No 5
Abscess in the scrotum.-Th\s occurs from healing of the wound
before the suppurative process, M»hich always follows to a -reater ,„• I
extent, is finished. The confined pus accunuilates and £« • ,1
abscess causing the sheath to swell, as also the lymphatic glands'ou' f! '
niside of the thigh, giving rise to a straddling gait and dirhicli.Ltbn to
VVhatto do.— Open it freely, and evacuate the pus, when it will com
monly heal readily; if it does not. however, inject lotion No. 5, tZ"
Projecting cord. -Sometimes a small teat-like piece of the cord will
project through the wound in the scrotum, preventing it from entire
healing. Pmch this off close to the scrotum with the thumb „ai| 2
cauterize it with lunar caustic.
Tumors on the cord.-^These may form from catching cold after cas
tration , strangulation of the cord, or too rough handling. They sometimp;
attain the size of a child's head. The tumor differs from scirrhus i,
being Situated higher up in the canal. It must be dissected out tho s-ime
as scirrhus cord above described.
rv. Wound of the Penis.
This sometimes happens to stallions while teasing mares ; it gets kicked
swung against a '"ence, or struck by mischievous boys in play Some'
times amputation is necessary. (See chapter on operations.) Whenan
operatK.ii 18 not necessary, foment with hot water and appiv lotion No
24 two or three times a day. If tumefaction is great, supumt the n..,i^
with a bandage passed over tho loins. ' ''
v:
DISEASES OF THE OUOAX8 OF GENERATION.
V, GonorrhOBa or Qleet.
413
This is catarrh of the mucous membrane lining the urethra. Its causes
are excessive work in the stud, connection too soon after parturition,
or irritating substances in the urine.
How to know It.— The urine will be passed in small jets, with frequent
interruptions and manifestations of pain, and there will be some swellino-
and soreness of the parts. "
Whatto do.— Suspend the labor in the stud for a couple of weeks ;
fouient with hot water frequently, and inject the following lotion twice
a day : (See also page 408,— treatment for another type of this disease. )
No. 75. 2 Drachms sulphate of zlac,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
Or, instead, the following may be used : ^
No. 76. 3 Drachms sugar of lead,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
VI. Phimosis and Puraphimosis.
These are swollen conditions of the penis. In the former, the penis is
swollen and confined wUhin the sheath, so that it cannot be protruded •
in the latter, the penis is swollen outside the sheath, and cannot be with-
drawn.
What to do.— When phimosis exists, open the external portion of the
sheath, so as to enlarge the opening; then, if the penis is swollen when
hberated, bathe with cold water, and apply lotion No. 24 three times
a day.
For paraphimosis, bathe with cold water, apply lotion No 24 three
times a day, manipulate as much as the soreness will allow, and support
the penis with a bandage passed across the loins. Do not on any ac
count, omit the bandage, as the weight of the swollen organ is alone suf-
ficient to keep it irritated and inflamed. If this fails to accomplish the
desired effect, the rim of the sheath may be slit up a little ways, and the
organmauipulated and pushed back. Leave the cutting, however for
the last resort. ^ o- .
Vn. Masturbation.
This is a bad habit of abusing nature, that some stallions get into It
may result from weakness, consequent upon overwork in the stud, or
on the other hand, from superfluous mssion attending. ».o.>f „* . 'i- ..'
connection with high feeding. When from the former cause,"red7ceV."
WOFK, give walking exercise, and administer tonics, such asNos. 67 35 „r
'kt
414
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
-L>£— L
33. When from the latter, give, for a purgative, No. 23, reduce the feed,
increase the exercise, and give No. 37.
DiaEAiSES PECULIAR TO THE MARE.
Diseases of the generative organs are not ao numerous in the mare as
in the cow, probably owing, as before explained, to her leading a more
active life.
vm. Parturition.
This the mare gets through with very quickly when everything is
right, but when it goes wrong or is prolonged, on account of malpresen-
tation, or malformation of the pelvis, the case is very bad indeed. The
cow may be in the act of calving many hours, and come out all right, if
she gets the right kind of assistance, but the mare, if not relieved, may
die inside of an hour. Do not interfere, however, unless absolutely nec-
essary in consequence of delivery coming too soon, (as from some exter-
nal violence), and before the ligaments of the pelvis are relaxed to allow
the foetus to pass, or of some malpresentation. In such cases, assis-
tance, to be of any service, must be rendered soon and efficiently.
The mare should be strong and in good healthy condition ; as to flesh,
not tv>o fat nor too thin, and strong, as a result of proper exercise. The
bowels should be. loosened by giving soft feed, roots, etc., at the close of
the period of gestation. In the great majority of oases, little or nothing
else is necessary.
What to do. — ^In case of malpresentation, refer to the corresponding
position in the cow, which will be found described in its proper place.
If all means fail to deliver the foal alive, and one or the other must be
sacrificed, cut the foal away, piece by piece ; but if the foal is alive and the
mare cannot be saved, the foal can bo brought away by the Cesarian
operation. (See chapter on operations.)
Dead foetus. — Sometimes the foetus dies some considerable time be-
fore the full term of gestation is completed, and thus becoming a foreign
substance, it must be removed. Sometimes, in such cases, the os uteri
does not relax and needs assistance. This condition of affairs will be
known by the mare's continuous and persistent straining, in the effort to
expel the foetus.
What to do.— Pass in your ban-', after oiling it with olive oil, and in-
sert one finger into the o», then two and three, and so on, worldngvery
gradually, till it is well dilated. If this does not succeed, insert a sponge
wet with fluid extract of belladonna into the os, and let it ruuiaiu there
ten or twelve hours, and then try the hand again.
»*■•
DISEASES or THE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
415
IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb.
This results from injury during parturition, or from catching cold by ex-
posure to cold or wet soon after delivery. It usually comes on in two or
three days after parturition. There is more or less fever ; colicky pain ;
continually straining, as if to pass another foal ; looking around towards
the flanks ; a discharge of foetid black fluid from the womb ; and arched
back.
What to do. — Give a mild purgative of raw linseed oil, in amount
from a pint to a quart, according to the size of the patient. Wash out
the womb with warm water, to which a little, a very little, whiskey has
been added, and inject No. 39. Give No. 18 internally, as often as the
fever and other symptoms require. Feed on light diet and keep warm.
X. Inflammation of the Ovaries.
This, though rare, is met with occasionally in the mare, and is mani-
fested by slight fever, soreness on pressure in the lumbar region, and dis-
inclination to walk. It usually occurs at the time of heat, and passes
away when that is over ; it aggravates the passions excited at that time.
What to do. — Give a teaspoonf ul of saltpetre in a bran mash, three
times a day, for a couple tf days.
XI. Xiouoorrhcsa.
This is catarrh of the vagina or of the womb, or of both. Caused,
ori'nnally, by a slight attack of inflammation, a discharge from the
irritated surfaces is set up and soon becomes chronic. It often follows dif-
ficult parturition, in which the parts have been torn and injured, more or
less. When the after-birth is retained, leucorrhoea invariably follows,
owing to the irritation caused by the decomposition, which, in such cases,
is nature's only alternative for getting rid of the foreign body.
The discharge is whitish and slimy, of a disagreeable odor ; in fact,
when following retention of the after-birth, it is often purulent, and very
offensive. It tells heavily on the general health of the patient ; she loses
flesh ; the coat becomes rough, coarse and staring ; and the milk dries up,
or nearly so.
What to do. — Introduce a catheter into the womb, and draw off
the purulent accuumlations, if any exist ; next, inject tepid water, draw-
ing it off with the catheter ; then inject lotions Nos. 75, 7(> and 39, chang-
ing from one to another, and applying them twice a day till cured. At the
same time, give, as a course of tonics, Nos. 07. H5 and 22, changing
uccasiuiiaUy li'oin one to another. Continue them three or four weekfi.
Give green food, if practicable ; if not, give bran mashes, roots, etc.
"«i=;W«%4 -
416
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
I 1'
i.ni>,'9l fXm.^n . :l ^ Ji.
XH. Puerperal Fever.
I t»i£ is a benign f evtT, usually occurring on the second or third day
»* t;r parturition. It is aggravated by colds, exposure, or neglect.
How to know It. — The symptoms are those of general fevsr, accelera-
ted pulse and respiration, with heightened temperatun; ; the » irs unl
extremities, however, nre cold ; the visible mucoub jrirtin' thanes me inittt..
ed and red ; the bowel? are constipated ; the urine U Bcanty and lii<rh co! .
ored ; secretion of milk is suspended r and the udder i'lcliisos to hifianii );..
tion and hardness. It may occur in mares of all ages, but id most otum
met with after the first pregnancy, and seeut^ to acoiimpany the effort
of nature in secreting the milk.
What to do. — Keep the uaimal w;t5u<, in a place witl: good ventibttlon
but no drafts ; give soft diet (grass if possih's)^ avd. plenty of [nin-. .vater
with a tablespoonful of sweet spirits of -litr ^ niived vvith ?t ir.orniii.' and
night. If the bowels are constipated, give balf ;; pmt of vm\ liaseeu oil
repeat!' ;g it after ten or twelve hours.
XII. Mammitis.
This J9 rif intnjiiiinii of the mammary glands,, or udder ; it accompanies
parturition; and then always exists to a certain * xtent, consequent upon
tbe aecreiion of milk. It is apt to be most scver*^ after the first foalinir.
Usuiilly, the inflammation subsides in the course of a week or so; that is,
as the organs become accustomed to secreting the issilk, and their outside
is softened by the foal sucking and pulling at tl.e teats; but not in-
frequently it happens that, instead of getting better and softer, tliov pet
harder and larger, sore, hot and painful. When it runs on to suppura-
tion of a quarter, as it sometimes does, the milk curdles and comes away
with difficulty, in small quantities, and is bloody. There is always more
or less constitutional disturbance, fever, accelerated pulse, etc.
Whattodo. — Foment vigorously with hot water, as continuously as
possible ; manipulate to the utmost extent that the soreness will allow ;
encourage the foal to suck and pull the teats, and milk all you can, at
frequent intervals, to prevent the milk from curdling. If it goes on to
suppuration, open the abscesses and inject lotion No. 39, twice a day, and
apply oil-cake poultices, changing them morning and night. Give soft
feed ; if in winter, take the chill off the drinking ^vater, and keep tlif
marc blanketed. Give a leaspoonful of saltpetre in a bran mash morn-
ing and night. If the bowels are constipated, give a pint of raw linsead
oil. Rub the glands with the followiiii;, three timec a day:
No. 77.
1 Ounce camphor gum,
>i Pint olive oil,
Mix.
DISEASES OF THE OBGANS OF OENEBATION.
417
XIV. Hysteria.
This is a peculiar and quite rare nervous condition accompanying heat
and manifested, principally, by the voluntary muscles. Tiie jaws champ ;
the teeth are ground ; the muscles tremble ; the legs and feet are liable
to paw, strike or kick spasmodically ; in short, the mare acts in a generally
delirious manner. Sometimes the brain is so much affected that this con-
dition runs on into tetanic convulsions, inflammation of the brain, and
death.
What to do. — Give a quart of raw linseed oil, or else No. 23, and No.
52. Repeat the latter every four io six hours, till purgation takes place,
when all unpleasant symptoms will usually disappear.
XV. Abortion.
When mares abort, it is usually the result of accident or overwork.
If compelled to draw too heavy a load, a single extra hard pull is often-
times sufficient to produce abortion ; any such accident as slipping, fall-
ing, external violence, etc., may likewise bring it about. Usually, all
parts come away naturally, without any untoward result other than nerv-
ous prostration, and, perhaps, a slight febrile rise in pulse and temper-
ature for a day or two afterwards.
What to do. — Allow absolute rest for a few days, and give soft feed
and chilled water. If any fever follows, give a teaspoonful of saltpetre
in the mash, morning and night.
''jj
CHAPTER XVn.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER.
I. OOHOE8TTON OP THR LIVER. 11. HEPATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OP THE LIVKR
(ACUTE OR CHRONIC). III. CEROMA, OB FATTY DEGENERATION. IV. CIU-
RIIOSIS, OK FIBROUS UEQENERATION. V. JAUNDICE, ICTERUS, OR YELLOWS.— I
VI. BILIARY CALCULI, OR GALL-STONES. VII. HYPERTROPHY. VIII. ATKO-
PHT. IX. SOFTENING, OR RAHOLLISSEMENT, WITH RUPTURE.
Diseases of the liver in the lower aDimals, are not as common as in the
human family, but they are inet with occasionally, and their effects are
plainly visible. The other organs of the body necessarily suffer when
there is inactivity of the liver, since its functions are very important
both in eliminating impurities from the blood, and in secreting the bile
that largely contributes to maintaining the health of the bowels.
Certain marked symptom.s are common to all diseases of the liver,
viz : yellowness of all the visible mucous membranes, dullness of spirits,
languor, and loss of appetite. When the bile is secreted too abundantly,
the foeces are bright yellow, with either diarrhoea, or a tendency that
way ; and when the bile is scanty, the foeces are of a gray, ashy color,
hard and very offensive to the smell. Again, when the liver fails to secrete
its customary quantity of urea, the latter is thrown back into the sys-
tem, with especial detriment to the kidneys, giving rise to congestion of
those organs or azoturia, (which see). The principal diseases of the
liver, in the horse, are enumerated in the heading of this chapter.
I. Congestion of the Liver.
This is engorgement of the hepatic blood vessels, and, in a secondary
manner, is accompanied by engorgement of many of the other internal
organs, Its subjects are commonly high fed, pampered, idle animaLs
It is frequently a symptom of influenza, from obstruction of the flow of
bile, caused by inflammation of the lining membrane of the bile ducts,
which, in turn, is simply one manifestation of the general catarrhal
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the whole body.
How to know It. — In addition to the general symptoms of hepatic dis-
ease, mentioned in the second paragraph of this chapter, there will be
Bome colicky pains ; turning of the head towards the right side ; high
brownish color of the urine ; constipation ; clay-colored foeces; aiioffen-
give smell to both foeces and mouth : and grinding of the teeth. Some-
times, there is also lameness in the right fore-shoulder, and more or less
fever.
418
DISEASES OF THE LIVEB.
419
What to do. — Some authorities recommend bleeding and purgatives,
except when it is a symptom of influenza. In case the animal is fat,
bleeding would be an advantage. Follow it with No. 37, given in doses
of two or three tablospoonfuls in soft feed, three times a day. Let the
food be light and rather sparing.
When there are liver troubles, as a complication of influenza, it is not
safe to give them any special treatment. In such cases, treat for influ-
enza, as elsewhere given.
H. Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver.
This may be either acute or chronic. It is very rare in the lower ani-
mals, among which it is most often seen in old horses. The inflamma-
tion may have its seat either in the covering membrane, known to anato-
mists as "Glisson's Capsule," or in the glandular portion itself. It may
lead to abscesses, or to a hardening or softening of the organ. We will
treat, first, of the acute form.
How to know It. — There is marked loss of appetite, and dullness of
the eye ; the patient usually remains standing, but hangs his head ; the
manure, passed in small balls, is of a dark reddish-brown color, and
sometimes very much mixed with bile, covered with a slimy mucous
matter ; the urine is scant and high colored, and there is tenderness of
the right side.
What to do. — In the acute form, give early, as a mild purgative. No.
23, and follow it with this:
No. 78.
2 Ounces chlorate of potash,
1 Quart water,
Mix.
Feed
Give four ounces (about two wine-glassfuls) three times a day.
on light diet.
The chronic form may follow the acute, or it may exist as an original
disease. It gives rise to material changes in the liver, which may become
enlarged and softened, or diminished in size and indurated and hardened.
In those cases where it comes on gradually, and exists as an ori'nnal dis-
ease, it is the result of want of proper food, or a process of gradual
starvation, and tends to a fatal termination. If the food is insuflicient
and unsuitable, the fact will be shown by a poverty-stricken apn'^si ranee
of the animal gonerally.
What to do. — Give a complete change in every way possible — location
and altitude, as well as in the quality and quantity of food.
in. Oeroma, or Patty Degeneration of the Liver.
This io usually seen in old horses that are very fat. The liver becomes
large and soft, and the hepatic cells becoming filled with fat, the secretion
u
lift
p! i.
420
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
of bile is interfered with. Here we find one of the causes of con.
stipation and enteritis ; for the bile is the main agent in keepiuir th«
bowels in order, including, also, tli. prevention of acidity and abnormal
waste of the tissues composing them. ,
No treatment can be proscribed. These cases usually die suddenly
from rupture of fhe capsule and escape of blood into the abdoniiiml
cavity. Prev ' - - -
too fat.
f )e effected by not allowing old horses to .ret
iV. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous Degeneration.
This if. iiue, probably, to material changes in the blood, which boooming
poor in quality and scanty in quantity, gives rise to atrophy of the sys-
tem, pining, and death. On posf-mo-*..m examination, the liver is found
to be light, and in color of ;, ^ . .u>vv cast, rougiienej on the surface, firm
to the touch, not so easily broken down as in a healthy condition ; ' it is
hard, fibrous and dry ; and, when cut across, the IcDules are replaced by
wnite fibrous tissue, exhibiting a mottled appearance, like the interior of
a nutmeg. No specific treatment is possible.
v. Jaundice, loterus, or Yellows.
This is only a symptom of derangement of the liver, though commonly
spoken of as a separate disease. It indicates an obstruction of the gall
duct that: conveys the bile into the intestines, the consequence of which
is, that the bile is thrown buck into the system, and bene the yellow
appearance so characteristif; of all liver disorders.
If it is not t omplicated with any other disease, give a purgative, No
23, and 'oilow it with No. 37. If, ianvever, it exists as a complioationi
treat the other disease rather than tl. s condition.
VI. BiUary Calculi, or Q&l ' stones.
Thougn gall-stones are rarely found, incrustations on the walls of the
ducts are quite common. They do little oi no harm, unless they accu-
mulate to such nil extend as to o' struct thf duct, in which case there wUl
be colicky paih frequent looki.,^ around ,o the right side, and a ellow,
bilious appearance generally.
Give No. 55.
Vn. Hyperttophy of the Liver.
This, which is the name given :^n abnormal growth ';f the ifmn,!"
usually associated vith a plethoric condition, resulting fn ni idleu-^s and
high feeding.
R;^duce the flesU, by givin o , and restrictin.' the diet.
DISEASES OP THE LIVER.
Vin. AtT 7 Of the Liver.
This is a wasting, shrinking, fining away process. Its causes are
either some other disease, or else starvation. If the former, treat the
other disease, and the system may, perhaps, redevelop. If starvation
and neglect are to blame, make a radical change, giving good food, and
plenty of it.
rx. Softening, or BamoU.jsement, with Ruptare.
This is probably duo to repeated attacks <jf congestion and eng. rge-
ment. The softening process goes on,
till Hnally the inevitable sequel of
rupture takes place. Sometimes the
rupture does not involve Glisson's
capsule, but only the glandular mat-
ter, and when this occurs, it will be
manifested by colicky pains, and also
by fainting fits, if the head is raised
imddenly. The symptom' subside
after a while, and appear to leave no
injurious consequences. When, how-
ever, Glisson's capsule is ruptured,
hemorrhage into the abdomen occurs,
and a fatal termination suddenly ensues.
Prevention.— Recognizing that all affections of the liver leading to
softening and rupture, are due to improper feeding, the methods of pre-
vei.tion are evident, viz : Regulate the diet carefully, reducing the
quality of rich and specially nutritious foods, andgivingmore hay, straw,
etc., and thus koeping down the tendency to undue obesity.
TEST FOB
HEMORKHAOE
HVEK.
FROM
CHAPTER XVni.
DIBBASES OF THE EYB.
I. SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA, OB MOON BLINDNES.S. H. SIMPLE OPHTHAtUT. ^
CONJUNCTIVITIS. III. AMAUK0SI8, GU T TA SERENA, OB GLASS EYE Itl.J"
GLAUCOMA. V. ,ritI8. VI. LEUCOMA. VII. CATARACT. VIi?"^,?
RIA OCULI, on ORM IN THE EYE IX. ENTBOPIUM. X. ECTKOPII M ,
TORNEYELU. —XII. CANCEROUS TUMOR IN THE E>E XIII. OBSrHl"77m«
OF THE LACHRYMALUUCT. ""SfKlCTlON
Diseases of tho eyo are not noarly as numerous among th(> cquin,.
race as in man, though it would b(i .i mistake to infer from this that the
eye is a less sensitive or complicated organ in the one than in tlio other
The oculary diseases of the horse are about all included in the list al)ove
given.
I. Speoiflo Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindness.
This is the bane of horse-flesh in the West, where a mu'tit io of
good horses lose their sight from an hereditiiry disease that is utterly
incurable, and runs on its certain course, fast or slow, to catara. t. It
consists of inflammation of the cornea, choroid coat, ciliary processes and
iris, affecting, also, the humors and lens, and giving rise to an immeiiae
amount of pain on account of the intro-ocular pressure.
It is called specific on account of its occult cause, nature and perio-
^'icity. While it is transmissible to the offspring from either parent, it is
especially so from the sire.
How to know it. — There is swelling of the whole eye, lids, conjunctiva,
the mucous lining of the lids, and all internal parts of the eye ; and tho
cornea being inelastic, the pressure and pain are intense. The eye is
closed, or nearly so, from the light, tears run down over the cheok, and
the mucous membranes become very red ; and as a
result of the inflammation, pus is formed in the anterior
chamber, and may be seen as a whitish substance down
in the lower portion.
After a few days, the inflammation subsides, goes
away, and leaves the eye nearly as bright as natural ; still,
SPECIFIC OPHTHAL- if examined carefully, shreds of the lynaph will be seen
hanging around in the anterior chamber, and the pupil
'^?S°?hlf "^^ ^^ ragged. After a period of from four weeks to
ihl ■poiitroi°"f°the three or four months, the trouble will recur with all
haw. . 1 , •
1 hA ainmrkrnma in nn .i/v/vMnv...^-^^ A^,^^ . j.1. ^ i.fi.' i.
-V ""f- '" '*'' "•o5'«'-ttt.c'u vtcj^icc ; iifo -.viiiusii
Bubstance (lymph) becomes purulent, and, settling at the bottom, may
422
DIHKA8EK OF THE EYE.
488
thero be seen like a hiilf-moon. Examine the eye by the light of a can-
dle, (the horse being in a dark place,) and the cornea will look dull, and
the buck of the eye bluish yellow. These appoatances, accompanied
by the recurrences fnxn time to time, will plainly stamp the disease as
gpecirto or periodic ophthalmia. It may affect either eye alone, or both
at the same time, and the periodic recurrence may either be noticed first
io one and then in the other, or else always in the same one. After one
or more recurrences, the lymph or pus in the bottom of the anterior
chamber will remain. The pupil becomes uneven, the eye looks smaller,
on account of its being drawn back into the socket to avoid the light, and
before long, as a result of the inflammation, the fatty cushion at the back
of the eye becomes absorbed. After a few recurrences, there is perceived
a muddiness around the lens, which increases in opacity with each suc-
cessive attack, till a cataract forms. This is the inevitable result. Then
the intensity of the attack diminishes, and finally subsides altogether.
What to do.— There is no treatment known that will absofutely cure
it; yet good attention will ward off the final termination for a long time.
When first coming on, give a purgative. No. 23, and follow it up with
this :
No. 70.
1 Drachm potassium iodide,
}4 Pint water,
Mix.
Give this as one dose in a bran mash or from a bottle. Repeat it three
times a day for a fortnight. Feed on bran mashes, green food, roots,
etc. Bathe the eye with hot water an hour at a time, three times a day!
Apply the following lotion to the eye, with a carael's hair brush, four or
six times a day :
No. 80. 2 Grains sulphate of atropia,
1 Ounce water,
Mix.
Keep the animal in a dark place, with plenty of water to drink.
When the active inflammation has subsided, use the following lotion :
No. 81. B Grains nitrate of silver,
1 Ounce water.
Mix.
Apply with a camel's hair brush, twice a day for a week or so, which
will help to tako up the cloudiness that may remain from the inflamma-
tion. If this object is not satisfactorily effected, apply No. 82.
Prevention.— Never breod a mare affected with specific ophthalmia
not even when she is stone-bli .d and all danger of subsequent recurrent
cesgone. N«v«i' breed to a 8':aIIion similarly affected. Its hereditary
character is certain. It breaks out in the offspring, usually, between the
ages of four and seven, most often at about six.
'''FT^-n
m . T
424
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
■'■ I
.''ii
■vv
n. Simple Ophthalmia, or ConjtmotivitiH.
The lining of the eyelids is a sensitive, vascular, mucous membrane
called the conjunctiva. Inflammation of this membrane and tho other
•xternal parts is known as simple ophthalmia, or conjunctivitis.
^ Cause.— The most common cause is the introduction of foroi<rn i^^^
Mito the eye, such as hay-seed, hair, cinders, lime or other niulljc sub.
stances, etc. It often accompanies other diseases, as a symptom of foyer"
the conjunctiva at such times sharing with all other mucous meml.ranea
m tho tendency to congestion.
How to know It.— The eye is kept partly or nearly closed, tho ovejids
are swollen, the tears fl<,w copiously down the cheek, and when (l,; lids
are opened the lining is very red and inflamed, with
the haw drawn well up on the eye. After a day or
two, the surface of tho cornea (tho transparent por-
tion of tho eyeball) becomes clouded with a whitish
film-like substance, caused by the interrupted nutri-
tion which attends the inflaraihation and tumefaction.
If neglected, the ojjacity increases and soon becomes
chronic, resisting treatment, and causing blindness.
Sometimes, when tho irritant is very severe, tho in-
flammation extends to tiie intenor of tho eye, break-
ing down the structure of the ports, when blindiiPss
results, as a matter of course.
What to do — Make a careful examination, and remove the offendin''
object. Foreign bodies can be removed with forceps, or by a .silk iiand*
kerchief passed over the head of a pin. The forceps shoilld bo curved,
and the curved surface applied to tho eye, so as to avoid tho po.s.sil)ility
of puncturing the points into it. If so much
swollen that the foreign body cannot bo dis-
covered, tho pohit where it is will bo apt to bo
more swollen than the rest, thereby givin<' a
due as to its location. If it is down under tho
haw, the latter may J)o caught by a hook or
tenaculum, and drawn up so as to allow com-
plete examination of tho surfaces beneath. It
is often nocos.sary to fasten the haw, to prevent
its movements from interfering with tho examination of tho evf .
After the irritant is removed, batho the eyo with warm water having a
small quantity of salt in it,— a teaspoonf ul of salt to a pint of water;
have the water and sponge clean, and foment the eyo half an homuta
tiuio, three or four times a day. Insert a flaxseed under tlie lid .several
times r Jay, or smear across and into the eyo tho white of an (!gg.
SIUPLE OPHTHAL-
MIA.
'J he pupil natural, but
the line showitif; the
position of the haw, it
belnff drawn well up
on the eye, in its en-
deavor to brush off the
foreign body.
MANNER OP Ol'KNINd THE
EYK WIIKN SKAUCHI.NU
FOB FOUKIQN UODIES.
DISEA8RS OF THE EYE.
425
If the cornea becomes cloudy, apply the followiug lotion morning and
night, Avith a camel's hair brush.
No, 82. 10 Grains nitrate ot silver,
1 Ounco water.
Mix.
Apply lotion No. 80, six to eight times a day, with a camel's hair
brush, iill around under the eyelids and upon the eyeball-s, to prevent
the extension of the inflammation to the inner parts of the eye, or to
alleviate it, if this has occurred. Give the animal rest, with soft feed and
a dark stall.
m. Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye.
This is blindness from paralysis of the optic nerve (^he nerve of the
sense of sight) and retina. The latter is the expansion of the optic nerve
over the back of the chamber of the eye. There is no alteration in the
structure of the eye, but simply loss of power to see. The pupil is greatly
dilated, indicating the eye's insensibility to light, and has a very clear,
bright appearance, like blue glass ; and instead of contracting and expand-
ing, as it should do, in different degrees of light, it remains fixed.
Cause.— It may depend upon injury to the brain, with effusion press-
ing on the optic nerve, and when this is the cause, the appearance of the
eye above described will be noticed. Or it may result from excessive
fever in any disease, and especially epizootic influenza, if the toniper-
aturo of the body runs above 106 « . In the latter case, the retina is
involved ill the inflammation, loses its beautiful bluish lustre, and be-
comes whitisli-grcen in color, and the humors (the liquids) of the eye
get more or less muddy, and give a greenish cast to the whole eye.
As this condition may not bo detected by
a casual observer, by looking into the eye
itself, it is necessary to notice closely the
actions of the horse. It may effect one or
both eyes. If only one, the horse's action
raiiy not bo altered, but if both eyes are blind
the fact will bo betrayed by his liigh stepping
and his constant moving of the cars forward
and bacikward. These are indications which
should always create suspicion in this re-
spect.
What to do.— Apply a blister. No. 9, to the cheek or temple, and
on the back of the neck, and give internaUy Nos. 67 and 66 in alterna-
tion. But a cuio is lurely to be hoped for.
ETE AFFECTED BV 8KREMA.
I^S^^^^f^ *
s* -
426
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
. IV. Glaucoma.
This is inflammation involving tho whole globe of the eye, but more par.
ticularly the vitreous humor, (the fluid in the posterior chamber of the
eye,) the iris, choroid, and sometime the retina. It occasions a dilated
irregular pupil, muddiness of the vitreous humor, and a sea-green color
of the interior of the eye, with blindness as a frequent sequel.
What to do. — It is treated by constitutional remedies — calabar bean
electricity, etc., and also by iridectomy (an operation to excise a portion
of the iris, to relieve the intro-ocular pressure.) These measures all
require the skill of a veterinarian.
V. IrltlB.
Inflammation bf the iris (that portion of the eye forming the pupjl
and giving the color to the eye) is called iritis.
Cause.— Severe external violence, extremes of light and darkness, ex
posure to severe storms, facing ^he wind, and constitutional disorders'.
How to know It.— A pink ring is seen around the sclerotica (the white
fibrous coat forming the large posterior portion of thd eye^ .: the eye is re-*
tracted and partly closed ; the haw is drawn up ; the conjunctiva is iuflam-
ed, there being considerable fever in tlie con.
stitution ; the pupil is very small, and the
aqueous humor becomes turbid, with white
* flakes floating in the anterior chamber, and
usually a little pus in the bottom of the latter.
What to do. — Place the animal in a dark
stall, or cover his face with a green cloth. Give
a purgative. No. 23. Bathe the eye with warm
water as much as possible, and apply No. 80
every few minutes for half an hour ; then rest
four or five hours, and repeat it. So continue
from day to day, till all symptoms of inflam-
mation are gone. Let the feed be soft and un.
stimulatimg.
'' VI. Leuooma.
This is a white opacity of the cornea, from extravasation of lymph into
the fibres of the extension of the conjunctiva over the cornea. It may be
the result of other eye diseases, of fever in the system, or of external vio-
leoce. It is best treated by keeping in a dark place, with laxative food
and continuous application of No. 82, till it ia cleared up.
HA»NER OP SHADINO A
HOUSE'S ETE8 WHEN SUF-
FERINO FROM INFLAMMA-
TION.
DISEASES OP THE EYE.
Vn. Cataract.
427
As the most common termination of all inflammatory diseases of the
eye, we see a white opaque substance covering the lens, and oftentimes
completely filling the pupil. This is cataract, of which there are two
kinds, distinguished by the terms capsular and lenticular, according to
their position. Cataract is organized lymph attached to the lens.
How to know It. — ^Usually the pupil is very much dilated, and tilled
with the white lymph, the defect being so plain as to be seen a hundred
feet away. Sometimes, however, it can only be detected by a close ex-
amination. Examine tlio horse, first, in strong bunlight, and note carefully
the degree of contraction of the pupil ; then pli*ce him in a dark stall, and
examine the eye with a candle. A healthy eye reflects three candles,
the first from the cornea, the second from the surface of the lens, the
third from the back of the lens. When either or both of the last two are
blurred or, worse, entirely wanting, you need no further proof of the
existence of cataract.
What to do. — In recent cases, the eye may sometimes be cleared up by
simply giving a purgative, No. 23, and applying a lotion. No. 82, at the
same time giving No. 66, internally ; but in later stages nothing could
avail except to dissect them out — an operation that is never practiced on
the horse for the reason that, without glasses, ho would never be able to
gee things again, in their right position, size and form.
A FREQUENT RESULT OF IMPERFECT VISION.
Imperfect vision is worse than blindness, bemg vastly more misleading
and wholly unreliable.
Vm. Filorla Oculi, or Worm in the Bye.
This is a sraali, thread-like worm, seen floating about in the aqueous
humor in the anterior chamber ot the eye. It is very nire. The worm
mni
JL'i'-'
486
THE ame;rican farmer's stock book.
is from half an inch to two inches in length, and the size of a hair. It
is white in color, and is very active, squirming about in the eye, appar
ently very much at home. It is probably taken into the stomach in t)ie
egg form, and after hatching, the mite works through the coats of the
intestines and blood vessels, is carried by the circulation till it finds an
agreeable medium, and there developes. It causes a great amount of ii,
flammation and pain in the eye, in which it can be plainly seen by anv
observer. •'
What to do.— The only remedy is to puncture the cornea and evacuate
the anterior chamber, when the worm will come out along with the other
contents. This, however, is a delio.ite operation, and should never be
attempted by any but a qualified veterinary surgeon. (See chapter on
operations.)
IX. Entropium.
This is inversion of the eyelids, causing the lashes to turn in upon the
eyeballs, and giving rise to an irritating disease called Trichiosis. It is
due to excessive thickness of the lid above the rim, so that .« rim is
made to turn in.
What to do.— It is treated by cutting out an elliptical section of the
skin, and sewing the wound up again, to shorten the lid. Let the lono
axis of the ellipse run lengthwise with the eyelid, horizontally. "
X. Sotropium.
This trouble is consequent upon an inflamed and thickened conjunc-
tiva. It is a turning out or eversion of the lids, showing their red mu-
cous membranes continually. It is most common in the lower lid. It is
treated by an operation to remove an elliptical section of the conjunctiva,
the after treatment being the same as prescribed for simple ophthalmia.
^ XI. TomEyeUds.
The lids are frequently torn by getting caught in hooks, nails, etc.
When possible, sew them up at once. Bring the edges neatly tojrother
and sew them with fine silk, making fine stitches, and dress two or'^thrco
times a day with lotion No. 39. Tie the horse in the canter of a wide
stall, with a lino from each side, and let him eat off the floor, to prevent
him from rubbing his head and tearing the laceration open again.
Xn. Canoeroua Tumors in the Eye .
These, though rare, are occasionally met with in the horse, ; : d their
only treatment is to extirpate them by cutting out the eye. Cancerous
growths are always malignant, and spread to surrounding tissues. (See
chapter on opei-ations.)
DISEASES OF THE EYE.
42&
xni. Obstruotion of the Laohrymal Duct.
This duct is the one that carries off tears aud superfluous moisture
from the eyes to the nose. It runs from the inner corner of the eye-
lids to within tVi'o or three inches of the nostril, and empties on the
floor of the nasal passage. It occasionally becomes stopped up from
extension to it of the inflammation attending catarrh, and then the
tears, having no other channel of escape, may be
seen flowing down over the cheek.
What to do. — See if there is any mechanical ob-
struction in the nose, and, if so, remove it ; if not,
swaj) out the nostril with an infusion of tobacco.
Should this fail, the duct must be opened with a
probe. Take a fine elastic probe, about the size
of a knitting needle, and a foot long, and insert
it once a day for several days, and inject No. 73
with a fine syinnge,
28
OB8THUCTION OK LA.CH-
BTHAL DUCT.
' .-J?'*:'.^''^*? *■
—tmimimxm!^
^laDMM
■ '■',•!,#
CHAPTER XIX.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
I.
-II.
BOTS.
-III. LICE. IV. MAM6E V.
RING-
IMTE8TIKAL WORMS.'
WORM.
I. Intestinal Worms.
Three kinds of tape-worms and seven of roundworms have been found
in the intestines of the horse. The tape-worms are very rare, and hence
have but little interest for the average reader. But the round worms
are both very common and highly injurious to the animal harborin'^ them.
Pin-^orms or ascar ides. —The most noteworthy is the pin-worm, of
which two kinds are very common, viz : Sclerostomum Equinum and
Oxyuria curvola. These, which are usually spoken of as ascandei^, are
small round worms about an inch and a half to two inches long, jjointod
A FRUITFUL MEDIUM FOR THE SPREAD OF MANOE.
at both ends, with a small black head. They inhabit the large intestine»
(the rectum usually, and sometimes the colon,) where they often exist
in large numbers, some of them being passed, also, from time to time, in
the dung.
Tere/t Lumbrici. — The next moat common worm is the large round
worm scientifically known as teres lumbrici, which are about as thick as a
clay pipe-stem, and, as to length, about eight to twelve inches for the
male and about ten to eighteen inches for the female. They infest the
^430
PARASITIC DI8EA8EM OF THK HOUSE.
481
m
th
let
»11
fu
mtofrtmc. and frequently enter the stomach, but from the fa«t
s^eldom exist in very large quantities, commonly do somewhat
amaK.U>,v the ascarides. Nevertheless, the writer has occasion-
-. .. 'b rr. . .me away by the hat-full, after a heavy dose of vermi-
How to detect their pre8ence.-When in small numbers, their exis-
ten.o .s hardly as^-ertainable, but when in large numbers, their pres-
eiico will bo b(*tiayod by a capriciious
appetite, usually a ravenous one ; ema-
ciation, with dry, coarse, staring coat,
and a pot-belly; a whitish-yellow
mould will bo seen around the anus
prol)!ibly made by wornis being crush-
ed wiiilo passing out, leaving their
contents sticking to the skin, and,
usually, more or less of the worms
will be seen in the dung. When
they get into th(( stomach, tlu! horse
will turn uj) his upper lip, as if nau-
seated, and will also rub his lips
against the wall, manger, etc. ; he
will lick the wall, sometimes even
lick the hair off himself, and will persistently rub his tail or keep switch-
mgit around, and otherwise manifesting the irritation that exists in the
anus and rectum.
Gianf ^S'frongle,~Another round
worm o(!casionaIly observed in the liorse,
is the giant strongle, {Emtrongylus
Oigas.) found, most coninionlv, iu the
kidneys and bladder. But sometimes,
aft<'r having completely d(^voured a kid-
ney, this rapacious parasite bursts the ca])-
sule, and falling into the abdominal cavity,
... *'**'^« fl'"i<« 'i'>«'it among the intestine's!
It hen catu^es per.ton.t.s and death. These worn.s are as large as a
^u l*!fk ""' '"' ""' '" ""■'" ^""' ^'"'^- '^^'''' ^"''-^ i^ '^
Whattodoforworms.-There are nun.erous useful v^nifuges The
most convenient and effectual is tl,<^ followin-: •
APPEABANCK OF COLT 8UFFEHING FROM
WOUMS.
nORSE KUBBINO HIS NOBE AGAINST
A WALL— A SYMITOM OF WORMS.
No. 80.
1 Drachm sulphate of iron,
i j-r;;rniii inrrai' «<u«*iic,
2 Drachms linseed meul.
Mix.
432
THE AMEUICAN FARMEk'h STOCK BOOK.
• Give a8 Olio dose, repeating it iiiorning and night f(
give a purgative of oil and turpentine, as follows :
No. 84.
1 Ounce spirits of tnrpeatine,
1 Pint rnw linseed oil,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
After three weeks, repeat the entire treatment, to catch the younw
worms previously left in the bowels, in the form of nits or oggs, and which
have hatched since.
Nasal and bronchial acari. — One sort of acarus is found
in the nose of the horse, and another, the strongylus micmrus
in the bronchial tubes. They are from one and a half to tliree
inches long.
n. Bets.
The oestrus equi, or horse gadfly, in' laying its c^ras
attaches them to the hair of the horse, usually on the foro lees
and breast, so as tio be convenient to the horse's nioutli. Tlio
horse licks the spot irritated by the fly and thus gets one or
more eggs into his mouth ; it is hatched by the heat and moisture, piusses
down the gullet, and attaches itself to the coat of the stomach by two little
booklets on the head, and there hangs for several months
as yet not haviiig the power to let go. This is one of
the stages it has to go through, to become a fly. When
it has matured, it lets go, and soon passes out with the
dung. It then hides itself in the earth,
to undergo another change, and after six or
seven weeks' growth, in the pupa condition,
emerges a full fledged gadfly, cap«ble of
annoying many horses and propagating its species indefinitely.
PECTA8TOMA
TCENOIUES.
Acarus which
lives in the nose.
THE GAUKLV.
A BOX.
^1 t
I. Female fly about to deposit an egg,
1, The egg magnlned.
J. The hot.
4. The chrysalis.
ate "
9^ 5. The mafe fly.
THE GADFLY, AT VAKIOUS 8TAOES OF UEVELOPMENT.
The i)ot sucks li(|uid nourishment from the food qf the horse, and
&■*,
I'AKASITU; DI8KA8EH OF THE HOH8K,
433
never, as is popularly supposed, eats the stomach ; for the holes found in
the stomaclusoon after the death of a healthy ani-
miil, are really caused by the action of the gastric
juice,— in fact, a kind of self-digestion by the stora-
!ich itself.
The only harm bot^ can do is to accumulate in
such large quantities ; • .he stomach and bowels as
to interfere with digestion and the free passage of
the fiEces. In such cases a purgative may prove
advantageous.
No si)ecific treatment is necessary. Feed well.
m. Lioe.
All animals suffer from the ravages of external parasites, the most
common of which are lice. They are wingless insects, divided into
two classes, bloodsuckers {Hoematopinus) and Bird-lice (frichodectes.)
BOTS FA8TKNKU TO THE
STOMACH, UNABLK
TO LET GO.
HEN-LOUSE, OR UERMANYS-
8US OP THE HOK9R.
OONIODES STVLirEU OK
THE TURKEY.
The former have narrow heads and long, trunk-like sucking tubes;
the latter, very broad heads and biting jaws, but no sucking tulie. Lice
always impoverish the animal they infest, causing loss of flesh and general
unthriftiness. Our four cuts of them are, of course, greatly magnified.
What to do. — The safest and most effectual remedy is a tobacco
infusion, nuide as follows :
Xo. 85. 2 Pounds tobacco,
3 Gullons water.
Mix, and steep for two honrg.
Sponge the animal thoroughly. Or the following may be used in th6
same manner :
No. 86.
3 Pounds quassia cliips,
1 Gallon water,
Mix, and steep one Ijour.
^smmMmmaifmm':
434
THE AMERICAN FAIIM£r'M STOCK ROOK.
IV. Mange.
This is tt paiasitic disease that is due to a chms of
insects called acari, of which there arc thn-c kinds
that trou.lo tho horse, viz: thi^
sarcoptes,(lerma((pphatjuaan(l d rmnto-
coptis. Tho first named l)ui;o\vci in
the deeper layers and cracks of tiic
skin, while tiie last two liv«> on the
surface, und<'r the scabs, where, of
course, they are more easily <r<>l at than
the former, and hence are less difficult
to treat.
How to know it. — There is a ter'^'-
ble itching that cannot be satisfied ;
the more the horse rubs, the more
he itches. Hoises with the manse
will sometimes be found turned out to pastui'e, and rubbin<if nnd soratcli-
ingagaiust posts, trees, fences, etc., or even against one another. As
H(EM ATOPINUS, OB
BI.OOU-St'CB ING
LOUSE OK THE
HORi<K AND ASS.
TRIOHODECTKS
ORBIKI) i.onaE
OP THK H0K8E.
DERMATOi'UAGUS EQUI.
UERMATOCOPrES EQni.
the mites possess great vitality, and will live a long time away from a
horse, those left on the porits, etc., will infest any other horse cotniii.rju
contact with it weeks, or even months, afterward. Mange is conta<riou8
by actual contact. The skin gets rough and scaly; the h'Av comes off
in patches ; the skin gets pimply, and when rubbed nuich, gets (iiiitc raw,
It usually affects the head and neck first, sometimes sprcadiu"- w) as to
take the hair entirely off. Its spread is quite rapid, and keops'tho ho!^
in agony all the time. He will push against your hand, in evident
PAKA8ITU; UI8EA8E8 OK THK IIOK8K.
46a
pleanurc, when you scnitch the affected part ; uikI this constitutes a good
test lor manirf (Sen cut below.)
MANOK MITE (MAGNIFIKU.)
As given bj Doctor Etitmua Wilson.
What to do. — ^Vash the i)arts affectod
to remove all scabs and scurf ; then, whei
spots the following mixture :
MAIICOPTES Eyui.
lot water and strong soap,
rub well in to all affected
No. 87. 4 Ounces sulphur,
2 Ounces oil of tar,
}4 Pint linseed oil.
Mix.
V. Ringworm.
This is a fungous, vegetable parasitic growth, scicnti^cally known as
tncophyton tonsurans. • It is contagious, and attacks all classes of ani-
mals, yet sometimes arises spontaneously from poverty and filth. It
manifests itself by a round
bald spot, scaly and elevated
inside the ring, which is red
and inflamed. It begins in a
small pimple-like sore, which
spreads very fast, increasing
in size from day to day, and
new sores forming on other
parts of the body. The ring
is surrounded by a row of broken bristly hairs, which split, and become
filled with spores of the fungu ; and as fast as one row of hairs is dis-
posed of another row is attacked.
Ringworm is, at first, simply a disfigurement, but it should, on no
account, be neglected. If allowed to run on, it becomes very trouble-
some. The scurfy skin of ringworm is easy of recognition, the part^icles
of scurf coming off in little fl.akps or scales, which have been aptly com-
TEST FOK MAN«iE.
pared to the coarser, husky portions of bi
'an.
.4
MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
^ APPLIED l\/MGE
1653 East Main Street
Rochesler, Ne. yofl< 14609 US*
('16) 482 - 0300 - Plione
(716) 2B8- 5989 - FoK
436
THE AMERICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
There is another form of ringworui called favus. It sIidws th-
same geiienil appearaiico as tho otlicr, cxc.ut
that a scab forms in the center, iiftcr tli(
ring has receded.
What to do. — Wash with soap und wptpr;
when dry, paint wth tincture of iodine uv tin
following
No. 88.
40 Grains corrosive subllniaii'.
1 Pint water,
Mix.
RINGWORM.
Repeat once a day till cured.
CHAPTER XX.
VICES IN THE STABLE.
cRinniNf!.-
V.TC. IV.
-II. WIND SICKING
-III.
ONAWINfl THK MANGKU. CLOTHING,
KICKING WIIILK EATlN(i GHAIN. V. WASTINCi THE GUAIN. VI.
I'l IJ.INU ISACK, ANU BISEAKING THE HALTEK.— — VII. liALKING.
Horses frequently oontraot perniciou,s Imbits in tlio stiihlo, .such as
always prove very annoyiiiir and often incurable. Xevcithelcss, a little in-
goniiily will .sometimes work wonders, not only in ])reventing the forma-
tiou of such habits, but also in breaking them up. The most common
.stable vices are those above noted.
I. Cribbing.
This is a habit of catching hold of the inanger, post, fence, or other
object in front of the horse, Avith the teeth, and bearing down till the
neck is altered in i)osition, so as to form a tempo-
rary vaciuim ill the pharynx, when the air rushes
ill to till it, making u sound not unlike the hic-
coiijrli. It frequently occurs that the hor,se will
duvotc nine-tenths of his time to cribbing, to the
neglect of eating and sleeping, especially if ut
griss, iuid bringing on indigestion, emaciation
mul hidebound. For this reason, cribbers are
usually thin in ilcsh.
Cause. — Cril)biiig is considered by some to be
the I'csult of indigestion ; by others, of pain in
the teeth while teething; and by others still, of idleness. While there
are cases that undoubtedly seem traceable to the first two mentioned
causes, the writer thinks this habit will 1)o found, uniformlv, to be associ-
ated, at Ica.st, with idleness. Old hor.ses sometimes take it up, and horses
of all ages are apt to do so, if tied beside a cribber ; but in every such
case idleness seems to be a prerequisite. This opinion is strengthc.ied,
too, by the undeniable fact that a horse kept in the stable several weeks,
from some trivial cause, is especially apt to acquire it.
What to do. — There lire many devices in vogue for the cure of crib-
bing, each containing more or less merit,— such as a piece of buffalo
robe, or of iron, nailed on the edge of the manger ; red pepper smeared
over the latter ; a small strap around the throat, drawn very tight, etc.
But the most effectual plan is to tic him in a wide stall, with a line from
437
CRIBBING.
— --t»|
438
THE AMEUICAN FAIlMElfs STOCK BOOK.
euch sido, to keep liim in the (ientcr, and foed him on the floor, Some
horses, however, will crib lying down ; or, if tied loo sliort to rcadi th..
floor, will sonietinios orib on their own knees. Tiie writer saw a luirsc
tied in front of the Board of Trade Rnildinji'. in Chicago, that wasehcckcd
up so short that he eould not reaeh the flag sidewalk ; so he would put
one foot up on th(^ walk and eril) on liis knee, which he was just alilc to
reach. Ho would stand there, and do this by the hour. Cases so invet-
erate are not curable. Give internally, as treatment for the stoniacii,
the following : —
No. 89. 2 Ounces bicarbonate of soda,
• 1 Ounce jjentiiin root, powdered,
2 Ounces linseed meal.
Mix.
Give a tublespoonful morning and night, in soft food, and give plcntv
of exercise. Old, long standing cases are obstinate, but those nioiv n".
cent may generally be cured by the above treatment, if persevered in.
Prevention. — Avoid long-continued idleness, and also overfeediii;r on
strong, heating grain. A horse, to be kept in health, should be excrciHcd
every day, and fed according to the work i)erformed.
' II. Wind-sacking.
This is similar to cribbing, which it often accompanies, but the horse
may suck wind without cribl.>ing. He arches his back, curves his i.cck,
draws in his chin towards his breast and down goes a swallow of nir into
the stomach ; this continues, usually, till lie is so bloated that he is like a
barrel, and cannot hold any more. It is injurious, ;\h being apt to cMUse
indigestion, colic, emaciation, hide-bound, etc.
Give No. 89 in soft food. This may help the case; still, wind-
suckers are generally incurables.
III. Gnawing the Manger, Clothing, etc.
This habit, and especially gnawing the manger, is forme Jlencss,
" ' ~^ orelseindicates the want of salt. Tearing
the blankets .sometimes comes simply
from being too warm, .especially if the
horse is fat ; the skin gets hdt and itchy,
and lu! would be more comfortable Avith-
out a blanket, and perhaps should have
medii-al treatment, conslitutionally.
What to do. — (live him plenty of
work, and feed accordingly. If he per-
sists in the habit, smear the manger with
oNAwiNo xnic MANUKu. f,88af(Elida, orniakcit of iron. If a
blanket is really necessary, he can be prevented from tearing it, by tying
u stick from his cheek to the surcingle.
VICKS IX TllK HTA15LK.
431»
IV. Kicking while Eating Grain.
This is anotlior outgrowth of continued idleness, in connection with a
nervous disposition. The horse, wliiic eating iiis grain, will kick the side
of the stall, soinetiines as often as four or Hve times a niiiuite. This lie
usuiiliy does with one foot, but sometimes with l)oth, — tirst one and then
the other.
What lO do. — A piece of chain, afoot or so in length and tied to the
p.isteni of the foot used, will sometimes i)r()V(M>ffectual. Another pkn
which usually answers the purpose, is to run a small rope from the bit
through a collar and surcingle to the foot. Or, a snudl bit may be used,
—one that will not interfere with the eating. Whipping is useless.
V. Wasting the Grain.
This is a playful habit of taking up the grain into the mouth and sift-
ing it out again, throwing it annind much as a child would the bread and
butierof which he had too much.
As a rule, ii shows that the horse
has too imich grain and too lit-
tle exercise ; he is fed moro than
he needs or can relish. A horse
will not do it till he is fat and
cloyed, except, ])erhaps, in occa-
sioriiil instances of irregular or
decayed teeth. Treatment for
these exceptional oases is given in
the article on teeth.
What to do.— The treatment
consists in removing the cause ;
give more work and less grain.
Sometimes a hard-worked, ravenous horse will plunge his nose iiito a
mess of oats and throw half of them out, from sheer irritability of tem-
per. 'I'reat him kindly, however ; place a large angular stone, the size of
11 inaii's double L t,, in the center of tlic manger, and put the oats in with
it, which will compel him to go about the matter more leisurel}^ and
prevent him from throwing the grain out.
VI. Pulling Back, and Breaking the Halter.
This very bad habit commonly originates from the hoi-se getting fright-
nned, when, jumping suddenly back, he breaks the halter ; and as average
horse sense knows that u thing oiico done can be done again, the jerk
is repeated, in sportivencss or mischief, till it becomes a confirmed vice.
What to do. — Have a very strong halter, and tie high on tlie nmnger,
which will give the horse less power to pull than when tied low. Somo
PLAYING WITH THE GUAIN.
1
i i \
^1
«40
THE AMEKICAN FAKMEU S STOCK BOOK.
recommend u small rope, passed under the tail and tied to the niaii;.'or,
which may act well in some cases. Hut tlie main jtoint lies in so fasicn.
ing him that he cannot jret away, when, after a few ineffectual atlcmpts.
he will <rive it up.
In halter hreakinii' a colt, pass a rope behind him, so that lie inDimt
pull full strenjrth on the halter, and he very sure nothinsr is used uiti,
him that will lueak ; one accident of that kind may be enough to ..tait ;
persistent Inid habit.
Vn. Balking.
This, though not strictly a stable vice, is so nearly allied thereto tlmt it
seems quite proper to treat of it in this connection. The best way to
break a horse of balking is not to be in a huny, but, rather, to let him
stand to his heart's content; avoid hitching him to any load he (aniuit
pull easily ; coa.K him and pat him ; feed him apples, salt, sugar, etc,
out of your hand. Let the same man always handle him, if possible ;
a change of drivers might spoil all that has been accomplished. If there
is no time to wait for him, hitch another team ahead of him and
snake him along. The chain, or even rope, passed around his neck tor
the othei- team to pull by, is very effectual. Try and divert his attention
by offering a handful of salt or oats ; or, even a handful of enrtli may
serve every purjjose.
The maxim always to be observed in all of these cases is : Treat the
horse with kindness. A balky horse cured l)y kindness, an achicvenieiit not
only possible but absolutely feasible, is the best, toughest, most ))t'r.se-
vering creature in existence, from the fact that only horses possessed of
a great amount of spirit and determination ever get balky , those that resent
and resist abuse. It is abuse, generally speaking, that makes a liorsc
learn to balk, — such foolish and i)arbarous work as gettnig into a iioic
with SI heavy load, and then whi[)ping unmercifully, to try and make the
poor dumb victims perform impossibilities. Let the reader set it down
as an axiom, that kindness i. always repaid by faithful service,
CONSTRUCTI
The cons i rue
CHAPTER XXI.
CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OP STABLES, AS RELATED
TO HYGIENE.
[. XECKSSITY FOR STABLES. M. rONSTUtTTION OF STABLES. III. FF-EDIN - . >
WATKUINd STOCK.-; IV. TIIK t' AUK OF STOCK WIIKN INSTABLE. V. ADDI-
TIONAL DIBECTIOXS FOR OIVINO JIEDUMNES. VI. DETECTION OF DISEASE.
I. NecesHity for Stables.
In niiiiiy regions and el i mutes, stal)lc3 are not necessary ; horses,
mules, c;ittlo and all kinds of stock lie down to re.st and sleep in the open air,
under cover of the blue sky, or, if they have any shelter, they find it for
themselves, in groves, edges of forests and canons. In some countries
yards ov corrals are made, and the stock driven into them at night, to
keep them from straying, and from being attacked by wild l)easts.
In this country, and especially in the northern and central States,
stables arc indispensable, as a protection from cold, sudden changes and
severe storms. They are tokens of civilization and Christianity, the
result of a humane disposition to provide comfortable — sometimes even
luxurious — (juaiters for the animal dependents as well as for the family.
II. Construction of Stables.
The construction of the stable, in all its various features, including the
arrangements for its drainage and ventilation, as well as stalls, man-
gers, etc., is of great importance, as bearing directly upon the health, as
well as the comfort, of the animals. Mistakes in stable construction are
often the unsuspected cause of lameness, of disease, and even death.
Hygienic considerations should, therefore, have their full weight in plan-
ninsxaiid building a barn.
Location is the first consideration, as determining the possibilities of
good drainage. Do not build a bai-n in a hf)ll()w, with rising ground ail
around it ; for this would expose your stock to miasmatic fevers and other
derangements of the general organism. In such a location, the .simijlcst
attacks of disease would be likely to take on a serious type, with greatly
increased uncertainty in the action of remedial agents. Build a stable on
an elevation, if possible. Have ground around it, at least on one side,
that slopes away, so as to furnish good natural drainage, or free escape for
surperfluous water.
The next point after settling that of location, is the artificial drainage.
There should be one large drain, to act as the discharge, with several
441
442
TilK AMEIUCAN FAKMKK's STOCK BOOK.
smaller ones oxtoiuliiig in every direction, to mit as feeders thereto ; ai^o
outlets to tiie severil piirts and corners of tiie stiil)le. See t -at ti.cro
is descent eiioiigli to have a rajjid How of the se\va<>e.
The next point to l)e attended to is to build the shell or walls .«o us to
secure light enough. Right here is the chief defect in most city stahlc^,
Nothing is so weakening to the eyes as to l)e kept continuously hi u di.ik
place. When a horse thus stabled goes out into the glaring sunsliii,,., th,
eyes cannot immediately adapt themselves to the new order of tin'iiirs
and sec objects dimly, uncertainly, and with a scjuint, and hence hcTis
apt to shy and otherwise misbehave. But this is not the onlv injurious
consequence. It is a frecjueut cause of congestion of somh^ of the inner
sensitive i)arts of the eye, leading on to inHanimation, and perhaps to
blindness. If a small window is made at the head of each horse, it
should be placed at least two feet al)ove his head, so as not to have the
light shining directly into his eyes ; but the best arrangement is to have
the whole place lighted with a diffused light.
Next, as to the stalls. Let the plan always include one or moi(> |,ox
stalls, in which to place a sick or lame horse, as it is downright cruelty
to confine a sick horse. Have the box stall so constructed that it can be
darkened at will, as without this
you could not properly care for a
horse suffering with eye disease.
Let the box stalls have a level
floor, as it is not only fatiguing but
absolutely injurious to the joints
of the feet and legs to stand on a
sloping floor. The boxes should not
be less than ten feet scjuarc.
The common stalls should be
from four to five feet wide, re-
membering that five is preferable to
four ; for horses are apt to geP
cast in narrow stalls, and, besides,
they have less comfort when lying
down. The floor of the stalls should
slope a little, just enough to have
the urine drain off, that is, from one
to two inches, one inch being pre-
ferable. There is nothing more
showing the location ot syn- ... . .1 . j 1
ovial membranes and joint mjUriOUS tO the tendonS, iCgS and
feet than floors built, as many are,
to slope from five to eight inches.
POINTS OK THE LEO.
INJURED TEN-
DONS.
The result of sloping
floors.
Four cuts ar
tiiiii injury in t
injuries. The
nature intende(
vetwlien h- g (
strain, and an
ouf. The joiiii
iieing thi'own u
the bones beco;
tion is set up ;
trouble, accord
Any one nn
by noticing ho'
toes in tlie gutt
tendons that h
Horses, when k
invariably find
higher than tlu
OSTEOI'llYTKS ON
TEUN BONE
higher tiiaii the
notwithstandinjz
for his comfort
of the stock.
Very serious
the rear post c
instances lettinir
the whole inside
To prevent this,
CON8TRUCTIO.V AND MANAOKMKNT OP HTARLKS.
443
Four outs are hero given, .showing the anatomy of tlic parts tliat «us-
tiiiii injury in this way, and the icsults connnoniy seen foUowing such
iMJurios. Tlie center of gravity is thrown in a different lin(^ froin what
nature intended ; and thougli the feet and legs van stand tliis for a while,
yetwhen h- g continued, the tendons become wearied, from the constant
strain, and are also predisposed to sprains when the horse is taken
mt The joints, too, share in the protest against the slope. Tlie weidit
being thrown upon a hearing that is unnatural, the cartilages and ends^'of
the hones become irritated, and the synovial bursiB distended ; intlamma-
tion is set ui) ; and tiien follows ringbone, spavin, osteophytes, or the like
trouble, according to the special suscei)tibility of the animal.
Any one may satisfy himself as to the correctness of these views,
by noticing how a horse will back out of his stall, and stand with his
toes in the gutter, back of him. What is this for? To rest the back
tendons that have been under an unnatural strain.
Horses, when left to choose for themselves, will almost
iiiviiriahly find a place where the hind feet stand
higher than the fore. This is well illustrated l)y the
cut at the end of chapter IV,
Part .II.
The stall should be built,
as to length, to suit the class
of horse intended to occupy
it. Draft horses, for in-
stance, require longer stalls
than buggy horses. Make a
gutter just back of the horse,
to carry off the urine, and let
the floor beyond the gutter
be on the same level as the
floor of the stall. Some
stables have the stall floor
built from three to ten inches
higher tiian the main floor. This is a great mistake,
iiotwitlistanding it may save labor to the stable nuin,
for his comfort and ease should never be allowed to outweio-h those
of the stock.
Very serious accidents sometimes happen from the horse kickin<r over
the rear post of the stall, and coming down astraddle of it, in^some
instances lettingthe intestines right out on the floor, and in others skinning
the whole inside of the leg, from the thigh to the foot, clean to the bone.
To prevent this, let the rear post go from floor to ceiling, and see that it
OSTEOPUYTKS ON THE PAS
TEHN BONES.
DISEASED HOCK
JOINT.
Another danger fron.
sloping floors. Hock
joint of the left hind
le^, in which the bony
deposit of spavin has
involved all but the
true hock joint.
i
■U§
1 ^H
Uk--
^^1
K
^
lIBi
m
'if-
!■
^B^«'
t-
i
1
ms
n
444
THK AMKIMC AN lAKMIM! S STOCK MOOK.
is socuroly fastenod there lUiiki tlic insidcs of the stalls of li,,,.! vv(„)d
planks, to tin; ln'i,i>lit of four feci, and lop tiiciii out tlirct' fed ,,, „j|j
strong wire-work, whicii is di'cidcdly prcfcraljli^ to a solid pari in,,,,
botwoon the stalls, as it affords their inmates the comfort of one mikiUi.
er'.s soeiety. Ilorsos, like human l»eing.s,got hmesonio when isohni .|_ .||„j
pine for company: hesides this, solitude has a tendeuc'v to rii..vinj,..,
viciousness.
Ventilation is a very important matter, as every one will .uiiiin u|,„
has gone into a hadly ventihited stal)lo in tho morning, iind noticid i„,\v
THU LAZY man's way OF CLEANINO TIIK LEGS.
Basy and convenient, but very injurious.
it affects his eyes, his breathing, etc. Large tubes should he placed
along through the stable, from thirt}' to forty feet apart. Tliev should
be from two to four feet square, and run out through the roof, with slats
at the top or sides for Avater-sheds ; below, they should come just (hroiii;!!
the ceiling into the stable. Then, every twenty feet, there should he tiilius,
four or five inches square, entering at tiie floor, through the walls, from
the outside, and carried up along the wall inside as high as ei^ht fwt.
The air thus admitted, making a curve at the top of the tub(>, will dosiend
to the floor, but becoming tempered before it strikes the horses, and
will force up the warm, vitiated ai»* through the large tubes and out tlin)U"ii
CONSTIIUCTION AM) M ANACiKMKNl' Ol' .s|AIII,KS.
44."^
tho roof. As to doors, luivo ciiouLili lo kcf'p (he still)!!; cool in summer,
hut II void ii draft, fspcciiilly wlicii llic iiorscs conu! in wariu and tired, as
they are tlieii ospeeialiy suscei)lil)ie to colds, and attaejvs of tiiroat and
lung diseases, etc.
III. Pooding and Watering Stock.
This is ii matter that interests every stock owner, and one also in which
thcro is a f-rcat amount of ahnse. We seldom find a (Ini)licu(e of the
notoriuus l)ad-<k'l>t collector, Cottle, of Cliicau;'), who dclii)eralely starved
his horse to death, but wo often tiiid men wlio abuse their stock tlirouirh
iirnoiMiice. For instance, then? are not a few wlio water tluMr horses onlv
twice a day. This is a real almsc, fin- not only does the animal fret lei'-
ribly thirsty, but, as a conseciuence of his intense cravinjj; for water, he
will, when ho at last gets at it, drink a great deal more than is srood for
THE PROPER WAY.
IIow to dry and clean tlie legs in cold weather.
him. The stomach of a horse holds only about three gallons, but in these
cases he will sometimes drink three or four pailfulls, makinij from nine to
twelve i^allons. If this follows soon aft^^ ■ eating, it washes the food ri'dit
through tlio stomach into the intestines , i.ofore it is digested, o-iviu"- rise to
colic, with all its attendant dangers. The water given stock shoidd always
be clean, not from a foul well in the barn-yard, and should be allowed
three or four times a day, preferably four; or, better still, let it run
before tlioni all the time, being careful not to let them over-drink when
coming ill warm from work.
The food shoidd be clean, sound, dry, healthy grain and hay, uud well
hai-vestcd, free from smut. It is a gro.at saving to the pocket of the
446
THE AMERICAN FAIiMER's STOCK HOOK.
owner, us well as to tln> stomach of tho l.orae, to grind all j^-ain and cut
the hay ; and it is an unquostionablo advantage to the animal to iiavo the
grain partly cooked, by steaming. This can ho effected, without much
trouble, by pouring hot water on it, covering, and then letting it steam and
8wed. This will render tho grain more digestible, and less liablo to fyr,
me;.t and cau!;e ilatulent colic ; more of it will bo digested, also, lurause
tV»« <:ot>king will make digestible a considerable proportion of the food
THE OLD WAY OF OIVINP A BALL.
In which the operator Is liable to ({et hii hand scratched or bitten, and the horse's tongue may be torn.
that in its natural state is not so ; hence the economy. Stock of all kinds
should 1)0 fed three times a day — less at a time if necessary, but never
at greater intervals.
The quantity of food must always be gauged by the size of the animal
and amount of work exacted. Work horses accustomed to largo feeds
of strong grain should have it reduced when idle, even for the short
time extending over Sunday. • They should get simply a bran mash or
a mess of carrots on Saturday night, and the other feeds should he
reduced nearly one half on Sunday ; then they will come out in fine
condition on Monday morning. But if the usual quantity of strong,
heating grain is allowed, the horse is very apt to come out Monday morn-
ing with a big elephant leg — lymphangitis, or else, though going out
apparently all right, is soon attacked with congestion of the kidneys or
oth^r internal organs.
CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF 8TABLE8.
rv. Vhe Care of Stock when in Btable.
447
The object of this section is more to correct abuses in the us of cold
water and want of exercise tlian to give elaborate rules in rc'-ard to
grooming, etc. Cold water is a good thing, but, like all good things, is
apt to be abused. In our northern latitudes it is too
cold (o allow the free use of cold water in cleaning the
horse's legs and feet, from November Ist to April 1st,
or oven a longer period ; for cold water thus used on
the extremities already chilled, is very apt nay,
almost certain — to cause scratches, grease, furruncle,
or the like. If warm water is used and the legs
thoroughly dried, no damage is done, but it is not
once in a hundred times that they are thus properly
dried. The best way is to clean and dry the legs and
feet with a whisk of hay or ptraw, or with a rubbin'^
cloth when the horse comes in , then, when thoroughly
dry, clean them properly with a t>. ish. This, in most
instances, will keep the legs free from scratches.
Horses should not be kept any considerable length of time on a board
floor without exercise and occasional removal of the shoes, the same as
though he were at work ; for the feet will get dry and brittle, contract and
SCRATCHES.
At seen in the hcilow of
the pastern.
SHOWING THE VEINS OF THE
FOOT.
Which may be seriously Interfered with
by contraction of the hoof from standings
too long on a Iward floor without atten-
tion to the moisture, siioeing, etc., of tlie
feet.
EXOSTOSIS OP I.IK rOFFINBONE.
A« sometimes seen in complications of navicu-
lar disease, contraction, side bones, etc.
press upon the quarters, causing corns, and perhaps setting up inflamma-
tion that may form side bones, contract the tendons, etc. If obliged to
keep a horse standing idle in a stable, have his shoes taken off, and, if
possible, let him have a dirt floor to stand on, sprinkling occasionally to
dampen it. A box stall would be much the best for him.
V. Additional Direotions for Giving Medioines.
It is very necessary for the stable-man to be able to give medicine, both
in the form of drenches and bails. Mauy a dose of medicine, of the
S^^i
^-T-l-
..dJL.
448
THE AMERICAN, farmer's STOCK BOOK.
utmost Viiiue to the horse, is lost through not knowing how to administer
it properly. Small doses of liquids are best given witii a syringe. SimhJ
in front of the patient, fill the syringe, (one that can bo worked M-ilh one
hand is absolutely necessary), open the mouth by inserting the loft luiiul
through the mouth, and holding the fingers up on edge; pa«s the
syringe between the fingers, and shoot away ; withdraw the syrin<--(', j,ik1
elevate the head a trifle with the left hand. So continue till t!ie'^(i(,so is
all down. When properly done, not a drop is Avasted and the horse is
not excited ; nor (which is quite a point) does tiie man get angry, and
whack the horse over the head with the bottle. With largo doses, how-
ever, the bottle must be resorted to. Pass a loop in the mouth so as to
catch the upper jaw, then raise the head by running a line over a pulley,
or by inserting a long crotch or fork in the loop and having an assistant
lift at it ; the operator, meanwhile standing at the right side of the
horse's head, steadies the head with one hand, and pours down the con-
tents of the bottle with the other. Pour vei-y slowly, and never resort
to any violence to make the patient swallow ; just give him his time. If
he coughs, strangles nr chokes, let down his head instantly, regardless of
the loss of the medicine. (See last cut in Chapter I, Part II.)
Solid medicine it is best to give in the form of a ball. Make up the
ball with syrup, soft soap or linseed meal, its size that of your biirfnitrer
and wrap it in soft paper ; stand in front of the horse, catch firm hold of
the tongue with the left hand, and draw
it down between the incisor teeth, never
at one side ; take the ball between the
fingers, the thumb being drawn into the
palm of the hand ; then pa ;ss it back,
placing it on the root of the tongue, let
go of it, and give it another push with
one finger ; withdraw the hand, let go
the tongue, close the mouth, elevate the head a trifle, and watch on the
left side of the neck for it to go down. Eemember, in giving medicine
of all kinds, never abuse or excite the patient, but take him as quietly
as possible.
For the benefit of young farmers and others of limited experience, we
would say that good sense and self-possession arc the secrets of suroess
in treating sick stock. These will greatly aid you to see cloarhMvlmt
ought to be done, and to use to the best advantage such means as you
have at hand for doing it.
There are cases in which medicine and food have to be administered
in some other than the ordinay way ; as, for instance, to a horse with
tetanus, that cannot open its mouth. In this case, the mcdiciiio and
THE PROPER WAY TO GIVE A BALL.
A SICK noi
• I.
CONSTUUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES.
449
FEEDING A HORSE WITH TETANUS.
liquid food can be given through a tube passed through one of the nostrils
and down into the throat,
or they may be given by
the rectum ; but in the
latter case large quanti-
ties will be necessary, as
a portion will not be
absorbed.
VI. Detection of Disease.
It is of the greatest im-
portance that every stable-
man should have a quick
eye for the early symp-
toms of disease in his stock. Ignorance of these symptoms allows
the case to run on into a more advanced stage, when its treatment re-
quires more skill, and more medicine, all entailing more expense in or-
derto save it, and, of course, with much less chance of doing so after all.
"A stitch in time saves nine ;" and no o nil dispute the fact that it
pays to spend ten dollars to save a hundred. If it pays to treat an
animal at all, in pays to begin doing it early. One day's neglect of a
sick horse may cost his life. When, therefore, a horse stands back in
his stall, hangs his head, drops his ears, refuses his feed, declines to move,
partly closes his eyes, has the nostrils slightly dilated from increased
frequency of respiration, or has the ears and extremities crol or cold,—
when any of these indications are noted, it is safe to conclude that the
horse is sick, and something should be done
immediately. If near a qualified veterinary
surgeon, employ Jiim ; otherwise, endeavor to
find out for yourself, and at once, what is the
matter. Note the symptoms carefully, taking
the pulse, respirations and temperature, and ex-
amining all parts ; then, when the disease is
diagnosed, proceeed with the treatment vigor-
ously. There are many simple ailments that
any intelligent man can cope with successfully.
Get at the bottom of the trouble, remove the
cauHP, apply the treatment, and, in most cases, you can cure the animal.
Take, for instance a case of aphtha, which is a simple irritation of the
mouth, tongue and lips, sometimes extending up to the cheeks, both
inside and out.
Aplitha is much the oftenest seen in foals, resulting from the irritation
to the membranes of the cheeks that follows too much suckin^. When
A SICK HORSE.
Appenra.ices about the head that
indicate a sick horse.
Aiss,-
«>A1I!-,*M.9B'S<^
450
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
seen in older horses, its most common cause is the irritating effects of
the dew and frosted grass in spring and fall. The lips, tongue, etc. will
be found to be slightly swollen, and covered with a pimply eruption re-
sembling blisters ; in fact, the parts affected
look as though blisters had actually been applied.
The treatment, in the case of a foal, is simply
to separate him from the dam for a few hours •
let him suckle, and then promptly separate them
again, and so on till he is well. Older borsea
should be taken up nights, and not let out in the
morning till about nine o'clock. Swab out the
mouth and affected parts with recipe No. ,46.
This is all very simple, and nothing at all but what any stock man
oould do, if ho would give the case proper thought and attention.
APHTHA.
AN^STHEI
IV. BLIS1
THE EYE.-
ROTOMY.-
TAPPING
PROBING ji
TAPPING '.
OTOMY.
SI
5
OHAPTER XXII.
OPERATIONS.
I. ANESTHETICS, AND HO-W TO USE THEM. II HANDArpti ,t, „. ^
IV. BLISTERING V. CASTING -_vt r.»Q^„.i 1 "'' "''EEDING
THE EYE VIII. FIRING -!!ilx"^THOTotvv''' """• EXTIRPATION OP
ROTOMV XII. NICKING AND DOCKrc^!2^xi~OPENING^^^^^ ''^"■
TAPPING THE CHEST, AND TAPPING THE ABDOMPV ^^ ^^"^*^^^'^- X'^*
PROBING ANDOPENING A PISTULA.—XVIi. SPAYTNo'IZ^vni ™l'l*' ''^'•
TAPPING THE BELLY FOR FLATULENCE.—. xxyTEI^OMV J^f^';T~'"''-
OTOMY. itNOTOMY XXI. TRACHE-
In this chapter we shall describe all of the more common surgical oper-
ations on the horse. Some of these can be performed by any Intelligent
person, who will exercise a reasonable amount of care and prudence
with ready reserve resource to fall back on in case of accident. The lat-
ter, m fact, IS a very necessary qualification in any operator; for acci-
dents may happen, and result disastrously, in the most skillful hands At
the same time, many valuable expedients may be resorted to, in cases of
this kind, which It is absolutely impossible to prescribe by set rules before-
hand. Here, quick-witted common sense must be the main reliance of
all practitioners alike.
I. Ansesthetios, and How to Us© Them.
Ancesthetics are drugs or agents that destroy feeling. They take away
all sensation and all power of voluntary action ; and they sometimes
cause death, by suffocation, or suspension of the involuntary actiop.s of the
body, if they are given too fast, or their use is carried too far. Hence, they
should never be administered by inexperienced or unskillful hands The
principal agents of this class employed in veterinary practice are chloro-
form and sulphuric ether ; chloral hydrate is often used as an auodvne
but not as an anoesthetic. '' '
The animal is usually ca.Megs tied, and, when everything has been
prepared for the operation, a large sponge, saturated with chloroform or
ether, is held to the nose, beingre-wet every little while, as long as may be
necessary The nose is sometimes enclosed in a bag, so as to confine'the
fumes, but It IS better not to do this. The risk thus run vastly outwei..h8
he few advantages it offers. If sufficient air is mixed with the anesthetic,
there IS no danger, but horses usually struggle very severly durin.rthe
exciting stage,-3ust before they go under its influence, and, on tha't ac-
authoritie"'" ^e»tioned is not considered safe by many of the best
451
^^i5l^!?^gliijg
452
THE AMEBICAX FARMER S STOCK BOOK.
n. Bandages.
These are very important adjuncts to the treatment of lameness, Avhen
in the legs, and, also, in stopping a hemorrhage and dressing Mound.s.
They should bo .-ipplied smoothly, and with moderate pressure. Fo-
lameness and dressing wounds, coarse unbleached muslin is the best.
For binding on a sponge or other substance, to stop bleeding, the mauv-
tailed bandage is very convenient. For moderate pressure, as in case of
windgalls and stocked legs, the Derby bandage is very useful. Elastic
bandages are good when considerable tension is desired, but they nee^
caieful application, to avoid abrading the skin.
in. Bleeding.
Bleeding is an old time practice that has almost become obsolete, on
several accounts, of which the principal seems to be that the congestion
and pulse can be controlled by other means less depleting and weuijening,
thus giving the animal a better ciianee
to recover by husbanding his strencth.
Then, again, the seasons and atmos-
phere have so changed that discuses,
especially of the lower animals, are
more likely to become epizootic, with
tyi)hoid symptoms and great nervous
prostration, when it ia utterly unsafe to bleed. Still, bleeding is valu-
able in cases of congestion, when there is a full, strong pulse and no
MANY-TAILEU BANDAGE.
BAI8IKO THE VEIN BEFORE BLEBDINO.
I. The place to cut.
weakness, but only in the fir.st stage — never when the temperature of the
patient is abnormally high and the ..^-stem has become weakened.
OPERATIONS.
453
The fing(M* is pressed on the vein, to maki it fill ; or a cord may be tied
suffit'ieiitly tight around the neck. Then place the Liade of tlie fleam on
the vciii, at the point indicated iii tlie illustration, and strike it agood smart
blow with ii round stick, commonly called the blood-stick ; have a bucket
in readiness, and catch the blood in it, to know how much you draw.
Draw from two to six quarts, according to age and size, and the condi-
tions of the case. It is a good plan to blindfold the horse to avoid his
STRIKING THE FLEAM WITH THE BLOOD-STICK.
jumping away from the blow of the blood-stick. When sufficient blood
has been drawn, remove the cord or other obstruction, when the flow will
stop. Insert a pin and weave a hair or silk thread around the pin in such
way as to describe a figure 8. Leave it in for a few days, when it can
safely be removed.
rv. Blistering.
When a severe blister is desired, tiio hair should first be clipped off
very close or shaven. Apply the blister a little at a time, and rub it well
in, with suflicient friction to get iip considerable heat between the hand
and the ckiii ; thoii, when sufficient is rubbed in, smear some over the sur-
face, and tie the horse up sufficiently short to prevent his getting his moutb
454
THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK.
to it, or he will bito and blemish the sore and blister his lips. Keep him
thus tied ud from twelve to twenty-four hours, smearing fresh lard over
I' ■'
CATCHING THE BLOOD.
it at the end of ten hours, to relieve the pain by Seeping the air from it,
which it will do without interfering with the blister. After ahotit two
days, begin washing it with warm water and ii veiy
little soap. Soften off the scabs, and clean the sicin
ai'ound the blister : and when dry, apply tiie grease.
Repeat this once, daily. If the scabs are not softened
off when pus collects under them, the pus burrows,
and if not liberated, is apt to blemish.
In mild sweat-blisters, it is not necessary to clip
off the hair. Simply rub the blister in gently oiiceii
day, till sore enough, then grease once a day till nearly
healed. Repeat this as often as necessary.
Ointments are preferable to liquid blisters as being
more manageable, and because they can bo kept where
wished, while liquid blisters are apt to run.
V. Casting.
There are many ways of casting a horse, all having some meni. The
chief point to be remembered is to throw him carefully, as broken back,
broken hips, etc., are among the dangers that attend carelessness. The
A HOCK WHEN BLIS
TEKEU.
OPERATIONS.
455
most convenient wny is to put hobbles on the feet, and run a chain through
the D's, and draw the feet all together, having a rope running from one
arm over the back, to make him fall on the side desired ; also, a good
man at the horse's head to prevent his throwing it around and falling on it,
and thus breaking his neck. Always put down a good bed beforehand,
for him to fall on.
Rarey's plan of casting is good, in the absence of hobbles, viz : Tie
up one fore leg ; then tie a strap to the pastern of the other fore leg, and
pass it over the horse's back ; standing at the shoulder, push him over a
step, at the same instant pulling up the foot and bringing him to his
knees. He will do some rearing and jumping about, but when he gets
tired, he will lie quietly down^ when his legs can be tied and held down.
To prevent him from pounding his head, it is necessary to place a good
man there, who should put one knee on his neck and turp his nose up at
an angle of forty-five degrees. As a safeguard against too severe strain-
ing, tie a rope from just above one knee to above the hock of the leg on the
game side, and draw the legs as close together as possible, and confine
them there. This lessens his power to struggle.
VI. Castration.
The best age for castrating colts is from one to three years, t'.ie exact
time to be determined by the development of the nock and fore parts.
If these are heavy, castrate early ; if light, he will thicken up and grow
heavier, by being left entire another year. Prepare him by giving soft
food for a week previous, and nothing at all for about twelve hours be-
fore the operation. Cast him, and roll him up on his back ; tie the hind
feet down to a surcingle ; take the scrotum in the left hand, and draw it
over one of the testicles so as to bring the dividing line between the two
sides over it ; next draw a small superficial slit about half an inch f roin
the line, (one on each side of it,) thus marking the proper place to make
the incision ; then cut one slit through to the testicle, letting it out ; slit
open the inner coverings, one by one, till the testicle pops out clean
from all the coverings ; (avoid wounding the testicle with the knife, as
this would cause profuse bleeding, and interfere with the work ; ) then sep-
arate the tunics from the small end, and let them drop down over the
cord ; put on the steel clamps, to hold the cord while the ecraseur is
being applied ; put the ecraseur on as low as po&sible, and with it bite off
the cord, still holding on to the latter with the clamps. Let go the cord, and
operate on the other testicle. RinsG oat the sack with cold water, and
kt him up. To avoid danger froin 'vileeuing, it is advisable, especially in
the case of old stallions, to take jj» f,fcie artery before using the ecraseur,
and tie it.
-4in ' J!jMJ».wmi!ii;( ' i"!J ! w ;
456
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK IJOOK.
EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE.
The old way of castrating with clamps is convenient, but it gives rise
to ais immcnso amount of pain, and is u quite inferior method compan.d
with using the ecrascur.
vn. Extirpation of the Eye.
In cancerous growths in the eye, it is sometimes necessary to ('\tiin;i-<,
that organ. After casting the hor.sc, pass
silk threads through the lids, so timt uu
assistant can hold them open ; tluii, with
a sharp knife, dissect the eyeball out,
cutting the muscles as they come, one
after another, and, finally, the optic iiorve.
Dress the socket with lotion No. 8!), for
a few days ; then change to lotion No 7.
As this is a very painful operation, an
anaesthetic should always be used, if a
skillful man can be got to manage the
case.
Vm. Firing.
This is the application of the actual
cautery (burning by red-hot iron) to
set up a great amount of counter-irritation or of adhesive inflammation.
Its most common applications are for ring-bones, curbs, and sprains of
the back, tendons, etc. Clip off the hair, cast the horse, and draw the
edges (which should be blunt) of the firing-iron on tlie skin, makin" a
yellow crease on it, but avoid cutting through the skin, as that would
blemish more. Draw the lines, in the form of a feather, over a con-
siderable surface ; let the horse up, and rub in the blister immediately.
Give absolute rest for a month, and a i-un at grass for two months.
IX. Lithotomy.
This is an operation to extract a stone from the bladder. Cast the
horse, and insert a metallic sound into the penis to reach up to the curve;
cut down to it on the curve, then insert a hidden bistoury, and open the
passage into the bladder, making it large enough to allow of the stone
being got out. Insert forceps with one hand, the other hand being in the
rectum and following up the stone and crowding it out. If too large to
extract whole, try and break it up with the forceps.
If tiie patient is a mare, it will not be necessary to cast the animal.
She can be controlled sufficiently by using a twitch, which is a loop of
strong, small rope, on the end of a small stick, for twisting the upper
OPEllATIONS.
457
lip as shown by the cut in Section XIV of this chapter. Insert the l)i8-
toury cache into the bladder, tlio opening to which will be found on the
floor of the vagina, about throe to six inches from the external orifice ; open
the nock of the bladder, and then, with one hand in the rectuni, the stone
can lie drawn.
In cither case above described, dress the wounds with lotion No. 39,
twice 11 day. The wound in the skin of the horse can l)e sewed up.
When dressing the wound, rinse out the bladder with tepid water.
X. Lithotrity.
This is the name given to the process (mentioned in the last section)
of breaking the stone into small i)ieces with forceps, and taking it away
a little at a time. It is sometimes so largo as to make it absolutely nec-
essary to do this, or, in some cases, even to saw it in two.
XI. Neurotomy.
This is an operation to destroy sensation in the foot, in some cases of
chronic, incurable lameness. Cast the horse, and, after clipping off the
hair over the spot to be operated on, cut in through the skin to the nerve
three or four inches above the fetlock, just back of the cannon, where it
will be found running in the same sheath with the artery and vein. The
last two, however, are deeper seated and together, the nerve running ou
the top of them. Make the incision half or three quarters of an inch
long, lengthwise of the leg ; dissect away the cellular tissue ; raise the
nerve, and jiass a thread of silk around it, and tie a knot ; (if it is the
nerve thut is tied, the horse will struggle violently from the pain, but if,
from accident or mistake, the artery or vein has been taken up instead,
there will bo no pain, and consequently no struggle) ; sever the nerve
above the silk with a sharp knife ; then, cutting below the silk, take out
n section of the nerve about three quarters of an inch long. Take a
stitch in the skin, and dress Avith Friar's balsam three times a day.
The foregoing is known as the high operation. If the lower operation
is preferred, the incision is made al)out midway down the long pastern
bone, on either side of it. The former is usually considered the better
one, as it takes away the sensation from the entire foot, while the lower
only takes it away from the heels ; there are filaments from the anterior
branch of the nerve, extending down to the heels, which destroy the de-
sired effect, to a great extent.
Neurotomy should never be performed except as a last resort ; for it
docs not cure the disease, but only destroys the feeling in the part, so
that there is no more pain in it. Although the horse hangs the foot
down Hi tiiougii it were sounu, it is oiiij' a question of tiuic for it to go
46B
THE AMERICAK FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
all to pieces, either from the tendon giving way, or else by suppuration
from a nail wound or corn, extending all around the foot. After ncu.
rotomy, it is necessary to be doubly careful in shoeing and taking cine of
the feet, to avoid the pricks of nails, corns, etc., and, should these occur
to treat them at once, lest bad complications ensue. Some horses work
well for four or five years after neurotomy, and some go to pieces iu a
few months.
Xn. ITioking and Oooking.
Nicking and pricking are identical in effect, viz: to straighten crooked
tails. When a horse hugs his tail, it is sometimes necessary to sever tho
tendon on the under side, and suspend the tail over a i)ulley, for two or
three weeks. Insert the knife about six inches from the dock, on tlic un-
der side at one side of the tail ; pass it in across the tail, holdin<'- it flat-
wise — on its side ; then turn up the edge towards the bone, and
with a sawing motion, sever the tendon. Tie the tail to a rope
running over a pulley, with a weight on the other end, and leave it tied
up about three weeks.
In case the tail is crooked or is twisted to one side, insert the knife in
a perpendicular position from below upwards, just under the skin ; tuni
the edge towards the tail, and saw through the muscle ; then tic the tail
around to the opposite side for a couple of weeks. It is often neeessarv
to cut in two or three places. If the cuts suppurate, dress them with
lotion No. ?9. If the first operation fails, try it again.
Docking is amputating a portion of the tail, bone and all, to pander to
the taste or whim of the owner. It is best done by laying th< tnil on a
block or end of a post or plank, placing an axe on the spot decided upon,
and striking the axe with a maul, thus severing the whole thing at one
blow. Bind up the wound Avith a sponge and bandages wet with lotion No.
39 ; tie a rope to the stump of the tail, passing it over a pulley, and leave
it so two or three weeks. Dress it once a day. Tetanus sometimes fol-
lows this operation.
xm. Opening anAbaoess.
This is a simple matter, when done properly. If improperly done, it
is of little use, and the cure is apt to be retarded. When an abscess is
ripe and ready to open, ascertain as near as possible where the bottom of
it is, and insert the knife at that point, making an opening quite to the
bottom for the escape of the pus. If this is impracticable, and the open-
ing nmst be made at the top, the pus must bo evacuated by moans of a
syringe or sponge, to draw it out. The main point to be remembered
is to open it as near the bottom as possible. A twitch on the nose is us-
ually sufficient to keep the animal quidt in this and other minor opcraUoiis,
paracentesis tho\
ij
Ol'KUATIONS,
459
xrv. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Abdomen.
The chest fili> with water in
hydrothonix ; it is the stigo of
effusion in pleurisy. The lungs
are floated up, and suffocation
results. Tiie presence of water
ill tlio chest is detected by the
solid sound — a sound of full-
ness — when tapped with the
hand, and by the absence of
respiratory murmur ; and, fre-
quently, the splashing of the
water by the action of the heart opening the abscess of strangles.
can also be heard . AUo illustrating the twUch and manner ol using it.
Clii) off the hair from a spot about three inches back of the elbow,
and five or six inches from the bottom of the chest. Ascertain the exact
location where a puncture can be made without striking a rib (the trochar
to pass between two ribs); then plunge a scalpel deep into the flesh,
making a hole through the skin and flesh
for the trochar ; insert the latter instru-
ment and withdraw the trochar, leaving the
cannula to act as a spout ; hold a pail and
cat(!h the water. If pieces of lymph clog
the cannula, pass in a small probe and push
them off the end. Drain off all the water
and withdraw the cannula. It is often
necessary to repeat this operation.
This operation is technically termed
paracentesis thoracis. Cases so severe as to require it are usually fatal.
Paracentesis abdomenis means, in plain Enfyligh,
tapping the belly. In peritonitis, the belly often fills
with water, which can be evacuated by inserting the
trochar and cannula on the median line, a couple of
inches back of the navel. The operation may be re-
peated, if necessary ; but, in this case, it is advisable
to make a fresh hole, rather than insert again in the
old one,
XV. Pricking.
This is identical with nicking, (which see).
XVI. Probing and Opening Fistulas.
It is necessary to probe fistulous openings, in order
OPENING THE SKIN,
xeparatory to tapping the chest
WATER FLOWING
rROM THE CHEST.
^H Is paracentesis thoracis.
to know where they go. Take plenty f)f time, and do it carefully.
460
THE AMEHICAN FAHMEU's STOCK BOOK.
UNIKTERRUPTED 8UTDRE.
I nd et«!^ sinus if l)ONsil.U«. Wl.on praotinihlo, tl.o host and .,.,i,.k,,si
TW»y *" (Wcthein .. l(, ..ptMi them riyht up aloiijr their wht.I,. |,.|,.',i,.
Wl wiii«'n this «-iuiiK>t. »*o done withciit sevfiiii<r lai-jro hl(),M|.v,.s.,,|^
or too 1,1, Mth iiiu'ifsuhu- fihi-e, |mi«« u sctoii thiouffli rhcin jiikj .irlj
In caustic substances such as ournt afnm, powdered lihio-stone, d,. d,.
instead, use iiijcctious Nos. 1, 3 and :>, ehauguig froiu one to ;,!,< tl„'.,'
frequently.
XVII. Spaying.
fU» operation is very rarel; ncrfoniied upon the mare—nevor, \n
fact, .''ItcciJt in case of disease. Tliere is great danger of its provju-r f,.,'t,,|
and heiico it should never he undertaken except hy ii skilled veteiiTiaiiiui
It consists in removing the ovaries, corresponding to the castiatioi, Of
tho mule.
XSnU. Sutures.
There are four kinds of sutures, viz: the interrupted, unintcnupfcd,
quilled and twisted. The interrupted suture
is tho one generally used, and for most cases
is tho best. The needle and silk— or, instead
of the silk, the silver wire or cat-gut— are all
that arc needed. Clip off tho hair fioni the
edges, and he careful to have everything clean.
Draw the edges of the wound together with a slightly curved ueodio and
silk, and when tying tho knot give the ends an extra turn throu<:h the
knot, which will keep it from drawing away and untying ; then <>•„ on
and make a hard knot on fhe top of tho other, and cut off the silk.
Then take another, and so on.
The continuous or uninterrupted suture sews
up the wound by continuing tho stitches right
along, tho same as in sewing cloth, and tying
the ends. The quilled suture is when two quills
or pieces of wood are used as skewers, and the
ends of the silk caught over thein, the skewers
beingplaced oneon each sideof the wound, to pre-
%ent the stitches from tearing out. The twisted
suture is simply a pin inserted and a hair or
silk thread wound around its ends in the form
of a figure eight, as already descriljed in the ar-
ticle on bleeding. In most cases, the stitches
ought to be taken about half an inch apart. qcilled sutuke.
xrx. Tapping the Belly for Flatulence.
K 'M usually either some of the large intestines or the stomach
that a t; -jd -A'ith flatulence. -The former are tapped by inscrtin"-
the trochar ai
ins it ma new
OPKUATION8.
4(51
th." trochar uiid caiiimla upon ii leVt 1 with the stiflo, ar } b«^ow the
largf imisrlcs. Pliiii.i;o it in anil, witii.w,uvin<? Iho trocliar, . •• j the can-
niilii to cany off Uu gas. If oxcroiiicnt getn info the hok>, iiisort a small
prolit! and push it arnij. This may In: repeated, if nccossary, always
usiiijr a small trochar, (one ahout ii «|uarter inch in diameter), and insert-
iiiff it in a new place each time.
XX. Tenotomy.
Wiicn the tendons become; very much contracted and cannf)t bo relaxed,
tlKy can l)e severed, when the ends will extend, grow together a«'aii.,
and thus repair the excision.
This operation, called tenotomy,
iiiiiost co.innonly practiced on
the tendon of the leg, and about
iiiid\M.y betT^ecn the knee and
fetlock. Insert the knife across
the tendons, with the blade on
its side ; let it go just to the
skin on the other side, but not
through it ; then turn the edge
towards the outer part of the leg
and saw away, taking care not
to cut the skin at the back of
the leg. When the tendons are
severed, break up the adhesions
l)y bending the leg across your knee. Dress the wound in the skin, treat-
ing as a simple wound.
XXI. Tracheotomy.
This consists in the insertion of a tube into the trachea or windpipe,
to prevent death from threatened suffocation. The tube ought to be of
silver, but in the absence of
that, one made of tin will,
in the writer's opinion, answer
every purpose ; it should be
three quarters of an inch or an
inch in diameter, curved so as
to slip into the windpipe easily,
with a plate of the same mate-
rial on the end to tie to the
PERFORMING TRACHEOTOMY.
THE STHDCTITRE8 MET WITH IN THE OPERA-
TION OF TRACHEOTOMY.
I. The sterno maxiiaris mnscles. (a pair), which have
to be separated, being joined l>v cellular tissue.
a. The sterno thyro hvoidci muscles lyinif under those iipplr in nntpr in l^not^ if in
•bore mentioned. These also have to be separated, "CCK, 111 OrUCT lO KCCp It m
1"^TLMl\X".t'h1ch wih be h,iiy e.^^^^^^ pliicc. Open the skin by an
muscles ate separated and pulled back.
incision about two inches luuir
'6.
at a point eight inches below the throat ; divide the muscles, and lay
30
'"'^^ ^
^wBW^w^SspE^^^^^^^^^*'
462
THE AMEBIC AN FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK.
bare the wmd-p.pe ; cut out a piece of two rings, making a hdo hr^.
enough to admit the tube. Take the tube out and clean it witli c„bT
lotion No. 39, once a day, and replace it as soon as possible Wh,.,i tl'*
cause of suffocation is removed, the tube may be taken out fov ,rJ!'
The hole will soon fill up and heal. "^
I. EXAMINATIO
lUANsnouL:
TIFICATE.
Under what
sound ? This
a little repetiti
common pract
in this countrji
much less of i
usually says n(
of tho next oni
even in this co
his decision uj)
II. -w
In making th
tongue are all r
CHAPTER XXni.
COWCERmNa the VETERmARIAJr.S CERTmCATE OP
SOUNDNESS.
I. EXAMINATIONS IN THIS COUNTRY AND IN FUROPP „ ,
UIAN SHOULD SEE TO, FOR HIS CLIENT.-—, „nL~"-„^"*T THE VETEBINA-
T.FICATE._IV. THE SELLER'S OUARANTEe'sHOULD C^IrTc'/s"^*' '"^'^ ^"'■
I. Examinations in this Country and in Europe.
Under what oifcumstances can a horse be returned to the seller, as un-
sound? Ihis we propose to consider briefly, even thou<.h ..f fl! • . I
alittle repetiUon of directions given elsewhL. ^^Xfi^^
common practice o have horses examined for soundness by experts but
mfscounry where every „,an professes to be a horsemarLei
much less of It done. Here, if a man gets bitten in making a rade he
usually says nothing, but contents himself with ffettin.^ snttfJ !
nftiio iipxl- onp fifiU fi, """ 6^"'ng S'Sitisfaction out
of tlio next one. btill, there are some examinations made for soundness
even m this country, and it may be well to state what a veterinarLn bal
his decision upon, ni giving a certificate.
II. What the Veterinarian should see to, tor his Client.
The age, size, and general appearance of the animal should first be
=on.de.-ed ; also h.s adaptability to the purposes in view. It's tie vel
eru^nan s duty o use his influence to prevent his <.lient from buyi„. ^
draft horse foi- his carnage, or vice versa; in fact, he should ZuZlol
only his client's needs, but his wishes and tastes as well nn^T i^
that those are met as fully as possible. ' "^ '''""'^ '"«
Li making the detailed examination, he should see that the mouth and
ouguc are all right, no poll evil, no running at the nose, no colh fiTu
ousw, hers nor anything wrong with the liead or shoulders. He she uld"
see that he fore legs are free from bony deposits, and the Teet f "ra
orns, sidebones, contraction, etc. ; that there are no ruptures o.rl Z
of to belly or scrotum, no broken hips, „or broken tail. Ho 1^,^
^rotuliy note whether the hind legs are free from bony deposits cannid
hocks, and spavins of all kinds, and make sure *hat there Tl flT
ing of any of the tendons of either the fore or h nrl ! ''''""
any windgalls or curbs. "' ^'"^ 'i"'*''^'''^' ""^ ^^ot
463
464
THE AMERICAN FAUMEU's STOCK BOOK.
ONE TEST FOR ROARING.
Next, move liim for the detection of Lameness — slow, fast, tur.iin'-
backing, stopping and starling again j iind aN,!
for tlie wind — whether thiclc or Iji-okdi, and
whetiier there is roaring, whistling, or wlicczin,,
Then examine the ejes closely — fi!:;t in t|, .
sunlight, next in a dark place, and then in ,1,,.
sun again — to detect any abnormal expansion
or contraction of the pupil, and for opadtv or
cloudiness of the cornea, and clearness or otli-
erwise of the humors of the eye.
m. Conditions Modifying the Certiflcate.
Any disease of any kind existing at the time-
internal, skin or otherwise, is, strictly speaking, unsoundness. Tiiore
are some conditions, however, which, though they are not absolutch'
sound, do no hann, and these should bo mentioned with a view of (.nnii",
fying the certificate. Under this ; head will come splints, when not near
the knee;, feet that show the previous existence of corns, but havin"?
none at present ; and curbs, when old, as these, though objectionable, do
not often hurt a horse for work, either fast or slow. The jn-evioiis c'xis-
tance of fistulous Avithers, if entirely cured and sound at present, is i.oi
unsoundness ; but iharks of poll-evil would make an animal objcctiona,
ble, as it indicates a tendency to rear and, perhaps, to fall backwards
throwing the head violently upwards, etc.
IV. The Seller's Guarantee should cover Vices.
The seller should guarantee a horse free from vice as well as sound,
for vices cannot always bo detected, even by the most critical exaiiiina.
lion. Under such a guarantee, a cribber ; a windsuckor; a kicker,
either in the stall or harness ; one that pulls back, and breaks the halter
and a shyer, are all returnable.
In case, of any departure whatever from an absolutely health v, natural
condition, the surgeon, in justice to himself as well as his client, siiouid
state his opinion as to how much the defects noticed are likely to
depreciate the value.
CHAPTER XXIV.
POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.
I. GENERAL RULES. II. POISONING FROM DRUGS, MINERALS, ETC. III. POISON-
ING WHILE GRAZING IV. POISONING OP THE SKIN. V. POISONING FROM
STINGS.
I. General Bules.
Horses are frequently poisoned, sometimes by eating noxious plants or
by getting hold of poisonous substances left about the stal)le ; sometimes
by malicious persons, from motives of revenge toward the owner, or to
advance some personal interest ; and sometimes by overdoses of strong
drugs. It is well, therefore, to know some of the more common poisons,
with their modes of action and their antidotes ; and it is, of course, ex-
tremely desirable to be able to find and use suitable remedies with the
leiist possible delay, since the loss of only a few minutes will, in some
cases, cost the animal's life. A few general directions, like the following,
it will pay the reader to commit to memory, and thus have them at in-
stant command : — When the animal is poisoned by an alkali, give
him an acid, such as vinegar, &c. For poisoning by an acid, give an
alkali, such as bi-earbonate of soda (baking soda.) Both the articles
here specified are nearly always on hand.
n. Poisoning from Drugs, Minerals, etc.
Aconite is frequently given in overdoses, causing profuse perspiration ;
spasms of the glottis, seen in the continual swallowing when there is noth-
ing to swallow ; congestion of the lungs, with difficult breathing ; gas-
tro-eiiteritis (inflammation of the stomach and bowels) ; and quick pulse,
gradually becoming in)pcrccptible. Give strong coffee, in pint doses,
every fifteen minutes till relieved.
Arsenic is sometimes got hold of. It is a corrosive, irritant poison, caus-
ing diarrhoea, mucous discharge from the eyes and nose, a quick, wiry
pulse, and injected mucous membranes. Iron sesqui-oxide (iron rust) is
the best chemical antidote. It is prepared by dissolving copperas and bi-
carbonate of soda in water, separately, and mixing the two solutions,
when the iron rust will fall to the bottom. Wash it with warm
water, put in a bottle, and give three or four tablespoonfuls every ten
or tit'teen minutes. Being insoluble, it will have to be washed down the
4(35
-: rf
466
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
auimal's throat with plenty of water from the bottle. In the ahseiic«
of this remedy give eggs, oils, milk, powdered charcoal, or hluo dny.
Aloes in large doses is poisonous. It produces diarrhcea and suporpur-
gation ; dryness of the mouth ; yawning and straining ; quick, hard pulse,
gradually becoming imperceptible ; injected mucous membrane-; ; and
sometimes, irritation of the kidneys. Give powdered ipecacuanha in
half drachm doses, every hour; starch gruel, internally, and cnorniis
(cold) of the same, with one ounce of laudanum in each injection re-
peating both gruel and enemas every hour ; opium, in drachm doses, e\ery
four to six hours ; chalk ; port wine ; and hot fomentations to the belly
<iA^Tlil)-l•.N•H UlTlf.
Appearance of a horse sufierinp from inflaminutioa ol the stomach and bowels.
Ammonia, carbonate, is sometimes given in too large doses or not suffi-
ciently diluted, when the mouth, throat and stomach l)ecome burned and
blistered, and salivation follows. Give olive oil in doses of two or three
tablespoonfuls, five or six times a day ; also, milk and eggs.
Belladonna is a favorite remedy with some, and, when much used, is
apt to be given carelessly and in too large doses, giving rise to dilatation
of the pupils, narcotism (stupor), swelling of the head, and delirium. On
post mortem examination, the blood will bc! found fluid ; and dccomposi-
tiou sets in early. Apply mustard to the chest, and cold to the lieiid;
give milk and linseed oil — a pint of each, mixed, — and gentle exercise.
Bryony is often given with aconite. Over doses cause gastro-entcri-
tis ; liquid forces ; scanty, bloody urine ; and a quick, almost impercepti-
ble pulse. Give a pint each of milk and linseed oil, mixed, with an
ounce .f laudaimm in it ; starch gruel injections, with an ounce of lauda-
num in each one ; and hot cloths to the loins.
Calom,cl\H a corrosive, irritant poison, causing a discharjre of black
offensive fteces, diarrhoea, and gieat depression. Give opium, in dradim
doses, three times a day ; also use flaxseed tea.
POISONS AND TIIEIU ANTIDOTES.
467
Cantharides is a narcotic, irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis, great
irritation and inflammation of urino-genital organs, impercci)til;le pulse,
and injected mucous membranes. Give a pint of linseed oil, -which fol-
low, after an hour, with large quantities of flaxseed tea or nuicihige ;
apply hot cloths to the loins ; give starcli gruel and laudanum injections ;
and opium, in draclun doses, three or four tii"es a day.
Chloroform is a narcotic poison. It causes a slow pulse ; slow, heavy
breiithing ; insensibility to pain ; muscular twitchings ; dilatation of the
pupils ; foaming at the mouth ; and stu[)or. Throw cold Avator over the
animal ; raise and lower the fore logs continuously; pv und the chest to
induce respiration ; use bellows in tlie nostrils ; and give sweet spirits of
nitre, in ounce doses, at intervals of half an hour, till two or three doses
have been given.
Chloral Hydrate is similar, both us to its effects and antiootos, to
chloroform '
Croton Oil is an acrid, irritant poison. It may be either swallowed or
absorbed from the skin, and causes gastro-enterilis, drastic purgation,
and great prostration. The treatment is that for superpurgation.
DHASIH; I'OIt'ONtNG.
ChiracterisUc appearaxce und action of a liorse siifTcring <rom this cause-
Copper Sulphate is a corrosive, irritant poison, bringing on gastro-
enteritis and diarrhoea ; ulceration, perforation and thickening of the mu-
cous nuMnl)ranes ; quick, hard, almost imperceptible pulse; and, near
smelting works, emaciation, paralysis and exostotic disease of the joints.
Those latter symptoms characterize tlie chronic, slow poisoning resulting
~ )
k^-..*
''^'^om&amBi^m^i.i.iievesfiixtii-.
"-— ""— TTI'-T-rt
468
THE AMERICAN FAUMER S STOCK HOOK.
*rom grazing in the vicinity of tlieso works, unci inhaling- tiio cou-
■ieiised fumes or eating the poison-tainted grass ; and the remedy is self-
suggestive, viz : to remove to a greater distance from the works. In the
acute poisoning, give a pint of linseed oil, eggs, soap in small qtmutitie>i
and milk, or flaxseed tea.
Corrosive Sublimate is frequently got hold of m the form of rat-
poison, anil is II corrosive, irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis
erosion of the mucous membranes of the stomach and hovvolf^, fiptid
diarrhoea, salivation, fcEtid breath, quick, weak pulse, and yellow
appearance of mucous meml)ranes. Give eggs and milk in large quanti-
ties, with occasional doses of opium — a drachm at a dose.
Ergot of Rye Is a fungus that grows on rye and other kinds of grain,
and which • • developed on low, undrained soils ')y long continued damp
weath? '. Large doses cause narcotism, colic, diarrhoea, and perverted
'orvous action ; impairs the appetite ; induces weakness and wtistinir, and
serous — sometimes bloody — discharges from the mucous surfaces ; and in
a bad case, oedema and gangrene of the ears, tail, and even the limbs.
Give a pint of linseed oil, following it with large quantities of flaxseed
tea, and give a drachm of opium three or four times a day.
Ferrum Sulphas, (sulphate of iron), is a corrosive, irritant poison,
causing the same s^'mptoms as sulphate of copper. Give, as an antidote,
galls, powdered, half an ounce ; oi , bi-carbonate of soda, an ounce.
After a few minutes, give large quantities of flaxseed tea. Repeat the
entire treatment every few houis.
Nux Vomica is an irritant poison, niiinifesting itself by tetanic spasms
and general convulsions ; convulsions of the diaphraghm, causing labored
breathing; and, sometimes, asphyxia. Give hydrated chloral in doses of
half an ouiice, every two hours, witli occasional doses of opiimi ; also,
employ galvanism when practicable.
Opium is a narcotic poison, producing partial or total i)aralysis, stu-
por, stertorous (labored) breathing, slow pulse and contracted pupil.
After death, the blood is fluid, and decomposition sets in early. Shower
with cold water, give tannin, half a drachm, and an occasional dose of
sweet spirits of nitre — half an ounce at a time ; aii \ force the aninial to
take exercise .
ZmtZ, in all its forms, is a corrosive, irritant poison, which, in acute
cases, produces violent constipation, delirium, colicky pains, tnmor of
the nmscles, and gastro-enteritis. In chronic cases, where the symptoms
develope slowly, there will be noticed what is called Pliimhis)n — exos-
totic deposits, anchylosis of the joints, i)aralysis, staring coat, a blue line
around the gums, emaciiition, quick and wiry pulse ; with fa-ces black,
glazed and foetid, the al)domen tucked up, and constant moaning. Give
POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.
4(;y
epsom salts, two to four ounces ; after an hour, give iodide of potash,
two or three diachm.s ; accompany these with occasional doses of opium
ill drachm doses ; put mustard paste to the belly ; and use large quanti-
ties (if flaxseed tea,
yitrate of potash, in large doses, is an irritant poison, causing gastro-
enteritis, (with vomition in pigs), injected membranes, inflammation of
the "■iillct, colic, etc., and it has a powerful sedative action on the heart.
Give linseed oil, and follow it with flaxseed tea and whisky ; put mus-
tard paste to the belly and over tiie gullet.
Common salt ( or sodium chloride ) , in large quantities, acts as a corrosive,
irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis, injected mucous membranes,
diiUTlia?a, weak and irritable pulse and excessive thirst ; also vomition iu
do<'s and pigs. Give milk and eggs, witii a drachm of opium every three
or four hours ; if there is abnormal pain, apply nmstard paste externally.
Sulphur is an irritant poison, causing diarrlioea, gastro-enteritis, ema-
ciiition, and ebullitions of sulphuretted hydrogen gas from the anus,
(foul wind-breaking). Give a dose of oil, with opium ; also sttirch gruel,
both internally and as an injection.
Strychnia is to be treated for the same as nux vomica.
Turpcntim is an irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis, strangury of
the kidneys, quick and hard pulse, diarrhoea, and a violet odor and high
color to the urine. Give a small dose of oil, with opium, starch gruel,
and laudanum, both internally and as an injection ; put hot cloth", to tho
loins.
White Hellebore, {veratrum album) is an irritant poison, causing vomi-
tion in dogs and pigs ; in the horse, intermittent pulse, gastro-enteritis,
diarrhcea, spasms of tho superficial muscles, salivation and great prostra^
tion. It is liable to be absorbed from the skin as well as taken internally,
doiiitr tiie same amount of damtige iu either case. Give eggs and milk in
large quantities, and small doses of olive oil and sweet spirits of nitre.
in. Poisoning Wliile Grazing.
Acorns when eaten in large quantities, cause gastro-enteritis ; consti-
pation, followed by fluid fceces ; offensive breath ; glazed eyes ; (juick,
V"''- pulse ; discharges from the nose ; and gnashhig of the teeth. Post
mortem examination discovers acorns in the stonnich ; inflanunation of the
coats of that organ and of tho bowels ; and, sometimes, ecchymosis and
'^aii'Tone. In the case of cattle, rumenotomi/ must be performed to
DO -I • t
remove the undigested acorns. For horses, etc., give oil and gruel, mth
laudanum, and follow these with gentian root, in two to four drachm
doses, three times a day.
470
THE AMKRICAN FAKMER'S HTOCK IJOOK.
Copper sulphate poisoning, in its chronic foi'm, from grazinr/ j^af
Bmelting worl<s, has been considered in the previous section.
The tobacco plant is a narcotic, irritant poison, causing gastro-eutcritis
convulsions, metastatic inflammation, contracted pupil, sweating, inter-
mittent jjulse, ('iarrhcea, stertorous breathing, and stupor. Treat tij(,
same as for opium.
Sumach, or Poisonous Oak, is an acrid poison, causing gastro-ciitoritis
etc. Give oil, opium and flaxseed tea.
Lobelia is an acrid, narcotic poison, causing salivation, gastro-cnteritis
feeble pulse, convulsions, and stupor. Give oil, opium and mild stimu-
lants.
rv. Poisoning of the Skin.
Vegetable poisoning of the skin is not an uncomnon occurrence, from
the nose or lips of the animal coming in contact with some noxious weed
or plant while grazing. There are many such plants, besides the poison
oak and white hellebore notice^ in the preceding section, such as poison
ivy (or poison vine), hemlock, St. John's wort, etc. The symptoms of
such poisoning correspond very nearly to those manifea«ed in tlic human
economy from the same cause, and which every one living in the coun-
try is familiar with. The treatment is both constitutional and local, the
former by the use of alteratives, together with such purgatives as niav be
requinnl to keep the bowels moderately loose ; the latter, by washiutr tjie
irritated surface with a solution of sugar of lead, or other cooling and
healing wash.
V. Poisoning from Stings.
In many sections, every fanner is liable, in the summer season, to
have his team severely stung by hornets, bumble-bees, or the like ; while
in the Southwest, the torture inflicted on stock by the swarms of certain
gnats and poivsonous flies is fairly maddening. Then, too, a stock man in
the latter section is almost sure to occasionally meet with such ur<;ent
cases as rattlesnake or tarantula bites.
A lumiely remedy for the sting of bees, wasps, etc., is to wash with
salt and water ; and this is excellent, in ordinary cases. Onion juieu is
another. For severe cases, it will be better to anoint the parts with a
compound of hartshorn and oil, — three parts of the former to one of
the latter ; or spirits of tuqicntine and laudanum, in equal parts, will
afford relief . It will be a good idea, if the irritation is very ureal, to
sponge the whole body with lime water or a wesik solution of soda, and
then smear with linseed oil.
To i)rotcct against gadflies, wash the flanks and parts most likely to
he attacked, with i'. strong infusion of the green bark of the commoD
elder.
POISONS AND THEIK ANTIDOTES.
471
To protect against buffalo-giiats, etc., that are so troublesome in the
lower Mississippi regions, smear the parts they most affect with a mix-
ture of tar or lard, in the proportions of one to two, respectively ; or
instead, with equal parts of petroleum, lard oil (or bacon drippings),
and tar.
For the bite of a rattlesnake, copperhead, or other venomous serpent,
give the following as quickly as possible :
No. 90. 1 Teaspoonful of hartfihorn,
1 Pint of whiskey,
% Pint warm water,
Mix.
Cauterize the wound immediately, with an iron at white heat ; and keep
the adjoining parts constantly wet for some hours, with ammonia, by
means of a sponge. Unless the symptoms are urgent, the above recipe
may be made up with half a pint (instead of a pint) of whiskey ; but in
every case it will be best to repeat this smaller dose every hour, till relief
is obtained.
Stings of centipedes, scorpions and venomous spiders, (of which the
tarantula is the most common), should be treated the same" as snake bites ;
but, in these cases, it is not so customary to cauteriae.
'II
■^
•I'lJl JHlil.MlL!.,4il JIIU ll.flLi
'-~«J«IM» ««4*Sl.'.
CHAPTER XXV.
rNSTBUMElSTTS, APPABATUS, AKTD MEDICINES.
the bladder when the
used ill (i-eatiiijr deep
of a syringe. In
I. WHAT INSTRUMENTS TO KEEP, AND HOW TO USE THEM. II. SURGICAL Al'J'AlUTCS
AND APPLIANCES. III. A CHEAP AND SERVICEABLE SURGICAL OITKI r -
IV. VETERINARY MEDICINES AND DOSES V. WHEN AND HOW OFTEN MAY THE
DOSE BE REPEATED? VI. SIMPLE DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING AND USIN(, MEI).
ICINUS. VII. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
I. What Instruments to Keep, and How to Use Them.
Bistoury. — For making incisions. It consists of a handle to which is
attached a l)lade, variously shaped, according to the exact use intended
and either tixed or movable.
Catheter. — Used to draw off the contents
horse cannot make water in tho natural way.
ulcers, liquid being injected through them by
veterinary practice, it is a round gutta percha x^^ , of which one end is
open, and the other rounded with two openings at the side near by. Oil
well, and introduce cautiously ; then slowly push ic along the canal or
passage, taking care to occasion no unnecessary pain.
Firing-iron. — For making the actual cautery (burning with red-hot
iron), which, though less practiced than formerly, is still useful in certain
cases elsewhere specified. It is a heavy irov, with a blunt edsre and a
handle to hold it by.
Fleam. — Strictly speaking, one kind of lancet, and that which in old
times was aioiio used in veterinary practice. The manner of usin" it is
fully explained in the article on bleeding. Tlie incision must alwavs be
made lengthwise of the vein.
Forceps. — Used for extracting splinters, pieces of bone, etc., and in
the operation of lithotomy and lithotrity ; also, for seizing arteries in
order to tie them. They are simply pincers with long jaws. Those with
a spring are much to be preferred.
Knives. — At least three or four different knives should l)o kept, and
always keen and bright, for surgical purposes — some rounded and others
pointed at tho top. (See scalpel and shoeing-knife.)
Lancets. — There are two kinds, thumb and spring lancets, these
names beingderived from the power that operates thein. They are agreat
improvement upon the fleam, which is their primitive form. We give
the preference to the thumb lancet.
472
water, serum.
IX8TUUMENT8, APPAHATUS, ANU MEDICINE.
473
Needles ysurgical). — For sewing up wounds, etc. They arc of different
shapes as well as different sizes. (See seton needles.)
Piohang. — A straight, flexible I'od, with a sponge on one end, for
pusliiiig substances down the throat, in cases of strangulation. Two
kinds are shown in the cut on psige SSS.
Probe. — For exploring wounds. They are made of silver wire with
one end slightly knobbed, and of different sizes.
Scalpel. — A surgeon's knife, straight and keen edged. For veterinary
purposes, it should be broad and strong.
Scmors (curved). — Indispensable for trimming the edges of wounds,
clipi)iiig off the hair, etc.
Seton needles. — For drawing setons under the skin. Their blades are
broad and curved, Avith a round shaft eighteen inches long and one eye
at the blunt end.
Shoeing-knife. — Sometimes called the frog-knife or drawing knife,
being the knife used by blacksmiths for cutting into and paring the hoof,
in horseshoeing. It is a thin blade with a sharply curved end, fixed in a
handle, and will ])e found quite useful in the care of the horse's feet, in
health, as Avell as in treating the same when diseased.
Syringe. — There are regular horse and cattle syringes now procurable.
For giving small doses of liquid medicines one that can be worked
with one hand is almost indispensable. The old-fashioned pail and india-
rubber pipe is a clumsy, yet in most cases, eflScient substitute in giving
injections A small syringe for injecting abscesses, cleaning wounds,
etc., will also be desirable.
Trochar. — A simple surgical instrument, resembling a pointed awl. It
is now generally provided with a cannula, which is a hollow tube enclos-
ing it. (See cut on page 724.) Its uses in puncturing the abdomen,
chest, &c., have been repeatedly given elsewhere, the cannula, as a rule,
being allowed to remain in the orifice, as a channel for the escape of the
water, serum, or gas, as the case may be.
II. Srirgioal Apparatus and Appliances.
In addition to the instruments described in the last section, there are
various apparatus and appliances which the stock owner should always
keep oil hand, or at least have at ready command in case of need. The
following list will, we think, be found sufficiently complete for all prac-
tical purposes.
Drenching bottle. — This is now generally used, instead of the old-time
drencliing-horn. It should hold a quart at least, and have a long neck.
A champagne or ale bottle will be about the thing.
474
THE AMEBICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
lJobbles.~To prevent a horse from kickin- ; more especially f„r n
m casting. (See article on casting in chapter XXII of tiii.s ]'„f !
They are two stronir ropes, each about twcitj-fivo feet Ion <r vitl, ,i
same number of strong leather straps, doubled, each with a'twoi.T
seam between and a strong buckle. It requires three or four men to c!Z
a horse. Put a loose collar on the horse, and fasten both ropes seruJ
to the bottom of it, or, better (if the rope is long enough), lo„p Uu- ,„ d
die to the collar. Buckle one of the two leather straps tightly o„ Ju
hind pastern ; through the rings or D's of the straps pass the e.ids of 'th!
rope, carrying the same forward through the collar, for the ass^t,,,.?
(standing well ahead) to pull away at, while a good man mana<.vs th«
animal 3 head. To prevent kicking (while standing), fasten the o"„cis „
the rope to the collar, after drawing sufficiently tight.
LiffcUures.— Cords or strings, most commonly^silk thread xi.cd for
tying arteries and thus preventing or stopping hemorrhage. Tic with ■
surgeon's knot, made bypassing one end around the other^twice and ||.„!
drawing tightly. "
J^ose-baff. —This should be roomy, and be kept scrupulously de-u,
^eto«._A cord or small roll of leather, tape or cloth, drawn 'under
the skm and then out again at a short distance, by means of t lie M„n
needle. It is used to promote and keep up a dischar-e of pus and thus
reduce inflammation, and. the better to secure this end, it is soaked with
turpentine or smeared with some other irritant, and dailv tuniHl or
drawn forward and backward through its channel. Setons have thnost
entirely superseded tlio old-fashioned rowel, which is a rin- of ],,tl,er
suitably prepared and pushed down into a pocket made in the skin
, Slings.— Thcso are well illustrated on pa<res 2f)0 and 2.S(; They -ire
not sr, difficult to make as many imagine. Take, for the .Mrdlc ^h'ich
passes under the horse's belly, a broad strip of leather or stn.iK, ,,„vass
twenty-eight inches wide and about seven feet long, stiffenin.rth, ends
by sewing them around smooth sticks or chunks of wood, to vl'iich fisten
very strong loops of rope. Double blocks and pulleys bcin.r attuW
to these loops by strong ropes passing through fixed pulleys over-
head, the animal can be nearly or entirely lifted from his feet, a,s may
be desired. This girdle is kept in proi,er position by suitable brcechin^
and breast-straps attached to it, as shown on page 286. °
Sponges.-Fvamfonr to six of these should always be at hand, of
which at least one (a small one) should be very fine. Their sizes should
be graduated, the largest being such as are often used for washin<^ car.
nages
rente.— Like setons, these are suppuratives, but are employed ia the
dressing of wounds. They consist of pledgets of tow, lint, oi- the like,
moisu3uea wicn turpentine.
IN8TRUMKNTH. APPARATIJH, AND MRDICINES. 475
T,vitch.-Thh has „„en do.s,.nl,c..' m„,1 illustruted i„ the chapter on
Opratu,.^, On,, should be kept hu.:..ng iu the stable constantly, ready
for immediate use. ' -^
m. A cheap and serviceable Surgical Outfit.
The followin^r convenient outfit will servo the purposes of the <rreat
majority of horscni. n, and can bo selected, at very moderate c(,st, from
the stock of any surgical instrument dealer. Most of the instruments
i„ fact, can be bought at the larger drug stores of cities. Everythinff
should be kept together, in a neat wooden box. "
1. A thumb lancet, and, if wished, a fleam.
2. A pair of spring forceps.
3. A bistoury, blunt pointed. The slightly curved form, with the
sharp edge on the mside, is considered the best for most purposes
4. An aneurismal (a long, blunt) needle, which is also very serviceable
for introducing small setons.
5. A silver probe.
6. A shoeing (or frog) knife.
7. A pair of curved scissors.
8 A broad scalpel, for which, however, any straight, broad-bladed
knife, with a keen edge, may be substituted.
9. A soton needle.
10. A few surgical needles, of different sizes and shapes ; some white
thread, and thin cat-gut or, instead of the latter, fine sewin.r silk A
leather case or roll will be needed to keep these articles in. °
rv. Veterinary Medicines and Doses.
The following list comprises the principal druirs used in veterinary
practie<", those of them not among the farmer's own stores being easily
procural.le at any drug store. Many of these it will be advisable to keep
always on hand,-say enough for ten doses,-evervthing in white bottles
the latter well corked and carefully labeled. Corrosive srbtances it will
not do to cork; the stoppers must be ground glass. When medicines
have been kept so long that they have lost their strength, they should be
thrown away, and replaced with fresh. Old compounds not likely to be
used again soon, ought not to be kept with the other medicines The best
plan IS to throw them away, as they will only clutter np any cupboard
you may put them in, and ten to one, even if you want to uJe the same
pvesenption again, you will decide to compound it afresh
For an explanation of the terms below employed in ciassifyin<r these
drugs, the reader is referred to page 237.
Acetic acid.-Anmoie to alkalis, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm •
ox, 2 drnchnis ; sheep, 1 scruple. '
47f)
THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK KOOK.
Aconite, tincture 0/*.— Hodiitive.diupliorctic. Horse, 10 drops ; ox. 39
to 40 drops ; sheep, 3 to f) drops.
Alcohol. — Stimulant, diuretic, niireotie. Horse, ^ ounce; ox, ,'5 to (?
ounces ; sheep, ^ ounce. Lo(^ally, ii cooling astringent .
Aloes, Barlxtdoefi. — Purgative, Horse, i to draclinis
Alum. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 3 drachms ; ox, 3 to 4 draclin.s-
sheep, i to 1 draclini.
Aminonia, liquid. — Diffu.sil)h! stimuhmt, anti-spasmodic, antacid, ,]!„.
retic. Horse, ^ ounce; ox, ^ to 1 ounce; sheep, ^ to 1 draclnn. It
should he well ihluted.
Ammonia, carbonate o/.— Diffusibh^ stimulant, anti-apasmodic. .iiit-
acid, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm ; ox, 4 to G drachms ; shoej), x tn 1
drachm.
Anise seed, caraway, cardamon, fennel seed. — Stomachic, carmiiuiliw
Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 1 to 2 ounces ; slieep, 2 to 4 drachms.
Arnica, tincture o/.— Stimuhmt, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm : ox. I
drachm ; sheep, I scruple.
Asafcetida. — Diifusil>Ui stimulant, carminative, vermifuge. Horse i
drachms ; ox, 4 drachms ; sheep, ^ to 1 drachm.
Balsam of /V/-h.— Stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant. Horso, ]
ounce ; ox, 1 to 1^ ounces ; shcej), 2 draciuns.
i^oma;.— Ncrvo sedative, uterine stimulant. Horse, 2 to 6 drachms ;
ox, i to 1 ounce ; sheep, ^ to I drachm.
Blackberry roo^— Astringent. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, \ mmv
sheep, 2 scruples.
Camphor {gum). — Antisi)asmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms; ox, 2 to 4
drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple.
Carbolic acid — Sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disiiif(Htaiii.
Horse, 10 to 20 drops ; ox, 1 drachm ; sheep 10 drops.
Cherry hark, wild.— V^%\^cctQv\in\.. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, IJ ounces;
sheep, 3 drachms.
Copaiva. — Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Horse, 2 to 4 drachins;
ox, .'} to 4 drachms ; sheep, f to 1 draclun.
Cream of <a/-<ar.— Diuretic. Horse, ^ ounce ; sheep, 4 to draelinis.
Laxative : horse, 5 ounces ; ox, S to H ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 ouiucs.
^r^ro^— Checks bleeding, parturient. Horso, ^ to 1 ounce ; ox, 1 ouiieo ;
8hec|), 1 to 2 drachms.
Iron, 2H'roxide..— Von\v.. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, 4 drachms ; slieei), I
drachm. An antidote to arsenic.
Laudanum. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. I huso, ]
to 2 ounces; ox, 2 ounces; sheep, 2 to 3 drachms. The druggist ealis
this tincture, nfopinm.
INSTIiUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINES
477
Lime, chloride o/*.— Cliecks tympany, disinfectant. Horse, 2 drachms ;
shcop, 1 to 2 dnulims.
Linseed oi7.— Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 pints ; ox, 1 to 2 (juarts ; .-(hoep,
J pint.
Lohelia. — Sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant. Horse, 1 to 2
drachms ; ox, 1 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 grains ; swine, 5 to IT) grains.
Lunar camtic {nitrate of silver).— l:iorvo tonic. Horse, 5 grains ; ox,
.5 to H grains ; slieep, 1 to 2 grains.
Mallow. — Demuh-ent. (live freely of cold infusion.
Of/^/^ar/t.— Astringent. Horse, 1 omice ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 4
dracinns.
Olive oiV.— Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 pints ; ox, 2 to H pints ; slieep, ;!
to <> ounces.
0/)//m.— Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, .antispasmodic. Horse, i to 2
drnclniis ; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 10 to 20 grains.
Pepper, Wrtc/l\— Stomachic, stimuhvnt. Horse, 2 draciims ; ox, A
drachms; sheep, 1 (o 2 scrui)les.
Peppermint. — ;j() to (10 drops.
Pumpkin seedx.—Vovmiiugc, tajuiafugc (tape-worm medicine). Horse,
1 pint.
lihubarh. — Laxative, tonic. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 2 ounces; slieep, I
drachm.
A'o,s./„,._Diuretic. Horse, 2 drachms; ox, ^ to i ounce; sheep, 2 to
4 drachms.
/S'of/jh— Diuretic, antacid, laxative. Horse, ^ ounce ; sheep, 2 to »l
drachms.
Sweet npiritsof nitre.— ^immhmt, antispasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic.
Hoisc, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 3 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 3 to (i draciims.
yo/mw>.— Sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge. H(>r.se, 4 drachtns ;
ox, 4 to () draciims ; sheep, 1 drachm.
Trtr.— Kx|)ectorant, antiseptic. Horse, ^ to 1 ounce ; ox, |to 2 ounces ;
shc'op, ^ ounce.
Turpentine, oil o/.— Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic. Horse, 1 to
2 ounces ; ox, 1 to 1 J ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Vermifuire :
HorHc, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 3 ounces ; sheep, 4 drachms.
F«ter«(m.— Diffusible btiinuhmt, antisjjasmodic, vermifuge. Horse, "2
ounces ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces ; sheep, ^ ounce.
Zine, sulphate o/.— Astringent, tonic. Horse, ^ drachm ; ox, 2 to 3
dniciiiiis ; sheep, 1.5 to 30 grains.
V. When and How^ Often may the Doso bo Repeated P
The graduation of doses, according to age, condition, etc., has been
ii
i
''I
478
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
explained on page 238. We add the following general directions for the
reader's guidance in repeating the dose.
Alteratives. — Give twice or thrice daily.
Anodynes. — Four hours apart till they effect their object.
Antispasmodics. — Same as anodynes.
Diaphoretics. — Same as alteratives.
Diuretics. — Two to four hours apart, according to urgency of the case.
Emetics. — These are not given to the horse, his anatomy bciri<r .such
that vomiting is not possible. For other animals, repeat every fivo or ten
minutes, assisting their action by opening the mouth and irritating the
throat with a feather.
Febrifuges. — Two to four times daily.
Narcotics. — Four hours apart till the desired effect is produced.
Purgatives. — As these are usually very powerful, overdosing nuist be,
guarded against, by waiting till the first dose has had full time to operate,
This will be not less than thirty-six hours for the horse ; twelve to fifteen
hours for sheep and cattle ; and seven to ten hours for hogs. Draughts
of lukewarm water, or of warm gruel, hasten the action of purgatives.
Refrigerants. — Twice or thrice daily.
Sedatives. — Every four hours, as long as necessary.
Stimulants. — Four hours apart till the desired effect is produced.
Tonics. — Twice or three times daily.
VI. Simple Direotions lor Preparing and Using Medicines.
Balls. — Made of drugs (in powdered form) mixed with honey or molas-
ses and linseed meal to about the stiffness of dough, and then wrai)pod in
tissue paper, oiled for greater ease in swallowing. Care must bo taktr
not to make it too large. A little thicker than a man's thumb will be
right for horses and cattle. The ball must not be round, but cviindiical
in shape, as shown in the cuts given in Chapter XXI, of this Part.
Drenches. — Made, when the remedial agent is itself not a liquid, cither
as decoctions or as infusions. The latter arc made with eitlicr cold or
hot water. Small quanties of powdered drugs can l)o mixed with tliick
gruel or mucilage, and given as a drench. Directions for giving drenclics
will be found on pages 239 and 448. Care must be taken to thoroui^hh'
dilute strong irritating liquids, so that if held in the animal's mouth for
as nmch as five minutes, it will do no harm. There are some liquids of
this class, as oil of turpentine, croton oil, etc., that will not mix with
water, and hence should be prepared with olive or linseed oil, or milk
beaten with eggs ; or, in some cases, they may be given in muciIa<fo.
Hypodermic injections. — From the rapidly increasing us<' of tlinse
expedients by physicians, there seems to bo a growing dis[)().sition to
TABLE OF A
INSTRUMENTS, AlU'ABATUS, AND MEDICINES.
479
employ them in veterinary practice also. They can only be administered
with a hypodermic syringe, and, as a rule, ought not to be resorted to
without the advice of a competent surgeon.
Injections or ii'nemas.— These are not at all difficult to give, especially
if one has a regular horse syringe. Patent injectors that pump in the
liquid continuously are in the market. (See article "Syringe," in Section
I, this chapter.)
Vn. Weights and Measures.
In compounding drugs it is necessary to be very exact as to weights
and measures. The druggist, with his delicate scales and expertnes"s in
manipulation, is the best person to put up your veterinary prescription,
if it is otherwise convenient to have him do so. Frequently this is not
the case, however, and we therefore recommend farmers to provide them-
selves (as can be done at small expense) with a pair of scales and a meas,
uring glass for liquids. The weights for the former should be accord,
ing to what is called apothecaries' weight, instead of avoirdupois, while
the glass will be already marked according to wine measure, so called.
TABLE OF APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
20 gi-ains make one scruple,
3 scruples make one drachm,
8 drachms make one ounce,
12 ounces make one pound.
TABLE OF WINE MEASDEE.
60 minims, or drops, make one drachm,
8 drachms make one ounce,
16 ounces make one pint,
2 pints make one quart,
4 quarts make one gallon.
Sufficient accuracy in fluid measure for anything not violent in ith
action, will be the foilowinir:
00 drops, or 1 tea-spoonful, make 1 drachm,
4 tea-spoonfuls, or 1 table-spoonful, make % ounce,
2 table-spoonfuls make 1 ounce,
1 wine-glassful makes 2 ounces,
1 tea-cupful makes 5 ounces,
1 tumblerful makes >^ pint.
1 tin-cupful (commonest size) makes 1 pint.
A handful of flaxseed, or other seeds usually innocent in their nature,
will weigh about 2 ounces ; a handful of leaves or dried herbs will weigh
about 1 ounce.
-'"■'^I'lUWll L.n>w,^^...
CHAPTER XXVI.
KBCrPES FOB THE HOBSE.
As a matter of convenience to the reader, to whom time will often be
precious in treating his sick stock, we add this chapter, resuming all our
prescriptions for the horse.
No. 1. LOTION FOK FISTULA.
Sulphate of copper, 2 drachms,
Water, >^ piut.
Mix.
Inject once or twice a day.
No. 2. LOTION FOR FISTULA.
Sulphate of zinc, 3 drachms,
Water, jo pint,
Jlis.
Inject once or twice a day.
No. 3. LOTION FOIl FISTULA.
Corrosive sublimate, 1 drachm.
Water, >^ pint.
Mix.
Inject once or twice a day.
No. 4. FEVER MIXTURE.
Sweet spirits nitre, 1 ounce.
Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm,
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce,
Water, >^^ piut, |^ ^>|i^
Give a tablespoonf ul every 2 hours.
No. 0. CARBOLIC LOTION.
Carbolic acid, 1 part,
Water, 30 parts.
Mix.
Inject three times a day.
No. 7. WHITE LOTION FOR FLESH WOUNDS.
Sulphate of zinc, 6 drachms,
Su<i;ar of lead, 1 ounce.
Water, 1 pint.
Mix and shake.
Apply three times a day.
No. 8. HOOF OINTMENT.
Pine tar, 4 lluid ounces,
Wlialo oil, 4 (lunccs,
(If too thin in warm weather, add
mutton tallow, 2 ounces) ,
Mix.
Apply once a day.
No. 9. FLY BLISTER.
Powdered cantharides, y^ ounce,
Lard, 2 ounces,
Mix.
Kub well ill.
No. 6. CARBOLIC LOTION.
Carbolic acid, >^ ounce,
W.ater, 1 pint.
Mix.
Use three or four times a day.
No. 10. RED MERCURIAL BLISTF.U.
Biniodide of mercury, 2 drachms,
Lard, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Rub well in.
No.
11. COMPOUND LINIMENT.
Tincture of iodine, 3 ounces,
Aqua anunonia, 1 ounce,
Oil of turpentine, 1 ounce.
Glycerine, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Rub well in twice a day.
480
RECIPES FOR THE HORSE.
481
So. 12. COOLINO LOTION.
Muriate of ammonia, 1 ounce,
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce,
Water, 1 quart.
Mix.
Apply liiree times a day.
No. 13. COOLING LOTION.
Vinegar (strong) , 1 pint,
Common salt, a handful,
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Apply three or four times a day.
No. 18. FEVER MIXTUUE.
Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm.
Fluid extract belladonna, 2 drachma,
Sweet spirits nitre, 2 ounces.
Carbonate of ammonia, 1 ounce,
Nitrate of potiish, 1 ounce,
Water to make 1 pint,
Mix.
Give a tablespoonf ul every 2 hours.
No. 14. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS.
Liquor ammonia, 1 ounce.
Tincture arnica, 1 ounce,
Tincture opium, 1 ounce,
Oil turpentine, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 1 ounce.
Water to make 1 pint,
Mix.
Bub well in twice a Uay.
No. 19. PASTE FOR OPEN JOINT
Carbolic acid, 1 drachm,
Glycerine, 2 drachms.
Flour, enough to make a paste.
Mix.
Make a paste, and apply to the cat
twice a day.
No. 15. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS.
Tincture arnica, 1}.2 ounces,
Tincture of opium, 1 ounce,
Liquor ammonia, 1 >2 ounces.
Water to make 1 pint.
Mix.
Kub well in twice a day.
No. 20. TONIC POWDER.
Sulphate of iron. 2 ounces,
Cincliona bark, 2 ounces.
Powder and mix.
Divide into twelve powders, and give
one night and morning in the feed.
No.
No.
16. DIDRETIC POVTDER.
Kosin, 2 ounces.
Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces.
Powder and mix.
Divide into twelve powders, and give
one night and morning in soft
feed.
No,
17. IODINE LOTION.
Iodine, 1 drachm,
Iodide of potash, 1 drachm,
Alcoliol, 1 ounce,
Water to make 1 pint.
Mix.
Inject twice a day.
21. FEVER MIXTCRF,.
Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm.
Sweet spirits nitre, ly^ ounces,
Nitrate of potapli, l)^ ounces.
Water to make 1 pint,
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful every two
hours.
No.
22. TONIC POWDER.
Sulphiite of iron, 1>^ ounces.
Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces,
Powder and mix.
Divide into twelve powders, and give
0!ie night and morning in soft
feed.
No. 23. PURGATIVE BALL.
Barbadoes aloes, 5 drachms,
Ginger, I dr.achm.
Gentian root, 1 drachm,
Syrup or soap, enough to combine
foregoing,
Powder iind mix.
Make a ball, and give as one dose.
482
TtaJi MERICAN farmer's STOCK BOOK.
No.
No.
No.
24. ASTRINGENT WASH.
Sugar of lead, 1 ounce,
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
25. LOTION FOB BRUISE.
Tincture of arnica, 1 ounce,
Laudanum, 1 ounce,
Water to malje 1 pint.
Mix.
Apply three times a day, and band-
age-
96. ACID LOTION.
Hydrochloric acid, }4 ounce,
Water, 1 pint,
Mix.
Apply twice a day. (
Ho. 27. LOTION (ANODYNE.)
Tincture of arnica, 1 ounce,
Tincture of opium, 1 ounce.
Water to make 1 pint.
Mix.
Apply three times a day without a
bandage.
liTO. 28. LOTION FOB ULCEBATED BONE.
Hydrochloric acid, 2 drachms.
Water, >^ pint,
Mix.
Apply twice a day.
No. 31. ABSORBINO OINTMENT.
Iodide of poiash, 2 drachms.
Lard, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Apply once a day with friction.
No. 32. TANNIC LOTION.
Tannic acid, >^ ounce,
Vinegar, 1 ounce,
' Water, 1 quart.
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
No. 33. DIURETIC POWDER.
Bosin, 2 ounces,
Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces.
Linseed meal, 2 ounces,
Powder and mix.
Give a tablespoonful morning and
night in tlie feed.
No. 34. TONIC POWDER.
Sulphate of iron, 1>^ ounces,
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce,
Foenugreeliseed, 2 drachms.
Linseed meal, 2 ounces.
Powder and mix.
Give a tablespoonful morning and
night in the feed.
No. 35. TONIC MIXTURE.
Tincture of iron, 1 ounce.
Tincture of gentian, 1 ounce,
Water, 10 ounces.
Mix.
Give two tablespoonfuls three times a
day.
No. 3
So. 29, STRONG CARBOLIC LOTION.
Carbolic acid, >^ ounce.
Linseed oil, }4 pint,
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
No. 30. FEVER ItliTURE.
Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm.
Fluid extract belladona, 2 drachms,
Water, 4 ounces ,
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful every 2 hours.
16. POWDER FOR RHEUMATISM.
Colchicumseed (powdered), 1 ounce,
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce,
Foeniigreek seed, 2 drachms,
Mix.
Divide into twelve powders, and give
one night and morning in soft
feed.
No. 37. ALTERATIVE COMPOUND.
Epsom salts, 4 ounces,
Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces.
Linseed meal, 4 ounces,
Mix.
...vfi a i4Vbi€spooiiful twice u day is
soft feed.
KECIPE8 FOR THE HORSE.
483
r^;
No. 3S. ALTEUATIVK MIXTURft.
Potassium iodide, 2 ounces,
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Give a tal)lespoonful morning and
night.
No. 39. CARBOLIC LOTION.
Carbolic acid, 2 draclims.
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Inject tliree times a day. *
No. 40. FEVER MIXTURE.
Sweet spirits nitre, 1'^ ounces,
Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm.
Fluid extract belladonna, 2 drachms,
IHncture gentian, 1 ounce.
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce,
Muriate of ammonia, 1 ounce,
Water to make 1 pint.
Mix.
Give a wineglassful every two hours
in bad cases, and three or four times
a day in mild cases.
No. 44. PROF, dick's cough recipe.
Gum camphor,! drachm.
Opium, 1 drachm,
Digitjills, 1 drachm.
Calomel, 1 drachm,
Mix.
Make a ball with syrup, and give as
one dose, repeating once a day for
a week; wait a week, and repeat.
No. 45. cough mixture.
Prussic acid, dilute, 2 drachms,
Tincture of camphor, 1 ounce,
Fluid extract belladonna, 3 drachias.
Tincture gentian, 1 ounce.
Chlorate of potash, 1 ounce,
Water to make 1 pint,
Mix.
Give two tablespoonfuls three times
a day, with a syringe.
No. 41. ammonia blister.
L'quor ammonia, 2 ounces,
Oil turpentine, 2 ounces,
Linseed oil, 3 ounces.
Mix.
Rub well in once a clay till mildly
blistered.
No. 42. POWDER FOR HEAVES.
Powdered lobelia seed, 2 ounces.
Linseed meal, 2 ounces,
Mix.
Divide into eight powders, and give
one night and morning in softfeed ;
wait a week, and repeat.
No. 46. LOTION FOR SORE MOUTH.
Borax, 1 ounce,
Honey, 1 ounce.
Water to make 1 pint,
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
Re. 43. COUGH POWDfiR.
Gum camphor, 1}^ ounces,
/ Powdered digitalis, 1 ounce,
I Linseed meal, 2 ounces,
Mix.
Divide into twelve powders^ and "ive
one night and morning in softfeed.
No. 47. MIXTURE FOR FLATULENCE.
Bi-carbonate soda, 1 teaspoonful.
Ginger, 1 ounce,
Water, ^4 pint,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 48. A STRONG PURGATIVE.
Barbadoes aloes, 6 drachms,
Linseed oil, 1 pint,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 49. STIMULATING MIXTURE.
■Whiskey, 2 ounces.
Extract ginger, 1 ounce,
Water, }^ pint.
Give as one dose.
""•••'*'-*--
484
THK AMERICAN TARMER's STOCK noOK.
No. 50. MIXTURE FOR COLIC.
Sweet spirlte nitre, 1^4 ounces,
Tincture opium, 1 ounce,
Extract ginger, >^ ounce.
Water, )4 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. iM. MIXTmiE POU WIND COLIC.
Chloroform, }^ ounce,
Linseed oil, 1 quart,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No.
58. MIXTURE FOR rnxKRHOSA,
Prepared .ihallt, 1 ounce.
Ginger, 1 ounce.
Opium, 1 drachm.
Starch gruel, 1 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 52. ANODYNE MIXTURE.
Sulphate of morphia, 4 grains,
Water, i^ ounce.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 5.3. MIXTURE FOR WIND COLIC.
Bi-carbonat3 soda, a tablespoowful,
Water, a teacupful.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 64. MIXTURE FOR WIND COLIC.
Oil turpentine, 1 ounce.
Linseed oil, '^ pint.
Tincture of opium, 1 ounce,
Mix.
• Give as one dose.
No. 65. MIXTURE FOR WIND COLIC.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Linseed ojl, 1 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 56. MIXTURE FOR CONSTIPATION.
Linseed oil, 1 quart,
Tincture nux vomica, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 57. CROTON OIL LINIMENT.
Croton oil, 1 ounce,
Linseed oil, 3 ounces,
Mix.
Rub In weU to the belly.
No. 59. ASTRINGENT MIXTURE.
Linseed Oil, 1.^ pint,
Opium, 1 drachm.
Tincture catechu, 1 ounce
Mix. '
Give as one dose.
No. 60. ASTRINGENT MIXTURE.
Tincture catechu, 1 ounce,
Spirits of camphor, >^ „„t.ee,
Tincture ophim, 1 ounce,
Starch gruel, 1 (juart,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 61. ANODYNE SNJKCTION.
Tincture opium, 1 ounce,
Sulphuric ether, 1 ounce.
Starch, 1 quart,
Mix.
Give as injection.
No. 62. ANODYNE MIXTURE.
Bromide potassium, 8 ounces
Water, 1 pint, '
Mix.
Give two tablespoonfuls three tlmef
a day.
No. 03. MIXTURE FOR TETANUS.
Fluid extract belladonna, 2 ounces
Prusslc acid (dilute), 2 ounces, '
Water to make Bounces
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful three times a
day.
No. 04. NERVE TONIC.
Nux vomica, 1 drachm.
Gentian root, powdered, 2 rlracbms,
Linseed meal, >^ ounce,
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat morolng
and night for a month.
KECU'ES FOIt THE IIOK8E.
If
485
No. Ol) MIXTURE FOR SCNSTROKK.
Wh'skey, 2 ounces,
Sw H 8i)irits of nitre, i^ ounce,
Wlt.-ate of potash, 1 drachm,
IVater, 4 ounces,
Mix.
3ive as one dose, and repeat aw the
case requires.
No. 66. AI.TEKATIVE AND TONIC.
Potassium iodide, 1 drachm,
Nux vomica, 1 drachm,
For^nugreeli seed, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat morn-
ing and ni, ht for three or four
weelis.
I Xo.
71. IIALI. FOU DIABETES.
Iodine, 1 rtradnn,
Iodide potiisli, ;., drachm.
Linseed meal, enougli to combine
tlie foregoing.
Mix.
Malte a ball and give as one dose.
No. 72. LEAD LOTION.
Sugar of lead. >i ounce.
Vinegar, 1 ounce.
Water to make 1 quart,
Mix.
Inject a little once a day.
No. 67. TONIC POWDER.
N^iix vomica, 1 drachm.
Sulphate iron, 1 drachm,
Foenugreek seed, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Give as one dosie, and repeat morn-
ing 'and night for three or four
weeks.
No. 08. TONIC FOR PURPURA.
Tincture muriate of iron, 1 ounce,
lliicture gentian, 1 ounce.
Water to make 4 ounces.
Mix.
Give a tablespoonf ul every 2 hours.
No. 69. MIXTURE FOR PURPURA.
Oil turpentine, 1 ounce.
Linseed oil to make 4 ounces.
Mix.
Give a tablespoonful every 2 hours.
No. 7;!. SILVER LOTION.
Nitrate of silver, 15 grains,
Water, }^ pint,
Mix.
Inject a little twice a day.
No. 74. IODINE LOTION.
Iodine, 1 drachm.
Potash iodide, 1 drachm,'
Water, j^ pint,
Mix.
Inject a little twice a day.
No. 7
75. ZINC LOTION.
Sulphate of zinc, 2 drachms,
Water, 1 pint,
Mix.
Inject twice a day.
No.
76. LEAD LOTION.
Sugar of lead, 3 drachms.
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Inject twice a day.
No. 70. IRON LOTION.
Tincture muriate of iron, 1 ounce,
Water, )4 pint,
Mix.
Apply locally.
No. 77. CAMPHORATED OIL.
Gum camphor, 1 ounce,
Olive oil, ig' pint,
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
No. 78. COOLING MIXTURE.
Chlorate of potash, 2 ounces,
Water, 1 quart.
Mix.
Give four ounces three times a day.
lit
LSiltfti*."'"-**-
AHi\
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
No. 79. ALTERATIVE MIXTURE.
Iodide of potnsh, 1 drachm,
Water, yi pint,
Mix.
Give as one dose, repeating three
times a day.
No. 80. ETE LOTION.
Atropin sulphate, 2 grains.
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Apply four or six times a day.
No. 85. LOTION FOR LICE.
Tobacco, 2 pounds,
Water, 3 gallons.
Mix.
Steep, and wash the animal.
No.
ITO. 81. EYE LOTION.
Nitrate of silver, 6 grains,
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Apply twice a day.
♦fO. 82. EYE LOTION.
Nitrate of silver, 10 grains,
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Apply twice a day.
So.
86. LOTION FOR LICE.
Quassia chips, 3 pounds.
Water, 1 gallon,
Mix.
Steep one hour, and wash the ani-
mal.
No. 87. OINTMENT FOR MANGE.
Sulphur, 4 ounces,
Oil of tar, 2 ounces,
Linseed oil, y^ pin^
Mix
Bub well in once a day to all affected
spots.
tSo.
83. WORM POWDER.
Sulphate of iron, 1 drachm,
Tartar emetic, 1 drachm.
Linseed meal, 2 drachms.
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat morning
and night for a weel:, and follow
it with No. 84.
84. WORM DRENCH.
Oil turpentine, 1 ounce,
Linseed oil, 1 pint,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 88. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE WASH.
CoiTOsive sublimate. 40 grains,
Water, 1 pint.
Apply once a day till cured.
No. 89. ANTACID POWDER.
Bi-carbonate of soda, 2 ounces,
Powdered gentian, 1 ounce,
Linseed meal, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Give a tablespoouful morniug and
night in soft feed.
No. 90. MIXTURE FOR SNAKE BITES, ETC,
Aqua ammonia, 1 teaspoonful.
Whiskey, 1 pint,
Water, (warm), >^pint.
Give as one dose. Repeat every
hour, but reducing the (luantity of
whiskey one-half, till the aiiitnal
is evidently out of danger.
fj'
1 If
I,
mi ■ iiiiiBwnMsaMl^BIWI
«+'
PART III.
«
CATTLE.
HISTORY, MANAGEMENT AND CHABii OTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDo.
■■i^'
^^"&';f*tW.'y^aa
t'
ill"
PART III.
CATTLE.
HISTOBY, MANAGEMENT AND CHABil CTERISTICS
OP THE VARIOUS BREBDo.
•%
EABLl
I. Wll.n AND 8E»
CATTLE.
EUROPE ANI
VII. THE I
IRISH CATTl
XII. 1)1
OF ENGLANl
Where horrw
and their origin
the same genus
Bison, misnam(
There are, also,
and South An:
however, as wc
f)resent doinesti
unts of animals
jnore or less rei
n
Jubal, the soi
in Scripture as
not be assumed
domostic ox of
Scri[)tural write
and li'oiits. Jc
before Ciirist, is
yokes of oxen.
wrote oolcbratiii
their horns, and
Juno, iiinnng th
mid liquid oxprt
CATTLE.
CHAPTER I.
EABLY HISTORY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OP CATTLE.
I. WILD AND SEMI-WILD HERDS. II. THE FIRST CHRONICLERS AND BREEDERS OF
CATTLE HI. THE ORIGINAL TYPE. IV. UN DOMESTICATED HERDS OP
EUROPE AND ASIA. V. SPANISH-AMERICAN BREEDS. VI. THE DEVONS
VII. THE HEREFORDS VIII. THE DURHAM OR TEESWATER BREED — ^IX
IRISH CATTLE. X. SCOTCH AND HIGHLAND CATTLE. XI. SWISS CATTLE*
XII. DUTCH CATTLE. XIII. FOSSIL CATTLE XIV. THE WILD CATTLE
OF ENGLAND XV. NATIVE DISTRICTS OF SOME BREEDS.
I. Wild and Semi-Wild Herds.
Where horned cattle first existed in a wild state is utterly unknown,
and their origin is equally uncertain. There are a number of species of
the same genus— the genus J5os— existing in a wild stite ; such as the
Bison, misnamed Buffalo, of America, and the true Buffalo of Africa.
There arc, also, so-called wild cattle which roam in vast herds in North
and South America, and in some parts of Europe and Asia. These,
liowever, as well as all others of the genus Bos Taurus, to which our
present domesticated cattle belong, are, when found wild, the descend-
ants of animals which escaped from the control of man at some period,
more or less remote.
n. The flrat Chroniclers and Breeders of Cattle.
Jubiil, the son of Lamech, who lived in the time of Adam, is recorded
in Scripture as being "the father of such as have cattle." Still, it can-
not be assumed ihnt Jubal's cattle were in any Avay identical Avith the
domestic ox of later times, for the word "cattle" is used by the early
Scriptural Avriteis to denote nearly all grazing animals, including sheep
and -roiits. Job, however, who lived more than two thousand years
before Christ, is distinctly spoken of as the possessor of one thousand
yokes of oxen. Homer, eighteen hundred years before the Christian era,
wrote celebrating the noble bullocks, with golden knobs on the tips of
their horns, and he minutely describes the manner of fastening the knobs,
Juno, among the pagan goddesses, is called ox-eyed, from the clearness
and liquid expression of those features. Jeremialh, sixty=two years before
4111
I-
"VI
m
i ^
4U2
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Christ, speaks of a "fair heifer ;" and Virgil, about the time of the Cliris-
tiaii era, wrote admiringly of the beautiful cattle of the Roman Caiupatr.
nas, and of their value in husbandry.
The Egyptians worshipped the bull Apis, and, it is probable that thcv
were the first to domesticate the ox. That the domestication of honied
cattle was anterior to that of the horse is more than probable.
m. The Original Type.
What the first cattle were like is mainly a matter of conjeci .n-e. The
^gypti^iri hieroglyphics, the most ancient known, leave us entirely in the
dark as to what the cattle of that remote antiquity resembled. No
description of the original type has come down to us. The earliest draw-
ings, or pictures of cattle, represent them as being rugged in fonn, of
great length, gaunt, and with upright, spreading horns, somewhat like the
descendants of Spanish cattle now running wild in Central America.
rv. Undomestioated Herds of Europe and Asia.
The Steppes of Tartary still nourish vast droves of semi-wild cattle
that are not regularly herded, apd are wild to all intent j and purposes.
In Hungary, also, and in Russia, and on the grassy plains of all the more
temperate climates of Asia, herds of cattle abound that are as wild as
neglect on the part of their owners can make them.
Cattle have been reared by every Celtic nation from the earliest period,
and have been regarded by all barbarians and pagan people as the greatest
of the divine gifts to man . The herds ran half -wild when ever these tribes
migrated, until, as civilization advanced, the least desirable breeds were
exterminated, while the fittest survived in a state of real domestication.
Doscendcntsof one of these ancient breeds, are still seen in the Chillinifham
eattle of Enghind ; they are wild only because all possible means are used
to keep them so. The wildest and least frequented tracts of two exten^
sive parks are set apart for their use. They are probably the dcscend-
ents of the best of the ancient cattle of Great Britian.
V. Spanish-Amerioan Breeds.
In Texas and on the plains of Mexico, in Central America, and in the
sub-tropical and more temperate regions of South America, there arc
immense herds of cattle, the descendents of animals Avhich escaped from
the early Spanish invaders. In Spain these fierce, almost untaniat/lo cattle
are still bred for the barbarous sport witnessed in their buii fij^hiing
arenas, where the animals are pitted against men on foot and on liorse-
back, until they are tortured to death.
The cattle of Texas, and the Southwestern plains possess at least oue
good quality in a high degree — they reproduce rapidly, and talio caieot
EARLY msTOKY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE.
493
themselves at small expense to their owners. Within the last twenty
years large numbers of them have appeared in the markets of the West
whore they have been slaughtered for export to Europe in various forma'
of cured
abundanct
CENTRAL AMKRICAN OX.
When well-fattened, their beef is excellent, and its
...hes an unfailing supply of cheap food. They are fast
IJKVON BULL OP FIFTY YEARS AOO.
being modified by crossing improved stock upon thom ""-i in .. ^^-,
lively short time but few of tl.e original type "will belound'; ^x^t
,11
^•»4
TIIK AMKHIC'AX FAHMKIJ S STOCK BOOK.
of Devonshire c
Somerset and
Crewkern, thee
cipallj supplies
in February and
who convey then
shiro farmers, \v
to the Somersets
so that a portion
from Somerset a
Sit
KAKLY mSTOUV AND TVPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE.
VI. The Devons.
495
may
Among the oldest of the distinct breeds of En-land thn n«vn.
always been, as they now are, one of distinguished meri tZI\ ^
to the class called Midd.e-Horns-Irish lonl-hor.L'd TaUK TdTh t ^
ans furn,sh.„g good types of the long-horned breeds, whil^ th old cattL'
of Durham represent the Short-Horns. The Devons as kno^vn 100 vpI
ago are thus described by Youatt, whose writings are our best authoX
on breeds of Brith^h cattle: .^The north of Devon has b ef W ^^^^^^
brated for a breed of cattle beautiful in the highest decree and in'aot t
.ty at work and aptitude to fatten, unrivaled. The n^t 'count y of th"
Devons, and where they are found in a state of the grerst nuritv
extends from the river Taw westward, skirting along theE ehaZ [!
the breed becom ng more mixed and Rf l«n„4K ''"stoi cnannel ;
we .rrive at thn P.7rr«ff ™'f ^' '^"^^ »* length comparatively lost before
we arrive at the Pariett. Inland it extends by Barnstaple, South Mol
ton, and Chunxle.gh, as far as Tiverton, and thence to Well n^on wilt
punty beyond his native county. From Portlock to Buw!f i i
tW point until witUn the last thirty yea " Thi; I rf,"' "° "''=""
.hen it i, remembered that a eonSIble p« oV'thi ; 'T"^"''"*
breeding connfy, and that even a pmpore L 1 that f™' V"' "
of Devonshire oattlo, are bred on. .,f Vi not a small „„e,
Somerset and D„r;et :„d^t,°;'i," 't T'^^ 0"«>» borders of
CVc.kern, the c„„„tr/.ssnirth^,: ::t;,tS ^itv™"", "■»■"
cpally supplies the Exeter market with ealves Th „ T^^' "',"' P"""
in February and March, are kept until May „„d th n ^Id tt 7 f '°"''"''
itrr'Tho'keX. ""r "- r- ■■-^^^ tttr:
Mhe .somers^rsL^Xit:: r ;»;:;; rrrtj'rj'"^ "^'"'-^
so that a portion of fhn D-^on- mk! ^f - ' ^"" "''"'''<'* ' ■
from Somerset and Dorset ''" "" '''^ '"'"'' "^ ^*»« ^'''^' «"«*'
496
THE AMKKICAN FARMEK's STOCK UOOK.
li^
11
Tho illustration on page 493 will give an idea of the excellence of these
cattle, even fifty years ago. Since that time they have been much
improved and only lack size to cause them to be more generally bred in
the great grazing districts of the United States.
Vn. The Herefords.
The Herefords are Middle-Horns, and have many of the characteris-
tics of tlie Devons to which they are, without doubt, allied. Tiioy have
long been known and highly esteemed in England. Within the la-st thirty
years they have been bred to such perfection that they compete witli the
Short-Horns in the prize fairs of England and the United States and
carry off honors with the best of them. Of this breed, as th(!v were
known in the early pfivt of the century, Youatt says : "Tho Hereford
white-faced breed, with the exception of a very few Alderncy and Dur-
ham cows, have almost exclusive possession of the county of Hereford
The Hereford oxen are considerably larger than the Devons. They are
usually of a darker red ; some of them arc brown, and even ycllo.v, and
a few are brindled ; but they are 'principally distinguished by their white
faces, throats and bellies. In a few the white extends to the shoulders.
The old Herefords were brown or red-brown, with not a spot of white
about them. It is only within the last fifty or sixty years that it has
been tho fashion to breed for white faces. Whatever may he thought of
the change of color, the present breed is certainly far superior to the old
one. The hide is considerably thicker than that of the Devon. Com-
pared with the Devons, they aro shorter in the leg, and also in the car-
cass ; higher, and broader and heavier in tho chine ; rounder and wider
across the hips, and better covered with fat : tho thigh fuller and more
muscular, and the shoulders larger and coarser.
"If it were not for the white face, and somewhat larger head and
thicker neck, it would not at all times be easy to distinguish between a
heavy Devon and a light Hereford. Their white faces may probably be
traced to a cross with their not distant relations, the Moiitgomcrics.
"The Hereford cow is apparently a very inferior animal. Not only is
she no milker, but even her form has boon sacrificed by tho breeder.
Hence the Hereford cow is comparatively small and delicate, and some
would call her ill-made. She is very light-fleshed when in "oininon con-
dition, and beyond that, while she is breeding, she is not suffered to pro-
ceed ; but when she is actually put up for fattening, she spreads out, and
accumulates fat at a most extraordinary rate."
Tho illustration on page 497 is a good picture of the Hereford cow of
twenty years ago. The reader would scarcely recognize the Hereford of
ooi ao tiiu auiiiu inCvju ucf!urii;cu tiy x uuuii, so iimcri have tiiuv nuna ini-
proved.
KAKLV llISTOKy AND TYPICAL UREED8 OF CATTLE.
497
I
1 r
i ^1
i,-*" i ■:
498
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
Vm. The Durham or Teeswater Breed.
This breed, which has become famous as the original of the celolirafnl
Short-Horn cattle of to-day, is a mixed race, though it has been a dis-
tinctive English breed of hundreds of years past. The Rev. Mr. Bern ,
author of a much-criticized history of Short-Horn cattle, written in tlie
early part of the century, but undoubtedly correct in relation to their
early history, says :
•'From the earliest periods as to which we have any accounts of our
breeds of cattle, the counties of Durham and York have been celebrated
for their Short-Horns, but principally, in the first instance, on account of
their reputation as extraordinary milkers. It may be the best evidence,
that, as a breed, they have never in this particular been equaled. Tliey
were generally of large size, thin-skinned, sleek-haired, bad haiidkirs,
rather delicate in constitution, coarse in the offal, and strikingly defective
in girth in the fore-quarters. "Vyhen put to fatten, they were found slow
feeders ; producing an inferior meat, not marbled or mixed fat and lean,
and in some cases the lean was found a particularly dark hue.
"A period of more than one hundred years has now elapsed since the
Short-Homs, on the banks of the river Tees, hence called the Teeswater
breed, assumed a very different character to the foregoing description.
In color, they resembled the Short^Horns of the present day, being occa-
sionally red, red and white, and roan, though the last not then so preva-
lent as now. They possessed a fine mellow skin and flesh, good hair,
and lit'ht offal, particularly wide carcasses, and fore-quarters of extraor-
dinary depth and capacity. When slaughtered, their proof was extaor-
dinary, and many instances are recorded of the wonderful weight of their
inside fat.
•♦The remarkable merit which existed in the Teeswater may, with pro-
priety, be ascribed to a spirit of improvement which had some time man-
ifested itself among the breeders on the banks of the Tees, whose laud-
able efforts were well seconded by the very superior land in the vicinity
of that river. No doubt can be entertained that they proceeded on a
judicious system of crossing with other breeds, because it was utterly im-
possible to raise such a stock as the Teeswater from pure Sliorl-Horn
blood. One cross to which they referred was, in all probubility, tlie
white wild breed; and if this conjecture be well-founded, it willbe ap-
parent whence the Short-Horns derived a color so prevalent among tluni.
'•It is also asserted that, about the period in question. Sir William St.
Quintin, of Scampston, imported bulls and cows from Holland, which
were crossed with the stock of the country. It would tend to little
advantage to conjecture as to what other breeds were resorted to, if any:
EAKLV HISTOUY AN1> TYl'ICAL 15KKEU.S OK CATTLE.
499
'. 1 ,ji
^^^K-
^ ^-^ i
B ,
iil
i rii"t1ir'^ fil lii'fii ll'i™
500
THE AMERICAN FARMEIl's STOCK BOOK.
this much is certain, that great improvement wm soon manifested. „iid a
valuable variety established."
An illustration of this valuable breed, as it was known fifty years u«ro,
is given on page 499. It is to be regretted that the fine milking (luiili-
ties of their descendants should have been almost entirely bred out. uiid
are now only found occasionally, through heredity, and this in l)ut a very
few families.
IX. Irish Cattle.
The cattle of Ireland are of two distinctive l)reeds, the Long-Horns and
the Middle-Horns. Whence the Long-Horns came seems not to he
known, since ancient records are .silent upon the subject. Both in
England and Ireland they can be traced fav back. B.v some excellent
authorities it is maintained th, 1 1 the Long-Horns originated in Ireland ;
but in Lancashire, England, also, long-horned cattle have existed since a
remote antiquity.
The Irish Middle-Horns seem to have been an origiu.il breed, since
they were found in all the hill and mountain regions, in- almost every
district. Mr. Youatt says of them that they are small, light, active and
wild. The head is small, although there are exceptions to this in various
parts ; and so numerous, indeed, are those exceptions, that some doscribo
the native Irish cattle as having thick heads and necks ; the horns are
short compared with the other breed, all of them fine, some of them rather
upright, and frequently, after pi-ojecting forward, then turning back-
ward. Although somewhat deficient in the hind-quarters, they are high-
boned, and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally is not heavy. The
hair is coarse and long ; thoy are black, brindled and black, or brindled
with white faces. Some are finer in the bone, and finer in the nock, with
a good eye, a sharp muzzle, and great activity. They are exceedingly
ha'rdy ; they live through the winter, and sometimes fatten, on tiieir
native mountains and moors ; and when removed to a better climate and
soil, they fatten with all the rapidity of the aboriginal cattle of the High-
lands and Wales. They are generally very good milkers, and many of
them are excellent. The cow of Kerry is said to bo a favorable speci-
men of them,
X. Scotch and Highland Cattle.
Scotland has always been celebrated for its cattle, and for none m.rt
than its polled or hornless cattle. The Highland breeds are of great
antiquitv. The most celebrated of the polled breeds are the Galloways,
orif^inaliy said to have been middle-horned cattle. They are widely dis-
„«.^;nnf«d i.i Kn^rland and the United States, and in their improved
forms are regarded with much favor. Many sub-families are now known
EABIA U18TOUY AND TYPICAL HBEEU8 OF CATTLE.
501
They arc dcscribod us having been straight and broad in the buck, and
nearly level from the head to the riunp ; round in the ribs, and also,
between the shoulders and ribs, and the ribs und loins. The loins were
broad, and without largo projecting hip (hook) bones. In the early
part of the century they were described by the llev. Mr. Smith, author of
a "Survey of Galloway," as being short in the leg, and moderately fine in
the shank bones— the happy medium preserved in the leg, which securer,
hardihood and disposition to fatten. With the same cleanness and short-
ness of shanks, there was no breed so large mid muscular above the knee.
Clean, not fine and slender, but well proportioned in the neck and chaps ;
broad shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form. The neck of the
Galloway bull was, and still is, thick almost to a fault. The head rather
heavy ; the eyes not prominent, and the ears large, rough, and full of long
hairs on the inside. The Galloway was covered with a loose mellow skin of
medium thickness, clothed with long, soft, silky hair. The skin is thinner
than that of the Leicestershire, but not so fine as the hide of the Short-
Horn, but handling soft and kindly. The prevailing and fashionable
color was black— a few dark brindle-brown, and st.U fewer speckloil with
white spots, and some of them a dun or drub color. Dark colors were,
and are yet, uniformly preferred, from the belief that they indicate
hardiness of constitution.
WEST IIIGULANU FEEDING OX.
Highland Cattle.— The West Highland -attle are an ancient breed and
are found in all the mountain regions of Scotland and the Isles. Their
great value consists in the eminent superiority of their flesh. They are
harOv, and ensily fed: in that they will live, and sometimes thrive, on
the coarsest pastures ; that they will frequently gain from a fourth to a
f
502
THK AMERICAN KAIl>rEK's STOCIK BOOK.
third of their original weight in «ix months' good feeding ; that thu pro-
portion of ofTal is not greater than in tlie most improved larger hreods
They will lay their flesh and fat equably on the best parts ; and"^ when fat
the beef is close and fine in the grain, highly flavored, and so well luixed
or marbled, that it commands a superior price in every market.
The principal old breeds of Scotland, as given by Youatt, may be sum-
niarized as follows : Scotland contains several distinct and valuable brccdH
of cattle, evidently belonging to our present division, the Middle-Horns
The West Highlandoi-s, whether we regard those that are found in the
Hibrides, or the county of Argyle, seem to retain the most of the
aboriginal character. They have remained unchanged, or impr..v- .j
only by selection, for many generations; indeed from the euillLst
accounts that we possess of Scottish cattle. The North HighlundcrM
are a smaller, coarser, and in every way inferior race, and owe the greater
part of what is valuable about them to crosses from the Western")reed
The Northeastern cattle were derived from, and bear resemblance to the
West Highlander, but are of considerably larger ,ize. The Ayrshire
breed is second to none for milking. The Galloways, which less than
two hundred years ago, were middle-horned, and with difficulty J stin-
guished from the West Highlanders, are now a polled breed— increased
in size, with more striking resemblance to their kindred, the Devons—
with all their aptitude to fatten, and with a great hardiness of constitu-
tion.
XI. Swiss Cattle.
The Swiss have long had a valuable breed of milking cattle which of
late years has attracted some attention in the United States. In France
they are held in high repute. A careful and accurate observer doscribes
them as being robust, hardy animals, usually of a dun color or dun and
white, with medium heads, hanging dewlaps, rather coarse shoulders and
broad hips and quarters, with well developed udders. Removed from
their native mountains they are said to manifest little impatience at the
change, and though kept in stables and soiled, they seemed to thrive and
carry a good coat of flesh; when dry, they fatten readily. In Switzer-
land they aro wintered in the valleys, on the coarsest food, and as soon as
the snow melts from the southern slopes of the mountains are driven to
their pastures, which, as the season advances, are gradually changed for
the higher ranges. For four months in the year ilwy are kept on the
most elevated feeding grounds, and there, attended by a single man,
uniting in his person the offices of cowherd and dairyman, they feed on
the close, sweet herbage, often at the very edge of the snow fields, till
— • • " ■>'■• '» «"3 i"cj "ic uiivi;:2 uy iiic auiumii siorms TO
the more sheltered pastures again. Cheese is the chief product, and its
BARLT HISTORY AND TYPICAL DKEEDS OF CATTLK.
&'
manufacture is conducted in the lonely ehulot, perched on the mountain
side, in the mo.st primitive nmnner. The best cows yield from ten to
twenty quarts of milk daily, and each cow produces by the end of the sea-
son of four months, on an average, 225 pounds oi cheese.
XII. Dutoh Cattle.
The Low Countries of Europe, Holland and the noifrhbori.ig States,
have, from a remote period, had a most valuable milking breed, that is
now l)roken up into numerous varieties. The most noted^'of these' ai-e the
Holstein or Friesiuii cattle, celebrated for the iminense quantities of milk
they give, and for their largo frames, which take on fat and flesh kindly
when dry. On page a young Holstein bull of the modern Chenery
milking stock is represented. The late Mr. Klippart, when Secretary
of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, wrote from personal obborvatlon
of HoL«tein cattle, as follows: •liK- native cattle of Holstein are the
Angle cattle, which are far nr re immer .us than any other kind or race.
They are small animals, with in- bones, shoit-legged rather than other-
wm ; a very fine, small head, curi. deli.' . ely formed neck. The predom-
nating color is red or brown, bu- he.-o are many dun, black, or spotted
ones. According to the amount of food , no.imed , this race gives a nioi
abundant supply of milk than any oth > Ud Duchies. It is a very
highly esteemed race and is much sought xfter for its milking qualities
and kindliness in taking on flesh. The flesh is very fine, tender and juicy.
"In the marshes is found a race of cattle much larger and heavier than
the Angles, larger-boned, and of a dark, reddish-brown, and known as
the Marsh race. This race seems to be adapted to the marshes, but does
not do well on the higher and dryer uplands. Upon the rich pastures of
the marshes, for a time after calving, the best cows will give from forty-
eight to sixty-four pounds, (from six to eight gallons') of milk daily.
But the milk is not near so rich as that of the An<'les.
"In Schleswig, rather than in Holstein, are found many of the Jutland
race of cattle. These have very tine bones, and are long in proportion
to their height, and are, as a rule, short-legged. The prevailing color is
gray, 'lack, or gray and black mixed with white, but very rareTy red or
brown. This race is more highly esteemed for its early maturity and
readiness to fatten than for its milking qualities."
XTII. PoBsil Cattle.
The original type of the modem ox is said to have been the Urus. An-
cient legends have thrown around him mysterious qualities. He was
— n..... „„ ,^.^.i^ ;j.. itujijjaj ui gj-cat nercene»» uud enormous size;
but despite these fabled attributes, the Urus probably did not
ft-
41
': H
ii',
Ir
^'^^VA i ii^l"
l^^w^^^^^ ^, "-"-^ -. '-"wy •^\»mm
504
THK AMEKICAN FAUMEll's STOCK BOOK.
compare better in size with the modern ox, than did the ancient
horse, or our modern semi-wild horses, with the great draft liorsc of
to-day.
That there once existed species of cattle in some pre-historic agi^, in )n.
Btrous as compared with ours, there is no doubt. Youatt, in liis history
of British cattle, says that in almost every part of the ContinonI, and
in every district of England, skulls, evidently belonging to cattle;, Imvo
been found, far exceeding in bulk any now known. There is a fine spee.
imen in the British Museum : the peculiarity of the horns, resonihlcs
smaller ones dug up in the mines of Cornwall, preserved, in sonic dcgicp,
in the wild cattle of Chillingham Park, and not quite lost in the native
breeds of Devon and East Sussex, and those of the Welsh mountains
and the Highlands.
XIV. The Wild Cattle ol England.
Of tho wild cattle Kept in Engiana on the estates of the Duke of Ham-
ilton, and the Earl of Tankerville, known in his day, the same autlioiity
says :
"The wild breed, from being untamable, can only be kept within walls,
or good fences ; consequently, very few of them are now to bo niclwitli,
except in the parks of some gentlemen, who keep them for oriianicnt,
and as a curiosity. Their color is invariably white, muzzle bliick ; tlio
whole of the inside of the ear, and about one-third of the outside, from
the tips downward, red ; horns, white, with black tips, very line, and
bent upward ; some of the bulls have a thin, upright mane, about an inch
and a half or two inches long. Tho weight of tho oxen is frnni tiiirty-
five to forty-five stone, and the cows from twenty-five to thirty-five stone,
tho four quarters (fourteen pound to the stone). The beef is finely
niari)led and of excellent flavor. The six year old oxen arc gcneinliy
very good beef ; whence it may be fairly supposed that, in proper situa-
fcions, they would feed well.
«'At the first appearance of any person they set off in full gailoi), and,
at the distance of about two hundred yards, make a wheel roiuui, and
come boldly up again in a menacing manner ;• on a sudden llicy make a
full stop at tho distance of forty or fifty yards, looking wildly at tlin
object of their surprise ; but upon tho least motion they all .'lixaiii turn
round, and fly off with eijual speed, but not to the same (iistancc, form-
ing a K'lorter circlr and ogaln returning with a more tlinatcnin;;
aspect than before; th-y approach probably within thirty yards, ^vlieii
they again mako anotiur stand, and then fly off; this they do several
ti'iics,sh()rtenitigt!icir distance, and advancing nearer and noar-r, tilltlioy
m .s;:cn :i sl).i"t distai.c- mat nio-i j.. ..,.,. .,..!..- .1 j — 1...1..
leiv'i tloni.
KARLY HISTORY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE.
506
When the cows calve, they hide their calves for a week or ten days in
some sequestered situation, and go and suckle them two or throe times a
day. If any person comes near the calves, they clap their heads close to
the ground, to hide themselves ; this is a proof of their native wildness.
The dams allow no person to touch their calves, without attacking them
with impetuous ferocity. When any one happens to be wounded, or is
grown weak and feeble through ago or sickness, the rest of the herd set
on it and gore it to death."
The breeds now found in Great Britain, are almost as various as the
soils of the different districts, and are purely artificial in their breeding,
according to the several fancies of the originators, and successive
breeders.
XV. Native Distriots of Some Breeds.
The same careful authority, heretofore quoted, 1 .s divided them into
Long-Horns, Short-Horns and Middle-Horns. Their history, which may
betaken as correct, their classification, and their habits, as known in
his day, are given as follows : "The Long-Horns were originally from
Lancashire, much improved by Bakewell, and established through the
greater part of the midland counties ; the Shoi* ilorns, mostly cultivated
in the northern counties, and in Lincolnsiiire, and many of tiicni found in
every part of the kingdom where the farmer attends much to his dairy,
or a large supply of milk is wanted; and the Middle-Horns, not derived
from a mixture of the two preceding, but a distinct and valuable and
beautiful breed, inhabiting principally the north of Devon, the east of
Sussex, Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire ; and, of diminislied bulk,
and with somewhat different character, the cattle of the Scottish and the
Welsh mountains. The Alderncy, with her crumpled horn, is found on
the i<outliern coast, and, in smaller numbers, in gentlemen's parks and
pleasure-grounds every where ; while tiie polled, or hornless cattle, pre-
vail in Suffolk, and Norfolk, and in Galloway, whence they were first
derived.
"These, however, have been intermingled in every possible way. They
arc found pure only in their native districts, or on the cstJites'of some
opulent and spirited individuals. Each county has its own mongrel breed,
often difficult to be described, and not always to be traced — ne<rlected
enougii, yet suited to the soil and to the climate ; and, among little farmers,
maintaining their station, in spite of attempts at .improvements by the
intcnnixture or the substitution of foreign varieties.
"The diaracter of each important variety, and the relative value of
each fov breeding, grazing, the dairy, or the plough, will bo considered
■iiquiro into the structure or general and medical treatment of
Much dispute has arisen as to the origiiuil breed of British cattle.
cattle.
m^^s^Ams.
-f'iiS^ilT r^f*'*"*'"'
506
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
._l.
The battle has been stoutly fought between the advocates of the Middle
and Long-Horns. The Short-Horns and the polls can have no claim;
the latter, although it has existed in certain districts from time ininicnio,
rial, was probably an accidental variety. We are very much diaposiHi to
adjudge the honor to the Middle-Horna. The Long-Horns are evidently
of Iririh extraction.
"Britain has shared the fate of other nations, and oftenci- than
they, has been overrun and subjugated by invaders. As the natives
retreated, they carried with them some portion of their property, which
in those early times, consisted principally in cattle. They drove along
with them as many as they could, when they retired to the fortresses of
north Devon and Cornwall, or the mountainous regions of Wales, or
when they took refuge in the wealds of east Sussex; and there, retaining
all their prejudices, customs and manners, were jealous of the preserva-
tion of that which reminded them of their native country before it yielded
to a foreign yoke.
"In this manner was presei^red the ancient breed of British cattle.
Difference of climate wrought some change, particularly in their bulk.
The rich pasture of Sussex fattened the ox into its superior s^ize and
weight. The plentiful, but not so luxuriant, herbage of the north of
Devon, produced a smaller and more active animal, while the privations
of Wales lessened the bulk and thickened the hide of the Welsh runt.
As for Scotland, it set its invaders at defiance; or its inhabitants
retreated for a while, and soon turned again on their pursuers. They
were proud of their country, their cattle, their choicest possession; and
there, too, the cattle were preserved, unmixed and undegenerated,
"Thence it resulted that in Devon, in Sussex, in Wales, e.nd in Scot-
land, the cattle have been the same from time immemorial; while in all
the eastern coast, and through every district of England, the breed of
cattle degenerated, or lost its original character; it consisted of animals
brought from every neighboring and some remote districts, mingled in
every possible variety, yet conforming itself to the soil and the climate.
"Observations will convince us that the cattle in Devon^^' ire, Sussex,
Wales and Scotland, are essentially the same. They are ii ildle-horncd;
not extraordinary milkers, and remarkable for the quality rather than the
quantity of their milk; active at work, and with an unequalod aptitude
to fatten. T y have all the characters of the same breed, changed by
soil, climate, and time, yet little changed by man. We may almost trace
the color, namely, the red of the Devon, the Sussex, and the Hereford;
and where the black alone are now found, the memory of the red prc-
..„:i„ v,rf,r.^r r^i^a wJin Una oninri-irtM] tlifi Dfivon cuttle with tlic wilcl bfced ^B
of Chatelherault park, or Chillingham castle, has been struck with the
great reseml
while they b
try."
For these
native breed
EARLY HI8TOKY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE.
507
great resemblance in many points, notwithstanding the difference of color,
while they bear no likeness at all to the cattle of the neighboring coun-
try."
For these reasons Mr, Youatt considers the Middle-Horns to be the
native breed of Great Britain.
(*• '^
1
_jr_^j3£
CHAPTER II.
STRUCTURE OP THE OX.
I COMPAUATIVE ME9CBIPTION. -11. A GOOD COW '.iKSCRlBED IN VEUSE m.
8KKLET0N OF THE OX. IV. ANALYSING THE HEAD. V. EXTEUNAL I'Aim
OF A FAT OX. VI. TEETH OF THE OX. VII. AGE OF CATTLE TOLU BV THK
CHART.
I. Comparative Description.
The OX, like the horso, is made up of a bony structure, upon whicli
rests the muscular and fleshy covering, and over this again lies the «luii.
The only means of defense possessed by cattle are their horns, which, in
breeds that have been running wild for generations, develop into long
sharp, and most formidable weapons. These are most securely tixod and
rendered effective by the expahse of the frontal bone, shown at nuiueiul
G, skeleton of the ox, as represented in the cut accompanying this c[ui)ter.
The horse is long in the limbs and neck ; the ox is comparatively sliort
in these members. The body of the horso corresponds to the siiuare ;
that of the ox to the rectangle. The illustrations showing outlines of fat
bullocks, as presented a few pages further on in this chapter— four forms
exhibited— are accurate representations. The ribs of the ox are both longer
and larger than those of the horse, since the several stomachs and the bow-
els of the ox are more capacious. The width of the bosom gives ample
apace for the fore logs and for the viscera ; and this width is carried cor-
respondingly behind, giving, in the modern ox, a broad loin and massive
rump and hind quarters, where tlie choice parts of the beef lie.
II. A good Cow described in verse.
The physical proportions of the cow have been so accurately described
in verse, by an old English writer, that we reproduce his stanzas us cm-
bodying the general characteristics of what goes to make up a perfect
animal :
She's long in her face, she's line in her horn,
She'll (lui'tJkly get fut without cake or corn;
She's cleivii in her jaws, anil full in her chine,
She's heavy iu Hank, and wide in her loin.
She's broad in her ribs, and long in her rump;
A straight and flat » .elf, without e'er a hump;
She's wMdc in lier hips, and calm iu her eyes;
She's IUk! in her shoulders, and thin in her tliighs.
She's light in lier neck, and small in her in
wide in h(
She's iiiic iii lier i>oiie, my-t fss-j
Slie's wide in her breast, and good at tUo pail;
nnc s iiiit: 111 iici tmtitr, tt.'M r-..-j —
She's a grazier's without, and a butcher's within.
508
Diagram showing the Numbers and Value of Live Stock
IN THE Eastern States.
(Maine, New Hampshirk, Veumont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New Yokk, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.)
VAIiUES
m
•'•i.
■— ,-- -* ■- ■
.if.
If we look
the immense
will not be ne
be called by t
found in the I
Names of tl
broe. C — Lui
FF~^R[bs.
Radius. L —
nar. 3— Cun«
7— Unciform.
Small Metacar
Suffraginis or
1— Ulium. 2
Tibia. F— Fi
Cuneiform Ma
6— Cuboid. ^
Metatarsal. Z
Anterior Maxi
8— Occipital.
8TKUCTURE OF THE OX.
m. Skeleton of the Ox.
5oa
If we look at the skeleton of the ox we shall there see the basis of
the immense but sluggish strength for which this animal is noted. It
will not be necessary to translate the names of the bones. They should
be called by the scientific names here given. The corresponding bones
found in the horse have been sufficiently explained.
SKKLETON OF THE OX.
Names of the Bones. — a — Cervical Vertebrae. B 5— Dorsal Verte-
broe. C— Lumbar Vertebroe. Z>— Sacrum, E E — Coccygeal Bones.
i*'i^~- Ribs. O — Costal Cartilages. .&— Scapula. /—Humerus. KK
Radius, i— Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1— Scaphoid. 2 — Semilu-
nar. 3 — Cuneiform. 4 — Trapezium. 5 — Trapezoid. 6 — Os Magnum.
7— Unciform. 8 — Pisiform. i^iV— Large Metacarpal or Cannon. O
Small Metacarpal. P P — Sesamoid Bones. Q Q — Phalanges. 1 Os
Suffraginis or Pastern Bone. 2 — Os Coronse. 3 — Os Pedis, i?— Pelvis.
1— lUium. 2— Pubis. 3 — Ischium. S—Vem\iT. T— Patella. U—
Tibia. F— Fibula. IT— Hocks. 1— Os Calcis. 2— Ostragalus. 3—
Cuneiform Magnum. 4 — Cuneiform Medium. 5 — Cuneiform Parvum.
6— Cuboid. X— Large Metatarsal. 1, 2, 3— Phalanges. F— Small
Metatarsal. Z — Head. 1 — Inferior Maxilla. 2-
Anterior Maxilla. 4 — Nusul Bone= 5 — Molar. 6
8— Occipital. 9 — Lachrymal. 10 — Squamous.
•S uperior Maxill a . 3 —
-Frontjil. ?=Pftncta!.
11 — Petrous.
510
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S 8TCCK BOOK.
Elegance, speed, and muscular activity are the qualities for which the
frame-work of the horse seem best suited. In the ox there is also the
beauty of symmetry as shown in smooth lines, when fat, and the devel-
opment of great strength with slow motion. Hence, the limbs are
straighter and more massive than in the horse.
OITTLINE OF PAT BULLOCKS.
In the ox we find the same two plates at the top of the head, that
were noticed in the horse. In the ox and other homed animals these
plates have a considerable space be-
tween them, as shown in the accom-
panying cut giving a vertical section
of the head. This space is filled M-lth
cells having bony ridges passing from
the inner to the outer plate, or table,
securing firmness ; and these cells
form large and strong sockets for the
horns. The cavity of the brain is, in
vKBTicAL SECTION OF THE HEAD. the OX, about ouc-f ourth the size of the
skull— the other parts being occupied by the organs of smell, the teeth
and the jaws, which are exhibited iu vextieal sections here g;yer,.
8TRi:CTriiK OK TIIK OX.
511
IV. Analysing the Head.
The second cut reprcsseiitiiio- a socf inn «f ♦).-. i, i *
maxillary bo„„/de,ti,.„teo?i„li:l^l',;': ''"•''•'"''''>''- ^-*'"'™'
The frontal bones shown at (5 in the skeleton ..f tu . .
the nose to the superior rid.o of the skutp^^^^^^^^^^
face, quite bare of fleshy or nmscu- P'^^'^^^'^g '^ fl«t, .rrof^uhir sur-
lar covering. The ox has the same
division in the center of the frontal
sinuses as the horse , but the divis-
ion between the nostrils is not per-
fect. There is a continuous cavity
from the muzzle to the horn. In
polled or horned cattle the frontal
bones reach from the nasal bones to
theparietalridge. but since there are no horns ThZ^ **' T"* ""^ ^''•
towards the poll. In cattle the temn! iT *^''''^ ^°'"'« '^^'^'"'"^ "arrower
te„.po.l foss'a and havet?^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^".^ ^^^ '" ''^
littl. importance by comparison w tMff !: . ''""P'*"^ ''''"« '^''«
and ethmoid bones re7at" y o! ^nf th '" '''^ '""" '^^''^ '^'^"^^'^
mais. A comparison of the skeirns fT'J''"'''"" '"' *'»« ^wo ani-
illustrate this. ^'''*''"' "^ *^« horse and ox. will fuUv
V. External Parts of a Pat Ox.
As beef is a universal article of fno,j ^i
portion of the cattle reared rdlrlV" '' ' '"^ '"^^^ P^°'
juicy, palatable meat. The illustrationT .1 ''''P'*'''*^' ^"^ ^^^^^'^P
Horn ox in prince condition Jn I tL 1 *^^^"«^P«g« «hows a Shor^
the several parts of the^:Cr w rroS7 m' T' """^" ^"'"^^ ^^
and use as beef. reference, mamly, to their qualities
« .neat. The nl^ZLTtf .„Z -TT TT '"^ ^"'"'=«' «
to the WAet/Tan, good ccnta. pitcl' Th /' '*'• '""' ">«"-
"" f - «'7-<ive pe^r cent. „, ,,1. "^r.' w^^L"" m" r' "? "" '«
- -^^ - -e t,.e .e.t r^^S!' "i^^'l^t H
_ii I-;
,iL.
lS>4s»«^,^._,«M,v,^
512
THE AMERICAN KAKMER 8 STOCK HOOK.
excellent corned beef, while B, iS und L (the rump, lounil and Driskut)
make the best pieces for uickling — good, thick, juicy meat, and \v largo
quantities.
/
{n .-Hi
ll 5
II i
Explanation.— ^—Ff"'ehead. //— Face. C— C'hook. /> — Muzzle.
E Neck, i^— Neck-\ i. — Shoulder-poitit. ii — Arm /— Gara-
brelorhock. K — Ell" . -Brisket, bosi in or breast. A— Crop-
O— Loin. P— Hip. C,^— iiump. J? — Pin-^^me. S— liound-bone,
thurl or whirl. T— Buttock. CT—Thigh, or gasket. F— Flank. W
—Plates. X— Back, or chine. Y— Throat.
the ago of el.
STBUC! K or THE OX.
.»13
VI. Teeth of the Ox.
The ox has 32 teeth. These are divided into 24 grinding or molar
teeth, 81X .M. each side of each upper and h,wer jaw, and H nippers or
cutting teeth (incisor«) in the front lower jaw. The ox lias no eauiue
teeth (tu8he.s,) and no teeth in th. front part of the upper jaw In
phu^e of the front upper incisors, those of the lower jaw raeet against a
callosity above, thick, hanl and, in old cattle, almost horny. Scic. Lilic-
ally the teeth are represented by tlu" following Dental formula •
Genus Bos. Cattle ; incisors, « , eanines, S, molars, g | . = Total', 32 teeth.
But in order that the reader may jtidi^o accurately of the a.^e of unv
luiunal of the genus Bos, but especially the ago of cattle, a chart is an-
nexed, showmg the nippers, (incisors,) from birth up to the a<^e of five
ypars past-that is, up to the sixth year ; and also the teeth as they appear
at ten years of age. •' ' ^
An ox at five yea old. is past his prime for beef, and at six is past
his prime for economical f . labor, except at heavy, slow dr ift The
cow will breed good calves from three years to the ago of ten yean, and
often up to fifteen years. The bull should be sure in his get. up to about
the age of eight years, after which he usually gets logy.
VII. Age of Cattle told by the Chart.
The age of cattle is only told by the horns and the teeth. The horns
will show the ago with reasonable accuracy up to the age of six years, by
n.ans of he annual rings, and tolerably well up to the age of ten un-
les. they have been filed, sand-papered and oiled to deceive. A^ the
aninud gets older, the annual rings, or wrinkles, „f the horns become con-
fus( "I by growing together.
V ^o«''« Jn his analysis of the teeth of the ox. gives six y. ars as
tl c .t winch the animal attains the full mouth, such as we have shown
at five yea, ast. In his day. cattle were slower in matuiin,^ than now
and t oy were certamly kept in service to a greater age. If the a, mil'
■s badly kept during the winter, and is turned upon Luffici.ut p ture
... summer, development will, of course, be slower, a f,..,- the teeth are
mature, if the pasture i. suort and gritty, they will .. wo. ^tZ
he rules we give for determining the ages of moden. .alio apply to
w I -kept, early-developin, animals. Wood. -cat tie. those raised fn the
nber on s, ant fare, might present the same appearance at six yea s oW
tbut wo have shown for five years p,^st. In studying the chart there ore
iriTh";." niade for ^he contingencies . : ha^vo named. TZ
nee I the .hart will show that at birth there are but two .ontral Loeth
^ figure 1 ; at two weeks the calf will haye . ur teeth, fi^u- - tt
P -C.S It will haye six te.th. figui-e 3 ; at . month'old'the jaw ^Ul c^^
i '
?ni
514
Tins AMERICAN FARMER H HTOCK Bm^K.
tiiin eight incisors, and present the appearttiice as in fiiruro 4. Th«' mouth
is then called full, as containing the ultimate number of im isurs. riKi^,.
aro not permanent, hut temporary, or milk teeth, as they an> ciiUfijj
At six to eight months old the central teeth begin to be worn, and hIiow
smaller than the others, see figure 5. At ten months absorption and thei
widening of the jaw will have carried the two central teeth .still f,iith(.r|
away from each other, and two other teeth, one on each side, will have
begun to dimi'iah, in fact will have distinct spaces between tlicni seel
figure 6. A< vvelve months absorption will hav<> continued t<> two niorol
teeth, leaving intact only the two outside teeth, sea figure 7. At ti^'teenl
months the whole of the teeth will present the appearance us s en in ti<'un'
8. At this time the true or permanent teeth will have been growini^ inl
the jaw, between and back of the milk teeth. Figure {> shown the!
Uj/pearance at fifteen months of age, the two pertnancnt central teethi
appearing in the place of the two first milk teeth which have disappeared I
and the other permanent teeth are shown in their several stages of
growth. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show the teeth at two, thne i fomi
years past. At tin; age of five years the animal will have a full iuouthj
as shown in figure 13, and at ten years the incisors will present Uie an
pearance as in figure 14.
Thus any person by the use of the chart, and by examination of tiJ
teeth of cows, of ages known to correspond therewith, may casilv
become an accurate judge of the age of cattle up to the age of fouryearsl
In the four-year-old mouth, the two central pairs of teeth arc l)c<'iniiin
to be worn down to the edges, and in aflat direction, or incliniii<rsli(rhtlj
to the inside ; yet the animal has not a full mouth — that is, the incisop
are not fully up until it is five years old. See figure 14.
At five years old the teeth aro fully grown, and the peculiar mark ol
the teeth, called the cup, is shown in all. At the same time all will hav
become flattened, while on the two center ones there begins to 1n' a di^
tinct darker line in the middle, bounded by a line of harder bono. Fron
this time on we may depend both on the incisors and the grinders. At d
years old the animal will have acquired the last grinding tooth. This)
the sixth molar and is, from the beginning, a permanent tooth. Fr
this time until the eighth year, and indeed thereafter, in deteiinining th
age of the animal, the nature of the soil upon which it has been fed iiiuj
be taken iato account. Gritty, close-fed pastures will wear them faste
and flush pastures slower. Thus in all the pasture regions of the Wei
and Southwest, the wear will be light. As a general rule, hut udmittii
of many exceptions, at seven years old this line is becoming broader an
more irregular in all of the teeth ; and a second and broader, and more
eirenlar mark a^iisars within the cerst-ei* of the fnriiipv fiiio the most
510
HTRUCTUHK OF TnR OX.
distinrtin the central, or t.vo central pair.s_u„d ^,,ieh, atei..htyoar« ha«
siarad ovor the six <oi(f nil incisors. "^-'o"!- years, has
- >^ . I.au.e takes nluco which cannot bo mistaken. The
/
^
sp> ; ;*■"
k^^^^PI^^I^^^^I
" r..
Wf^ ■■
{
'f'K 'mm
.;'-'" 'IMS
■I I ME1
Ml
^ 'I
Fig. 1.
Teeth of Calf at birth, shoiring the first
two incisors, milk teeth.
Ghart for Accurately Telling the Ages
OF
CATTLE.
N. D. THOMPSON & CO., Publishers,
^ ST. LOUIS, MO.
For further facta concerning the Ages of Cattle see Part III, Chapter II.
(Copyrigfht, 1882, by N. D. THOMPSON & CO.)
Fig. 2.
Teeth at two weeks old, showing four tem-
porary incisors.
Fig. 3.
Teeth at three week* old, showing stx in-
cisors.
Fig. 7.
Teeth at twelve mouths old , showing absorp-
tion in all the nippers, except outside pair,
and wear in these.
Fig. 11.
Teeth at three yenrs past, showing six per-
manent nippers, and two outside temporary
ones nearly gone; al<o wear on two central
pairs.
Fig. 4.
Teeth at ouo month old, showing eight in-
cisors, or the full set.
Fig. 8.
Teeth at fifteen months old, showing ab-
sorption and wear in all the tcmijorary nippci's.
Fig. 12.
Teeth at four years past, showing eight
pnnnanp.nt iuoisoT.t — the ftill mouth — and
oompleto compleiheut; aUc wear on all but
outside teeth.
-tl
Fig. 5.
Teeth at six to uiglit months old, shomog
wear on first two, or central teeth.
Fig. 0.
Toeth :it cl(jliti'eii inoiitlis ol'l, allowing two lint
permanent incisors (l-I), .ind next two pairs (2-2
anil 3-..), growiiiK ami piisliini; upwards toward Ilic
surface; also (1-1, 'i--) and b-C) showing .iiison)-
tion. At (S-8) l.« sliown the alvoaJI. or oi'llt lor.
the WctU. ^
Fig. 6.
Teeth at tcu months old, showing absorp-
tion in first two pairs of teeth, and wear of
two outside pairs.
Fig. 10.
Teeth at two years old pas., showing four
permanent incisors, and four temporary ones,
absorption nearly complete ; also murks of
wear on two 8r8t pairs.
Fig. lit.
Teeth «l live years past, showing wear and
(lark marks.
Teeth at ten years old, showing permanent
spaces between them; and also shape ft'om
natural wear by use.
514
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
i—tl
..»»U«rl,
tain eight incisors, and present the appeumnce as in figure 4. The mouth
18 then called full, as containing the ultimate number of* inoisor^s. These
arc ^
At s|
small
wid^
away
begu
y
distinct in the cen
spread over the s
At eight years,
! pmcess of ubsorp
I, slow, and is nev
fficictitly plain,
their neighbors.
I surface of the tee
I corner teeth.
At ton -years ol
Ihe mark is becoi
eleven years the s
tbcra are very con
the young animal
comer teeth, and 1
From the age o;
more, so that the i
are many instance;
milkers, up to twi
development, no c
twelve years, exce
or an exceptional i
qualities, whose st
^
thf
h4
tii
tM
y«
4
bi
aB
at)
of many ex«jf
more irregular in all of the teeth ; and a MKionS' ailf tflfeStKfPT'TOhlBWt'
circular maris appears witMu the center of the former <>m, ihc raosi
STRUCTURE OF THE OX.
516
distinct in the central, or two central pairs— and which, ateight years, has
spread over the six central incisors.
At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. The
I process of absorption has again coinmeaced in the central incisors ; it is
I .slow, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth, but is
Buffificntly plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller than
[their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on the
' surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the
corner teeth.
At ten years old the four central incisors are diminished in size, and
the mark is becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in figure 14. At
eleven years the six central incisors are smaller, and, at twelve, all of
thorn are very considerably diminished ; but not to the same extent as in
the young animal. The mark is now nearly obliterated, except in the
comer teeth, and the inside edge is worn down to the gum.
From the age of twelve years and onward, the teeth diminish more and
more, so that the animal cannot properly gather or grind the food. There
are many instances, however, of cows breeding, and remaining good
milkers, up to twenty years of age and over. But in this day of early
development, no careful farmer will keep a cow breeding after the age of
twelve years, except, perhaps, in the case of some extraordinary milker,
oran exceptional cow, of great physical powers, and excellent breeding
qualities, whose stock it ttiay be desirable to perpetuate.
CHAPTER III.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OP BREEDS.
.. ANCIENT AND MOKKRN BUEEDINU. II. CATTLE OF THE CA^IPAGNAS. ni I'lO
MEEK8 OK IMPUOVEI) STOCK. IV. I LLUSTKATION.S OF NOTED KNOL,I!<ll BUKKlis !
V. 1>0 NOT ATTEMPT TO KOKM A UHEEl . VI. HOW A BUEEI) IS FORMEli.l— !vi'
BREEDINO FOR CERTAIN USES. VIH. VARIATION IN TYPE. IX. IS-ANI>-In"
MKEEDINO AM) HREEOINGIN LINE. X. ALTERING THE CHARACTER UYCUOSMNC
XI. INFLUENCE OF SHELTER ANI> FEEUINO. \n. HERF.DITV IN CATTI.K.— -
XlII. HEREDITARY INFLUENCE OF PARENTS. XIV. ATAVISM XV. l>Ki 11 1-
ARITIES OFANCESTORS PERPETUATED. XVI. HOW THE SHORT-HORNS WKHK ItUKU
UP. XVII. SHORT-HORNS DURING THE LAST FIFTY YEAIW. XVIII. IIIKKK
SHORT-HORN S-iRAINS. XIX. THE THREE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CATTLE.
Ancient and Modem Breeding.
It might bo curious to trace the history of cattle, step by stciMntheir
mprovonicnt from the earliest times ; but the results of such utask would
be largely composed of conjecture, neither valuable as history, nor inter-
esting, except to a few. The aim of this work is to l)o practical, and ils
object is to give only such valuai>le information as will be useful or inter-
esting to all readers engaged in the breeding, rearing or use of live-
stock.
While many distinct breeds of cattle have been known from the he<rin-
ning of the historical era, it is only within the last 200 years that carcfiii
and systematic breeding has been resorted to. And it is i)rolial)li', or.
rather, it is positively true, that during the last fifty years greater resuus
in the breeding of all farm animals have been accomplished, and iri'titor
progress towards perfection have been made, than in all the time l>eforo.
Jacob Avas the tirst systematic breeder of whom we have anyreeord.
It is tolerably certain that he understood sometliing of the priiieiplis of
mating cattle, else he could not have proc'uced pi<'(I and otiier parli-colored
animals in such munbers as to have assured him lai-ge profits and increaM'
iu the herds of his father-in-law. IJut Jacob's plan coiisistid -iniiily in
brin"inij; together cows and bulls of certain different colors, wiili a view lo
8ecurin<' a commingling of these- colors, in the offspring. II does not
appear that he made any systematic attempt to iin[)rove, by hreedinir, ilie
qualities of hisaiiimals as milkers, draft oxen, or beef cattle. The r- sult.i
of such efforts, if they had ever been made, would as certainly have heoii
noticed as the extensive production of "ring-streaked and speckled eattle."
n. Cattle of the Campagnas.
We have already spoken of the once-famous cattle of the Caiii|iagna»,
in the time of the Homuns. Their excellence was probul.ily due more to
Slti
liinn econoni
VEVKUH'MKSr AM) IMIMJOVKMENT OF HHEEDS. 517
the kindliness Of tho dimato u.uj the natural abuMclancc of the pastures
aronad Rome than to any systematic endeavors to perpetuate good qual-
t,cs oxco,,t by the s.n.ple rules of ..atural selection. The sa.ne is true
of other ancent peoples whose cattle were onec held in high repute
Abundan pasturage .xte„.sive ranges and a genial climate were thc^
,mpor a„t factors ,„ the production of their superior st<,ck, which, in all
prohalnhty, was no nmch superior to the half-wild cattle herded upon
our great western plains, ^
During the dark ages which succeeded the fall of the Roman Empire
agru.alture degenerated with the arts, and, until about the sixteenth cen^
tury, htt e attention was pa.d to the breeding of cattle, except by a primi-
uve sort of selection, and by keeping certain strains of cattle confined
to given sections of country. ••"■"u
m. Pioneers of Improved Stoek.
Batlittle had been done in a systematic way to improve British cattle
until Hakewell improved the Long-Horns. Subsequently the Collin.^
bied np the Duriams or Teeswators, and later breeders developed the
Devons to ^vh,ch the Sussex and Hereford breeds owe some of the r mo
eminent <,uali les. The celebrity of the improved Leicesters eeas,.! Ton
after the death of Bakewell. But the Short-Horns had th.n al readv
ecomo anions, and at the present day tb.re is no other breed of
ec c.ttie hat combines so many good qualities, except the Herefords
And tins noble breed, it must be confessed, is the peer of the Si or :
Horns in every respe.-t, ex<.ept perhaps early maturity, while in buUhe V
proof, It is probably .superior to the ShoH-Horns. On the butc e s'
block however, both the Short-Horns and (he Herefords niu.t viJld
—..the Devons, and the Devons again to the West hU:::!
rv. niustrations ot Noted English Breeds.
That ibe reader may become familiariz<Hl with noted English breeds
nuKlel of the Sussex <.ow ; on page a Short-Horn cow h. outline '
g^ a ^ 0,111 D.van cow is represented ; an.i ou page a .Jersey
Ald<.rn,y bull. Ou .ago will bo found a groJp^of DuiW ^
S . ; ' "7 "'■'^ ''^^ ""*""'' hov.un^r, illustrations will be
^; 1.^":;;'!" ^'-./^--teristi,.. The comparisons will be ..nuull
t^Z:^Z " "" "'^' "'"' "" '"^'""^ "' -ttleapartof their
518
TUB AMKRICAN FAKMRK S WTOfK BOOK.
Do not Attempt to Form a Breed.
In tho brooding of cattle do not attempt to form a new breed out of
incongruous materials, such as you may happen to find near you. (io(),i
feeding, good shelter, and careful selection, will do much for anv biood.
but to undertake to fonn anew brood can only end in fail mc. It will
bo found infinitely cheaper to take one of tho breeds already formed, ac-
cording to tho U80 for which tho animals arc intended, than, by crossing
and breeding up, to form ono that at the end of ono hundred yearn wil'
bo no bettor than some of the now-existing herds, and, perhaps, not as <r()o{l.
Jf tljoro is any hnprovcmcnt to h« made, make it on the model c.f tJio
best of the more reputable breeds. For instance, tho Sliort-Floriis cun
UKVELOl'MENT AND I.MPUOVKMENT OF UKEEI).s.
51i)
easily be hrod buck to the .nilking quality by selecth.g the proper farai-
hes ; for thoy once possessed tills (juality in an eminent de-ree. If you
wish to improve your common stock, do it by crossing up^n the best of
your common cows good, staunch, vigorous bulls, of the breed conform-
ing to the type of cattle you M-ish to attain. The first cross will give you
half-hloods; the second three-quarters blood; tlie third cross seven-
eigiiths blood, andthe fourth cross— fifteen-sixteenths blood. These lat-
ter and.oven the seven-eighths bred cuttle, arc.for allpractical purposes,
of hoof, labor or milk, essentially as good as those purely bred. But it is
necessary that pure and thoroughbred stock be kept intact, by every
possible j)rocaut.o.i, siiu-e they are the source from which all excellence is
bred. Ihcrefore, ,f you are able to breed the best, let all others alone
And there are so many cattle of pure and thoroughbred .stock now, that
such sires are not difficult to obtain, unless vou wish to breed the very
highest caste, and this, too, from a purely fanciful standpoint.
VI. How a Breed is Pormed.
A breed is a variety. In plants a new variety of a species is pro-
duced by crossing one variety on another. In the case of crossin- two
species of the genus, to produce a hybrid, the fertility is gcncralfy de-
stroyed, and the hybrid cannot be perpetuated. In crossing two animals
or plants of the same species, but differing one from the other, the pro-
duct is fertile, though n(,t in so great a degree as in animals or plants of a
like kind. The descendants will partake more strongly of one parent
than the other, and these variations, in some cases, crop out after o-cnera-
tions. °
This atavism or striking back to .some remote ancestor is not infrequent
m the Short-Horns, notwithstanding the extreme care taken in breeding
ami I he many years that have passed since the ,.arti(udar cross was made'
On the other hand, the Devons breed constant to tvpc, or nearly so
Hence, the Devons are called a pure breed, and tho^ Short-IIorns are
called thoroughbred. The Hercfords also retain this constancy in .Gen-
eral el.uracter to a reinarkal,le degree, for the reason that th'cy are an
ongnial breed, and not, like the Short-n<.rns, and racing horses, made up
a„„x,.d linkage, and developed within a comparatively short time,
riuis the reader will sec the force of the advice, -Do not attempt to
form a new breed."
VTI. Brooding for certain uses.
For pro-ent practical purpos.- h-t your sires be the best you can afford
of some improved breed, which should be chosen with rofoioncc to tlio
purpose tor which the offspring is intended. For beef ..k! . ariv iuaturity
ehoo
^^1
i
se a Short-Horn or Hereford iiull. " If you breed for beef"
and labor,
52-
TTTT AMEUICAN KAKMEK 8 STOCK HOOK.
tnkc tlio Hereford for heavy work, and the Devon for lighter and more
active work, such as ordinary farm labor. For cheese or quantitv oi
railk alone, take the Holsteins. For butter and cheese the Ayrsiiiros
are best, while for milk, exceedingly rich in cream, but, of course, not so
great in quantity, the Jerseys, Alderneys or Guernseys would hv. \nd\-
cated, according to the fancy of the breeder. In every case select the l)c.st
cows possible as dams, at least for the animals intended to continiio tlic
cross.
vm. Variation in Type.
We have spoken of variation in type, even of cattle bred with a view
of perpetuating distinct characteristics. How common this is, any
person may satisfy himself by inspecting the animals of any given Aind
at our animal fairs, especially horses and cattle. Among animals jjio-
ducing twins, such as sheep, the type may bo established sooner, since
there is a greater number of young to select from. In swine it ni.iv he
established in a still shorter time, for they not only have many yoiin"' ,tt
a birth, but they breed twice a year, and a sow has even been known t(i
produce five litters in less than two years. In the longest-estal)li.she(i
breeds of swine, however, pigs of a litter will vary materially, lloiicc.
in breeding swine, while it is comparatively easy to perpetuate a iMuticuhir
strain by careful selection, it is also as easy to destroy the effects of
previous good breeding by bad selections as it is to depreciate them hy
neglect in feeding. For it is an axiom which should be more geiicraliy
understood than it is, that bad feeding will soon mar good breediiijr.
And as no success can be had with any breed, however ordinary it iiuiy
be, without good feeding, it is essential that the improved breeds be care-
fully and liberally provided for, especially since the better tlie breed the
better do the animals pay for their feeding.
IX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in Line.
The meaning of these terms has been defined in a previous part of
this volume. One is the breeding together of imimals very elosely re-
lated ; the other is the p(!rpetuation of qualities, by contiiiiiiii^- to breed
together animals having ^itnihir characteristics. From in-aii-iii and line
breeding we get, more often, what is called a "nick" — that is, tiie inheri-
tance of some essentially good quality — than by what is known as out-
crossintr, •>r breeding to animuls of dissimilar (juality. Tiie canrul
breeder will hesitate long before he resorts to out-( rossing, and should
only consent so t« do where the family has become too tine, iind coii-
stitutionaii' weak, from being bred very rinsciy together for a eotisidcra-
ble l»*n<rtb of time.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMI'ItOVKMENT OF HREED8.
521
X. Altering the Character by Crossing.
When it b.-conie8 iiect- •. ry to alter thcform, do ho through some iinimal
of the same breed. Never go out of the breed for improvement even in
coii.^^titutional vigor. If you do.you will always rue it. 'Die Kyloe cross,
made in the Short-IIorns, nearly a hundred years ago, still crops out in
certain families, in the sloughing of the horns, or in defective horns.
Thirty years ago the; outcrop of this peculiarity was quite common. If
the character of your cattle needs altering, select for the purpose a bull
possessing the characteristics desired, or as near thereto as n>,ay be possi-
ble. Once the effect is produced, return again to the practice of breed-
ing in line, never neglecting careful selection. So also in breediiK' up
common stock, by means of superior males, when once you have d(''dded
what l)rccd is best for your particular use, stick to it. If tlu^ result is
unsatisfactory, try another breed on certain cows, but not on those of
your best improved stock. If you arc breeding pure or thoroughbred
stock, quit the business rather than take an out-cross upon some other
distinct breed. Once the blood is in your herd, you cannot breed it out
in your life time, nor can your successor breed it out in his life time.
XI. Influenoe of Shelter and Feeding.
In the breeding of all farm stock too many persons suppose that ani-
mals, especially cattle, may be exposed to the storms of winter without
serious detriment, and that if they get very thin in winter, they will
reciipcrato in the succeding summer. No mistake could be more fatal
to the stock raiser than this. An animal that barely survives the winter,
seldom more than regains the ilcsh lost, during the next summer. Those
thiit have to be "tailed up" in the spring never are good for much there-
after. Tiie only profit there is in stock of any kind, is made by keei)ing
them .steadily growing, until they reach nmturity. This is especially true
in the ease of improved stock of whatever breed. They must have .suf-
ficient warmth and feeding, for if disability arise from neglect, the loss
18 serious by comparison with the loss from similar injury to ordinary,
cheap stock. It may be taken as an axiom, that no money was ever
made Uy neglecting or starving farm stock ; and no farmer ever will
make money from cattle if he lets them take the "warm side of a straw
8taok" for food and shelter in winter.
XII. Heredity in Cattle.
We have already spoken of the hereditary intlucnce of ancestors. In
cattle this is often i)iainly shown. The thirteenth axicmi of Stonchcircand
one ui!doui)tc.iiy correct, is : Tiie purer and less mi.\ed the breed, the more
likely it is to be transmitted unalteix-d to the offsi)ring. Hence, which-
'*mtmmmmm$m
.122
THE AMERICAN FMtMER'h STOCK HOOK.
ever parent iH of the purest blood will be more gonem'U n l)resent«<l in
ti»o offspring ; but, as the male is usuiilly more carcfull.r scicted, and of
purer blood than the female, it generally follows that lie txorts n ,10
influonee than she does ; the reverse being the case wlien she i> of iiion-
unmixed l)lood than the sire.
That the relative ages and vigor of tlie parents have a deeisive influ»'n(T
on the offspring there is no doubt. Hence the necessity that animals l...
mature liefore they are allowed to breed, since oidy matun animals can
bo relied upon to produce offspring of the higiiest form and ig(.r. And
on the other hand, that excessive age in cither male or female, will dimin-
ish potency is too well known to be denied. It is certain, also, that
where there is a marked prepotency in either the male or female parent,
the proireny will most closely resembh^ the prepotent progenitor. T\w,
following case is rei)oited by Mr. talcot in the " Country Gentleman : "
" I had u nice cow with nice bag and teats, which I took to a l)ull in the
neighborhood, and the produce was a heifer-calf, which was rais. d hr-
c.au°se of the good milking-qualities of her dam ; but when she became a
cow, instead of the good qualities of her dam as was expected, hn Lag
and teats were, more Tike those of a sheep than of a good dairy-eow. I
then began tr? investigate the cause, and found that the heifer was thn
counterpart jH' the dam of the bull, .she l)cing an cn-dinary ow witl.a
small bag •>•.!<! still smaller teats, and from that time to this I have found
that too '^trfHjUf.tUly that is the case, especially if the bull was from such
stock or fam-:v of light milkers that it was not desirable to perpetuate
them. I remember distinctly the first pure-bred Short-Horn bull 1 ever
had, that the bair of his dam was the largest in the hind-quailers, conse-
quently that she giu'c the most milk from the hind-teats,.,. 1 that (luality
was transmitted to the majority of his heifer« when they came lo l)c
cows, their bags tending largely in the hind-(iuarters. And 1 think, from
such observations, that there can be no doubt that such is the case gen-
erally."
Mr. Sedgwick says, the supply of milk is hereditarily mflucnced by
the bull, rather than by the cows from which the offsi).-ing is directly
descended. Of this there is no doubt ; but it is not so <lear, as asserted
by him, that the character of the secretion, as regards both quantity and
quality of the milk, is derived ehielly from the paternal grand-mother by
atavic descent.
Xm. Hereditary Influence oi Parents.
Mr. Walker, writing on intermarriage, and the physiology of breeding,
gives the following : , « .v
"It is a fact, established by my observations, that, in anunals ottnc
same variety, cither male or female parent may give either series of or-
reverse of wl
pKVELOI'MENT and IMl'R(»VEMENT «'
588
guns — that is either foroheud .ind organs of sense .gether witli the vital
and nutritive orjrans, or l)a( U-liead, together with tlio h)oomotiv(! organs.
"The second law, namely, that of crossing, operates where each parent
is of a different hreed, and when, Hup[)osing both to he of e<|iuil ago and
vigor, the male gives the haek-headand loeoraotivo organs, and the female
the face and nutritive organs.
"The third law, namely, thatof in-and-in breeding, operates where both
pannts are not oidy of the same variety, but of the same family in its
narrowest sense, and when the female gives the '>ack-head and locomo-
tive organs, and the male the face and r ivo organs — precisely the
reverse of what takes place in crossing."
Xrv. Atavisi)
The appearance, occasionally, of horns m the Galloway, Suffolk and
other breeds that have l)een hondess for many generations, but which
were oriirinally a horned race, arc remarkable instances of atavism. The
appeani e, in a litter of Essex pigs, of two young ones showing the
Bcrkshiie cross of twenty-eight years before, as cited by Mr. Sidney, is
alsoa lemarkable case of the same kind. Wo have already noticed the
occasional appearance, through atavism, of dcform(><) horns in Short-
Horn cattle. In calves, also, this race shows remarkably in this respect ;
the following case is given by the ''Country Gentleman :"
"Mr. Wadsworth owns the twin Princess cows. Lady Mary seventh
and eighth ; they are both good roans, got by fourth Lord of Oxford
(5903 "American Herd-Book"), a roan bull; their dam. Lady Marv, a
red, got by Hotspur (.'51393), a roan ; their grauddam. Baroness, a red
roan, got by Barrington (30,501), a white ; their great-granddam, the im-
ported red Princess cow. Red Rose, second, got by Napier ((5238), red
roan. These twin heifers. Lady Mary seventh and eighth, were both
served i)y the Princess bull. Earl of Seaham (8077 "American Herd-
Book" ), a good roan, and each dropped a bull-calf; but the one from
Lady Mary seventh was a red, while the other, from Lady Mary eighth,
was white."
XV. Feouliaritiea of Ancestors Perpetuated.
In the breeding of animals of a pure and homogeneous breed, there
will 1)0 a perfect blending of characteristics, without marked peculiarities,
as a rule. In the offspring of dissimilar i)arents, as in crossing, there is
never complete fusion or blending of character, but the offspring in such
cases will follow, more or less closely, the prepotent parent. It is not
necessary to cite authorities on this point. Instances are of such constant
oeeurrenee, both in the human family and down through all the domestic
animals, that they have been noticed by all intelligent observers. In wild
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~^a: RocheBtfif, New Yorh M609 USA
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TJIK AMERICAX FARMER S STOCK HOOK.
animals, being pure races, the rule is not so apparent : for in them is
found the nieest blending of transmitted qualities. Yet it is oljsci'Vfil
even in Avild animals when l)red in confinement. Devon cattle and other
pure breeds of domestic stock, also show peculiarities to a less extent
than more mixed races. Peculiarities of ancestors appear most frequent Iv
in the connnon mixed stock of the farm, especially when bred to siiis of
improved blood.
XVI. How the Short-Homs were bred up.
The inheritance of the prepotent blood of sires, upon an already valua-
ble breed, careful selection and at length the impress of a bull, ( H,i))-
back,) remarkable in every respect, merged what were known as Tecs-
water, Durham or Yorkshire cattle, into what has come of late vears to hi;
known, the world over, as Short-Horns. The name is an unfortuiiuie
one in some respects, since it is used to designate one of the three dis-
tinct classifications of horned cattle.
Less than 200 years ago the first improvement was made in Short-
Horn cattle, according to Culley, Marshall, Bailey, and others of tliehist
centurj' ; and it is only within the last 100 years that the great i!n[)rove-
nient was made which causes this magnificent breed of cattle to ho so
highly prized. The "Alloy," a Galloway, or hornless, crot.s made hv
Charles Colling was unfortunate, and breeders are careful thiit their stock
shall not trticc back to this cross, which runs to Grandson of Bolino-1)fol^(>
and Lady — to the "Alloy" as this progeny was called.
XVII. Short-Horns During the Past Fifty Years.
It is within the last fifty years that the Short-Horns, once remarkable
for their milking qualities, have degenerated in this respect so that tliev
are now almost worthless for the dairy. They have been bred to k'uu-
nent fineness and elegance, I)ut it is questionable if, as beef produeei's,
the less fashionable are not the better cattle. Originally the Short-lloi'ns
ran much to white ; and roans also were very common. Of late years it
has been more fashionable to breed to self-colors, or to animals in which
the colors, whatever they may be, (red and white being the l)est,) are
distinct and well defined, one from the other.
Importations of Short-ilorns from Great Britain were madi^ to the
Eastern States in 1815, 1822, 1828, 1828, 1835, 1839, and 184!l-.")(); to
Kentucky in 1817, and again in 1837-38, and in 1839. Large iniportu-
tions were made into Ohio in 1834, and in 1835-3(). The first direct
importation to Illinois was made in 1858. Since 1^35 Canadian iu'ccd-
ers have imported many fine animals, and within the last ten years their
herds have taken high rank in the worh. of Short-Horns. At the i)resent
time there are no States of the West, the Northwest and Southwest, hut
DKVKLOI'.MICNT AM) I.Ml'ltOVKMKNT Ol' lUiEEDS.
525
have most valuable herds of these remnrkiible heef cattle. WU^-a not
bred from a mere fanciful stundpomt of fineness, it must bo confessed
that they are unexcelled in stoutness, early raatm-ity and great develop-
ment of flesh.
XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains.
Among the lessons learned from these changes, we have seen the
Short-Horns gi-adually lose their great milking (jualities, but they have
gained in early maturity, and in disposition to take on flesh. They
may now be divided into three classes :
First, arc those coml)ining good grazing qualities Avith fair milking
qualities, as may bo seen in the descendants of the importation of 1817
into Kentucky, or the " Sevcnteens" as they are calh^d. None are better
'than tliese for the average farmer to breed from, and fortunately, when
found, they sell at prices comparatively but little above those of the best
native cattle of mLxed breeds.
The second strain is the Booth blood, eminent for largo frames,
covered with great masses of flesh, ])ut of snudl account as milkers.
The third principal strain is that of the liates cattle, eminent for style
and early maturity, with sub-families, producing occasionally most
excellent milking cows.
The young breeder may rest assured that by studying carefully the
precepts laid down in this chapter, and by familiarizing himself with the
cha meter istics of the several strains, and also by studying carefully the
pediiirees as given in the herd books, he will be qualified to select animals
for the nucleus of his herd, that will breed constant to type, if he pos-
sess the judgment properly to mate them.
XIX, The Three Principal Types of Cattle.
It remains to close this chapter with a recapitulation of the tiireo prin-
cipal types of cattle. These arc the Long-Horns, the Middle-Horns and
the Short-Horns. Of the Long-Horns, sub-breeds remain worthy of per-
petuation in competition with the Middle-Horns, as represented l)y the
Ilercfords or Devous, or the Short-Horns, as represented by the D'.r-
hams. The milking breeds are the Jerseys and other Channel Island
cattle, and the Ayrshircsand the Holsteins.
Among the traces of long-horned blood, characteristic of the old Shrop-
shire, with their horns dropping down forward and suddenly rising, the
Derby with their horns running sideways, and curving upwards and back-
wards, and the Cravens, with their "lopped horns," may all be founc
oucasiunaiiy in the ordinary mixed breeds of the country, showing howlon""
a time it takes to work out the blood from whence they originally cjime.
526
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
;: f
As for the once-famous New Leicesters, of Bakewefl, their popularity
was short-lived, since they practically died out with the death of their
founder, Bakewell.
The Short-Horns will be treated of in their appropriate chapter, tho
Herefords and Dcvons in the chapter appropriated to the Middle-Horua,
and the polled cattle, also, in a separate chapter.
V
I:;'
CHAPTER IV.
THE BRBEDma OP CATTLE.
1. EABLT SYSTEMS OP BKEEmNG If. BAKEWELL's TEN RniFS-^TTT w»»,-
TIIK BUEEDER MUST KNOW IV. COMPAItP HK^iti -rv ,, ^ ''"• ^"^T
TION OF FOOD VI. THE BUFEDER M «t- tl . ^- ^"''' ^^SIMILA-
UUEEI.ING FOR BEEF.^II . BRFED.NG FOR M.TK '"''Vi? *'^""^"- ^"■
,,A,i„Il. X. THE BREEDS FOR BEEP AND M^r « "'• ""''''^DINO FOR
BKKF.— XII. VALUE OP SuLs IX mppERFNT ,»^^'- x?m'' .vn"^ ^""'^^
r.D:^i^\v.^-i^w^'-„/-™- - ™--- "- ™ --"^
I. Early Systems of Breeding.
Until withm the last 200 years the whole art of breeding .nimals
m.g t have been summed up in the aphorism, "Like produces like •''
and hence that other proverb, "Breed from the best." Yet simnle U
these piinci-ples were, they seem to have been followed in a very Lble
way. as indeed, they are to this day by a majority ,>f farmerf, or by
those who have not studied the principles of the art they practice
U,. to .ho time of Bakewell, who, had he undertaken any other uro
fess,onthanthat of breeding animals, would have been em'ine Wsuc
cessfuUhe breeder's art consisted in mating those animals whose .1-
a churaotensfcs seemed the best, wholly disregarding the advant^'es
of b eodn)g to a,nmals pre-eminent for the possession of particular mal
.es that , was essential to perpetuate. Bakewell believed not o^X
k would produce hke, in a general way, but seems to have known
tba the vule extended to the minutest detail in the organi.atio 3
makoupoftheamK.a. Hence,hisstudyofform,intheanat;my m^^^
.olo,y anunals was UKvde with a view to the adoption of I st'n rd
or model, by wh.ch he sought to secure large proportions e-iHv T
rJ>SsuperiorH.hinthechoicestparts,andunifL^;?::^;^,^^^
of these qualities from the sire and dam to the youn- '''""s.ion
l.rc Jcr smce Us l„„„ ,co„m t„ h»vo used such nice ju^M „r „ l,.„°
|.os«cd ,„ criticl »„<! thoroughly tramod „„ eye No !' of ht
c.«.hav„e„„.,edhi„M„,he ,„„,.;,, t„ trace cle !;:reC;„:."t„-
3* 527
<.W>^i*---'>^--
528
THE AMEEICAN FARMEK's STOCK HOOK.
i
lit
'n
III
f I
breed closely to a well-defined standard. In addition to his uioo jud<r.
ment in selection, he was the most careful of feeders ; the object in vii;w
being constant development from birth to the butcher's block. None
before or since his time have everbrought a breed up to the higlicst pos-
sible standard in a single lifetime, and what is more curious, none tverc
found able to maintain the standard he had fixed. The methods insti-
tuted l)y Bakewell havo been practiced by others, and are undoubt-
edly the best in the breeding of live stock. They may be divided into
separate heads as in the following section.
n. Bakewell's Ten Bulea.
1. — Correct training of the eye and judgment in the anatomy and phys-
iology of the animal.
2. — The correlation of the several parts one to the other.
3. — The selection and mating pf animals with a view to the fullest
development of the most valuable parts, according to the use intended.
4. Selection with a view to the perpetuation of essential qnalities to
induce form, symmetry, high feeding q^ualities, and great vigor of consti-
tution.
5. Feeding with reference to early maturity for giving development in
the least possible time.
6. Shelter and warmth indispensable to perfect development.
7. Variety of food is essential, and this according to the age of the
Rnimal.
8. A strain of blood once established, never go outside of it for a
new infusion.
9. The most perfect care and regularity in all matters pertaining to
feeding and stable management.
10 Kindness and careful training absolutely necessary with a view to
the inheritance of high courage combined with docility and tractability.
m. What the Breeder Must Know.
The animals which possess the qualities that are desired in the offspring,
whether for beef, labor, milk, butter or cheese, or for a combiimtiou of
these, are the ones to breed from. In the selection of parents the breeder
himself must of course be the judge of the litness of certain animals of his
herd to transmit the desired qualities. We have endeavored to aid the non-
professional breeder in the performance of this delicate task, by carefully
describing the peculiarities of the different breeds and varieties, iindbyin-
dicating 5ie best points of each of them. Nothing more is necessary to
enable Ihe average farmer to breed his farm-stock profitably and success-
fully, except such personal experience with animals ns every competent
\
THE BKEEDINO OF CATTLE.
52a
farmer possesses as a matter of course. Those who propose to go exclu-
sivclyand scientifically into the business of stock-l,reecIing, must not only
pass through a Gainful course of reading in the best authorities on the
subject, but must also have a thorough practical trainin-. The impor
tant thing of all, however, is to possess the peculiar talent to makp
broeder-that is. a critical eye for form, symmetry, and the proportion
of the several parts of an animal, each to the others.
rv. Compare Results.
A careful comparison of the results obtained by others and by one's self
is among the best means of training for all. The animal that will make the
most beef at three years old, and the cow that will give the most milk, and
the ndiest in butter or cheese duri.g the season, on the least relative quan-
tity of food, are the best. These things can only be learned throu^^h
personal observation and from the statements of those whose word you
can trust. -^
v. The Assimilation of Pood.
It is an idea mth many people that an animal, to be valuable, must be
a small eater. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is merely a
question of proper assimilation of the food eaten_an animal of perfect
digestive and assimilative organs being able to extract far more nutri-
ment from u xiven quantity of food than one in which these or<.ans per-
form their functions but imperfectly. In this respect the improved
breeds of stock of any family stand pre-eminent. Their digestive and
assimilative orgaris arelof the best and they give greater returns for the
food eaten than lUy-bred animals.
The lungs and blood vessels of the ox are not required to be so capa-
cious according o the weight of the animal, as those ofthe olood-horae •
or they are not required to do fast work. The improved bree;is of
other farm sock are not required to take more exercise than is necessary
togathortheir food. Hence, with care and artificial feeding, the S
nation to active exercise is bred out of them, and a Shor1>Hor. or Here-
^1 will keep fat on what a Texan would run off in untamable muscu ar ~
fforts. Thus tor domestic use. the highly-bred Short-Horn or Here^
ford possesses two important advantages over the wild Texan, viz • early
maturity, and the tendency to fatten readily " ^
ntrT^r'^T' """ T f^^ ^ ^'^' ^^' " ^'«^^'^' ^»1 ^^^ fatten kindly
Hence, the outlines should be square or round, with no undue W
pro«s,and the skin should be soft, but firm and supple to t;;^
Restlessness, which is only another term for wildness. should never
be tolerated in any breeding animal. Such animals should be sent to
530
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
the butcher's block without hesitation. A panic will throw a whoU^ herd
off their feed for a week, sometimes, and a single wild brute is iiniply
sufficient to get up a stampede at the slightest provocation. The animu!
that shows viciousness alone, or in connection with restlessness, is not to
be tolerated anywhere, and least of all in the breeding stables or yards.
VI. The Breeder Must be a Gtood Parmer.
The best animals cannot be raised except on a variety of food. The
breeder should therefore be a good farmer, and should know whiit
grasses are most nutritious and best adapted to his locality. Ho noeds,
also, to know the varieties of grasses which make the best hay, for all
farm animals — cattle and sheep especially — should be kept as miu^li on
grass as possible. He should also have studied the important qupstioii
of winter feeding with a view to deciding what grains are best adapted to
his use.
An important matter, which nearly all American breeders and feeders
more or less neglect, is the use of succulent food in winter. It is seldom
one sees a supply of roots raised for winter feeding in this country. We
have deferred too much to English authorities, and because we could not
raise English white turnips we have ignored roots almost entirely. Yet,
there is no country better adapted to carrots and beets, for feeding, than
ours, nor one where they can be more cheaply raised. And carrots in
winter, especially for breeding cows, and later on beets for all farm
stock except horses, are worth more than twice their bulk in turnips.
A peck of beets or carrots daily, to each cow or ox would assist in an
important manner the digestion and assimilation of dry food — and lierein
lies their chief value. The writer has raised them in large iields at a
cost of three dollars a ton, including the expenses of hauling and pitting
for winter.
Vn. Breeding for Beef.
If you breed for beef you will have the choice of, say, four breeds of
cattle— the Short-Horns, the Herefords, the Devons, and the Galloways.
The Short-Horns and Hei ^fords are, by all odds, the best breeds
wherever the pastures are flush, and the feed plentiful. On short
pastures, and when the winter feeding is not ample, their great frames
cannot be supplied ; but when the feed is abundant they may be turned
off fat at an age at which native cattle are only just getting ready to be
fattened .
Upon all hill pastures, both North and South, the Devons arc admira-
ble cattle, and their beef is of a quality superior to that of either of the
breeds just named.
Farther North, the Galloways or hornless cattle are much liked for
their good feeding qualities, for their hardmess and for the superior
THE UREEDINO OF CATTLE.
531
quality of their beef. In more Northern regions the Galloways may justly
lie regarded as the best among our beef breeds. But they will never
coinpiirc with the Short-Honis or Herefords in milder regions where feed
is abundant.
vra. Breeding for Milk.
If luilk be the sole object, the breeder will choose the Ayrshires, the
Jerseys or the Holsteins. Of these the Holsteins give the largest quan-
tity of milk, are the largest cattle and they make licavy beef when dry.
Tlicy arc the best for cheese, and are, also, the most profitable when the
milk is to I)e sold directly to the consumer. The Ayrshires come next in
the quantity of milk given, and they are, also, excellent both for butter
and cliccse. The Jerseys, Alderneys, and Guernseys are smaller cattle
tliiiu either the Holsteins or Ayrshires, but, for their size, they give large
quiintitios of milk that is extremely rich in cream and butter. But they
require more feed in proportion to their size than either the Ayrshires
or Holsteins.
IX. Breeding for Labor.
Where animals capable of performing labor are desired, either the
Herefords or the Devons should be selected. For heavy draft, such as
hauling great logs in the timber, the Herefords are excellent cattle.
For general utility on the farm, and on the road, the Devons are supe-
rior to any other known breed, since they combine great activity Avith
uiuseulur strength, and the ability to go long distances at a quick pace,
without distress. The Holsteins also make excellent draft animals, and
to our thinking are among the best, where many purposes, milk being
the most important, are to be considered. •
X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk.
For the two purposes of milk and beef combined, the milking strains of
the Short-Horn family are the best. It is a pity that the noble breed of
milking cattle, known formerly as the Patton sUx-k, should hnvo been
practically lost. Forty years ago they were the staunch, excellent Short-
Horns of the West, good at the pail, large, smooth-framed and kindly
fatteners. The farmer who wishes to breed simihir cattle, may easily do
so by selecting the better milkers of the importation of 1817— the "old
Seventoens" as they are called. But be sure you do not got animals
of this race with "top crosses" of the now fashionable Short-Horns.
They will make beef but not milk.
The Holsteins should not bo passed over in naming cattle for ireneral
utility, especially in the West a.id Southwest. They are abunda'iit and
umform milkers, and good feeders. They make more than fail workin*
R-
582
Tin: AMKUICAN FAUMKU's .STOCK HOOK.
Btcors, and when fat they al.so turn out a heavy earcass of beef of f,,|i
a« good quality ua the Slioit-IIorns. Yet, they hick early maturity.
XI. Some Facts About Beef.
The breeder for utility, from a purely practical stand point, want> n,;
mals that will bring the largest return in dollars and .-ent-s. \ str.r tl, ,"
loads with mere fat, instead of muscle, will not bring .so mu,h i. ,1
one wluch turns out more meat and less fat. S(,, again, the steer '^y\uZ
flesh IS marbled throughout with fatty tissue will brin- a hi-],,.,. ,„,,.,. f
oeef than one all lean in the lean parts, and all fat in the fat ,n,t"'
Hence, in estimating the po.ssiblo profits in breeding for beef one niu'i
know how the animal will cut up when killed. As a rule the .m.ooH
steer will ^^kill better" than a patchy one, or one with lumi). or nut,!,
of fat over the surface. An animal will not ma.-ble with fat until it i'
mature, neither will it take on fat largely, while in a growi„.. s,,t,
Hence, the value of early maturity, and the importance of knowinTr,h,K;
breeds, or families of a breed, which mature earliest. The Short'lh.n,
huvo somewhat the advantage of the Herefords in early maturity wi>il!
the Herefords have the advantage of the Short-Horns i„ themiaiityof
their flesh The Devons mature still later than either, but their H,ut,.|.
ers proof" is better. The Galloways mature between the Ilerofor.i u'd
Devon in point of time, and their flesh is certainly excellent. Those ',„i
mals winch mature earliest are, as a rule, not so excellent in the ..ualily
of the flesh as later-maturing ones. Hence, in England, the Hi'i.l.nd
cattle bring the highest price per pound of any, and in the United Istate.
the Devons ought to.
Xn. V&lue of Sires in Different Herds.
The average farmer cannot pay the extravagant prices demanded f„r
the highest-caste animals of a pure breed. These, however necessary to
the special breeder, are not so to the general breeder, or to tlu. farmer
who breeds simply for beef or for milk. The farmer wants aimnalsLav-
mg thick flesh and good feeding qualities, with constitutional vi-^or fr.Mu
which to breed beef cattle ; and when milk is an object the animals fro.n
which ho breeds should also be known to possess high milking .mulitios
In the one case it is the flesh that pays, in the other the udder
To the breeder of u particular strain, an animal containing certain val-
uable points might be worth many thousands of dollars in his herd while
to the farmer the value of the same animal would be counted by huiidrc.ls
of dollars only. In fact, that particular animal might not be worth as
much to the farmer as another that might be bought f.n- $100. I„ respect
to milking qualities, a certain bull might be worth $!,()00 to the breeder
THE HRKKDINO OF CATTLK. ro,
ofu|)artieuhir 8uh-fiiiiii|y of MiilkciN ul,iln +-. *i *
!»-' ' -i-o" « ".»'.H".,..,. »,'»'„;,:„';",;„ ;;;,":„':r;' """'"''"-' '-
t. ,;k. „.„.,,„ ,„,.„i... a,., 1,, nil :t:t;;r/ ;:'•"■'''':
wereiipuro " Seventeen"— doscoiuh-d in •. ,1 ,,:-■''' '/"'^ 'f *''« '"""uil
I.™., i. M ».,..„ .,« «,„,,„.„„„.„,,., i,rc„d».h. ;,^r:„l', , '■;:;■
brceJo,- of .elect „„ ,,» „f .„„„„ purticular J.S „; 'ilL'd ' "' ""
Xm. Know what You Breed For.
The brooder for ,^enerul utility „u.t possess us aceurate knowledge .s
the brooder for speo.al utility, but this knowledffe needs to br nf ' r^
fcront kind from the other. The breeder for .c^or' utilitv '" I
so much that the bh,od be of son>e particuhtr strlh ' t . ?^ TT ""'
bine oor.in points that wi„ bring^beef or milk^^; ' l^: : J^
herd, and at tlie least ex[)eiise. * "mutt, or nis
What the general breeder is seeking for is such refinen.ent in the he.d
^ndardsinb^ing a thorou;h::::;^ho^c'i^i:ti:;:; ^if 7
up„g a draft horse; aud in buying an anin.al .^ f M etftl"
breeder must ciujose fron. a different standpoint from that whi h e Hkc
in buy-ng for nnlk labor, or a eon.bination of two or more of th . so , uali
t.es. But ,n tins day of speeial breeds for spceial purposes ."rt ' "e "
enco . all I-"^t. eannt>t be expeeted in one and IheL.e .mh ^^^^^^
"" IV\F '' "^ ^'"'^ ''Ji'kers, great workers, and " • t beef
Xrv. Definition Oi Terms.
Pure Bred. — The words "pure-bred " <<fMn ki i >>
bred- l,av., oft™ „eo„ ,t„,„..L,"J; t to t ^ „ , '^o;"'' ; '''""'^
ter„t,« aro woll dolinecl, a„<l wliioh breed, pure to tLtvtei
«ntW particular, iueludiua fonu, color, tomner a, d of . "'""'^
.. tra„.„it the ,au,e. Tl„. De^n, e^ „ rtoll. r;:„'«"'"
requirements than a-" Other o'lttlo o.wi ... *i . ^^ "'""S '"I these
*of„uxe,Ui„ea«e,l,„t which have been i".:';;!"'''? °''''"'"
-.i.i.o„t funher ad.i..urc^that the, eo.e eaen^.ll^ r" 7?;: ^
534
THE AMKKICAN KAKMKR N (HTOCK HOOK.
11
dowircd. Short-lioriis and Ilcrefords ainoii},' cuttle, and raciiifj; liories
arc thoroughbred.
Fuil-Blood. — Full-blood is a term that should not be used to denote
either purity of blood or thorough-blood, though muc^h confusion has
existed in the popular use of those three terms. Iligh-giude aiii; hIs ure
the produce of pure st.ok upon common stock, and when pure «to(k in
repeatedly bred to the i.>rogcny of such unions the progeny in the ccmrso
of some generations nearly approiuhes the pure race in every chanictcr-
istic and is then called " fuil-l)looded."
Grades- — This term was partly defined in the preceding paragraph.
It is used to denote the offspring of pure-blooded or highly-bred ;miiniils
with those of less l>recding, and is generally ap|)lied to a cross of pure-
blood on common stock.
CrOSS-Breeding. — The breeding together of animals o." different breeds
is called cross-breeding, as for in,stance the union of Hereford and Short-
Ilorn blood. In the first cross, the progeny theoreticall}' possess eiiiial
proportions of the blood of sire and dam, but the blood of pure auiniiils
being prepotent the progeny will possess more strongly the chiiratcristjcs
of the highly-bred parent than of the other. Hence the advanta^o of
using a bull of pure blood on a herd of mixed blood.
XV. How to Start a Herd.
From among the best cows of the ordinary mixed farm stock, select
those possessing in the highest degree the characteristics desired in tho
offspring. For ten two-year old heifers select a pure-blood ycarlinii- '•nil,
that has come of stock noted for getting uniform milkers, if this l)o the
object ; or, if beef be the object, he should be of exccillcnt fineness, with
great loins, rump and thighs and round barrel-ribs well sprun,"- out, and
ribbed close to the hips. The next season's produce should be ten calves,
half of which are likely to be heifers. Save these and geld the bulls at
the age of about three or four weeks. When these heifers are two
years old breed them to their sire, who will then be four years old.
The female produce of this union may again be breil to tlie same l)ull,
and this process may continue to the fourth generation, if the bull lasts so
long in the possession of vigor. His last get will thus inherit fifteen six-
teenths of the blood of the sire. Select from these the heifers that show
the strongest constitutional vigor, and follow this down through the inter-
mediate grades, keeping the families distinct. That is, record the breeding
of each animal separately in a book specially prepared for the purpose.
XVT. How the Herd will Grade.
Yourherd will grade as follows : The first generation will be half-b'ood
grades; the second thn 3-quarters blood; the third, seven-eighths Idood
THE HUEEUINO OF CATTLE.
535
and tl.o fouill. -iMienifi,,,,, (ifteen-.sixtociiths I.IcmkI, and will compare
favoral.Iy witli puro-hlotKlod .•iniinals, except among critical judges.
XVII. Taking a Line Cross.
Inl.rocdi.igso closely as we have recoi.u.iended, the exorcise of careful
judgin.;nt is necessary, so tiiat you may cease' breeding in-and-in when-
ever it is found that the constitutional vigor, or feeding qualities of tie
progeny arc unpaired. If it be found that the progeny is not im-
proving mall essential quailitics select another sire, but one combining
tho sinno essential qualities as the discarded sire. This departure will be
brecdiiig ui Imo. Breed again with this bull to certain select heifers for
two generations, and then take another lino cross. In this way a you„a-
faniKT, who is not able to attnmpt thoroughbreds, may soon establish a
herd that will give the best poss.'.ic satisfaction as beef makers or milk
crs, as the case may be. Do not !isten to any sentimental talk about
incestuous breeding. Incest is not a crime among the lower animal. • it is
iKitiirc's plan with them. Among gregarious animals the stron^e^t
males take the herd, to the se.-ond and third irenoration. The oblect
istotlirowthegood qualities of the sire in a lump, and also to secure the
first impress, a most important point, upon the heifer, and to fix this impress
by concentration. For, tho oftener the dam is bred to tho same sire, the
more will she be imbued with the blood of the sire of her pro-env
through the intercirculatioii of blood between the dam and the f^tus
This intercirculation, though denied by some, is undoubtedly a physio-
log,cal fact proven by many coincidences, if not by absolute demon-
stnition, and fortihed by striking resemblances.
XVni. Some Specimens of Close Breeding.
As showing c^ose in-an-in breeding the first volume of the American
Held Boc^. contains a diagram of the breeding of Comet, from Hub-
back and Lady Maynard, as" follows :
1. Bull, Ilul.back.
2. Dam of Ilaughton.
3. Richard Barker's BuU.
4. Cow, Haughton.
5. Bull, Foljambo.
6. Cow, Young Strawberry
7. Bull, Dalton Duke
8. Cow, Lady Maynard.
i». Bull, Bolingbroke.
10. Cow, Lady Maynard.
11. Cow, Phffiiiix.
12. Cow, Young Phoenix.
13. Bull, Favorite.
, , 14. Bull, Comet. .
In relation to Favorite or Lady Maynard, Mr. A. B. Allen says • " It
was conceded by a company of old breeders in 1812, in discussing the
que tmn of the nnprovcment of Short-Horns, that no stock of Mr Co|!
hng s ever equalled Lady Maynard. the dam of Ph.nix, and grandd.n of
fe i.j,a 7ii h p '4 , f
53«
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
Favorite (by Foljambe) und of young Plicenix (by Favorite, her 8oii
upon his own mother,) the dam of Comet 155, so celebrated as liiivintr
been sold for 1000 guineas ($5000,) also by Favorite, a specimen of jis
close in-and-in !»reeding as can perhaps be found on record."
As an example of wonderful depth of in breeding with contimiod
good results, the cow Clarissa may be mentioned. She possessed
sixty-three sixty-fourths of the blood of Favorite. Her pedigroo iuds
thus : " Cow Clarissa, roan, calved in 1814 ; bred by Mr. R. Colliiijr, got
by Wellington (680) out of— by Favorite, (852)— by Favorite,— In-
Favorite — by Favorite — by Favorite — by Favorite — by a son of Hub-
back."
Wellington, the sire of Clarissa, was also deeply in-bred with tiio blood
of Favorite. Taking the two pedigrees — that of Clarissa and Wolliiiff-
ton together — they will read thus :
1. Bull, Hubback.
2. Son of Hubback.
3. Cow, by son of Hubback.
4. Bull, Favorite.
5. 1st cow by Favorite.
6. 2nd cow by Favorite.
7. 3rd cow by Favorite.
8. 4th cow by Favorite.
9. 5th cow by Favorite.
10. 6th cow by Favorite. •
11. Clarissa.
12. Bull Wellington, sire of Clarissa.
13. Bull, Comet.
14. Cow, Wildair.
15. Cow, Young Phoenix.
16. Cow Phoenix.
4. Same bull Favorite on the side
of Clarissa's sire as on the
side of hor dam.
17. Bull, Bolingbroke.
18. Granddaughter of Iluhhack.
There ought to be no fear of following where such results have been
attained by others, and these the most eminent and successful breeders
of their day. The best successes since their day have also been obtainrd
by continuing the same course to such a degree as intelligent obscrvatiou
showed to bo practicable, and especially by breeding in line.
XIX. The Gtostation of Cows.
Some years since the writer collected a number of facts in relutiou to
gestation and the iniluenco of the varying times of gestation on tlic
young, to refute a prevalent idea that protracted gestation ])ro(lii(ed
males. Mr. Tessier, for forty years an accurate and acute oli-^tivcr of
various animals, gives results in the case of over 575 cows, and these
subsequently having been extended to 1,131 cows the extremes were not
chiinged, but results as to averages are as stated beloAV.
£ar! 8}"'iU'fV svl""- ciirffsilly fjvbnlnted tho ]H'riod of ji^estatio!! of 7t)'>
iows.the least poriod being 220 days ; the mean 285 days ; anil the long-
THE BREEDING OF CATTLE.
537
est 3ia days. He was able to rear no o.,u .... ^ . /
' thua 240 days. Accordin.. to Tes ier a ! ^ '^ "' "" "'^''"''" P^'-'^^^
1 1 -i. , * ^'^' **■ ^ow^ "iJiycarrv a calf ^91 Ha„c
and produce ,t sound; and from the fact that Tessier and Furl ^n ^
agree almost exactly as to the mean time of gestat Jn 2^5 T ^'"'''
and a half months may be taken a, ih. ^''^^''^•""' 285 days or nme
CO.. slight variations b^ein^ a^J d fr ^ ^7^ :Z 1 r'T""" "'
It is quite safe to conclude from fh^, u i different breeds,
ous racei of animals, that the period oflTt 1 ^^^ '^^^^ ^^'^ van-
upon the sex cf the offspring noHs if f K m" u' "" '"''"'"^^ ^^'^^^^^^^
bL any influence upon t^e^ ^geT^^^^^^^ X "" "^f ''' '^^"^
ability, however, that heredity in siref!l Z^, . i '' ? '''""^ P'""^"
the dam and aire, and other causes maJ" t i' ^ ^ '"**""''^' ^"«« *^^
of gestation. ' """^ '^"'*"^^'" l°"g«r ««• shorter periods
|ln'
CHAPTER V.
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
li
I. 8HOKT-HORNED BREEDS. II. THE OLD TEESWATEKS. III. ORIOIN OF Mdn
ERN SHORT-HORNS. IV. WHAT MADE THEM FAMOUS V. THE BUI.l, m u"
BACK. VI. BEEP FROM THE OLD TEESWATERS. VII. SHOUT UOUNs in
AMERICA. VIZI. THE GREAT OHIO IMPORTATION. IX. KENTUCKY AND
OTHER IMPORTATIONS. X. IMPORTATION OP BATES CATTLE Xt. < ana
DIAN SHORT-HORNS XII. WESTWARD MARCH OP THE SHORT-HORN. XIII
SHORT-HORNS AS BEEP MAKERS. XIV. THE PATTON FAMILY OP SHORT-lIOltNS
XV. GRADE COWS AND STEERS. XVI. SHORT-HORNS CRITICALLY UFS-
CRIBED XVII. THE HEAD. XVIII. THE NECK. XIX. THE IIODY. xx
THE LEGS SHORT AND STRAIGHT. XXI. THE LOIN BROAD XXII. \VIDF IN
THE CROPS. XXIII. THE BACK STRAIGHT AND BROAD. XXIV. TIIK lilBS
BARREL-SHAPED. XXV. THE TOUCH. XXVI. THE HIDE XXVII. THE
HAIR. XXVIII. THE COLOR. bcXIX. BEEP POINTS ILLUSTRATED. ^XXX
SCALE OP POINTS FOR SHORT-HORN BULLS. XXXI. SCALE OP POINTS lOE
SHORT-HORN COWS.
I. Short-Homed Breeds.
Of the short-hoi nsd breeds of England of 100 years aso, rcpre-
Bented by the Durham or Teeswater, the Yorkshire, the Lincohishiiv aiid
the Ilolderuess, all are probably descended from a common origin. The
descendants of the old Durham and the Channel Islands cattle, (Jersey
and Alderney notably) are all that can now be distinctively recognized as
having attained special celebrity. The name Short-Horn is not now iisef'
to designate any but the descendants of the Durham cattle, as improved,
and is now applied distinctively only to them.
The Jerseys will be treated of in their proper chapter as amont^ the
breeds entitled to distinguished merit, the Short-Horns as standing at the
head of established beef breeds being under consideration here.
n. The Old Teeswaters.
There has existed from a remote period in tht. region of the Teeswater
(one of the small rivers of England), a race of short-horned caitle that
were possessed of good feeding qualities combined with early maturity
and thick flesh, as weights were considered 200 years ago. Tiioir oriiriii
has l)een variously stated, but nothing is truly known of it and only
traditionary statements are extant.
ni. Origin ol Modem Short-Horns.
The origin of the modern Short-Horn is not fully agreed on, except
that they have descended directly from the Teeswaters or old Durhaius on
one side, and that they were gradually improved by breeders wiio rccog-
538
SHORT- HORN CATTLE.
539
nized their excellence In the i . .r part of the last century, such breed-
ers as the CoUings (Charles and Robert), Sir Henry Vane, Col Trotter
and Mr Mason, and-early in the present century-Mr. John Stevenson,
Mr. Bates, and Mn Booth proceeded scientifically and systematically to
.mprove then, Mr. Bates died in 1849, at which time the breed had
attained a world-wide celebrity, and this steadily grew, until the extrav-
agant sums of $20,000. $30,000 and even $40,000 w;re bid for sii^'L
animals To-day there are none of the cow kind that bring such prices
for single ammals. ° f^^^^m
TV. What Made Them Famous.
Youatt and Martin say the circumstance which first brought these
wonderful cattle into special notice was the production of the "Durham
ox," which was exhibited all over England, and at the age of eleven
years dislocated his hip and was killed, weighing 3,780 founds, after
having been carried from place to place in a -jolting carria-e " for
seven years, or since he was five years old. In February, iSOl"' at five
years old he weighed 3,024 pounds. This extraodinary wei4t our
authority says did not arise from his superior size, but from th? excess-
ive npeness of his points.
V. The BuU Hubbaok.
Probably no single animal in the history of Short^Horns has exer
cised so great an influence for good on this breed as the bull Hub-
back. Of him Mr Youatt says : «. The following account of Hubback
we had from Mr. Waistell, of Alihill, who, although his name does not
appear conspicuously in the Short-Horn Herd Book, deserves much credi
or his discrimiuation here. He used to admire this bull as he rode bv
t e meadow m whidj he grazed ; and at length attempted to purchase him
The price asked, ^^ seemed much, and the bargain was not struck.
StiU he longed for the beast ; and happening to meet Mr. Robert Collin^ near
e ,)lac.e, asked his opinion of the animal. Mr. Colling acknowl^dc^ed
^at there were good points about him ; but his manner induced Mr
Ja.s ell to suspect that Mr. Colling thought more highly of the bull
than his language expressed, and he hastened the next morning, concluded
the bargain, .nd paid the money. He had scarcely done so beforeX^
R. Co l.ng arrived for the same purpose, and as the two farmers rode
home togctlier they agreed that it should be a joint speculation
•'Some months passed by and either Mr. Waistell's admiration of the
bull ooled, or his partner did not express himself very warmly about the
nun ,.u !c tr. m L. Col!i.,g, who, with tlie .juick eye of an experienced
breeder, saw the value of the beast. Mr. Waistell expressed to us
''^M0is-i''.'^h'fM&mmF^ T-
540
;
I I
THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK HOOK.
(October, 1832) his regret at having been induced to part with liin, ,.,„j
hia extreme disaijpointment that when Hubbacit was so sold, Mr. Clmil.-
Colling confined him to his own stock, and would not let him scnc even
one of Mr. Waistell's cows."
VI. Beef from the Old Teeswaters.
That the original Teeswaters and their early descendants were -^ood
cattle, and a most excellent foundation to work on, the followin<r rmud
of weights from 1794 to 1822 will show : In 1794, of an ox fo"iu- yoars
and ten months old, the four quarters weighed 145 stones, 3 lb • tiHow
24 stones, 7 lb., (2376 lbs.) A steer, under four years old ; four (mar'
ters, 106 stones; tallow, 19 stones, 7 lb., (1757 lbs.) 1814. V.stce"
three years and nine months old ; four quarters, 101 stones, tallow 15
stones, (1624 lbs.) 1815.— A sieer, three years eleven months old • four
quarters, 112 stones, 7 lb.; tallow, 26 stones, (1939 lbs.) A lioifer
three years eight months old; four quarters, 89 stones, (124(! ]l,s J
1817.— A steer, three years two months old; four quarters, [1.5 .tones
10 lb. ; tallow, 17 stones, 10 lb. (1528 lbs.) 1822.-An ox, four years
and a half old ; four quarters, 135 stones ; tallow, 21 stones, (2184 lbs.)
vxi. Short-Horns in America.
Mr. Allen, the editor of the Short-Horn Herd Book, in his work on
American cattle, gives an exhaustive account of importations of Short-
Horns into the United States, from which we gather the followin*^ record
of the more important importations : *"
Soon after the Revolutionary war, a few cattle supposed to be pure
Short-Horns, were brought into Virginia. These were said to be well-
fleshed animals, and the cows remarkable for milk, giving as lii<rh as
thirty-two quarts in a day. Some of the nroduce of these cattle as
early as 1797, were taken into Kentucky by Mr, Patton, where they ^ym
called the "Patton stock." They were well cared for, and made a
decided improvement in the cattle of the Blue grass country.
In 1815-16, Mr. Cox, an Englishman, imported a bull and two heifers
into Rensseloer county. New York. They were followed in 1822 by two
bulls, imported by another Englishman named Hayne. Descendants
from this Cox stock were said to be bred pure, and afterwards crossed by
Mr. Hayne's bulls. The stock now exists in considerable immheis and
of good quality, in that and adjoining counties.
In 1817, Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, made an impor-
tation of three bulls and three heifers from England. They Aveie of
good quality and blood, and laid the foundation of many excellent lieids
in that State. In 1818, Mr. Cornelius Co,.iedge, of Boston, Massu-
chusetts, imported a yearling heifer— "Flora"— and a bull— "Cicero"—
W'
SHORT- HORN CATTLE.
541
into that city, from the herd of Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in the county of
Durh,im, England. These were carefully bred, and many of their
descendants are now scattered throughout several States.
M . Lnd, ..ported ror Governor Lloyd, of that State, a bull-"Cham-
p.on -and two heifers-' 'White Rose" and " Shepherdes."_from the
542
THE AMERICAN FABMEK 8 STOCK BOOK.
herd of Mr. Champion, a noted English breeder. From these, seversvl
good animals descended, some of which are now known.
In 1823, Mr. Skinner also imported for the late Gen. Stephen Vu^
Rensselaer, of Albany, New York, u bull— " Washington"— aiul two
heifers— " Conquest" and " Pansoy"— from the same herd of Mr.
Chaknpion. Conquest did not brood ; Pansey was ;i, ssiccossful breeder,
and many of her descendants are now scattered over the country.
SHOUT-HORX CATTLE.
543
During the years 1822 to 1830 Mr Pi,„,i tt
York, imported several Short-Horn bu h and " T "'^"' "' ^«"
best English herds. Their descenlnts ' '''°'" ""^^^ '' '^'
era! good herds.
are now scattered through
sev-
In 1824 the late Col. John Hare Powell of Phn„^ i u- r.
' !
i I
' ' i£
Ma
^ 4 J
»-»i-iaaKt,^f^.Mmt»k..
vm
544
THE AMERICAN FAKMEB S STOCK BOOK.
spirit and judgment. He bred them assiduously at bis fine ostaU at
Powelton, near the city, and sold many to neighboring breeders, utid t(i
go into Ohio and Kentucky, where many of their descendants still
remain.
In the year 1833, the late Mr. Walter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im-
ported a bull and several valuable cows from choice herds in Yorksiiiie,
England. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now
found in many good western herds.
vni. The Great Ohio Importation.
But the first enterprise in importing Shoi-t-Horns upon a grand scale
was commenced in 1834, by an association of cattle breeders of the
Scioto Valley, and its adjoining counties, in Ohio. They formed ii com-
pany with adequate capital, and sent out an agent who purcliased the
best cattle to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nine-
teen animab in one ship, landed them at Philadelphia, and drove them to
Ohio. Further importations were made by the same company, in the
years 1835 and 1836. The cattle were kept and bred together in one
locality, for upwards of t 70 years, and then sold by auction. Thoy
brought large prices — $500 to $2,500 each.
IX. Kentucky and other Importations.
In 1837-8-9, importations were made into Kentucky, by Messrs. James
Shelby and Henry Clay, Jr., and some other parties, of several well-
selected Short-Horns, some of which were kept and bred by the import-
ers, and the others sold in their vicinity.
In 1837-8-9, Mr. Whitaker sent (Jut to Philadelphia, on his own
account, upwards of a hundred Short-Horns, from his own and other
herds, and sold them at auction. They were purchased at good prices.
mostly by breeders from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, and dis-
tributed widely through those States.
About the year 1839, Mr. George Vail, of Troy, N. Y., made an im-
portation of a bull and heifer, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Kirk-
leavington, the first cattle from that particular herd which had boon intro-
duced into the State. A few years later, he pm-chased and imported
several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of his "Duchess"
and other families. He bred them with success and widely distributed
their blood.
X. Importation of Bates Cattle.
Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in P^ngland,
died in 1849. His herd, fully equal in quality to any in England, was
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
545
sold in 1850. The choicest of them— of f ho ..n u „
tribes-fell mostly into the hands of tJ\\ "^»«h«««" and "Oxford"
skillful breeder, and of most hbetl sit H . "^ ""''''' »« ^^ "
J. «. "^ 'P'"*' ^'^d during the brief time he
held thfifii th" •r-'^-if-^- « i
MC
THB AMERICAN KAKMKR'S STOCK HOOK.
|"S
I' I.
SHOItT-ilOKN CATTLE
547
Uiicic died. In 1853, /erouiDforv s.iir. ,.f u- ^ .
„,«, went over t„ witness it, •.'he ,mI„2L ^7 ^".T"" """"'^
,crv large, and the sale, averaged I or ™ie " l'"'" '"'''" "■'"
W ,.ee„ .ae,.ed .„ee t„e .u^ol'S'L;:,: cln- .tT, '.tuf ^
Samuel Thorno, of Duchess couiitv N V k i .
and highest priced animal., of tho^uche^s'' a7 lo 77' '' ^ '^^
r.dded to them several mor^ .1,^- ^"'"'^f^ «"^ "Oxford" tribes, and
L. G. M„,™, ,„:rt;,t rx rB™::; r^v'^-T t-"',- *'™^-
^'e ..Dae„o.," „„d ..o.,„rdv t„ :;,i:.M,,e;u,:?;„'rtr:r
^IP^.f?
^:»5-»«!a-^»
54«
AUBRICAN FARMEU'S STOCK BOOK.
nfcoiee he)*d» ibexe "Bat*"**' importations have since been bred so suo-
(MWlNk% tty thes holders here, tHwtseVPml young bulls and hnifiTs have
be«N iNjrchused b^ EiigHsh breeders, and sent over to them at <food
ptlees, where they are highly valued.
In 1852-3-4, several spirited companies were formed in Clinton, Mad-
i«^tl«, and other counties in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Fayette, and hoiiio
ottNer ''ounties of Kentucky, and made ififiportations of the best cattit to be
found In the English herds, and aftw 'heir arrival here, distributed
among their •stockholders . Mr. R. A. Alexander, of Kentucky, also
during those years, made extensive importations of choice blood for his
own breeding, so that in the year 1856, it may be said that the United
States possessed, according to their numbers, as valuable a selection of
Short-Horns as could be found in England itself.
XI. Canadian Short-Horns.
Keeping pace with the States, a number of enterprising Canadians
since the year 1835, among whop may be named the late Mr. Adam
Fergusaon, Mr. Howitt, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr.
Frederick Wm. Stone, of Guelph, and Mr. David Christie, of Brantford,
in, Canada West, and Mr. M. H. Cochrane and others in Lower Canada
have made sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred tliem wjth
skill and spirit. Many cattle from these importations, and their descend-
ants, have been interchanged between the United States and Canada
and all may now be classed, without distinction, as American Short-
dorns.
xn. Westward March of the Short-Horns.
In the West, the North-west and in the South-west, as fast as the set
dement of the country allowed, the Shortz-Horns were every-where intro-
duced, and within the last fifteen years, annual sales have been made at
important cities and on the farms of the wealthier breeders, wliere the
surplus stock is bid ofE at auction. These sales are attended by buyers
from fXl parts of the country, especially by breeders from tlie newer
settleui' nts West, until now Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Coloradoand
even the territory of Dakota, have most excellent herds of their own. In
addition to this, Short-Horn bulls are shipped by the cav-i .d (otlie
great herding grounds of the far westv^iii plains to impro%'c tiu „[ i-^!-
there,
xm. Short-Horns as Beef-Makers.
It is to be regretted that we no longer have the fine milking strains of
Short-Hor •, that were so al)undant thirty years ago. Nevortlioless, their
places art' a:.. '^ tunpiled by the JerseySj the Ayrshires aiid the DHt<;b
Friesian or llct -Ah cat''--.
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
549
IT the Short-Horns fail as milkpi-a tu . u ■
year, „ld, ,„d arc qui[„ «t f„r 111^^:,!:':: 'Z "" "",""" "' '"^
u7 T T"'"'"' "^ boef-„,ake... they ce Jnly a": ,ho hand
somcst cattle, to the eye, of any in the known worlH Ti u
thickness of carcas. and the prL pointsTp^I^'t J 7 'tIS
18 no more than in ord nary steers thuf «7,ii * "1^. . "• ^"eoftal
The breedni<>- of them is certainlv not... „• ji . "^"^"'»" sHiceia. »
„, bo„a,v, a,^ ,„.„W. .eltt eCl;1. Itj-^Jt"" "''°°"
for Christmas i>eef. In the older setHo,l ' !*! ^ ^^^ "^"^ """^^
XIV. The Patten Family oJ Short-Horns.
.miaated a, Patto,, atockl^a Tr^wh h ^ '""Iv ' "'"""'^ ''''■
"p«c„t „„ck." ThiB „.a „„t a ZL^tr" orversLnr'''.'"'"
fcm over forty year, ago, they were kea,ycZl' 17' \''"'
early age, for that day, a,rd aoaong them werTltv ' mlT"'''^,? '"
:;^ -^^::^J^:hzL^S?^r^-
^... „„ the huteher. .oekXTeXIaZ::';;?-!:!
XV. Grade Cows and Steers.
A report in the fifth volume of the "Transactinna .f nji
gives the well-authenticated statement of Mr rbinson^/^^^^^^
which we gather the following interestin/facfs Th "I' ^'""^
were half and three-quarters bfed. Sev „ orthem V U 7 ?'" '"'^
first seven days in June, 2.207 pounds of nl ^' '^' ^7'"^ '^^
pounds per diem to eaeh cow.' Frrtht n Ik 232 ^ IdT Je r'^^'"'^^
.0. which fo4-one :^:2^:^::^:^:^z^:^: ^^^ -' ".'^'
one pound of butter to twenty-ihree pounds of mT it wilH"''"^'
that the m.Ik that makes „ne pound of buftor wni i "^ ^^"'^
pounds of cheese. These oc.r ! d .u/ . 7 i "'''^' ^^" '^"^ ^ ^'^'f
ins been turned to p^.riri '','!"" .^f:*^ ^'^^ '^"^'in^ the trial, hav-
no~t as a veiy extiiordinar; pX^^^^^^^^^ '^-hi^ instance is selected
andcaiefullyionductedexperimen ' "* "' ' well-authenticated
(i'l
^
-1-*
550
THK AMElilCAN FAKMEK 8 STOCK HOOK.
So far as the grade steers are concerned they are well known to bo
thrifty, easily-fed animals that mature fully a year in advance of the
native cattle, from which they are in part descended.
XVI. Short-Horns Critically Described.
For a full and graphic description of all the points which go to make
up a high-caste Short-Horn, there is no better authority than the
writings of Mr. Rotch of New York, and Mr. A. C. Stevenson, formerly
President of the Indiana Short-Horn Breeders' Association. By the aid
of the careful analysis made by these critical judges, the many (sxielleiit
and valuable qualities of the breed may bo readily estimated. The ma-
jestic size, proud carriage and beautifully variegated colors of the Sliort^
Horn render him easily recognized by the merest tyro. But few who
thus admire and recognize them are aware how many qualifications fro to
make up this splendid whole, or how carefully each point has been wei<'hed
and discussed, and its relative value decided ; how the useful parts are
divided from the ornamental and fashionable, and how systematically the
whole has been carried out.
XVn. The Head.
The high-caste Short-Horn should have a small head, a broad, flat
forehead, with no projection of the frontal bones ; the face should be
well cut out below the eyes, tapering to a fine muzzle with open nostrils,
The nose must bo flesh or chocolate colored; any discoloration liintin;;
towards black or blue is very objectionable, though occasionally seen in
some of the highest bred families. The eye must be bright, prominent,
and yet placid ; a small, piggish or hollow eye, or one showing vioiouy-
ness or nervousness, is alike to be avoided, the latter indicating a bad
feeder almost invariably. The circle around the eyes should be of a
bright yellow or flesh color. As a very large ear indicates slujrgislmess,
one of medium size is preferable. The horns should bo well set on,
curving forward, not too heavy, and of a clear, waxy yellow color ut the
base, though this waxy color is not universally deemed essential — some
claim that the horns should be flat.
XVIII. TheNeok.
The neck is moderately long, clean in the throat, and running neatly
into the shoulders, which should not be too prominent at the points, nor
too wide at the t >p, else the crops will be certain to seem defective ; thev
should mould nicely into the fore-quarters, and be well covered with flesh
form on saioothlj to the shoulder polnta. The chest must be broa^ ^^ *
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
55]
deep, and full back of the elbows, which secures a good girth and conse
quent room for the most Important vital organs. The brisket should be
fu 1 and broad rather than narrow and projecting ; it is of Inferior quality
as beef, yet, as a point of beauty and as indicating a propensity to fatten
must not e overlooked. A thin, broad neck is sure to ZZ veil ^s
ZeZl. "^' ^'^'"'^ '"^'^ "^"y ^«" "^^ '^-oid'Z
Xn. The Body.
The body should be square, massive and symmetrical. The lino of the
back should be straight ; the line of the belly nearly so swellinr. lim!
behind the ribs; the flank low; the ribs barL-shai:er X' l^id^
and rump long and w.de. The back should be wide, and the t" i' h
should long and w.de;the legs short and comparatively small, orlt
least not coarse ; tail hght ; hair soft and fine. The color should ,e red
or wh.te, or a mixture of the two, as roan or pied. Tiie body should be
nearly a square. A very lengthy bullock never fattens so readify a Thort
one, for he does not possess a^l the elements of health and vfgo h th^
same degree as the shorter and more compact animal.
XX. The Legs Short and Straight.
The body should be set on short legs which should bo straight and wel
under to an.ma ; the fore legs should bo small in the bone beW the
knee, wlulst the forearm must be broad and tapering downwa 1 L^
level into the g.rth ; the hind legs must be nearly str^i^^ht If 1: .17
are too much bent, turn inward, or not well under the bodv it ^ ^
only gives an awkward gait in walking, butisgenerali;;:^^;^^!^
XXI. The Loin Broad.
The loin must be broad and well carried fr.rwnr^ ■ * ^i
covered with thick flesh moulding "ceyoif ot^^
wide innst not be too prominent.l.ut X::: /^aZ li;t
or side bones at the tail A ni...rfnr » i '/ »'"^"'''v *" the rump
fat aggregated about them so common amo 1 thel 7 '^" '""'''' °^
but n(„v deservedly stigmatized as bad T fo f 'T?'? ^'"""^ '•""''
i.. Piato,) a pa»lloni„o with ,U;;;„;i: S.'"'"'' "''^'' '''''''''*"^
552
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
XXn. Wide in the Crops.
The animal broad in the crops has a better back ; but it is also evidence
of a better rib beneath the shoulder-blade, giving greater width to the
chest within, and consequently greater play to the lungs. This position
of the shoulder-blade enables the legs to be brought more gracefully
under the chest beneath. There are some beasts whose fore legs stand so
wide apart that they very much resemble two sticks stuck into u larire
pumpkin. Such animals are considered awkward and inconvenient at least.
XXm. The Back Straight and Broad.
A broad back affords valuable oasting pieces, and will be the deliwht
of the butcher. The straight back affords a better spinal column, and <nves
the proper space to the cavities beneath, which, as we have just seen, are
occupied by the most important organs. A straight line also gives to the
ribs a more graceful as well as a more convenient attachment.
XXIV. The Bibs Barrel-Shaped.
The ribs rising well from the spine, giving to the body a round or bar-
reled shape, gives much more room to the organs within — the heiut and
lungs — than there would be if the ribs descended in such a manner as tci
give a flat side. A beast with flat sides, and consequently a uarroflr
throat, will lack gi*eatly in vigor and health, and all the essential quali-
ties that constitute a good bullock. A bad rib gives poor space to the
abdominal organs which lie immediately behind those of the chest, unless
the belly is greatly sagged, which is generally the case.
XXV. The Touch.
By handling or the touch, butchers ascertain beforehand the quality of
the flesh. By it the breeder ascertains the aptitude to fatten as w('ll as the
quality and quantity of flesh that the animal will carry. Of all the qual-
ities of the ox, this is probably the most diflicult to understand. It is
the peculiar sensation of softness and elasticity that is produced l)v the
pressure of the hand <m different parts of the body. This sensation de-
pends, in part, upon a large cellular development beneath the skin and
between the muscles, and in part upon the muscular structure, adapting
itself to the duties it has to perform. It is veiy common to find a soft-
ening of the muscular fibre as an accompaniment or a precursor of dis-
ease that may mislead. The same may be observed in the aged of both
man and beast. What is 'touch,' or what is it to 'handle well?' How-
is it to be distinguished from that which portends bad health andoldiii;e?
Tiir lia olnHt.inif V— ifa nnwttr fn vnyAnnt^ flir* nt||*fa wKion k\t*naa<iH m unpiniTv
.-^. ^lo. — il-.~j J — .-J ^,j.l..„ -,.. ^ J""3«'
tiensatiou.
8HOET-HOHN CATTLE.
553
It will require much practice to become rm a,io«f • *t,- ,
Still, many useful lessoL may be daUv had bv th« ^ ' knowledge,
ling of one's own stock. Co^p^l'u^ tX^.^^^^^^
ance Take t.ose animals that are known to LCmlll^fat"^^^^^^^^
largely, as the opossum or the bear or nn^ «fK i ^»^auiiy and
« .adi,,, «„<. ,„„ „i„ fl„<, „ peeS/UTodteUotC:..'"''' ""
XXVI. The Hide.
The skin should be thick, soft and elastic_fittin<x alike either „ ^
it, but it is the seat of a vast system TZ^ Z \ ^^"^^ ^^"^^^'^
lanes, of exhalents and absorbent A vaTn '^^'^t'""'^ '""^ ^^P''"
,kat renders the skin -itiv:t\ht i: Lrd^^^^^^^^
'orth and importance of the skin mnv h« ^n„^-i . ^ "'^'
XXVn. The Hair.
The hair should be thick, soft mos^v anA «.,„ *
.g-inst i„cw„«, of weat^.'-Firhati :■ i°^"er„r,tir
o,g.„,.ed .k,„,. skin exquisitely anUhed i„ its whole s"™TreofJ„2
vessels and tissues. A skin tbii« /i«u«o4^ i • ""^"^"^^ o^ mmute
that other organs are aliktll"^*^^^^^^^^^ Z'T
edly produces a correspondence, so that if one part^"^^^^^^
structure, either fine or coarse, other parts LZltVooll^a '77
seen may be considered indicative of parts not seen t7 u
mittedtoaddthat in all the scrub cJul) ^j u may be per-
have never found one with fin Sky hah thl d /" .T^' ''''' '^^' '
make a desirable bullock. ^ '* ^'^ "°^ ^^^*«^ ^«" '^nd
XXVni. The Color.
As regards color, the latitude is very areat frnn, ^ , , ,
through all the intermediate shades and mfxtfrpf I u? ^'^""^-'"^
other colors, as brown, black or dun 2 P"' ""^^^ ''"* ^"^
brcds. Fashion has vindicl^ed e th e^ anTLT "^'' " ''r^^^'"
power tbe other col.;: but ^i;?- ^^ ^ t: ^^^
-*%
554
THE AMERICAN FABMER'b STOCK BOOK.
than in England, where white bulls are often used. Red and white, in
blotches, with defined edges not running into roan, is disliked, and the
term patchy is applied to it. This diacrimination, however, as rc<>-urds
color, is entirely arbitrary, animals of equal excellence and breeding
being found of all these colors. '
XXIX. Beef Foints Illustrated.
In the accompanying outline illustration of the points of a Shoil-Ilorn
bull the letters a, b, c, d,/, h, m,J, k, x, y, z, represent the inferior
parts ; from the girth p, back, including r, s, t, u, v, the superior parts.
( m
POINTS OF 8HORT-HOBN BULL.
From this it will be easy to understand the points and the respective num-
bers given in the tabulated scale of points as authoritatively stated in the
American Herd Book
XXX. Scale of Foints for Short-Horn Bulls.
r DINTS.
Art. 1. — Purity of breed on male and female side ; sire and dam
reputed for do 'lity of disposition, early maturity and aptitude
to fatten ; sire a good stock-getter, dam a good breeder ; and
giving a large quantity of milk, or such as is superior for
making butter or cheese. -----
Art. 2. — Head muscular and fine; the horns fine and jrradnallv
diminishing to a point, of a flat rather than a round shape at
the base, short and inclined to turn up, those of a clear, waxy
color to 1)0 preferred, but such as are of a transparent white,
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
and tinged with yellow, udraissabJe ; ears smnTl iU- ^
ered with soft hair, plavin^ nJi ' *^'° ^°^ «°^-
Bhort. broad. especialfbTtwinh; "'^""^ /''^^'•^^ ' ^-ehead
eyes bright, placid an'd rZlT.^^Z' Z T"^ '''''' '
a yellow rim around them; lowe^TrtTtl A 'i™'' ^^''^
rounding as it approaches f h« }J! ^''t^'''''S, deepening and
Akx. 4.-Chest broad 7eep a J „r T ^"^"u ' "^ ^^^^'^P' '
line than the belly. ^. Projeetuig, the brisket on a lower
Art. 5. — Shoulders broad sfrr.r,„ £ ,""""-
■hort, straight, JL^'-JZ %:^ "'r ■■ ""''^'
forearm muscular broad ,„i ], P""* than narrow;
fall above the knee • the b„ " fi^™'?",'' '"""""^ ""'"'"f ""^
strong; foot flat, l^it sZel J" ""•'" "" *"" »""
the hoof sonna a'nd „f"a trw'/c'olr ""'™'^ ' ''°"' °'
»tti„g„„ of tr'ta-i'X : "d™ /:;;'" i?" f -7'° *»
bonos on a level with the back toil „ ' ? ^"""^ ' ''""««
the back, fine and graduallv^,;- I ""' °" " '""«' "i*
ing. without the brt h! an Lb „*";!, *" T'u'' """ """«"
angles with the back. ' .' . ° '^'°"' ""> hock, at right
Ibt- 8 — Hind quarters from the l,i„.l,il . .1 ' " ' "
'voll filled an; t\rist wTll t, H .*" P°'"' "' "-e rump
straight, and welUnld i T '""' '"" ' '"■"<• I"?" ^ort!
each other in walking, „„r .„ strtddt ttd '=""' I"" '°. --
e!,-t':; si itTnt^rr,' "■"™"" """ ■"^""" ^ - -■"'« '
hair well covering' ."e hide Toft ,17'*" T"" P"'"""'^
■'ith soft, thick fur in tintor' ! I .""' "'"' " "'"lo^oated
»i.il.',red roan, bright rJ^„r "T^u""" ''""" ^ '"''■'■■• P"™
black or dark L o"n,,,<^', J ."''■'''•'' ■'°""" ""'' "'"t^' (A
4nk .,,„ts on the kin LT """.r'""' "'""■'"'• '''"''I' "■■
i.,.ca.Lof coarse t:t'rdi:.:,,isr''"^°"'""""°'""^
AKT. 10.~Good handling. _ . " " ■
Art. n.^Sure stock-getter. -.'""""
555
2
4
-4i
1
'^^m-'^!iiF^sm'v^wrmismWii0^
556
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Art. 12. — Stock, when made steer, certain to feed kindly for boef-
ers at any age, and make prime beef. - - _ _ _ 5
Art. 13. — General appearance. - - - - - . ^2
Perfection.
50
XXXI. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows.
Art. 1. — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude
to fatten. Sire a good stock-getter. Dam a good breeder;
giving a large quantity of milk, or such superior for makini^
butter or cheese. - - - --___
A' \ 2. — Head small and tapering; long and narrower in propor-
tion than that of the bull. Horns fine and gradually diminish-
ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the
base ; short, and inclined to turn up ; those of a clear waxy
color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent white,
slightly tinged with yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and
well covered with soft hair; playing quick, moving freely.
Forehead of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished.
Eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with
a yellow rim round them. The lower part of the face ck in,
dished, and well developing the course of the veins. Muzzle
small; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the
former much preferred. Nostrils wide and well opened. Lower
jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. - - - „ .
Art. 3. — Neck fine and thin, straight, and well set on to the head
and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening, and slightly
rounding in a delicate feminine manner as it approaches the
latter point. No dewlap. - - - _ - . .
Art. 4. — Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore legs, short straight
and well spread apart. Fore-arm wide, muscular, slightly
swelling, and full above the knee ; the bone fine and flat below.
Knees well knit and strong. Foot flat and in shape of an
oblong semi-circle. Hoi-n of the hoof sound, and of a clear
waxy color. - --,------_
Art. 5. — Chest broad, deep and projecting — the brisket on a lower
line than the belly. -----_>.
Art. 6. — Barrel round, deep and well ribbed up to the hips.
Art. 7.— Back short, strong, straight from the withers to the set-
ting of the tail. Crop round and full. Loin broad. Huekle
bones on a level with the back, Tail well set, on a level with
PGIMTS.
SHORT-HORN CATTLE.
the back or very slightly below it ; fine and gradually diminish-
ing to a point ; and hanging, without the brush, an inch or so
below the hock, at right angles with the back
Akt 8.-Hind quarters from the buckles to the point of the mmp
long and well filled up. Twist well letdown and full Hind
legs short straight and well spread apart ; gradually swellin..
and rounding above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below!
Foot flat, and m shape of an oblong semi-circle. Horn of the
hoof sound and of a clear waxy color. Legs not to cross each-
other m walking, nor to straddle behind.
Art. 9— Udder broad, full, extending well forward along the'bellv"
and well up behind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; squarely
placed with a slight oblique pointing out; wide apart; when
pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely Extra
teats indicative of good milking qualities, but should never be
milked, as they draw the bag out of shape. Milk veins large
and swelling. - _ _ _ _ ^
Art. lO.-Skin of a medium thickness: movable and " mellow • a
white color is admissible, but a rich cream or orange much pref-
erable. Hair well covering the hide ; soft and fine, and if
undercoated with soft, thick fur in the winter, so much the bet-
ter Color pure white, rod, roan, bright red, red and white,
spotted roan; or reddish and yellow and white. (A black or
dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown
spots on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic-
ative of coarse meat and bad blood. )
Art. 11.— Good handler. - . . .
Art. 12. — Sure and good breeder. . . "
Art. 13. — General appearance. - _
557
Perfection.
- 50
CHAFrER VI.
THE JZSRSEYS, ALDERI7EYS AIH) QUEKNSEYS.
it' •
I. A FASHIO-4ABLE BREED. 11. THE GDERN9EY8. III. THE ALnERNFY IN
YOUATT'S TIME. IV. THE JERSEY OP TO-DAY. V. CROSSING THE .IKHSEYS.
VI. THE JERSEY DESCRIBED. VII. MILK MIRRORS. VIII. GUENON's
THEORY OF MILK MIRRORS. IX. THEIR PRACTICAL UTILITY. X THE
ESCUTCHEON MARKS. XI. GOOD MILKERS IN ALL BREEDS. XII. VAUE OF
HEREDITY. XIII. INFLUENCE OP GOOD DIGESTION AND ASSIMILA ION. XIV.
THE MILK VEINS. XV. THE UDDER AND TWIST VEINS. XVI. MR. SHAUP-
LESS' OPINION. XVII. SYMMETRY ESSENTIAL -WHATEVER THE BREED XVIII,
THE JERSEY NOT A DAIRY COW. XIX. SCALE OF POINTS FOR JERSEY COWS AND
HEIFERS XX. RULES IN AWARDING PRIZES. XXI. SCALE OF POINTS FOR
JERSEY BULLS. XXII. ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF POINTS. XXIII. COLOR
AND SIZE. XXIV. FROM A PRACTICAL STAND-POINT.
I. A Fashionable Breed.
Within the last fifteen years, the Jersey, Alderney and Guernsey cat-
tle, recond in importance of the short^horned breeds of Great Britain,
have acquired great celebrity, not so much for thequanityof tlio milk
they give, aa for its exceeding richness in cream, and the excellence of
the butter made therefrom. Those originally brought from the islands
of Jersey and Alderney are now called Jerseys, just as all Dutch cattle
have been called Holsteins, while the Guernsey cattle are kept separate
and distinct, under the proper name of the island from which they came.
n. The Quemseys.
While the Jerseys and Alderneys have the most admirers, especially
among fashionable breeders, from their deer-like forms and general air
of eleo-ant lightness, the Guernseys are coining into prominence as being
larger, better-built, (that is, not so angular,) and better feeders ; for it
must be confessed that the Jersey cow, for its size, is a great consumer.
The Guernsey cow is also a larger producer of milk, though it is
averred by the Jersey breeders that it is not so rich in quality. Jersey
cattle, however, vary much in this respect, and it is certain that the
Guernsey cows are growing more and more into favor every year as but-
ter and railk producing cows.
m. The AldeVney in Youatt's Time.
Youatt says of this breed, which he classes with the cattle of Nor-
mandy, that they are from the French continent ; that the cattle of Nor-
mandy are larger and have a greater tendency to fatten ; that others are
558
THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEY8 AND GUERNSEYS. 559
from the islands of the French coast, but that all of them, whether f ro.n
thocontment or .lands, pass under the common name o Alde^^^^^^^^
Youatt also adds, on the authority of Mr Parkinson ^.h,. ^'^erney.
appetite— for it devours almost as much as a Short u '= "'^ ^"l"^^^^^^
,itt,e „i, V; but admits the .nilU to be ^^:::^^^^Z^^Z
my year, a» any other breed. ^ ' " ""^ "'"■'» "«'''«'
rv. The Jersey of To-Day.
Be the statements of the authorities quoted what thev mav f h T
of to-da, is a very different animal from that which they St 2
the Jerseys are large feeders for their size there is no doubt rdthi.. ]u
give the richest milk of any known breed is quite as ce^dn '"'h f ^^
ofthem, at least, give large quantities of mili, thelCn'exS 7rZ
the American Encyclopedia of Agriculture will «how •
"The butter from the cows is verv rich in f...o„.« ' i i
color, so much so that a few oowrin a h.vH H '^"^ ^^^P ^^^""^ in
color of the butter of tirwhore herd The" "^ ^'"'=^ ^^«
.ilk varies from eighteen to twentyXe per ,tt'^^^ "' "^^" *"
butter to cream varies from 3.70 to^.OZ m lOoLs T^^^^^^ ^'
per day has bee. recorded as the product of SMdultHrfr
teen pounds of butter per week. Sixteen quarts per day m.? h
gardedasa good yield, and when wp f-.b. • * P^^^ ^^Y niay be re-
k* 0, th: cowfaod 'the facUhat he ^ L ^T, Z^^"" ""' "*""
..cc-sixth „f the richest cream, we need It l^d ' ZtZ'^"'"':,'
.ndscr-like cattle have become „„ive.,al favortat a ^ t^ ,f *
Our own observation is that twelve on-n-tQ „ a "yt.ows.
g^l average yield of „,i,k. f^J. IT;ZIm' :SLt '""''''"'' '
fully one-third more than that of good JZbel.'"'"" ""'"^
V. Crossmg The Jersey.
Crossing the Jerseys with other improved breeds hn« n^f
factorily. Their value, however, is pri^le s when c. T ''' ^•^"'^■
milkers from native herds. TheC have adr^T , "^ upon good
themilkof theinferiorstockraTd c^o sefof h?f '" l'-,'!-''^^ «^
oniinary native cows of a district, have 1 ollyt'Zl f "^"" *'"
milk, but have resulted in an increasedlw "^Sr 0,0"^^^^^^^^^^
those who wish exceedingly rich milk and vThnf. 1, ' '' ''"'^"^
.o.d™,^e„illbef„J^^^
./;i;L't':fanCc:iT„i:t^^^^^^^^^
y
'mmmio^mmmm'
560
THE AMEltlCAN FAKMEK 8 STOCK HOOK.
Tho hulls may improve the native milking stock of the couiitrv, iind
whatever variety is used, whether those from the Isle of Jerso\ , Alder-
ney or Guernsey, use only pure bulls. Do not take a grade-hull at any
price ; those purely bred are now sufficiently plenty, so that they ciiri l>e
had at rca8onaI)le prices. The pure bulls are prepotent in perpetuating
rich milking qualities. The grades are not. If an additional reason
were wanted, please remember tliuL the produce of a pure aniiiial on one
not of improved blood is a half-blooded calf. The produce of a half-
blood on native cattle would be only one-quarter blood.
THE .TEB8EY8, ALDERNEY8 AND GUERNSEYS.
SOI
VI. The Jeraey Described.
yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, ligLolored halr^'^
the face into a smoky hue, when it ^rorl„nTi ! , . ' '"""'"^' "P
the body. The face is sli.!, ly dishin J H ^ T^V"' ^^"^'"^^ ^'''«^- "^
expressiL ; the eye Car Ind'f ifa"^ cLTed 1^ "d' :"' ^"^""^ '"
the color of the nose ; the forehead hold rZtlrrt! ctl^ ^
JERSEY BULL, HEIKEK AND CALF.
and waxy in color, with black tine . tu^ ■ , ,
movemoL The 'whole ht ^s tigi .a Tnd Wo d rf "' ^"' '^"'^^ ''^
-more so than in almost any other orLecattV. '° ^PPe^rance,
strongly of the head of our Amer can e k T ^^«;:'— '-"^-fe' one
pres.sod-would be called ewe-necked b'tmll TI '' «"°^«^h-t de-
with .noderate or little dewho the «bn Z ' ''""" ^" *^" ^^''^'^t'
ragged, with prominent no rt«r;fnIn?r^T "! T'^ and somewhat
dor legs beneath. The CqLaTerftatT rath' f "^^ ""' ^"' ^^^•^-
thinnish, yet well developed'Cket te 1 n^^^^^^^^^^
giving sufficient play for good lunc^s \re Zr*^ ".' "'" ^"^' ^'^
hnilnv . ♦),„ uHi 1 1 * ' °"*''*^ depressed and somew^^it
^«— *K«i«te.WM*»»..,,, .^,„^imK%^.
""^w""
502
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
1
'J
I
J
deep ; the twist wide, to accommodate a clean, good-sized udder ; the
flanks medium ; the hocks or gambrel joints crookud ; the hind kgs
small ; the udder capacious, square, set well forward, and covered with
soft, silky hair; the teats fine, standing well apart and nicely tii|)<Miiig;
the milk veins prominent. On the whole she is a homely, blood-Iikp,
gentle, useful little housekeeping body, with a most kindly temper, lov-
ing to be petted, and, like the pony with the children, readily becomes
a <'reat favorite with those who have her about them, either in piistuie,
paddock, stable or the lawn. The colors are usually light red or fiiwn,
occasionally smoky grey, and sometimes black, mixed or splashed more
>r less with white."
Vn. Milk Kirrors.
To M. Fmncois Guenon, a farmer of Sibonrne, France, is due the
credit of having perfected a system for determining the value of a cow
for milk, by the escutcheon or milk sign, (mirror as it is sometimes
called) extending from the robt of the tail, in the best animals, down
over the udder behind and between the thighs. The writer studied it
and bred by it when engaged in active farming, and, while not willing to
accord full credit to the judgment of the French committee of agricul-
ture at Bordeaux, in 1828, he believes them conscientious in their report.
They used this strong language : •' This system we do not fear to say is
infallible." My own observation leads me to regard it as being so essen-
tially correct, that ^ c^veful study of the "signs" will enable any person
to judge pretty correctly as to the quantity and quality of the milk
given tuid also as to the time of giving milk, after the cow is again in calf.
In breedin<', ex'*mine also the corresponding escutcheon in tlie bull, for
we have always found that the bull showing the marks eminently will be
pretty sure to get calves that will grow up to be good milkers.
vm. Quenon'8 Theory of Milk Mirrors.
In the Guenon system there are twenty-seven diagrams representing
the various grades of milking qualities, including what is called a bastard
escutcheon to each grade. These vary from the fullest development in
the growth of upward hair, and in the "scurf marks," down to the least
possible exhibit— the "bastard escutcheons" showing, by peculiar signs,
that the cow will not only give poor milk, but will fail early after again
coming to be with calf. The hair indicating a good milker turns upward.
is short and fine, and contains peculiar oval marks or scurf spots. Tiie
skin over this whole surface is easily raised, and is especially soft and
uQc in goovt iXjiii^ers.
THK JEKWKVM, Ar.UERJSKYH AND OUEBNSEyS.
563
IX. Their Praotioal '01; „.ty.
To illustrace tho value of the signs of a good milker, we give the re-
^ults obtained by two close and intelligent observers, one a French
authority. Prof. Magne, V. S., of the Veterinary School at Alfort the
other Mr. Charles Sharple«s .,f Pennsylvania. In relation to the indica-
tioim Prof. Magne, differing somewhat from Mr. Guenon, lays down the
following rules :
» Tho direction of the lu.ir is subordinate to that of tho arteries • when
a large plate of hair is directed from below, upwards on the posterior
face of the udder, and on the twist, it proves that the arteries that sup-
ply the nulky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it
convey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions Up-
per tufts, placed on tho sides of the vulva, prove that the arteries' of the
generative organs are strongly developed, reach even to the skin and
give great activity to those organs. The consequence is, that after a cow
is again with calf, it draws off the blood which was flowing to the milk>
glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk.
"In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary arteries of
the cow, being intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very
slightly developed ; und there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of amall
extent.
X. The Esoutoheon Marks.
"This explanation, which accords very well with an tnat nas been ob-
served, renders it easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheon The
more the lower ones are developed, the greater the quantity of milk • but
shape is of consequence. '
"But the quantity of milk, and its quality, do not depend solely on
the foi-m and size of the escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par-
ticular management, the climate, the season, the temperament the size
and energy of the principal internal organs, the capacity of the chest the
influence of the generative system, etc. All these circumstances cause
the quantity of milk to vary, without making any change on the extent
of the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that the same relation
can always exist between the escutcheons and the quantities of milk We
often see cows equally well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon
and placed under the same hygienic condition, yet not givin<^ equal quan-
nties, or equal qualities of milk. It could not be otherwise. Assuming
that a given tuft has the same value at birth, it cannot be the same in
adult age; since, during life, an infinite number of circumstances occur
to diversify the activitv of the mi
, u ;
or size of the tuft.
glands, without chan-
iiig the iigure
564
THE AMEUICAN FAKMEU 8 STOCK HOOK.
"But the escutcheon has the advantage of furnishing a mark which can
be easily discerned and estimated, even by persons of no great expe-
rience in the selection of cows — a mark perceptible on very younir jmi.
mals, and on bulls as well as heifers — a mark which, when discuciini-
bered of the complicated system in which it has been -wrapped up, will be
in common use and facilitate the increase of good cows, by not aUowiiiir
any but those of good promise to be reared."
XI. Oood Milkers in all Breeds.
Professor Magne also gives the following directions for choosing a irood
cow, of any breed :
"We find good milkers in all breeds, but they are rare in some and vci}
common in others. It could not be otherwise. Milk properties, (lipeiul-
injr on the conditions which determine the formation of breeds, arc due
partly to the climate, the soil, the air, and the plants of tlio loiintiies
where the breeds have originated y and must therefore vary with {\w con-
ditions peculiar to each locality. Milkers, and more especially uniinais
intended for breeding, must be selected among breeds celebrated for abund-
ance of milk. For as milking qualities are in a great measure dependent
on structure and temperament, which are more or less hereditary, de-
scent exercises a great influence.
xn. Value of Heredity.
"In each breed, therefore, we should choose individuals bclonginir to
the best stocks, and the offspring of parents remarkable for tlicir milking
qualities ; for it is certain that good milch cows produce others wliich re-
semble th in. A cow of a bad milking family, or even breed, may occii-
sionally bo an ex<!ellent milker, and more than this is not wanted when it
is not meant to breed from her. The same cannot be said when hrecd-
ing is intended, because there would bo little chance of her transmitting
the accidental or exceptional qualities possessed by her ; wlicrcas the
qualities forming the fixed and constant characters of the stock would al-
most to a certainty bo transmitted to descendants.
"These remarks, with regard to breed and parentage, apply to tiie se-
lection of the l>ull, which, as experience demonstrates, acts like the cow
in transmitting the milking qualities which distinguish the breed mid
stock.
xm. Influence of Oood Digestion and Assimilation.
"The digestive organs have a great influence on the exercise of all tiio
functions, and particularly on the secretion of the milk-glands. Where
the digestive organs are defective, good milch cows are rarely met with
TilK JKKiSKYfS, AI.U|.;UNKY,S AM) <11;KUNHKYS.
r)65
Good digoative organs aro known by a holly of nwderato size, with
yioldiiig sides, froo from tightness, (in aged animals tho belly is often
largo, though the organs which it contains aro in good condition) ; a large
mouth, thick and strong lips, a good appetite, easy and quick digestion,
glossy hair, supple skin, yet firm, and somewhat oily to tho touch! Ani-
mals possessing these characteristics may bo expected to feed iHid drink
heavily, and, if they aro properly fed, make much blood and yield large
quaiifitics of milk. Tho respiratory organs complete tho system of nu-
trition. The lungs bring the air breathed into contact with the blood,
and render the system of nourishment complete. Honco, a good form!
quick digestion and a healthy condition of the lungs are necessary to the
production of a largo flow of milk.
XIV. The Milk Veins.
"If tho veins which surround tho udder are large, winding, and varicose
(dilated at intervals), they show that the glands receive much blood,
and, consociuontly, that their functions are active, and that tho milk is
abundiuit. Tho veins on tho lateral parts of tho belly are most easily
observed, and all authors decide them to '\e among tho best tests for
ascertaining the activity of the glands. These veins issue from the udder,
in front, and at tiio outer angle, whore they form, in very good cows, a
considerable varicose swelling. They proceed toward tho front part 'of
tho body, forming angles, more or less distinct, often divide towards their
anterior extremity, and sink into the body by several openings. Wo can
raiikc the size of the milk veins i)rominent by compressing Them in their
passage, by pressing them at the place where they penetrate into the
body. If we press the thumb strongly into the ojjening through which
tho vein passes, the width of the opening represents the diameter of tho
vein, and the thickness of Ww thumb which stops it represents the vol-
ume of blood whoso place it occupies. Sometimes the veins are divided
It is then necessary to examine all the openings by which they pass, in
order to form a corre<!t ertimate.
XV. The Udder and Twiat Veins.
"Tho veins of the udder and twist are able to furnish valuable indica-
tions. They should, in l)oth cases, be highly developed, largo and vari-
cose ; that is, appear swollen and knotty. The veins of the udder have
no definite direction. They i)resent themselves irregularly, with /.i.r/,i,r
lines, knotted and more or less oi)li(iuo. They are never of very large
size, except in cows that give large quantities of milk.
'•The veins of the twist din>cted from above downward. formin<r „
winding line, interspersed with knots, resemble those of <|,o udder in not
being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair milking quality We
566
THK AMERICAN FAUMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
cannot ascertain their presence in any but very good cows. Of nil the
marks of abundant milk secretion, tlie best, and in, fact the only iiif.illil)le
marks, are furnished l)y tlio veins of the twist and of the udder. To
estimate them correctly it is necessary to take into account the state of
the cow in respect to flesh, the thickness of skin, food, ability to stand
fatigue, heat ; all the circumstances, in fact, which cause variations inthe
general state of the circulation, and in the dilation of the veins. It is nec-
essary, moreover, to recollect that in both sexes all the veins are laririrjn
the old than in the young ; that the veins which encircle the udder arc
those which, if the cows are in milk, vary most according to the a<re of
m
GRKAT MILK MIRROR ON I10I.STEIN COW.
the animal. Small when the animal is young, they continue to increase
in size until after the cow has had several calves, when they come to their
full development.
"This i)roportion between the size of the veins and the milk secreted,
is observed in all females without exception. The size of tiic veins and
their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased
activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure,
of this activity — this connection. In fact, this conn(>ction is so close tliiit,
if the glands do not give an equal quantity of milk, the larger veins are
on the side of the udder which gives llie largest quantity.
THE JERSEYS, ALDEHXEVS AND CJLEUN8EY8. 5(J7
"The length of time during which milk is givou corresponds with the
activity of the organs which supply it. Cows which give most milk a
day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special murk is perceived
we can judge much of the duration of milk by the mxrks which deterl
mine its quantity. It may therefore be accepted tliat as a rule au
ubundaut milker may be expected to give a long continued flow of milk "
In illustration (,f what Prof. Magne says of milk mirrors in all breei
we give an illustration of a wonderful milk mirror on a Ilolstein cow'
coiTe.si...i.ding to the best escutcheon of Mr. Guenon, which he names
the Flanders, and which as is well known is one of the Dutch breeds.
XVI. Mr. Sharpless' Opinion.
Mr. Charles L. Sharpless of Pennsylvania, a careful breeder of Jersey
cattle, and a close observer in relation to milk mirrors, holds the fol-
lowing :
There is no point in judging a cow so little understood as the eseutch
eon. The conclusum of almost every one is, that her escutcheon is crood
if there he a broad band of up-running hair from the udder to the vlilva'
and around it. These cows with the broad vertical escutcheon are nearly
always parallel cows ; that is, with bodies long but not large, and with
the under line parallel with tiie back. Their thighs are thin, and the
thigh escutcheon shows on the inside of the thigh rather than on its rear
Next comes the wedge-shaped cow, with the body shorter but very
lai-ge, deep m the flank, and very capacious. This form does not usually
exhibit the vertical escutcheon running up to the vulva, but with a broader
thighinay exh'bit a thigh escutcheon, which is preferable to the other;
see Fig. 2._M.Ik Mirrors of Jersey Cows, on the next pa-e
111 both vertical and thigh mirrors, where the hair runs down, intrudinir
on the udder (as low as above the dotted lines) as in Fi<rs 3 and 4 it
damages the escutcheon. If you find a cow with the htiir all runn'injr
down, and between the thighs-that is, with no up-runnincr hair-stamn
her as a cipher for yielding milk. ^ "^"'— «*•*«»?
There are times when the udder of a cow with an escutcheon like Fiff
4 will be enlarged by non-milking, for the purpose of deception. It is
thluLer ^^ ^' ^^ '*'' escutcheon rather than by the large size of
The escutcheons of the best cows -those yielding the most and rnn
tn.u,..g the longest will be found to be thosLhich^onf Z to 4 2
The vertical escutcheon of Fig. 1 would not injure it ; but if that orna
mental ieature has to be at the expense of the high escutclL^, C "
is best as it is. ~ »' *"
Wheneverun escutcheon is accompanied by a eurl on each hind-quarter
of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest order. "«-^"*««''
:P
5»8
THK AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
.■?>
4
I f
It ii\
So far, we have noticed only the roar escutcheon, or that which repre-
sents the two hind quarters of the udder. The two front quarters arc
just as important, and should be capacious and run well forward under
the body. If the udder in front bo concave, or cut up, indicating small
capacity, it represents reduced yield.
This front or level escutcheon is distinctly marked in the young hoifer
or bull, and can be seen by laying the animal on its back. The udder
FIO. 1.
Fio. 2.
FIG. 3. fk;. 4.
MILK MIKROnS OF .7F.I!!<I:Y COWS.
hair under the body all runs backward, commencing at the forward line
of the escutcheon. This dividing line is very perceptible, from the fact
that the hair in front of it all runs forward towards the head of the
animal, while the escutcheon, or udder hiur, all runs iKickwuid, over the
forward quarters of the udder, around and beyond the teats, and ceases
at the markings of the rear escutcheon on and between tlu; t'dglis.
THE JEUSEYS, ALDERNEV8 AND GUERNSEYS. 5(jj)
The breadth and extent forward of this front escutcheon indicates the
capacity ,n the mature an.mul, of the front quarters of her udder In
«omc cases th.s front escutcheon will be found of twice the extent that it
18 in others, and is evidence of that much more yield
This examination enables one to see the size of 'the teats and their
distance apart, and to test the looseness and softness of the udder skin
It is marked precisely the same in bulls, and can be easily examined at
any age between one and ten months.
Many think that the escutcheon of the bull is of little moment, so that
he has a good look So far is this from being the case, that a bull with
a imrror I.kc Fig. 4 or worse, will stamp his escutcheon on, and to that
extent damage, his daughters out of cows with escutcheons as choice as
JEKSEV HKIKER.
Rg. 2. In this way the aaughters of some of the best cows come very
ordinary, while, if you use a bull marked like Fi^r. 2, he will makp I
poor escutcheon better and will improve the best. His injury or benefit
w 1 be d.>ubled accordmg to the escutcheon markings under Uie bodvin
front of h,s scrotum. Hence the importance of the dam of a bull bL"
unexcept,onable in her udder and escutcheon. Her qualities inhertd by
her son will be transmitted to his dau^rhter ^
While careful as to escutcheons, we must not neglect the other essential
features of a good cow-the back, skin, hide, thrrich colored skind
the no bone. Let the hair be soft and thickly set, and l^th: Iki^
r . 1 ' f ^""^''-^ " '''''^y d'^t^^^^ined by grasping between the
thumh and forefinger the skin at the rear of the ribs or he dou Jo f l.vt
ness at the base of the flank that joins the stifle-joint to Z bodj! ortat"
•■11
^1
570
THE AMERICAN FARMEIt's STOCK HOOK.
tl,
I,
on the inside of tlic runip-bono jit the setting on of the tail. Let the
teats be well apart ; let them yield a free and full stream and \n>. lurtrc
enough without the necessity, in milking, of pulling them between llie
thumbs and forefingers. And let us ever keep in mind that, the large
yielders nmst be Avell fed.
XVII . Symmetry Essential Whatever the Breed.
In estimating the value of a breed its characteristics must be studied.
Each breed has its peculiar style and conformation, and thus, symmetry,
which is found in uU goo5 stock, will vary in different breeds. The Jer-
sey has » standard of symmetry peculiarly its own, which we illustrate hy
A :^-
<^iUii,,/C^ ji^y^k.
.JERSEY COW.
two engravings, one of a heifer, the other of a cow, which fairly exhibit
the characteristics of the breed.
The symmetry of the Jerseys is angular. They are essentially fine in
the head, with thin necks and rather light fore-quarters, but with large,
barrel-shaped bodies, inclined to be flat, rather than round, and swelling
behind into deep but rather thin thighs. This same conformation will bo
foimd measurably in all milking breeds, but modified, each having its
own peculiar symmetry.
Th Jerseys are essentially milking cows and nothing else, although
they fatten rather kindly when past milking ; but the beef is neither <^iipe-
rior m. quality nor large in (juantity.
THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEV8 AND GUERNSEYS.
an
XVin. The Jersey not a Dairy Cow.
In the strict sense of the word the Jersey is not a dairy cow. She is
essentially the cow for rich milk, but not a cheese-maker ; she lacks size
to give quantity in this respect. The butter globules are not only larc^er
than in other breeds, but the covering— the film enveloping the f at-<rlobules
is weaker. Hence the globules give up the butter easily in churnin<r'
The cream is also high-colorer^ from the excess of yellow pigment it con-
tains.
For the family requiring milk rich in cream and butter, the Jerseys
Avill always be desirable, and, since they have taken kindly to our climate
in nearly every section of the union, and even in Canada, they have from
their docile and tractable dispositions become universal favorites where
kindly treated. The bulls are not always good-tempered, and hence re-
quire not only a firm hand, but careful management; and the cows if
abused, will by no means fail to resent the brutal treatment.
XIX. Scale of Points lor Jersey Cows and Heifers.
The scale of points adopted by the Royal Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society of Jersey, and by which all animals of the breed are now
judged IS as follows. It will be the more readily understood if studied in
connection with the accompanying illustration of a model Jersey cow
figured for perfection. Here is the scale :
Article.
1. Head,— small, fine and tapering
Cheek,— small
Throat,— clean !!!!'.! i ]
Muzzle,— flue, and encircled by a bright color
Nostrils,— high and open ''[
HoRNS,-smooth, crumpled, not too thick at the'base,' and "tapering'
Ears,— small .ind thin ^
Ears,— of a deep orange color within....,
Eye,— full and placid .........'.....
NECK,-straight, fine, and placed lightly on the's'houlders ."..'.'.'
Chest,— broad and deep
Barrel,— hooped, broad and deep
Well ribbed home, having but little space between iheVaVt rib and the iiip.
BACK,-straiglit from the withers to the top of the hip . .
BACK,-st™ight irom the top of the hip to the setting on of ihe'taiV, and
the tail at right angles with the back
Tail,— fine
Tail,— Hanging down to the hocks ..!..!!!
HiDE.-thin and movable, but not too loose
Hide,— covered with flne, soft hair
Hide,— of good color _ _
Fore-legs,— short, straight and flne ,,,]!",.!!..
Foue-arm,— swelling, and full above the knee ]
niND.QDABTERs,-from the hock to the point of the rump well flliedup
Po
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1ft.
2«.
21.
22.
23.
NTS.
572
THE AMERICAN FAKMER's STOCK IJOOK.
ill
Article
24. HiND-LEOs,— short and straight (below tlie hocks) and bones rather fine.
25. Hind-legs.— squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from
behind.
SS
s s« a
26. HiNU-LEGS,— nottocrossin wai: 'ng j
27. Hoofs,— smaii ' ,
28. Udder,— full iti form, I. e., well in line with the belly i
H
H
■<
H
01
•i
2
M
H
K
K
0.
o
u
U
a
s
TlIK .JEU8KV«, ALDERNEV8 AM. OUERN8EY8
behind t'C'
Article.
2!). Udder,— wel'
30. TEATS,-larpo, s jimrely placed; behind wid;"apa;t;
MiLK-VEiN8,-very prominent
Growth ,
General appearance "**
Condition
31.
32,
33,
34.
573
NTa.
Perfection.
U
XX. Rules In Awarding Prizes.
No prize shall be awarded to cows having less than twenty-nine points
No pnze shah 1. awarded to heifers having less than twenty sxpo 1
Cows havmg obtained twenty-seven points, and heifers twntvo^
pom ts, shall be allowed to be branded, but .annot take a p iz^ "^^
rhoso points, namely. Nos. 28, 29, and 31. shall be deduc'ted from
the number reqtured for perfection in heifers, as the^r udder td Zk
veins cannot bc) fully developed; a heifer will thereforp hT -T .
peifect at thirty-one points. ' **'^'^^"^^' ^« co.isidered
To which we add :
One point must be added for pedigree on male side
One point must be added for pedigree on female side
*„ „. the „nH„g ,„„,„. „, z::z itTCtzrsx
strongly relied upon. And those who discard it H,„f \. V ^ '
mtk a strong escutcheon, will surely go eslray ' '°"
XXI. Scale of Points tor Jersey Bulls.
In judging bulls a somewhat different standard is adont^rl onH.i,
rule /ill jinnlv in oil «.,**! -xi """"'"^"^ '^^oopted, and the same
rule j^'H apply m all cattle with proper variations, according to breed
The .lustration of a Jersey bull, figured for perfection, wiU assiltt
understanding the scale of points. Here is the scale ;
Ahtiple.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
C.
7.
10.
11.
12.
Pediguee on male side Points.
Pedigree on female side
Head,— fine and tapering ' '
FoKEHEAD,— broad ]
Cheek,— small //'
TiiKOAT,— clean ." ]
MuzzLE,-flne and encircled with light color '.'.
NosTRiLS,-high and open
HoRNs,-™th,erumpied,notthick;;7he-b;;;'a;;d-i;r;ng:H
Ears,— small and thin
Ears,- of a deep orange color within .
Eves,- -full and lively
~i\
574
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
ARTicr.E.
13. Neck,— arched, powerful, but not coarse or heavy.
14. Chest,— broad and deep
15. Babrel,— hooped, broad and deep
ToiNTS.
i
J
16. Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the
hip.
17. Back,— straight from the withers to the top of the hip.
TIIK JKKSEYS, ALUHRNEYS AND (JUERNHKys. 57,
18. iJACK,-«traight from the top of the hips U> the netting on of the tail, anr/""'"-
the tall lit ,,lght angles with the back
10. Tail,— fine •
'JO. 'I'AiL,— hanging down to the hoeliH ! ! .7. ! ! ! . . ! '
21. llriJK,— thin and movaljle ^
22. Hide,— covered with fine and .soft liair '
23. Hide, — of a good color '
24. K0RE-LEG8,— short, straight and fine '
25. '""«'=-*««^->J^gJ^"n1 Po^verfnl, swelling and 'f uVlabo^e'ihe knee! and '
26. "•N»-QUARTEi«,-fronuhehVck'to\h:.;,oi;v.;rti,v;;;„;p'i;v>g"and«.'^ ^
tilled up " "
27. II'>'''-^«««.-«hortaudstrai^t,Vbdow\i;;hock.^)'L^^^^^ '
28. "'^"-^^ j-3«reiy^ pueed; Vio'ttoo d;.:; Vog^theV wh;n";;;w;d f;;;;. '
20. HiNU-LEQS,— not to cro.s3 in walking ^
30. Hoofs,— small " ' '
31. Growth '
32. General appearance ' '
33. Condition '
I
Perfection •
^^ :w
XXn. Estimating the Value of Points.
The proper estimat;o,» of the value of the several part« of an animal
^ eeupubhcly g.venby high authority in such matters, the , W
Herd Book. The gist of which is a follows • ^
The highest excellence of any milking cow lies in the udder. This
must not only be full ,n form, that is, in line with the belly, but it nius^
no be cutoff square in front, like that of a goat. It should be rounded
full, presentmg great breadth behind, and carried well up be Jeeu the
%h. The milk veins should be full and carried well foCd toward
the ore legs. If knotted and with curves, so much the better.
The tail IS another essential point. Whatever its size at the root it
m«. be arge and tapering, and have a good switch of hair. '
The chest shouW be broad and deep ; this shows good respiration, essen-
bal to feeding and health. But in the dairy cow, especially when vl^^d
f^m before there .viU be no appearance of massiv'eness.'^ On the c"-
r ry she wi 1 give an appearance of delicate fineness, and will look iZ
I
i
576
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S 8TOCK BOOK.
-i
flesh ; on the contrury, tlie best milkers will be rather lean and porliiijjs
hi<'h boned. Nevertheless, the same animal, when out of milk hikI fat,
may fill up ; and perhaps, present a fully rounded contour, while yolixis-
sessin}^ all the delicacy of points characteristic of the high-bred dairy cow.
A cow may have large and heavy ears ; her back may not \w fully
straight from the withers to the top of the hips ; her rump may bo slop.
in<' ; her tail may not reach the hocks ;— all these are defects, the latter
a serious one, yet if the milking organs are super-excellent it will out-
weigh all these.
A phenomenon may show absolute perfection in all the points ; we
have never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials are to care.
fully consider each point of excellence with reference to its bearing upon
the animal as a dairy cow.
It XI II - Color and Sise.
Do not be too particular about color ; solid colors, and black points
look well in the show ring. The animal that will turn out well at thu
pail, that is docile and gentle, be she what color she may, so long as she
adheres to the distinguishing color-marks of the race, is the one for tiio
milking yard. In relation to size, the Jerseys are a small race of cattle.
In no breed are overgrown animals the most valuable. With the Joi-sev
it is especially to be avoided. So, an undersized animal is not to he
countenanced. Fair size, however, is desirable. He who seeks to in-
crease the size of the Jersey unduly, will certainly go astray. Thoyiiave
been carefully bred, for many generations, with especial refcroiHe to
milk. The Jersey is the product of islands peculiar in soil, climate, and
people. Transplanted to the flush pastures of the United States, with
good shelter in winter, they will necessarily increase in size. If you fancy
"solid colors," and can get plenty of rich milk, with solid color..*, well and
t^ood. If not, breed to whatever color, characteristic of the i)reed, wliicii
will give you this desirable result.
We have chosen thus explicitly to state, from competent authorities,
the Jersey standard of perf«M!tion — tirst, for the .eason that any '"iced
should be judged by the standard of its breeders, and secondly, becatiM!
ke
these statements can only be found originally in the herd hooks, and ilk
authoritative publications which are not accessible to the majority of
readers.
XXI V ". Prom a Practical Stpnd-point.
From the practical stand-point of a person not a breeder of high-caste
aoimals, the writer has found that sligiit imperfections, in the make up
of farm animals, do not militate against them unless they are intended as
THE .IER8EYH, ALUKRNEV8 AND OUEHNHEYS.
577
breeders of pure ntock of tho highost type. In fact, few animals of a
breed attain perfection closely, and almost none absolutely, accordln.^ to
the standard. As a milking cow, a Jersey or cow of other milkin- b^oed
might he of the best possible standard and yet fail essentially in some
other important points. Such a cow would be just as valuable for the
one purpose of milk as the best.
So in any other particular the person, whether ho be a breeder or simply
a fancier, must study the characteristics and the points of an animal and
then make up his mhid whether in the one case it is worth the monev
usked for It, or m the other case whether it would be more profitable to
aell rather than to keep.
CHAPTER VII.
mDDLE-HOKNED OATTLB-THB HBRBPORDS.
,, THE VALUABLE BKEED8 OP MIDDLE-HOH«8.-— -11. TOE HEREFORD COIOU.-.
in THE HBREFOUU8 FIFTY YEARS AOO. IV. YOUATT 8 TESTIMONY. v.
TOE iIeREFORDS IN AMERICA. VI. THE IMPORTATION OF 1S40 VII. I.KUE-
TO^ GRADES FORTY YEARS AGO. VIII. THE OHIO IMPORTATION.— ,x.
HR^POmTs IN CANADA. X. EARLY IMPORTED HEREFORDS NOT FAIKI.Y TKIEl).
xf THf^^EREFORDS WEST. XII. THE HEREFORD AS A WORK OX.— Xlll.
THE HeLfORD COW — -XIV. POINTS OF THE HEREFORD. XV. T..K ..EKE-
FORD OF TO-UAY IN ENGLAND. XVI. HIGH AND AUTHORITATIVE PRAISE.—
^11 DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHWEST AND FAR WEST.
I. The Valuable BreedB ol Middle-Horns.
The only valuable breeds of tlie Middle-Horns, in the United States,
are the Herefords and the Devons, which will be treated of in tiiis c Imptor
and the next. They are essentially beef and working brood.s. Tlicir
milking qualities were never more than moderately developed, and tliew
qualit5->s by continued breeding for beef, (for which tliey arc unoxcop-
tionable,) have been so bred out, that but little now remains in them val-
uable for milk. . . . ^, . t , ■ ■„
The natural history of those breeds was noticed in Chapter T, and it will
not be necessary to refer to it, further than to say of the Herefords that.
ori<-inally named from the country of Hereford, England, where, ami in
adjacent counties, similar cattle have been bred for hundreds of years,
few, if any, of the popular beef breeds have shown more wonderful im-
provement within the last fifty years.
n. The Hereiord Color.
Originally red or brown without wliite, the Herefords bred to brown-
ish or yellowish red, and even brindled. Within about the last 100 y.a,-.
their faces became white or mottled-white, until finally the disti.idivc
white of the face was made to extend along the top of the neck, and alon?
the tliroat, dewlap, brisket, belly, and fianks, and they uro now fash-
ionably bred with the addition of white legs, and the switch of tho tail
whit«, the rest of the animal being of a uniform red color.
m. The Herefords flity years ago.
Mr Marshall writing of them as they cxi.sted in England fifty yarn
, . .--1 J :i.«^ th"!n +hua • "The <-()iiiit('iiaiK'P
aco, and iw then improvcu, ucnv;..--^., Tn-"»-'-i-- -
pleasant, cheerful, open; the forehead broad; eye full and l.voly;
578
MIDDLE-IIORNEU 0ATTU5 — THE HEREFOKU8.
579
igliiiid lifty yt'iirt*
horns bright, taper, and spreading ; head small ; chap lean ; neck long
and tapering ; chest deep ; bosom broad, and projecting forward ; shoul-
der-bono thin, flat, no way protuberant in bone, but full and mellow ia
flesh ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standing wide, and level with the
chine ; quarters long, and wide at the neck ; rump even with the level of
the buck, and sharp above the quarters ; tail slender and neatly haired ;
barrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well spread ;
ribs broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming a smooth,
even barrel ; the hind parts large and full of strength ; neck bones snug,
not prominent ; thigh clean, and regularly tapering; legs upright and
short ; bone below the knee and hock small ; feet of middle size ; flank
large ; flesh every where mallow, soft, and yielding pleasantly to the
touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder and the ribs ; hide mellow,
supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on the neck and huckle ; coat
neatly haired, bright, and silky ; color, a middle red ; this, with a baM
face, 18 characteristic of the true Hereford breed."
IV. Youatt's Testimony.
In Youatt's day they were the peers of the Short-Horns, and to-day
they (onipaie favorably with that famous breed, and take an equal share
of prizes with them in our best exhibitions and fairs. They fatten,
siiid Mr. Youatt, to a much greater weight than the Devons, and run from
fifty to seventy score ; a tolerable cow will average from thirty-five to
fifty score (1000 pounds); a cow belonging to the Duke of Bedford
weif,'hed more than seventy ; an ox of Mr. Wcstcar's exceeded one hun-
dred and ten score (2,200 pounds). The Hereford ox fattens speedily
at an early age. They are not now much used for husbandry, although
their form adapts them for the heavier work, and they have all the hon-
esty and docility of the Devon ox, and greater strength, if not his activity.
The Hereford cows are wors / milkers than those of Devon, but then they
will "jrow fat where a Devon would starve. The beef is sometimes ol>-
jected to from the largeness of the bone and the coarseness of sorafe of
the inferior pieces, but the best sorts are generallj- excellent.
V. The Heretords in America.
Since there has been so much controversy — sometimes acrimonious
lietween some Hereford and Short-Horn breeders in the United States,
and especially in the West, where the Horefords have of late grown into
tlio highest favor, we again (juotc, from Mr. L. F. Allen, the veteran
breeder of Short-Horns, and editor of the Ameritian Short-Hora Herd
Book. Mr. Allen writes of the Herefords as follows :
880
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
"At what date they were first imported into this country, we have no accu-
rate account ; but that some Herefords came out among the early inipui--
tations, is evident from the occasional marks of the breed among our
native cattle where late importations have not been known. In the
year 1816 or '17 the great Kentucky statesman, Henry Clay, imported
two pairs of them into his State, and put them on his farm at Asliland.
They were bred for a time with each other, and the bulls were crossed with
other cows ; but it is certain that they left no permanent impress f)ti the
herds of that vicinity, as Mr. Clay himself became a breeder of Slioit-
Horns soon afterwards, and eventually discarded the blood frotu his
herds, if he had for any length of time retained it. No trace of them is
now seen in Kentucky.
VI. The Importation of 1840.
•* The largest importation of Herefords into the United States, was made
about tlie year 1840, upwards of twenty in number, by an Englishman
into the city of New York, and takfen into Jefferson county, of that State.
A year or two afterwards the bulk of the herd were removed to tlie farm
Mr. Erastus Corning, near Albany, N. Y., and some of them went
into Vermont, where they were for some years bred, sold and scattered.
While the stock were at his farm, Mr. Corning, with his accustomed lib-
erality and enterprise, sent out again to England to purchase more
animals, which safely arrived, and were added to the herd. They were
then successfully bred for several years, many sales made into diiferent
and distant parts of the United States, and they acquired considerable
popularity. The herd was subesequently divided, Mr. Corning retaining
his'share, and his partner taking his, some twenty or more in number,
to a farm three or four miles from Buffalo, on the banks of tlie
Niagara. Here they were bred, and several sales made, to go to different
parts of the country, during the four or five years they remained ; Imt tlie
herd gradually waned, mainly from want of proper cure and system in
their keeping.
" Mr. Corning retained his herd at his farm, where he lias successfully
bred, and made sales from them since, and in the hands of his son,
Mr. E. Corning, Jr., who is more an amateur than a professed cattle
breeder, added to by occasional importations from England, they remain
fine specimens of their race.
vn. Hereford Grades Forty Years Ago.
"Mr. George Clark, at Springfield, Otsego county, N. Y., obtained
geveral Herefords from this herd, and, we believe, made an iniportatioit
or two from England. He bred them successfuUv, distributed his bull.'*
w^i^m.
MIDl>LE-HORNEI> CATTLE-THE HEREFORDS. ggj
on to several of his farms, and bred many excellent grade Heref ords from
the common cows. His bullnf>kfl >...,,« • fe """ "ereioias trom
Vm. The Ohio Importation.
.« H„e,ord. The, ,L the. l^Z.I^^^J^^Z''^, Tt
:x::oT„,t:eT„:it: ■""' ""' "* """ '"--■ '- '"""*»
IX. Herefords in Canada.
"In the years 1860 and '61 Mi- Tr,.o,i«„- t ^xr
Canada West made two ^rr^J^l^^l'^^^r,^:
r:^i^;;"r:r:f^s^rt::^^ ^teLor^Bi-:^:^
bulls and ereven cows af he fe's t£ V"™''""^/ 1"=^'^^'' ^-"
high breeding, and generally gro^^ints Frlrth'T '^''^ t"' *'^"-
1867, there were br^d abouLSxty, ^nd • boufrf th '''TV''''''''^^
sold at satisfactory prunes, and dfs ribnf ll ! ""'"'''' ''^^^ ^^»
So„.e of the cows p ^edtxc e„^^-^^ '"^i' the United States,
the crosses of the ■ .. ^^kloZ'uT > ' '"' ''^'''^'^ ^'^
ing animals. "'"""" ''^^^' ^^'' P^«^«d Profitable graz-
X. Early Imported Herefords Not Fairly Tried.
" On the whole, the HereforrJs h.ivo v.«* i, j ^ •
SUtes i„ the hand, of v„Lt„ta.r.".e i^ "wIT, aT'J" "" ""'""'
"pportiinity to nroperlv test them l.„ , "T""'' ™°° '"=' t"" mws and
.-«d./„ad^h „„rhrt^t;ra:tr^^^^^^^
w.,„d have hee„ .... ,,„J,AZ thrt^I; '"hi tSd"' '°°°^'
XI. The Herefords West.
eis;:;.^ n:::t":r i:tr ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ r •""•^^ ^- •
heavy weights have they failed flirlv to ^ ""^'- ?'"*'''' '""^"'•'^>' "^
Horns in the principal prt^^ 1^7 f .t T^"'" '''*'' the best Short-
highest honors BcsdestrbP . "^^^^^««^ "ften carrying off the
».:re for the Ilorl d i the H "^ f"^^' '"'"'""^'^' "«»« '-- <Jo"«
Culh.rf.np J'u:^!;"''''^'^''''''^ States than Mr. Miller and M,
-..1., .., x„,s,ni3, t-ach or wiiosc 1
very highest-caste animals to be fou
lid anywher
,'e herds is composed of the
582
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
I m
• 1
i
1
1
V,
4. -
"^^^^PHV
?
MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLK— TME HEKEPORD8.
583
xn.
The Hereford as a Work-Ox.
As work oxen the Herefords are inferior to the Devons, when activity
.s wanted but for lieavy draft they have no superior. bci„. ,„usor/
steady and patien at the yoke. Their capacity for standing fa "ue td
t cr consftutional hardihood and resistance to cold are induced Lu^Vka^
ble, and of late years they have become great favorites with the rlt
men in the far Western States and Territories.
Xm. The Hereford Cow.
Two years ago. in collecting information about this valuable beef breed
we wrote, and now repeat : » "ocl uieeu,
The Hereford cow compared with the ox is small and delicate, and not
always handsomely made, to the superficial observer
Here again this breed would seem to show its 'relationship to the
Devon. She c™ b t Httle flesh in breeding condition, and when
breeding should not be fed sufficiently to accumulate much kt fo7 n
order that the young be superior, the dam should have plenty of ,:>'om
With the Herefords expenence has shown that the dam may not be
too lu go or coarse but she should be roomy. Then the breeder wi^Lt
even from apparently inferior cows, large, handsome steers, tT !^- i
fatten early, and kindly, and to great wcicrlits
When the cow is done breeding, and ready for fatting, it will please
the owner to see now she will spread out. and accumulate^ flesrlnd fat
»nd th.s to a greater degree than if not allowed to breed.
The Here^,rds are a hardy, gentle race, maturing early, and are Ion..
1-ved. The flesh ,s superior, handsomely marbled, hea;y in trprimJ
parts and they fatten to weights fully as heavy as any known bred''
Then- massive strength, honesty and gentleness make them Jie best
working oxon known, and the potency of the bulls, when cross upol
red or nearly red cows of the country, renders the steers easily nntcheS
.„ «.o. as they will be easily matched in general charactSs^'^ft^
XIV. Points of the Hereford.
in judgnig the Herefords as beef animals the same scale of points mav
euaoptedas for Short-Horns, except that the Herefords arf 3
mn,M„ore placed, closer to the ground, heavier in appeanin e in d "Is a"
rule, thiekcr-meated than the present fashionable ShoVt-Horns!'
XV. The Hereford of To-day in England.
inlhe W^;^!^t'''1^ "f ""^ '^"^ ''''^ '••"''•' '^''' '» -""« «how rings
the \Ve.t the Herefords were discriminated against. Be this as it nmy!
J m
13^^S^^.V.A^
:f-^
.')84
THK AMEKIOA.V FARMEIl's STOCK HOOK,
in England there is no such feeling against them, and, besides, the Ki,.,.
lish system of judging precludes, to as great an extent as possible, any
shadow of favoritism.
Speaking of one of the great show rings there in 1878, the Balli iiiiil
West of England, the Mark Lane Express says of the Hereford exhihii ;
" They are not so numerous as the more fashionable breed, but tlio
quality throughout is excellent. In the aged bull class there aic five
animals of which the Hereford men need not be ashamed.
" The heifers in milk or in calf numbered only three, but two of them
were such animals as it was worth while coming to Oxford on purpo.so to
see. L onora (first premium) is one of the most perfect animals that
has been shown for years. It was first last year as a yearling at Liver
pool, and will likely be first wherever it goes. The champion prize irivoii
by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society was awarded to this heifer L\W
best female horned animal in the yard. The companion heifer, lioatrio.>,
is also very handsome, and took second to Leonora's first at the Roval
last year, as it did last week at Oxford. If Leonora had been a (iiaiid
Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been composed in her honor,
and translated into several languages by this time. But no Short-Horn
that we have ever seen was cast in such a mould."
XVI. High and Authoritative Praise.
The following is high praise, and authoritative, as comincrfroniaiiEn.^-
lish agricultural paper of the highest class. The Agricultural Journal,
of London , says :
«' This breed enjoyed the remarkable distinction of producing hoth the
champion animals at Oxford, Grateful being declared to be tho\ost l.:ill
and Beatrice (a two year old heifer)being declared to l)e the l)est cow or
heifer in the yard. Both, as may be supposed, wore very good, thi
heifer pre -eminently so. She is a daughter of the famous bull, Wintoi
de Cote, and another instance of hereditary merit.
" The yeariing heifers and calves indicate that this breed is, as l).ef
makers at an early age, quite up to the highest Short-Honi Jtandard.
The Teeswater may milk better, and be more ready in adapting itself to
local circumstances ; but where the pasture is good, it is hard to lieat tlie
white-faces for jjrazinif."
Again, the Chamber of Agriculture Journal, the organ of tlu^ Royal
Agricultural Society, gives the following testimony :
" The old bull Hereford class i)roduced an extraordinary animal in
Grateful, who secured the reserve at the Hereford show in 187(). He
has made wonderful development since appearing as a two-vear old. as
is proved by the fact that Thougntful, who was then placed above him,
MIDDLE-HOHNED CATTLK-THE ,IEREF0RD8. 335
and has since taken firsts ;it Rirm;n»h.,». t •
be.,, p,.t ,ee„„d to u„ , J,,:zti;:,t7zi:!ix':- "r "°"
.hebc..H„,.ef„.d hu., „„ .„e «.„„„,, ii„ tLrnS* tl"
pionship succeeded in carrviner if ,»ff a«.,.; ^ i <-,, mt, cnam-
c- { ^k T »"y»ng It off against such a Short-Horn comnpti>nn
as S.r Arthur Ingram. Grateful, at four years old hasrnillT^ I
chines, with great thickness and depth of frame, and is ver Tve 7" '"^
buthisgrandfeatureistheastoundingmassoffl^h^i^^^^^^^^^^^
IS cove ed. His girth is eight feet ten and one-half inches ™'
"In the cow class. Lady Blanche, which took second prize at Bath now
came to the front position. She is marvelous at her fore f^ink a ,d di
.,.yeomniend.datBath,Ldrn^;f,S^^^^^^^
e even years old. The two-year old heifers, Leonora and Beatrice 'vie
of course, sure to win. Beatrice has recently reared a ca rwhT-
slightly against her for showing ; but Leonora h ZTu I u'^ ''
beautiful head, symmetrical foi-m, and allTt Ll i wSi^ t r
Short-Hci. heifer, anLil of thTw^ 'Tf,' ^^'"'"''^'^^^'^^ shapely
so that both cups ;ere a^ Ld ^hI^^^^^^^^^^ ""'' '^^^^^-^ ^-years,
XVn. DistributiouintheSouth-weatandParWest
day ,,„s,e»e, Hc^fords, both i ™d cows "1 ^ .1' ""^ ^°'' '°-
worM. He.,„.a -.„„s „. being ^ r^L^Sld uh! Z'^i^
for the ,p,.„d of „oth ,ha»e „d„Lble ^.r^lotZiZ^l ' ''"
CHAPTEK VIII.
MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE— THE DEVON AND THE SUSSEX.
Ihiil
I. ANTIQUITY OF THE DEVON8. II. THE I)EVON8 COMPARATIVELY SMALL CATTl.K.
III. NATURAL GRAZING GROUNDS OF THE DEVONS. IV. WOllKINd QUALI-
TIES OF THE DEVONS. V. THEIR DECEIVING APPEARANCE. VI. I'OINTH OK
THE DEVON. VII. NOTABLE CHARACTERISTICS. VIII. THE LEGS OK THK
DEVON. IX. THE BODY AND TAIL. X. THE DEVON COW. XI. MK. At-
LEN'S TESTIMONY. XII. THEY ARE ACTIVE AND HANDY. XIII. INTIIKFIHOT
CLASS FOR BEEF. XIV. WEIGHTS OF THE DEVONS. XV. SUSSEX CATTLE —
XVI. THE SUSSEX COLOR. XVH. DISTINGUISHING MARKS OF THE SUSSEX,
XVIII. THE SUSSE:^ COW. XIX. GLAMORGAN CATTLE.
I. Antiquity pl^the Dt ons.
In Chapter I, the general history of this ancient and superior nwe of
cattle is given. They are the only breed of middle-horned cattle, ex-
cept the Horefords, that has attained celebrity in the United States, hi
England, where they have been known from the earliest times, tliey havo
been bred pure. In certain sections, and especially in North Devon, p;ir-
ticular pains was long ago taken in raising them. There the Devmi
unites all the characteristics of the tribe, including medium size, dark
color, eminent working qualities and great excellence of beef. The pecu-
liarities in color and substance about the eyes, nose and ears, have caused
them to be known as North Devons, in contradistinction to the lighter-
colored, larger and coarser cattle of other districts, but which combine
some of the better qualities of the true Devon.
U. The Devons Comparatively Small Cattle.
The chief objection to the Devons, in the West, is that they lack size t«
prove profitable on the flush and comparatively level pastures of the prai-
rie region. They are, also, somewhat slow in maturing ; in fact it used to
be the practice in England to put the steers to work at three years old,
and fatten them at five or six years old. Then, fully matured and spread,
they wholly or partially paid for their keeping, and the quality of their
flesh was only surpassed by that other slow-maturing, but wonderful
cattle in the quality of their beef — the West Highland cattle of Scotland.
, m. Natural Grazing Grounds of the Devons.
To-day in all our hill country, or where the labor of the steers can lie
utilized, they are the most valuable of any of the known breeds of cattle.
In a! hill eouutfy, mortu anu uoutii, tjiev win oe louiid iiiiionj; vBC
UJJCJf
586
MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE—THE DEVON AND THE 8U88BX. o87
he.t, if not the very best, of domesticated cattle, when we consider the
ease with which they are kept, their powers of withstanding extreme heat
and .old, and the.r valuable working qualities ; for they are able to per-
form fully as much work as the horse in plowing, especially in small
fields where there is much turnin'»
IV. Workiog Qualities ot the Devons.
We have known them to keep fully up with horses, day after day, in
heavy pl«w.ng-a yoke of Devon steers at the beam, and a pair of horses
ahead, bo, m stubble plowing ; a single yoke of Devon steers, week in
Midweek out, would do fully as much work on small lands as a . rood
pair of horses ; and they turn the furrows quite as steadily as the horse
team. Ihe horses would gain something in going straight ahead, but in
coming about the Devon .steers always made it up. This was when the
UKVON WOUKING STKEK,
Steers were fed grain the same as the horses. When both are kept on
feTght ' '"'"■' "'""' '^'" '"^ ^''"" "^ ^^«^« «^ tl>« «»"^«
In catching times, in hauling hay and grain to the stack, we have
dnven Devon steers at a six-mile trot in going back light ; and their
vonderfu true ability, under kind but firm training, certainly makes
tiem most admirable teams for new or thinly-settled districts. FoT lo"
gmgin the woods, or hauling logs to the mill, there are no better ctr
quicker teams, and it is surprising, under good keeping, the load thev
will start, and the power with which they wHl move it'aloiig the nl. "^
V. Their Deceiving Appearance.
thJvtdr' Th- '"'"'''!''' ;r "?" '''''''• ''"'^y ''"^ '^' heavier than
they ook. This ,s owing to their fine bone-nearly as hard as that of a
blood horse-their round, compact form, and the full flesh they earry
. ?fi
588
THE AMERICAN FAKHEIt H STOCK BOOK.
ri:.i
The cows are siniill ; and the bulls are smaller than the steers. WIkmi
properly developed by two years of work, the oxen are splendidly tilleii
out, and are certainly the most beautiful of all the domesticated ox trih(>,
Tiio illustration we give will show; the Devon ox in good workiixr con,
dition. The cut of a high-caste bull, illustrating especially the full, soft.
mossy coat of hair, as given in Chapter I, is a most excellent and life-
like drawing.
VI. Points of the Devon.
Youatt describes the points of the Devon of his day most minutely.
Except that they have now, through better feeding in America, iuMMi in-
creased in size and early maturity, the floscription is as applicable to-day
as when it was written. It is as follows :
" The horn of the bull ought to be neither too low nor too high, taper-
ing at the points, not too thick at the tip.
The eye should be clear, bright, and prominent, showing much of tht
white, and have around it a circle of dark orange color.
The forehead should be flat, indented, and small, for, by the smallness
of the forehead, the purity of the breed is very much estimated.
The cheek should be small, and the muzzle fine ; the nose must be of a
clear yellow.
The nostril should be high and open ; the hair curled about the head.
The neck should be thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault.
Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull does not mate-
rially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller. There
are exceptions, however, to this rule.
The head of the ox is small, very singularly so, relatively to his bulk;
yet it has a striking breadth of forehead ; it is clean and free from tiesh
about the jaws.
The eye is very prominent, and the animal has a pleasing viviuitv of
countenance, distinguishing it from the heavy aspect of many other
breeds.
Its neck is long and thin, admirably adapting it for the collar, or the
more common and ruder yoke.
It is accounted one of the characteristics of good cuttie, that the line of
the neck, from the horns to the withers, should scarcely deviate from that
of the back.
vn. Notable Charaoteristios.
"In the Devon ox, however, there is a peculiar rising at the shoulder.
reminding us of the blood-horse, and essentially connected with the free
and quick action by which this breed has ever been distinguished.
It has little or no dewlap depending from the throat.
MIDDLK-HOKNEl) CATTLE-THE DEVON ANI, TIfE SU88EX. :,H9
The horns ai-c longer than those of the hull, smaller, and tine even to
the i)ase, and of u lighter color, and tipped with yellow
The animal is light in the withers; the shoulders a little oblique • the
breast d(^p. and tire boson, open and wide, particularly as contrasted
with the nneness of the withers.
The fore legs are wide apart, looking like pillars that have to support
ii irrciit weight. ^^
The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no pro-
jection of bone, but thei-e is a kind of level line running on to the neck
Angular bony projections are never found in a beast that carries much
IU'A\ and fat.
The tinoness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and
the broad and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten
A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for working or
grazing. *
^Vith all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him,
ft 1 '" r !r^ "' "'''"^ ^"'■''' '^"^ "«* proved in the horse oJ
light draught-the legs are far under the chest, or rather the breast pro-
jecs far and wide befor. the legs. We see the advantage of this
■nthe^ beast of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a tn>t. except
when he is goaded (,n in catching times, and the division of whose foot
prevents him from stumbling.
The lightness of the other part« of his form, however, counterbal-
aiices heaviness there. «-^i"ni
vni. The Legs of the Devon.
The legs are straight, at least in the best herds. If thev are in kn«.^
or erooked in the fore legs, it argues a deficiency in bh.odf a.^c^^^^^^^^^^^^^
■ve incapacity for work and for gracing, too; for they will be hlllow
dnnd the withers a pomt for which nothing can compensate, becau e k
k^ away so muc from the place where good flesh and fa; should b
hiekly laid <m, and diminishes the capacity of the chesi and the power
of creating arterial and nutritious blood. ^
The fore-arm is particularly large and powerful. It swells out sud
<le. y above the knee, but is soon lost in the substance of the ho de
How the kuoe the bone is small to a very extraordluary det e i .di
oatniga seemmg want of strength; but this impression immtdi tet
eeaso,, for the smallness is only in front-it is onlv in the bone • 1 1 e 1 o I
::p:^^;r' -^ "^ ---' -o-^^w.pro^s;^;:!
Ft „,y iHj objected that the leg i« a ijttle too long. It would be so in
1" "irih of leg ,s necessary t<. get him actively over the ground.
tMiiiftiiiiimi'iri I'M II 1 1 liii ^ii^B^i
590
TUE AMERICAN FAIIMRK B HTtK.'K BtMJK.
lllli
IX. The Body and Tail.
"Thertt is some trifling fall behind the withers, nut no hollownP8.s, imd
the lino of the buck is straight from thence to the sotting on of the tjiil.
If there is any seeming fault in the breast, it is that the sides are a littlr
too flat. It will appear, however, that this does not interfere with feed-
in"', while a deep, although somewhat flat chest is best adapted for !*[)w<\.
Tin t wo last ribs are partic iliirly bold and prominent, leaving roonif)!-
the stomach and other parts concerned in dig»!»tion to be fully <1(.-
veloped.
The hips, or buckles, are high up, and on a levH with the hack,
whether the beast is fat or lean.
The hind quftrters, or the space from the hip to the point of iho nim|i.
lire particularly long and well filved up — a point of importance l)o(li f„r
iTazing and working. It leaves room for flesh in the most v;vlual)l( part,
and indicates much power behind, equally connected with strenglii and
speed. This is an improvement (juitc of modern date. The fullness
here, and the .swelling of the thigh below, are of much more couscmihoiki
thau the prominence of fat which is so much admired on the ruin|t nf
many pri/c cattle.
The setting on of the tail is high, on a level with the back, rarely niiicli
elevated or depressed. This is another great uoint, as connected with
the perfection of the hind quarters.
The tail is long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the
bottom."
X. The Devon Cow.
We have stated that the bulls are smaller than the oxen. All steers
when mature, may be fatted to greater weights than the bulls, whatever
the breed. In the Devons, the increased size of the steers is especially
noticeable. The Devon cows are also naturally smaller than the bulls,
but especialh elegant in their compact, rounded forms, constancy ami
beauty of color, and are noted for docility of temper when kindly
treated and for their active, ardent temperaments. They will resent
abuse, for they have the courage of the blooded horse. Then; is no
more beautiful picture than a herd of Devon cows in the pastme, for
there is no animal more elegant in form. Yet snuill as the cows seem,
put them on the scale, and the person not used to judge them will be
surprised at their weight.
All Devons arc noted for their round, full, clear eyes, the golden eire.let
about the eyes, and the yellow skin of the inside of the cars, as well as
for the orange or yellow-colr, red muzzle. The cow is parti(;uhuly notin-
able in these characteristics. Add to this their clieerful and iiitoUigent
MIUDLE-aoUNEU ( VrTLK-XilK UEV.,x ..v.> n.K stSSEX. 591
countonance ; the clean Jan.. throat nn.l Jo^vla,. ; the tnafrnificct loin •
,h.. nuuHi barrel ; the .nus.ular hind ..uartor. <,uite free Fr„,„ ..nil of'
any kind; the long, tupcnng tail ; and for He^aneo, fin. rtesh anJ ^roat
working powers, the Dev(,„8 have no superiorn among .attle.
XI. Mr. AUon's Tostimony.
Let us see what the venerable editor of the Short-Horn Herd-Boo.
says of them as working oxen :
Thev are. amontr pRfflo toK..* *Uq *.u~,~..,--i.i , .
„„ J- ' . ', . ;= ' " ^"^ thoruugnnrca is amonsr horses Ao.
cord,„g ,„ tte,r size, ,h«y o„,„„i„„ ™„r„ «„„„„,, „, „„„,, °„ J;'„„„t;
592
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
power, more intelligence, activity, und *• bottom," tlian any other f)reed.
Tliey have the slanting shoulder of the horse, better fitted to receive the
yoke, and carry it easier to themselves than any others, except the Here-
fords.
With all workers of oxen, the nearer the beast approaches in sliaiM-,
appearance, and action to the Devon, the more valuable ho is considered
according to weight. For ordinary farm labor, cither at the plow, ih,.
wagon, or the cart, he is equal to all common duties, and on the road liiti
speed and endurance are unrivalled. It is in these qualities that the
New England oxen excel others of the country generally, and why the
people of that section often call their red oxen " Devonshire^," wheu
they cannot, to a certainty, trace any, or but a small portion of tliat
blood in them, only by u general appearance and somewhat like action.
ZII. They are Active and Handy.
For active, handy, labor on the farm, or highway, under "the cinvful
hand of one who likes and properly tends him, the Devon is every-
thing that is required of an ox, in d6cility, intelligence, and readiness, for
any reasonable task demanded of him. Their uniformity in style, shape,
and color, render them easily matched, and their activity in nioyenient.
particularly on rough and hilly grounds, gives them, for farm h>l)or, aliiKtst
equal value to the horse, with easier keep, cheaper food, and less care.
The presence of a well conditioned yoke of Devon cattle in the inarkcl
place at once attests their value, and twenty-five to fifty dollars, and even
higher prices over others of the common stock, are freely given l)y the
purchaser.
The Devon, in his lack of great size, is not so strong a draught ox as
some of the other breeds — the Ilerefords, for instance — or periiaps some
of the larger of the common cattle; l>ut, "for his inches," no horned
beast can outwork him. On light soils, and on hillyroads, none other
equals him, although wo intend to give all their duo share of merit.
Xm. In Ths First Class for Beef
Wo must place the Devon in the first class, for fineness of ficsh and deli.
cacy of flavor. Its compact bone gives It the one, and its rapid und thor-
ough development under good feeding gives it the other. In <>ro\vth and
size it matures almost, equal to the Short-Horn, and its meat is Hncr
grained, juicy, and nicely marbled, (the lean and fat intermixed.) In
thfi Loudon markets, Dovon beef nears the highest price of any, except
the Highland Scot — usually a penny a j)ound over that of larger I)ree(is,
and our American butchers quickly pick the Devons from a (hove,
when they can find them, bt fore most others. They feed well, dike on
tksh rapidly, tind Inlv^ qualit^i of their flesh »ro all that can be d(;8iied.
MIDDLK-HOllNED CATTLE-TIIK UKVOX AND THE SUSSEX.
XIV. Weights ot the Devona.
While the Devons are called small cattle, they are only relatively so ia
comparison with Short-Horns and Herefords. A full-grown ox in good
condition will weigh from 1,400 to 1,600 pounds, and when well-fattened
they will reach 2,000 pounds. The cows will weigh from 800 to 1 100
pounds, and the bulls 1,200 to 1,400. We bred one that at 8 years' old
weighed 1,819 pounds, and he was as extraordinary in his fineness and
.style, as a premium taker, as he was in weight ; not large to look at but
weighing like u lump of lead.
XV. Sussex Cattle.
Sussex also has long been noted for a breed of middle-homed cattle-
all red, but lighter in color than the Devons, larger and in every way
coarser. Still they are better milkers than the Devons and f attei .dndly
There are a number of breeds allied to the Devons or descended from
them m England. The Sussex is one of these breeds.
XVr. The Sussex Color.
The color is a light chestnut or blood bay, much lighter V xn the true
North Devon, but fully as uniform. The cut of a Sussex cow will with
the (lescnption given below, serve to explain the points of difference
They are mentioned here mainly, if not solely, for the reason that they
have been sold as Devons. If you buy Devons, or any other hi-hly-bred
stock, be sure there is no stain in the pedigree. It is a matter of the
utmost importance to the breeder of high-caste cattle.
XVn. Distinguishing Marks of the Sussex.
On this subject Youatt says : " The horns are more tapering, pushin^r
farthcrforward, and turning up more. The head is small and well formeif
the eye full, largeand mild in the ox, butrather wild and unquiet in the cow'
The throat is clean and the neck long and thin, but coarser than in the
Devon. The shoulder is wider and rounder on the withers ; straicrhter
from the top of the withers towards the back, and carries much flesh
giving too much weight to unprofitable parts. On the other hand the
barrel is round and deep, the back straight, and the back-bone entirely
ndden by the n>useles on each side. The heart and lungs are full and
largo and the belly and flank capacious. The barrel is well-ribbed home
The loins are wide the hip-bone low, free from raggedness, large, and
well spread, and the space between the hips well filled up The tail
which is fine and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon, yet the rump is
near y as staight, for the deficiency is supplied by a mass of flesh and fat
.....LA ^ ...„n;« yuaricrs are eleauiy made, and if the thiirhs
»ppeur to be straight without, there is plenty of fullness within.
I
. US "•'"■' ■^—^n'lmiTfiffr ■" '
594
THE AMFUICAX FAHMEU'S STOCK BOOK.
XVllI. The Sussex Cow.
" The cows have iine hair, a mellow, rutherthan thin skin ; a small teat •
horns fine, clean, and transparent, which reach forward from tbr licm]
and turn up at the tips ; the neck is thin and clean ; back and belly
^ -ill'
straight ; ri))s round and .springing out well ; shoulder flat, hut i)rc)joctiiig
at the point.
Ilijjs iw.d vniwi wide : tlie tail set on levl with the ruu!}>-, I'lid tlic cir-
eass largo ; the legs are rather short and fine.
■ 'f'TM^
MOTDLE-HORXKD CATTX,K_thk DEV
.'111(1 till' c'lr-
0\ AND THE SUSSEX. aDa
uneasy in the pasture,
fhe cows are not good milkers ; they are often
and often unquiet in temper."
The have been exhibited anil anl/> ..„ n . .
Tlicy have little or no value in this
tempt. Give them a wide I)crth
oouiiuy iiiii()ii«r l>otti'r cattle,
XIX. Olamorgan Cattle.
Tlio <'iifM.w>f Gi...,., nr 1
!;■*
.'i96
THE ABtEBICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
taking on flesh kindly when dry. They arc undoubtedly of Devon ori<nn
and belong to the Middle-Horas. They are an ancient race, and have
been preserved pure in their native region, but are little known awiiy
from there. Occasional specimens have been imported to the United
o
States, more as curiosities than for intrinsic value, cither for milk or
beef, when there arc so many superior breeds in cither direction. The
illustration shows their characteristics perfectly.
CHAPTER IX.
POLLED CATTLE.
I. rOLLKD CATTLE IN GENERAT tt n..
VII, '^HE GALLOWAYS IN AMERirA ,..,; "IE SKIN VI. THE COLOR
COLOR OK lilE POLLEl, ANGUS —x"i;:'V/J- »'«I'I'EO ANGUS CATTlI—^
ANGUS COMPABEU WITH THE GALLOWAY '^^'^^ *** MILKERS.—Ixi. rat
I. PoUed Cattle in General.
Of the various breeds of nnUod or j, .. i
England, none have proved ^^1^7^ TT^ ''^"^^"- ^^"^ '"
except the Gallowa,. and the Pot d A if ""o ^ ^'''^\ ""? ^--da.
ways have f.een at all widely dissemhntSd H ^^ ""'J^ *''' ^'*""-
aniong old Lulls ; the little snare fZ, '^'^^ "^ *"'"?«»• «^«n
oftheir n.ild disposition J^^^^^^
with which they lake ou flll rd 1 e , r'' ' J" "''""" ' '^' «*««
beef are some of the prinlul cj r-^t r'^' ''f '"^ '^"^'•'^^ «f the
«attle. ^ ^'' character,st.cs of excellence in polled
n. The Galloways.
For the colder and hillv disfripf« «,i. n
™tcr, and i„ all r.gi„„7 wClo slLI H """' "" '"■'>""^"'<' '"
Calloway cattle „r. Steadily .a ni, - i, ' t, "t, '"'"™ ""' '"""'''' "'"
™ro than twolve qnart, „f milk a day . i " ■* .'""''""8' "' 8"«
«igl.t quarts. But tl,o „,ilk is t , ■ ; ; '"■""'-"' '» Siv™ at six ,„•
....o -««. auti.o.ti:::''::; 'i;;\rti ; q;:-:;;i, - "■■«:• ---"-
It has been said of them thnt th^„ •
which can be „H.retrdysTidtLt^^^^ ''^' ''"''^"''''' "" '-eed of cattle
'.le of in.provement by :;^ ' or d 'r""/,'^ ''"/"""''■^' ^"^ "
Sl-orUHorns aln.ost cvmwhere els^lu •'' '"/'''^ ^'''""^^'''^'•^- ^he
tricts to which they have tm elo T ""'-"''^ "''' ^''^"'^ ''^ ^^e dis-
-nifcst in.provem nt^ U, :^^ t \C ^f "' ^'^ «-^ ™ P-d«ced
done little good in Gallowav Ind a^ "'"'' *^' ^^"•■'-«" '^ ^^^^
«hort.bon,bullshavemaniSly Ir V;:^™;;".?'' 'fn "' ''^^ '^'^"'^^^^
« .„t„„ p„„ ,.«,, „,,dt;::„:rtir:,,;s,:," '""""■"' "^ """--
1 1»
^'•l!f*««P#ipp|ll
59S
THE AMERICAN FtEMEK 8 STOCK BOOK.
« f 1;,
i
III. Points of the Galloway.
Mr. L. P Allen gives, on the tiutnonty of an eminent judfro ■uul
breeder, the characteiistics of this lire d, as follows:
The Galloway catt'.o arc straifrht and broad in the back, and .n urly
level from the head to the rump. They are round in the ri!).;. und .ijs(,
between the shoulder.s and the rihn, and the ribs and the loiu-. I'luv
are broad in the loin, withoiif, any l!n;ge projecting hook Itones. In r'nnKK
nessof barrel, and fullness of ribs, rhey will compare with any breed, und
also in the projiortion which the loins bear to the hook bones, or { rotu-
beraiices of the ribs. When viewed from above, the whole body appears
beautifully rounded, like the longitudiii;;) .section of a roller. Thiv tnv
long in the (juarters and ribs, and deep in the chest, but uot broiu jn tlie
twist, The slightest ias[)cction will show (hat there i.'^ le-s sp U'o IkIwoc!]
the h;^ ik or hip bones and the ribs than in most other brned -, a ion.-iiin-
iitioi.' of much import, iuce, for the advantage of length of car('as.s coiisi ;.
in the animal beii:^ veil ribbed home, or as little as possible lost in tiio
Hank.
I"' The Limbs and the Head.
The Galloway is -!i<ii' in tiie leg, and modcratelv fine in the shanlr
bones, — the happy aiedUu.; seems to be preserved in the ie<;'. which
secures hardihood and a disposition to fatten. With the sauii clt'anii('->
and shortness of shank, there is no breed so largo and muscula." above tho
knee, while ♦.here is more room for the deep, broad and capacious chest.
He is clean, no) fine and .slender, but well proportioned in the in'ck ami
chaps ; a thin and delicate neck would not correspond with the hiond
shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form of the breed. Tiie iieek
of !]ie Galloway bull is thick, almost to a fault. The head is ratlur
heav ; the eyes are not prominent, and the ears are large, rough, and ful.
of long hairs on the inside.
V. The Skin.
The Galloway is covered with a loose, mellow skin of mcdiuiri
thickness, which is clothed with long, .'<oft, silky hair. TIic skin is
thinner than that of the Leicestershire, but not so tine as the hide of the
improved Durham breed, but it handles soft and kindly. Even on the
moorland fiirms, where the cattle, during the greater part of tlio yoar,
are fed on the scantiest fare, it is remarkable how little their hides in-
dicate the privations they endure.
VI. The Color.
The prevailing and fa.shionrtble color is bl.aek — a few v . a dark
brindle brown, and still '' • er are speckled with wb^*^e sp' ,, and .some
POLLRD C'ATTIj;
■);»j)
-J
i
1. , '■
+ -r^r.
600
THE AMKKICAN KARMKR H STOCK HOOK
"iL.
of them are of ii dun or drab color, perhaps acquired from a cross witli
the Suffolk breed of cattle. Dark colors are uniformly preferred, from
the belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution.
Vn. The Galloways in America.
The Galloways are said to have been first introduced into Canadii about
the year 1850. Since that time they have steadily increased by brcodinff
and subsequent im{)ortations, and of late years a good many have hecii
bred in the Northwestern States, where they are greatly liked for their
many good qualities, and now have a regular series of prizes offered for
them at all our principal fairs. They are also attracting attention in th(
Southwest as a means of improving the Texan cattle. To our iiiind, thcv
should prove valuable in redutiing the horn, refining the bone, and thick-
ening the body of the Southwestern cattle, and, especially, in breediiiir
out the wildness and viciousness of the Texans.
viii. Polled Angus Cattle.
This is a breed yet rare in America, though much thought of in Scot-
land. Finer in their make up than the Galloways, of which thcviiro
relatives, they have many admirable qualities to commend them in hiliv
districts. There have always been some polled cattle in Angus ; the
country people call them humlU'S or dodded cattle. Youatt says that
their origin is so remote, that no account of their introduction into En"'-
land can be obtained from the oldest farmers or breeders. The attention
of some enterprising agriculturists appears to have been first directed to
them about sixty years ago, and particularly on the eastern coast, and on
the borders of Kincardineshire. Some of the first ({ualities which (>c('in
to have attracted the attention of these breeders were the pcculiat (]imt-
ness and do(!ility of the doddies, the easinest: with which t(.>y wrc
managed, the few losses that were incurred from their injuring each other
in their stalls, and the power of disposing of a greater number of them in
the same space.
A few experiments upon them developed another valuable qualit) —
their natural fitness for stall-feeding, and the rapidity with whic^li they
fattened. This brought them into repute.
They have much of the Galloway form, and by those unaccustomed to
cattle would be often mistaken for the Galloways. A good judge, how-
ever, would perceive that they are larger, somewhat longer in the leg,
thinner in the shoulder, and flatter in the side.
Climate and management have caused another difference between the
Angus doddies and the Galloways. The Galloways have a moist climate ;
the V have a more robust appearance, a much thicker skin, and aroujibcr
VOLLED <-A'rTLK.
«;oi
wat of ha.r than the Angus oxon. The angus cattle ure regularly kept in
straw yards during six months of the year, receiving turnips with their
fodder every day, and in summer are grazed on dry and wann pastures
By this mode of treatment they look and feel more kindly than the Gal-
oways.
Q
a
u
O
t?
'■'^'
rx. Color of the PoUed Angrua.
The greater part of them are black, or with a few white spots
The next general color is yellow, comprehending the brindled, dark
red and silver-colored yellow. They are a valuable breed, and have
rapidly gained ground on the horned cattle, and become fur ^.r« „.,jn„j.
o« particularly in the Lowlands : and when the agriculturist now speaks
of the Angus breed, he refers to the polled species.
'Si
41
602
TIIK AMERICAN FAKMKU's STOCK BOOK.
X. Angus Cows as Milkurs.
The quantity of milk yielded by the dairy cows is various.. In tl„.
lullv distvic-ts from two to three gallons arc given p.- day, l.ut that ,s
vciv virh In thelowlandc ;v, ...vs will give Hve gallons dunng tho bent .
of the season. The co' . of !ui« di^lr■.ct weVo formerly regarded a.-- 8o.no
<,f the best dairy-cou.s in H-o... nd, but .inco the breed has been more- im-
proved, and great(-i utlention paid to the fattening qualities, they hiiv.
fallen off in their character for the pail.
XI. The Angus Compared with the QaUoway.
Thus while Angus cuttle have great v.''"" '" ^heirnative climate, they
would see.n to possess no value in tl.' country over the Gallo>vay. When
removed to a wanner latitude, in England, they degenerate, and th.
nrobabilitvis, that in this country they will not prove so g....d as tl„.
GallowaN , though it is probable that they will tind aJuurors ou iv.vount
of the gr ater excellence of their flesh.
u
DiAUKAM SHOWING THK Nl MHERS AN VaLUE OF LiVK wStOCK
IN THK WkSTERN A IES.
(\\ KST ViRoiNiA, Kentucky, Ohio, Mk uk, n, Indiana, Illinois, Wis-
(ONSiN, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouki, Kansas and Nkhkaska.)
NrMIJKRS
ff^lVi: STOCK
VAurics
' .1
Ktt
1 ! I <jr ai
uk
S'i'i^^fe
iS^^^^I
1
|^^Bp|pi
CHAI^KR X.
DAIRY CATTLE-THE AYRSHIRES.
AMtMUKK AS A MILKKH. IV. t^UALITr OF THE MII-K V MH V< i«TT'*
C'NION. VI. yilAMTV OK Tin. KI.KSII. VII. TIIK AYItSUIRF'. m AMKU^*
- -VIII. AYIWHIUE POINTS V.U'.UTY VKAIW A.JO.— ," TIIK™», ntl-^oV To'
..AV. X. POINTS OK AYItsniUK . ATTI.K XI. V.>^CVTimmsoTmK M Loh"
XU. TIIK POINTH SUMMKD UP. v,!. THK nOlJV — -XIV THK ^K^N vv
MILKl^INTS. XVI. TIIK HEAD XVII. TIIhrNKOK, mW ANU UmI.
XV..I. IMPOBTANCK OK OOOD TEAT«._XIX. 001.0.^ «TVLK AND LONrnTToN.""
I. The Antiquity of Ayrshire Cattle.
There arc few climates better adapted to dairyinir than Ayrshire in
Stotliuid, and no other part of (Jreat Britain has so long been 'noted for
it. Miperior n.-iliving cows. The elfmate is moist, with f"c(iuent soft rains
and no severely cold weather in winter. The grasses therefore are natu-
rally succulent and sweet.
The origin of the Ayrshire cow is in doubt. In 173.3 it is recorded
that im such l)reed existed in Scotland. Mr. Robertson, writin.^ in
1703, credits the introduc^tion of Ayrshire cattle into Scotland, on^the
authority of Mr. Bruce Campbell, to that Earl of Marchmont who sue-
ceedcd his title in 1724, and died in 1710.
n. Ayrshire Ancestry.
In relation to their origin Mr. Robertson says : From what particular
i.art of the country they came, there appears no evidence. My own con-
jcturo IS, that they are either of the Holderness breed, or derived from
it ; judging from the varied color, or from somewhat better evidence, the
small head and slender neck, in which they bear a striking resemblance to
them. These cattle, from which, by crosses with the native breed, the
1)1- ant improved Ayrshire arose, were first introduced on Lord Marcli-
iiiont's estate in Berwickshire. A bull of the new stock was sold to Mr
Hamilton of Sundrum ; then Mr. Dunlop, in Cunningham, imported
some of the Dutch cattle, and their progeny was long afterwards distin-
guished l)y the name of the Dunlop cows. These were Ihe first of the
unproved, or stranger breed, that reached the bailleryof Cunniu-ham
Mr. Orr, about the year 17G7, brought io his estate of Gronffar! m,.ar
Kilmarnock, some fine milch cows of a larger size than any which had
603
■-:^KtMm m**i«« '<^
604
THE AMERICAN FARMKR'.S STOCK BOOK.
been on the farm. It was not, however, until about 1780, that thia
improved breed might be said to bo duly estimated, or geiiarally cstab-
lished in that part of Ayrshire, although they had begun to extend be.
yond the Irvine, into Kyle.
o
y
■J
M
About 17U0, afoi'dlng to Mr. Alton, Mr. Fulton from Blith, curriod
them first into Carrick, and Mr. Wilson, of Kilpatrick, was ilio rirstwho
took tliom to tlH^ 3outiiern parts of that district. So late as i«u4, Ihpy
were introduced on the estate of Penmore, on the Stoneliar, and thcjrwo
DAIttY CATTLH — THE AYI18HIRK8. §05
the established cattle of Ayrshire ; they are increasing in the neighbor-
ing counties, and have found their way to nioHt parts of Britain.
in. The Ayrshire as a Milker.
The quantity of milk yielded by the Ayrshire cow is, considering ner
size, very great. Five gallons dully, for two or three months after^alv-
iiig, may be considered as not more than an average quantity. Three
gallons daily will be given for the next three months, and one gallon and
u half (luring the succeeding four months. This would amount t<. more
thiin H'){) gallons ; but, allowing for some unproductive cows, (500 gallons
per year may be considered as the average (juantity obtained annually
from each cow.
rv. Quality ol the Milk.
The quality of the milk is estimated by the quantity of butter or
cheese that it will yield. Three gallons and a half of' this milk will
yield about a pound and a half avoirdupois, of butter. An Ayrshire
cow may be reckoned to yield 257 English pounds of butter per annum
oraiu.nt five pounds per week all the year round, besides the value of the
buttermilk and her calf.
V. Mr. Youatt's Opinion.
Mr. Youatt, writing in the early part of the century says : They will
feed kindly and pi'ofitably, a.id their meat will be good. They will fatten
oil farms and in districts where others could not, except sui)[)orted by
artifieial food. They unite, perhaps, to a greater degree than any other
breed, the supposed incompatible properties of yielding a great deal of
milk and boof. It is, however, on the inferior soil and the moist climate
of Aynhire, and the west of Scotland, that their supcrioritv as milkers is
most remarkable. On their natur d food of poor ciuality they give milk
Hl)undantly and long, and often until within a few days of calvin.r • but
when they are moved to richer pasture, their constitution chan.rcs,'and
tiioy eonvert their food more into beef. It cannot bo denied that'even in
this tendency to fatten when their milk begins to fail, or which often causes
It to fail, the Ayrshires must yield to their forefathers, the Ili.rhlaiidcrs
and to th.!ir neighbors, the (lalloways, when put on a poor soil "and they
will he left considerably behind their Short-Horn sires when trans|)lanted
to luxuriant pasture. It will bo long, perhaps, before they will be
favorites with the butchers, for the lifth quarter will not usually wei-h
well in them. "^
VI. Quality oi the Flesh.
Their fnt is mingled with the flesh rather than separated m th.^ form of
tallow; yet this would give a more l)eautiful appearance to the meat, and
i
mli^KBmm»i»»**^- •■"■"■-'■■■'■ '
f t
606
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
■^:-iU-.-
should enhance its price to the consumer. This fact of their flesh hcDg
so fully marbled with fat, would he an important consideration it the
present time, if not when Mr. Youatt wrote, for tallow is not so valuatjlc
now as formerly, since the disuse of tallow caudles, and this marbled tiesh
is much sought by butchers.
VII. The Ayrshires in America.
Mr. Allen, writing in 18(i7 in relation to their importation into America
says : The Ayrshires first began to be imported into the United States
about the year 1831. They were somewhat different in apijeuraiice
from the latter importations, being in color usually deep red, or \mma,
flecked with white, of rather plain look, and having mostly black noses.
In recent importations, or those within the last fifteen years, many of
them have assumed more the Short-Horn colors, the red in tlieni l)oiiigof
a lighter shade, and less of it — white being the prevailing color in many
— and some of them a lively patched roan, with yellow noses, and hand-
some, and more symmetrical forms, but alike bearing the marks of good
milkers.
VIII. Ayrshire Points Eighty Years Ago.
Accordiiig to Mr. Aiton, the Ayrshire as it was found in its native
country and in its improved form, in the beginning of the present cent-
ury had these cliaracteristics : Head small, but rather long and narrow
at the muzzle ; the eye small, but smart and lively ; the horns small, (^lear,
crooked, and their roots at a considerable distance from each other; neck
Ion"- and slender, tapering toward the head, with no loose skin l)olow;
shoulders thin ; fore-quarters light ; hind-quarters large ; back straight,
broad behind, the joints rather loose and ojjcn ; carcass deep, and pelvis
capacious, and wide over the hips, with round fleshy buttocks ; tail long,
and small ; legs nniall and short, with firm joints ; udder capacious, broad
and scjuare, stretching forward, and neither fleshy, low hung, nor loose:
the milk-veins large and prominent ; teats short, all jjointing outward,
and at considerable distance from each other; skin thin and loose:
hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and all parts of least value,
small ; and the general flgurc compact and well proportioned.
IX. The Ayrshire ol To-Day.
The Ayrshire of to-day is noted for giving a largo quantity of milk,
rich in both butter and cheese ; and also for the wonderful develoiitnent o;
the thighs, the bulls being selected with reference to their feminine ap-
pearance. They are docile in temper, hardy, sound-constitutioiied -the
bulls broud in tiie hook bones and hips, and full in the flanks. Of late
years there have i)een a number of herds introduced into the West, and
leir flcsli lH>i.)<r
eration -it ih,.
not so val liable
s marbled Hesh
m into America
3 United States
ill appciiraiiee
red, or hrowii,
;ly black noses,
years, many of
1 them l)oiiigof
; color ill uiany
3ses, and liinid-
mavks of good
id in it8 native
o present celli-
ng and narrow
•lis stnull,clcar,
ach other ; neck
e sldn below;
back straight,
eep, and pelvis
ocks ; tail long,
apacious, broad
ing, nor loose;
nting; outward,
lin and loose;
8 of least value,
led.
lantity of milk,
devcli'p:nent 0;
ir feiniiune ap-
ititiitioned -the
Sanks. Of late
the West, and
608
THE AMERICAN FARMEK S STOCK BOOK.
wherever used they have been greatly liked, r'aretul selection has done
much to keep down their fattening qualities on full feed, and it is piolt-
ablo that there is no strictly dairy cow that to-day combines so niauy
good qualities as the Ayrshire cow.
X. Points of Ayrshire Cattle.
Dr. G. Lewis Sturtevant, of Massachusetts, a scientific investigator,
and careful fanner, who has given particular attention to the ciiaractciis-
tics and breeding of Ayrshire cattle in New England, minutely describes
the points of Ayrshire cattle. With slight variations the same rules will
apply to the Dut-ch or Holstein cattle to be hereafter noticed :
The usefulness of the dairy cow is in her udder, and toward the udder.
its shape and its yield, all the capabilities of the cow should be directed.
We may first view it as a reservoir for the milk. As such, it must l)e
laro'e and capacious, with broad foundations, extending well behind iuii
well forward, with distinct attachments ; broad and square, viewed from
behind, the sole level and broad, the lobes even-sized, and teats evenly
distributed ; the whole udder firmly attached, with skin loose and elastic
Such a form gives great space for the secreted milk, and for the lodi^ment
of the glands, while allowing the changes from an empty to a full vessol.
The glands should be free from lumps of fat and muscle, well set uj) in
the body when the cow is dry, and loosely covered with the soft and elastic
skin, without trace of flabbiness. Such a covering allows for extension
when the animal is in milk, while the glands are kept in proximity with
the blood-vessels that supply them.
XI. Esoutoheon or Milk Mirror.
I think a broad escutcheon is fully as good a sign as a long one ; that,
quantity or quality mciin more than shape, yet I would not discird the
shape entirely. The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and the
escutcheon mark, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrshire cow.
These influence profit, and also the shapes of the body and the form of
the animal. The milk vessel ?s placed in the pubic region of the cow,
and is protected on either side by the hind limbs. The breadth of its
attachments secures breadth of body, and the weight reijuires al.jO a depth
of quartei and of flanks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip
»bove, and length of loin here appears related to length of pelvi.''. So
routh for the physical portion. The physical function of milk-produoiiij,'
demands a great and continuous flow of blood, for it nuust not be for-
gotten that milk is blood, so to speaU . This flow is dependent on the
supply of food, and on the facilities of digestion. To gain this.jii liir^e
body u« required in order to hold the suitubie digestive orgau.s. To gain
the most of our blood after it has absorbed the chyle from the digestive
liAIHY CATTLK— THE AYRSHIKES. ,j,)y
organ, reason Shows that it should find its way freely and Bpeedilv
through the system on its labors of supply and removal, cleanse itself iu
the lungs, and agam pass on to its duties. AH this points to a healthy
heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacity ; for thoyield of milk
drams much nutnment from the system, and the constitution must needs
have tiic v.gor g, yea by healthy and active heart and lungs, In this wav
the ciiest IS correlated with the udder.
The reproductive functions require hook bones of good size, and a
broad pelvis .s d(.s.rable, as underlying within are the generative organs
Defects here are to be shunned,
Xn. The Points Summed Up.
The points of the Ayrshire cow, as given by the Ayrshire Agricultural
Sooety and the New York State Agricultural Society, have been summed
up as follows :
Xm. The Body.
The whole fore-quarters thin in front, and gradually increasing in
depth and width backward, yet of sufficient breadth and roundness to in-
sure constUufon ; back should be straight and the loins wide, the hips
rather h.gh and well spread ; pelvis roomy, long, broad and straight, hook
bones w.de apart, quarters long, tolerably muscular, and full in their
upper portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should have a
degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full udder ; the flanks
we 1 let down, but not heavy ; ribs, behind, springing out very round and
full, affording space for a large uddei-the whole carcass thus acquiriao
increased volume toward its posterior portion. ^
XIV. The Skin.
In connection with the body and the udder, the skin isof great value in
assisting our judgment Between the portion of the external covering
a«3d for leather, and the m.scle, there occurs a layer of cellular tissue
which contains a larger or smalle. amount of fat cells, and the meilow
The «kin varies from a thin, papeiy hide, covered with silky hair, to
a thic .supple elastic hido, well coated with hair, on the one Ld.Ind
a siimlar variation, with ha.-'., and coarseness, on the other ^
W'E, f r''"?- '^'" "''^"'"^ ^"^ ' ^^^'-^^ constitution;
n the h .' ' '"'^' "'" "" ^'''' ""^ ^hich on the flank come
into the hand almost with ijf ^inu..:„„ :.,^:. ...._.. ....... . .
„„„ . , , , c — 1-- -oi Mf-:.va^c3 uiu lieigm; of vi"-or
-rnpan^d by the fattening tendency, and .he possessor ^.f this h^^
■.ngondares chmatic changes, low quality in bis food, and neglect, with
(;io
THE AMERICAN FARMEB's STOCK BOOK.
remarkable hardihood, and quickly responds to full feed and good euro.
The harsh handler is a (hill feeder, consumes much food, and goncrally
contains more than a just. proportion of offal or waste. In the Ayrshire.
cow we desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the milk product
that wo wish the fond to be utilized, and it is almost an unchanging law
of nature, that deficiciicy in one direction must bo compensated for by
excess in another direction, and vice versa. At any rate, the cow that
lays on fat too quickly is seldom a first class milker ; and how well known
is it that the cow of large yield milks down her condition. A cow that
has a moderately thin, loose skin, of sufficient elasticity and supplciicsis of
touch, without being fat-cushioned, as it were, with hair soft and mossy
or woolly, if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk a large (luaiitity^
and when she becomes dry, will rapidly come into condition. In truth,
the handling of the Ayershire cpw must be good ; it cannot be too good ;
but it must not be of exactly that quality sought for iu the grazing lireeds.
There, as everywhere, the dairyman must keep to his line ; milk, not
fat, is his profit ; and in seeking excess of both, he will be liable to fall
below the average of either.
XV. Milk Points.
It is an axiom of breeders to diminish the useless parts of an animal
as much as possible, or, in other words, to reduce the proportion of those
parts not conducive to profit to as great extent as possible. Applying
this rule to a dairy breed, we should desire a small neck, shai-p shoulders,
sma'l brisket and small bone. Moreover, small bone usually iiccompu-
nies thrift, and is universally found in improved breeds. We thus havea
reason for these other Ayrshire points :
Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tops, small at their
points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle; brisket light;
neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and
taperint' to the head; tail long and slender; legs short, bones fine,
joints firm.
XVI. The Head.
The head should be small, in shape either long and narrow, or broad
in the forehead and short, according to the type of animal preferred by
the breeder, generally preferred somewhat dishing ; the noso tapering tx)
an expanded muzzle, with good clean nostrils. Opinions differ us to the
general shape of the head. A broad forehead and short face occuro
more frequently in bulls, and are generally esteemed a masculine charac-
teristic ; a more elongated face is called feminine. Yet some fainilieaof
well-bred and good milking Ayrshire cows have the broad mid short
head, and such were, at one time, if not now, the favorites in the show-
yard in Scotland.
DAIRY CATTLE THE AYRBHraES.
611
Thoeye should be moderately full, lively yet placid looking. The eve
isu mirror of the disposition, and interprets the character of the cow u
fretful, irntable animal is seldom a quick fattener, and usually disap-
points ut the pail It also gives expression to the features, and physio^-
nomy aids our judgment. ■'' '^
The ears should be of a good size, but thin, and their skin of rich
yellow color. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-bred animals, and
these may be considered to a certain extent, indicative of general coLrs.-
nesa. 1 he color of the sku,, as shown inside the ear, is usually considered
indicative of the richness of the milk in butter
The horns should be of medium size, of fine' texture, with an outward
and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightly inwards ac
cording to the taste of the breeder. They should \. L T rathe
mdely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide as
there seems an intimate relation between the composition of tU horn hlir
and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an a^pear^
ance oftentimes of correlation between the two,
XVn. The Neck, Body and Limbs.
The neck ^ho«ld be of medium length throughout, and tapering to the
throat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging sldn Ye\ too
thin a neck ,s not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate animal A
anck-set neck, well covered, yet not overladen with muscle, accompanies
hardiness and vigor of constitution. ^
The junction of the neck with the body and over the shoulders is
called the crops; on a horse it would bo called the withers. A hollow
behind this point ,s a never-failing sign of weakness. The crops should
blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This
Bbou der and a wel defined spine produce the sharpness of shoulder so
much a nnred. The back should he straight, witll spine well d" o
espeaallv forward The t.il long, finn in the bone, and set on a level'
with the hack, without depression or notch. A fine tail usually accom
panics fine bone, and the tine bone is not only decrease of offal' over
heavy hinl.s but accomi,anies early maturity, and a. tendency to thrift
The lnn^.s should bo finc-boned, flat-boned, and with joints cff moderate
size. On the forward limbs the cow should stand low. Large joints and
Me p'r "" '""' """' ''"'""''^ "" '"" '''"^^"' ^°^ - -'-• ' «^
XVTIT. Importanoe of Good Teats.
.J,!;i':::!i*™.ii 'I'L",'. '"»*":" '?«*• -"-'^ -t. -d proie..
i""' '■' " ""' ""-^^ "* ^"'''' "'^ *"^''" ihiciiness throuo-hout and
of bno textiuv. They should b,- placed about on.>-third of th^ len^b of
61 i
THE AMBRICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK.
the "vessel" apart in one direction, and about one-half the othor.
When the udder is not distended, they should hung perpeiidicuLirly.
Large teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accompanied by
coarseness of build in the cow. They are seldom found on woll-Dred
animals, yet exceptionally they occur, and are much liked. A teat should
be large enough to grasp, say from two to two and a half inches in
length. A shorter one would be an objection ; with larger, I should fear
coarseness.
XIX. Color Style and Condition.
In color the Ayrshires vary greatly. Brown, red, and white apjjears
to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well
distributed, adds style and showiness to the animal. Yellow and white is
frequently seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating lack
of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs or argument having been
brought forward to support this view. Color is as yet a matter of tuste,
for its correlations are hardly guessed at ; and from almost pure black ,
through the reds to almostpure white, are colors found on the best cows.
Black spots on the skin, barely perceptible through the hair, often oeoiir
on the best cattle. Strawberry blotched and red and white are jjcrhaps
the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a roan, or animal
with white on the ears, the writer has never yet seen among the Ayr-
shires in Scotland or in this country, when the pedigree was unques-
tionable.
The carriage should be light and active, the head well up, and the hind
legs should not cross in walking. The condition should be neither fat
nor lean, but that average which a good cow holds when in good flesh at
calving, liberally fed while in milk.
In selecting Ayrshires, if these points are attended to, and if the
breeder has carefully studied what we have previously written in relation
to raising cattle in general, there will be no difficulty about the seleetioa
of superior animals.
ai PTER XI.
DAIRY CATTLE-THE DUTCH BREEDS.
J. ANTIQUITV OF DDTCH CATTLK AS A DISTINCT RACE II. PRIESIAN ANDBATAVIAM
CATTLK. III. DUTCH CATTLE OLDEK THAN THOSE OP HOLSTEIN IV A.AB.
U9HMENT OF REGULAR CATTLE MARKETS V. IMPORTATION OF DANISH CATTLB
INTO FKIESLAND. VI. FACTS ABOUT DUTCH CATTLE. VII. VARIETIES DE^
CUIBED. Vm. RACES OF DUTCH CATTLE. IX. DR. aEORGE MAV's fESTlI
MONY. X. BREEDS OF NORTH AND SOUTH HOLLAND AND WEST FRIESLAND — -
XI. THEIR COLOK AND FORM XII. YIELDS OF MILK XIH. FEEDING OUAL-
ITIES. — XIV. DUTCH CATTLE AN ARTIFICIAL BREED. XV. THE EARLIEST
IMPORTATIONS. XVI. THE LEROY IMPORTATION. XVII. THE CHENFRyTm.
POHTATION. XVIII. WHAT PROF. ROBERTS SAYS. XIX. MEASURENENTO
ADOITED FOR DUTCH FRIESIAN CATTLE XX. HOW TO SELECT DAIRY OOWS.
1. Antiquity of the Dutoh Cattle as a Distinct Race.
The ciittle now culled Dutch undoubtedly truce, in an unbroken line,
farther back than any other race in repute among breeder.s. The Fries-
inns and Batuvians long ago iiihul)ited Holland. The history of the
Friesians dates buck to 300 yeurs before Christ, and they were known
more than 2,000 years ugo us herdsmen, hunters and fishermen. The Bu-
tavians are said to have come some 200 years later, or 100 yeurs before
Clirist. Prof. G. J. Hengerveid, of the Royul Veterinury Institute at
Utrecht, Netherlands, in an exhaustive letter to the United States Consul
in 1872, goes over the whole history, and without other preface we ex-
tnict such portions as seem pertinent to the matter iii hand :
Tiie lands of the Friesians comprised the whole country to the north of
the Rhine as far us the shore of the North Sea, to which West and East
Friesland belonged, composing the present Dutch provinces of Gronin-
gen, Friesland, Dreuthe, and North Holland, besides the provinces of
Utrecht, Overyssell, and a part of Gulderland lind South Holland. Of
all these provinces Groningen alone appertained to East Friesland.
11. Friesian and Batavian Cattle.
Tacitus says of the Friesians and Batavians that they owned cattle, not
excelling in beauty, but in number. He further states, as does also
Julius Csesar, that the Friesians and Batavians paid each other in cows,
sheep and goats, and gave likewise to their children as dowry, oxen
adapted to the yoke and plough, cattle and horses. When they were
subdued by the Romans in the first century of our era, the conquerors
imnn«pfl nnnn i^lio V>.i<>o:....o .•■. ..n>>""l <^-:i-.;<^" „„.,„:.*.:..„,. 4! !.:j__ i
— J „j • 11 "K.ii-7 !!ii ciliistttti t;:ifULC, v •ailBIStlllg Oi tJUWlllUCB UIIU
meat. The Friesians and Batavians applied themselves to the drainimr
613
THE AMl!.RIC;AN FABJUR'S STOCK BOOK.
of their marshy hinds and their islands, and created meadows on the re-
claimed Hoil. Something is even known regarding the color <<f tlieir cut-
tle, namely, that they held those of a white color in religious vtiieration.
The Friesians, from Oldenburg and the country near the month of tb,
Elbe, were con)pelled, through the inclemency of those rci^ions— tlieii in
their original condition of low alluvial 8\\,imp8, inundated at every tide-
to desert them. It can also be shown that the inliabitants of this terri-
tory were unable to mak'e sure provision for their own wants, because of
the robberies and piracies committed by the Normans, by dwellers uii the
west coast of Denmark, people from Holstein and Schleswig, Jutes imd
Angles. This was between the eighth and eleventh centuries. (Jiving
due weight to these statements, it cannot bo doubted that the cultivation
of cattle in tlio Netherlands existed a long time before such a thing
could be thought of in Holstein,. It is also quite as certain tlrit the . oj.
onies from Friesland, Holland and Westphalia, carried with them their
cattle to Holstein.
m. Dutch Cattle Older than those ol Holstein.
Hence we see that, fir.st, the Dutch race of cattle date from an oldci
descent than those of Holstein ; while, probably, second, the; Holstein
cattle or<rinatefl from the Friesian breed and from that of the Dutcli and
Westphalia finigmnts. After this colonization, we have our attention
directed to uswii).? remarkable particular in the history of Dutch eattle,
W. Establishment of Regular Markets.
From the fourteenth on till the eighteenth century, a large number of
Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the grassy meadows
of North Holland, and sold at the weekly North Holland Me market.
The oldest of these cattle markets is that of the city of Uoorn. This
market was already established in 1311, and in 1339 the Danes and the
inhabitants of the Eyder, were allowed by Albrecht, duko of Bavaria, to
hold a weekly market there. In 1(505, the Danish cattle market was re-
moved from Hoorn and transferred to Enkhuyzen, when, in l(i24, the
number of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was also in Amsterdam a lean-
cattle market, beginning in the Spring, in the month of April, hut hek!
at irregular periods, depending upon wind and weather, when eatli were
allowed to be conveyed thither from Denmark and Holstein to graze.
These were mostly brought by vessel.
V. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland.
In the middle of the eighteenth century, it is mentioned that, ovviugto the
cattle-plague, the people were compelled to import from aVnoad all knxh
of small cattle, chiefly Danish. But, what w.-is remarkable, however
d()W8 on the re-
tor of their cnU
iouH \ . iicpatidii
10 moutli of tin
ci^ions — then in
at every tide-
its of tliis t(>rri-
mts, btu^ausc of
dwellers on tlic
swig, Jutes luid
ituries. (living
t the cultivation
re such a thinjr
ain that the « dl-
with them their
tin.
,0 from an (tide
d, the Holstciu
f the Dutch and
'e our attention
of Dutch cattle.
large uunihcr of
crasRV moadowf
id Mc market.
)f lloorn. This
3 Danes and the
M of Bavaria, to
15 niark(!t was rr-
icn, in 1()24, the
nsterdani a lean-
' April, hill hell]
when catt. ■ were
)l,stoiu to graze.
md.
that, owing to the
a!>roail all kinds
irkal)lc, however
1>\1RY CATTLE— THE DUTCH BKKEDB. HI 6
small and ill-favon-d the.e an.uu.ls ,n!ght be when co. ,,arod with the
handsome IneMan aorned cattle, an improvement of food induced a
fflvorahle development of body, and, from the mixture of the two breeds
good and chouj milch-kine were attainqd within two or three generations
after the uitroduct.on of the foreign blood, no matter how much the race
had m the begmmng deteriorated through the process, and. eventually,
the type of Danish and German cattle was quite lost.
VI. Pacts about Dutch Cattle.
The chief characteristics of this Friesiun bn it. eminent milk
gi^ng and fattening qualities-we find in uil , rricts mentioned;
and e.xteudmg stdl farther southward; with th .u,>rence. however
that wherever the land is more fertile, the climat* alder, and the tend'
ing, feeding and breeding of the cattle observed with more care in that
measure, they are more developed, attain larger size, and are of a finer
texture.
If the intei, .n be to convey a correct understanding of the true
quaht.es of the several varieties or breeds mentioned in their own d wellln<.
places. It IS better that each breed should retain the name by which it is
known and that no collective name, though a historical one, .hould be
given them.
Vn. Varieties Described.
In order to be able to readily classify a group of cattle of great
extent, possessing the same chief qualities in form and productivetiess
Sturm proposed so long as fifty years ago, to give to a group, subjee
^ the same conditions of soil and climate, a name indicating tLe con
.tions, and thus originated Mountain Cattle, Highland Cattle and Low-
land Catt e. He also heads each of these divisions by the breed best renri
^ntmg the di,stinctive feature of its class, a. its ijpe. It is u der^h"
enomina ion of Lowland Cattle that he places thf different b eel o
the coast ands along the North Sea. Seh.nalz, Pabst and many sub.e
quentwnt.rs adopt this classification, .ome with a few modifiUtti
Aceordmg to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Sturm's cksSZ'
may be distinguished in the following manner : cussibcation,
Vni. Races of Dutch Cattle.
A. Lowland Race.-Primitive cow ; Dutch-Friesian cow.
B. Mounta.n Raee.-Degenerate. quite the contrary of A ; Swiss cow
Flisrcow.^ ^^•-^^^'^^-^ '-^^ ■' '--' ^'^ --^^ ^- aTb :
ft,r : :^ r!'°^» ^"^ ^"*cJi. ^« representatives, the Frie.sian the
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
^ /APPLIED IIVHGE I
^Fl 1653 East Moin SIreel
r^S Rocheatsr. New York M609 USA
^= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
^ (716) 288 - 5989 -Fan
'??'!?
<;i«)
THE AMERICAN FARMEU's STOCK HOOK.
1, %
This is a purely natunil division, and there is not the least arroiranoe
in asserting, what history i)oint8 out, that the Dutch cattle constitut"' the
type of the oldest, purest, and best breed. All other varieties arc of hM
intrinsic value ; they are coarser or smaller, possess less productive (|Uiili.
ties, tiiough of local excellence in their native places.
One hears in Europe of " Lowland cattle," but purchases of thtMii for
the purpose of improving other breeds have, for the last hundred ytars,
only been made in the chief Netberland provinces, where the ciiOinjHt
cattle of the Lowlands are found. Thus, thousands of Dutch and Friesiaii
cattle are annually sent abroad under the name of Dutch cattle.
TK Dr. George May's Teatimony,
Dr. George May, director of the agricultural establishment at Woiliou.
8tei)han, says : The Dutch cattle constitute the typo of the properly so-
callcid Lowland race, which extends throughout Netherlands, Flanders,
Normandy, Oldenburg, and Denmark. The Oldenburg cattle desfiiicltMl
from the Dutch race, and are likewise distinguished as East Friesiau
cattle, as still partially found in Hanoverian Friesland. In the adja-
cent parts of Bremen it is called Bremen cattle.
In the transactions of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, 1872, in an artich'
on Dutch cattle, by Professor Furstenburg, we find the following;
The breeds of cattle in Holland may be divided according to their locali'ty
as follows : 1. The breeds in the provinces North and South Holland and
West Friesland. 2. The breeds in the provinces Groningen, Gueklcrland.
Utn^cht, and Overyssel. 3. The breeds in the provinces of Scoland,
Altiiough these breeds are closely related, still they show difforonces
resulting from keeping and the various purposes for which they are bred.
X. Breeds of North and South Holland and West Friesland.
The breed most renowned in the kingdom for its milk-producin<i' «iuali-
ties is found in theso three provinces. But North Holland in paTtitular
is noted for the manner of keeping cattle, which are known by tiie nanic
of Amsterdam race, being no less remarkable on account of size than foi'
the great production of milk. The pastures of North Holland are said t..
contain 100,000 morgen (58-100 morgen to an acre) ; every acre furnishc..
nourishment for 49-100 head of cattle. The peasants are engaged alnicKst
solely in cattle breeding, and the keeping and care which these animals
receive here has almost become proverbial on account of its perfection
XI. Their Color and Perm.
The cattle here are mostly spotted black and white ; however, brown and H
blue or gray mixed are found,
The heig'it
is considerable, bciii": not
^0lr'^
DAIRY CATTLE THK DUTCH HRKEDS. Qij
under two Amsterdam oils, (4 51-100 feet) ; the leni^th „f th« l.odv ,n pro
portion to the height, the middle pari of which is parliculu.iy deVeloned"
theqimrtors fleshy, neek rather .short than Ion-, with a stron.r dewL •'
head narn.w and long, with the forc'lu-ad slightly depressed Tfine horns
crooked forward, and large proje. ting ears. The witluMvs are often n-ir
row; the har-k. on the other hand, broad acr.ss the hips, which are m)t
very promment ; the tail line and long, with a good ti.ft of hair • the po.i
tion of the Innd legs strong and straight ( not knock-kneed ) , the hind-, uar
ters broad and roomy, and the bag well developed. The lower part of the
legs above the hoofs is invariably white, whieh is regarderl as a si.r„ of
the pure unmixed breed. The live weight of the cows is 1.200 to 1 400
pounds; that of bulls reaches 2,000 pounds ^vlien full grown antl fit'tcd
The cows are usually productive of milk, and .ivo an avcra.re of 3 000
quarts and over per annum. ' '
A very excellent Tnilch cow of the Amsterdam race, from the royal
cow stal)le ni Lldena, which was brought with a few others to the Inter
national Exhibition, took the first premium for milch c(,ws of the
Mherhmd race at the International Exhibition of live stock at Stettin in
I 65. i h's cow, fed m the stall o.ily, gave in one year the great quan-
tity of (,,142 quarts of milk, and kept up afterwards to 4,000 .marts in an
oquiil length of time.
To the breed of North Holland are nearly related those of South Hoi-
land and West! riesland, and differ perhaps only in that the latter are
lurger-boiKd, and in general of not so pleasing a form. In ro.rard to
their milk-producing qualities they are about equal. The mm.ner of
keeping the stock, and the use of the milk, is also the same viz • the
manufacture of cheese, while the calves are raised and sold as'youn<r
stock at high prices. From these three provinces, the former two of
which suffered so much lately from rinderpest, milch cows are bou-ht
for the best dairies in Germany. '"'
Holland cattle are well adapted to soiling, although at home they are
accustonied to pasturage. They are kept profitably on the latter only
when Its almndaiice facilitates grazingand makes corporal exertion unnec
essary. 1 herefore a great error would be made in placing these animals
on a scant pasturage, and they are not at all adapted to the pastura<re of
a light soil Ihe resultof stall-feeding is more favorable, because pi;per
care and fodder can be given to the stock without its exertion We have
received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed
as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academy at P:idena has
(JIM
THE AMKIMCAN FAUMEK 8 STOCK HOOK.
XIII. Yields of Milk.
Th(, yield of milk in IHHo of these races was :
1. Four Toudern cows gave !),337 quarts, or an average of ■j,:]^
quarts, or 6 3-10 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker iiuve
2,345 quarts, the sniiillest, 2,020 quarts.
2. Three Breitenhurg cows gave 8,594 quarts, or an average of -JMi
2-3 quarts, or 7 85-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest milkor
gave 2,94() quarts, the smallest, 2.820 quarts.
3. Three Ayrshire cows gave .'>,38(> quarts, or an average of l,?!!,") 1.3
quarts, or 4 92-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest niilki r ^r:>ve
2,249 quarts, the smallest 1,415 quarts.
4. Twenty-two Holland cows gave 78, 100 quarts, or an uvera<ic of ;i,,:i,-,()
quarts, or 9 73-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest niilU(Mir;,v(.
6,142 quarts, the smallest 2,52(j (juarts.
The average feed per head in the Winter was daily — 10 pouiuls .Sum-
mer straw, cut tine ; 2 1-2 pounds ^oat and wheat chaff ; 25 pounds hoet,^,
10 pounds hay ; 8 pound refuse malt from beer brewery ; 3 pounds ivc
bran. This food is considered about equal to 42 9-10 pounds hay.
During the Summer the cows wert fed daily per head 135 pounds green
fodder, viz., clover and vetches (of the latter very little was used\ and
three times a day 8 pounds of hay.
xm. Feeding Qualities.
Although there is no doubt that the Holland cows eat more, generallv.
than the smaller Ayrshire and Toudern, this is 01 minor importance in
comparison with the greatei- amount of milk given by the former. The
greater amount of feed consumed by the Holland cows can be estimated,
viz : Nine of them stood at one crib, while ton of the smaller stood ;it
another of equal size ; the fodder was, liowever, divided the same ii;
The proportion is as nine to ten, or when the smaller cows eat 45 j. , ,
of hay, the larger ones eat 50 pounds.
From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cows used " trillo over
5 pounds weight of hay to produce one quart of milk ; Breitenhurg used
<i 25-100 pounds of hay ; Toudern 7 pounds of hay ; Ayrshire 9 pounds
of hay. By these i-esnlts it cannot remain doubtful which race is preferable.
XIV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed.
It seems unf rtunatc that there should have been much feeling over
the name of a breed of cattle, really the most wonderful as milkers of
any known race. In the Eastern United States they tire known as Duteli,
Holstein, and Dutch.-Friosian cattle. In the West they are .'ilmnst nni=
vo'-«(ly known as Holstein cattle. The probability is that the name
DAIHV CATTLK — THE DUTfll HKEKD8.
019
Fi icsian is mote nearly corroct than any other. Nevertheless, the moderi^
Dutch cow is as purely an artiticially-hrcd animal as the Short-Horn, the
Hereford or the .Vyrshire. Thoy have been bred and selected with
scicntitic care so long that their character is constant and uniform in
ciipiihilitios for milk, and they are bred to color almost purely at the
whim of the breeder, one thing alone being constant. Wliere thcv are
white they are pure white, and where black they are pure black, whether
they be banded in color or spotted.
XV. The Earliest Importations.
It is more than probable that Dutch cattle were among the first im-
ported to this continent, since the Dutch in their settlement of New York
undoubtedly brought vith them the best representatives of their breeds.
It is recorded that in 1625 cattle were brought into the Dutch colony.
These were undoubtedly the true Dutch cattle, since milk and labor were
the two prime requisites with the colonists, and even so long a<>c as that
date, the Dutch cattle united these points in a high degree. For as Icno
ago as the early part of the seventeenth century (early in 1600) both
Holliuid and T^ngland were noted for breeds of superior and deep-milkino-
cattb. After these early importations of the Dutch and up to the early
part of the present century there were probably no more Dutch cattle
imported.
XVI. The Le Roy Importation.
It is stated that somewhere between 1820 and 1825, Mr. Herman Le
Roy, a public spirited merchant of New York city, imported some im-
proved Dutch cattle which were sent to his ji'arm near the city. Between
1827 and 1829, some of the produce of Ihis herd were sent to the farm of
hb son, Edward Le Roy, on the Genesee river. Mr. L. F. Allen de-
scril.es this herd in 1833, as he then saw them, as being large, well-spread
cattle, black and white in color, and remarkable for their uncommon
yield of milk, and of gi .u value as dairy animals ; their qualities in that
line w(!re universally acknowledged wherever known.
It seems unfortunate that the Le Roys, father and son, should not have
retained their herd pure, but such seems to ha" u been the fact, for it is
known that at the sale of the farms of these gentlemen, none but ^^rades
were found in the herd or in the adjacent country.
XVn. The Chenery Importation.
According to the record it seems that the first imported animals tha
have been retained pure, were those of Mr. W. C. Chenery, ne.-ir Boston.
inl8()l. This was a hull and four cows, which were successfully bred
and kept pure. Mr. Chenery, previous to that time, in 1852, imported
620
TIIK AMKFUCAN FAUMEK S STOCK liOOK.
a single cow. In 1«57 he made importations of a hull and two
cows, and in 1859 a further importation of four more cowt,,
With this latter importation ho was so unfortunate as to import
pleuro-pncumonia. The ravages of this dread disease extended Ui
the entire herd, and with the excepti*.>n of a single young bull,
DAIRY CATTLK — THK DUTCH nKEEDS.
li-'I
they wc'if Piitiroly dostroycd. In 1801 Mr. ('henevv made anothor
iiiiportiaioii of a imll and four vows, wliicli earno ovor sound. Theso jind
tlicir (k'.scendauis wore tiu' only [)ure-l)red licrd in America for years.
Tlmt tiiey were the best representatives of their breed is certain from tlio
fact that they were selected with care from tiie best dairy heids of North
Hollaiid, and were so certified to by the official authorities of the districts
whore they were bred.
Later, as they gained a foothold in the West and showed their eminent
»diii)tal)ility to the climate, and thi'ir wonderful yields of milk l)ecame
known, sao-acious breeders undertook the importation as a business speo
uliition. These cattle are now i)retty well distributed from Ohio west,
and, with full summer and winter feeding, are regarded by many dair\--
inen, especially cheese-makers, as superior to any other known milking
breed.
X^TXri. What Prof. Roberts Says.
Prof. Roberts, in an address before the New York Dairyman's Associa-
tion, gives the following in relation to breeding and care in North Hol-
land and Friesland, from actual observation there :
In the first place, but few bulls are kei)t, and these butfor two or three
years at most, when they are sold in the market for beef. These bulls
are selected with the utmost care, invariabh^ being the calves of the
(choicest milkers. But little attention is paid to fancy points or color,
I hough dark spotted is preferred to light spotted, and more attention
is now being paid to color in order to suit American customers. All
other bull calves with scarce an exception are sold as veals, brino-inf'
about one and a half times as much as with us. In like manner the
heifer calves are sold except about twenty per cent, which are also select-
ed with care and raised on skimmed milk. The age of the cow is usually
denoted by the number of her calves, and in no case did I find a cow that
had had more than six calves, usually only four or five. Theiri'ule is to
breed so that the cow's first calf is dropped in the stable before the dam
is two years old, in order that extra care and attention mav be given.
There are other objects gained by this method ; for should the heifer fall
l)eIow their high standard she goes to the butcher's market before another
wintering, and though she brought little prf.fit to the dairy she will more
than pay for her keeping at the block. Here we find a three fold method
of selection. First in the sire ; second, in the young calf, judged largely
l)y the milking qualities of the dam ; and lastly is applied the greatest of
«11 tests, performance at the pail; and not till she answers this satisfac-
torily is she accorded a permanent place in the dairy.
h2'J TIIK AiMElUCAN FAUMKU'S STOCK BOOK.
XIX. Measxirements Adopted for Dutch Friesian Cattle.
The mciiriurcmenta adopted by the Dutch-Friesian Association of Anier.
ica ill estimating vahie, witli a view to tal)ulated records in future, incliui.
ing milk records, are as follows : 1 — Length from jioint of shoulder w.
\)oiTit of pelvis. 2 — Length from forward point of hips to point of jxhis
3 — Width of hips. 4 — Width at the thuil. 5 — Height at shouidtrs.
ft»— Height at hips. 7 — Girth at the smallest circumfcreuce iunnediatdv
back of shoulders.
XX. How to Select Dairy Cows.
To sum up the whole matter of dairy breeds in a few words : If rich
milk, without regard to quantity, is desired, select the little Jersevs.
■AM/vif. /i^^^^?^^^
HOLSTEIN COW ANO CALP.
"Astrea ad," the cow which took the Sweepstakes Prize at the Illinois State Fair last yeai. She
is five years old, weighs about 1650 pour "s, and is a good milker, giving from 56 to 64 pounds of
milk per day.
They will certainly satisfy the most difficult to please. If both butter
and milk are wanted, our preference would lie with the Ayrshires. But
if great quantities of milk excellently adapted to the manufacture of
cheese were the object, we shouM have no hesitation in saviuir* the Dnixh
cattle will quite fill the most sanguine expectations.
TFIAPTER XII.
THE RAISINQ AITD ECONOMICAL PEEDINQ OP CATTLE.
,. IMPORTANCE OF IMlOPEn CAUE WIULE TOUNO. II. DIFFERENCE BETWFEN
0001. AND BA.> CAIIE. II,. THE .TARVEl. CALVES AT GKASS.—^V THE
OTIIEK 8IUE. V. GOOD WINTER KEEPING FOR CALVES ^VI. WHEN Isl
now TO CASTRATE. VII. YOUNG BEEF. VIII. HEAVY STEElL.— IX FmL
FEEDING AND EARLY MATURITY. X. ECONOMY IN FEEDING.— -XI THE TRUF
POLICY WITH YOUNG STOCK. XII. FEEDING THE YOUNG CALVFS — XMI
FEEl. GRASS AND OATS EARLY. XIV. WHERE THE PROFIT COJ^r^ —
XV. FEEDING FOR BEEF AND FOR LABOR. XVI. REACHING RESULTS vv,.
:!^XIx'TGZD™ONmM-^T^""^-v""'"'^"^^'''^^
XIX. A GOOD CONDIMENT XX. SO-CALLED PERFECT FOODS.
I. Importance of Proper Care while Young.
There is no more importiint factor in the management of cattle than
proper care while young. Those who imagine that they are doing the
correct thing if they ciin manage to keep life in a calf until it is three
months old, and then have it get fat on grass before winter comes, al-
ways have a set of "scrawns," with their digestive organs destroyed by
improper food, and which never make either healthy steers or cows." TiieV
are always runts— contemptuously called "scalawags," by the butchers
in our markets— and sell for one and a half to two cents a pound,
when good cattle are worth from four and a half to six cents.
n. Difference between Good and Bad Care.
A single illustration will suffice. One man will give calves new milk
until they are six weeks old, and then gradually reduce the quantity
substituting oat-meal porridge or fine corn-meal mush, with a.very little
linseed added, or mixing equal parts of oat-meal and corn-meal in the
milk, until the calf is four months old. Then it will do well on soft
grass and oats.
The other man takes the calf from the cow at one day old, and feeds
it skim-milk until- the age of three weeks, when half-cooked, coarse
meal-husks and all— is mixed with the milk ; and finally at six weeks or
two months old, the calf is turned out to grass, receiving, perhaps, an
occasional ration of sour whey. It is poor, does not grow, takes "the
Hcours," which is only another name for indigestion, and if the animal
gets through the first winter with what such a man calls special nursin-
and occasional greasings with "anguintum, " to kill lice, he finds himself
the possessor of a scrubby yearfinor. readv ( ?^ fnr r^r.>.u *!,.,* will ^-AJr-K
skm and bones, rrom seventy to ninety pounds.
40 « «2a
4
i
iiMt"^
■St
624
■iiiK ami:uk;an iaumeu'« stock book.
III. The Starved Calves at Orass.
11,. .'xnect« his calves to -ot on llu-ir food tlio next sumnu'r. C-aUv. ur.
endowed with gmitvitalilv, and if their slonmrh. recover som.Hui.i; of
tone thov will have shed tlieir oUl hair, (what has not been eaten out l,v
vermin) i.yllie first of Julv, and hy fall, if it be a good year for iirass,
thev will be in half-decent store condition, and perhaps weigh L.Oto 170
pounds each. That is, they will have gained from sixty to eighty pounds
of flesh each, to cover their bones. They are at the end of e.L'l.ttMM,
months! just where a good calf should have been at weaning tune tl,,. full
BAD1.V WINTERED.
WELL WINTERED.
before, but with constitutions ruined so far as profitiU.le feeding is
concerned. . . in,
Thus, this kind of feeding goes on ; starved in winter and allowed td
shift for themselves in summer, at the age of t^.ee years they will aver-
age 800 pounds, gross weight, if no epidemic seizes them.
rv. The Other Side.
The common-sense feeder keeps his calves growing right along, with
plenty of new milk until their stomachs are capable of digesting solid
food \vhen meal mush is added, and the cream taken from the milk. .\s
soon'as they will eat oats and grass, they are given as much of these as
they want ; and in the autumn, when ready for wintering, it would not
be strange if they should average 200 pounds each.
V. Gk>od Winter Keeping lor Calves,
They are driven warm shelter and the best and softest hay, with a gen-
erous allowance of meal daily. So they grow right along, and may be
made to gain a hundred pounds during the Avinter. The next summer
they are kept on flush pasture, or, if grass is bad, they get some corn,
with plenty of pure water, and a place is provided where they may es-
cape flies ■" Thus at three years old the steers are heavy beeves, and the
heifers will have produced a fine c^lf. each, and be ready to do justice to
them in the way of nourishment.
hie f c('din<r is
rUK UAISINO AND KCONO.MKAl, FKEDINO UK CATTLE'. 62ff
VI. Whon and How to Castrate.
Miiiiy persons put off gelding their ciilvcs luitil tlicy arc six months old,
iiiul "t'ifii until they are a year old. This will do if " stag-s " arn wanted ;
liut stags, however fat, sell for one or two eeiits a pound less in the niar-
kit tiiaii steers. The proper time to geld bull calves is not later than the
iijrc (if four weeks.
W'licii the calves are about three weeks old, drive tlieni into a close
pen. Secure a calf so it may stand at ease, but not struggle severely ;
or, it may be thrown on the left side tor the operation.
Seize the scrotum with the left hand, and press the testicles rather
tirniiv to the bottom ; with a keen blade, rounded at the point, cut at a
Hiii;.'l« stroke down through the scrotum and into the testicles, first one
ami then the other. Separate the meml)rane carefully, l)ut quickly, when
it unites, and draw out the testicles until about six inc^hes of the cords
are visil)lc. Cut the cords, first one and then the other, with a pair of dull
sliears (this prevents nmch bleeding), and let them pass back. If severe
bleeding ensues, inject a little muriate of iron into the cavity, and wet a
soft rag with the same and pass it gently into the cavity. Some use salt
and lard, l)ut this is painful. So proceed until all are castrated, andthen
turn them into a place where strange cattle or flies will not molest them.
It is as little dangerous, this mode of castration, aknost, as cutting
one's tiiigor. The parts should heal in a week. Castration often cornea
awkward to the beginner, l>ut it soon becomes easy, If fearlessly ind care-
fully practiced.
Vn. Young Beef.
In Kngland it has been the practice for years to force fattening animals
from birth, so that they are heavy weights at eighteen months old, and
fully ripe at three years old. Some results of this policy are recorded
in tiie Royal Agricultural Journal of England. Among others Mr.
Stanford, of Charlton Court, is credited with having sold high-grade
Short-Horn heifers and steers in 1878 at ages and pHces as follows :
Return per month
Price. from birth.
One eleven-months-old steer ft 74 00 $6 73
One thirteen-months-old steer 101 (!4 7 82
Three {ourteen-inontiis-old heifers, average 92 40 G 00
Tliree flf teen-inonths-old heifers, average 101 04 G 77
One sixtcen-nionths-old steer 102 30 39
One eighteeii-months-old steer 115 .50 G 42
One eigliteen-and-a-half-inonths-old steer 12!) 3G 7 00
Two eighteen-and-a-half -months-old steers, average 122 10 6 CO
The weights were not given, but the price is stated at from 16 to 18 cents
per pound, net weight — meaning the four quarters. The best 16 months
old steer must have weighed something like 1,200 lbs. alive, alloM-ing the
>': I
026
TIIK AiMEItlCAN FAKMKIj's STOCK HOOK.
(luartera to hiive heciv Or) p.r cciit. of tli(< wliolc weight — a not vciv l.n,,,,
allowuiico for such cattle. Ii» th(! ('lii(a<,'o Kat Stock Show, th. -aim.
year, tho best steer, 28 months old, wcij;lu«d 1,(>3() lbs. The best -t.n
one year old and under two 1,;{;W ll).s., showinj,' tiiat our best feedcr> ii,,r
only show fully as early maturity as Knglish f«'edera, but likowis,. .,s
wonderfully good weights,
Vm. Heavy Steers.
Until tho inauguration of the; annual Fat Stock Show in Chicago, undoi
thoauspiccs of the Illinois Board of Agriculture, at which cattle wcn^ >li(nvii
for the best feeders and breeders in the West and South, but few reliable
data as to the gain of animals in feeding could be gotten. At tiie time of
the first show, in IH(Jl), it wjis dciuoustrated that Western and Soutliciii
breeders perfectly understood the principles of fattening (attic. IhuI,
young and old, and that they kept in view the fact that tiie young animal
gains faster in proportion to the amount of food consumed than the ma-
ture animal, and tho older and fatter the animal becomes, the less the
daily gain. From the stiitcments of exhibitors, sworn to in some of tin-
more important classes shown there, and the reports of committee
thereon, we quote :
Among the heavy cattle were tho following, and credited to weigh, us
taken from the pasture and feeding yards, as follows : The steei , Gov.
Morton, 3,190 lbs; Burnside, 2,870; Hoosier Boy, 2,640; Nels. Morris,
2,840 pounds. The following are tho actual weights as given iiy the
connnittee, on animals 1 year to 4 years old :
Messrs. Graves & Co., one steer 4 years old, 2,445 ; one steer 3 years
old, 2,060.
A. F. Moore, one steer 2 years old, 1,786.
J. D. Gillet, one steer 3 years old, 2,139.
Wing & Thompson, one steer 4 years old, 2,240 ; one steer 4 years old,
2,166 ; one cow, 1,525 ; one cow, 1,610.
John B. Sherman, one steer 3 years old, 2,019.
J.N. Brown's Sons, one steer 2 years old, 1,446; one steer 2 years
old, 1,449 ; one steer 2 years old, 1,636 ; one steer 2 years old, U31K;
one steer 2 years old, 1,246 ; one steer 1 year old, 1,338 ; one steer 1
year old, 1,249 ; one steer 1 year old, 1,193.
Dexter Curtis, one cow, 1,833 ; one cow, 2,042 ; one cow, 1,93(;.
This record is specially valuable as showing the great weiglit attained
by one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as the great ultimate
weights attained by mature oxen, viz. ; Best one-year-old, weight l,.i38
pounds; beat two-yesa-old, weight 1,786 pounds ; best three-year-old,
2,139 pounds ; and the heaviest 3,190 pounds.
TIIK «AI«I.NU AM. KCONOMICAL FEKDIMr, OK CATTLE.
In th<- foregoing >ve find a nteov one year old and under two,
il-.h;-'.;. s-us mud, a.s .-ould bo expected from a fuiriv-fat ,
H27
weighing
his four year olds ? uui.u nj uoea on
IX. PuU Feeding and Early Maturity.
By studying the foregoing it will be seen that the best .nun wa . in th«
steer ..no year old and under two, the next best is -i stoor . v m
a,., under three, and the ti.ird best gain is anc:^.::'!;! '^ ^^^^ :
ant iiiKler tiu-oe. The fcur-vo-ir r.1,1 uf,.,>.. i .. . i^"" ..Minf^ oiu
.„d .,„. „,.,o. the *„.. ,„: ,■;.::;;;':',;::;;*,,'" '""' "'°™^" '''
Every ol)ser\'ing fanner knowa tioi*^ n ,..,!f " ii i .
<"■ "*.«■■ -a «i.rft f„,. »if :; t' ; !; r';;;:" r """."»
]«.rlia|,s a „„l,l.in of ooi-i, „„„. .,,,,1 11„.„ „.m ■ "'■'■• ""'"'
!. di,l .l„. fall l,of„„, A y «;",'•, '"'if ,7 '" '"" """"' """'
(fall fcc,li,,s from birth, wi, ro, ^s,' , 1' "" ,' r'""" "f '""''"'S
oaly kiv With such shelter as th,.y may be able to fi.un i ^^
no profit in tl.o latter, but ubsolute loss ^ """' ^''^''^ ''
There are, indeed, places where hay may bo had simnlv fnr f I i •
where .he grazing is ample and .her; catde n^^ ^d V V" "^'
co.t, if good shelter is provided. But vear bt v . """"»"•"
^inginore and more cL-acted, t "^gTI •::t^l^^S TZ^
Asa rule, the best proHts are now made by the seedinc. of m< ./ ^;
pastures, by providing good shelter, and by uL cu th^^ ^^ "^J
toearrythestoekin good condition thr^u^h t^ vi ^ T^^^^^^^^^
the basis of protitable feeding in the West a;Vs:urwe;t. " '""^
X. Economy in Feeding.
We have striven throughout this work to show flnof • *v-
ferout sections of the eountiT ' "''"' "'" ^'^•'>' '"''^' ^^'
An experience of forty years in the \Vo<i I...^ f i .
P.1I.V o„ »„, for all kni'of ,, k F„re,«Te :;?;," '"■ "'■'' "'•'""•
"Ms a biislicl or less „„,„,„„„, , , ' "'"" ""= P''"'« »■•'» forty
^«,7. «■'«. a'::;::sr:;;:™ .ti ::;::,;tt t'' • t- '-'
.-d .1,™ .ho price 13 „eW .«, „e„u, for thes^'f^ltirieil ^
(528
THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK.
¥f
grind their food pretty thoroughly. For fattening cattle we prefer, liist,
shocked corn, next snapped corn — that is, corn snapped from the stalk
with the husk reniuining — and next, husked com in the ear, tiie waste to
be gathered by store hogs. We have found that, with good shelter, five
pounds of corn and ten pounds of good sweet hay per day was a good
fattening ration to each 1000 pounds weight of steei-s fed.
When feeding shock corn, give all the animals will eat clean as to the
ears. They will take what blades arc needed, and stock steers may fol-
low to glean, with stock hogs after, to pick up Avhat grain is wasted ar
left in the droppings. Sheltered from winds and storms the stock may
thus be economically fed to heavy weights.
For young and growing cattle there is nothing better than equal weights
of corn and oats, or corn and barley ground together, whichever inav l)e
cheapest, with plenty of good hay or corn fodder that has liecu slioekiM
before frost. In the South cotton-seed meal, and mill stuff may take
the place of corn and oats, or corn and barley, while pea vines, or other
good fodder natural to the climate, may be used instead of hay. The
economy of feeding, may thus be summed up: First, good shelter;
second, plenty of food to keep the animals constantly improving, and
third, feed whatever substantial and nutritious food may be cheapest.
XI. The True Policy with Young Stock.
We may be allowed to repeat nearly verbatim what we have })efore
written upon the subject of raising young cattle. The breeder and
feeder must exercise sound and careful judgment. It will not pay
to starve even the commonest stock. A calf, to use a eotunion
expression, "knocked in the head with a pail of skimmed milk,"
will never make a first class steer or cow. Neither is it nec-
essary that they suck the cow. In fact, in the case of the dairy eows
or heifers intended for the dairy, they should not suck, for it suieiy tends
to diminish the flow of milk, except the calf is turned Avith the eow at
stated intervals, and the cow milked clean at the same time. In the rase
of heifers, they should bo milked as soon as the calf has drawn the tiist
milk, both as a means of training and to develop the flow of milk as
nmch as possible ; besides this, a calf taken at two or three days old is
easily taught to suck the finger or an artificial teat attached to u reser-
voir.
XII. Feeding the Young Calves.
For the first two or three weeks they should have nothing but m'w
milk, it should bo as warm as it comes froni the covv, and the ciilf
should be fed four times a day. Then they may have milk twelve hours
THE RAISINU AND ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF CATTLE. (i29
old, from which the cream has been taken, adding four ounces of tinely
ground ineal made into thoroughly cooked mush, to each meal, for stronc^,
hearty calves. Thus they may be fed for two weeks more, chan-nnf^ to'
oat-meal or wheat flour if the calf is inclined to scour. Some feeders
add a teaspoonful of linseed meal once a day; it is not a bad plan.
When the calf is four weeks old it need be fed but twice a day, giviu"
milk warmed to about ninety or ninety-five degrees, which las'tls the
natural animal heat. From this time on, more and more mush, or its
equivalent, may be added as the calf increases in size and strength, until it
begins to eat grass and threshed oats, which it should be encouraged to do
Xin. Peed arass and Oats Early.
At ten weeks old the calf should eat freely, and at three months old it
may be gradually weaned from milk and taught to subsist on grass and
oats. During all this time the calf should be'sheltered from the hot sun
and rain, by providing a shelter to which it may retire, well ventilated,
dry and clean, and sufficiently dark to keep out g- -n-head and other bit^
ingilies. In the autumn its rations of grain slu,. Ube increased, and as
grass fails the finest meadow hay should be substituted— whatever it will
eat clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it is a month old,
and when weaned see that it never lacks for water.
xrv. Where the Profit Comes In.
If during the winter you have kept the calves in the warmest quarters
possible, and fed liberally with grain and hay, in the spring you will have
received the best profit that you will ever reap from the animal at any subse-
quent age ; but upon comparing debit and credit with your neighbor who
has fed skim-milk alone in summer and poor hay in winter, you will find
that the loss on his calves has gone in the shape of profit in yours.
From this time on feed liberally of grain in the winter, and give a little
all summer when they will eat it. Let them be so warm in wintei- that
they never become chilled. So continue until the animal is within six
months of being ripe for the butcher. Then feed the ])est you can, and
you will find that you will get two to three cents a pound, gross we'i<^ht
more than your neighbor who has only half fed and has turned o/his
cattle totally unfit for the butcher.
The same rule will hold good for those calves intended for cows To
make a good cow, she must, be fed well to bring early development and
maturity. She may thus be brought forward strong and lusty, and in
better condition at two years past to brirg you a perfect calf, tiian those
of your neighbor at twice that age, whose policy has been to grudge thero
reed and allow them to shift for themselves. '^
630
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK HOOK.
XV. Feeding for Beef and lor Labor.
The following, originally written for the American Encyclopiudia of
Agriculture, contains in the extracts given the gist of our conclusions on
the subject of feeding :
The time is long since passed when it is considered true econonij to
allow young stock to shift for themselves without the intelligent care of
the master and proper feeding. The most successful feeders of lo-day
feed all stock liberally, and such as are destined for human food, art!
fed fully from birth, and until ready for the butcher's block. But the
system of forcing is carefully avoided Avith all stock intended for citlur
labor or breeding. The object here is to develop strong constitutions
and ample bone and muscle, that a long and useful life may result. Iloucd
a different class of foods are used from those intended for mere fat-
tening. In this, again, the*question of the proper foods to be used be-
comes impoi'tant.
XVI. Beaching Results.
The food must be perfect food ; that is, adapted to the special require.
ments of the animal. Young animals ; those required for labor ; tliose to
be used for fast driving, and those ready for feeding ripe (fully fat) eacb
require different food, and, indeed, different care.
In the fattening of animals, the sooner they can be brought up to i
fully fat weight, the greater will be the profit; a weight of , say 1,501
pounds for ^^attle, 300 pounds for the large breeds of swine, 200 pound:
for the small breeds, and from 100 to 150 pounds for sheep, actordiiigti
the breed. To do this they must be pressed fonvard from birth, bv
means of the food best adapted to the animal, and marketed before thev
become fully grown. In summer a pasture containing a variety of good
grasses Avill furnish this perfect food. If anything is needed more, it may
measurably be found, for fattening, in Indian corn, or meal as a supide-
mentary food, to be given at night.
For young animals, working and fast driving stock, oats arc proper,
The two first, however, may have any kind of mill stuff, with prolit.if
cheaper than oats. In the winter all stock, in addition to good, sweet hay,
should receive daily such grain as will best answer the end, except that
corn meal, or corn, may constitute a part of tho daily ration for iill classes
of stock, since more fat is required for the animal waste than in summer.
For dairy stock the young animals should be fed identically u.s for
working stock, but not force.d, since sufficient frame-work for continued
usefulness must be provided. Milking stock may recicive hugely of
corn meal, in winter, and ground rye, oats, barley, or mill feed, accord-
ing to relative prices.
THE RAISING AND K I ( nCAL FEEDING OF CATTLE.
u31
III
Another importiint matter is tin- necessity of clmngiiij; tlicii- diet An-
imals will live oil one particular food. The/wiU even thrrve for a time ■ l,ut
the l)est results, economically considered, have always been gained by
vuiviiig the food, according to the appetite of the animal. The change
from green to dry, and dry to green food, however, should not be made too
suddenly.
XVII, When and How to Feed.
Hay, in the West, is one of the most expensive of the stock foods raised in
all tluit great region known as the corn l)elt. In the more central portions of
the corn zone, a ton of corn and fodder can be produced for less money than
11 ton of the best meadow hay. Hence, feeders use as largely of corn as
possible, and when finishing off cattle fat, it is given almost e.vclusively
or with only enough rough fodder to properly divide it. Reo-ularity in
the amount of the ration fed is of particular importance. aIi animals
should be fed at e.vactly regular hours, and just what they will eat clean
If any is left, it should l)e removed and given to other hungrier animals'
As to the time of feeding, three times a day is sufficient for all except
horses and swine. In fattening swine the l)est results are ol)tained by
giving them what they will eat clean four times a day. There will always
be some animals that .vill be delicate and indiffcTent feeders. These
should always be separated from the hearty ones and irivon special care
and food. Get rid of them at the first possible opportunity ; certainly as
soon as they are in passably salabb condition. There is no money either
in trying to raise or fatten such.
Wiicn cattle are kept in a stable there should be a room, frost proof
where the morning's food may be prepared over niffht, if mixed food or
wet food is given. If meal or other grain food is given without niixin«
with hay or straw— and in our opinion this is better for cattle— it should
ho given only moist enough so it will not be dry. A little experience will
soon enable the feeder to so prepare the meal for the whole stock over
night, that it will be in proper condition in the morning. If it be mixed
with cut food, use clear bright oat straw if possible, and not cut shorter
than two inches.
XVm. Out-Door Feeding where Com is Cheap.
In the milder latitudes (,f the West it has been found economical to
eed ni the open air where the shelter of timber or artificial piantin-rs may
1)0 had. Caivful experiments made some yoars since at the Illinois Lidus-
tnal University, as between feeding in stables with ground and un-mund
corn, showed a decided profit in the latter way of feeding. This we have
a so found to be the case. Under this system of feeding, whether the
etock are fed snapped corn, or fed with husked corn, veiy little is lost
• j"wi;i fii#ii"f nw''
682
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
The cattle are fed plentifully. What they leave and that whioli passes
undio-ested is picked up by swino, two hogs being usually allowed tociuli
steer'to be fattened, and at the end of the day the hogs are given sonic
corn additional, if they need it. Thus, except in very inclement wo.ithor.
steers may be made fat on about fifty bushels of corn in about three to
four months' feeding, and the shoats require but little additional food to
bring them up to heavy Aveights.
The best plan we have ever tried for out-door fattening is to food corn
cut at the roots and shocked. This is hauled daily on truck wugoiis,
when the ground is hard, or on sleds when there is snow, and foil, corn
and fodder together. The cattle are not expected to eat the fodder eleun,
but usually they may be expected to consume the blades, which witli tlie
ears are the valuable part. The feeding is twice a day, in feeding lots—
a lot for the morning feed and one for the evening feed. The cuttle
being about done with the ears, hogs are turned in to glean the scattered
corn and droppings. Thus, whatever the system of feeding, if cattle
have shelter from stormy and inclement weather, they may be made very
fat, and healthfully so, and, where labor is scarce and corn cheap, iit a
Kniniraum expense.
XTX. A Gk)od Condiment.
We do not believe in condimental food for animals as a rule, but when
yt is deemed necessary, the following will be found to be a good condi-
ment for special feeding, to be given one pound with each feed of meal :
Twenty-five pounds ground linseed oil cake, ten pounds ground flaxseed,
forty pounds corn-meal, twenty-four ounces ground turmeric root, two
ounces ginger, two ounces caraway seed, eight ounces gentian, two ounces
cream of tartar, one pound sulphur, one pound common salt ami ten ouii-
ces coriander seed. Mix the whole together, and when fed use a ((uarter
of a pound of molasses to each feed, the molasses to be used in the water
for wetting the food in which the condiment is given. Where s.)rghnm
molasses is made, this will not be found to be expensive.
XX. So-Called Perfect Poods.
So much has been 'said by theorists about perfect foods, and the
danger from feeding corn, that many persons have been brought to be-
lieve that corn is almost a dangerous food for growing animals : that thus
fed, they will lack bone and muscle, and cannot be expected to grow up
healthy. If an animal were to be raised exclusively on corn this might
bo true, but the same would be true o" ther grain. Neither horses,
cattle, nor sheep can be properly raised exclusively on grain. Oats are
THE RAISING AND ECONOMICAL FEEDING OP CATTLE.
iiSS
undoubtedly the best grain that can be fed to jrrowing stock iu connec-
tion with hay. Oats, however, cannot be afforded. Good hay is a per-
fect food, so far as the distension of the stomach is concerned. Tho an-
imal cannot eat enough to fatten upon. Our pastures malx-e a perfect
food, so far as muscular development is concerned. For cattle, whole
com, that is, ears, husks, and leaves, forms u perfect food either for
growing or fattening stock in winter, so soon as they get stren-^th of jaw
suflSdent to crush the corn. Therefore, no breeder need be Jfraid that
cattle from calfhood up wiP fail to develop, with plenty of good hay and
corn, or corn-meal in winter, and plenty of good, flush pasture in summer
with j^iire water at all times. '
un
CHAPTER XIII.
PAflTURA.GB AND PBEDINO FOR PROFIT.
1 SXnDY THE CONDITIONS. II. PROVIDE AGAINST DROUGHTS. HI. KINDv OF
FEFD TO RAISE. IV. PASTURE THE POOR MAN'S WEALTH. V. THE VAl.lAbLK
CLOVERS.— VI. ALFALFA OR LUZERNE. VII. CLOVERS NOT OENEUALLV VAL-
UABLE. VXII. FORAGE AND FEEDING PLANTS. IX. GRASS IS THE JKJST VAU
UABLE X. GRASSES OP SPECIAL VALUE. XI. THE COMING GRAJ^SKS FOl
THEWEST. XII. THETIMETO I'ASIURE. XIII. FEEDING IN WINTEU. XIV,
WATERING. XV. FEEDING IN SUMMER. XVI. ECONOMY OF FULL SUMMEB
TnD WINTER FEEDING. XVII. SUMMING Ur. XVIII. FINISHING A STEEU.—
XIX. WHEN TO SELL. i
I. Study the Conditions.
In every country, and, indeed, in every district of a country, the cir
cumstances attending the rearing, and especially the feeding and fatten
uig of stock are so varying and diversified, that the aggregate cost of a
comporatively insignificant group of items is what makes the diffevenco
between profit and loss in feeding. For instance, a few cents a bushel more
or less in the price of corn, an extra month of winter, or greater cost of
watering in one case than in another may give one man profit and an-
other man it may carry into loss. Insufficient shelter, imperfect conve.
niences and little wastes, here and there will often turn the scale both in
summer and in winter feeding.
n. Provide against Droughts.
In summer, a drought which finds the feeder unprepared with gieen
food, other than grass, will destroy profits, as also will a failure; of water.
The reason is simple. Every case of this kind which stops or retards
fattening, is not only a loss through the shrinkage of flesh, but after the
animals again begin to improve, it takes some time befpre they really bc-
finto thrive again when the pastures become flush. Not so with the
fai-nier who provides against a lack of water during droughts, and has
sufiicient green fodder to supply deficiencies arising from bare or partly
bare pastures.
m. Kinds of Peed to Raise.
The question of feeding-material is an important one, and here the
feeder must be guided by soil, climate and such other natural rontingea-
cies as he may have to encountei-. Any fodder crop does best on a ratW
PASTURAGE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT. (;35
porous but rich soil. Hence, if the soil is stiif, it maybe opened l>v
plowing under long manure deeply. If already too light, crivo it cow
manure, asiies, and .such special manures as you may be in the habit of
using.
Corn is tlie great soiling crop for farm animals North and South Next
come sorgimni, and the many varieties of Doura corn or East Indian millet
In the South, cow-peas are valuable. Alfalfa, once it is established -ives
heavy cuttings of fodder. In the North this plant has not, as a nile
proved valuable, but some varieties of the cow-pea can be <r,.own -ind
matured ni from seven to eight weeks. It is worthy of experiment
Sown after the nights become warm, this crop is a most valuable one to
turn under as a fertilizer if r,ot wanted for feedin<'-
With proper care in seeding thick on rich soil^ any forage crop may
be cut with a mowmg machine, so that the labor of gatherin<r is compnri
tivelylight.anditmaybe fed occasionally in the field orin the yard's
night and morning, or only at night, as circumstances may dictate
It must be remembered as a first principle in feeding, whether for
growth or for fattening, that animals must not i)e allowed to shrink
since every time they do so it is at a l.,s8 of flesh to themselves and of
nrofit to the owner.
IV. Pasture the Poor Man's Wealth.
Upon plenty of good pasture depends success in summer fecdine •
(vith the majority of farmers the pasture provides the sole summer feed'
Hence the necessity that it be strong and vigorous. Nothincr is „ained
by overstocking a pasture. It is better to get rid of some of°the%tock
than to feed the pasture too close, for animals that have to busy them
selves all day to satisfy the cravings of 'their stomachs never come out fat'
If you have provided for contingencies, by means of fodder, you may'
of course, stock your pastures closer than otherwise. If not, stock them
only so the cattle can easily supply their wants.
V. The Valuable Clovers.
The best clovers, or those which do well generally, are practically in-
cuded ,n three species, viz: The Red clover, the White or Dutch
clover, and the Als.ke clover. The soils best adapted to Red clover are
such as will brmg good crops of winter grain, though Red clover does
well on all sods which do not heave badly in winter
White clover will grow on any land 'adapted to' Blue grass, and also
m many rather moist soils. It favor, a firm, not a spong;soil It must
hBconfe.se<!th..t cattle do not like it, but it makes ilch feed a d iJ
nuxed with Blue grass, or other soft grass, cattle will take botl '/."he
I]
r i '3
il
THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Alsiko clover — often called Swedish clover — does well on most soils
and will bear considerable Hooding, if the flooding is not too long coinin.
ucd. We consider it as altogether snperior to White clover for pasture
and on soils too wot for Red clover it makes good hay for cattle.
VT. Alfalfa or Luzerne.
Alfalfa or Luzerne — its true name — is a valuable barn forage ; it .should
be cut and fed fresh or partly wilted. It thrives on deep, dry soils,
which are not subject to hard freezing in winter. It has become tlior-
oughly naturalized in California, and would probably do well on the
Western plains in Texas and in New Mexico, as it has done in some of
the Southern States east of the Mississipi)i.
VII. Clovers Not Qenerally Valuable.
What we have previously written under this head, we have since seei\
no reason to change. There are many other species of clovers, some of
them indigenous to the West, which we only mention as a caution against
their being sown. These two species of so called Buffalo clover— tlia
upright and the running Buffalo clovers — the upright or yellow clover,
and the low hop clover, a half-creeping variety. There is only one more
variety worth mentioning, and this simply as a warning to farmers not to
sow it, except for bee pasturage, and then only when it may not betoiiiea
troublesome weed. We have reference to the tree clover or Bokhara clo-
ver, specifically the white-flowered melliotus. It has been recommended
as valuable for soiling, that is, for cutting green for feeding to stock in
stables. We give the same advice about sowing this clover that the
crabbed lawyer did to a young client who asked his advice about gettiiio
married — Don't.
If there are l)ec men near, your hedge rows and waste places will be
well seeded with this Bokhara clover. At least such seems to 'oe the
case, much to the disgust of the general farming community. It does
make good bee pasture — no doubt of it — but it is a nuisance in every
other respect.
VIII. Forage and Feeding Plants.
We have already spoken of the value of forage plants, and, in a pre-
ceding chapter of root crops. Turnips, rape and mustard, so valuable in
England and some other paits of Europe, belong to what botanists call
cruciforous plants. The ruta-baga, the kohl-rabi and tiie cabbage are the
principal plants of this tribe that are valuable to the farmers in the United
States; and, in the West, these are not especially valuable for feeding.
Of the other special fruit and root crops, the gourd family includes
PASTURAGE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT. ^S?
pumpkins and squashes, which find a hirge place in feedin-.fn,.!. •
po,..io„,s of the United States. The eonrpo^ite faTni' te^ ^^^^^^^^^^
natural fam.hes. funnshes artichokes and a few others seldon^u d but
,t .s renmrkable m .ts ack of useful species although wonderfulTn ^rnL
,nen al ones. The n.ght-shadc fannly gives us the%otato. To parsley
fandy gives us the ean.t, the par.nip and some others of value, a^
C^t th:^?"^'^^ ''' -^- ^- -' -^^^™^ valLi z
rx. Grass is the Most Valuable.
All these plants placed together are of minor account in comparison
with the great grass fan.dy , which includes our cereal ^.rains ""P""'""
We do not use botanical names usually in speaking^f g;asses We
only mtroduce them below in connection with the common naL ^
cause m some cases the same grass goes by different names in ZVeni
parts of the country. The feeder may select from the following iS
Timothy, iPhleumpratense) a better name for which would te Cat's,
.1 d r :oH ' p"""; '''''' ^" ^^"« ^^^^-- "^ the country it I
called limothy, as in Pennsylvania, and Herd's ffr-m^ in ^ Z ! .
and New York. ^Neither /these n'ames ^L ^Z^Z i^chi
actensfc flo.er-head, while the former names do. In Blue gra ^ (^l
ratens^s) ; Wire grass. ^Poa compressa) ; Red-top, (Agrost lulgaZ
confusjou of names again corner in. In Pennsylvania! Blue Zs ia^
callGQ Green grass, and Ked-top is called Herd's .n-nss O.! f
{Dadyhs ghmerata) ; Fowl-meadow ™w P ^ ?' ? '''^ ^'^'''
* / z^ . ineddow grass, {Foa serotina), andMpaHnw
fescue. (Festucapratensis), are also most valuable grasses
X. Grasses of Special Value.
For feeding during droughts, Indian corn, sown at th.^ r.i. f .
bushels per acre in drills two feet apart, cuUiZ o gS^mcet
twice, and cut when in blossom will make a cmnrl v^r ^ ^ °"^® **'
«, Here we have „i„o varieties „', g,.,, ZZo^'^ i^^
The hrst, second, th rd and fourth wifli H,« «i„ . u . I e^'iprdiiy.
«sti.„to the b„.k „, the gJ::t^{t^^^x^otz^'''o:r t^-
i» one of the most valuable in tho whole list ,m/.T ^' k IT «'^'
ced. Especially has this Keen Zc "jnsrNt"" T T
638
THR AMKKICAN KAKMKIt's STOCK HOOK.
XI. The Coming arasses for the West.
Wo believe Orchard grass and Fowl-meadow will be found to \w two
of the most valuable grasses for the West, the Northwest, and periiaps for
the Southwest, when they come to be better known. Orchard gniss, also
gives good satisfaction in the middle region of the South, and w. 'think
that Fowl-meadow will also prove most valuable there. Mr. Fniiik E
Hoyt, a careful farmer ,)f Wisconsin, in relation to this grass, smvs he
knows of no grass in the Northwest that will compare with it, cither for
pasturage or the production of hay. It has never been winter or sum.
mer killed, and he has found one acre of marsh well sit in Fowl-nicudow
equal for pasturage to three acres of upland, set in Blue grass, and the
hay produced the second year after seeding has never failed to pay the
entire expense of cultivating and seeding the land. Fowl-meadow
hay is especially valuable for horses, having all the advantages of wild
iiay, being free from dust, that infests timothy and clovev, v tijle it pos.
Hesses all the nutriment of the best tame hay ; and those dairymen who
»\re acquainted with it, pronounce it valuable hay for milch cows.
Xn. Time to Fastmre.
The time to pasture is when the dew is on, the earlier in the mornin-'
the better. Our p'an has always been to allow cattle to lie in the pasture
Jill night ; and this rule is good even in the spring and fall, if shelter is
provided against cold storms, and the pasture is not too remote from th .
house. In that case the milch cows must lie in the yard, but sliould have
some food they like, early in the morning, unless milked at day-break.
Xm. Feeding in Winter.
Whatever the stock, or the place of feeding, give the first meal as soon
liter day-light as possible in winter— just what tbey will fully eat. If
eaten pretty clean, give a little more feed again at noon, and again at
night, so that the animals may lie down on fairly full stomachs "before
dark. If only one feed of grain is given daily, it should be given at
night.
Stock should be graded in the feeding yard as to age and strenffth,
The weak and the strong should never be fed together, else the strong
will get better feeding than the weak ones, even when the fullest allow-
ance is given. Special attention should be paid to the allowance of salt.
Cattle should have it where they can take it at will. They will ccssume
less than if it be given them at regular intervals. Salt taken in large
doses is cathartic, but in such quantities as animals naturally crave daily
it aids digestion and is necessary to all herbiverous animals.
PA8T.TRAOK ANU KKKDINO KOR PKOFIT.
In feeding ia 8tal,le8 (.bservo tho sauu. rule-fnll fo ^- .
cml.-r, early a,.d lato and at noon. Thi i \wlf t ^"^' "^ ^""^ ^'^^^^
continuously and insures protits ; for thus 1115! l"^' """""'' ^'''^''"fe'
po.i,.,e gain, with tho lo^st loss.' to the li a ^^^^^ '" °""^^^'
Jt is poor policy, when .n-ain is che-nw... t\ u
portions of the West-to ?oed L.^t^r^^^^^ '* '^ «" '"" "'-^
Btraw, with, say, five pounds of good h, 1 v ^ 7" "'"^ ^'""^ ^'''^^^
growing right along. Dry eorn with Ittt f^ n'" '"' '''" ^'"'^ *'»'"'"
heat and fever. Therefo.c kee t o st ' u."' '"'^' *" """^^^ural
quantity of fodder of some ^7 ^, fT '^-t^"? «^ ^ith a p.,per
soaked so much the better. ° '"''' "'^^ »*« ^^^ after being
XTV. Watering.
Cattle should have water ofFpi«.,l ti. ^ ■
Bummer it is desirable thatht lot i/^^ "'''''" '" "'"t^' -^ in
People sometimes need hut HtUe'^wl 1- r?' ''"'^ ^'^''P''" *" "^'^"^ it.
It is the same with stock of a!l ki'ds If .,"' """'' *''"«^ ^ ^'■^'^ ^-1-
cut holes in the ice for stock to drink thl . ''''^7 '^ '" P""'^^' ^" ""t
been taken to prevent their tiipt^gJ^'L^-'xIisT^^^^^
needless; and yet, there is more loss on.T T" ^mt may seem
cause, than would provide suit-ible n„mn ^ ' '''''"'^' y<"'>»S fi-on, this
tho labor of pumping. ^""'P'' '"^"^ troughs, and also pay for
XV. Feeding in Summer.
In fattening cattle it often haDi)eim fhs.f ti,
it be sufficient to keep them J tht^ d , toSir f""'. ""^^•^"*' ^^' ''
just as cheap for the farmer who on/fauJa few L f "'T"''' '' "
prime cattle, as it is for one who f .,tte„rh I 7 f ^'"'"'"'■^ *" '"^^e
fattens but a few head should ,n^! ^ '^'^ ^" ^''^'^ " '»"" ^vho
many. "''^ '°^'^^ ^«^t«^' «^ttle than one who feeds
In England when grain is hi^h the mn«f r.f -t-u ■ .
feeding of grain withgrass has I 'ec ' m . ^ '. '"^ ""P"'"^*^^' '^""^'"-r
not be so htre in the West, wh I ,"2 '"■'^""" '^'' '^'"^"'^ '^
feeders buy? The pasture Z^J^XZ^^"'"'' tkat the English
many he.d of cattle asinsprinurdu t^ »"^^"'' "'''" "^'^ ^••-- •'••^
ers can fullv stock their past^r^ '" " " ''' "" ^^"•^"^'' ^■'"■'"-
eat while the grass is sa^vlf "'!'""" "1"' """•" *''^ *'"^>'^ -'"
Icncebutlittirif any of he 1^^ "^^^ ^T «"^'^ ^^ '■" f"" ---u-
eat is so much cle^r gai iu^!; L, • V "^ '"^'"^ "'"'^ ^''^'^ ^<>
pasture, require some dry food T°' •„""''' "'^^'" '^'^ ^"^•^•"'-"t
-h times.' Thus n.eat'l if ihe' ^a'^^^^^ ^ ""'^ '^"^' ^'"'^ ^^'
only modifies the suceui;noo of " < ,:^ t"" "!? '" '*' ""^^^ '^'-'^ -t
41 " '" S"''^ '-'"d clover, which contains
\^m
R4(l
THR /ij4KKl(!AN KARMRR'8 STOCK HOOK.
htm eighty tt. Mj»lity-live por ' «»«t. of water, l)ut it i)ioinote8 the jriowtli
tit youug nittlc, ,11111 brings well-niatuivri steers fully fut at inid.siuiiiiicr
Mid at other Heasons when prime beef hriu^'<« the bext pricen.
XVI. Eoonorny of Pull Summer and Winter Feeding.
From what has been wriitfii the ■"■•>ader will have Ik .iiio convinced
tbul w<: .. Jieve ill the economy of fuU nunmer and wiiuor fcedinjr, unil
this from t Ifhood up until the animal is sold to the biricher. Tlio satiK"
rule will apply to stock intended for breeding and alno to cows raised for
their milk product. In tlu; two latter cases, however, the feeding must
be more diversified ; for breeding and milking animals need to have fullv-
developed frames. This is not so necessary for stock that is to l»o solj
as soon as fit for the butcher. Wo have shown that three years from
birth is ample time in which to prepare cattle for the butcher's l)lo('k.
The principal economy in feeding grain to fattening animals the your
round is, that thereby your > pastures may be more fully stocked than
otherwise, and thus may be fed more evenly. By this course, also, you
will have more land left for the production of corn for winter feeding.
We have cultivated over sixty acres of corn to the hand in afield of 1,500
acres, the outlay being only one-third of a day's work per man jK'f acre
up to, but not including, the labor of husking. The average yitkl was
within a fraction of forty bushels per acre for the whole area, and the
final result was of corn put into the crib, over seventeen bushels
for every day's work of each hand employed. The same may be done by
any farmer on measurably dear land in any season.
The first proposition in relation to full feeding, winter and summer, is,
that your pastures will thereby carry more cattle. The second is, that
animals, going into winter quarters fat, will waste less flesh during the
winter, since the animal heat is more easily kept up in a fat than in a half-
fat or lean one. The third and not the least important point is, that you
hasten maturity and thus save interest on capital, insurance, and other
item-: of cost.
XVn. Summing Up.
The whole matter may be summed tin as follows : The pastui',- gi' . ises
mixed make a perfect food. Therefore make the most o'' ;.':•. v; ir
Timothy, Red-top, Orchard grass, and Fowl-meadow grass also makes
perfect food. When they can be economically raised (and where in a
grass country can thej not?) make the most of them. Raise all the
roots yo. an, (in the West carrots and beets) to supplement your grasses
with. But ' V" i expect "^o fatten stock without grain. It cannot be
done unlf ra wa.iiith is provided, and this is not economical. Never
PASTURAGE AND rEEDiN, FOE PBOPIT.
(541
attempt to fatten stoci of anv kinrl vri*u *. j
.heltcr. For this, exponsiv "struc^unf ' T ''"""'"" '° comfortable
tened cattle in a truLr^of o't , ' T' ""*"'''''^- ^^'^' ''"^« ^'^t-
banked at the sides, and with no fllr n T !' r^"""' "'''^^ '^^^ ""^ -»-
a thick bedding of traw Yo ij Z'' ' " "'**"'''^' ^"^••^''' '"'^ -'^^
goodfran. structure willpaj^^ i:, ^ "^^^^^^ "^ ^^ -» "How. H
feeding and cleaning. Once you £ to i^r^ ""' "' '^'^"•- '" -^«'
to lose, but keep tb*„ goi... ^.^^t m h ' "'^'^ ""'"^ "'" "^t"«k
food as the nnilnal progreL;;;;''^-;!:::; "'""" ''^ ^'"^^^^ "^ ^^e
8U..alen,. healthy beef, but cannot bo marnivf.. " '""><« good,
he must at least be finished off with ^rain I„h1 , "" f'"''' "^"*^«'
ifully fat) meal and even oil-cake l^^t ,o used ' '"''^ "'^ " "^^ "
XVm. Finishing a steer.
If the steer has been liberally fed from a r..lf ». n u
fattening the spring he is three'^^.r fourTears I* I "^".'' ''^^^ *° '^^^'^
-if a Short-Horn or Hereford at two v. ^L ' """"'"^•"g to the breed
pasture and add what soaLd c^n or Zi? '^'^.r^^'^P" ^"^" '^'"^ «»
from the heat and flies. If til aftermath \ 'f ^ ^"^ ^'"^ ^^elter
in the hu.k. as soon as it beg L to I^^ " ^^^ addpun.pkins. or com
com as the grass fails. ^ ^ '' ""^ "°"t'»»« increasing the
Do not let your steers suffer for want of al.«]f f
the grass gives out put them in a vr^stL a^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^^-
or meal and oil-cake. allowing of thoT.rK ^^'^^ them with meal,
with a peck, daily, of reorder the^ u eSnl^^T-'" '^""^'^ ^ ^^^'
last. If the steers are to be continued T" the fi^>,"-'' " '"'^ ^^^ ^'^^^
and shelter will admit-feed shocked con> and 1. 7 'Z*^' ^'^'^^'^
consume the leavin-s Thus vn., ^ T f ^ '^"''^ ^''^"^ ""^ hogs
sell when the price sait« ^ ^^^^ always have them iu condition to
y
■^'■Lic When to Sell.
those ne..st you ; y„„^ wm i,!"^™:!'*' T °" '"" '"'"'' -"'«■ -
J0» for ,„ either c.^. Aod TtVvIt in J"?"" '''» »'»">■» o""* to
to.tal|.feed_t,hey will alwavs h? u '" -'""-"^ >™ Aave shown how
profit of feeding lies. half-fattened beef is j„,t where the
CHAPTER XIV.
HERDING AND GBAZINa.
GREAT HERDS OF THE SOUTHWEST. II. LOSSES FROM COLD AN1> NK(?I.Kt"T
III. CATTLE DO NOT WANDER FAR. IV. THREE THINdS NECJESSAUY IN IlERD-
IjjO. V. HOW TO RAISE WATER. VI. TANKS AND POOLS FOR STOCK -VII,
HAVE THE POOL DEEP. VIII. PROTECTION AdAINST STORMS.
I. Oreat Herds of the Southwest.
In the United States the capitiil invested in cattle not conlincd within
the boiindaric* of farms, *l)iit which are herded summer and MJiitcr, is
enormous. Ten years ago the herds of Texas and N'ew Mexico niiinbered
over 4,000,000 head, or about one tenth of all tlie ctittle of tiic Union.
These gaunt, bony, h)ng-horned, half-wild descendants of tiie original
Spanish cattle were ever impatient of I'estraint, not easily (iontiucd within
enclosures and at an early date overran all the fertile but dry icsioii of
Texas and New Mexico, and even became acclimated in Southern Kan-
sas and the Indian Territory.
Immense droves of them were driven North into Kansas, where they
were herded during summer, and thence were carried into Missouri,
Illinois and Iowa and eastward, to be fattened in winter, or ehso sold (li-
rectly from the grass to the butchers. Still later, the vast herdin;:
grounds of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming have been occupied by sim-
ilar cattle and by their descendants, crossed with improved bulls of Short-
Horn or Hereford stock. Much attention has also been given to the ac-
climating of well-bred northern cattle in Texas for improving them. In
California also, there were originally great herds of these Spanisli (luttlo,
but more lately they have been nearly or (luito supplanted in tlmt State
by improved stock.
n. Losses from Cold and Neglect.
Little or no efforts were made to provide food for these half-wilil
herds in wirter, and hence great numbers often died in Texas, New Mcxik;,
California and the Indian country from lack of feeding, and also fromtho
deep snows and severe weather encountered when they were t!i!<pn into
the more northern plains country. A little forethought in providing
QOino. sort of shelter, and putting up bay for feeding during storms, niiirliJ
(>42
HEKUING AND GHAZINO.
have prevented this, hut the pioneer is fnn r.f«„. •
inwuense losse. suffered bv Z hc^f ^ V '"'"'"'•^'"'' '^"^ ^'^"^^ ^'^^
winter of 1880-81. ^ '"^^ "' ^""^ ^*'"«°"«' ^'«P«cialIy i„ the
m. Cattle Do Not Wander Par.
Cattle, unlike their relatives tlir> «.,«!..!„ • ,-
™,dor fa,- fro,,, ,l,ei,. „a, le fe di„! *^r, " ;""""' '""^"^ "" °°'
i„„n„,.i„ «,-cl,„, food ,„,r:*'^ fJa" ""'■"''" """'O"'
pe,iA if „„t relicvod l,v ,„„„ ,u d iftl. ? g''™td,-ougl,t ,|,cy
fail, i„ .heir ,-n„„cdia.o-n„,; ', , t wi , t ,^^^^^ """^ "'* '«'=<'
of it. Tlioi,- „„ly ,„i.,ratio„ ilH,!, , *^ J'""'""^" '" *«'»-"l'
fro. i„.:,.oa.o of '.•^.£:^z:xr^^'t::/z '" ^r-
native feeding grounds. " further from their
IV. Three Things Necessary in Herding.
Since the Indians have been pretty '^enorUlv fr.nH,, ^ *
the danger from loss of eattle'fron 1 2, ^^f 'T'"'""^'
been nearly extinguished. The three .H.'f. "''"" ^^"'^'^ '^'^^
hording now are fr:e access to wat ^ ! T' ''"^'^'''^ ^"^ l^''^-^
water, and proper pr<,visio„s f^Jed h^^:';;?^' ?"• '""""^ *" ^'^'^
droughts or periodical storms. The .ref, '.;'"'''' ^"'"'"^ ''''^'^''g^d
Mountains, and of Texas and th ph ns • ' ^^, "^"' "' *'" ^"^'^^
where they are traversed bv runnin '/ " ^ ^ ^' ''' '""'^^ ''^'"''^blo
water ,^ means of artesian^;: LrWhrrJ'V'-r/'' ^^"'"^
generally realized expectation " '''' ^^^'•'^^•^' ^^'^ "ot
treme droughts. Hencr a thoti ^ '^ '"-'^^ '"'^^ «">>iect to e.x-
by ..oring .rnder Goven!;::' ^f! ^Z ^ r:: "'^"".^t ''^^" ^-"^'
terprise, the probabilities „o^v seem t l^'tZ "'''«;;""'">'.by Private en-
to natural water can be permanon v . ^^ *'" ""-•"" contiguous
eannotextend nu,reth:n'::o:r;:^„ re:^;;:';' ''" ^'^ ^'^"'^ ^'•"^=«
where the deficiency muy be supp,i:d Jrlm X "' ^'"'""' ^"^^^^^
V. How to Raise Water.
4t:3;rr;^:ri;i;;:: --^-«ve fectof ti. sur..co. it
™mes more serious, and a force 2n ! «"''f«««. the question be-
ore..o„„..._ ,.^ .. ' " " Toice-pump must bo used. A" ^ho h- «' •
"•"O-tiiu -viinicuitv increases en it .., i . " -^ • <»e Ui:j;iii m-
"'"*»»-' '-«'»;^t^:^:ri='t-:?
-WMiP'
644
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
steam. Hence in regions where no fuel is to be found in a week's
travel many of our otherwise good grazing grounds remain unutilized.
VI. Tanks and Pools for Stook.
The water when once pumped may easily be saved for use, by diggir.n
deep tanks or pools in the ground and thoroughly puddling and groutiijc
the bottom ; or, in the case of a porous soil, the pools must be prevented
from leaking by a layer of clay eighteen inches or two feet thick on the
bottom, well tramped by cattle while quite soft with water. This grout-
ing of clay must, of course, extend some distance above the intended
water line at the top, and the reservoir should not be less than six or
eight feet deep, to prevent undue loss by evaporation.
Another important point is that trees must never be planted about the
pool, for the roots will surely find their way to the water, and thus fur-
nish the means of leakage through the grouting.
Vn. Have the Fool deep.
The importance of having the pool deep cannot be overestimated. A
shallow pool will quickly evaporate under a hot sun, but not so the deep
pool. There are two reasons for this. In the first place, a pool, say six
feet deep will hold six times as much w^ater as the pool only one foot
deep ; and at the same time the evaporation from the deep pool will be
less than that from the shallow one, since the water in the former always
remains much colder, and will never become so strongly heated by the sun.
Another advantage is that the deep pool does not so readily breed germs
dangerous to the health of the cattle.
A deep pool, as described, may quickly be scraped out by means of
teams, and the earth used as an embankment. Thus, an oblong pool,
say thirty feet wide l)y three hundred feet long, will hold an immense
quantity of water, and allow of the drinking at one and the same time a
great number of cattle. If advantage is taken of someijlace where water
flows, even temporarily, after rains or during thaws, a dam thrown across
one end, above the pool, may furnish a reservoir, to fill the pool and keep
it gradually supplied, except in cases of extreme drought.
Vlil. Protection against Storms.
Severe storms must be provided against, for in the great herding
grounds of the West they are sometimes very destructive. Where there
are gulches they may be taken advantage of for shelter. Where there are
no gulches the best protected locality must be sought, and this should be
further protected by planting timber adapted to the soil. If the soil
is dry, yellow pine and Norway dpruoe are the trees to plant, but the
belts of the trees must he protectod f ... *i ^^^
7' ■■"'■"-'- S-s, cL':; f/™ t„::!n'- where there i, ,„«.
.few yeara. The cataipa ( Speciosa nja "^. ^""^ " P'-°»«!led for
valuable. It fa hardy, groSitTnd " ef 'r"*",'*''^ ''"""^ '"' ""««
by he ,ran>ptag„, cattle, than are ,„„st trel ' ■""' ""'" "' -■"« ---
If the cattle kinffs, who h..v« ..^ • i
o.do a„, t,e te^r^Hes. 1!^^:^::^'^^:' '' '''''^^ ^^ ^"'-
ng of fodder for use during storms it woL k ' ^""^ *^ theprovid-
losses, not only from storms! but f';™ 7> . '' '""^'^ '^'^ heavy
The cattle would be practically s'r ft '^r^'^^^^ «f their herds
l.mber, and even when stampeded on tL stampeding when in the
seek this shelter if once turned towld^it"'" '''^ "^""''^ instinctivet
CHAPTER XV.
THE HUMAITB UANAGEMEITF Ain> OABE OF OATTLG.
A MERCIFUL MAN 18 HERCIPDL TO HIS BEAST II. WHAT CONSTITUTES OOOi»
CAHE AND KINDNESS. III. HOW TO MANAGE A KICKER. IV. TO PREVENT
SUCKING. V. DEVICES TO PREVENT GORING. VI. DRIVING TO ANU FROM
PASTURE. VII. AMENITIES OP THE BARN YARD. VIII.
BAD MANAGBHBNT IX. ASSIMILATION OF FOOD. X.
AT IT. XI THE PROFITS OF HUMANE TREATMENT.
Arf BETWEEN GOOK ANU
TWO WAYS OP LOOKING
I. A Merciful Man is Merciful to his Beast.
No argument should be needed to show that in the management of an-
Imals good care is good policy, or that in kindness to them there is
money as well as mercy. Examples of both methods of dealing with
farm animals can be seen in every day life in the yards and pastures of
the farms we pass on any country road. When the stock is managed by
blows and main for'ie, the animals are wild, vicious and unmanaf^oable
both in the yard and the pasture. They regard every visitor with suspi-
cion, and are ready to take to flight at the least sign of danger, or they raise
their heads and snort at every noise. If cornered they will either fi"-ht,
or else seek to rush over or around the supposed source of danger, how-
ever trifling it may be. On the other hand, when the cattle are kindly
cared for, they take no notice of anything but their own individual
wants, and are ever ready to seek and enjoy the kind word or caress they
are accustomed to receive.
n. What Constitutes Good Care and Kindness.
Humane treatment of animals consists in providing comfortable qu^N
ters ; the training of stock to what they are expected to perform, rather
than " breaking " them into it ; furnishing plenty of good and whole.
some food, and so placing it that it may not be trampled under foot and
wasted. Once the owner gets the confidence of his stock, the balance is
easy, and it is cheaper to do this than to have them lose flesh, from the
constant fear of injury.
Two illustrations will suffice : The first shows a cow that has been
beaten with the milking-stool, when restless from being annoyed by flies,
646
THE HUMANE MANAOKMBXT AM. CAKE OF CATTX.K. O^?
or from brutal haiidliiijj of the teuU m.^ u . ,
,vith her heel.. She &he has resented this treatment
kicks and runs at ev-
ery opportunity, and
often, at length, with-
out provocation. If
offered for sale, unless
deceit is practiced, she
will not bring half the
price of a well-trained nr^sv^T ok bad „an„. ^so
cow; and a rnan once cheated with such an animal will steer clear of th«
person wlio deceived lim. The aor-nnrl r.!„*. ^ "' *°®
Ln properly cared for when ^ "'' ''^''''''''' '' ««^^ ^^at has
young. She has been trained
to know that she will not be
abused, and instead of kiekinor
over the pail, will simply move
her feet or her tail when the
flies bother her. If flies are
bad, cover her with a sheet
when being milked, or have a
EESULT OF GOOD HANDLING. " '"^^^^'' '^*'''' P'*^''*' *» milk in.
ni. How to Manage a Kioker.
Have you been so unfortunatn «« <-^ u
made ugly and vicious? If 2 "La h^rn"'"' f P«--«or of a cow
in the illustration, so that a p'; cln it b "urf "' ^^'^^-P-ented
flank, by means of the guards J,"^^" ^^""-^^ *" P''^^^ t'ghtly in eaeh
down into one of the notches, will cure
her. It will, in fact, hurt her when she
kicks. A strong cord drawn tight just
back of the shoulders will answer in the
majority of cases. For exceptionally
bad kickers a close pen must be made
into which the cow is driven. It must
be only wide enough to admit her, and
havon post set at the proper place against
which to tie her leg. At length it will to pkevent a cow .„om kt.™
:X':;;;rri-t- : '^: :rr"^ - -- - «; r:.;t
t I
m^mk
648
THE AMERICAN FAKMEU S STOCK HOOK.
■^^
and she will soon learn to go in without difficulty. Either of these ])]ans
is easier and cheaper than trying to break her of the habit by blows. Tliai
only makes a bad matter worse.
IV. To Prevent Sucking.
Sometimes a calf, not properly weaned,
will acquire the habit of sucking oilier
cows, and there are generally good natured
cows that will allow it. To prevent this,
have a spiked muzzle made as shown in
t ,3 engrnviug, not so tight as to prevent
grazing, but sufficiently so to prevent her
from sucking. If a cow suck her own
milk, a harness as shown in either of the
two cuts of harness for cows, on the next
page, will keep her all right. The second
form we consider preferable.
TO PKEVENT SIJCKING.
£i iiSLii
V. Devices to Prevent Goring.
If an animiil — cow, ox or bull — is vicious with the horns, it should be
gotten rid of at once, unless it bo so
valuable as to make it an object to
go to considerable trouble to pre-
vent its doing mischief. 1 he same
rule will apply to animals having
any vice. Sell them or ^'attcii them,
unless their value makes it necessa-
ry to suffer the inconvoiiionco. A
good arrangement to prevent hook-
ing is represented in the annexed
picture, of a vicious ox's head. Once
it is attached, the anin.'il attempting
to gore will only pull its own iioso,
An effective harness for hampering
a vicious bull is also shown in the
TO VBEVENT HOOKiNO. illustration on next page. AVith this
h»rnes8 on, no bull, however ugly, can do serious harm, either to manor
beast.
In mild eases, good balls securely fixed on the horns will be effective to
prevent goring. They should ulwftys be fixed to the horns of bulls, and of
' of these ]i]jin,s
y blows. Thut
T SIMJKING.
l)e cffoctiveto
if buiis, and of
THK HUMANE MANAGEMENT AND CAHK OF C^ATTLE.
649
e u insiae. j^asten the animal securely; put two
HARNESS TO PREVENT SUCKINO
A BETTER FORM.
large, round potatoes in the oven to roasf nn*i «,»,„ a^ ■ ,
HAMPERINO A VICIOUS BUtl..
potato becomes cool, screw tho hiiiia „o « i
UBbg a weuch and they wiU neve: :oL off "'^ " ^^^^^^^ ^^ *^« -^*
VI. Driving to and from Pasture. •
This, if entrusted to bovs. witbnnf ^■,„
t. the a„i„b. Fron, shrr'.!! ' Lfrit Z L"" ^ ""t," '"'""' '" "W
on a run, or ln«ke them jumo thH .r« l f ^' ™" "'""> ■''"'' th™
t n.ue e^en known a cow to
THE AMERICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
fall and break her neck in jumi)iiig tlio bars, to say nothing of the
breachy habits they are apt to ai'ciuiro from such usage. Houce it is
important that the boys bo perfectly trained, as well as the cows.
VII. Amenities of the Bam Yard.
If all farm stock are properly trained, they will live together in o-ood
fellowship, if the occasional incorrigible one is prevented from doiiiy
mischief. Even a too belligerent cock may be rendered crest-fallcii by
cutting his spurs, and a goring cow may be prevented even from injuring
sheep by the nose piece and cord through the horn. Yet it is altogether
A HAPPY FAMILY.
better to get rid of unruly stock at any price, and then your farm yard
may present the appearance of the picture we give of "A Happy Fam-
ily."
Viil. As Between Good and Bad Management.
"We have already stated that humane management does not consist in ex.
pensive buildings, or costly fixtures. The poor man's stock may l)c just
as well cared for at a cost within his means, as that of the riih muu,
The rich farmer may not, indeed, make so much profit as the poorer one,
even with all his fine buildings. The profit in feeding, for instance, is in
so managing as to get the best return* for the food given. Some kind-
hearted persons stuff their animals so full that they are uncomfortable.
This is neither kindness nor good management.
THK HUMANE MANAGKMKNT AM) riPP ,..,
IX. Assimilation of Pood.
651
The system will pi-operlv assimil.itn . «^ ^ •
and no more. Ail that i/^ive b !«„ "''"""* "' ""'"•'«'^"«"t.
given below the requirccr^u ti f," 'I'"^ " t' '"" ^" *^"^ -
Both show bad rr,anage„.cnt W I "ol T " "' '"*"''« P'-^^*-
n.«n must be compet^.t to judg^fo ,ri e '"'?, '""^ ^" «"-«"' «ve.y
t.ken in explaining and ^oLL^uZ^^:^^';^' "" "" ^^^ ^-«
may he ju.lged from outward apptuJu^! . , l"/'",'*"''""'' ^ ^-^ ««
cat structure. ' ' ' '""' ^'"'" ^^e bony and physi-
THE PASTUKK OK KAKMKU '-WKLL-TO-DO.
a'Kl good n.a„ag<.„ent; it s Tf!? ^T"'"^ «PPe».-«nce of quiet
P"ges of print. ^'" '""'"^ «'"q"«nt lesson than whole
X. Two Ways of Looking at it.
'« "Pplianeo. too elaborate f , r pr ct T^ '' '"° ?"^^*'^ ^^^ P'-^^'
tbe «a„,o end so far as f«edi„. ..^^ l'?/ ^'^^ P'-"''^'^'«' '»«» will reach
•"bi'Hself a,a comfort to hisln'invd His'h u '"""■"''' ""^ ^'^^ P'"«*
«ven made with poles and straw b; ,f" ''^^'^^''^ '"^^ '^« °^o«t homely.
«tiaw, but they are warm and comfortable
W ■ i
652
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK HOOK.
!.'
He cannot afford iron mungcrs iind water pipes in Iiis stables, Imt his
troughs are tight and solidly built, and his animals aro regularly fed and
watered. He may not have blankets in winter and sheets in summer, iiut
his animals will be well and carefully fed, and sheltered fn m the
earliest age until ready for sale.
XI. The Profits of Humane Treatment.
Two years ago, in writing on this subject, we reviewed the matter of
feeding as follows. We do not know that we could better it by ro-writ-
ing it, and thus we quote : "The humane man wi?l get ten dollar-* more
for a cow because she will be gentle and well trained to give down her
milk without resistance. His steers will bring from one to two cents
per pound extra in market, for the reason that the constant care gi\ in
them will have resulted in extra Weight and condition. Let us see wh'^t
two cents per pound amounts to. His steer of a given age, say thioo
years, is fed from birth so that it has never fallen in condition, but Las
constantly gained, and will weigh from 1300 to 1600 pounds, accordingto
the breed. The steer of the man who does not believe in feedinir nor
properly treating his anmials, will weigh off of grass 900 or 1000 pounds.
The good feeder will get five-and-a-half cents per pound gross weight, or
$71,50 for the 1300 11). steer, and $88 for the heavier one. The poor
feeder Avill get, say three cents per pound, or $27 to $H0. One may see
this every day of the year at the stock-yards of our .vjstern cities, ft
does not cost $20 more to make the good steer than the poor one ; so the
enhanced profits are nearly $25 in the one case and $48 in the other ; in
other words, the good and humane feeder gets the enhanced price on the
poor feeder's 1000 pounds, and on what he has put on besides by his con-
siderate care and constant good feeding. We have partially shown this
in another part of the work, in alluding to the daily animal waste. That
is one integer. Another is that animal waste maybe produced excessive-
ly, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are subjected to frights
and bruises, as well as by exposure to storms and lack of sufficient food,"
The little cut at the end of this chapter prettily illustrates some results
of humane treatment of stock. The cow and calf are quietly chewingthe
cud in the foreground and in the distance one cow is watching for danger
while the other drinks.
CHAPTKR XVI.
THE TRAIWDro AND WORKmQ OF CATTLE.
I, THE MFFEHENCE BKTWEEN TUAININa «vi. «««..
NECE.SSABV._„,. TWO wlvs OF ^0^0 fr'^^'T "' ^"^^ ^HE WHIP IS
VOUNO. V. WHAT AN OX SHOULD BKT^nLTr"^- ^J^VANTAOES OK TRAINfNU
VII. TRAINING TO LE M, Vlll THAllt^^^^r, ^'- THAININO THE C A LF^
COW._X. HOWTO MILK PUO^ERLli^xi^^''^ '^^ ^HAININO A MlZ^
—XII. HOW TO MANAGE A KICkInO C^ ^/°^ •'^^KU AT MILKING TIM "
XIV. TRAIN THEM WHILE THEV^^yonNO 11' "^^ TO TRAIN 8TEE J-fl
8AIL0EAS A TEAMSTER. AUfc YOUNG, xy. A SUMMING UP.— -XVI. A
I. The Difference Between Training and Break Jig
stock. The horse must be hr^hlTTduS T ^'" «PP'y to all farm
factory labor out of hini so xnust 7 .^ "' 7^"' *" ^'' '^' ""^^satis-
necol, ..t their ed:Xrl"^ TatT^^^^^^^ ^' ^^ "^'
difference between the two systems is that U. T ^"'''"' ^''^
idndnes. is used, by which the^„ran; t':; o^^^^^^^ ^'
under thf whip ^^0^;^' ::2X^Zt^^^
powersimply to inflict injury and oZ. ., ^^^"^^^^ as a terrible
iinpulse of fear. ^^' ^ conasquently works solely under the
n. When the Whip iBNeoessary.
In some cases, even after pRrpfni f ..oj.,:„ xl
misuse l)y a previous owner Tf fK^ „ • ',.,' '^ ''"^n the result of
whip, joinuea z:TJiS;^z ':x 'tzt^v-
properly trained, the whip will seldom h««. •'^' , ^^ ^*® ^'^^'^
It., .s ,1. sole use, exeept as .„ totn-ment oTcoio'L^ J", T"-
animal when traininff. and finm«f!»,^o ** "^ ^"f^ecnon tor a refractory
Mo»..e w^pwo. eeMo.'-^ ^ru^^Tf ^oXTp^; "-
.-„ ■-' ^^ ■"" ""tto i3 required
U53
fi-'.
eM
THE AMERICAN KAIIMEK 8 STOCK BOOH.
of them when onco they know what is wanted. Animals cannot he ex-
pected to understand as a ehild will. They have not the power of direct
INDKU THE Wllir. A BROKEN TEAM.
speech, and thus we must use signs, their natural mean.s of communica-
tion, as well as words.
III. Two Ways of Doing it.
We give two pictures from real life. One shows a savage teamster
working his animals by main force, under the whip. In the other is seen
HY THR POWEK OP KINDNESS. A TIIAINEI) OK.
t^tr(\f\t\ f vojyifij. jij.jvjjjnr h\a wjij jj^cf ()x witljout liiisB uud suidiiishiiii solclv by
the sound of hia voice. It is not difficult to see which will got the most
:gim-
cannot he ex-
owor of direct
f I'onimuiiica-
vage teamster
c other is seen
or hi 111 solely by
THE TR^lM.vo A.VO WORKING OF CATTLE. , ggj
labor out of his team and ill the easiest manner Of. .u .
^,VS'«WS7rfj
i.,.!';'";rii''i'r;i;;i|,ii:
II I
JSi '„"' '."Mi I'l,;,
ll," '■''i',"'','N'Wi.'.if;j
Pi. |iIi|| ilji I 1 1 III
,' ,1,1 ? ' ' 'iii'ii '
I ',iii I I'l'i ' > '
I ' I'l ' I .. I II
f"«^ 'i'v|iiili"ill"ii||h',,
I'liU, ,i|| I'll ilnl III
I Mill I i.. I L I ..I II
Jderable labor from hlt^^^ari^^^^^^^^^^ careful ue^Hl get con-
Iwder on the cow than is thp . \ • . "'''' ^*''*''* '^ ^^^'^^'^^X «<>
family, and ha. T^ * ^"^1*^.^ *?^ ^""P^^^^ ^'^ t^e woman who reaVs a
mane in the one e^se'or'IhroZr'' ""''''!• 1*'' "''^ «««nomical or hu-
i'j ^ "'^ *^^ "*'^«'^' «*««Pt under dire necessity.
-*- — '4
£^*''r'»**"W»^"g*>^Wv>L-.j
656
THfc AinciacAN farmer's STOcir hook.
;il
rv. Advantages ol Training Young.
In the preceding clmptor wo have i''.ustrated the ^iiffereace between >»,
and good usage in the mimagement /f cattle. It is with animals us with
children. Brought .p under blows and curses, they make in the one case
vicious or unwilli.g servants, in the other case brutal men. The earlier
the training of all farm animals is begun the better. In the chapters ou
horses Ave have inculcated the principle that colts should be trained voun<',
and have shown tha.t this course really takes no more time in the end
than to allow the animal to get its full strength before beginning to train
The same is true in the training of cattle. In fact,* it is an economy of
time and lahor to begin the training at an early age, for the young animal
has not the power of resistance, and being subjected to the influence of a
kind master, never learns its strength. In nine cases out of ten, all the
difficulty experienced in «' breaking" results from the fact that the
animal has been allowed to go too long without being made familiar with
the presence and control of the master.
V. What an Ox should be Taught.
All that is expected of a pair of oxen is, that the off ox shall stand
quietly to be yoked, and that the other shall come promptly fonvard at
the word, and pass under the yoke ; then, that they shall step briskly
forward with the load, turn promptly to the right (haw) or to the left
(gee), and stop promptly, or back up at the word. "
The instructions given in the chapters on the training of horses, will
suffice lor haltering and training of cattle, with such modifications as will
naturally suggest themselves in addition to the hints given below. The
trainer mupt distinguish between stubborn ugliness, and lack of compre-
hension in the animal . But even stubbornness is more easily conquered, by
simply rendering the animal uncomfortable until it attends to the wishes
of the master, than by beating it for something it knows not what.
VI. Training the Call.
Let us suppose the calf not to have been raised by hand,— for if so
raised it should have been taught to fear nothing— but that it has sucked the
cow until ready for weaning. In this case the first thing to do is to give
it a name and thereafter call it by that name. If the name is associated
with something the calf likes, the calf will soon understand it and come
when called. The next step is haltering. Get the calf, as quietly as
possible, into a close place, Avith its dam, and put on a halter it cannot
break. Turn out the cow and let the calf pull until it gives up, watching
that it does not injure itself, and pushing it forward occasionally to cause
it to know that it is easier to stand without pulling.
XHE THAIMNG AND WORKING OP CAPTi^. 657
Vm. Training to Lead.
The next step is training to lead. Take thA .„i* • *
Have a six-foot rope at the end of the halter Stl.' V'°'° ^"''^•
calf, say -come." calling it by name MiZ' . ^^ '" ^'^"^ ^^ ^^^
therope. The calf will^not/of Zs;. i\?bir C 7 P"" "^ ""^"^ -
assistant touch it lightly f .om behind ^h a wWn g^tLtth "' ''' ^"
when you succeed in getHucr the lifflp nnJr^ i ^ " ^''^^ '"''P®' «"<*
it something it likesisuga? or 1,^ r^p^^^^^^^^^^ ^^"' '??'« ^^ -^ ^ve
per. When the calf wilf come to you aCfoL "^'"^t ^^^^ *«•»-
-wailUi^byitssideand restraining ie'ifrcr;^Th;r^^^^^^^^^
ONE WAV OF KINGING A BULL
handled, carded and brushed in f h« .♦ 1 1
if pu do not hurt it. Thl: ac oinpthT^^^ '' ""! "^l°'j*^«^ *<> '»»«
a cow calf, and nearly so, if a steer Tnt..'"'""'^ '' half-trained if
^th a light hand, never usinV the ^ard T^ ' '''"' '^'^'^ '"''^'^^ ^^ «°
eurfaces. « '''^ *'*'^^' "'^ «"n-y comb, over the bony
Vin. Training a BuU.
nnwo, .._ji_. r mastery, if go thev will ., .a— - • -
:J ' ""^ "ccomo dangerous. Thev slini.u i, '' ' ^'''^^^ ^^^^
658
THE AMERICA JV FARMKR's STOCK BOOK.
a piece of soft pine, so it may be entered into the nostril to meet the
blow given on the punch. Select a punch to make a hole correspondin'r
to the ring. Tie the bull securely and let an assistant hold the ploce of
pine. Set the punch in the opposite nostril, low enough so tiiat it will
not cut the cartilage (gristle) of the nose, and strike a smart blow, form-
ing the hole. Put in the ring, set the screw tight and the work i.s done-
The illustration will show the v»ld fashioned manner of ringiii<f a bull
with a cutting awl
The plan we have described is better.
IX. Training a Milch Cow.
Handle the udder and teats of the heifer often while she is growing
This will have a two-fold effect. It will cause extra developnioiit hi
those parts, and at the same time make the heifer gentle, so that when
she comes really to be milked^ but little diiBoulty will be expcri(iuced.
If the heifer, or cow, has never been thus handled, a pen should be
made five feet high, and just wide and long enough for the animal to stand
in. Have a safe bar behind, at the height of hei- buttocks, and a place at
the side to milk through. Tie her by the head. Then gontk-ncss and
perseverance must do the rest. In no case strike her. There is no dan-
ger of the milker being kicked, for the left hand holding tlie teat with
the wrist pushed strongly against the stifle, will prevent the heifer or
cow from using her heels for injury. Patiently show her that she will
not be hurt, and under careful milking she will soon come to feci that the
operation is connected with ease to herself. If the udder is inflamed or
the teats sore, use cold water for the first and glycerine for the latter.
This agaiA will cause her to associate the idea of relief with the opera-
tion of milking.
X. How to MUk Properly.
Always wash the teats and udder with lukewarm water if they are
dirty, or brush them with a soft brush if they are only dusty. Set down
on the off or right side, so that the right hand will be nearest the cow's
head. Take hold of the rear teat nearest you with the loft hand, and
using the word "hoist," induce the cow to place the log, against Avhich
you press your wrist, farther back than the opposite one. The pressure
of the arm should carry the leg back.
In milking, grasp the teats by the upper portion, and, diagonally ; that
is, one fore and one hind teat on opposite sides. Grasp the teat well up
to the udder with the thumb and fore finger, and bringing the other
fingers successively together, with a slight pull force out the milk.
So proceed with one hand and then the other until the milk is about
drawn, and then change to the other teats. Never strip the milk by \m\\'m3i
m^ ■IKAi.XKVU A^o WOKKI.VO or CAPTLE. " 659
theteatwith the thumb and tnro «««■«« *
hand well up under the udder, grasp-
,iig the teat, gathering the milk with
the tlmnib and fore finger, and draw-
ing it with the other fingers. It must -
be learned by practice, but .s not at all difficult
Another important thmg ,s to learn to milk "fast
DEVICE KOK HOLDING THE PAIL.
- If the milk ig not
dra^vn as fast as it is given down, in
the end ,t may be withheld. In any
event, slow and especially impeifect
milk ng ,,„„ drj^^ 1
assistance to the milker two illustra!
tions are g.ven, the first showing a de-
vjoe for holding the pail, whic\ any
wl^irr-^'^-"^itinhoid.
UANNEK OF HOLDING THE PAIL
XI. Do not Peed at Milking Time.
thepa.l. One of these for each
•11 "^ muse ror each
m,Iker„n,„,ema„yttoe.it»c„rfa
a smgle season.
or t J r::; St^f t::^^:;^ ^^ 7 - let down her mi,k,
should never be done. The act of eaC • T "' "''"^'"» ^''««- This
expecting the mess, if for any i-rason ' Tu 1"""'"^ "^«"^ ' «"d,
restless, however gentle she ly 7 M^T h .''-'^ ^"" ^^^''--
after milking. It is a good phu^ under uierufe^o? "'''"'" '''^ ""^^
if the stable is to be cleaned before milki. a / T^'P'"'^*'''"- ^et,
plan is to feed before milkinc tCe t V , '^""'^ ^'-*^'^ ^^^^^
^. We have also caused tite milker to lVt"h "' '''' "'^'^^^^ ^^"P^
a single mouthful of the best, sweet soft hav ,' f.'T ' *''*' "^ ''^'^ ^'
n^ilk. There is nothing puts an mlal L Z/ . '^"''' ''**'"« ^«^" ^
Once milking is bcmn milk Z «^^ i" ''""'"^ '''^^ ^^^ '""ker.
-i. it is «»ishod. If ;'ou"^L'::ira t ^"^^•"»-
be 8ure something is wrong with the man Y ^^ '' ''''^ ^"''«^»
milk, that will inevitably e^sue fro n Thi c '" """T' '^"""^ '^' ^^'^ '«
^charge him at once, o'r put him^: ^t^er Tol.'"' ''' ^''°^^'- ^^ ^« *«
211. How to Mimi^ a moking Cow
1. ^;:j;f f ^,"' "'°"'" -. 'l-a. o„ce they „cc,„i,^ . „•„,„., ,_... ..
i ,
'****«®*«*«^ i-»««Btt3SM«aB
660
THE AMERICAN FAEMER's ST0(;K BOOK.
^'iiwHoan
aSl.
■ Tf s 'IT r
t
safe thereafter. So, if once a cow acquires the habit of kicking, she will
try it on with every new milker who takes her in hand. Hence the advice
we have given, to convert all tricky cows into beef as quickly as possible.
If the cow has some unusually good qualities to compensate, it may pay
to keep her ; but, remember that tricks "are catching," simply from the
restlessness created in the milking yard.
How we once subdued an inveterate kicker, but deep milker, is as fol-
lows : A strong man held her steady by the horn and nose, Seizinfr a
teat firmly in each hand, but without attempting to milk, except to per-
fonn the motion, she was allowed to kick to her heart's content. Soon
she found that the wrist and arm brought the kicking leg back aj^ain to
its proper place on the ground, without fail. When she ceased kickiiur,
milking proceeded, and when she kicked, the grasp was tightened. In
the end she submitted quietly. The next lesson was to teach her to stand
quietly without holding. This was accomplished by following and forcing
her to walk about the yard, until she was willing to .stand still. At the
end of a week she became perfectly quiet to milk, so far as her trainer was
concerned, but no other person could milk her. A better way for all such
animals, is to provide a pen, such as we have previously described, and
then any good and quiet milker can manage the most refractory animal.
Xm. How to Train Steers.
All that is required of oxen is that they move briskly at the word ;
draw steadily ; back promptly, and as much as they can draw forward ;
that they exert themselves to the fullest extent, but slowly, when neces-
sity requires, and that they stand quietly. To meet these requirements
you must have something better than dull, lazy, logy brutes. If for heavy
logging, of course agility must be sacrificed to strength ; but if circum-
stances will allow, three yoke of smart steers are better and more eco-
nomical, than two yoke of heavier slow ones. They must, however, be
trained to pull together, and in using a single yoke, it is absolutely nec-
essary that they walk and pull evenly.
Select steers of medium size, compact and as near alike in disposition,
carriage, pace and color as possible. If they are three years old past,
they may be put in a freighting team, if possible, with a well-trained
yoke of cattle at the pole and another in the lead. Tie them up so they
may be yoked, and so proceed until you have the requisite nuinher to-
gether that are to be trained. Once yoked, put them in the tiiiin, and
do not unyoke them until they understand what is wanted of tiiem. It
' may take a week. Feed well, and see that the yokes are well-fitting, so
as not to gall the shoulders or necks. When they pull stet'dily forward,
understand "haw" and "gee" — that is, to turn to the left or rishtasthe
THK TRAIMXO ASO MORKIXO OF CATTLE. 661
case may be,— and hack promptly with the wpII hv^t
traincl as single yokes, which mu^st be u^::: it^^^^^^ ^^ ^«
ratolj. \miaea with each yoke sepa.
XIV. Train Them wuie The, are Yoqiq!
«.,o,n. .id„, to t„™ to tl : S; or . 'l^ !" r't """"''■"'' """'""^
«f(»„ stops at a time, and « ", coml' f , "* ""™S'h twelve or
word, holdi,,. their h;uls weU p X„ tl ," , "'"'"""^ ■*''" """»
wor]<i„g them on the road t. "l tin t ^ T' """ '■™""' '»■ ''■
Fews,.e„aresoeve„„ .nat":::!' t^ Z;ZT"; """ "'»'"'«^-
together. If it i, „eee«ry to admonish Jh I !' """'" 1"°°''"'^
andtho other immediately after it ",,' '""''' "'" "'»" '""<"■ «■■-"•
^..erthat the aet sha„U' .m'n'l^rer " U ^ Ttr:: '" ""'^ '-
the slow one on the near or left side. '' '' *^'" ^'^'^ °*^^«'-' P"*
XV. A Summing Up.
To sum up the whole matter in a imf 1 n
know what you are training for If si.nnlv 1 '"'' ''"'"°'"" '^"'^' «"^
ging,orfor .^string" teams on tle'Z if " "f '"'"''''''"" "^'•'^' '«^-
nmch time on the trainin/ Yet .' V nT • ""' ^"^ '^^ ^^^^^"^ *««
yoke of oxen will always command •, .nJo T ' «^«"Jy-matched
the training-fully as m^ueh so ZT^l^^' T' ^""'^ *" ^^^'^ ^^^
work horses. ^''""*'^ ='»^ well-matched pair of
a new country, where until farm^ m-o h.. uV • '" *'''' settlement of
other feed than the wild g,™ Zu7^ '"''' '"'j""^^''^"' ^'^^ - -o
^^^^-^ntr.l.ody^^^.^^l^f-'^^^^^^^, r" "" '"dispensable;
than untrained one! Once you ^e such "1 '' """' '"' '^*^^'' ^^k'
handle them properly. An f^aomnt el' ' T""' "''" '^"^ d^^^'" ^
reduce the value of any team '' "' »^rutal driver will soon
XVn. A Sailor as a Teamster
.^M::!r;„sro'::.r^^^^^^^
"""""'""'^ ••■""■• "'"-^ '-truetedldraAn'irht
rniiiumonartiiT — "•
662
THE AMERICAN FAKMBK S STOCK HOOK.
in a month's time, sufficiently in driving. Coming to a bridge wiien
there were other teams passing the sailor "lost his head," and forg<'(tiii<T
the proper words, reverted to nautical language. "Starboard, (to the
right) you lubbers," he cried, and giving them a punch, the steers
sprang forward and side ways, and striking the rail, it was crushed, and
oxen and load went into the creek twenty feet beiow, turning the yoke in
the fall. Upon reaching home, and being asked what had become of the
team, he answered : "Oh, the lubbers fell off the deck, and the larlward
ox got on the starboard side, and the starboard ox got on the larboard
side, and the whole craft went to Davy Jones' locker together." Tlie
moral is : For a thing to be well done, one must know what he is uI)out
in doing i*^,.
CHAPTER XVn.
SHELTER FOR CATTLE.
■m
I. THK ECONOMY OF SHELTER. II. THF VATnnii i,«. .„.
TO SHELTER VI. SOMETH mo ThIt WM . ««^ „ ''^ OF STOCKMEN V. HOW
X. BAIINS FOR VARIOUS USES XI. 1 HK H*«VM^«t .TTT. " ^*TTLE TIES.
AN OBLONG bARN. XIII. A BARnVith wf^G^^^X^V '"'i.'Mn/'J''''''^ " ^"•
MENT. XV. MAIN FLOOR OF MODE! lV*nv ^^^ "^* *" MODEL BARN BASE-
barns._xvix. buil. ^on'^H.^^.Tuil^^^u-:Z:^^^ur^^--^^^^
I. The Economy of Shelter.
The necessity Of shelter of some kind for all farm stock is taken for
granted, even bj those who simply provide the warm side of a stack or
who consider themselves fortunate if they have a "chunk" of timber
where the cattle can " keep warm." Neither the one nor the other is
shelter m reuhty, smce shelter means not only protection from cold winds
but also from stonns. This neither of them rrives
in all that region where cattle must be fed during four or five months
of winter, the protection of barns and tight sheSs becomes absTut^t
necessary, smce one cold otorm will take off more flesh than can be re-
gained m a month. In fact, farm animals cannot thrive in the winter
unless sheltered. Without shelter they must certainly lose much
wcght m wmter, except at the expense of feed that would pay the cost
ofas,mple structure ma single winter, and amount to from fifteen to
twenty per cent, on the cost of a common-sense bam.
n. The Natural Heat Must Be Kept Up.
The natural heat of the body must be kept at 96 degrees, winter and
summer If ,t goes below thi«, a chill ensues, and in the effort of nat^
to counteract the effect of this, which, if continued, would kill, fe^
takes pace The fever also would kill if continued, so nature agl
ZfeveV ''''"'' ^^' '""'^''"^ ''^^' supervenes. This is chills
The animal to remain in health, must be kept at a normal temperature
and tbs . only to be accomplished by an excess of food, or b v s^T
X she^r'"^- r^^'r '' "'" '" *^ ^^ '^ « ^-^ 4tr^
food " ^ " '"''' "' '"'"''^ *" '^''^''''' ^^^ ^««™««
I I
66c
664
THK AMERICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
ni. Food as Belated to Shelter.
Where grain is cheap the increased food with simple shelter is un-
doubtedly cheaper, I'.nd yet food may bo so. scarce and high, that oven tire
heat may pr()tital)ly be resorted to.
The Estjuimaux drink train oil, to give the body natural lieat in winter;
civili/ed people eat fat meats for the same purpose, and in cold weather,
it is well known that animals always crave oily food. The reason is, that
such food assists in keeping up the animal heat. Hence, since st(,ik waste
more from exposure to cold, it is always economy not only that they lie
fully fed, but also that they be warmly sheltered. The reason is quito
simple. In a still atmosphere, the animal retains his natural warmth,
imparting a small portion of it to the air immediatly surroundini,' him;
but when the atmosphere is in motion the animal warmth is, so to speak,
blow.i away as fast as givei\ off, and. a fresh supply of cold air constantly
takes the place of that warmed from the animal' s body. Hence the greater
ease with which a person will keei, warm alv/ays in a still, cold atmos-
phere, than in a warmer one, but with wiad blowing. If the wind is
accompanied with rain, hail, sleet or snow, the loss of animal heat is still
greater. Thus we have the question of shelter brought down to one of
dollars and cents, in which shelter wins.
TV. Four Classes of Stnokmen.
There are four classes of farmers : First, those who give no shelter;
second, those who provide shelter next
to nothing; third, those who huvecom-
foitable shelter, but fail to use it to its
full extent, and fourth, those wlio have
good shelter, and keep their stock nnder
it. The first class does not need ilkis-
trating. The second, third and fourth
we present in a series of cuts which tell
A SHIFTLESS FAKMEii's HAHJs. tiiclr owu story pretty fully.
The Shiftless Man's Shelter.— Thi^ man always has " hard Uiok."
and all his surroundings are of the same kind as his luck — hard. His
animals are never in condition for labor, for they are half starved and
badly sheltered. His barn is w(n-se than "all out doors," since water
drips through the roof, and the wind blowing through, creates drafts, and
the temperature is aotually below what it is outside. Hence, snch shelter
is really worse than none, for, while cooped up in it, the poor ])rates are
denied the privilege of exercise.
Farmer Slack. — Farmer Slack has abundance of shelter, as the illus-
tration shows, but believes that store cattle, atlea.st, need to be toughened
8HKLTER FOU CATTLE.
6ti5
by exposure to the winter l)lHsts. If a suddor- stom comes on he «' frw^r^s
the brutes can stand it," with a "morsel n.ore" of fodder. His fattenin.r
and working stock and milch cows arc in the barns. Can he not see that
if it pays with them it will pay «• all j^round."
Farmer Thrlfty.-Farmer Thrifty believes in having good shelter and
in using It. He believes not only in sheltering his stock, but in shelterng
h.8 yards and barns also. With the snow lying thick over everything
there is ro s.gn of life in the ample yards, «ave the hands about thel^
wori{. and the chickens, which also have warm quarters at night. The
cattle are all co»nfortably I oused inside.
V. How to Shelter.
It seems unnecessary to follow the subject into details. The most
simple shelter is the artificial protection of wind-breaks, obtained by the
..t,0!im^^,9»f>^ planting of belts of evergreens and
deciduous trees. It is the crudest sort
of protection, next to a tight board
fence. If the fence is topped with a
lean-to roof we have one of the sim-
plest forms of shelter. Another form
of shed— and the crudest— is of posts
and poles covered with slough hay.
If placed in the timber it makes an
excellent protection for store cattle.
A Good Shed.— Still another cheap
. , s'^'^d is made by setting posts m the
ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plate pieces, laying
on scantling for the peak, supported temporarily, and nailing on boards
foraroof.atone-quarter pitch, up and down from the plates to the peak'
PRIMITIVE SHELTER.
FARMER THKIFTV'S SHELTER.
covering the joints with wide battens and boarding up the side whence the
prevailing winds come. If twelve feet hoard. nroL«^ f^.T- ^
shed may thus be formed over twenty feet wide, that wUl furllishZod
- -SI
"■'"' 'T' "'" I
6(t(;
THK AMEKU;AN I'AKMKIt « .STOCK l»OOK.
shelter for stock cattle where forage is cheap. If the shed he plncod in
the tiinbor, or where timber l)elts protect from wind, there iic'd in. no
sides, and a ruck may he put throiifrh tiie center out of which tlie ciiMli; may
feed, the hay being put in from the ends and directly from the wairoii.
VI. Something that will bear Repeating.
We have heretofore written on this subject of cheap shcwr m iRff
countries, and have lived to see these crude structures give place to sul>.
stantial feeding burns and basement stables ; we repeat the direction oijif.
inally written at various times during our journalistic cxi)erience. Thero
is yet a vast outlying territory to ])c settled up, and, when the pioneer
FAKMKB OOOUENOUOIl'S BAIU<YAKU.
has to live in a log house or sod hut, the stock protection must necessari-
ly be crude. In the directions given in the next article wo leave much to
individual judgment, since any structure must not only be modified to
suit the purse of the builder, but also to suit the materials which he uses,
In fact, one of the warmest sheds we ever saw was laid up at tlie sides
with sods, and protected from being thrown down from the iasidc by poles.
A shed boarded up is really all the better for a "backing" of sods.
VII. A Cheap, Good Shed.
Any farmer tolerably handy with hammer and saw, assisted by his
hired men, can make one. Supposerfho structure is to be a simple roofed
shed affair. Decide upon the length. The width should not he more
than twelve feet for a single pitch roof. Allow that it is to be ninety-eiglit
SIlEI/rKli FOU <ATTLE.
titi7
foot loiiir. Set four hoiivv post s for the corners, three feet in tlic groui.d,
mid of the re(|uir(^ height. The lower it is the wariiior it will he, so it
bcliiirh enough for the eattlo to walk under the plates. Between the
two end posts set, exaetly ip. line, six i)()sts each fourteen feet apart, and
five and one-half feet high from the average ground line. Proceed in the
sanio manner Avith the front, the posts to ho nine feet ahove ground.
At the hack, now set seven lighter posts in the fourteen fo't ^spaces!
Saw them all off to an equal luMght, si)ilie on four inch seai.cling from
post to post 111 front, and two by four for the back. Jt is now rea'cly for
the roof, which is to l)o firmly nailed from front to rear. Hoard the
front down to within five and a half feet of the ground, and the ends and
back «atirely down to the ground. Thus the^shed is complete, except
MUlUKUH
A SLACK FAIIMER'S SHELTEH.
banking up. This is important and will add f ullv one-half to its warmth.
A good way to do this is to lay two lines of sods at the rear, breaking
joints as ni laying brick, carrying the banking at least four feet high • o?
posts may be set two feet from the wall, with sufficient strips nailed
thereon to hold litter, and the whole filled in and rammed tight. It is
simply a question of the adaptation of the means at hand to the end
sought. Irom this we may go onto more and more elaborate struct-
ures uubl we come to the barn i)roper.
Vm. A Framed Shed with Loft.
This may be made by running the posts up eighteen feet and framW
ia cm«-t.e8 to support a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this shedl
good deal of fodder may be stored, to be fed from when the weather is
srPiTi -If, 4J
668
THK AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK UOOK.
too inclement to allow it to bo handled on wagons. In this ca^o a food.
ing rack may bo placed below, with feeding holes from above. Thus tiiii
hay may bo thrown directly into the loft. In such a shed it wrmJd not
be economical to form a single pitch roof. It should slant both Wiiys.
Converting the Shed into a Stable.— If the shed form is to Iw con.
verted to a stable, use the directions given for a hip or douljlc-roofcj slied
Board the whole tight all around, leaving space for doors and windcws-
batten the cracks, lay the floor, put in stanchions or uprights for fasten-
ing the cattle, leaving a feeding place in front, and the whole is com-
plete.
IX. Cattle Ties.
Wo prefer rings that slide up and down, upon standards throe inches*
thick, to stanchions. Thia stylo of stable will not be strong ciiou"hto
allow their being fastened to the floor above. Set strong posts seven feet
apart and four and a half feet high, sawed off square on top, and three
feet out from the wall. Prepare six-inch scantling to be pinned firmly to
the posts, twelve inches from the ground, and on the inside next the
wall ; the scantling bored, each three feet, with two-inch holes. This
will bo wide enough for cows. Liirger cattle must have three feet, three
inches. Prepare other scantling bored in similar manner for the tops of
the posts. Take three-inch smooth saplings ; shai-pen the lower ends
just so they will drive firmly into the holes in the lower scantling when
it is pounded in place below. Shave the upper ends so they will tit the
holes in the scantling above. Drive them solidly into the holes below,
pinning each one fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron riuf
over each stake. Lay the upper ^.-antling on top, entering the standards
as you go. It is better that they have some play. Lower the scantling
on top of the posts, and pin and spike them firmly to the poets. Cut
stout rope six feet, six inches long, nplice a four-inch loop on one end,
whip the other end witli ^mall cord so it will not unravel ; puss the rope
through the ring and back to the loop so the end of the loop will be eight
inches from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through the loop, draw
tight and make fast with two half hitches, or, better, whip the two por-
tions of rope together as far as the loop. The cattle are then ready
to be tied up by passing the rope about *he neck and through the loop,
and drawing just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over the
horns. Iron chain bails that will last a life-time are kept ready made by
agricultural implement men, and are much the cheapestin the end. Tied
thus, cattle can easily reach their food, can lick themselves, can rest per-
fectly, but cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch board nailed
SHELTER FOK CATTLE.
.long the ,tond.rd „t a „r„pc,. I,ci„|,i, ,ay ,.b„at .U i„ch«s l,ol„„ tl,o tow
;XtX ""'■ ""' ''"°™" ""'" -"-"'"^ '°° '-^"^-^
X. Barns for Various Uses.
As soon aa the fanner is able so to do it will i.„ * it.
Modern barna are always built hiwl, m„.i
■.casing neecsitio, „, ,U TX^. ' ™? ^r "l^lr"" "■?
we do not moan a collar, but tho low« floor „f T K .,. ^ " '"'«»"■«"•■
.. it may run into a bank at „„o „ ^ A f „ thl , l "" "/"'""^•
feet in tlio longth o( tho buil,lin„ w II ■ L "* "'"^"'"' "' '•"
va« .a, be Jed for t ti:.! ^^"t';::::::^!' *"" "■" ""^" --
XI. The Basement and other Floors.
The .alu iloo'r will contai^ CfoM.r nl SThe ^ T'^T''
harness-ioora and a granary T^ JX ^ "' *''*' threshing floor,
unless the intentionle ^L^ itCLaTIfT '^^f ?'"'^' ""^^•^«'
as it amy be wanted, for feedint „S ^ the" ^'^^^^""^ »"""'''
for grinding feed and choppingVdder ^ ^'"^'^ "*'° *" '« ^^^«^
the harness'rool gr2ry etc^ J^^^ '".T^Tf ' ^' *'^^^ ^^ ^ ^« '»-'
overhead; also, a W^^t^ar^d o^^^^^^^ T'l ''"' '"™ '^ '"-
^ace utilised in the sameCr P 11^1'! r '^
expense. In fact, utility Jl b .^ZsTed fn^" " " '^* "'^" '^' ^'''
iiave mentioned. ^'J??gested m many ways, other than we
Xn. An Oblong Bam.
In the West and South, the farmer of 1«0 fn 9nci o
ve^ well .vith a side-hill ba™ f ortyl^ l^ eilTet /t T ?'' "^'"^
room for a bay 16 by 60- a floor 1 ^ W «? f^^ It will g,ve ample
taining5si„.lLnd[dLL!ris nir S .'^ '' by 60, con-
^or implements 10 by ^^^^1::^:;:]:^^:^^'?^^^^^^ aroom
--hue the basement may be d^ot;d entire^- ;-— ^^^
Iff
iHiM
67U
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
with calf pens, a sheep pen, and, if necessary, a shed enclosed or, three
sides. The granary will hold over 600 bushels of grain, and i.mv i»e
divided into bins for Winter and Spring wheat, oats, barley, and giound
feed for stock.
The basement may contain two rows of cattle stalls, with passage way
between, six feet wide, with shoots leading to the upper part of the l)imi
for deUvering hay, grain, and other feed. This will leave a space 12 by
60, which may contain calf -pens and a place for sheep, and it may be so
arranged by means of sliding doors that it may be entirely closed in in-
clement weather. This basement will contain stalls for thirty-two cattle,
and the manure may be thrown directly into a cart or wagon and hauled
where it is wanted.
This barn may bo enlarged by adding on, to accommodate any required
number of stock ; but if fi much larger bam than this is wanted, the
square form should be used. It will give largely increased room iu pro
portion to the cost.
Xm. A Bam With Wings.
Below we give an outline of the basement of a barn forty feet wide and
Bi^y feet long, with a lean-to overshot oxtendmg twenty feet m front.
• HAy'HOUK
min-H
MAIN MRH
MAIN FLOOU OF BABN.
This barn will contain about 100 tons of hay. The barn would be bettor
facing the south if the lay of the land as to declivity will allow. Tlie
hay-house may extend twenty feet in width and height in the form of im
L and of such a length as may be wanted for storage, say forty feel.
This barn, if the space below the hay-house is utilized, will stable six
horses and forty cattle.
The basement of the main barn may be divided into stabling as follows:
A, horse stables 12 feet deep, with mangers two and a half feet wide for
hay, with suitable troughs for grain and manger for hay ; li and C are
SIIELTI•:l^ lOK CATTLE.
671
feet wide and
feet in front.
ca t e stalls. Those ,n B hung with swinging gates, opening side ways
G the same but each stull having a separate gate entering difeot f rom The
yard. E ,s the mam entrance eight feet wide and may contain feed chests
e.anentryhvefeetwide, with steps up to door D, and hav ^g an t:
trance into the horse stables at each end. F is the overshot or shed C
,s the portion under the hay-house to be utilized in stalls, if the h^y I
not desnjd to run clear to the ground ; and H is the yard connected there
w,th. If necessary this may be roofed over making addSna, led
room.
XIV. A Model Bam Basement
The following diagrani for a basement to be used for fattening or dairy
stock w,ll explain itself. Wo have shown a cisten. and m'eaT roTm
A MODEL BASEMENT.
protected from frost. Or it mnv ha no^A *
».«.. that r=,u™ t» be JpTfr^rl.^. '"^ "" ""» '«^
XV. Main Floor of Model Bam.
1
m
■rMn
672
THE AMEKICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
though not the most economical means of fattening. The feedinjr aiw}
water boxes may be arranged to slide on rods, to any required height,
BHIVB »
J
MAIN FLOCK OF FEEDING BARN.
and the hay rack is suspended on chains, so all may be easily taken dowt
when not required, and the space arranged for other purposes.
XVI. Roimd and Octagonal Bams.
These can neither be called practical nor economical. They co^t more
to build than square or oblong barns, if for no other reason than that
BOX STALLS FOU FATTENING SHOW CATTLE.
they are unusual. The barn for profit should bo built square as to the
central building, if it is to be over forty feet wide, and a wing or wings
SHELTER KOU CATTLE.
673
should be thrown out for the additional space neerfpr! Tf.. • i .
the requisite length required for the stock.
XVn. Build for the End Desired.
The farmer ought to know in -t o-onofoi ,., xl
hi. ..ni is required. Arehrs t^Z^^:^^. Er tl^^ '^^'
struction of barns. When they do, the LnJ^!;^:^^^^:^
rate but cost y and unsuited to the economical purposes required The"
best barns m the country are those of farmers who iave carSy studld
the conveniences and economies, and have stated their AvantstrtL^r;
tect or carpenter in charge of the job The illn^f,... ''"^'^ ^'''^ "'^^•»'
•11 ^i 11 . '^ J -"^"^ "lustrations we havp mvnn
Thoj , re c,-o„„,„,cal „■ ,e lo„g ,■„„, «„,,„ ftcy „re m tho na url^"t "er'
t •* ^"" «-ii»e or piovidino- wjitpi- Tf .. „ • •
placed in the ( . - t uf a mow it will ,.nf ^^ " I'eservoir be
OIK Of tlic l,est investments about tl.o whole buildiZ ' F L™ „ ^
mv water may also l,o cm-ieU to the dairy L dw ?' T . ' "'^'^
forms of utility can be seeured by ontu";,:; ""• ""' *"' ''™™'
XVm. Siunmer Shelter.
The question of summer shelter is ininnrf..,.f • „ .
and Southwest, where biting ins!:! ar: T ^ Uf^^'^^ ^" t,,^'^?^
needed is a partially dark, but well ventilat dsl'd t whS ^"f '' "
fro at will. Discard pasture trees. Thev .re nnoH '"''" ''"
Ashedeoveredwithboughsisbetterth I'^^l sC :f :^
are no roots to suck mnisM...., f..... .u ""''^ "^ 'v tree, and there
Stock in
Here. Stoek wil ,^ ™ °;i^ ' ,r '°T"T °' ''"•'''•"™"' '"'' ""d
ployed in feeding. TOIe'h' n, , ."t '7 f""" '""'"", "" "" =""
*■ fron, heat. Therefore it is b^ V^; ^^ t^IS'.'r Z:
I t
11
'Hi
m
4
674
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
travel to reach the shade, and this shade if natural, will generally have
water near. If not, the artificial shadeishould be given at places where
water may be had most cheaply.
Shelter can, of course, be given in the bams or sheds in spring, until the
grass is so f -ish that stock require no other feed? and when the pastures
become so bare in the autumn that some feeding is necessary, the same
rule will apply. What is wanted is a range where stock may not only
be secure from the winds of driving storms, but where they may retire
for shetler during the extreme heat of summer days. This is not to be
had by planting single trees here and there. So far as protection is oon-
oerned, shed>room is the best in every respect.
generally have
t places where
iring, until the
n the pastures
lary, the same
may not only
ley may retire
is is not to be
tection is oon-
DlAC^RAM SHOWING THE NUMBERS AND VaLUE OF LlVE StoCK 1
IN THE Southern States.
(Delaware, Maryland Virginia, North Carolina, South Caroli>
Georgia, Florida Alabama, Mississippi, LouisIana, Texas
Arkansas and Tennessee.)
NUMBER OVBSTOCK
A,
VAEim
-^:»B/-<
CHAPTER XVni.
DAiRYma Aim dairy bxtildikgs.
I, A PROFITABLE INDUSTRY. II. OUR DAIRY PRnr.TTr.TO
INGS. IV. HOW THE FACTORY^ BuIlT !^v ™7T"^' ''^ ^^^^^ BUILD.
—VI. PATENT CREAMERIES.-_vilXv;;^PKAK,M.1'^.i°^"*=^^ ""^ «'^''-
PERATURE OF THE DAIRY ROOM.— i,x. BUMER mIkiv-S^^m ^ """'• ''^''-
BUTTEBINTHEWE8T._XI. HOW TO COL™nTTEB^xfT"''?rT*';"r-^- "^'«'
HOW TO PACK BUTTER XIV. PREPAHIva A^^rZ.^ "" HALTING XIIl.
PARE RENNETS. CHESHIRE CHEESE XVII. HOW TO PRE-
I. A Profitable Industry.
The dairy interests of the United States have assun^ed immense pro,
portions wtthui the last ten years. It is well known that under the old
way guessing at temperature, proportion of rennet, quantity of salt
and other flavonng no uniformity eould be attained in the manufacture
of cheese. Under the now or factory system, great uniformity in quality
13 secured, and a great saving i-i kbor and material effected
The making and cunng of dieeso are, for the most part, a series of chem-
lod transformations, requiring precision and care. The same is true of
butter. Great cleanliness is required throughout. In either case the
milk nuist be scrupulously kept from taint or bad odors. To this end a
, proper dairy bu.ldmg, and a suitable ice house are necessary. The cows
or lie dairy require to be selected with care. These have been fulTy
tre ted of m the chapters on cattle. Grasses fcr the dairy are also im-
portant, as well as other proper food Thp'^P .,!«,. K. u «*'^oim-
in Chapter XIII. ^ "' -"''"' ''""' ^"«" ^'^''^^^ «f
Without grasses, sweet, succulent, and that shall follow the season in
succession, says the American Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, the dai yman
can not hope to compete with his more practical,^-f not m ,re int Cent
eighbor, who has paid due attention to this keystone of dairying XL
Wit a succession of sweet, succulent grasses fi.m spri.igtr^^^u' p L
men ted with proper forage plants during the latter part ^f July and the
whole of August, plenty of good clover, Timothy, Orchard Ij Id
Red-top for winter feeding, and an abundance of ground ^raUi t be .itpd
hot during the drought of summer, and during^he ICld Ze,
implements utensils and bnilHinrr. ..,„ k.,,.„ .u.'^. , ,' """^ I"oP«'
:„„„, . „ , "•"="'"• "'*^^" "i^' loundanou laid for mak-
mg money. ,„ one of the best paying branches of agriculture.
()7.')
670
THE AMERICAN FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK.
n. Our Dairy rroduots.
Tho United States is producing annually 750,000 tons of butter, of
which we exported 11,000 tons during the year 1879 ; and 100,000 tons of
cheese, of which we exported 61,000 tons during the year 1879. In 1880
the export of butter was about 20,000 tons, and of cheese nearly 72,000
tons ; and the work just quoted adds, upon the subject of this brandi of
agriculture that, within the last twenty years, an export of cheeso iilonc
of 1,163,000,000 pounds, and a total value of exported butter and du-csc
of $185,000,000 has been made. During tho last ten years 885,000,000
pounds of cheese have been shipped abroad.
Thus it will be seen that the dairying interest is one of vast and in-
creasing magnitude. Its rapid growth in the East will be equalled and
Burpas.-,°d in many Western States adi ,)ted to dairy products. In I8il9
Commissioner D. A. Wells estimated the value of the dairies of the
United States at $400,000,000. In a paper read at Philadelphia, in 187(i,
Prof. X. A. Willard thought it much within the truth to state the viiiiic
of the products of the farm dairies for that year at $600,000,000.
m. The Dairy Building.
That our readers may be able to know just what is necessary in the way
of a dairy building— one which may be easily modified to suit the cirruin-
Btanv-'es of the owner— we give on next page a ground plan of a model
creamery and cheese factory combined. This building is 26 by 52 f( it,
with au extension on each side. The walls have three air spaces ; one nl
these is between the outer siding and the sheathing ; the next between tin
sheathing and building paper, and the last between the paper and plastcv-
in'r. The windows are also double. Thus is completely secured an eqiwl
temperature, and also a perfect isolation of the milk and cream from
odors either of manufacturing or curing.
The milk, when received and weighed, is strained directly into the vats
or into deep cans for setting in the cold pools. The pools are of cemonted
brick ; they are twenty inches deep, and are 8ui)plied with water from ii
deep well and force pump, and also with ice. There is a press room ad-
joining the cheese-making room, and a stairway leading thence to the
curing room.
IV. How the Paotory is Built.
With good drainage there may be a basement three feet below ground,
built of stone or brick. It is .indeed, better that the superstructure be of
'-rick. There should also be a perfect chart made of the drainage i)ipes
80 that they may be readily found at any time. The drains should be
made with ample fall to the outlet, and in the best possible w()rknmn>hip.
ly into the vats
ire of ccnipiited
1 Wilier from a
press room ad-
thence to the
DAIRYING AND DAIKY BUILDINGS. c^,
077
The wuter drains mav be of tile hnf nil A^^i,.^ *
and the pipes and drums must be laid before the floor is nnf ^ ,'
the cement carefull,«tt.d to them. The drains ^sia'Te';::;;
cent 8..e nc,t to c og It is bettor that the foundation of the floor have
acoatnig of tni shav. ,gs. or broken ghxss. six inches thi.k well pounded
down, and covered w.h water lin.e cement. ITpo,, this a floor^of
flags or bncks may be la.d covered with ..nnent of water lime, which in
fame wdl become entirely hard, and the tin or glass below will prrvent all
GEOUND PLAN OP COMBINED CKKAMEUV AND CHEESK KACTORY
Explanation.— u4— Milk receivin<v room K ru
room. C^_Pressroom /> v ■ ^—Cheese manufacturing
l-ressioom. i>-Lngme room. E~Foo\. i^-Creamand
, . ^ — »-iiiyiuc room. J^ — Pool
erator
Churns
drains.
fi «— Cheese vats. 6— Cm-d sink.
" — Butter Worker. f Be 'ler.
c— Wash
H — Refrig-
c c — Wash vats, d d~
S'— Engine. h A— Whey
?.f!":f >
u
(;78
THE AMKKK^AV FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK.
ii -i
burrowing of rats. The wiills of tlie dairy-house should be plastered
and should receive a coat of hiird finish, so that tiiey may be washed
when necessary. The ice-house sliould be plastered with water-lime, and
a vacancy left between the ice and the bottom of the house, to allow the
water an easy way to escape thence into the cooling pool.
V. The Management of Milk.
The management of milk requires care in every stage from milking until
it is converted into butter or cheese. We have used great care in the past,
as author and editor, in writing upon this subject both from a practical
experience and from the writings of the best authorities. The following
directions, reproduced so far ua may be necessary to a fair understanding
of the subject, will pretty fully cover the ground. If the reader wishes
to enter into the minutise of the subject, in every particular, the works of
Willard, Aniold and other jfuthoritie.i will be found useful.
VI. Patent Creameries.
There are various ways of setting milk ; among them is the Hardin
method, in which the milk is strained directly after being drawn into deep
pails and then covei-ed with a tight lid to exclude air and water, the refrig-
erator having an ice space above the pails, from which ice water con-
stantly drips below. If there is a spring of very cold water at hand thia
may be used instead of ice.
The Coaley system consists in setting the milk in deep cans, which have
close fitting covers, and are surrounded by ice cold water. If the heat
and animal odor be expelled before putting in, there is no tainting or sour-
ing. The cream is taken pei-fectly sweet, in from twelve to twenty-four
hours. By tliis system a medium-sized refrigerator box may contain the
milk of a dozen cows. Both the systems mentioned are patented.
If the milk is set in open pans under the old system, see that there is no
taint of foul odors near. And all utensils must be regularly cleaned and
scalded, not merely with hot, but with actually boiling, water. The
essence of success in dairying is absolute cleanliness in every depart-
ment, and in every stage of progi-ess fi-om milking to packing the butter
and cheese.
Vn. Driving off Animal Odors.
It is important that the animal odor be driven off before raising the
cream or setting the cheese. Thi.s is done by contact with pure air. The
milk is poured into a receiver, in the bottom of which are small holes,
through which the milk is allowed to drop into a tank. This tank stands
in cokl water nearly to its brim : in this the milk remains until quite cold,
DAKYINO ANU DAIRT BtJiLDINOS. Qj^
When it is ready for further manipulation. Heating the milk to 100 or
1 OdegrecB wm answer the .ame purpose; and t1,en alh v it to 1,
The former however ih the better plan.
Vm. Temperature ol the Dairy Room.
The ten.peraturo of the dairy mom should never be above 60 degrees
and this is the proper temperature for churnin<r croam Th ♦ "''S'^««'».
„, the .m *,.,m ,.„ kept . „e.. 40 a^^ll T;oJu., 'Xr tl
EK. Butter Making in Europe.
IVof. Caldwell of Cornell University, gives the following as amonr
IB ohsorvationsm Europe: Among the different systems ^revalel in
Europe, we notice the Dutch method in whi< h (ho milL- U . ', i
60 degrees in a water tank, which re.mres usual,; ft .r :d a S L"
two hoars, and the milk is then sot to the depth of four ^ li i.eh /^
a room where the temperature ranges from .54 to (JO degrees, and emiia"
about twenty-four hours; the //o/..em method, in whi^; th; milk Tsl
at aljou the same temperature, without being first cooled in wat to 2
depth of one and one-half to two and one-half niches; U^nevor^j^te
method, described as long ago as 1784, where the milk i* nut in? ?
rooin. standing at a depth not greater than from tC e t fou i l^X
twelve hours ; tlie vessel containin.^ it ;« then ^ot .... *i 7
it i,«t aside .gain for twelve l,„ur, ; tl, eZ ^Z Z hf" ■' r"™
i: ' -° ■■""• """" "-^ "■-p'-= --'""«. a-ai: :~;;:s
X. Dairy Butter in the West.
Mr. C. C. BueJl. one of the best dairyman ii, fh^ w«cf i
m..h«l„fl,„ttc,. ,„ul<i„,M„ the foUoJ^/lZl^lZt '"'^•' >^
c.„,m„„Mo,.]<_D„,-ha„, gr,„1,., „„J ,prinltMn.-„f Jer "v F H , " "^
i. fr.h ,.„,,, .t„ik» d,„-i,„.i„y ,i„,e,'„„ Ti,„°t;/:, '^..ii i™;''"«
sWilo, witli two mca-e, „f nu-al daily, cmsi,!!,,,, i„ '"gWim
«. a.,d l,uttcm,ilk f„,„ ,l,„ daity „,„,„. Numbt,-,^ .„^ ' f:,^"" tT
n»lk ™ .„a,n.d tl.roagl, a,i iro,, ,trai„er i„t„ deep Zil'/ a ^
fa.™ ,ta„di,,gi„ ope- „i,. until t ,ilki„g wa, fl h'^^j'"' irwr.T
mm d agal,, i„t„ the «,u,i„ p„i|, thr„„„|, „ jo^,,,,, , , " t , , ""' "■""
Ilie milk wa, set i„ a room witl,„„f I v ,'""'''''''"'""--''» «l<"l'»trai„er.
.~d»dega.e,, Fahrenh* t J^ „ riiile t'' ° T '"'™" '"'
l»i»f-.l„ve 50 de™„«_ .!,„ ...n. .."° '"' "" ""'"""'• "■» temperature
.1. ~.ki,„„,.d'a,te.: ;.„d;;,. z.;: : ^z^^ij::]: j-
«80
TlIE AMKKICAN FAUMKK » STOCK BOOK.
considered desirable to mix the newer and older cream, for tho sake of
flavor ; but the whole stood mixed together from two to four houiH after
the last skimming and during the process of warming to proper toniimni-
ture for churning. Most of tho milk wu8 skimmed a second time, the
cream being included in a succeeding churning.
Tho churn (adanli churu with solid dasher, surface underneath concave),
was started at a temperature of 62 degrees ; as tho buttermilk hogaii to
appear a couplo of giillons of tolerably strong brine was added I't a tcm-
poraturo of 68 degrees, and the churn slopped a moment afterwaid,— is
with tho addition of the brine, at the proper temperature, tho l)iittcr gi')).
arates very rapidly. As much brine as necessary was used in wasliinj;
down sides of churn, cover and dasher. The butter was then dipped into
a batli of not more than two gallons of brine ; a churning of forty or fifty
pounds being washed in, four parts, in tho same brine. Removed to u
worker with rolling lever ; the butter was so handud as to mix witii t'e
proper amount of salt with the least working possible. It was then pla, cd
in a tub slightly packed, covered with brine and allowed to stand t; uo or
for hours, when it was again placed on the Avorker, lightly worked and
packed for market
XI. How to Color Butter.
Good grass butter needs no coloring. But it has become fashionable,
flow-a-days, to color all butter that does not come up to tho real "grass
color;" aunotta is the substance used. It is innocent, and is now sold
prepared especially for dairymen's use. The quantity to be used must be
determined by experiir.ent according to the season. Do not color too high
—rather under than over the true yellow of grass butter.
Xn. Salting.
Just as the butter is forming in granules in the chum, suddenly rctluce
the temperature by means of ice water to about 56 degrees. The butter
will not then mass together. Wash and take out of the churn and place
it on the slab for working, and give it three quarters of an ounce of silt
to the pound of butter. This is light salting. One ounce is the usual
rule ; and one ounce and a quarter to tho pound is heavy salting. Use
none but tho best salt. Remember that salt is not used to preserve the
butter, but to bring out its flavor. Never guess at the amount of salt;
weigh the butter and then add the proper proportion of salt.
xm. How to Pack Butter.
Never use any but the best new, clean packages. Let them be uniform
m BlZti UUU appeal anCfa » a aiOrkiiij pavm^v .Ti,. .,.^~^,s i^..,i.ii. — 1. ~i
them he uniform
->nrl«niii thfi hfiSt
DAIKYING AND DAIUY HUILDINOS. ygi
buttor Tho butter hoinj. at a tcnpc-ruturo of (U) dogrccs, rul. the .uek-
a^e.Hxios and l,<,tt<..„. w.th Halt, put in a <,uantity of butt.,r not m,r«
than vou can evculy and hrndy r.rcsn dosc-Iy to ti.e sidcH. So . out nuo
un .1 tho pack.jge ,.s h led to witlu'u an inch of the top. Lav on a .-lo |. -"
with b. .no and half an uu-h huger than tho pac-kage. Work tho od.o.s Lv
and .ovor w, h, sav, a ....arU-r of an in.hof Halt ; eovor this with an oH ;
clol. ll.udupth.pac..,.and b.u. a holo through th. J..ad ; HI ,
T\ ir "n ; , ''"'^' "' •* '"^t^'^P'-'r^t"'- and when it is wa t d
the butter will bo found good. wanitu
Xrv. Propaxing a Package for Use.
Scrub them thoroudily, outsidr "fliiiKi.lo ,..;*i. u %.
wa.r. Kill the. .it, pL .,. wator ="^t ^i: :t::^t:';;^;r :pj::
Bcrub again, nnse w.th cold w tor. vub v oroughly with salt a d they aro
ready for use. Hea.t white o.k ,, ukos tl a best butter tubs. ^
XV. Cheese M( ag-Cheddar Cheese.
Tho making of Cheddar and Cheshire c [^ described bv „ i
brated EnglLsh maker as follows. Oescubed by a cele-
Cheddar Cheese.— The morning's and evenin^r'a r«iii, i .,
warm, a touperaturo of 78 docr,ves will mv„ .. ^ J? .
a given quantity of rennet as one o IrHir ^^'"''^7"^- *"
the milk had been at a lower temnerlro f ^""''T ''""'^' ^''''' '^
mght. Tho evening's milk h wi^C" J^.^''^' "'"- ^' '^ -'^
;„„ .1 • li . , "'"o "t^t'i piacea in shallow vessels rlur
l.gtl,o ,,,sl,t to ™„l, and l,avi„K beo„ ..irred „t intonal, duri ,1 ,1 "
tvcmiig, 13 skimmed ii Hie indiiiin^ „,„i ,i,„ ""<-"»« auriiij; i|i„
lb- milk, i, heutod „,, ,„ 1 d f,:,. t 1° «.'-™>" "'">•' l'".<i".. of
Ih. l»,I.r. The wliole „, it i» ae, Jl!™ '''^' ' '" "" """"'" ""
Mo .1.- t.,-i,it„ wiiieh tiie .!o:;;i„' "r^'i^ikri! i„;ri:;:..7:
I5S pile:: and odd l^t'",.;; "S,"" ^■'T'' ■;""""" "' '"■"'"«
made from two or three do7,>n v..ll= • contents. The rennet,
..d allowed to sta,;rt*; ";*; riwrrr "'.-"" ™'°'-
gal,.,»-„„d the eurd sets in aliou h, If ^ hoT, The'"" ^ T
(rennets) of Irish ealvcs, which are kill H Tt 1 . ^ ■"""" "■"'
(«.=d, aad the, should .,; ei^htr^tt s o dtf rVr °riZT
sr,:":"/:? '!' "'* '" """ '- "■■^x-ti.'tri':
1^ ., ^iHtti mush upon the surfure -mrl fi,^ i i " ' ."
.0..V tamed over fro. the botU „ith a^liiirdSl rrHtr
682
THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
The whole is then aguiii worked throughout with a "shovel breaker " n
four-fingered paddle with wires aerof^sthe lingers — great eare beinir luken
to do it gently, so that the whey siiall uot become too white. The curd
is thus broken up info pieces not much larger than peas, and at least half
an hour is taken in the process. Hot water is then let into tlic spiue
around and below the cheese tub, aud the whole is raised to 100 (|(.(r,
Falir. ; and this, too, is done gradually, so as to raise the whole l.y dc
grees, not heating any portion to excess. This also takes half aii lioup,
The hot water is then drawn off, and the curd is stirred by the iiaiui mid
a skimming dish for anoliier half hour in the midst of its hot wlicv, lip.
ing at last reduwd to a mass of separate bits the size of small poas.
The Avhey, after settling for half an hour, is then removed — ludlcd, sy-
phoned, or drawn — to its vat, where it stands about six inches (Iccp, and
is skimmed next day, yielding a butter which should not exceed in (|iian-
tity six to eight ounces per cow per week.
The curd stands half an hour after the whey is drawn off, and it is
then cut in four or five pieces, turned over and left for half an hour,
after which it is again cut and left for a quarter of an houi-. After this,
it should be in the slightest degree acid to the taste. If allowed to he-
come too acid, it will noti)ress into a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will
be apt to sink broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by huiid and
left to cool; and thereafter it is packed in successive thin layers in the
vat — a cylindriciil or wooden vessel twelve inches or nioic wide and
twelve inches deep — whence, after l)eing pressed for half an lioiii', it is
taken out (it is then probably midday,) and broken up by hand, and
allowed again to cool. Then, when cool, and hard, and sour, and diy,
and tough enough, (all this, of course, being left to the judgment of the
maker), it is ground up in the curd mill ; two pounds of salt are added
totiiecwt. of curd, and the whole is allowed to cool, and as sood as
ccid, it is put in the vat, and taken to press. It is then probalilv ,'i p.
m. The pressure on the cheese nniy be 18 cwt. The cloth is chan'red
next mornipg. A calico coating is laced <m it the second day, and the
third day the ch((cse may i>e taken from the press, pla'*ed in the eheese
room, ba^'dagc'd, and turned <' lily, and afterwards less fre(|ueiitly. The
cheese room slioi Id be kept at nearly (55 degrees Fahr. Tll(^ eheese will
not be re;'dy tor -<ale for three months. TIk^ process of making Cheddar
cheese l.i-its all day, and the cheeses are made of various sizes, generally
twelve ii ches wid ) and a foot liigh, but sometimes larger in both diiiicn-
tons, and fruu 70 to lf)0 pounds in weight; the object being to make all
the aiiik of one day on a farm of thirty to forty cows into a --''ale
XVI. Cheshire Cheese.
683
evei
Cheshire cheese, liko the Chedd
vessels to cool during the night, on the 1' ' „ .77 .'"'''^-^ ^'«'1>. in tin
m thomornmg. and a ccrt«in portion is kZfJr V ^ ' '' '' ''^''"'"''d
only enough perhaps, for the use o he w/ 'T""T'" ""'>' «"""»-.
in so,„o dames at least, nearly all the ^ ', ^^ '" '^"*"'"» '""re. and
churning. The skimmed cream I ? ''"'"' ^'••''""' '« thu.s take /w
130 deg. Fahr. Uy floating thTt;.; ^^ Cd U "' if V ^^" ^'^^''^ ^ ^'
quan .ty be.ng taken to raise the whole of ll"" '^' ^''^'-^^^^-'^-r^t
n, k together to 90 deg. or thereabouts The r "/•' '""^ "^"•'"■"g'^
before .t,su.sed; 12or 14 square incheVofTtlpT' '' '"^« *'"' d:.y
00 gallons of milk. The Irish veil (L^et s^i ? ""^ T'"^' "'""^'' ^"^
from very young and milk-fed calves ^ '' "'^^^' '^'^ ^^ is obt^uned
The curd is set about 50 minutes-' h • .u
breaker, a sieve-shaped cutter, ,' W,t "^f^^ '• the usual curd-
portion IS (on some farms where the Cho^; ^"'^ '*^ '« "» removed a
and returned to the tub. and the u -d ttft -Z:!^" '^ ^^'"--^)' boated
hour. The whey is then drained asyayanl Z"^^^ "'^'^ ^^^ ^'^'f an
When firm enough to stand on the haZ • , ^'"'^ '« ^^^^ to get firm
-thisis an intelligent indi.!;^:^::^ ^^ "^ ^^out P-"" w '^
o« on the drainer ( a false bottom of r„d«f • '"^'"^ "*^"'"^«'-. it is lifted
to it, and there left covered up or ]? I- ' ''I " '"""^ *"*' ^^'^h *' «top. ock
npand well mixed with the ha d 1. ,^'""^' «^^^'- ^vhi.h it is broken
I-i«thcn allowed to stand rrith/ '"/'"' ''''^-^«"'t Perm
q-rters of an hour longer, ad tm- ;ed"^^^^^^ "''"" '' ^^ »»>o •' th .:^: .
time, ben,gcut for the purpose into so. "^ ""'« "•• t«'i'^« durin.. th,
Pa-d through the curS mUI, aZuZi: "?-^ '"''^- ^^ - the! tw ,
i^t pressed into place hv „ V- u ^^'^ P"^ >nto the vat a rlnth i •
m«> i.y h„„a „,£ t " t:.;, ,:t,,r ,f ■""-■' --^ i^inrprtii
"I'S »„<. tin hoop,, placed Whirl:" ° °'"'"" "' ™ - 8oT„ .^
"'P™"H«"yforala,gero„„„ti V i?-;™ "^-i "« <>*» them iuf
•S » «.« v»t. with a „c«1it u'r ^l?"* •'r'-«"y- Afe,. .t«„t
» lli« wither, it i, ,„„,ed „,l „„d'„^,""' '° '" "™ hours, a„„.dh,g
*n in the pres« „„d hero tj u ■ ^ ""''S- ''"ring tl.o „i„i„ „ "'
"•«=... .i.e d„,i„„g„rf 2 :her-^c""'> "™ "■""'-"*
u'heei
la taken out of the
rf^SWW^
684
THfc AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
vat ill the morning and turned upside down in a fresh cloth. It is in the
press three days, and it is turned in the press twice a day, bein<' dry-
clothed each time. It is then taken out dry-clothed, bandaged, and re-
moved to the cheese room, where it is turned daily, and at lenffth only
occasionally, until it is ready for sale. In some dairies all skewerinw is
dispensed with, and no pressure is used at the time of making, nor for
two days afterwards, but the whey is allowed to run out of its own ac-
cord. Cheese manufactured in this way requires from 5 to 7 days in dry-
ing, but afterwards matures more quickly for market.
The cheese varies considerably in quality throughout the year, the
earlier make of March and April being considerably less valuable than
that of Summer and early Autumn. Some of this varying quality ia
owing to the quality of the milk, the cows being house-fed ; but more of
it is, in all probability, owing to the necessity of holding a portion of
curd over from day to day, when the quantity is insufficient to make oven
one, or it may bo two, full-sized cheeses daily. In such cases it is com.
mon to make one full-sized cheese, and hold the remainder of the curd
over till the next day, keeping it wrapped up on the drainer or pan, and
grinding it up in the curd-mill along with the curd of the next morning,
XVn. How to Prepare Bennets.
Rennet is a preparation of the membrane of the stomach of grass catini;
animals, taken at an age so young that they have taken no nouriclimeni
except the milk of the dam. In its broad sense it is an infusion of aiii
mal membrane. The stomachs of pigs are sometimes used, but those ol
calves are the best. Taken when the calf is from two to six >veeks old
they are better than when taken at any other time.
They are now an article of commerce, and are regularly kept by dealers,
They may be prepared by the following directions, with or without »\Me9,
as the fancy may dictate : Rennet never should be taken from tlio calf
till the excrement shows the animal to be in perfect health. It siiouldbe
emptied of its contents, salted and dried, without scraping or rip-ii);r, and
kept dry for one year, when it will be fit for use. It should not v allowed
to gather dampness, or its strength will evaporate. To prcpaic it for
use, into ten gallons of water (blood warm) put ten rennets, churn orrub
them often for t^" "nty-four hours, then rub and press thcni to get the
strength ; stretcli, salt and dry them as before. They will gain strength
for a sc^cond use, and may be used when the weather will admit of soak-
ing them to get the full strength. Make the liquor as salt as can h"
made, strain and settle it, separate it from sediment, (if any,) and it is
fit for use. Six lemons, two ounces of cloves, two ounces of cinnanioii,
DAIRVmo AND DAIRV BUILDINGS
preserve its flavor and quicken its action. If keut mnl ,-n . •
mil keep sweet any length of time desired »Zi I " '*^°^ J'*'"' »'
be secured while it lasts. Stir rbefoTH- '^ "'"^""" '^'^''^^ ^^^
enough of it to ourdle milk H it 'ortrmfn^e? "^ '^ "' ""''' ^^«
The ordinary way of saving the rennets, however is «« f n
rennets should be taken out immediatelv aftTr^r ■ f ''"'"'"' •' T"'^®
inside out without washing, thorough^ cu"d witT'I 'f '' *"^"^^
dried, and then kept in strong paper sackru„Hi^\ ^^7 '^'^' P^^^^^ly
the rennets should be soaked in clean wHpv I 7"*^^^«r "««• For use,
four hours before using, Cuetwl^'^'f'^^^*'^^"'**"^ twenty:
they .ay become tl.oro%XZl^lZ Z^^ ""' ^'^ '^"^' ^'^^^
.o.d.keptascold as%oUle Xt ir^g^dt ^^^^^^^^^
f
; ^ ■ ■ [ \
mik
liiiiB
1
B
||HBHn|
1
■■
PART IV.
m
m
Diseases of Cattle,
4 f ^- -■"
HOW TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES, PEEVEN-
TION AND CUBE.
44
MHi
i
Wk
1
1
Si
Diseases of Cattle.
CFIAPTER I.
GENERAL PBmcIPLES.
I. IMPORTANCE OF THIS DKPAKTMENT OF PRACTKP r, i„.,..
AND OK THE HOKSE COMPARED m Arrm^ ^TT""' fAmOLOOY OF CaTTU!
THE ONLY SAFE PRINCIPLES ^ MOST CATt"f mvNF«i ^''^ v ""? '^ ''^'''"'^- »^-
SELF WITH THE PHENOMENA OF I.FAI TH ^y^ ? t'T;7, J, ''"
TEMPEKATUKE._V„. OT.IEU .SPE.IAlTsi.iNS OF JseIs^ ''■ "^^""^'^•ON AND
As cattle occupy a foremost place m the wealth and resources of the
country, furnishing its beef, milk, butter and cheese, and, as secondary
products, its hides, tallow, glue, animal charcoal, etc., the preventioa of
disease among them— especially, of contagious diseases— and their treat
ment when sick, become very important, not only from a finmciul
standpomt, l)ut also from considerations of the pubhc health and com-
fort.
n. Pathology of Cattle and of the Horse Compared.
Cattle arc a phlegmatic, plethoric race of animals, int(.nded by nature
to eat largo quantities of bulky food, to be digested lyin.r down and bv
the process of rumination, and to take but little exercise ' This fit pie
thoric condition of the system renders them more susceptible to 'certain
classes of diseases than the horse, especially to the blood poisons that
with them are so rapidly and certainly fatal, such as rinderpest, anthrax
variola, etc. On the other hand, their neryous oriranization bein-r much less
sensitive, they are not nearly so liable to attacks of such disorders as
tetanus, paralysis, etc.
Cattle not being fed to produce muscle without fat, are not subject to
lameness and disease of the air-passages to the same extent as the lu.rse
with whom speed and endurance arc the main points. I,, facf , soundness
orunsouiHliiess, as the terms are used by horsemen, is of little importance
to the cattle oNvner, so long as the animal can move with any de-n-ee of
comfort at all ; while su.-h affections of the wind-passages 'as roarin<..
whistlmg and heaves are to him unknown. Still, that distressin.r, i„.»?.
able disease, h' common in Uie human race, pulmonary consumption,
I I
69(f
TiiK amf:uican faiimeu s stock nooK.
is very provalont aiiioiig certain classes of cattle, as a result of ton much
in-aml-iii breeding, or of overfeeding and forcing on highly :«liiiiuiat-
ing diet.
On account of their lower grade of vitality, they are niore siHccptibJo
to inlluences that develop local diseases, as, for example, the ini.iMu.i of
low, marshy ground, especially that which has been overflowed ; and also
to poor fodder, from must, or being affected with ergot, etc.
There is a peculiar sympathy in disease among cattle, as is illu-tiatcd in
regard to abortion. It is a familiar experience that if one row aborts
through accident, one or more of the others will abort through svi;i|)atliv.
Owing to theirnatural tendency to plethora, cattle seem pcculiiirlv piT.
disposed to malignant ulcers, swellings, glandular enlargements and cvoii
gangrene. To these they are more subject than any other of the donu's-
tic animals.
The nostrils, pharynx, larynx and trachea (wind-pipe) arc nuicli smaller
than in the horse, which is one reason why they cannot travel so fast nor
so long as the latter, — the wind fails. This also explains wliy suffocation
is a more imminent danger in cases of throat inflammation in cattle thiiii
in horses, needing specially prompt and active treatment, even to tlio oj)-
eration of tracheotomy.
The different arrangement of the digestive apparatus in cat I If as cnm-
pared with the horse, is very marked, the former having four distinct
stomachs, Avhile the latter has only one stomach, but a greater l(iii,rtli of
intestines, which arc also mmsh more sensitive. Inflammation of fli(>
bowels, so connnon with the horse, is (juite rare with tlu? ox.
Cattle are less tolerant of disease and pain than the horse. TIicv irivc np
in discouragement, after one or two attempts, and pine away iiiidcr pain
very fast. They soon become indifferent to life, often refusing' t.; iiiiikc
one effort to rise when perfectly able lo do so ; and, as v.'-iknrss follows
more rapidly in inflammatory diseases, these reipiire more ciicrirctic
measures ami an earlier administration of tonics and stimulants than when
treating the horse.
III. Action of Remedies in Cattle.
Rememi)cring tin; phlegmatic nature of cattle, remedies work very dif-
ferently with them than with the horse. Medicines should always lie
given them in liquid form, and more bulky than for I ho horse: and
they should contain something in the nature of a mild stimulant lo
hasten their passage through the first three stomachs, and onto the fonrtli
stomach and intestines, where they can be taken up into the system bv
the absorbents.
QENEKAL PRINCIPLES.
691
Aloos, though 80 excellent a purgative fen- hcrsen, is ,>f „„ u,, ,,:„.
cattle; while ep.som salts, that are no drastic -unl cohl f, .
..attle work li.e a cl.n„. Calou.l and .^Jt::::'Jl^Z:Z
viclfutly on cattle, salivatin;^ them very s«o„ .,,,1 ;. """"'^ -"t
ti.0 n.i.k, often affecting su<Lng calve:^eiW,; "'o ^^li^^ 7'"''
ti..... well oncattle,and especial., UK-lted la.,. :i!;';:rs:X
acts with „u,re v.gor on cattle than on the horse, but turpentine le'sl'
IV. The Only Sale Principles for Most Cattle Owners.
But few outside of the more common diseases of catllo u-lll l . . .^
of ia this wo.^, the better to adapt it for its rl'lv ul' ' t^^
reference by the average stock owner ; and the rc-.-ipes wi I bo as ..' d
s.„,,le as they can be niade without detracting from their vah" '^t
mistake to suppose that any great varietv of violent dru.^sJn'. !
with advantage by the public generally " The 2 i. ' I "''"^
II • , . " '■^I'viij . i|](. pUDlle WOU d. no rlrtiit^f
learn by e.vper.ence, but it would be at the cost of losin. n. . •' u"b^
unnnal. What we advocate and would like to instil intotl ^H d of
*..iththe Simplest e^Henf re::::::;^ ^i:: i;^'-:::::;;::-
V. Familiarize Yourself with the Phenomena of Health
As It IS obvious that no ijcrson is fitf p<1 +,> f.. *. j-
to distinguish at least it. " ,v lino. 1 disease who is unable
should faniiliarize him elf wit^htZ ,;'''"'' """' "'""^ ^^"^^"^ «-"-
oially with the pulse, ^Im 111^'^^^^^^^
portnnt than these, in many forms of disease 1. ^ ^ '"'' "°-
hair and skin, and that of L eye • the po" uro " '^'^I^^^-''"'^- «f the
eha.eter and frequency of the Z;:^:::!^:::^ ZZZ^::' "^
VI. The Pulse. Respiration and Temperature.
The normal pulse in cattle rano-es from fiffv i, «*. ^
IS the most convenient Iv taken from tl, < '"ewnat inoie. The pu..,e
f '"« «'»' >■" • e.»o th::t;iL:;:\ ;r ^•T;;;:::;;i; ;rr "';;"'''^'t
kss tense than it is in the horse ' '"^*''''' ""^
aiui'X':::^::'-^'^::;:; rt:-' '"• ^^'«=— -my ^^ .-derate
torv murm, ,. " t' Z, ' '^''"" """"'^ "^ *'>« healthful " resoira
li 1
I
699
THE AMEUICAN FABMEU'<< STOCK BOOK.
easily countcul by the heaving of the chest. Somo practice, howpver,
will bo r«'(iuiiT(l to make one a iirst-rate judge of the sound obtaimd \,y
pcroussinn, which, i" ^ p *, in always clear and resonant. Pen u^^ion
consists in plnciiifi; tiif forefinger of the h'ft hand upon the chest, mul
striking it siuiutly with tlu ends of the first three fingers of tlio lij^ht
hand.
The tcmpciature, in all animals, is a vital index of unsurpassed vuluo.
It can ha ui)proxiniately measured by feeling the skin, ears and l('i,'s,— in
cattle thi! horns also, at their root. But what is t >rmod the "clininil
thcnnonioter." which is so shape' . i .. ., ub can bo conveniently inser-
ted i;ito the rectum, (to remain two or three minutes), is infinitely belter,
as it gives results so much more exact Its use has established the im-
portimt fact that different febrile diseases have different ranges of tciii-
pciii'ure, each having its own "dead-line," beyond which recovery is im-
pos-,ible. Thus, a horse with cerebro-spinal meningitis will certainly d'w.
ffon after reaching a tcmi)erature of 104 ' ; yet lOS « or even lUt) *
by no means indicate a fatal termination, in a case of pneumonia.
VII. Other Special Signs ol Disoaso.
A "starinfcoat," as it is termed, in which the hairs stand out like
bristles, is an obvious symptom, uiid sometimes the only one, of a low
state of health. Shivering, when the animal is exposed t- ..uly nuHlcr-
ate cold or to none at all, challenges immediate attention ; for it is, infal-
libly, the ushering in of an. attack of some disease, usually severe. Cold
sweat coming out on the skin of an anim d severely ill indicates a (icsiai.
ate, if not fatal, condition. The posture when standing, the nietli.>dof
Ivinii down or getting up, the action in moving . round, — these are all
significant, and should be noted carefully.
The countenance, and especially t' e eye, if observed closely, will botruy
the distress and - n whi i the di ib suffei r cannot express in words.
The muzzle, whici. in health is moist, (or covered with "dew." as in ny
call it), in disease, especially in fever, becomes unnaturally hot aiid dry
or cold, aiu! som-iiii'S changed ir color — sometimes paler, Imt more
commonly injected with blood. Oiiu of the earliest signs of serious con-
stitutional disturbance, as well as of certain special diauiders, in tin eiise
of cattle, is the suspension of rumiiation, — that is, ccasi'ig to clicw the
cud. A nearly coincident ge\ vl syn )tom, iu cows, is the Uyingup of
the p>ilk.
CHAPTER n.
CONTAOIOUa DISEASES.
I. C0NTA(JIOrS rLF.r-KO-PNKI MONIA. 11 iMvr.rn,.^o
HI. TKXAS KKVKK. SPANlMf OK spJ.LV KKVPR .v"*" "^"'"^ P'^AOnE.—
FOOT ANU MOUTH DISEASE OH I ■ „mr APIIT.,* 1, CONTAGIOUS Er;^EMA,
UK. I,A VACCINJC OB COW-POX. At IITHA V. ANTHRAX VI. VA^
I. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonla.
This Ls the mo8t fatal a„d contagious of tho diseases to which crttlo ar«
subject, except rmderpest. (a contagiou.s enteric fever) wl^h 1. ,fn
j.t,..tpah..ldiuA„K.nca and Texas or Spanishf::^;,^'^^^^^^^
t,,>.fll .successfully confined to the region i„ wh.Vh it ^ fi t Jnt^"
duced,v,z: The region contiguous to New York citv -n H .7- .
NewJc,so3s Pennsylvania, D^ware and U^yla'lu^^'T °'
..noted to coni,.ratively narrow lin.i.s, and ^t 'i l^^^^^Z"!
•t measures takcii to prevent its snrp.irl will i •. ^
. .at p, .„ of the ..L-y e.:tj^:i:;:^x::^ ^"'^'^
It .s ,, nigious ever of cattle, with local h.flamrnation of the pleura
(the thai mcmhr . l.nu.g the thorax and investin.r the lun-rsT T
I.an.cd by great prostration, and in its more mal "nan f on^ ' ""
death in a fewdays. It is, however, often slo^tCcl ZnT u'"fk"
or even months elapsing during which the contagion w r r^ti; t'
before finally revealing its fa. ,i symptoms. " ^'
oa.,,„oa„i„,a,, ,hc whoi, L, nlZ^J^^t Id %Zcf ill 'r^r
suspectuigitinhisherd should at once aoolv tn .. . "f"^'^"* ^'^'^"'«'-
.urgoon, if there is one within 'L . ,TfZ '? '' -'"P^^ent vet. inary
»urgoon If there is one within reach, io verify the u.sease If «„ i
pert authority be not at hand, kill the animal or an ms at one" si .
tL -d" prevent any person from digging tl anir uplo":; ^
i the hide, and bury deeply ; if quick lime c- . *^ ^° - '^^ ^-"^^
^an
«93
got-ten, use it fieeiy
694
THR AMRRICAN FARMRR'S STOCK BOOK.
'.iSm
over tho carcuss. Tlien disinfect civrcfully nil dtubles and «)Utbou.s(>, mj
in oaao otli -r ".'liinuls aro suspootcd, isolate and <|uanintin« them :ui(i
await d«n'«'ioMrnents.
How to know It. — Tlx' omlicr syinptoms ;ire
apt to paNS uiinoti< rd. Tlie first h a ri^.- i„
temporatun' to lO.'i ^ or 100= F., .sliown hy
introducing a clinical tlicnnomctcr into the
roctuni, the average temperature being lol • •
there will be Iosh of appetite ; a starinii' cnut •
slight shivt'riiigs ; a hard, dry cough : a loss of
milk; .scanty urini\ higher or darker colorcfi
than usual. Then will follow tenderness upon
pre-iisure between the ribs over the liuigs ; the
cough Mill increase ; and the breathing (luickcn ;
lihe nose will extend ; the back be aithed ; rhe
h-nd legs will be drawn under the body, and t.'u
elbows will be turned out. Later, there will
be a watery or a more i)ronounced <lis(liiiii;e
of matter from the eyes anil nose ; obsfinute
constipation, or a watery fiptid diarrlutii; a
raj)id weakening of the system, ending in
death.
Fpon jKTcussion (striking) over the hin<fs,
there will be given back, in the earlier slaires,
u clear, resonant sound ; later, it will be dull
and heavy. So, in the first stage, there will lie
a dry, crackling sound ; later, it will be a whist-
ling or rough l)reathing .sound. Anv of these
may be easily distinguished from the sound
occasioned by percussion upon an aiiiniid in
health.
In America pleuro-pneumonia does not
show the most violent symptoms except in warm
weather. Yet this very slow incubation sliows
the extreme care that should be excii i-id in
watchfulness. The seeds of the disease once
in the system, tho incubation is only ii (|iicstion
i^St"eHobu7aHnfiiu«ionand'Kye™'i of time, aud Warm Weather will bring out the
biocked vessels are shown. ,. • 11 '^ ■ x -i.
disease in all its intensity.
What to do. — As to remedial measures, it .seems useless for the farmer
to resort to them, since this is a disease that the veterinarian alone can
cope with, and then only when perfect isolation may be had. Tiie safest
I'LECKO-rNEUMONIA.
Sectidn of affected lun|; in conta'
Ifious pleuro-pneumonia. The thin
end shows biark hepatization ; the
center, red. At the thick end
n
COSTAUIOVH DISEAHKH
ttiid iil^o the cheapest nljin. is nro.nnf mi- . .
"ml.snH.rouslM«ol„ti<L. . 7,f'^^^ •--• "f i-foctod u„i-
'" H.0 .n:UU.r ..f di.sinfe.tio. ,;;..' "' "" '""'""' ^"-'^-t-"'
"'-• alla,.i,nul.s fn„„ tin- Imn o,- 2 rT""^'"'"' '""^^ ^^">' ''^ »<» '•«-
Huli.hur in it fov a .-ouph. of hours h '" ""' '^ "'' ^'-'"'3' "'"• '"'rn
it.l...n.u.hiyni.hli„H'. ' t''^'" "pcn an.l air it, ami whitewash
Prevention. — Proper niiaruntino /.<? « i •
...•.p..io.,.. ti„j.,iir;v";,.;^:'u trr' '"" "" """"^'^•
lofnt .nnta.irio,, is han^.io^r arou.ul th,.,,, ,7 " ^^•'•t""'tv. that no
all affe-ted ani.na.s ; a^d ^olaU; I)! of ;::^;;; "'"r"^ ' ^''^^^"••^'"» "'
(••Mitiigion. iSo.ne very hi-di • ntlw.rif i... ■ r '' *'''" ^^^P^^'-'J <« the
of .luL ,hat have l,e,u. ex o^d a ,T ' ''"':'"' '—'—'«' i-ulation
It i«u disease, the o<.eurrer:f ;;'.';::; -^"f" ''''' '"'" ^-•'-
nity from sul.sequent attmks it .■ i •"'"'"'""' "'"«'. <'onf.'r.s inunu-
always produce the same disease, at least tl." r "" '■"'•'•"'"^'"" d"<-'« not
lation is uot always located i„ th^ sam^lace tt r" ""'""' '^' '""''"■
i.s|.m,luccd with the same result of • " ' * ' 1^ ^''*' *"''''-^^'t"'^i""<'l *'ffect
tl.e ..H,i„al disease ; and the ^^ZT^IT' "'""'^"""^ "'^-'- ^
.n«ls is su.all as compared with thol J ^t d""" ''""^"''•'^•'^ *'"'-
ceuisc. ^'^'^^ '^"<-' disease m its regular
The conclusions arrived at bv thp R..i„- /-.
i"oeu.aU..n as stated hy Prof. (im,e<^:;^r;;: ^^l^f '"» ^" ^^^^ ^
"ni".a.u.^cnr ;x:::;;r ^-^^ -^ -
-'« "^ ^"- -- ^pones ti J sa:z:. ::;;;; ^r '"^ ^ "-'^'^^ "-
.^ cnccrncd. 2. The appreciuhlo nl, ' "^' '" ^"' ''' 'ts seat
t- «- those of local infl';:: tSTl V '"' T'' ''' '"'""'-
a certain number of aninnds inocu L^^ t n r'"?'^':' "'^' '^"^''^ «"
-"• >-ti<.n proportioned to the Toid j^^^^^^
gangrenous accidents on another nund,er of inrul-.tl^d "'"''''>"^^^ ^'^^
even death may result. 3 The inn,.,.i .• "'" "'''t'-d animals, so that
"^"" -i-^1 iocted ^th p,i: : ;;;;:;:^ ;;"""'^ ^-^ the mnga
enc. and invests the economy of the la.. '^'n'servative influ-
t" it>< influence with an immuLv w I ^ J '" i'"" "1 "'"''''■^ ^^"''i-'t'^<l
of this malady, during u pc.iod wL 1 V ''"' ^'■"'" ^'^^^ <-">'tagion
Tl.e losses' sustaiired d u „1 ," ''" ^!^' *" ''^ determined."
amounted to 11. liner cent T'H ^T'^'"*-^ "^ the Commission
of inoculation n.J,:: '^ ^J^ ':^'7[ '' """"f - which the em.et
*1' there was gangre^ie and ss V ''''^"^"t• ' ^he proportion i„
cent.; i„ twenty-<me ^s I^^^^ '^ 'T'"" ''^ *''« t-U 27.77 per
eon.plicatodhyLn.n.e,;oui.L-,n """'■"" "'" ^'^''^ «-'-•«' -^
1-t^. the re..v..i.s amount S,::*::;^ ^'"^ ^^^^^ "^ ^ ' -'i'
•f'l
~^-ri^;
C9()
•niK AMKRICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
K~
The pliue recommended to insert the virus is on the end of tlif tail.
k being less liable to work violently, and terminate fatally from gaii-rnnc,
when inaerted there than at any other i)art.
II. Rinderpest, or Contagious Enteric Pever.
General Description.— Whatever may be said to the eontrtirv. this
terrible plague has never yet been introduced into any of the (•ouiilrusof
the American hemispl.ore. At least, there is no well authenticated ivcoid
of any case. Its ravages have been mostly confined to the Iliads df
Europe and Asia, and especially to those of the southern poifmii (if
European Russia and adjacent districts. It is devoutly to be IioikmI it
never will find its way to America, for it is terribly contagious, (Lsikm-
iitely fatal, and swift in its work of death. Where it originally si m ted i,
not known. In Southern Russia, on the Asiatic steppes, in various \mu
of India, in Soutiicrn ahd Southwestern China, Cochin China, in Moiijro-
lia, Burmah, Hiudostan, Persia, Thibet and Ceylon, it lias hw^ hem
known, and has been carried thence to various European States.
The [)rinci|)lo of contagion Inis not yet been discovered, but wlicii omv
an animal is affected, it extends to every tissue and secrcliun. it is,
however, mostly contained in the secretions of the mucous intMiihniiiPs,
and healtliy animals will be infected by coining near infected animals, or
near anything contaminated by their secretions and exhalations. anJ
without .actual contact. So, any object may be infected, and ci.nv the
disease indefinitely, as clothing, wool, hay, straw, litter, wood-work, for
it mav remain latent in any of these objects for iv long time. For-
tunately, air is said to be the most potent and effective means <tf destrov-
ing the' virus; and hence, thorough aeraticm by a direct and coiitiinioiis
cum-nt of air is one of the best ways of diluting, and at length dpstniy-
in<s the seeds of this dread disease.
So (piick is the development of the disease that death soiuotinies
occurs after the second day, though usually after the lifll. day;
and an avertige of from seventy to eighty per cent, of llic animals
attacked die. Goats, sheep and deer are also attacked, and (lie prolw-
bility is tli;it all ruminating animals arc subject to the contagion ; !)iit
shesi and goats arc r.ot liable to so large a percentage of r..ortality as are
neat cattle. , .
Many of the svmi)tom8 of rinderpest occur in pleuro-pneunionia ni its
contairious form ; also, in nndiguant catarrhal fever, and in foot-and-
moutii .iseasc. But pleuro-pneumonia is distinguished from nndorpost
by the absence of tho characteristic eruptions upon the mucous mom-
briJu-H. Malit'uuM.t citarrha' fever is distinguished thcrcfi.tn. by the
dimness of the tranfi)arent cornea of the eye, whicii in rinderpest
CONTAGIOUS DISKA8ES.
remains clear. The foot-and-mouth disoas,. differ, f..
ul-cration of the feet, and the lo.s degree of W "''''''' ^^
Tlio alteration of the mucous membrinr> in "• i
spok.n of, n.ay very soon he oh "v"i n the v '""/' '""^"'"'^
bnonu.s spotted or stripc-d with red .n . ="" "*^ '""•'^' ^^''"^"h
aft..,-, s„,all yeUowish white o^ I .; te; K ' '.'' 1'"' ''':!^'y'^>-^ ''""rs
tlio red spots and stripes The e ; f , I ''"'^^ disth.guished on
cuHH. which ma^ ul ^uh,'^:; 'L^rlJ^I,;^^^^ f ^'^^
dci)roi<sion. " '^'^ I""<^^c 'i dark i-ed
Tliorc is no known remedy for *li; r
sennity a,.ai„st its spread is in the ena;nu.n^^^^^^^^ ""' !""'' *'" ""'^
first, for its prevn.tion ; seco„<,, for txU t^^^ "■'" ^''•"'^""* ''-^'
p..t,.d aninuds, and the prompt ki h'^^'r Tf '"''''"" ^"^-
In ti.is respect the Jaws of the Germ-u Fm "" '"^"••^"^' ""««•
our State and gene., gove;:^^^^ r;:,r: '^ '"'1 /^'■'•^'''•*' ^^
dealing with pleuro-pnenmoniu and oth r n. 1 1 t '" ""■'""' '"
of animals, if the machinery of politics 'I' '""^"t"""" 'Ji-a^es
fron. the appointn.ent of officers^ honv.'.-'"'"'^""'^ dissociated
\vi ■ ,, , . '^"^ '"^ J"vestigations sou'Hit
When an annnal has this disease, and recovers 1,. • "^ V
ccptii.Io to another attack. i^-coveis, he ,s rendered insus-
How to know It.— A perceijtible rise in th„ i^^
occurs ahout two days before .ny othe, /^"^I"''''^*"'-*' "f the body
and it has been sho^n that 1 ^^^ s Lt^^^r n 'T?\ '''''''''''''
in ten.i.=>rature is first noticed. ^'"°^ "^ ^''^ *'"'"'' ''^ Hse
Inoculation with scrum of the
blood iaken from an animal at
fills tinit", will produce (he dis-
piise. The tempftruturc in iho
course of two days rises to
104= or 10.5 » F., when the
following symptoms will bo
noticed : Shivering ; muscular
twitching; restlessness ; colicky
Piiins; sometimes a husky
'""gli: yawning; great dul-
ness,«ith drooping of the cars;
"ocasionul fits of delirium ; the
withpiu.!. (.vsur >f' i !. , *" logeincr : moans .-iiul .r,....>*„
■ ' >-!>!!. ition, at which time the l)rcath is h,.hl f .. • ""
tlien e.viH.II,.,| with a <mint At « w, , ""'^' ^"' "» "'«tant and
«. «..t. At hrst the bowels are constipated, but this
KINI^Klll'EST.
69X
THE A5IEIUCAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
condition is soon followed l)y violent purging; the dry, hot, rod .ondi.
tion of the eyes, nose uud mouth, wliich exist in the early stairo, is fol-
lowed by u discharge of u glairy, watery character, soon running into an
opa^iue and turbid fonn, which is very typical of the disease. In some
cases the visible mucous membranes become altered in appcarancf, by
assuming a salmon-red appearance over the whole extent, with dcvpcrim.
son red patches dotted over the surface. When lying down, tiic head is
usually turned upon the upper tlunk ; the twitching of the nuisclcs will
be noticed more about the neck, shoulders and hind quarters. Tin- dis-
charges from the bowels are at first black, but soon change to u pule
greenish brown ; they are very foetid and are voided with much struiuinir.
The urine is scanty and high colored, and sometimes albuminous. The
pulse rises t( 120® to 140' per minute ; the surface of the Ixidy gets
deathly cold ; weakness increases, the animal lying most of tiic time ; the
areolar tissue becomes, in most cases, bloated with air ; the aiiiiiml be-
comes drow.sy, and soon after unconciousness sets in ; the nostrils flap;
the mucous membranes become lead-colored, with purpie pjitches ; flatu-
lence supervenes, with involuntary evacuation of foeces, and death soon
follows.
Sometimes the eruption covers the entire body, and, again, it may he
wholly wanting.
m. Texas Pever, Spanish or Splenic Fever.
This disease, which has its origin in the low lands of Mexico and Texas,
more nearly i-esembles the rinderpest of Asiatic Russia than any other.
It is, however, not nearly so destructive ; is not communicated fioni one
field to another ; the germs are surely killed by the first frost, and are
only comnumicated to Nortliern cattle by the Texas cattle diivi ii over-
land infecting other cattle passing along the same road or feeding ground,
The animals taking it in tiiis way do not communicate it to otliors, and
hence the probal)ility that its malignant, contagious form is not ripened
in climates in which frosts occur. Hence, again, in all those districts
where Texas cattle are not permitted to pasture there is no danger of the
disease breaking out. It was noticed in Missouri as long ago as 1849,
through the introduction of Texas cattle, and continued to incnasc in that
region until, in 1858, the trade i'n Texas cattle having bcconu! very large,
the Legislature of Kansas attempted to .stay its ravages hy restrictive en-
actments. In 1868, through the importation of Texas cattb , and their
carriage by railway, the loss to native stock in the grazing States
enst of the Mississippi became so great, especially in Illinois, Indiana,
and Ohio, that the most stringent measures were taken by the L(';risliiture3
of various Slates to Dffvcnt such cattle from bein/i brought in. These
CONTAOIOUS DISEASES.
mciisurcs oi)erated successiullv. sirw.p nf l.,f ,
been oxporicu-od. Tho disease is n! •^■'''■' ''"* ^'"^''^ *'•""'''« ^as
tho disease tiio following samm-r. communicate
Incubation. — The stage of ill,.,.) ,<■;„„ • . f„ .
bl,„„l undergoes „ ...atoria, dl; .mi ,, LrfT '," "™ """'''• '"»
appearance. ° ° "^ 'auei a l)loody
(the ,.vc,,.,„ ,.. „„a,«„ ....e^: „; : V ot I":, .'.'"".jl't'^ ■':■"•""=
erally preceded l,y „ chill ; tho du ,~ .,,,,1 , -l ' ""■'' '" «""-
tb„ „„«,ril, and mouth , the „„i,„al al „ „ . ' '" '''"''.'"■•S"'' f'™"
the Imek y ar,:hcd ; the flanks become hZl . ,r "'' """°" '"'* =
gerin... and tho hair rou,-h , the To",. iL'''" «'','' "''f'"'^ "'^ »'»«-
utine coagulate, on Lodh^, the n.n^K,:';: „ cV:: I^rvt'lV '"^
brown color, and that of the rectum dark red TI. , ' ' "'^ ""''
of disease in the first thre. «tom. eh /. h I'" ''"t little trace
congestion, and the intestines "'„,' 'T'"' ■^"''"'""^^ ^""-
Tho livor is not seriously aifect d bu r n^'T'T' ""' '•'"-^-tained.
dark colored hile ; the kidn^r^^r ^Sl^^'^nd 7' '"'' ''''^
the hiaddei- i, hloodv or Wood.,tah,eH ■ .1, '',"'•. ■""' "'« s«-leli„n in
...larged. ,n a he/.lthy anh„: le I "Tl "'I,'' ''■''';'' ""'■'"■" """
pound and a half, in cattle dying To ; ^ 1,7'='', " "",'""' "■■ "
roach a weight of eight ponL,° hence the .^efi '■■;,:::''„ ''"7' '°
fever. -I'l^cinc name of splenic
What to do.— Treatment for this disease like f h..f f i
nia a,Kl nnderpest. is not satisfacto.^ i^^ ^ ^^ ,^ 7::^'"^''-
h.s p„„,t, however, in the treatment-since ca tie in I'd ^ t"'' ''
do not give it to others, and since isohtion i - „ """ ^''•^'^"'^
the aniuais should at once bo put ^ " In T7''' ""'''''' ^"""^''^^'•""'
good nursing. ^ confortaMe quarters and receive
IV. --tagious«o.en.a.rootanaMouthI>lsease. or Epi^oatio Ap.tha
Ihis disease is unknown in America l,..t U ;« „
«,..*.. Owing ,„ it, ve,.y .h„; ; M ; s.r''"-"'v'' "" ""'°'-
b..» ,„ lh,eo or fonr dav,_thc,-e i, very L 1,. "''""""-'"=»'y-fonr
lion ! and .luanintining any affected l„.c. J ..f !'"''■ "' ""Virta-
.ill effectually ,„,,vc„° i„'io,n::iucfcn ' """'"« *"'" '" '"■'■».
fj^;::":;;r:ddr";f '''''■'™''' '*"•''* "■<• -.th. ,„„„,.. „„
le.,, ,„,d ndde.-. The conlagiou i,e, i„ „,„ dischargcirom the
■iasM
700
THK AMERICAN FARMER !J STOCK BOOK.
EPIZOOTIC ArilTIIA OK FOOT
AND llOUTil UISEASK.
month iiiid tWt, aiul the virus is strewn along tho road and over tlu> pag.
tiircs by the droppings from the mouth, and tiie matter running fninithe
feet, and is conveyed from field to Held by small v<>rinin, dogs, cuts, (to.
It is contagious to nearly all the lower animals and to man. It is not
often fatal, but it causes much loss to the
stock owner, through the loss of ilcsli in c-t-
tle that are being fattened, and the failuriiin
milk, the supply being lessened by from one
to two-thirds of the usual yield.
The iiiik is alTected not only in (|Uinititv,
but contains much of the poison of tho dis-
ease, and affects young animals to which it js
given warm, causing cramps, violent diiiv-
rhcea, intestinal irritation, which often proves fatal. It is considciod hv
good autiiorities to be equally injurious to infants. By the aid of the
microscope vibrioues, bacteria and monads are found, which ap| rtobe
more injurious to the consumer when the milk is drank warm, fresh from
the cow. Some authorities say to boil it before using, and others that
this makes no difference, but it is certainly less injurious when it has
stood a few hours and got thoroughly cold.
How to know it. — The usual symptoms are rough, staring coat ; shiver-
ing tits, dry, hot mouth and muzzle; pulse and temperature raised; the
mouth, tongue, lips, teats, udder and interdigital spaces become red,
swollen and novo ; on the second or third day little pustules lireak iiiid
discharge ; saliva drools from the mouth ; the animal keejis working-tho
tongue in great uneasiness ;
lameness in the feet is seen, the
fever in them being sometimes
such as to cause the hoofs to
drop off, the joints to become
opened, and extensive sloughuig
to take place. There is great
inclination to lie down. The
greatest damage to the feet is
seen among sheep and swijie. The latter sometimes lose some of the digital
bones.
What to do. — ^The treatment is of little consequence, as the disease
runs a definite course, and usually terminates in recovery in about fifteen
days. Give soft food to cat and a bountiful supply of clear cold waterti
drink ; an ounce of saltpeter dissolved in each pail is an advantage.
Pay the most attention to tho foot, wash them clean and remove anj
EPIZOOTIC APHTHA.
Indications of the feet being ufTciU'd.
ind remove an'"
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
701
hon. that may bo detached ; if the inflamm
apply a hnseed poultice till there
the following lotion :
ation and swellin
g are great,
are raw surfaces, then change them to
No. 1.
1 Oiineo i<ii«^ar of lead,
2 Draehnis euiboliu acid,
1 Ounce liiudammi.
Water to make one pint.
Mix.
Apply throe times a day. When miiiMM....f
ur ,»,d,^.„s. I, g.,j w,,rr''':irr\ '■';•' "'° '""' "" "■
:.|.|.rtito,(rivowhi»kc.y, bnuKlv ef,- ""'•"''"■"""" »'"ll"ssof
.00,, i»»,„.oi„o»„ „„a »i„,;,id ,,.!! I r, ;: ' :;;r;^;■7'^'°'' "' *="'•
rforts „f „aturo to expel the „„i,„„ f,. ,, ' '" """ " """ "' 'he
lotiun: ° f««tt,.kc» place, app|^ the f„||„wiug
No. a.
One part carbolic aeid.
Eight parts olive oil.
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
V. Anthrax.
Tills is known hv inanv <Iiffni.,...*
attacl.d,anatheim;;.ession„':^^:r::;,;:5-^'''^ "* "'^ '''^
in, It-niackZe,, Mack Q.aHer, Qui ^^ ^ Cvl f 'Tr '''"■"■'-
grcup of diseases very virulent 1 ^'*\"^*"7 "'""«« are inc-luded a
uader different forms, Le::!!^!; J Sll^irlr'^r"^" ^'^'''^^^'"^
ent species of lower animals and man a u 'L " ^'^'"^ "'^ ^^''•
;"--r according to the influences It ;X'rr;r ''^r-^^^^
by moculation. It arises spontaneously „ low d un , ''" '' '' ^^'
along the l,ank8 of overflowed rivers i ZlZ\ ?\ ' ^"''"'''''''^ "'^^
off or dried up, the soil containing a ";:::': '"" "^"''" ^""^^
«1'^'" "^'<tle are fattened too fait ?' 1""'"""^ "^"'•^''^''>« "'''tt.r, and
7^ia.ly Cover. Long contin^ V^f^';:;.:;^ -^-"-"''"f W.
"afous of organic matter and miasmatic iZl i " l! "''^^ '^' *""""
perature between day and ni-rht ^„„ r'f'.' '^'^HTcat changes in tem-
it-s .iovelop.nent. ^ ' ^"'''^"^ "' '^ ^^'^ atmosphere, favor
The main charaot.>risf -. of the di>;,...an ;. 1 1 i
coagulate, and conU, .in. r^ d "ke ^dt .f t' 'T^ ''"'' ^'"* ^^*" »o^
^euth.K„ore3devol„, ..a;;'. ! __ ' ''"^"''^ (*«^^^''*«) ; and short Iv before
• -~ i-- ^..uch uro the active part of the virus in ino^-uhuion"
■tffll
702
THK AMEUICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
Blood containing these spores has been dried, reduced to dii>i. and
kept four years, and found to be as active as ever in ])roducin<i I lie fatal
disease. (Koch.) The spores do not continue to increase after dcnili, ami
are not found in any great quantity. The rods are found in iznati'st
quantity m the spleen. The spleen, liver and lymphatic glands .nlarjre
and become soft. The bloody flux may locate in any part of the lioilv,
with the tendency to gangrene, death and decomposition of 1l;r part
affected, and the formation of gases that distend the tissues, niakinnr a
crackling noise when the hand is passed over it. When it connnciitTs en
one point of the surface, a small blister forms, gathers, breaks and (hies
up, and others form around it, and so on in consecutive rings it siucatN.
This constitutes malignant pustule, and is the form it usually t.ikcs in
man, got by inoculation, from handling carcasses and skinning aniniuis dead
from anthrax, handling dirty rags, etc.
Antlirax has two distinct ways of manifesting itself, witli external
lesions and without tfiem. To the former belong tlie black hu. Mink
quarter, or bloody nuirrain, ])lack tongue, Siberian boil plagu(>, aiul car-
buncular erysipelas of shee|) and swine, and malignant sore tlnoiit of the
latter ; to the latter, all those having specific changes in the blood, with
en<Tor"-ement of the spleen, exudations and blood-stained spots in the
internal organs, and sudden death.
The Siberian Boil Plague attacks horses, cattle, sheep, goats and
pigs, and manifests itself in swellings on tiie sheath, udder, throat, hreast.
dewlap, etc., which are hard, yellowish, and streaked with red, and some-
times spotted. The animals die in from twelve to twenty-four hours.
This, inoculated into man, produces malignant pustule, or charhon.
Black leg or bloody min-rain is malignant anthrax, characterized U
engorgement of a quarter or a leg, shoulder or a side. It usually oeeui>
among young, fast growing, thriving
cattle, and is so sudden in its attaek,
short in its duration, and f.itiil in its
effect, that one or two of a herd niav
be found dead in the nioniinji:, when
nothing whatev<'r was \vron<r with
them the night before. TIumv is s
stiffness in the affected (iiuirter. with
some diffuse swelling and heat, fever, and an appearance of plethora;
the swollen quarter soon mortifies, becomes cold, gas forms under the
skin and crackles if rubbed, and death soon follows. Sometimes there i?
an effusion of yellow looking lymph from the .^welling. Kecovery is
very rare, and is slow and tedious, and the swelling is apt to slough ex-
tensively and form sluggish, unsiglitly sores.
CABBUNCULAU KUYSII'ELAS— IjLACK LEG
OU QUAKTEU ILL.
COKTAGIOLS OISEA.SKS.
r
///'
'■UOSS-ANTIIKAXOUBLA.KTONGUK.
70;}
The black tongue is seen in oiittU i
known by red purple or Mack blisters ;n'fh« T'""''"'"'^ '" ''"'•«*'«. and i«
.on.ctimes attaining the size of a he„.ge„„.JJ;;;7;"^; '"I"*" ""'' "'^'^^«'
scalding matter, and the sore J,ocomo8 ' ' ""'^ '"" "" '^horous,
unhoaltliy and ulcer-like, with more
or less swelling; the dischai^r^, j,a jt
runs from the mouth, is bloody; the
fever runs very high, the system' bo-
comes poisoned throughout,'and death
ensues in twenty to forty-eight hours.
Carbuncular erysipelas in sheep
corresponds to black leg in cattle,
and, like it, always attacks the finest,
fattest and most thriving one in the
flock. The symptoms are the same
as black leg, and death follows in
from ten to sixty hours.
Swine have the carbuncular erysipelas the «....
tongue, tun.ors about the throat andnhlv '? '^"'^ ' '^'•^"' ^'^^^^k
.ost<.ounnon form, and is ^^^^^7:^^ T ' ''^^ '"''''' "^^
some anthrax animal. There is fovZ u ^^^ '"^*'"?? *''« carcass of
and breast, whichis red, shi in^ [; d l-'Ind "' "'T ^'^ ^'^^"'>^' "-'<
and insensible, and pits upo^ p :st ; Ir? ^'^'™"!^:^ ^^^J'^^' -'^
and loss of appetite; p„rple„atche.f ' ^"'"'^'»ff' retching
snout;l.reathingbeeoLstffic U Id t" ""h',''" ^'^'^^ '^"^ "" ^I-
fall, and death follows in f rl; o,;.!' ^t: Z ' " '' ^'^ ''"^^^'^^^^
aa^tr :1;t • :;;::i-;:^'^ ^:« ^--^ ^-...ax, devel.,,.. in the
cashes. They are aZ^VZlZl T ^^'^^""^ '"'*"^- --
giving rise to vonuting, fever and dJTth ^"' ^"^-tive organs,
Birds and poultry die of aiifhr..^- ^^
feel. ""'"'"S »■> th" head, co„,l,, ,,r,.,ist and
twelve hours, a blister forms br; s '^''^'"'''^ ■^'^- I" the course of
-u„d the old one, and so i^ s^ ^Sf ' tC^^ZI "\ '"'" ''''^' «"-'^« "P
the shades of color from red to black whe. f '"''^'' ''"" '^""""h all
mease of recovery, but alas ir^r Z"^''"" ''"^^ '"' '"'^ sloughs
lower a„i,„als, ' ' ''' '* ''' *"" °^**'" ^•'^tal, the same as in ^he
Anthrax without extenial swelling is ka.,v~ a- h .
^p^p^e.,, ^.,.,,., -ordingtothcanima;:;::.:;;^:^^^;^:;"
704
THK AMEKICAN FAUMKK S STOCK HOOK.
sheep, swine iiiid fowls are liaMo to attacks of anthrax fevor. Phig
is characterized by high fever, plotliora, engorgement of the splcci ind
other internal organs, and colicky pain ; redness, and often purple spiits,
are seen on the mucous membranes ; bloody, frothy mucus comes from
the nose and eyes ; the dung is streaked with blood ; great weakness ftt\.
lows, and death in twelve to twenty-four hours.
What to do. — Treatment is of no avail in the tirst cases, owing to 'lie
rai)id fatality of the disease, but in subsequent cases, when the pationt
can bear it, bleed freely, then give purgatives. Of Epsom salt, give u
pound to cattle when full grown ; calves, three or four ounces, and youii"
cattle in proportion ; sheep aiid pigs, four to six ounces. Horses may liavu
two ounces, or Barl)adoes aloes, five to seven drachms, made into a liiill
with syrup. The salts are given dissolved in warm water, with extract
of ginger, one or two ounces. Follow these with
No. 3 1 Drachm nitro-inuriatic uc-id,
3 Grains bichromate of potash,
2 Drachms chlorate of potash,
^ Pint water.
Mix.
Give as one dose, two or three times a day.
If the patient is weak, instead of giving the salts give stimulants—
rye whiskey, ale, turpentine, or ether in from one to two oinicedosos,
three or four times a da}'. Sponge off the body with cold water snul iud
dry ; cauterize all wounds, if the disease comes through iuocuh'tion, witb
clear carbolic acid, sulphuric or nitric acid, or with chloride of zine, but
ihe whole of the diseased tissue must be reached. After cauterizing them,
and also the tumors that may follow, apply poultices to thoin to i luour-
age suppuration. In case of diffuse swellings, bathe them with vinegar,
cold water and weak lotions of carbolic acid, etc., — say one part to sixty
of water ; and inject beneath the skin, in several places, weak dilutions of
carlioFui acid, — one part of acid to one hundred of water.
Prevention. — Drain the soil in the pastures ; either coutine the stock
to smaller jjastures or increase the stock to feed the pasture more closely;
when cattle, especially young ones, ai e thriving very fast on a rich suc-
culent pasture or aftermath, cot. line them in a barn-yard four to six
hours a day. Shelter the stock at night during late summer and fall,
when the days are hot and nights cool, or rather cold, — ^when the dews arc
heavy and the air gets quite chilly towards morning ; it is at this time
that internal congestions are apt to occur. In dry, hot weather, remove the
stock to high ground, where miasmatic gases exist to a less extent. Secure
clear, pure water to drink ; avoid too sudden fattening; see that bams
ana a'u^da are well ventilated au\i Mot overcrowded. Tiio disease-']
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
703
animal.s should l,e separated from (1,,. |k,,|h,v
dcq.h . six feet at least, without bei,,.. s i f Y'''T"" '''""'^ ''« ''"•"i^d
li-. ■•'-1 the graves fenced for a couple o' ""'' .""""^ "''""» 'l"'«k
deaths have occun, "do- k ai.iin.,1. i "'>«'"'«; the huildini^s where
fectod. Avoid touching u,;'/'^^^^^^^^^^ '^ ^'-^n-ghlv di ,
before and after doin;so. ^Zu^TT' ""'' *'^^^"-'^ '"'tL
Prevent dogs, oats, etc., f..onicont;i'"'r " " ''""^'■^'^ "^ -'t«r.
.-Va.oIoVaco.n..orCo;;o? '^°'^^^"^'^^"-
Ihis IS a contagious disease iM.n. i
smull-p.,.v c.f the hunnui fanui; ; < "t i!" ''V''""'T '" ''' '^'^'"^ical w.th
cattle hy inoculation from th/^thcM " ^^ Tt^^ '" "^'"'' '»-' "^
Virus of snn.ll-,,o.v, will have a disease idet , ? ' "'"culated with
J inoculated with cow-po. will 1^ ^t^^^^;: ! ^''^ ;-v.pox ; and
mther cow-pox or a very „,ild fonn of s„,all Z T . " ^'' ^'""^iJ^-'^d
.njmun.ty from a subsequent attack at 1?; ^" '''•^'^' ^''^''^^ secures
a longer or shorter period, s..rnetimes onl f ,.• " '" ^'''"^ '"•''^"*' "'• f^r
tinu. for a lifetime. Cow or kine-pL 1 ,! PT "'' *"'"' ""^ «o™0'
aperiod of incubation of three to nine dL ''""', ' '"""'' ^"'■^^"" ^hat has
ever for a couple of days, then bred outt;r ''"'^ ''>^ '^ ^^'^^t
flanks, escutcheon, and around the vu v., n ^ "' '' '" ''^^'^^^t^' "^der,
pnnples, red at first, enlarge f.^m d J 1 ,' 'T'' "'^' '''^•^"- ^^^^-«e
cterofahoutlmlfaninchtoani r.l, '"' *''^ ''^^'^^ '■^"'"■» '^ diam.
cle for„.s, breaks, runs a yell w h 'v'^^'^^T"? ^'^"""- ^^ ^'««-t ves..
^-di-sc, dries up. a seal formfo^ t': '^h T'. ''''''' ^"^ <>'
pears as g.-ntly as it came. ' ^ ^^'"^ '>'''o'« trouble disap.
The only trouble to be had from tU^ a-
teats getting sore, These are si " 'nrf; T'^'^' ^•"^^^' ^-- the
ve;.eles, and even confluent, rendeWm i,-- '"'''" "'^'^''^d with the
It runs a dcHnite course, .nd hel m "f-'^ '''''^' '''•^'"^^d operation.
ten to twenty days. No tk-atme 1 1 1,^^^^^ <>^ ^^self, i, f,^,
cold, and give a little extra °«c«ssary, except to avoid taking
we in the way of nursing.
Jf the teats are so sore as
'"be very painful i„ milk-
'ng. the teat syphon m-ivh«
"sed ;,f,t,s cold weather, warm th
P««« it up the teat very ea 0^11^ ^'^^ T^"" ' ^il it .ith olive oil and
--'theteatsand uXS' i:;!';:^ "^ f"" '"'"^'- ^^'"-t he
THE TEAT SVPHQN
CHAPTER m.
NON-CONTAOIOUS BLOOD DISEASES.
I.
PLETHORA. II. ANiEMIA. III. RIIKUMATISM. IV. URA;MIA. V. SEP-
TlCiKMlA AND PY.EMIA. VI. TUBEIICIJLOSIS ANU PHTHISIS PUI.MONAM*. VII
CANCEROUS I'LCERS AND OSTKO SARCOMA. VIII. PURPURA ll<«MOHRII AiilCA
IX. ASTHENIC HiEMATURlA, OB REI> WATER IN CATTLE X. MALIGNANT
CATARRH. XI. MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.
I. Plethora.
This, which miiy be described as iin over fiit condition of tlic blood, is
conducive to many very serious results by interferinj^ with tlu> circuliition,
especially that through the vital organs, rendering tlicm inert ami iniableto
eliminate from the system the effete material which, at such a (imc. ex-
ists in increased quantities. These impurities, left in the system, h ad t.
blood poisoning, and to excessive congestions and inflarainatidiis in nse
of disease, thus greatly enhancing the dangers attending disorders of all
kinds,
Qauses. It is caused by rich, stimulating food, such as oil-ciikc, corn
and otbaL- irrain, roots, and too succuicnt green food and pastuns,— in
fact, n.'.}liiivg that fattens very fast.
Hsnv 1Q felOW It. — Unusually rapid improvement, exuberant spirits,
sleek ii.ui , loose skin, and tendency to fatten very fast. Ocfasioiinlly,
ali'^ht feviiC may be seen, at first of short duration, but iiicrcusing with
each attack till violent congestion occurs, followed by inttanniiatioii ; iind
death supervenes after a run of very high fever, or iddenly during tbe
congestive stage.
What to do.— r>ep^ete either by bleeding or purging. Tako from two
to six quarts of blood, or give a few doses of saU.s, in qu.intitics of a
single handful, morning and night for a week, at the same time remov-
ing'to less luxuriant pasture, or curtailing the meal. The restricted diet
and salts are preferable to bleeding.
n. Ansemia.
Causes.— This condition, the reverse of plethora, is seen wlien tiie
animal is thin in flesh from lack of nufficient or proper kinds of food,
especially when this is accompanied l)y exposure to the weather or im-
poverishment by parasites. It is apt to lead to purpura luMiu.rihagica,
rheumatism, etc., and always predisposes to lice or other vormin.
7Ut)
NON-CONTA(JIOlH ULOOD DISEASES.
What to do. Destroy iiny existing vermin,
rt'( fpe in the feed :
ro7
the following
No. 4.
^ Ounce copperas,
1 Handiiil oil-oako.
Powder uud mix.
Give as one dose. Kepeut it mornin-^ and night, and let the diet be a
iioiinshnig, generous one. **
ni. Rheumatism.
Causes and forms.— The immediate cause of rheumatis.n i« th
mulatiuM in the «y.stem of a peculiar kind of i^luirh ? T""
to .settle around the joints, a Ion., the shel .' " '""^'"'^
oviai n.embranes. In the acute" f^^rm w^; '^ons and in the syn-
assumes, the affected parts swell and o'ten 7^ ' l' ^'""'"""^
......e ,.ntit^ J pus. and ;r i:!;::;. o; c^^i rt! ^"^
often extends to the bones and the membranes coveriLTom when I
generally becomes chronic, and more or less exostosis i« «l^. . .
may anchv' -se (stiffen) the joint KI.en . !. I '" ""^' '"'"^^
chest, and ..ties in thi pi u L^^ T ""' "'^"'^-^ *" ^'^«
of the latt.r organ and death ' ""'"''""'^ "'"'^'^'^ ^'-"«««
The exciting causes are novortv nf fho c,„„* xi..
exposure to cdd and dampness !lfo the JwTr'' ^'?"""^ '" ^^^^' '^"^
tic «.vclli„j;will very likely >o noticed 1^ V '.l ' "' """"'"^
leg. a,s tl,e d'soaso uL a g^^atte" d "y ;!";!;"■"■■":" "'' '" """"'^^
to log. There i, eo„.ide«ble W ,vit hK^h Tie ' 'I ' ',' """ "«
.tai-c, reddened mueous membranes and .ml h' ""' ""*'"-
^"' ^" 2 Drachms colchicum,
2 Drachms nitrate of potash.
Mix.
-.a, L... II ^,ve i\u. 4 for II vir^ul, .,.,,1 ,1 , , ■ — "
wfiPk- tK-n ^VA V~ 1 ^ -"-.....g ana night in soft fe,
- .t-ngivej... 4 for a week, and change back to No. 5.
Aiter-
1^ K:-^i
MICROCOPY RESdUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
/APPLIED IIVHGE I
1653 Eost Main Slrset
Rochester. New York 14609 USA
(716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
(716) 288- 5989 -Fox
708
THK AMKRICAN FAKMEK 8 STOCK BOOK.
nate them in this manner for a month. As local treatment, appiv lie
/oUowiug to the joints :
No. 6. 1 Ounce laudanum,
1 Ounoe spirits of camphor,
1 Ounce turpentine.
Water to make one pint.
Mix.
Apply tliree times a day, with friction, and bandage. If great weak-
aess ensues, give the following:
No. 7. 1 Ounce gentian root,
>2 Ounce ginger,
1 Quart oat meal gruel,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat three times a day for two weeks.
IV. Ursemia.
•
In this disease, in consequence of the kidneys and bladder l)cin<^ our
of order, the urine is absorbed back into the system, causing a pcculiiit
poisoning of the blood, from an excessive accumulation of urea.
How to know It. — Dullness, loss of appetite and failure to secrete
urine ; the mouth and nose are dry, and the former is foetid ; nmiination
ceases, the coat stares, and a smell of urine is detected on the skin ; pulse
and respirations become slow, and the former is also soft ; the pupils are
dilated, and, too often, delirium, coma and death close the scene.
What to do. — Examine all parts carefully, in order to ascertain the
cause, and then treat vigorously to remove it. Give large quantities ot
linseed tea to drink and, as a mild purgative, the following:
No. 8. 12 Ounces epsom salts,
1 Ounce ginger,
1 Ounce gentian,
4 Ounces syrup,
AVater to make two quarts.
Mix.
Give as one dose. After it has operated, give a tablespoonfu! of salt-
petre, three times a day, for two days.
V. Septiceemia and ryeemia.
This is a condition resulting from the absorption into the system
of putrid, poisonous matter, or pus, especially that from an ulcer or
suppuiiiling surface.
How to know it. — There will be a high fever, with increased tempera-
ture ; pulse is fast and hard, and breathing quickened ; the breath is
fcptid ; rumination is suspended ; there ^^ loss of appetite, staring cmt
and emaciation, and in fatal cases, delirium.
naent, apply tie
spoonful of salt-
NO.V-IO.VTACIOUS B^OOD DISEASES. j(„
^"' ''• '^ Ot'nce ciirbolii" iu-id.
1 Pint waiter,
-Mix.
.owinir mixture : "•nv.jt.. «jive the fol-
.\o. 10. 2 nrachins iodide rf potash,
2 Oiiuoe.s whiskey,
1 Oimue powdered cinchona,
1 I'int gruel,
Mix.
Give I. one d^, .epeatin, s.n. , ...e times . day! and feed liberally.
VI. Tuberculosis aad Phthisis Pulmonalis.
Tins disease, which is analugous to Dhthisis i„ <hn i , •
chanidoiizedby small .n-.v o-^..J, I'»t'i^->*' m the human being, is
y ^ui.m, gia^, caseous (chee,se- ke^ <'r'mnlo« ti,..f 7
run into calcareous masses. ^ feranuies that soon
Causes.-Anj previous inflammation in the course of whi-h f 1. •
ofsuppuratioPhas been ab.sorbed into the '.7 *'''""""
itself in the form of caseous tumo... ' ""' *''^ I'"'''"" '"''"^'''J?
a hen's egg. These Z:;: ^ ^ S^J^.^ ''•"'" 'l -^'"' ^^ ^"
"euin, sides of the diaphragm, and ,,""!« .;''''^^' '''"""' ^'^"''"■
kidnevs, etc. The ftU of sn h • g'-'^^'^^—'^-onteric, liver,
Tin.si;ahvavsthe Je hen t lo t " ' " '^""'^times unfit for food,
remains in^. emtflud 1 '";"•' '"^^'^'^^ "^ becoming calcareous
po.oningthe.ho;:'r:^,rv:t;:/r^r:::^s'n V'--'
""d pitting upon pressure. When however bo ^ 7"^ '"''''''''
hardened, and encased in a cah-areo s f n thev -^'"""'"^ '"""^^
grafc ,„Hl class,., „f cttio tlioscT I ..i T """""■' '>°'-«lil-i>y m a!l
tt"l it is <.ff..,est seen in iho Httl ' ° "" 'I""'"""
.^'To ,:r:™:: ;^::-^;*;: - ::;;? j-^irr «;;■' oon.e„i«, .^^
««,s, g„.y tubereul,,,. turn,,,., . „ W if " """'""■■' "'"' ""'-
i !:
.
•
L
1
710
THE AMERICAN lAKMEU S STOCK BOOK.
too high a degree of consiuiguinity. The st?-aiu of the Dukes and Dutih-
esses, among the Durhains, seem to be peculiarly liable to it
As incntioned in Chapter I, this Part, cattle seem ])eculiarly susceptilile
to this form of i)ulmonary disease. Hence, the breeder should jTuard
this point carefully, and whenever lie finds that his stock aredeterioniting
in constitutional vigor and hardiness, from too continuous in-and-ni bnccl-
mg, he should immediately change to an out cross.
How to know it. — The cachexia may either acco!nj)any or precede the
tubenuilosis, the earliest symptoms being a general unthrifty coiuliticii,
the milk becoming i)oor in quality, thin and watery, although not much
less in (quantity. The appetite is capricious ; the hair looks dull, and
where it is white, there is a yellow skin ; a dry, dull cough will be iu)ti(ed;
the animal no longer licks itself ; if the cow is with calf, she is apt to
abort ; if not so, the condition of nymphomania is likely to exist. Ema-
ciation ushers in the second stage, and progresses rapidly ; the cou<j;li gets
worse, but there is no expectoration ; indigestion, tympanitis and diarrhcea
follow, and soon reduce the sufferer to skin and bones. Auscultation,
and percussion of the lungs may or may not detect a fullness and mutiied
breathing and other signs of disease, but nearly always some pain willbe
evinced when the sides are struck, or the fingers pushed forcibly in
between the ribs.
Those affected always remain standing; the tubercles increase, some-
times breaking out on the surface of the body ; the blood gets thin and
watery, wanting in red corpuscles ; and, often, fatal diarrhcea sets in
What to do. — ^'I'he treatment consists in counter-irritation to the chest
by applying mustard paste or fly blister repeatedly, and giving oleaginous
food, as oil-cake, cocoanut oil, etc., in liberal quantities, which will somft.
times keep them along a good while. Avoid roots and grasses, since,
in the weak condition of the digestive organs, these tend to produce
tympanitis ; but by suitable fattening food, supplemented by the use of
cod-liver oil to the amount of half a pint a day, they may be futtoned
fast, if taken during the first str.ge. This secured, they might as well be
slaughtered by the butcher ; in later stages, nothing can bo done to pre-
vent gradual pining and death. The oil is best given with lime water;
a little oil of turpe-tine may be added, if there is a tendency to tympan-
itis and diarrhcea. The flesh is unfit for food in the second stage, or
v/hen pining and emaciation l)egin.
The following recipe may be of service along with the generous diet
No. 11. 2 Draclima saccharized carbonate of Iron,
2 Dracliins powdered cinchona bark,
Mix.
iTive as one dose in soft feed, twice a day.
icrer.se, some-
Jiierous diet-
NtJN-CONTAJIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. yji
VIT. Canoeroi.8 Ulcers and Osteo Sarcoma.
ln.berc.:losi8 3oineti.„es shows externally, attacking the glands, especi-
ally the parotid and siib-maxillaiv. or the bones, i„ the latter case beiuc
III!/
TUBKRCULAK ULCER ON THK
PAKOTID GLAND.
OSTEO SARCOMA OF THE LOWBB
JAW.
known as cancer of the bono, or, more strictly, Osteo Sarcoma. Thk
enlargenjen of the bones may come on the jaws, ribs or any part of the
body. The tubercular deposits usually start in small, loose nodules, which
EAD EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE
OSTEO SARCOMA OF THE USE OF CAUSTICS
TJP"ER JAW.
™Tj'°r' through the cheek into the
mouth, from excessive use of causUct
in the treatment oi bone cancer.
increase In size till inflammation sets in, and nutrition bein.. cut off from
he sk.n, the latter sloughs off. leaving a large raw sore that dels aU
^eatmcit and, instead of getting better, grow, worse cout^^ lly
Larger and more aiigry-looking becomes the sore; an ulcerous, s. Zu;
d charge flows from it; other ulcers are likely to form around it and
the enla.gonie,it beneath increases till, if the trouble is in the inds
above.nentioned. it presses upon the pharynx and larynx. Ls nti
ing with the .)reathing ai^l swallowing. 'nteiter-
Tiibercles sometimes locate around joints, causing lameness, which is
aggravated by strong liniments and blisters
^ Jreatment is of no avail, further than to afford a stiitably generou.
t r
712
THK AMKKICAN 1 \UMKU S STOCK I500K.
SWELLINO OF TIIK JAWS,
CHKEKS AND MUZZLE, IN
PURPUKA ik*:mokrhagica.
Vin. Purpura Heemorrhagica.
This is a specific blood disease quite common in the horse and nii:, hut
rare in cattle. It originates in an ini|(ivir-
ishcd condition of the system, more opid.
ally the blood, which becomes deficient in nd
corpuscles, fibrin, etc., and oozinjif thr(iui:h
the coats of the vessels, falls by gravita-
tion to the more dependent portions «f tlit'
body, causing swelling of the legs and licllv.
and also of the head, beginning with tho
muzzle and gradually working up til! it
reaches the brain. For an extended (l('s(ii|).
tion of this disease the reader is referred to the account given in the
Horse department of this work,— Chapter XIII, of Part 11.
What to do. — the system needs to l)e toned up, the l)loo(l ini])rovo(],
and swellings fomented in hot water. Foment the head esiiecially, as
continuously as possible, and give tho following recipes :
Xo. TJ. 1 Oiiiioe oil of tnvppntine,
»^ Pint liusecd oil,
Mix.
Give as one dose ; repeat three times a day, for two or three; days.
No. 13. H OtmcR tincture muriate of iron,
1 Ounce tincture of cinchona,
2 Ounces water,
Mix.
Give as one dose ; repeat three times a day, giving it in between the
doses of No. 12. As to food, give whatever the animal will out.
IX. Heematuria, or Ksd "Water in Cattle.
As the name implies, this is a blood disease. Large quantities of albumen
and some iron arc secreted ])y tiie kidneys and excreted Avilh the urine.
which looks as though it were colored by blood, beginning, as it docs, inn
pale pink color, and running through the different shades till it becomes
a dark brown. Really, there is no blood in it ; the appt^iuancc in ques-
tion is due to tho presence, in excessive quantities, of all)iMnon andiron
and the coloring matter of the blood. As the secretion of the two
former increases, the color darkens. There are also dischinged numer-
ous epithelial cells from the mucous membrane of the kidneys and
bladder. The blood undergo(!s a change ; the cells or corpuscles break,
and let their contents escape into the Uqtior sanguinis, and hence tin
commingling of the coloring matter of tho blood with the urine.
CaUSSS. These are obscure, l>ut seem to depend in sonic way upon
the food. Most conr.nonly seen in cattle pastured in low, swampy lands,
the disease disappears in such cases when the land is drained.
i
thrp(! (liivs.
NON-CONTAOIOL-S JU OOO DISKASKH.
How to know ft -rn .-uldition to 11,,. ,.ol<„. of tl.o urine, a charueteristic
.tuuM,tho groat .ncroa.0 iu it. quantity. It n>av run on for two o
throe wooksw,thout apparant dan.age ; then the n.iik will fall off 1 ^^ i,
quantity and quahty; emaciation sets in ; the howel.s at the outset na
be nose but soon beeon.e obstinately <.onstipated ; the pulso .^ets nui ■
a.d u^k ; t^ cow blows nu>re and n.ore, fLn inireasinJVe.S^!" ^
the l..ft s.dc the heart nmy be heard to palpitate with quit^ a pen'eptibt>
no,so, owing to the watery condition of the blood ; the debility and
antenna rapidly increase, and death soon follows
What to do.-Give a purgative recipe. No. 8, and follow it with
rocpe ^o 4. Continue the latter for three or four weeks. Make a
wniiilote change ot food, and feed liberally on oil-cake, etc.
X. Malignant Catarrh.
In this malignant blood disease, the sinuses of the head are affected,
causing offensive discharges from the nose. These, at tirst, are watery
but fui her along become purulent, and in the last stage are acompl'
iMC(l With extensive sloughiii<>-. ^
How to know it.-It^ is u'^hered in with a shivering tit, with all the
.tteiKhngsymptoms of fever ; the nmzzle is hot and dry'; the animal haml
h, head and isolate^ himself in the pasture ; the membranes are of a bluish
n. or ;the eyes arec osed and swollen ; soon the nose and eves begin to run a
.atery fluid, and saliva drools from the n.outh . The pul^e is quick and not
over strong; a dry, hard oough ensues; the bowels are usually costive
. CBccs being black and hard, but diarrhoea is liable to set in at any time
ere IS great thirst, but no appetite, and the urine is scanty and hi^h
-olored. In the course of twenty-four hours, the dischar<v'e. become
imrulent, taking off the hair wherever "
they touch; the sinuses of the head
Itecome so much inflamed, and so
filled up with pus, that when the head
is tapped on the outside with the
fingers, a dull heavy sound is heard.
The breath becomes foetid, and the
temperature rises to 104 = or 105 <= .
Cows with calf are apt to abort .
The last stage is marked by exten-
sive .sloughing, so much so that some-
times th'3 feet and horns come off.
The prostration is very great; the
pulse becomes imperceptible ; convul-
sions follow, and a great fall in tern- ""^^'"""^'-^^■^'^' ("atarru-last staoe.
peraturo, sometimes^o 95 o , „r Z. 5=- - -^^^ ^^^^r^
to DOC ; ,„ ,,,„^ ^^^^^^ ^^,^^^^^^.^^_^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^
714
THE AMERICAN FAUMEK's STOCK HOOK.
the humors of tho eye Doatli follows m the course of luno to eleven daya.
On post niortem exatninutiou, the blood is found to bo black and not
coa<rulutcd.
What to do. — llemove to a cool, isolated place, if in summer ; to ii ,varm
place, if iu wmtor. Give recipe No. 8, and follow it with Nos. 10, 1 1 und
4, alternating them. Foment the head with hot water liberally, and rub
the following liniment well in once or twice a day :
No. 14 1 Ounce lluseed oil,
1 Ounce oil of turpentine,
1 Ounce litjuor uninionia,
Mix.
Apply the following lotion to the eyes, if not eaten through :
No. 15. 10 Grains nitrate of silver,
1 Ounce water.
Mix.
Apply twice a day to the cornea with a camel's hair brush. If the
cornea is punctured, touch it once a day with a stick of lunar caustic, in
addition to using lotion No. 15. Touch the caustic directly to the hole
in the cornea.
XI. Malignant Sore Throat.
This IS a disease that centers itself in the throat, in the form of acute
inflammation, followed by an effusion tluit is
apt to cause suffocation by pressure on tlie lar-
ynx. Its scientific designation is oedema glot-
tidis. It is fatal to cattle ; also to swine, in
which it is known as quinsy. The malignant
sore throat of anthrax is a different thing, though
many of the symptoms are similar.
How to know it. — It starts like a common
cold, — .some fever, injected mucous nionibranes,
cough, etc. ; the throat swells enormously ; the
tongue becomes spotted with purple, and is protruded ; the animal <,'asps
for breath, until at length he falls suffocated, struggles a little, and dies.
What to do. — It usually attains its height in three or four days. Ap-
ply recipe No. 14 to the throat, ex-ternally, and inject a little of the fol-
lowing well ))ack into the throat, several times a day :
No. IG. 1 Ounce chlorate of potash,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
If speedy suffocation is threatened, tracheotomy must be performed.
(See "Operations.")
The flesh of cattle affected with this disease is very poisonous, causing
putrid fever in those eating it. The carcass should be buried deep, with-
out removing the skin.
MALIGNANT SOUE THROAT.
[ler ; to ji .vurm
bs. 10, 1 1 and
orally, and rub
CHAPTER rv
DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
. SIMPLE CATAnKH OU ^(^I.I) „ r .,,^^,„
BRONCHITIS. IV. l>NEUMONM.__v 'Tv.'tt°" "^^^^^^ SORE TimOAT m
VII. EMPHYSEMA OF TUK lungs; r^KUKlSY VI. UYUKOTnoiiAX.— 1
I- Simple Catarrh or Cold.
Simple cold or coryza, is inflainm-if »» ^
mucous membrane Zn^ the o," Id . ''.^T '^'"^' "^ '^'
implicating the eyes ^^^ t^rS U :^,::rt^^'^'r^y
the lungs, and cause bron<.hitis and pne^Sionh ^ ""^ ^°^" ^
Cause.-Damp, badly drained stables, and those hnUf
dmfts; exposure to storms and wmds ; sLepi t on ^h '' '^*^ '"°"^
weather, etc. ' "'eepnig on the ground in cold
APrucAxroK o. sxkam to xhb nosxkxx^ wxth ^ ^,.
^ot"r:t,X'n:;:;"an^^^^^^^^^^^ -^*,^ fits of shivering,
ears and extremities cold; sneeL"\nd 7 ""'^ '"''^ at the tips;
wateiy mucus dischar<.es f roLZ' n 7 '"'' " '°"^^- ^^ first,
to weep, with the eyeilds s ""l^^en "T j.^^'^^^^ «r« red and inclined
hot and tender When' taer^j^tlr^fd^.^^^^ t ^''^ ^"^^^^ -
- - becomes purulent, and the ^^^^^S/-
lit)
» !
■
i
t
1
^^^^^^^^^^w, .
j
t
Hi
716
THE AMEKICAN FAKMEU S STOCK HOOK.
coat stares ; the pulse is r;i[)icl and ratlier hard ; the appetite faiU, nni
rumination ceases ; the urim; is t-euuty and high colored, the bowels (cry
likely being constipated. All these ayniptoins will bo aggravated, should
the fever run very high and the inHanunation tend decidedly to nu)
down the air passages.
What to do. — Remove the cause, by putting the animal in a comforta-
ble, dry i)lace. (Jive a pint of melted lard, if the bowels are constiputej ;
if too loose, give the following :
No. 17. 1 I'iiit infusion of qiiassi.a,
1 Ouncu iundiiiinin,
>'g Ounce fuiiilnirie etlier,
1 Pint thin gruel, cold,
mil.
Give with a bottle as one dose ; repeat it after six or eight Iioui-, if
necessary. But begin on a fever mixture, as follows :
No. 18. 3 Oiinoes spirits of nitre,
2 Draehnis tinoture aconite root,
)4 Ounce lluid extract of belladonna,
2 Ounces nitrate of potasli.
2 Ounces muriate of annnonia,
Water to make one quart.
Mix.
Give half a teaspoonful every two or three hours till better. Kuli
mustard paste well ia to the throat and over the forehead between tiie
eyes. If tin; breathing is intei-fered with,
steam the head in a nose-bag, or with a
hose from the snout of a kettle, or over
a tub with a blanket thrown over the
head to confine the steam, the ottjeot
l)eing to soften the discharge and make
it run off. This nuvy be repeated sev-
eral times a day if necessary, takin<j; care,
in using the steam jet, to avoid sculdinfr
or suffocation. Let the animal have all
the water he desires, placing it l)efore
him, so that he may help himself. Feed
on soft, sloppy food. When the fever is
broken, the appetite being good, give the
following recipe in the food :
2 Drachms nitrate of potash,
2 Drachms gentian root, powdered,
1 Drachm ginger,
Mix.
Give as one dose, repeating it morning and night for about a week.
NOSE-BAG FOU STEAMING.
No. 19.
IH8EA8KS Ol- Tin.; KEXiauAToUV (>l:(JA.\.S.
717
•fht hour-, if
ibout a week.
Jf th>. appetite is t,.., poo., to tui<.. it thu.s. give the following, from a
No. 20. >^ pi„t i„f„si„„ „f j.i.,itim,,
1 I>i'acliiii ;;iiiv^(>r,
1 l":iilimcail)oimtP()f iimiiioiilii,
2 Ounces syruj).
>S I'iiit water.
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat it tiireo times a day, till the appetite l« .ood
e„ou,hto ake IV<.. 1!, „, the feed. When the fever has left entircTy
.nve^the follow.... .a «oft feed, u lu... ,„asl. or oat meal, n.on.h.g and
So. 21. 3 Draeln.is sulphate of iron (i^opperas),
2 Draclmi.s ijjeiitiaii,
1 Drachm jfiiijijcr,
1 Drachiii fdiiiifrreek seed,
I'owder and mix.
Give as one dose, twice a day for a week or two.
II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Throat.
This is, as the name i.ulieates, a,, inflam.nation of the larj-n^ or upper
pr of , e w.ndp.pe. It is dangerous o.i aecount of the inte,fe.-e, ^0
.l.e re:.thn.gwlueh ,s eaused by the swelling, and also its tend .^ to
run down to the lungs. ■'ui.ni.j to
Cause.-It is usually brought on by the same influences as a c-ommon
.old. Nm.e annua s appea,- p.-edisposed to it, almost every slL^ht exoolure
beiiiir surtic'ie.it to induce an attack. "e"'^ exposure
Howto know it-There is inability to eat, and the cud is not chewed •
the head .s hu..g, the ears droop, a..d saliva drools from the n.outh unon
:-'";"at.on the th..oat is found to be much swollen, a d if 1 fl .'. Jb!
inserted under the tongue, the mouth is *=
liot. The pulse is raised and b.-eathing
quickened ; if the tumefaction is very
iircat, especially on the inside, the
lireatiiiiig may also bo labored. There
ismoi-e or less fever, and when water is
drunk some of it is likely to come back
through the nose, owing to the difficulty
of swallowinor.
What to do.— Rub mustard paste in
well on the tln-oat ; after an hour wash this
off and rub in more ; if after two days
the swelling does .lot come down, apply
to it a li„,oed poultice, hot and soft, to
encourage suppuration. Disolve a table-
BPO aful of saltpetre in the water drunk morning and night, and with a
hi
LARYNGITIS OU SOKE THROAT.
718
TIIK AMEHICAN I ARMEU's BTCCK HOOK.
syringo «hoot ii littlo of tho following mixture well buck into the throat,
as a garglo, floveral times a day ;
No. 2*2. 'i Ounces chlorate of potash,
1 Quart wutor.
Mix.
A;- additional treatment, a severe cast^ might require tracheotomy, (Sop
••Operations.") Any of the mixtures prescribed for catarrh in Section
I. might also be used.
ni. Bronohitis.
This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronciiial tubes,
which extend from the lower end of the windpipe to the lungs.
Causes. — It may devclope as the immediate conseciuence of cxposiiro,
accompanying a common cold, or it may arise from the extension of thu
inflammation in laryngitis or catarrh.
How to know It. — There will be rapid, painful breathing, v."*h ji slight
grunt at each expiration ; a deep, hard, distressing cough ; after it luisrun
a fewhouvs, considerable fever will be noticed ; the pulse will be soft and
full, rarging in different cases from fifty to eighty per minute ; the teiii-
peruturo from 103 = to 106 « , as indicated by a thermometer inserted in
the rectum ; and while the surface of the body, nose, horns near the head,
and mouth will bo hot, the tips of the horns, ears and legs are very likolv
to be cold. The sufferer will not lie down. When the ear is placed to the
sides and front of the chest, a dry, grating sound can be heard. After two
or four days, the height of the disease will be reached, when the coujrh will
tret sc-fter^tho pulse softer and weaker, the temperature of t\w body more
even, and when the ear is applied to tlio chest a mucous roll is hoard, like
air grirgling through water. Considerable mucus and phlegm Jirc now
raised with the cough, and when the sides are tapped a rcisonant sound is
got, but not quite so distinct as in health. In a favorable case (whi.his
what wo are considering), at the end of five to eight days the fever huI)-
sides, the pulse gets fuller and stronger, the respirations are less npid
and painful, the cough diminishes, the mucus in the bronchial tiilics is
absorbed, and the api)elite and normal discharge of the functions j,'oner-
ally are restored, when ho may bo pronounced safely convalescent. If,
however, it goes against hira, the temperature increases, and all thosvm|)-
toms are aggravated ; before long, the inflammation extends to the liiiigs
'and pleura, and then we have a case of pneumonia or pleurisy and liydro-
thorax on hand.
What to do.— Put him in a warm place with good ventilation, and if
the disease is in the first stage, that of congestion, give the following:
IJ-o. 23. 2 Ounces Mindererus' spirit (acetate ol ammonia),
20 Drops tincture of aconite root,
)4 Pint water,
Mix.
nrHKAMKH OK XIIK HKmPii' t-r#w>i- ,,.
• itr. U*,«l H.ATOm ()U(iAN8. 7]y
(>iv<> UH OnO do.S(\ RclX-lt it i.vm.,- ♦.. 1 .., ■
»«" "-f ' > < .1.' ;,;,.!' ;;,;.::;;,:;;,':; '';p,'"'
.t,™,.,. ,., N„. 20. ,„„l „f„.,. ,. f,.„. ,|:.v, 1„N„ .,, .•':'•. ""■"
iWli.»li if iiiu»li,r,| „aM<- f„fl,.. .1,1.. • ' ■ aiij vif-oiciu
.1. »«u,. ,„ ,,., ,u. „.:,, ,;,;,'",::;; ,::;:„rj;;';:,;;7-'-"- "'"- -"
IV. Pneumonia.
This i.s iiifliimniatioii of fl,,. |„„,,- tis.,!.. _tl...i i * .i .
»»•"'■> »iii , ,.x„.,„ii,„- ,„ ,i„. , ;;, ' """■ '""■™-
c ^■"" - ;..".':;:;:"r::'s
.r r::;:!^!:tT":;'„::;:;':,:T"» 7 »r...,..o„.,
lying d<.un. ouin- to n.^ i„,n.a.s,.d ,„,.s.„,,. it wnnl.l ''^•'•^«t'
.best, thus .u„„e„ti,„ „.o pain an.l ,Ljyl ,:i /'"n """l' *^^
full, soft a,,,! quick, ran-iu.r f,,,,,, ,jo ,„ o^ .: , . ."'■y'"".^'- ' ''<' l'"l-^o is
»'".:">"■■■ ■^''^■'^■:;'™;:rir:\::t'f ■";(;"■"
the sides aro tanin-d, ii dull lio-ivv f>,ii j- , "''"'* • »» nen
.he e... ... .„„ ,1 ti,,,,.'":;,,";:-:,;,. H :;;" ,: r;:^ ;r ;•" ■"";■'"="
.ho »,„■,:, „,,. ,iih,t„d. and tl,„ ,,,„„...„„„o„ l,a, a', tl "T'
When the lun": hcconics .solid flir. ..^ u
'.Hn,.,,, hc„vi„s .i,» flank, ,k,h ::,, :::u. '"";■','/'"': ■""■"
Ktho head is n,i.«d nuicklv, ,1k, „i|| f!,, 7 i "T'''' ''"' ""= '""•
wi finally, ,„„ d,„„,'a,.,t upoth:; „■:;.;:::''• ; "•" r"« '■» '»
Jb i« a fo«- minutes 0„ „„-, . , '' '""' "'"" ''""•"• ■'■"1
:- ,- ,. wU%r ,---s,,'S.t:r;,z
= " ^^>i' h« nioic of a dark brownish i)uii)le.
'.' '4,1
---^1
m
720
THK AMERICAN FAUMER's STOCK BOOK.
In case of abscess of the lung, there is a slow puiiug away, ami death
in ail emaciated condition.
What to do. — The same treatment prescribed for bronchiti.>< will
answer in this case. Bleeding is not to be thought of, except in the very
first stage, that of congestion, as, later, its weakening effects niider it
decidedly objectionable. If a fair chance is given the patient, rccoveiy
is probable in most cases, and although it sometimes leaves the wind
hurt by the permanent solidification of a lung or part of a lung, thi**, Ju
cattle, is a matter of small consequence.
V. Plevurisy.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, which is the serous membrane
lining the cavity of the chest and investing the lungs. Of itself it is not
fatal, bu^ inflammations of all serous membranes are prone to abuudimt
effusions, and the effusion following pleurisy is excessively grout. It is
called hydrothorax (water \^ the chest), and always indicates a very criti-
cal case.
Cause. — It is caused by exposure to cold storms, winds, etc. the same
as other diseases of the breathing apparatus. Cattle seem to be purticu-
larly subject to it.
How to know it. — There is more or less fever ; the pulse is ([uick,
small and hard, and inclined to be wiry ; the breathing is quick and imiii-
ful ; the elbows are turned out ; the ribs are fixed, and the brcatliinirdone
by the abdominal muscles ; there is a crease, running from tlic cllxiws
alon*' the ribs towards the flanks, where the ribs join the cartilage- of tlie
chest. The inspirations are short and imperfect, but the expirations
iire prolonged and more easily effected. Pressure between the ribs
causes intense pain and a grunt, and on applying the ear to the sides a
grating, rasping sound is heard, like rubbing dry sheei) skin toircther.
The head is hung low, the ears droop, the nose is dry, and tlioiijrii the
eyes are partly closed, the
countenance wears an anx-
ious look. Kuniination stops,
the appetite is lost, tiie Hanks
are tucked up, tiicre is a hack-
ing, painful cough, and the
animal remains standiiij:, with
evidentdisinclination to move.
ACUTE PLEURISY. Tlicro a TO shurp, shootin;}
pains through the chest, that make the animal turn his head around to
his sides. Unlike pneumonia, percussion on the ribs pr.xhiees a clear,
lit',
way, and death
DI8EA8K8 OF THE RE8PIKATOBV OKOAN8. 731
resonant sound, the exuired hivifli ic «„* i ^ .•
and there is no .nucous^:^ W "^^^^^^^^^^ ""•^'"'-- ""^ dilated,
absorption, etc., the patient ^e in"wen ve. 1"''"'"^ '" ""'"^'"^ ^^
effects, or it n,av go o,' to ti^o^J^Jt^^'^^'^ T^'""^ "">^ ^'^
hviirotliorax. " "'^''''^ effusu,,,, and terminate in
What to do. — If taken ii<dit it thi^ «f....f
Who,, the fever i, subdued, give
No. 20, if the appetite is.p,,,,,.: i, i', ij: ' .ITJ^j'^ l^ -M™". «-
v.,.soe„ce g,ve No. ... App„ ,„„.ta,.d pas'tf' I: t IL "ri'S;;
VT. Hydrothorax.
As exphiined in the last section vui,„.. *i, l
"0 lon,.er turn i.', tlfe Ip^l TetTrl^^'^^^
casual observer, the anima ap L t 1^^^ ' ^u '^'"^ f ' ^''"S'''' ^'^ *« »
better ; but in a very .short ti ne the n, "j " ' '^^•'^'''' *"''" ^"^ ^^^
.y.npto,ns, such as'flappi„,f 'f t ^ n' stH.r a'"' f ,"" ""'^^^^^^'^^'^
and heaving of the flanks! The ,e " d ',1^"?'' '^'"''^^ '^^^'''^bing.
eyes .sparkle, and the countenance ruLct.' '"?'"? ^''"P^*^'^'' *'»«
tory murmur or other sound is 1 eard bv h ' 7" '""^- ^" ^'^■^P"-'*-
-none at least at the bottom-tWh'^ ater"': 7. ?"""' ^° *^'« ^'^^
when the water reache.s the he-u- n. ' . '''''""" "'='>' ^^« ^'^''^''i
dull sound ; the pulse bee .e i p^dCt ,T "", "" '"''' '''''''' '^ ^""'
until imperceptible. Deatir^ V fV::''' '"' «T'"'''''^ ^"'^^ --^
examination reveals the chest fild v! ^^^^^^^lon. Post-mortem
cli",.ingtoboth the lung,s auTrib! '^"'"' '"' ^^^-^-'f ^mph
What to do.— If the sides are unt f !.«,., i i i ,-
""-'"' -''-'"" <»«■■ '"'-in,,, and ^l^fthe'^lrnt^^^r'
°" ^'*" 2 Draohnis gum camphor,
4 Druehms saltpetre,
1 Ounce spirits nitre,
1 Pint water or gruel,
Mix as directed below.
.ai^rK^eoTdded" to::! ::•" *- r "■'■■ '"- -""-- -■"
A l.»ur.s. Give ale, perter etc T, h T' " ''''"'"' " «™'-->' '""■• "^
^..i..ohe,t early, r^lti ;; ^i "J ^J T "Is "^ /' " "•'-^'"'"°
tions.) ■= " necesMiy. (bee chapter on opera-
! J'
if
p
m
"-"''^^mmm
722
THE AMEKICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
EMPHYSEMA OF THE LUNGS.
Vn. Emphysema of the Lwigs.
This is a condition of the lungs very apt to mislead the inexperienced
there being few signs other than negative ones. Tlie milk is noticed to
be diminishing, and the cow fall-
ing off in flesh ; the coat ia star-
ing and dirty, and hido-hound
exists ; the bowels are irri'jrulai-,
and the appetite poor; still, tiie
mouth and nose are cool and
moist, and the breath is sweet,
The head is carried low ; the ])ack
is arched, and tender on pres-
sure ; and tliere is weakness in
walking. The temperature falls below the normal standard, and so does
the pulse. Later, the ears and extremities become deathly cold, rumination
ceases, and an uncontrollable, offensive diarrhoea sets in; the hack arches
more and more ; the belly is tucked up ; milk entirely stopped, the udder
and teats being soft and flabby ; the legs are spread to avoid falling ; the
pulse gets smaller and weaker, though not much faster ; the appetite all
gone, weakness becomes excessive ; and death follows, after progressive
symptoms running over a period of two months or more.
The post-mortem reveals ruptured air-cells, and extensive emphysema
of the lungs. Very few blood vessels are found, owing to so many hav-
ing been absorbed when the circulation became so weak as to allow the
smaller vessels to collapse and become obliterated. The right veutriole
of the heart is weak and thin, and contains a portion of a clot.
What to do. — ^While the disease is not curable, it can be alleviated by
generous, oleaginous diet. This will fatten the cow, and fit her for the
butcher, before it is too late.
B inexperienced,
111 is noticed to
nd the cow fall-
the coat is star-
and hidc-l)ound
Is are irregular,
poor; still, tile
! are cool and
breath is sweet.
id low ; the back
ender on pres-
is weakness in
ird, and so does
:;old, rumination
the Ij^ck arches
ipped,the udder
roid falling; the
the appetite all
fter progressive
CHAPTER V.
DISEASES OP THE DIQESTIVE ORQAITS.
I. GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OP THE TONGUE- A»,n ,.. = .
—II. HOVEN, OB TVMPANITIS III IMPACTION o^^"" °^ ^== TONGDB.
BOUND. IV. IMPACTION OP THE OMASUW nS J?»^°*^ ™^ RUMEN, OB MAW-
S,A. VI. CONSTIPATION VII niAUU^^.^^^^^-^^^^ V- DTSPEP-
TERT— IX. ENTERITIS X. PERITONms^^'x?" T""^ ^'"- SnI
GULATION, OB GUT-TIE. «-«iiu«lTIS xi. HERNIA XII. STBAN-
oftea foliow. B, noticing the relative .oIZ:'JZ1ZZ-:^^
COMPARTMENTS OF THE STOMACH OP RUMINANTS.
b R«^??' "' *"' compartment.
«■ "eticulum, or Becond do. T Hr"."^i;E'"'"' "'' '"'""'compartment.
«. Omasum, or third do. i ^•<'Ph««;u».oriruIlet. »'"""""•
f- Entrance to the fiiteatines, or pylorua.
t A?'!?™!!"""''"''"'""' compartment.
the following pages will be more readily understood Th« f
partraents for as tJi^v u^„ ^** . "'y "'"*®'^®""oa- 1 he four com-
i '
» L
723
724
THE AMERICAN FABMEU 8 STOCK BOOK.
I. Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue ; and Farcdysis of the Ton^e.
The mouth and tongue are frequently wounded from drenching in a
careless manner, or by foreign bodies in the fodder, thorns, etc. The
^
=•
TBOCHAB AND OANIOTLA.
swelling is sometimes very great, especially if it is the tongue that if in-
jured. Temporary paralysis of that organ occasionally ensues, in which
case it hangs from the mouth, like some lifeless appendage.
What to do. — Examine the mouth care-
fully, and remove all offending substances.
If the tongue hangs pendulous, foment it
with hot water ; if very bad, a few scari-
fications, to make it bleed a little, will do it
good. Apply the following lotion three or
four times a day, with a swab :
No. 25. 1 Ounce vinegar,
2 Ounces honey,
% Pint water,
Mix.
n. Hoven, or Tympanitis.
This is distension of the rumen or paunch
with gas, the product of fermentation
accompanying acute indigestion. It com-
monly follows a hearty feed on clover or
other succulent diet, or is one of the sequelm in a case of choking.
How to know It. — The paunch is terribly distended with gas, so much
■o that the space between the last ribs and the points of the hips is
puffed up above the surface, and
when tapped, is elastic and resonant,
like a drum, especially on the left
side. The breathing is difficult and
painful, becoming more so as the gas
increases ; the nostrils are dilated, the
eyes look wild, and gas and food are
belched up from the stomach, and
dribble from the mouth. The animal
moves slowly and uneasily about,
moaning with each expired breath. If not rcliev ' death follows from
suffocation, rupture of the stomach, or blood poisoning by the gases.
PABALT?!? OF THE TONGUK FBOM
AN INJCKY.
OX SUFFERING PROM HOVEN,
DISEASES OF THE DmESTIVE ORGANS. 7^5
I , m
WOODEN OAO.
BALLING IRON.
midway between the spines of the loins last vih o a •
pointing the trochar in and down- ""^ P"'°* "^ *'^^ ^'P'
ward, and letting it pass in obliquely
U> avoid the kidney. When food
gets over the end of the tube (can-
nula), pass in a piece of whalebone
and push it off. If the measures
above directed are not practicable,
and a probang is handy, insert the
gag or the balling iron in the mouth,
and with one man to steady the head,'
pass an the probang, which will evacu-
ate the gas from t he stomach . After
the acute symptoms are over, give a
brisk purgative. No. 8 will be found
effectual. Feed light for several days.
ni. Impaction of the Rumen, or Maw-Botmd.
there like ^^^^ Z^7:ZL!:^'\^:tT "^^^ '''^^
rily follows, which is aggravated when flrn. / . '"^'^'^ ''^'^''^■
resulting, from suffo.„tr„ T^ Tm.l T '' '''' '"' ^''''^ "^^"
prostration and blood pois'olg ^'°'''''"' '"'' from nervou,-
! T?
DIAGRAM, SHOWING WHERE TO lAH TJ«
RUMEN FOR HOVEN. *'^^™'
I«»ert trochar at point where the lines cro...
726
THK AMERICAN KAKAJEIl 8 STOCK BOOK.
How to know It. — It will have the same outward appearance of tre-
meudous dirtension as tympanitis, but when the bloated section is touched
it is found to be soft and pitty, so that when dented the dent remains
or rises slowly.
TAPPIMO THE RUMEM.
To evacuate the gras, In a ca*e of hoveo.
What to do. — When paralysis of the stomach has actually taken place
from engorgement, there is nothing of any avail but to empty the rumen
with the hand. This operation, which is termed rumenotomy, willbt
found described in the chapter on operations. When the stomach ii
8E0URIMO WITH THE WOODEN OAG.
Prior to pasiiagf the probaDg to evacuate the gas irom the stomach.
emptied, and before sewing up the wound, pour in carefully the purgative
No. 8, with half a pint of ale added as a stimulant. Restrict the diet for
ft few days, giving only easily digested food — grass, sloppy mashes, eto.
TV. Impaction of the Omasum, or Fardle-bound.
The omasum, or third stomach, is a sack of agreat many leaves, arranged
so as to rub constantly on one another, keeping up a grinding action
DrSEASES OF THK BIOESTIVK ORGANS. 757
on the food. This stomach is apt to siiff^r f
whereupon the food becomes impacted be^. Z T' ^^ '°^'«^"^'
inflammation. This condition i^var ouslv r " '^V"'"''''' ^^^^^"^ *«
of the many-plies. bake of the n anTfo d" ^tc " '' ^-^"-^«und. bake
n
javes, arraug
B.MKK KXPOS.O KOH MKCHA^XCA. HKHOVA. O. .XS 00„..,,
How to know It.— It comes on ffraduallv „« „
stipation. with abdominal pain a S^!kin ' ? "" '"'""^ ^"«« °^ «o«-
disinclination to move ; fevC Lts in ' d^^i'T"' '" '''' ^'^^^ ^'^^' and
makes progress ; ther^ is great endL 1 .J '''''''''' "« ^^e disease
Hbs at which point a hard^r^ rs^ r an bffirt^ ',-'"-^^^
and fever grow more intense; the animal nmk!! / ' the colic pains
l>i Pounds epsom salts,
2 Ounces ginger.
2 Ounces gentian,
2 Draclims calomel,
20 Drops croton oil,
1 Pint syrup,
2 Quarts warm water.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and encoura-re the drint,-» *
wards, from time to time, as Xmo CW^- "^ '• """"'^ ^«*«^ "^te^-
«nd soap every half hour If Tt • li . T^''^'""' ''^ ""^'^ ^^ter
I. .olu weather, blanket the patient
1 B
728
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
,11 :^
1
sL^S^HAUtt^kfl^^^^H
p^
1
t .
4
1
warmly. To insure the action of the purgative, give every two hours a
stimulating dose composed as follows :
Ifo. 27. 1 Ounce liquor ammonia,
1 Quart warm ale,
}^ Ounce essence of ginger,
Mix.
It is not safe to repeat the cathartic, nor would it be of any use ; for if
it remains inoperative, in spite of the stimulants, double the dose would
not be any more likely to effect a passage.
When a passage is despaired of, and as a last resort, tepid water muy
be injected into the jugular vein, or galvanism applied to the region of the
stomach ; but the case is well-nigh hopeless.
v. Dyspepsia.
The lower animals are not supposed by the great majority of people
ever to be troubled with dyfepepsia, but they are, nevertheless. All the
domestic animals are liable to suffer from chronic indigestion from irrc<ru-
lar or improper feeding, especially if to this is added exposure to the
cold storms and winds of the straw yard, without housing, etc.
How to know It. — A capricious appetite is noticed. Dainty at first,
the animal may shortly be seen licking walls, dirt, or lime, and chewing
sticks, etc. ; he is inclined to eat the bedding, or take up coal, stones,
etc., to chew, showing a depraved appetite for something he has not
got. After a while, there will be a staring coat, eruptions, belchinirs
from the stomach, and emission of gas from the rectum ; the manure is
small m quantity, dry and glazed ; the flanks drop in, except when dis-
tended with gas ; the skin and hair feel dry and coarse ; and there is :i
rapid loss of flesh. It is not often a very serious condition in itself, but
it weakens the animal and lowers the tone of the vital functions, so that
he is unable to resist other diseases ; and it especially predisposes to
attacks of tympanitis, constipation or diarrhoea, tuberculosis, ciincenms
ulcers, and purpura hsemorrhagica.
What to do. — Give phosphate of lime in the form of ground l)ones, and
a little lime water — about half a teacupful — morning and night in a bran
mash, or the following recipe :
No. 28. 3 Drachms bi-carbonate of soda,
2 Draclims gentian,
2 Drachms ginger,
Mix.
Give as one dose, repeating it morning and night. Give a complete
change of food, including some green grass, roots, etc.
ery two hours i
DISEASES OP THE BIOESTIVE ORGANS.
ound bones, mid
Give a complete
729
„,,. . ^ ^- Constipation.
Iftis IS the condition which exists wJ.
in the stomach and bowels, and the 7T' '" ""^ sufficient moisture
dry h.mps. It is always aggravated r."r '""' '"'^''^ ^"^ -^-^^
in«ui^.ient or impure Lerlu, toolit ^ r ^ ^'V^^ "^ '^^'^
nuw lu Know IT. — it IS recognized bv fl i, ^
also sometime, glazed. It is apt to rJuT J ' ^''^ "'"""''«' '''^''^^ ''s
colic, etc., and when existing as asymZn of' '?^T''^°" "^ *'^« '-^^«J«.
™^;-~ ofTeCem. ' """' "^^'•''^' «'^->^«
tMo quarts of melted lard ; ^f in The Vnwl''*'' '" *''*" ^*"' ^'^^ ^'•"•» ""« to
8. Give laxative food with more bulk afd?l TT' ^'^^ ''''^^^ ^o.
to drink. Salt the cattle at least twice' a llf"*^ "' ^^"^' P"- ^-'ter
in summer. If a mild case it is o.^ ! rf '" '""*"''' «»^ three times
handful of salt and plenty of Z:^:^:^^:^. ''""'T ^^^^' ^^^^^ ^
of warm water and soap are valuable !^ ."*'' ""'^^^d- '"Jections
purgatives. "^'""''''^^ "^J^ncts to either laxatives or
th"::^.^::^!^;;;^^ t^r:^,;^^ -r*^ -o o^en, and in a
on long there is a feverish condS n of t^t^t t"""^" " '' ^^^^
.-at thirst, but little or no appetr.rumt.f'^^^ and bowels, with
dnes up ; the belly is tucked up ad 'the b k T T'^'"'"' '' ^'^ '""^
-ome eases there is considerrblcluuenf "xh / Jk^ ^""^' ^^'^'•- ''
the disease is marked by rapid loss offlZ ^ ^'"^''^'' P''"^"-*'^'^ of
ature falling .ore and more'be Iw 1 e ntm"? '!"'' ""'''' ''' ^^^i-
weakness increases, and at Ien.nh" ecomes ^ ' ^' '^"'^^ '•'"'^^^ '"^^ th«
lows, as a result of the cessation of "'''''■"^""'' a-d death fol-
the digestive functions, and conse-
quent lack of nutrition. It is further
hastened by the weakening effect.
"f he excessive discharges. It i-
particularly fatal to yo,l„ Jj^
a-ong whom it is quite common.
.l^JH *° .^^-Usually, the best
..„.« gi,,, msaiines along with
CALPSCFFEEmOFKOMmABBHcEA.
It is Often the cas7 7 "''"'"''• ""* "'"'^ "'^«««-'^-
the case, however, that laxatives nr n,
natives, or even purgatives, are
4
I
730
THE AMERICAN FAK.MEK'S STOCK BOOK.
ueeded, to restore ii healthy condition to the stomach and bowels. t\f
young calves that are fed on milk, — with whom an acid condition of the
stomach is common, — give one or two tablespoonfuls of limowatev, in
the milk, night and morning ; and a teacupful of gentian infusion, Aviih
a quart of starch gruel, may bo added to the milk and limewater. Any
of the following mixtures may be given :
No. 29. 1 Oii.iCe prepared cbalk,
>^ Ounce powdered catechu,
2 Drachms powdered ginger,
^ Drachm powdered opium,
^ Pint peppermint water,
Mix.
Give, morning and night, from two to four tablespoonfuls, according
to the size of the calf.
Xo. 30. 2 Ounces tincture of catechu,
2 Ounces tincture of cardamoms,
2 Drachms -iarbouate of soda,
Mix.
Divide into two to four doses, according to age of calf, and give one
of them morning and night.
No. 31. >a Drachm porvdered opium,
I Ounce tincture of cardamoms,
3 Drachms sulphuric ether,
1 Pint linseed tea, (or starch gruel).
Mix.
Divide into six doses, and give one of them night and morning. If
astringent mixtures and the limewater do no good, give from two to four
tablespoonfuls of castor oil, or, instead, the following mixture:
No. 32. 4 Ounces tincture of rhubarb,
' 2 Drachms powdered ginger,
4 Ounces warm gruel,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and follow it with some doses of No. 30 or 31. The
four recipes above given, it must be remembered, are all for calves.
For full grown cattle, give some of the following mixtures :
No. 33.
1}4 Ounces prepared chalk,
2 Drachms powdered catechu,
}4 Drachm powdered opium,
2 Drachma powdered gentian,
1 Pint starch grael.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat in twenty-four hours if necessary.
'., and give one
No. 34.
781
DI8EA8. OK rnr: ,„nKST,vE groans.
2 Drachms powdered opium,
4 Ounces powder.il stiireh,
1 Onnco sulphuric ether
1 Tint cold ale, '
Mix.
Give as one dose. By suhsfi*^i.f:„™ * • i
, ^y aUo be „,ed with /d^tCl^^Ltjecrr "■- '"^ "'°' '"" -'<«
So. 36. ^ Drachm tannic acid,
1 Drachm powdered opium.
1 Ounce powdered gentian,"
1 Pint warm ale,
Mix.
Give us one dose.
If lii.Yiitivos are reoulred "ivn li..if ■ x *
tbe following mixture : " ^ ' ^''"' "'^ '"^'t^d lard, or, instead.
No. 36. 1 Drachm calomel,
2 Drachms powdered opium,
1 Quart gruel,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
Ill all cases, i-estrict the auantifv ^f a,.- i •
but only a little at a time, and j^^olv 'Tn "^^ "''"'' """^<^ '* "ft-
in each pailful of water. Fo ed T .'.^hf TT^ ''^'"''"^^ "^ l^^-^h
the animal perfectly quiet for a few dfys '''^ ^ ^^""'"^ ^°°^' ""^^ ^«^P
Vm. Dysentery.
How to know It.— The inflammation »f ^u
stomach and b<>wels which chamcTeXs hi dis/ ""'°"' '"'"^ «^ '^«
ing, and watery, offensive hlan^T^ u ^'^' '^"«^« ««^ere strain-
si ve thirst ; thesis losr;/ a^ict^rrntfm^^^^^^^ ^^^^'^ ---
rummation also ; emaciation be^nns earlv In,^^ of milk ceases, as does
charges from the eyes are seen -^oLtll- '"P'^'^' ''''''^''' ' di«-
being arched, and tail olellla ^^0^77""'^^
and often proves fatal. If too t rw! rrtdrCr^'^^ ''■'■''' '''^''
to ensue and cause death suddenly from sXaZ ' ''"'"''^ '' "^^'^
or?t:^^7m?orsr :C:i!7f t^^^^^^^^^ ^^r^' Poisonousplants.
other debilitating disease. = '*'^ '^^"'•••'^"^*' ««• "^ -^^ost an.^
What to do.-Give a laxative as follows :
No. 37.
7 Ounces epsom salts,
2 Drachms powdered opium,
a Drachms powdered gentian
1 Pintgrunl, '
Mix.
732
Tf*' AMHRiCAN FARMKU'S STOCK BOOK.
-UK
Of*-*" «« 01^ do-«*- Or, inatp«<l. No, 36 may bo given. Dissolve
chlorate <ot pota8h n. the «lrinkiiig wjitor, #« prescribed for diiirrliu'u.
Q'lvo fri'qut'iit iiijectioug of stiiioh gruel, with (*n ounce of timturo of
oftiiihi in euch one. If the fujocs are very offefiuivp, give the following,
ii^lf of it by fhe mouth, and t!i" rest us an injection :
iftf, 38. >^ Ounce vliloride of lin»«>.
)^ Ouiiut) tiiiftiire arnioR,
1 Ouiife gulphiirtu ether,
2 QiiartH Htarch griiul,
Mix.
Any of the astringent recipes given for diarrhoea are applicai)lc, follow-
ing the administration of laxatives. Feed lightly, and nur.se carcfuliv.
IX. Enteritis.
This is inflammation of the digestive apparatus, and especially (as its
name imijlies) of tlio intestines, but is quite different from the inHiini-
matory state of dysentery.
Causes. — It may '-ome from eating various poisonous substances, cither
vegetable or mineral ; or it may follow the too sudden checking of iHur-
rhcea. Injuries to the abdomen sometimes cause it.
How to know it. — There is constipation, such fceces as are passed
being hard, dry, and coated with mucus, and sometimes offensive and
bloody ; high fever and quick, hard pulse ; dry mouth, with an offensive
fur over the tongue and cheeks ; the tliirst is insatiable ; the appetite
fails, and so does the milk ; rumination is suspended ; colicky pains may
occur, though the pain is more likely to be constant ; breathing becomes
labored, and more or less tympanitis may be noticed ; the urine is scanty
and high colored ; the back is arched ; the animal moans, grinds "his ••
teeth, and refuses to move ; the pulse gradually becomes imperceptible,
and the extremities cold ; and death soon follows, after an illness lasting
fron) one to two weeks.
Post mcjrtem appearances are usually as follows : The first and third
stomach:? h'g filled with food, dry and impacted — almost baked, and
when this is taken out, the epithelium of the stomachs comes off with it:
the fourth stomach and bowels are inflamed ; and more or less Ivrnph, i'l
shreds, is found, as also some ulcers, in tho large intestines. The )i^ '
is generally softened, and all other internal parts very much icmlu'd,
indicating great wasting.
What to do. — Give a purgative as promptly as possible. No. 26,
omitting the c" ; n oil, will be the thing. Encourage the animal to drinic
large quantities '^ jvAvv aiid other fluids, and supplement the purgative
with the follovvin.; .,ia ion ?
DMEASKS OF THE DIGESTIVE OROANS.
No. 89.
T-W-
I Pint linseed oil,
4 Oil ces oil tm-pentlne,
30 Drops croton oil,
1 Quart wurni water,
1 Ounce soft soap,
Mix.
Repeat throe times u dav till n ^nii .
stipation does not yield, Ioh;p!deI':^'*^"!"^*'«" '^ °"^- ^^ the con-
V .n • ^'"^""^^^P^dcfraic injections as follows •
No- 40. -tOralns strychnine,
1 Ounce spirits of wine,
« Drops sulphuric acid.
Mix.
WTieii uissolvod, iniect tmm <■«., * i, , .
.» ...h of « gram of .tryohTe! H p^rl'tr'""""- ■""'"'" "-"^
lowing; prostration follows, give the fol-
No. 41. 2 Drachms camphor,
H Ounce sulphuric ether,
4 Ounces acetate of ammonia (as directed below),
The camphor is to be dissolved in th
ingredient added afterwards. Give as 1!^^^ '!^^'' ^"^ *^« ^^her
If violent purgation takes pircj it ." u'^ '" "' ^'■"''•
water,-a double handful of tn 't four ol T"'""^' "'^' ^""^ ^^
linseed tea may be given to drink Th • '^"^'*' "^ ^"'er ; or
befoundconvfnienfincalstf^V^t^^^^^^^ ^- ^-hcea wiU
X. PeritonitiB.
This is inflammation of the neritnnp.,^, „
cvityotthe belly, „„d ooverini .h" ITel. T"!"'™''"""' "»'"« ">»
C.U8..-It is always tho resdt „f .-Ti ,°"""' """"orafaal viscera.
foll..wi„,. the operatl™, of rulttomy ^ '"°°'""'^ '*>»»««„„
P.*i «" tl.« symptoms' ffeX^ptsenHh ',"' """"" '"^ ""='
tare, ramiMtio,,, ete., all being affected f^^ h ^.l ' """"' "'""P""-
d«-r-^.tly„iththeehest,,hcrib7bei,l'fl ^ ^ '"« " '"'"'■•'"' «"<!
.»l..r«art., a„d paws or;ro„otsX„in'^°tr*'" '""''' ""''°''
--1 •« t"c Uiiojjciugg^ -jci- are
M:^m^>
'W'^'TWi
784
THE AMERICAN FAKMBE's STOCK BOOK.
■i''m
What to do.— Give recipe No. 8, following it six or eight hours after
■vrith No. 36 ; also, frequent injections of soap and water. No. 18 mav
also be given with advantage. If prostration follows the action of the
purgative, give No. 41. During convalescence, give No. 21.
XI. Hernia.
This is familiarly known as rupture. The investing membrane of the
abdomen is torn, as a result of external injury or of severe strain, thus
letting out the intestines into the adjacent spaces. The swelling or
enlargement of the hernia is sometimes seen as large as a half hushcl,
It is soft, and is easily pushed back if not very large. Sometimes, when
a great quantity <>f the intestines is protruded, whatis called strangulated
hernia results, wliich is always dangerous, and unless reduced, causes
death from intlammation and mortification. Umbilical hernia (at the
navel) is sometimes seen at birth in calves.
What to do. — For calves*, a compress or truss is put on, as shown in the
annexed cut, adjusting it so as to make considerable pressure. If this
fails, wooden clamps, applied so as to include the skin over the rupture,
and just tight enough to set up a certain amount of adhesive inflamnia-
tion, will be effectual, the compress being applied over the clamps.
In ventral (belly) hernia, little can be done, unless the rupture
is small, in which case the
same appliances may be
used. In a case of strangu-
lated hernia, when the gut
cannot be pushed hack, the
skin may be opened and
the parts put back and the
wound sewed up agaiu,—
first that in the abdominal
wall, and then the skui,—
and a compress applied.
Scrotal hernia is very
difficult to reduce. The
animal must be castrated by what is called the covered operation, for
which a qualified veterinary surgeon will be required.
XII. Strangulation, or Qut-tie.
This is a passage of the intestines into the abdominal ring, ic :s only
seen in steers and oxen. The contraction of the spermatic cord follow-
ing castration leaves the abdominal rings open, and during severe exer-
tion, as in hard work, the intestines are forced through.
TUUSS FOU UMBILICAL HERNIA.
case of striingu-
whcn the gut
DISEASES OP THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 735
How to know It.— All the symptoms nf ..K^ • 1 ^.^
.,^.Her with pa„.a„d sorenes^ ta''^ U l*-"'' '''''"*^ "™ --
.ost of which .re difficult a„3 del.. ''optrC^^rr"" ".i;"""'''
r.M» of a qualified veterinary mrge„„. "'^'^-^"""- -'"" m<"n the ser-
^filg^i^
CHAPTER VI.
DISEASES OP THE TTRINAHY ORGANS.
I VFPHRITIS OR INFLAMMATIOH OF THE KIDNEYS. 11. RETENTION Olf THE URIOT,
OR^SlA -— m. INCONTINENCE OF URINE, OR ENURESIS .V. ALBUMI-
NURiTSr ALBUMINOUS URINE. V. II^MATUBIA, OR BLOODT URINE. —VI.
CV3Tms%R INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER— VII. LITH.ASIS, OU OHAVEL.
Vni. CALCULI.
I. Nephritis, or Inflammation ol the Kidneys.
Causes.— External violence, wounds, strains, etc. ; eating acrid, diu-
retic phmts ; and too free use of diuretic medicines.
How to know it.— It is mther rare in cattle. When it occurs, there
are colicky pains, with great uneasiness ; the
urine is thick and dark colored, and voided
often, in small quantities and with much
straining and pain ; there is tenderness over
the loins, especially at the sides, immediately
below the transverse spines of the lumbar
vertebra; ; the gait is straddling, and lame,
ness is noticeable,— .sometimes in one leg,
sometimes in both; the appetite is poor;
fever runs high ; rummation ceases ; some-
times blood, and in the later stages pus, is
evacuated with the urine ; the nose becomes hot and dry, the horns and
extremities cold, and the breathing labored. Diarrhoea often sets m, and
sometimes dysentery ; and this state is usually followed by constipation,
There is profuse sweating, great pain, and arching of the back ; the pulse
becomes small and weak ; and stupor and death soon follow.
Post mortem shows the affected kidney or kidneys enlarged and con-
ge8ted—u.sually, with an abscess also. , , • ,u * „„„
What to do.-Avoid purgatives, especially salmes, but give the follow-
ing recipe in preference :
^Q, 42. 3 Ounces Mlnderenis' spirit,
20 Drops tincture aconite root,
1 Pint linseed tea,
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat it every two hours till better, then drop
off in frequency as tho case will admit. Give large quant.t.c. of hnsee.
tea or slippery elm water to drink, with warm water injections. Apply
736
ox SUFFERING FROM INFLAM-
MATION OF THE KIDNEYS.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
737
ing acrid, diu-
Feed on sloppy food, and keep the patient
hot water rugs to the loins,
perfectly quiet.
If the animal recovers, he had better be fed for the butcher, for the
troubl .s hable o recur, and unremitting care would be required oTuard
against the effect of storms, extremes of temperature, etc.
II. Betention of the Urine, or Dysuria.
Cause.-It may be brought on by eating acrid herbs, causing inflamma.
^ou of the unnary organs, irritability and spasms of the Lck o"Z
bladder. Most commonly, however, it is a symptom of some other dil
e 8 the pressure upon the neck of the bladder resulting from inversion
of the rectum, calculi, or other visceral trouble
How to know it-Frequent but ineffectual attempts to pass the urine
straunng. and colicky pains ; the hind legs are raised and moved about'
restlessly, and the animal looks around towards the flank
Whatto do.-Give hot water injections by the rectum, (and in the
fe^a-e by the vagma also) ; add to the injection one ounce of opium o
t r.o . achms of flu.d extract of belladonna. Repeat these in fifte n miu
catheter With he female this is very easily done, the cathl being
.sertedthroughtheopeningtothe bladder, which will be found on hf
floorof the vaguia, and about three inches from the external <"ri^ee
With the male It is a far more serious operation, and. unfortuna ely
retention of the unne is far more co.nmon in the male than in the femlb
owing to the peculiar foi-mation of the urethra, a slight pressure on on'
URETHRAL CANAL, ETC., OP THE OX.
a. The bladder.
0. The urethral canal.
e. Curves of the urelliral canal.
a. I he retractor muscle of the penis
«S"ary to diaw Off the urine from the ox will ho fp,,..^ -i-^-r-br^ -• -u
•oea above, with a light diet and some linseed tea, for a few days.
t - . - , n-j^.l ,., . - . ^^^'■•■^PPflWi|WW)|Wi«^@KjEr;
^mmm^imm^.
nwmyms^
738
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
m. Incontinence ol Urine, or Enuresis.
This difficulty rany be considered the opposite of that just considered j
the urino dribbles away involuntarily.
Cause. — Paralysis of the muscular coat of the bladder and .sphincter
vesiciB ; calculi ; or pervious urachus after birth.
What to do. — Give purgative No. 8, and follow it with one and a half
drachm doses of nux vomica, morning and night, in soft feed. If there
are calculi, remove them. If the case is a bad one, inject cold wutcM- into
the rectum, and give ten grains of powdered cantharides in soft food,
morning and night.
rv. Albuminuria, or Albuminoxis Urine.
This is the same as Bright's disease in the human subject, and, in
strictness, is probably a blood disease.
Cause. — The blood is injpoverished, to a certain extent, by too much
and too long continued sameness of diet, in consequence of which there
is a deticiency of blood forming constituents, with a low, unas,siniilal)Ie
quality of albumen, which is excreted by the kidneys. This leads in time
to a degeneration of those important organs in two different forms,— the
large, white kidney, and the small, red kidney. The former secretes
very little urine, the latter great quantities of it.
Albuminuria is most common in sections where turnips are the almost
exclusive diet. They cannot, alone, support the system in a healthy
condition, and the impairment of the vital functions thus resnlting,
seems to affect the kidneys more than other organs, and in this peculiar
way. It is generally regarded as the effect of bad management and
injudicious feeding.
How to know It. — In those rare cases where the trouble arises from an
injury, the back will be arched and the feet drawn together, indicating
injury to the loins ; but in ordinary cases, the most common and charac-
teristic symptom is the stretching at full length, getting tho hind and
fore foet as far apart as possible. Generally, there is constipation, a
straddling gait, stiffness, and disinclination to move. The urino, which
is thick, mucilaginous and dark colored, often fails to produce albumen
on the application of heat (a common test), but with tincture of galls,
solution of bi-chloride of mercury and alcohol, will always separate some.
Death often results from paralysis of the hind parts, blood poisoning and
oonia.
What to do. — Examine the bladder; if full, evacuate it as described
for retention. Give recipe No. 8, and injections, to overcome tiie con-
stipation, and afford a complete change of diet, cutting siiort on giten
food, except grass, which should be from uplands, but allowing mnro
'lift,.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
739
grain. Also, give milk, e^o-s etc if it afiii
ing recipe : ""' ^^ '^ '''" continues, give the luilow-
No. 43. 2 Drachms sulphuric acid,
1 Ounce tincture of cardamoms
1 Pint water,
Mix. /
Give as one close.
V. HeBmaturia, or Bloody Urine
from the urino which conuiin, the..K "^ ^"^ '° "'* "''^«°«'
Idiopathic hcBmaturia follow!^ nr.f;«^ »„
calculi, eating acrid herbage excesXe us'f ^^ ° V'^ '''"^^^ '^^"^
causes. It „iay be distinguished bythe "ed Lt^ ' 7^ ''^ "'^^
There are also signs of fever and unnn f ' PP^^'-^nce of the urine.
found to contain albumen 1,2:7. I u '''''' ^'^^ "'''»« ^^'^ be
apt to follow. ^"^"'"™'^^'°" °^ th« kidneys (nephritis) is •
What to do.— The traumatic form is best tiPnt ^h k • • •
water ,uto the rectum, and by cold cIofhTl ^ J ^»J««tions of cold
pathie kind treat the ame as albu Jin^r '^ ""''' '^' '•""^- The idio-
rub mustard paste well into the loins ' ^"' '""''"«" ^««««°)' --^
VI. Cystitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder
tb.ch.racter„fL„™: II: *„*!?": "'»'"" '^ "■>' to change
».ti.,„ health. Inotheri:;::;r;;fi™^';trr"''*"''"°'
«™,.ants, by calculi, ,.„d incaueiC us „f "!«? "»"",?. P*
Ca«tl,ando,.specul,a,-Iy apt to cause i,, cither „v I,? ," °,""''°'"''-
r ,;;™ r r " '""•- °' - -■• X^s::r X"
tte W, ; the uriue i. passed^ ZtT"^ """'" "" '°™-'"
l« cither retarded or accelerated • th. 1' , ""'""""»"« i it» How may
•«eand iircstration ; the fosces 'arr,!" °" ■"""''"''""«' <'ix"«'l^
P»f«seperspirati„u,„,astrorterai ^ ITT'' '""' '""""^ '""■•-«
«lt» from either rjpturc oTttc . djer ' """^ ""'"" • ""'' death
. Tb.™.in feature „!; „„,:iZ^^^:^"'''^'«'-
'" 'ini.if of the hiaddcr. The „r ™ f: ' I' "'? '""-".a""" of
"o .i;,ni „f blood poisoniu^r also,
iM^K:
WPp
740
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
; JS
J iar.;..
usually in tbo pui-ple spots, and the odor of urine is present thronjiiiout
the entire body.
What to do.— Avoid oleaginous purgatives, resorting, in preference, to
largo quantities of linseed tea, or gum arabic wnter. Give recipe No. H,
and feoothing injections. In short, adopt the same treatment as for
nephritis. (See Section I.)
vn. LithlasiB, or Gravel.
Abnormal conditions of the urine, in which either an acid or alkaline
condition exists to an excessive degree, predispose to the formation of
Ba"«i'"ike deposits in the bladder, from the union of the acids or alkalies
wi _ che urea in a changed condition. The presence of these deposits
excites the bladder to contract, and hence may be noticed the inclination
to void the urine often, though in small quantities and slowly. The uri-
nation is, of course, quite painful. Sometimes particles of the deposit
may be seen hanging to the long hairs around the external organ.
Gravel is always more prevalent among males than females.
What to do. — "Wash out the bladder with tepid water, which is easily
done in case of the female. For the male it will be necessary to cut
through the penis, as described for retention of urine. (See chapter on
operations.) In order to dissolve the deposit, inject into the bladder a
reak solution of hydrochloric acid, as follows :
No. 44. 1 Drachm hydrochloric acid,
}4 Pint water,
Mix.
Give internally the following mixture :
' No. 45. 20 Drops hydrochloric acid,
3 Drachms gentian,
1 Pint oat meal gruel,
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat it morning and night for a few days, and
fhen change to the following :
"So. 46. 14 Pound bi-carbonate soda,
4 Ounces gentian,
2 Pounds linseed meal,
Mix.
Give two tablespoonf uls morning and night. Continue this for two or
three weeks.
Vm. Calculi, or Stones in the Bladder.
Calculi, like gravel, are the product of a mechanical union of small
particles of phosph..tes, etc., that accumulate in the bladder and other
parts of the urinary apparatus. They are most common in localities where
the water is hard, as it always is on a limestone formation.
if- I .
;l , 'I'
jent throHjriiout
n preference, to
ve recipe No. «,
•eatment us for
DISEASES OP THE UBINABY ORGANS. 741
gra^vT *To veri/;^Te^^^^^ ^"""? --"^ i«^ent.ea. with
L ; the stone ca^n be ftiri^Te'irdlr """' ""'"'"^""" '^'^ *^« -
be the sam.. us for gravel, ^ *'°°'* ^^® subsequent treatnaut will
.- K
I: * !l
acid or alkaline
he formation of
acids or alkalies
f these deposits
i the inclination
owly. The uri-
of the deposit
external organ,
es.
', which is easily
lecessary to cut
( See chapter on
to the bladder a
a few days, and
le this for two or
al union of small
)ladder and other
in localities where
(CHAPTER VTI.
DISEASES OF THE ORQANS OF QENERATION.
I MALPRESENTATIONS, ETC., IN PARTURITION. II. PROLONGED AFTER-PAINS.
III RETENTION OF THE AFTER-BIRTH. IV. ABORTION AI" MISCARRIAGE.
V. UTERINE HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. VI. INVERSION OF THE WOMB.
VII. METRITIS, OU INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. VIII. PUERPEi VL FEVER,
OR METRO-PERITONITIS. IX. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. X. LEUCORRH<EA, OR
WHITES. XI. GONORRH(KA. XII. MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF TUB
UDDER. XIII. SORE TEATS. XIV. NYMPHOMANIA AND STERILITY.
I. Malpresentations, etc., in Parturition.
This, to the breeder at least, is the most important part of cattle
pathology, aside from the contagious diseases. Oftentimes a valuable
COW or calf, or both, are lost, when a knowledge of the subject would
save them. A little timely aid, properly given, in a difficult case of par-
turition is invaluable, but if the assistance comes tardily, or is rendered
in a bungling manner, the damage done may be irremediable and fatal.
In order to be able to recognize a raalpresentation, some degree of
familiarity with the natural presentation, and its attendant phenomena, is
necessary.
The period of gestation in cows is about nine months, sometimes a few
days (or even weeks) more or less than this, but usually a few days
more. The first calf, especially, is generally carried a few days longer.
When the time for delivery approaches, the udder increases in size and
fills, the vulva enlarges and thickens, the hips spread, and the space be-
tween the root of the tail and the joints of the haunch drops. The time
being up, the cow endeavors to seclude herself and hide away from the
others ; the labor pains or throes come on gradually, increasing in force
from time to time ; in most cases, the cow lies down, — sometimes on one
side, and sometimes on the other, — and occasionally stretches right out.
The first object expelled is the water bag, which is usually about the size
of a man's head ; sometimes it breaks in the passage, at others it hangs
unbroken, as low even as the hocks. The two fore feet ne.xt present,
and then the nose lying between the feet. Three quarters of the labor is
required to expel the head ; the remainder, to pass the shoulders, after
which the delivery is accomplished without further effort. The cow
usually rises, and commencing immediately to lick the calf, in a very few
minutes has him all licked off, when he dries quickly without chilling.
742
DISEASES OF THP npnix'o ^^
J HE OROAAS OF CENEKATION. 743
Unaided by the maternal instinct in thi.
much longer time in dryin. off a, d i„ t ,. ""7' '^' ''*'* ^""'^ ^e a
ously chilled. The fo.^^gJi " ' a 'b ?." T"'''" "^"'' ^«^""- -ri"
natura, case of labor, wl^en 't:; things Xm''^'' ''^ "" «"">- °^ '^
If the labor is severe and ia ii-,.!^. i" ®
-d have help. i^:tz:t:^aZ !!:::: f' 7 ^-- ^^^^ --
aceustoniedtosee;heshouldbeverynui L d^entl . " '''^^"^ '^
have no spectators, neither hunmn Ir cattl xf" ""''"^"'^' «"^
ond person is present, there should be as liHI« /n'"'^ case, a see-
When the feet are properly presented. Ich hi d f^'"^ "' ^''''''^^''
hand, and pull-not with anvthin^ a. ni« k- *''""' """ '» «acb
even traction-at exactly thf sa Z ti rtht"t^ '^ '"'' '"' "'^'^ " «-'
at that ti,ne. relaxing the traction e^ly^'^L I JT '^f '",' '"'^ ""'^
between the throes. Jud-rnent and Jn^ ^ "'^'"■^^'" "^ qw«'
manage a case well, and thCl t be he"™™"^' """ "" "'^""^ '"
printed directions can take tLrplLe! ""'''"''''^ ™'^'" reliance; n.,
In a case of malpresentution, the first thin.r to k ^ .
netinies on one
JOINTED HOOKS.
far enough to get hold of the parts th,if nn i . .
bring about a natural presentation This {!«! '''""^ ^'''^' '^°<* «*'
the cow is standing, the calf oJbe nn h , f T " ^'"^^'"'^ '^'^- ^
lying down, the ino^re fussing the eh So e the 'T''^' '''' '^ ^'^^ -
and the nun-e difficult it becomes to us he fcT.''' ""'"^ ^'""*^««*^'
The simplest, quickest, and easiest wy t.lTZu" "'"T'' ^'^ *' ^•
t.e cow. legs above the hocks and ^o ..1^:^^::^!^-:^
STRAIGHT HOOK.
5,1
■•'4
744
THE AMERICAN FABMEK's STOCK BOOK.
the labor pains. Work us lively as possible while the cow is elevated ; it
is an unnatural position, ai.d under very unfortunate circumstances, and
if she is kept in it long at a time very bad results might follow.
The instruments necessary are a piece of soft rope, (the size of a man's
little finger and about ten feet long), a jointed hook, straight hook, con-
cealed knife, and embriotoniy knife.
The last named, U a small curved Made
fastened to a ring that fits over the
big finger, so as to carry the knife in
CONCEALED KNIFE. ^j^^ ^^jj^ „£ ^j^g r.„j„^J
First Malpresentation. — If one fore foot and the nose are entered in
the passage and the other foot bent back, the calf cannot b" delivered
without first bringing up the retracted foot into its proper position, on
account of the obstruction which the shoulder would offer. Tie u sniiill
rope around the foot presented, in order not to lose it ; then push tbo
FIRST MALPKE8ENTATION.
Un« ioro foot and the nose enteicd, the other foot bent bacU.
calf back, to allow the arm to be introduced and find the other foot ; take
in a noose of the rope, and put it over the foot as shown in the annexed
cut ; then— with the hand placed over the foot, so as to cover tiie toes,
and thus prevent them from lacerating the womb — draw it up with the
other hand. This accomplished, delivery will soon be effected.
Second Malpresentation.— When one foot is presented, the other foot
and the nose being turned down, proceed in a manner similar to that just
other foot ; take
1 in tho annexed
) cover the toes,
sv it up with tlie
fccted.
i, the other foot
nilar to that just
B.8EA8E8 OF THE OKGAN8 OF GENERATION. 745
described. Tic the rope to the foot presented, so as not to lose it. and
SECOND MALPRESENTATION.
On. ,o« foot pr.«„.«,, .he oU,., foo,. .„d ...o .h. „o.e. turned down.
..u,'. the calf back so as to catch the nose and raise it into the passage •
then get the other foot a. the way directed for the first malpresentZn '
mrd Malpresentation.-When the nose is presented and both feet bent
THIRD MALPRE8BNTATION.
Th« nose presented, and both fore feet bent bsck.
.„,„ ,„i ucn( Dsck.
bac^ the head may be entirely expelled, the neck bein^ in the na«s«.«
.=^"th.«aou.ucrs against the nm of the nelvis. If the fcetus ^emab^
J.»S»»...™aS«B,.t
"^r.
746
TUK AMEKU^AN KAKMKH H STOCK BOOK.
long in this condition, tlio head Hwelia so us to render it I'tteriy iiripo*.
sihie to pu^h it back, und the calf dies of couihc, — lie is choked to (Icath.
In this extreme, the only fousihle iilan is to cut the head off, then push
the body bjick and get the feet as directt^d for the flrst nialpresontiitidn.
Such a case once occurred in the pi-actice of the writer ; it was niuuagt'd
in this way, securing delivery without trouble, and saving the cow.
The foregoing applies only when the head is swollen. When this is not
the cus<', push the head back and !)ring up the feet as before described.
Fourth Malpresentation. — In this the fore feet, arc bi*th presented,
but the head is turned bac^k against the side. 'Y'w the rope to tlio feet,
and carry a piece of it in, with a view of getting it into the mouth and
FOURTH MALPRESENTATION.
The tore feet in the passage, the head (urnrd back on the side.
around one of the jaws. Failing in the latter effort, hook the straight
hook into the eye socket, and then push the feet back, till the head can
be brought into the passage.
Fifth Malpresentation. — Here, the foetus is lying on his l)ack, with the
poll presented and the feet bent back upon the belly. Delivery may 1*
made iu this position, but the nose and feet must be brought into the
passage first. To do this, pass in a noose for each foot, and another for
the upper jaw, putting it in the mouth ; then push the calf back, so those
parts can be liberated and brought up. Carefully guard the womb from
laceration by the toes, in all cases. When in a favorable presentation,
let an assistant pull, while the main operator raises the withers of thi
foetus over the rim of the pelvis.
OX8EA8KH of THK OR(MN8 OF
rttony ,(r^^}^
hokeii to (L'lith.
1 off, thou push
jalpreseiitiitioii.
it wii« iiiiiiiuged
f tho cow.
Whan this is not
Dre dcscriht'd.
)uth |Hfsciitc'd,
)l)e to the foet,
the mouth and
'•^RATION.
;>k the straight
ill the head can
i l)iick, with the
)clivery may he
rou<j;ht into the
and iuiothcr for
' back, so those
the wonil) from
Ic presentation,
withers of the
747
back being agah.t the loins of hi "Vl "' '■""^^' '""^ ^-''^'^
'""• r^'I'vory IS not neoeasHriiy
*"IFTH MALPRESENTATION.
The foetu* on hi* back with ti,. » m
. With the pui p„..n..d, ,„d bo.„ f„„ ,„, b.„t back.
difficult, hut when once well sttirtr^n .-f •
SIXTH MALPKK8ENTAT10N.
The hind feet both io the pas.age.
Seventh Malpresentation.— The hr^^nh •
»re up against the cow's back/ The tt '' ^7?"''^' ""^ *^^ '^'"^^ ^^^^
ine teet must be drawn back into the
r I
I u~ ..- ,i. . fa
* 1
HrHi
748
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
passage. Pass in the rope, take a noose around tho hocks, and pull the
foetus down so as to get the noose around the feet and draw them back ;
SEVENTH MALPKESENTATION.
The aUf lying on his back, Ihe hind feel up against the cow's baclt, and the breech presented.
this done, and the points of the buttocks being raised over the rim of the
pelvis at the proper time, the calf may perhaps come without further
EIGHTH MALPRESENTATION.
The breech presented, with the back up against the loins of the mother, and the feet bent 'lownwsrdj.
J ,ui_ T»,-4. :* ..t-U.^xn'iao naraovavn Jinfl tiivn if, into thn Dosition seen
irUUDit:. iJtXL 11. r/lll- ! -r..-.-, I J — --- 1
in the out for the sixth malpresentation. Failing in this, and iw a W
set bent downwudl,
DISEASES OF THP nnnn^c ^
iHE OKGA^8 OF GEKEHATION. 749
resort, it may be necessary to cut fli« ,.ni*
by piece, with the concealed Ln,fe Tl ! LT' " '"'' ^'"^ "^"^^ ^'^'^
sidcrahle skill, in order to JZ' ,!''^^^' operation requires con-
E>fihth Malpresentation This is a 1».„o i. '
calf, hack is up against the nu^ther's lorLSTirrf" T "'^^'^ *^^
ward.. This is considered to be the h r^' / • ^* '''''' ^""<^ ^«^»-
Pas,s in the ropes, and take a noose a.t^Sl 'T''^" "' '"'' '" ^«^^^^^-
the feet ; then. ),v elevating the co v v'T \\ T^'' "'^ '^''^ «^«»«d
the fa-tus, and drawing up'th le Tand-f f- ''"' '"' P"^'^'"^" ^ack
delivered. " ^ ^' ''"^ ^^^^ "'^o the passage, it can be
JVinth 3falpresenta(ton The neolr ;. ,,, . , .
head being bent around to one side and thTt "' "" ^="^^=^' *^«
First, get the feet up as directed foTthfiftlt""^"' ''" '^"^•
then turn the head into the passa-e L l\ I ^n^'lpresentations ;
We need hardly say that hoSt ^t^^^^^^^^
of the cases we have mentioned, thoy srouldL "1 T"^ "™' *" ^"^
lard or oil. The exact position of tie fttu s ITT'' "^°'"'*^^ ^^^
a doubt before attempting to chaUe or'^turn' ' i! "'"'"' '"^""^
^t^:zr:t::;::::z " r r ;;t i '- ^---^ —
J ahnonnal developements of the foetus,
NINTH MAI.PKKSENTATIOK.
j:re:— ;=:-;i:: --«-.,.:., B,
"'*■* "' '^o "»'■■) aud ascites (dr„t.^'„r,be;T,;j,7 ''^<'^'>«'"»""
'8
i.^J
-'«»«si«i5»u-,.,»<sasiitoiii
750
THE AMEltlCAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK.
Hydrocephalus.— This occurs mostly in old, thin cowa, but sometimes
also in excessively fine-bred ones. The head must be tapped with the
HYDROCEPHALUS, WITH MALPRESENTATION.
trochar and cannula, thus evacuating the water ; then crush in the skull,
and deliver.
Ascites.— Carry in the concealed knife, and with it tap the belly and
ASCITES, OR DROPSY OF THE BELI-T.
The proentatirn It natural.
!„♦ tv -^«*^^ "»<^^ into the mother's womb. If this is not successful, use
a lon«' trochar and cannula, as shown in the cut.
of. successful, use
"* THK ORGANS OF Oi.'vim..™,
r^e cow dying, to ,save the calf 1
give roots and bran. AvnUt . "' '"*''^" ^he bowels ■ if .
being iust as bad. If fj^, '"'"'"'^ '"-'^-•« too fat, t^ :^Z ""'
Iow= if too thin and w ak,' Ih^'T'^"'"*'' ^^^^ - "^"ch rru,r " t "7
ing both these extreme t;''',j;^'''^«'!^-'» ''^ -- *« be reta^ d ' l^ '^^j"
-thof caiving, ther-,orse,t'f:r'''''"^ «^«^ "p to" witi^-:':
time, so as to bave them in a hi; ""^ "^ *« ^'thin two days of h
agood plan to give, a da; or t : ;X"^''i'i"' '' ^^^ ^^^ '^^t '^t
a ,5-t of ..t to loosed t^X^r '''' " ^^""^ "^ «!-- s^uf i^
Ifdel.veryislongandexliaustin. ^.Vp •
progress, and again afterwards If ;,,!'! P'"* «^ ^^"rn, aJe durin. it«
n.g. .t . well to ,„i,k a little to re ev it! n f,^ ^"^ ^"" '^^ ^^ - 1-
milk the cow immediatelv aftr^r T P'^"^"' *<""«'<>". In all n«
-df-d the calf, befor^h ! t3 un"7' 7'"'^ ^^^ '^^ ^^-"<n^ h rTC '
rest to the cow. It wiH „ . " ^' "''""* "- P'"t of the m;il. P'
"'•-ILe placenta „,- aftor-bi-r """■•
=" *r:, ;^\'°-' !^~ ^ »- "-^
,f i-y-ia'i
^h« end of the second day.
or
i^'«lrt«Er»l,.„,,«MV..»,»
pw^-...:
fei
752 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
becrinning of the third, to soften a little. It may then, perhap., come
away of Tts own weight ; if not, it is easily removed by inserting the hand
and arm to the shoulder, and then with the other hand, applying gentle
traction to the hanging membrane ; at the same time take each cotyledon
or button by which the placenta is attached to the womb, m turn, and
bv pinchin- it a little between the thumb and fore finger, it will detach
from it, much as in unbuttoning a garment. Great care ,s requned not
to pull off one of these cotyledons, or the resulting hemorrhage might
prove fatal. If, however, this should be done by mischance, cold water
thrown over the loins will be the proper treatment.
IV. Abortion and Miscarriage.
Premature expulsion of the foetus is called abortion in the earlier
periods of gestation, and miscarriage or premature labor in the later
ones It not infrequently iakes on an enzootic character, and by runnnig
throu<rh a whole herd entails enormous loss on the stock owner. This
tendencv as was remarked in Chapter I of this Part, is stronger among
cows than any other of the domestic animals. It is usually explained by
attributing it to sympathy, using the word pathologically By some,
however it is regarded as strictly the resultof contagion. If so, the con-
tacrious principle must be in the smell of the discharges that follow ; for
the sense of smell in horned cattle is very acute, and is apparently in
very close connection with the nervous system.
Causes— The most common causes are accidents, or violence of some
kind-bein^ hooked and pushed about by other cattle, or kicked and
clubbed by brutal herdamen ; jumping, leaping, falling, etc. »"'«« sup-
pose it to be caused, in many cases, by ergot in the hay or other fodder.
such as has been badly harvested or grown in a wet season, especially on
low, swampv ground. , , • .•
How to know It— There will be dullness, suspension of rumination,
anxiety in the countenance, separation from companions ; at length, a
small water bag will be passed, and a little later a foetus. Or, perhaps,
all that may be noticed, to indicate something wrong, will be a tm.y f <. us
fou.id somewhere. More or less discharge will follow. It w. l.e of a
bloody, mucous character, and is likely to become purulent after a few
**Treatment.-For the original case, (in which the misch^f is nearly
always completed before discovered), nothing special can be done except
to syringe the parts out well with tepid water, and follow this with a car-
bolic lotion, viz*
No. 47. H Ounce carbolic add,
)^ Gallon water.
Mix.
Inject a little twice a day. Continue it a week or more.
DISEASES OF THF ORriAiuu ^.,
IHJ-. ORGANS OF GENERATION. 753
M effect, „, „e.. e.z;::izT:,t:; "or™' "='-^>*«'^"'«
oo.p.,no,« „m p^taMy abort f,,„„ .r* j, ^ 'k,Tr; 'T ■" ""
o,,U..^^he.,„. ...eaa. ,ei,„ Hd^en ^ then,, i, ap:"; "S^T.C:!
The feeding of hemp seed deserves consider.fp .„, .•
cxpeneuce of recognised authorities oTwtdi ^^^^^^ ""'"^ *" '""^
feeds once aduy, with other food, from the tim."- v "?''" '" P'"*
the bulling season through four o L months A 7".r'"'' ^""'"''"^
feed wen so as to .eep eows in good, str:;;;tnd^: ^ S^ ^i
V. Uterine Hemorrhage or Plooding
^hould do, after delive.' Tt iea a I"" """' '" ''''''''''' ^^ ^'
away in such large .u J,,, . tl'^;;^';^! ^ —^ "^ its coming
What to do.-Thro>v cold wuter bv ;"f , I"* "''"'""'^^ ^^ '^ «'"«•
coolthe hand and insert it into the ' "''''"'' "^^'- ^^^^--^
womb, which will sometimes cause
the latter to contract upon it. If
these means prove insufficient, in-
ject cold water into the womb, with
a suitable syringe.
VI. Inversion of the Womb.
Following immediately upon par-
turition, after-pains sometimes come
EXAGGEaATEI, ILLUSTRATION OF UTEB-
INE HEMOKUHAGK.
tepid;ll?wUh"ftuf:,eotll"VVw''''? '^Z''' ""' ""^^ '^ >^'t»»
("the placenta is still attahed " ''""^'"f"' to a pint of water.
Sponge it over with iLt^m JT Vn '"'^^^^'^ "> ^-t-n III.)
luuaanum, and carefully return it. This
an
TUK AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK BOOK.
exceedingly delicate task, though not diflScult otherwise; the utmost
cure is necessary to iwoUl
punching the fingers ri<rlit
through the membranes, which
would cause death. Find tho
most dependent portion, then
place the clenched fist benonth
it, and let the womb fall down
over the hand and arm as it is
raised ; anc^, "with tlie i)ai1s in
iNVEiisioN OF THE WOMB. this positiou, promptly insert
the ar . at full length into the body of tho cow, being very careful not to
use unuiie violence. The uterus will generally suck down into its jjroper
])lace without any difficulty, but if necessary to manipulate the wiills of
tho vagina somewhat, this inay be done — always with extreme care and
TO I'UKVKNT INVERSION OF TUE VAOINA.
the minimum amount of force that will accomplish the ol)ject. Then
place the cow in a stall where the hind feet will be at least six inches
higher than the forward, and apply a harness and compress over tlic
external opening, as shown in the annexed cut. Or a rope, twisted as
shown in the smaller cut, maybe used, the object, in either case, being to
prevent a recurrence of the displacement.
If straining is violent and continues any
length of time, give internally the folh)w-
nig mixture :
No. 48.
TWldXED ROPE.
To tie over the vulva, and thus prevent In-
version nf the womb.
• 1 Ounce chloral hydrate,
1 Pint water,
Mix.
■ Give as one dose ; if necessary, repent it
in half an hour.
ssary, repent it
-inis affection is not very often
matic t«raperamont. and her im..„Jh^" '"*!!' "«^^' «^^i"g to her phleg-
a-> earh-er «tago, in connection C^^^^^^ --plicutions, arising ft
iurie. to the wona> during difficut^l^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' '^ ^'^« result oMn-
a cold cuuglit at that tin.e The n i" 1 ^ " ' '' ""'^ ^'^^^'«P« ^^^-> ^ ••oo,
other parts, niaking . very seri.u o.S r" 'l "!, '^"'"''^ ""^ '-"'--
next section. ^ ^""^ condition indeed. See further in the
VIU. Puerperal Fever, or Metro-Peritonitis.
I Ins disease is often confo d rt
notwithstanding the difference betweerrni!. T'*""";* "P"'''^''^' «« ti"**.
taken one for the other. Puerp! .1, ^ '-'^'^ conditions, they are mis
of the uterus and peritoneuin,':,; ^ ^ J -T-I-'atous inflammation
aatccedent facts will usually be found t^be^'ffi T' "^ ^" ^S-s. The
to eold storms or extremes of temp rature rt T P'^'"'""*'""' ^^Posure
overdriving prior to calving, and tl " kl '''^"*'"" "^ *^« P'«««"ta, or
cows that have been changed sudden v f '"'T'''''''''- Th'"' Poor
-culent feed at or near the tinie o^^ „" ^J''^' ^'^"f P-t«re to'rich
It niay come on at any time from a few iiouS ZlTT''' '^' '"^ ^'"^^ ''-
or fourth day. "^ ''""'^^ "«er calving up to the third
How to know it. —High fever with ..II f :
as dry. hot nose, hornslnd ex^^m tt ^oV I- ^'\7''''' ^^'"P*^-^' «-h .
with i-uimnation suspended ; colicky Tins 1 I '' '"^"''""^ "PP«^'t«.
up aud lying down frequently .-..onieul; r • ^ "' ''^^ ^^^''^^ '" getting
era n..„tes. The head is tLied tTw tr'tl "T'T" T ''" ''•^- --
I-rd and wiry ; the respirations are a^ra "/ si / ''^ ^^'^ ^« ^"•^^'
horax.soas to avoid movincr the 11, ' '''"'^ ^"'1 ««°fined to the
elly is tucked up, the urine^ ea.^t 'nd r ^'1 '' ^^^^^'^'^ '' ^^-
there ,s constipation. All the sym t^^s a "l ^^ •";'""'' "'^ -"'^"y
inore,.c; prostration comes on ; fi^air ;tnn T"""^ ^he belly pai„s,
soon follows. ' °"''">^' ^^"Poi- (coma) sets in De-ith
f^-rr ;:r:^ .r;:",!"; rr» - -a™-. '„,
766
THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Ei' iA4
blisters-mustard paste or flies-to the belly. If no symptoms of pur-
gation show themselves in eight or ten hours, inject No 40 under he
Sin every half hour till the bowels have moved. If constipation is still
obstinate, a pint of tepid water may be injected into a vein.
USING THE STOMACE HJMI".
Manner o( giving medicine or food during .tupor.
Convalescence will be indicated by a return to sensibility, cessation of
nain purcration, copious secretion of urine of a good color, and u ioturn
of BtreSb. When these symptoms are noticed, give No. 19, repeating
it three or four times a day.
IX. Parturient Apoplexy.
This is a blood disease affecting cows of a plethoric habit at time of
calvincr. It is never see. following difficult or protracted labor, i. cnne
hemor''rhage (flooding), ahorti<.n, nor the retention of the placenta. Ihore
^ust be a constitutional tendency to congestion of the brain coma and
roplexy The first attack is usually fatal ; even if not so, the trouble
is very likely to recur at the next or some subsequent calving.
uZ, to know lt.-There is at first a staring, wild look about he eyes,
disKatUm to move, loss of milk, and increased teniperal^re ; Injt he.
symptoms are seldom so marked as to attract special ""^ice Th y
SlTowed bv a sta-ering gait and weakness across the loins, till suddo^
't^ an m.^^^^^^^ the eyes are found to be bloodshot and g.a^S the
pupls dilated and the lids twitching. The --^/"-f ^^ J T
SZle- she -ets perfectly blind and comatose (stupid) ; the had.
LuSly'turneS back to the side; the pulse gets gradually slower, fa .
::!";lerceptibility ; the breathing is slow and stertorous In fs .ge
The pup'ils contract, the temperature falls ^f^;f^'y^;^^'''^''lt}^
T- The udder becomes hard and u.iyiclding; the paunch falls ..th
nt8K/8K8 OF THE ORGANS OF GENEKATION. 767
gas, causing mark.d interference with the breathing; cnvulsions set In.
and death soon follows. '
The post^mortom shows a fat, full body, blood vessels full of fluid,
black bCod, and purple spots on the brain and spinal column and in othe
parts of the body. There are many other abnormal appearances in the
bran., most of which can only be distinguished by an expert
What to do. -Prevention is the main thing. If the cow is manifestly
plethonc, g>ve l.gl.t, s,>ft d.et, with laxatives (No. 8 is excellent) once o^
wee a week f.«r three weeks before calving. When the attack comes, if
he cow ,s seen, n the hrst stage, when the pul.o is always full, bleed
freely, and g.ve roc.pe No ? 1 ; after two hours give No. 20. repeating the
latter every two or three hours as long as necessary. Give injections^lso
every few mmutes. Apply cold water and ice to the head, and heat in
I'AKTUBIENT APOPLtXY.
the form of hot rugs, hot smoothing irons, etc., to the body If the
purgative does not work, give a hypodermic injection of No. 40 reoeat-
.ng ,t every two hours. If these means fail, open the jugular v'einf and
inject a pint of clean, tepid water. During convalescence.^reatthe ame
as for puerperal fever. If she recovers, do not breed her again, but Z
her to the butcher ; for, as before mentioned, itis almost certain to oc^u
again, and at no distant day to end in death.
n„l'' .'' "'"T"^ • " ^''' '°^ ^'''''^'' ^"""« "^« ^•«^«' "«« the stomach
pump, to guard against turning them in upon the luncrs
X. LeucorrhoBa, or Whites.
This is catarrh of the vagina and womb, with a chronic discharge of a
muco-purulent, white fluid that hangs around the vulva and tail, and h-is
turbance. but sometimes causes nymphomania or "buller^ " S-jrb -
--ly breed, and even if they do so, are apt to abort. Sometime: ni:
discharge is so profuse as to keep the cow poor.
If ii
)]
ffl
■v.„i««»«<»a^,„^ _
lOfi
THE AMEKICAN FAKMEU's STOCK HOOK.
a'44^1 '^^
What to do.— Syringe out the parts with tepid water, and inject lotion
No. 47, repeating this twice a day. Feed on nutritious but light diet,
21 in the feed.
and give No
XI. Qonorrhoea.
This in catarrh of the generative parts of the i)ull,— little ulcers or
chancres in the sheath and on the penis, with a whitish discharge, whirh
18 chronic.
How to know It.— Painful urination is the most characteristic symptom ;
with all his frequeiit efforts, only a few drops are passed, and those not
without great uneasiness, which is further manifested by his stepping for-
ward and back or from side to side, and by raising the hind ^'eet, lashing
the tail, etc.
What to do.— Suspend all service, and give him the laxative recipe x\o.
8, and when the bowels ret,urn to their normal condition give No. 21 in
the feed, repeating the latter morning and night, for three or four weeks.
Draw out the yard with soft linen cloth, and bathe all affected parts with
the following lotion :
No. 49. 4 Ounces spirits of camphor,
1 Ounce sugar of lead,
a Drachms sulphate of zino,
1 Quart soft water,
Mix.
Continue the application, once a day, till cured, and do not lei, him
Berve a cow, for the reason that it is contagious. If any chancres are
seen, touch them once a day with lunar caustic. Feed on green food, if
possible.
xn. MammitiB, or Inflammation of the Udder.
This is most common after a parturition which occurs before the secre-
tion of milk has assumed a normal condition, especially in the case of
heifers at the first calving. Sometimes, it has no connection with calv-
ing, but is contracted by lying on cold, damp ground, or in the case
of*^ middle-aged and old cows, develops in hot weather, taking on the form
of garget or curdled milk. Cows in high condition are the most subject
to it, the attack being usually induced by driving them until overheated.
The infljiramation, in some cases, will subside and go away, and the milk-
ing function go on as before with very little loss ; in others, it goes on to
suppuration in one or more quarters of the bag, or even to mortification.
How to know It.— The type of mammitis that takes on the active in-
flammatory character is ushered in with a shivering fit, which is succeeded
iS a short time b-" fever and dullness. The bag becomes hot and hard,
red, swollen and sore. It being so painful to the touch, the cow is very
1..8EA«E« «.^ THE OHOAN8 OK OKNKRATION. 759
nvcrMt! t(» heiii"' niil'rod 'ri> -n
blood,. Tia.tn. e Iv 1:;' ^"f- .--^'ed, and sometimes
coming u,vay with ti.o nnlU. and i I^ t, ^ul ''"'"^^'"^ "^"'^'^ -"^
Hide. A,min, it n.ay not suppurate a ta I Zf "" "^";'"^' °" ''^« ""t"
main pon„anent!y onlan^cnl or I„ " . ' ''"\'7"'"« "'d"nUed and re-
Ti.o nn-lder ty^. of nnu Liuf Z w';" ,""' ''""°'' "''•
turition. I,nt is h n.ply cu dbd 'ilk '" '"" '^"""^^'^^ ^^'^^ par-
ish. give recipe No. 8.' J^^ l^lt^^ """'"'^ ^"^ ""^ ^-«r.
day. and a. often as throe "four i no". H ' ""^''' """'" ^"-^ ^
fonu. and apply the follow /^o" ""^ """" ''" "'''' ^''"^ ^-«
No, 50.
4 Oinices gum camphor,
1 Pint olive oil,
Mix.
._««
METHOD OF SUPPORTING
THE UDDER.
Rub well in three times a dfiv rf f 1. • a
the time purgation cease IZe No '^ V", rT'""". ''" "^' ^" °"^ ^^
for a week or two. If IhfcLe goe. 'on T "^ '' """"°" ""' ^^^^
suppuration and it breaks on the outside,
foment the bag. and inject recipe No. 9. two
or threotimes a day. I„ alleases where there
IS much swelhng, support the bag oy a ban-
age passed around the body over the loins.
If a quarter sloughs off. dress the wound with
Ho. J, and give internally the following-
^°"'^^" lOuncesulphateof soda,
2 Drachms nitrate of potash.
Mix.
Xm. Sore Teats.
■i:sa*fe''
5«SS^a«*ife«sate^
760
THE AMERICAN FARMEK'h STOCK BOOK.
When done milking, anoint tliem nicely witii tlie following mixtuiu :
No. 62. 1 Ounce alum,
1 Drachm carbolic acid,
4 OunccH lard,
Powder th« alum and mix.
Or, instead, ibis may be used :
No. KJ. }i Ounce tannic acid,
1 Drachm carbolic acid,
4 Ounces lard,
Mix.
Little pea-lilie tutuors sometimes grow in the milk passage, in the teat,
eventuating, in some eases, in its complete obstruction, and tho suhsc
quent loss of that quarter. Many expedients have been tried for (he cure
of this troublesome condition— such as teat siphons, probes, bistouries,
needles, etc.— but all to n() avail , for the teat very soon gets soio, imd
milking becomes dangerous', if not well-nigh impossible. The only fcjisililc
way of'inanaging tho case is just to let it go till the cow goe« dry, niilking
that quarter as well as possible without any instrumental aid ; and tlicii
to cut into the teat, n^movethe excrescences, and lot the wound heal over
a silver probe. If this is properly done, the teat will be as good as over.
XIV. Nymphomania and Sterility.
Nymphomania is chr(»nic inflammation of the clitoris, giving rise to u
constant desire for the male. Such cows take the bull at any time, but
rarely conceive, and even when they do so, are almost sure to abort,
They are called "bullers." It often happens that they are barren iiiit-
ural'ly, twins being especially prone to that condition. Sometinies, liigh
bred cows will not breed to a high bred bull, yet will do so to a mongrel,
especially a young bull.
What to do.— For cows naturally barren nothing can be done. For
others the difficulty can often be overcome by reducing them in flesh
(for they are nearly always fat), and by judiciou- management. Keep
them in a short pasture for a few weeks, and give them a handful of
Glauber's salts every second day. At the proper time, put them to a
young, vigorous bull, one or two leaps being sufficient. If this does not
succeed, t^ry a mongrel bull. If the cow is continually riding the other
cows, keep her to herself, if possible, and feed from half a pint to a pint
of hemp seed once a day for tw<. months. In some cases hemp seed
seems to have a magic effect. Feed it both before and after the service
Lbeginning say three weeks before coming in heat, and continuing it
right^along^till she conceives. If the cow is thin in flesh, fatten hemp
a tittle, even if she has to be shut up in do this.
CHAPTER vm.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
I. I>HHENITI8, OK IWPI.AMMATION OP THE R»*,«
«V. IV. PARALYSIS V. TKTANn, "'•J~"- ^POI'I-KXT ,„ pp„„„
VII. NERVOUS l.KB,LITY AT PAlSmONT"'- "^'"^^ «« HVWtoPHOBIAlf!:
I. Phrenltls. or Inflanunatloa of the Brain.
Uiis distressing disease, which is mn«f .
months, may ho dther idi^pa h (IuZIT"": '""'= *^" «"™--
may result from fever, or froin infh T r ^''^ "" ^yTipto.natic. It
mediate cause heing too grea fl . v f.'^ ", "\ """'^ "^^^•' I'^*' ^^^ im-
pora. arteries, and oauses'i:! 17^^^^^^^^^ ^^rT "" "^^ *«'-
. How to know it-There will be stro"; | i h!'"^ ^'^'^-'-
ies, constant watchfulness, and finally nj "' T '"''"•■"' ""'''"
the animal will fall suddenly soon rUl. °- T ''^'''^ "'"'' "'fl»med ;
tremhling and starting of IL Z^^ 1:^^ w^r" '^T ^'" '^^
unne suppressed. In a more unfavorU.le slL . ^"''^^ '"'^ t''^
ingof the teeth, and total want ofre SlVr "".'■"' '"^'""^■
rare. It is generally caused hv „!/ f^ 'd'opathh arenitisis
omentum, and other iLd troublet " '^"'""' ''"P'^^*'-' ^'^ the
What to do. — The treatment rnn=;.* ^
Htancc, No. 8, the effect of wh^h tV * .^""' ^'^^''"'^J«' "% f"r in-
water and soap. ' ' ""''^ ^« '^^^^'^'ed by injections of warm
Bleed from the jugular vein ■ I-.. ,.. 41,1,,
very cold water; ^di^^^^Z c A '' '"'^' ' '^ '"^'^'^ "^ '- -r
cations of ammonia. C.^Z TltTTu'^''' "^ '^^^''"»" -«^>-
never he used except under 1 e d :Z^:^^Tve^"'^ '"" '' ''''^''
covery, the animal should be kent onlT "^/,^'*«'-'""'-"^»- T>uring re-
easily digested food. ' ^"''^' '^"^ '^"^« ^^^^ nou,i«hin/and
n. Ai/opiexy.
In true apoplexy, the animal duos suddclv „ ^ , .
«oon, unless immediate relief is jriven T^ ^' '^ '^'"^'^ '"^"^^ ^^'T
'ngfrom the jugular vein and tf« ^' • ' "?"""' *" ^" "^^^ «^« Weed-
No. 8, with iie^tions oT;:;':^^ ^:''tr ''': '""''^^'^ -^^ -
1 "im water, trive a change of food,
p ., ^^' Epilepsy.
«t)i
p
$1
1 -J
I .
mmmm-
7g2 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
heart beats are strong and violent. The visible membranes arc height-
en d in color, and either dangerous lethargy supervenes, or the jun.uul
quiekly recovers. Recovery is seldom so perfect, however, that the an.-
m«il will not be sul)iect to other attacks.
ma 0d0.-Dash cold water over the head and fa.e, and when the
Tviiai »" "" 1 J! ,1 ..„,i cooinl fire with such remedial nieas-
«tfnfk subsides, "ive good food and special care, wan ouv
ttLty bo U,dicrted by the general »me of the system, a., f„r ex-
ample, indigestion or constipation.
IV. Paralysis.
In those rare cases where paralysis exists as a distinct affection, death
usually occurs very soon. Its most common forms are those kuo^^•.l as
Z^XZna iLiplegia. The former is when the whole fore or hind
pa^ are affected; the latter, when one side of the body only is bo.
Clysis is a loss of voluntary movement, and usually occurs as a syrn -
torn of other diseases, as softening of the bram, effusions of fluid
'^Whattodc-Give recipe No. 8, supplementing it with the following:
No. 54.
2 Drachms nux vomica,
)^ Ounce saltpetre,
Mix,
Give as one dose ; repeat morning and night for a month.
v. Tetamos or Lockjaw.
Tetanus U a general and eontinned B,>a8m (o,-, more .triclly, contrac
tionWthe mnsele-of the body, both volnnta,y and invo nnt.,ry. Wh.
Imlt of the jaw are principally affected it is called <>,«.«.,»
"lar langnage! lockjaw, the term tctanna being more propcrl, hn>.
"^Cler-rir' irt'wo form, o, thU di«,e, one (.™nn,atio) „,«,,
tatious.
the following:
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 763
Whattodo.-Littlecan be done, except to remove all irritating, ob
jec «, g.ve ca-Im.ng mod cines. and operate on the bowels as < rrs^,os"
: « piacr^""^ ^^^•'™^" ^'" '^ '--^ '^y '-p'--^^ the pS •:
VI. Rabies or Hydrophobia.
It seem« needless to repeat the general statements respectin.r this dis-
ease g.ven nx Ru-t II of this work, pages 398 and 399. Itt o^f o„rse
IncurabK and from Its exceedingly dangerous nature, the su pocted TJ'
mal should be immediately confined, and killed as soon as ever the svmo"
toms become pronounced. '^vurme symp-
Vn. Nervous DebiUty at Parturition
This disease must not be mistaken for parturient apoplexy or periton
How to know lt.-The pulse may be somewhat fast, but will be com
ress,ble and often weak. The udder remains soft, ani the m k L pleT
ttl^nt^r ^^^" ' -' ''-'' ^^- -^ ^« constipation,^ at:
tdV •";'' r'-'^Z' ^°- '- ^-' ^ti^^uiinCippy butrriur
food, hay tea. etc.. and remove the milk frequently from the X'
i 'H
'i m
iiS&m^^^:.
1*1 -''-'''^
It >wi.
H-[
W
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OP THE SKIN.
I. SIMPLE ECZEMA. II •
. in. KBYSIPELAS.
CHRONIC ECZEMA, OB PSORIASIS.
I. Simple Eosema.
Thi8 is a skin disease in which crops of vesicles come up, burst, run
a lUUe latery matter, dry up and heal, but while these are hcal.ng an-
other crop br'eaks out in another place. It is attended with mteuse .tch-
inff which worries the animal exceedmgly.
wC to do -Give a purgative, No. 8, repeating it after a week ; also,
a c^ngVof'Ld a':d goo/care. Let the cattle have salt at least tw.ce
a week! Bathe the affected parts frequently with lotion No. 47.
n. Chronio Eoaema, or Pfloriftsis.
When simple eczema is neglected the disease becomes chronic. The
Bkhi tWckens, get. hard, dry and sore, and cracks ^nto fissures or fur-
BKm inicKe , g ^^^^ _ ^^^ discharge contmues and be-
comes greasy, offensive and ichorous ;
and the hair gets thin and stands
straight out, or perhaps turns the
wrong way, giving the paits the up-
pearance of rat tails, by which name
the disease is often known. It is very
troublesome, frequently causing lame-
ness, and always proving hard to cure.
What to do.— Apply hot linseed
meal poultices to the affected parts till
all inflammation and soreness are
gone ; then embrocate freely with lo-
tion No. 9, using a cott6n bandage
either of the ointments Nos. 52 and 53.
III. Erysipelas.
This is a diffuse inflammaticm .. the whole thickne. of ^^
sometimes extending to the subcellular u~..^., nn^ ^■- o ^ - i
irritative fever. ^
CHRONIC ECZEMA, OB "RAT TAILS."
DISEA8KS OP THE SKIN.
765
KBYSIPELAS.
How to know It.— It is indicated by an intensely red skin, there being
moreover, no disappearance of color under pressure. The parts are hani
and internally red, but not severely swelled, but the cellular tissue is in-
jected and infiltrated, often inclining to a pustular state. The disease
terminates in resolution, suppuration or ulceration— sometimes even in
mortification and gangrene. If the head is attacked, there is danger
of a fatal termination. "
What to do.— If there is symptomatic fever and the animal is fat deple-
tion is necessary .-give No. 8 ; but if the animal's condition is the reverse
of this, give No. 13. Follow this with nitre, in half ounce doses, twice
a day. In connection with the above constitutional treatment, there
should be local applications to the inflamed part, such as lotions of lead
or ZMic. A strong solution of nitrate of silver is sometimes applied, and
with decided benefit, to the outer edge of the inflamed parts A poul-
tice of ripe cranberries is i -obably one of the best remedies for reduc-
ing the inflammation, if applied early. It is to be followed with dvcer-
•lue in which a small quantity of ammonia has been dissolved, or with
recipe No. 1.
I,"
f'1
. . 11
CHAPTER X.
PARASITIC DISEASES OP CATTLE.
WORM.
I. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Broaohitis.)
The symptoms of tUfs disease are similar to those of bronchitis. Tlie
difficulty is caused by a species of strongulus—yyorms-(Jilaria Iron.
chitis) the e<r<ra of which are swallowed in grazing. Calves, and esponully
eheep, are the°mo8t likely to be affected, for the reason that they hite
closer thaii cattle.
Howto know It.— There will be a shght, husky cough, recurring at
irre<^ular intervals. The coat will soon become staring, and the breath-
ing' more and more embaiTassed. The cough becomes more freciucnt,
and ill character more suffocating and mucous ; worms, either suigly or
rolled toffcthcr, will also be coughed up.
What to do.— Feed liberally with the soundest and most nutritious diet
possible, including linseed or cotton cake, and roots, mixing in the food
some good tonic, such as recipe No. 4. For calves, make four dowos of
the recipe. Burn turpentine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves,
and let them breath the fumes, and give them a tablespoonful of s^ulpliur
in the food once a day for two weeks.
Prevention.— This Is better than cure. The forms from v/hwh filana
bronchitis emanate are found in low, wet, undrained pastures. Hence,
keep the stock off such pastures when the trouble is found, especially
when wet with dew or rain. Do not allow animals to drink from stag-
nant ponds or pools, and look to the proper drainage of the pastures.
n. The'Oadfly and Orub ((Bstrus Bovis).
Little rounded tumors will often be found along the backs of cattle,
during late winter and spring.
These are called warbles, and
are the lairs of the larvaj of the
ox gadfly {mstrus bovis). Each
tumor contains a grub, which may
be squeezed out by pressure, some- (,„„„ ok (jaukly.
^t^.nc />ar>nr>m(r with siich force as
Sometimes it is necessary to enlarge the orifice witB
766
ox GADFLT (<E9-
TRUS BOVIS-)
to fly several feet.
,1.',
backs of cattle,
PARASITIC DISEASES OF.CATTtE. ygy
the lancet, for the more eas:^ expulsion of the irrubs Tho . . u
two forms of the insect.-tho perfect fly and t^e grub ''°^ ''^
m. Lioe.
. rj
ox LOUSE.
'^ 'uiiiiinniiniif',
E llIMIMBllltlji,',
f, "Mimnimtiti.
CALF LOUSE.
BIRD LOUSE.
Kchodecle.. I„.vi„g „„ 8„eki„„ t„|,„ ^
* .how .„ these p.ra.,-.e,, „? „„„„, v:;'l:t„0 '""'•
The
APPEABANCK OK A COW AKKKCTED WITH LICE.
f rorit^,f -^„:- --" --. «. e,pee.„,
% .re .„p„„«d ,„ b, the exji„g d '
f Texas fever; „,d whi,, a;, „,,?(„„•'
do.b«.« err„„e„„,, jt j, „„( „t„|,'i '7„^'
.that these tieks, which espectallyXt
E^'h ::'"* "^'^ "^ T-- •»«'« n„
..nt»ed north, really d„ assist in p„is„„i„„
toblood of native cattle i„ s„™ decree"
WN.Ho.„.-The re.ea, ,„r tick, consists in caref „,:;,„, ^,
768
TIIR AMERIOAN FAItMETl'S STOCK BOOK.
4 •
• • •
picking them off. For lice on cattle the following will be found among
the best remedies in use :
No. 55. }i Pound of tobacco,
1 Gallon of water.
Steep for two hours.
Wash the affected animal with this infusion thoroughly, using it waira.
rv. Tapeworm.
It is noo necessary here to go into u dissertation on the tapeworm.
The microscopic eggs (a single worm is estimated to lay as high us 25,-
000,000) are passed with the exuvise of dogs, and are taken uj) by graz-
ing stock.
One of the forms in which it exists in cattle is the cystic, found in
the muscles. The parasite which is the mature . tape-
worm is found in the bowels of the human family, and
in animals, especially dogs. The cut shows the luad of
a tapeworm of the species known as tania mediocan-
ellata.
Prevention. — Prevention of the parasites in the imma-
ture form in stock consists in destroying all cxin ia' of
dofs in pastures, wherever fciund. Once entysU'd in
animals, there is no remedy. For prevention of tape-
worm in the human family, eat no meat, not even
smoked meat, without thorough cooking.
V. Mange.
There are a number of parasitic insects which attach themselves to ill-
conditioned cattle, producing itching. The latter is intensely aggravated
in hot weather. A species of dermatocoptes, similar to the itch or scab
insect, is the most prolific cause of this class
of affections. There is also a microscopic
insect, the gamasus of musty-hay, which
sometimes infests the skin of animals feed-
ing thereon. The cut shows the last named
insect highly magnified. Treat about the
same as for mange in the horse. (Sec page
435).
VI. Ringworm.
This is somewhat common in cattle, show-
OA1IASU8 OF MUSTY FODDEK. jng as a greater or less number of round bald
, ^^j ...uu -bU" un..1«a. «tul surrounded with bristly or splithairs
which are scabbed around the^roots, with some eruption on the skin.
HEAD OF TAPE-
WOUM OOT BY
EATlNa BEF.F.
ising it waim.
PARASmc BI8EA8K8 OF CATTLE.
The microscope shows it to be
™"!f fr": ""^ '^"'■--1 to unotlLr^''""' '""'*^- '' - readily trans-
What to do.— Clip off the hnin ^
to remove .„ .„»,. f.^^n'tTX^X ":Z tV""" """ "'-•
1 Ounce oil of tar,
3 Ounces glycerine.
Mix,
Repeat the application once u H
leaving may be used in the same waj: """^ '"'''^- ^^' "-'ead. the fo],
Xo, 57. 1 n
Mix, '
Rub well in once a day.
1. 1
i
f M
r5l
CHAPTER XI.
DISEASES OF THE EYE.
1 OPHTHALMIA OH CONJUNCTIVITIS. II. FUNGUS II^MATODES, OR BLEEDINO CAN-
■ CEB. 111. TORN EYELIDS. IV. INVERSION AND EVERSION OF THE EYELIDS.
' v. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE EYE.
I. Ophthalmia or Conjunctivitis.
As a rule, cattle are subject to but few dis ases of the eye, the most
common being simple soreness or inflammation of the conjunctiva (lining
of the lids), from the introduction of foreign bodies, exposure to cold
winds, scratching of thorns, or blows from horns of other cattle, or else
from kicks or some similar violence on the part of the attendants.
How to know It. — There is swelling and congestion of the lids ; weq>
ing, the tears running down over the cheek ; shaking and hanging of the
head ; refusal of food ; suspension of rumination, etc. On examination, it
will be found that the eye is kept closed ornearly so, and is very rod ; and
the small bloud-vessels of the eye-ball are enlarged and injected. The in-
flammation may extend to the internal parts of the eye, and pus may gather
and fall to the bottom of the anterior chamber, forming a whitish yellow-
spot. Cataract may result from this, or, at least, opacity from the for-
mation of a white film over the surface of the eyeball (cornea).
What to do. — Give a mild purgative, No. 8. Bathe the eye with warm
milk and water, half and half, several times a day, and apply the follow-
ino- lotion with a camel's hair brush directly to the eyeball and all other
parts, several times a day.
No. 58. 2 Grains sulphate of atropla,
l.Ounce water,
Mix.
After the active inflammation is subdued, apply the following lotion in
addition to the other treatment, which should still be continued :
So. 59.
10 Grains nitrate of silver,
1 Ounce water,
Mix.
Ar"^ly directly to the eyeball, morning and night, with a camel's hair
brusl mtinue this till all opacity is gone, that is, till the white half-
moon jpot at the bottom of the anterior chamber is absorbed, ^^
770 -^ ^ '
DISEASES OF THE EVE.
771
FUNGUS H^MATODES.
n. Fungus HsBmatodes. or Bleeding Cancer.
This is a cancerous •Towth fli.it ..,..,, i i
but is ospccia,,, apt ^f::l^z:z tt ;!;:::z ^^^ °' ^^^ ^^^^
ingalarge. spongy, fungus-like ,,X;;:"*'''>^'"=*hat organ, and form-
eucethat bleeds upon the s ightest in-
jury, in fact almost upon a mere touch.
What to do.— When the exact nature
of the disease is recognized, the eye
should bo dissected out, and the animal
fitted for the butcher as speedily as pos-
sible. The operation is the same as
that described under .- Extirpation of
the Eye m the Horse department. (See page 456).
ni. Tom Eyelids.
A,s in everything of the nature of a - blemish " „ • •
of less consequence iu cattle than in the ho" Stil!" b^".^ '" '^'. '^^ "
sel-.„terest dictate that it should not be r^e'lectd t '"""" X'"^
eyelids,_an accident that niav h-mnpn J,, , ^'^^^^"^^ ^» » case of torn
neatly together, and sew tlZ X'^ rr"r^'T;'""«" ^'^^ ^^»-
with a weak carbolic or other healil i". P ''' *''"'" afterwards
three times a day as long an,ecetr^.'"''"P^^^'"^^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ^- -
IV. Inversion and Eversion of the Eyelids.
Ihese are more of an annovanco tb..,, .. . ■
very frequent occurrence in cltt le tI r t T"- '^'"'' ^"' ""'^ "°* °^
-d e^tropinr., respectively, u. de" wh.ch tl ev h ," ""' "" ^"^^«^^'"-
Horse department, on page 428 to ST 7 ^"-'^ ^^^""'^'^^ '"t^^^
are identical with what'oc^lists ;re often^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 7'""'- ^^^^
subject. ^'^"^^ "" to treat in the human
V. Foreign Substances in the Eye
Hayseed, hair, or other foreign particles in x\.
great annoyance, and often real surrnrll?' '^' '^'"'^^'^ ««^-«io«
by keeping the eye partly closed il ? ^' ^''^ ^"'"^'^^ "'*'! "^'^"^fest
awjT. Anything of'th^S^^^^^^^
well secured, so that the operator will un no r.sk T' ' ' ""'f '""^
horns. The method of procednre as also V k "^^"^ f'-«m the
be similar to that describ'ed ^^^'^r^ZtZ^'' '''"'"'''''' ^"^
CHAPTER XII.
ACCIDENTS, ETC.
CHOKING.
SPRAINS.—
II. FRACTURES.
-VI. WENS.
-III. WOUNDS.
-IV. DISLOCATIONS V.
In this chapter we shall treat of the more common accidents, such as
every stock-man is called on to face more or less frequently ever} yeur.
They often require immediate attentioi,, and even if a veterinary sur-
geon is within reach it will in many cases be very desirable to take a half
dozen stitches or so, while waiting for him.
, I. Choking.
This is a common accident where roots are fed, and it may happen on
anv *irm in the fall, if the cattle have access to apples, etc. Tho im-
perfectly chewed turnip or apple sticks in the gullet, (which in cuttle is
small), and resists all the animal's efforts to dislodge it.
How to know It— There is always tympanitis ; the head is extciuled
and neck stretched out ; saliva drools from the mouth ; the aninml mani-
fests restlessness and pain; she keeps chewing and making fro(iucnt
efforts to swallow ; and an anxious expression is seen on the countenance.
Death may follow, either from suffocation or from rupture of the dia-
phragm. , , , , ,
What to do —Ascertain if the object is m the throat or neck, and if
it is place a balling iron in the mouth, (or a plow clevis may be used, pro-
vided it will open the mouth wide enough to allow the hand to be inserted ) ;
have the head steadied, and insert your hand and take it out. An assist-
ant to manipulate the obstruction on the outside, and push it up against
you will facilitate its removal wonderfully. If it cannot be reached, tip
the paunch with the trochar and cannula, to evacuate the gas ; (see ™t.<.
on pac^es 725 and 726) ; then pass down the probang, and with .steady,
jrentle^force push it through into the stomach. In the absence of a pro.
bancr, a strong, three-quarter inch rope may be used. Dip it in hot v'atcr
and^oil it ; then pass it down, twisting occasionally with the tw.st of the
rope. Even, gentle pressure on the probang will make the olrstruction
yield in a few minutes.
n. Prftctures.
As a rule, a broken bone is more easily repaired in the case of cattle
than in horses, owing to their being muic auKt. r .... .a.es m- -i..
772
OCATIONS.
ACCIOENTH, ETC.
778
I.rokeii clear off. In Hi.ni.Ie fvnoZ \ "^ """^ '''"^ ^"<^ °«t
nny co.p,ieatio„. ; i„ J^^ r;:; ^^J^;';;'" I^ '"^'" ^'^"""^
through the flesl.. and protrude ; iu loZix U U u "'' ^"""*'
many small pieces. comp'«x, thu bone is shattered into
How to know It.— The onlv relLihio f^cf u
N ,l,e „„„„,,.„,„ „„.,i,i„n of L ;" ; ,7:,: 7''''°,*"'' ■' «»Pl«cemc,«.
l.ono u,,„„ „„„th„,., that ,„„y bX Jwh , th^ ■; "" ^^'"''"^ °' °""
-^ "^"^" ^^"cn the parta are moved.
TRANSVEnSE ANU OBt.QUK FKACTURE8 OF BONE.
What to do.— In case of u broken Ie<r (hv far tl,« ^ .
tare in cattle), place the 1,„mp, i., „• •." ^^ '""^' common frac
on a plaster o'f' p'aris baliirto :, T tl'r '^ T ^"'.^^"''«' ^"^ ^"^
ill place. In the absence of plaster of Par J f T J"""'"'" ^^' P'"'^^
water and fitted to the le. may be u Ld ^""^^'' ^''''^''' «"^'«»«d ^'^h
the animal as quiet as posTwe r '""d't on with a bandage. Keep
...rail, fata;! on aceo^ J^. iS^Hr^jr: ^ '''
--, , , in. Wounds.
MANr.TAr.KD BAKDAOE KOU .AHOE LACKRA^O ANB OPEN WOUKB8.
I',' i
K^4
^1
i 'I
fl4
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
Bandages .should bo kept scrupulou^jly clean, by washing them (.nc« or
twice a day and bathing them with recipe No. 9, When the wound is
well filled up, apply No 1, with No. 2 occasionally.
IV. Dialooationa.
CattI" tire peculiarly liable tn dislocation of the piitelhi. It slips off on
the ouuide when the leg is back of a perpendicular position, and the uni-
mal is unable to bring it forward. This is well shown in the accompjuiy.
DISLOCATION OP THE FATELLA.
ing illustration. It is best reduced by pulling the foot forward with &
rope passed around the pastern, and pushing inwards on the stifle bone
(patella), when it will snap in, and locomotion can be resumed at once.
SIMPLE METHOU OF PREVENTING A HECURRENCE OF DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA.
In the first few instances, the joint is injured, so that conHiderable
swelling takes place and causes groat lameness, but after a few disloctt-
tions it slips in and out easily.
Whai to do—Fasten the leg forward with the rope passed around the
neck as 'seen in the annexedcut. Foment the joint with hot water
ACCIDENTS, ETC.
770
No. 60.
Rub well in.
1 Ounce powtliTcd ountharlUeH
4 Ounceg lurd, '
Mix.
V". Sprains.
Tho best troiitineiit for snruins ia f« f^. ^ ^,
m s iuegar throe tiuaen a day d pi th' T M "' T'^' ''"' ^^"'«^ °'
it in tlioroughly : ' ^ ' ^ '''" follow,,,^, liniment, rubbing
^°' ^^' a Ounces tincture unilua.
1 Ounce alcohc),
1 Ounce turpentine,
1 Ounce liiuJauuni,
1 Ounce liquor anu .ouj,.
Water to make one in. t
Mix.
If practicable, bandage tolerably tight. Give , * .;n fl, i
all gone. >'«=''• '^"ve 1* ♦til tli« lameness is
VI. Wens.
These are hard, fibrous tumors rom.lf in, . n .,
oxen, ' '*'» "'?'' fnid jaws of
of dis«ecth,/them out tL ''' , ^"^' '''" ''" "^ '*">' "'^^ «fa"rt
CHAPTER XIII.
OPERATIONS.
T n AVriNO THE CHEST, AND TAPl'lNO THE BELl.Y. II. TRACnEOTOM\. III. TAP-
M^l THE K TMKN a^^^^^^ '^- "I'MENOTOMY. V. CASTUATION.
vrsPAYiml-— Vn. TAPPING THE BLAl.DEK OE THE OX OK Bri.I,,— VIII.
^7uKESAN»BrNUAOES.— .X. C^SAHIAN OPEUAT.ON.— X. BI.EE1..N..
I. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the BeUy.
The first of thcoo operations (paracentesis thoracis) has for its object
the removal of water from the chest in hydrothorax. Clip off theiiair
' from a spot about three inches back
of the joint of the dhow, and on a
level with it. Make an incision
through the skin and mnschs to a
depth of about two inches, being
careful to locate it so that it shall
pass between two ribs, and notion
close to the posterior aspect of the
anterior one of thetwo-abont midway if possible. Then pass in the
trocharand cannula, withdraw the trochar, and leave the cannula to
act as a spout for the water. If lymph or other substance clogs the hole,
MAKING THE INCISION WITH THE KNIFE
THE FtUlD FI.OWINO FROM THE CHEST THHOUGH THE CANNl'LA.
push it awav with a whalebone probe. The other side may he tapped in
the Haine wa;.'. The trochar for this operation should be about aquart«r
of an inch .n di^zuetcr.
776
OPERATIONS.
777
5 CANNt'I.A.
peri.oniti.. Make I^ZZ^u^Z^ '^I-naion, to o,„pt^ tho hell^. i„
the navol. U,so the sZ^^Z^XTT' "" "' "" ''^'"^ ^"^^ '-^"k "^
i.Kl-. In either of uZo2^^^ .th " h" •"' ^' '"*'"'' *''^" *-
the hole will eloso without u^!; aid ' "-trumentis withdrawn
n. Tracheotomy.
Tills is the insertion of n tnl.o ;« ^k • i .
Buffoeatio... It is ideUic-U tma ho "'''"''' " ''^^'^'^ "^ ^'^'-^^-d
scribed on page 4(il. "'"•" ^^'^'^ <'>« "''""« "P«ration on the horse, de-
m. Tapping the Rumen (Paunoh) for Hoven
IiKsertthetrochar.M'iuch may l,c a lar.ro one ^*nf . • ,• ,
ter). i„ the eenter of a triangle n.ade ..; h s ^rl^ '"^ "• ''""'^'■
of the hip and the ends of tlL trunsversf pn^t^' '^ ! r^?''"'- ^--^
on the loft side. Point it downward and ' rd o li ' "'■';' ■^'"""
P.>ss directly into the paunch, which grows thlofr^' "" '' "'"
in this vicinity. PuU out the trocl.Mr . ^"^ ""'-''' ''"^ ""'/
the cannula. ' (See the a^i': :;:;.';:;;;.:';:: ^l^^" ^^^^^ ^''-"^^
rv. Rumenotomy.
This Is an operation to empty the naund. i., ,m.u„ t
Ibotmnslo described i„ tl,„ la»t arlide o'L / '"f'^° ''»"• '■■"">
pages 7i'.> iind 727), „„d m„T. , ' ° ''" ""'"• f*" '■"ts on
™»„gl, t„ insert tl/e 2 :n2,Ube'^r """""f "" '"" """■"' '"■•«''
•dgo et Ibe .vomul, l„ keep tl.o latter ITJt, "'""' ""' ''"''"
rtl, the baud. Wben „eariv c„,nf7 " """'"^ "'" l«""'»l'
-«■«■. <-cwit„„,;i',rei:'tt:™" i::''" f- ^« »'■ ««'
V. Castration.
out, whoM the tunics uvxy be cut frn .i • ^'**' *'^'^'^'^^' >«tting it
'-^i*. -Hi the tes 11?'^, d\ " V '""'"""' "' *'^« «-' "f the
Pour a little cold wate in oM ""''/^"""^ '^"''^^ the spermatic cord.
-y he castrated d . tkTa "' "l' '^' "" ^'^'^ "^'^ ^'^^ '>»"
-^ lot the testicle o^ /'the tu^e oTo^ r'"''. '"'• ^'"^"^ *^^^^-'«'
tell up town ' ''"* °^ t^'« C"'-*^ with the ecrasour
which may b
778
THE AMEUICAN lAKMEIl's STOCK BOOK.
VI. Spaying.
This is an operation on tlie female to remove the ovaries, and corres-
pond, to castration of the nude. In young, small he.fers it is best done
I tl>e tlank. Lay the heifer on her left side with the ogs stretdu- 1 h.k.
Clip off the hair from the angle between the pon,t <.f the h.p and as nl. :
nmke an incision, running up and down, large cnougli lo adnut he hand;
pass the hand into the abdominal cavity and hnd he w<mil, ; follow up
a horn of the womb till the ovary is reached, pull the ovary out, and
either cut or twist it off , -preferably the latter, to avoid bleedu... f
cut off, the artery should be twisted, to arre.t the hemorrhage. 1.
parts are put back, and the other ovary .s brought up and operated on
similarly This one may be more difficult to brmg out, but gentle trac-
tion will acco.nplish it. Select warm pleasant weather for th.s operuUon,
to avoid chilling the i.it^stines. Great care should be taken to keep
everything as ckmn as possible, as hair en- other foreign part Kles. u.tro-
duced into tiie belly, n.ight cause fatal peritomt.s. Stitch up the .-AU of
the belly first; then the skin with cat-gut, interrupted sutures. Dress
the w(mnd witli loti(m No. 9. „..,••• ,1 wu
. Cows are best operated on standing. Make the mc.sion through the
ui,,,cr wall of the vagina <-lose to the os uteri, large enough to introduce two
fiv^ers, by which the ovaries are pulled out and excised w.tli au ecra-
seur A couple of stiches may be taken in the wound Dress >t after-
v,"ds with loti<.n N<,. 47, twice a day. Feed lightly for a day or two
before the operation, and give bran mashes for a few dap after, f p.n-
tonitissots in, (which, however, it is not very hkely to do), treat it
according to the directions for that disease.
VII. Tapping the Bladder ol the Ox or BuU.
When it is necessary to draw off tlie urine of the male, an opening
must be made at the point where the penis turns over the angle of the
pelvis, and the catheter introduc-ed as seen m the annexed cut. Tli ■
cSn should be made very carefully, and no larger than rea Iv , ces-
y to introduce the instrument. Dress the wound with No ., tw,.
d V It will be advis.ble to take a stitch in it, of course. Il.e eun ...
ui urethral canal (sec cut on page 737) is what makes tns operation
nteslary, as it renders the introduction of a catheter by the pen.
impossible. ^ ^ ^ ^^
^ VIII. Sutures and Bandages.
Sutures are used in sewing wounds, wlienever they are longer than half
ouiurcsui ^^^ ^ „,..,„....n o,i ;o c.;il. ^io.,i,l«H o-iceortw.ce.to
t. Silver wii-fl
rrv..
OPKRATIONS.
779
may he used Jmt hns no special advantages over the silk. Pass the needle
Inough he sk,n about half an inch back from the edge and t looseW
jeavnig the ends about half an inch lonc^. looseiy,
OPERATION FOK KEMOVINO URINE FROM THE OX.
Bandages are particularly useful in cases Of wounds on the le^s since
there the .utches wil almost invariably pull out, unless thus roinf^r "d
The many- a.led bandage shown on page 773 i« very useful. For fu ther
details see the correspondmg article in the Horse department.
IX. The CsBsarian Operation.
This is resorted to for the delivorv of tlio /...If • *i
right .idc. .,„, ,.„ i„„i,i„„ „„de i„ the ute™,,;„,„,V 'o, °.at „ ' t
13 seldom resorted to, for obvious reasons.
X. Bleeding.
A cord is passed around the neck, and
tied tight enough to raise the vein, over
which a fleam is held and struck with the
blood-stick. When sufficient blood has been
taken, remove the cord and close the wound
with a twisted ("figure 8") suture.
The article on Bleeding, in the Horse do.
partment, should be read in connection with
the foregoing directions. ox prepared for bleeding.
4!
CHAPTER XIV.
RECIPES FOB CATTT.E.
As a matter of convenience to the reader to whom time will oft.n l.e
precious in treating his sick stock, we add this chapter, recapitul.tu.. all
our prescriptions for cattle.
No. 1. HEALlNd I.OTION.
Sugar of lead, 1 ounce,
Carbolic acid, 2 drachms,
Laudanum. 1 ounce.
Water to make 1 pint, i
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
No. 2.
ANTISEPTIC LOTION.
Carbolic acid, 1 part,
Olive oil, 8 parts,
Mix.
Apply three times a day.
No. 6. LINIMENT FOR KIIEUMATISM.
Laudanum, 1 ounce,
Spirits camplior, 1 ounce,
Turpentine, 1 ounce,
Water to malse 1 pint,
Mix.
Apply three times a day with fric-
tion, and bandage.
No. 3.
No. 4.
ANTISEPTIC DRENCH.
Nitro-muriatic acid, 1 drachm,
Bi-chromate potash, ^^ grains,
Chlorate potash, 2 drachms,
Water, hi P*»t,
Mix.
Give as one dose two or tlu-ee times
a day.
TONIC I'OWUER.
Copperas, % ounce, •
Oil-cake, a handful,
Powder and mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat morn-
ing and night.
No. 7.
No. 8.
TONIC DRENCH.
Gentian root, 1 ounce,
Ginger, % ounce.
Oatmeal gruel, 1 quart,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and ifpeat tliree
times a day for two weeks.
MILD PURGATIVE.
Epsom salts, 12 ounces.
Ginger, 1 ounce,
Gentian, 1 ounce,
Syrup, 4 ounces.
Water to make 2 quarts,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 9.
No. 5.
POWDER FOR RHEUMATISM.
Colchicum, 2 drachms,
Nitrate of potash, 2 drachms,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat night
and morning lor a week.
780
CARBOLIC LOTION.
Carbolic acid, }i ounce,
Water, 1 pint,
Mix.
Apply two or tliree tiiiios .t day; in
case of a surface srirc. l)iml on a
sponge wet with the lotion.
HECIPES FOB CATTLE.
781
No. 10. ALTEKATIVE AND STIMULATINO
DRENCH.
Iodide potash, 2 drachms,
Whiskey, 2 oiincea,
Powdered einehona, 1 ounce,
Gruel, 1 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat tliree
times a day.
will ofini lie
ipiluhiliiig all
lEr.MATI.'^M.
No. 11.
TONIC POWDER.
Saccharized carbonate of iron, 2drs.
Powdered (unchona bark, 2 drs..
Mix.
Give as one dose ; repeat morning
uiid night.
KO. 16. A OAUr.LE.
Chlorate of potash, 1 ounce,
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Inject a little into the throat as a
gargle several times a day.
No. 17.
No. 12. Tl-KPENTINE DRENCH.
Oil ttn-pentine, 1 ounce,
Liuseed oil, ^ pint,
Mix.
Give as one c.ose, repeat three
times a day.
MIXTURE FOR DIAKUHfEA.
Infusion of quassia, 1 pint,
Laudanum, 1 ounce.
Sulphuric ether, )^ ounce.
Cold, thin gruel, 1 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat, if nec-
essary.
No. 18.
. and repeat thred
• two weeks.
No. 13. . ONI C DRENCH.
TiiR'ture muriate of iron, % ounce.
Tincture cinchona, 1 ounce.
Water, 2 ounces,
Mix.
Give as one dose; repeat three
times a day, between the doses
of No. 12.
FEVER MIXTURE.
Spirits nitre, 3 ounces.
Tincture aconite root, 2 drachms,
Fluid extract bellsidonna, >^ oz.,
Nitrate potash, 2 ounces,
Muriate of amuionia, 2 ounces,
Water to make 1 (juart.
Mix.
Give half a teacupful every two or
three hours till better.
No. 14. AMMONIA LINIMENT.
Li(iiior (»f ammonia, 1 ounce,
Oil of lurpentine, 1 ounce,
Linseed oil, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Rub well in to the face and head
once a day.
Xo. 15
liree liiiies .; (iay;in
'ace sniv. Imiii oa a
vith the lotion,
SILVER LOTION.
Nitrate of silver, 10 grains,
WutiT, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Apply twice ;i day with a camfci's
hiiir brush.
No. li>. TONIC AND ALTERATIVE POWDER.
Nitrate of potash, 2 drachms.
Gentian root (powdered), 2 drs.,
Ginger, 1 drachm,
Mix.
Give as one dose ; repeat morning
and night for a week.
No. 20. STIMULATING DRENCH.
Infusion of gentian, >^ pint.
Ginger, 1 drachm,
Carbonate of ammonia, 1 drachm,
Syrup, 2 ounces.
Watei , >^ pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat tliree
times a day.
No. 21. TONIC POWDER.
Sulphate of iron (copperas), U drs.,
Gentian, 2 drachms,
Ginger, 1 drachm,
Fcenugreek seed, 1 drachm,
Powder and mix.
Give us one dose, and repeat morn-
ing and night for a week or two.
V
/ \
782
THE AMERICAN TAKMBB'S STOCK BOOK.
No. 22. A GA:i"i.i:.
Cliloran uf potash, 2 ounces,
Wat«i cuart.
Mix.
Shoot back into the throat, as a
gargle, several times a day h'!1)i
a syringe.
/
No. 23. FEVER MIXTURE.
Mindererus' spirit (acetate of am
monia), 2 ounces,
Tincture aconite root, 20 drops.
Water, }4 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat everj'
two hoiu!' till better.
No Si. ClOCGH MSXTtTRW.
Gum camp; f ■, ^ drachma.
Saltpetre, 4 nu'hini.
Spirits of nitt^, 't our ■£,
Water (or ^rucli. J iilisl,
Mix !i9 dSrec £.' '".-ilmx.
Dissolve the Ciir',)i.i!- la the nitre,
aii'l add •htr waUir (or gruoi) and
saltiietie, smd give as one dose.
Kepeal every four or six hours.
No. 28. ANTACID rOWDEU.
Bl-ciirbonate of soda, 3 draclims,
Gentian, 2 drachms.
Ginger. 2 draclims,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repiut ii. ru-
ing and night.
No. 29. ASTRINGENT DIIENCK,
Prepared clu.'.k, 1 our.. .
Powdered Ciiu'chii, jij oi.ncc
Powdered ging"v, 2 dr:u ii!i\-,
Po» c't'red opium, }■: dnicluii,
' Pepp:*T!!iint water, i-i pint.
Give frsm tw to four tai)li'fipoon-
fuls, li't'orti-ng tn th>'. Aw of the
calf, inorniiig aui niijht.
No. 30. ASTRINGENT tJUKNCII.
Tincture of catechu, 2 omiecs,
Tincture of cardamoms, 2 oiincps.
Carbonate of soda. 2 dnu'lmis.
Mix.
Divide into two ti) four doses, !U'-
cording to age of ariimiil, ;ui(l j{ivc
one of them moiiiiug and night.
No. 25. HF.AI.ING LOTION.
Vinegar, 1 ounce.
Honey, 2 ounces,
Water, >i pint,
Mix.
Apply tliree or four times a day.
-1
\
No. is. POWERFUL, PURGATIVE.
Epsom salts, 1% pounds.
Ginger, 2 ounces.
Gentian, 2 ounces.
Calomel, 2 drachms,
Croton oil, 20 drops,
Syrup, I pint.
Warm water, 2 quarta.
Mix.
GJve as one dose.
No. 27. STIMULATING DRENCH.
Liquor ammonia, 1 ounce.
Warm ale, 1 quart,
Essence of ginger, }4 ounce,
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 31. ASTRINGENT DREN' II.
Powdered opium, 3^ urmhm,
Tincture of cardamoias. 1 ounce,
Sulphuric ether, 3 dravhtns,
Linseed tea (or starch gruel) 1 pint.
Mix.
Divide into six doses; give one
night and morning.
No. 32. ALTERATIVE DRENCH.
Tincture of rluibarl). 4 ounces,
Powdered ginger, 2 dracliius,
Warm gruel, 4 ounces,
Mix.
Give as one dose, and follow it with
some doses of No. 30 or Itl.
No. 33. ASTRINGENT DRENCH.
Prepared chalk, Ijj oinx-es,
Powdered catechu, 2 diaciuns,
Powdered opium, *a dnicluu,
Pi rtderod gentian. 2 druehms,
Starch gruel, 1 • int
Mix.
Give as one dr . rvj.. sat in iwcul/-
four >urs 1 uecessury.
'ii'm
KKCII'KS FOR CATTr.K.
783
:)ER.
soda, 3 (IracliniH,
lIUS. .
ns,
, andrp(ir,.i >■..■ m-
IlENCH.
1 our, '. .
Iiii, 3a oinrc,
V, 2 driK ii'i\«,
II, ,'j dnicluii,
;er, }i pint.
to four tahlospoon-
g til thii ,\w. of the
iiu'i tiight.
JUKNOII.
^I'hii, 2 ouiu'cs,
laiiioins, 2 ounces,
da. 2 drachiiis.
> to four (loses, iu'-
3of iiiiitimKuiui^ive
moriiiug and nigliu
DKEK' 11.
im, 3^ (irachin,
rdamotns, 1 ounce,
r, ;5 dravliiiis,
•stariili fjniel) Ipiiit.
ix dosps.
orninji;.
give one
DRENCH.
iibaft), 4 oimces,
gcr, 2 dracliiiw,
I ounces,
lae, and follow it with
of No. :»0 or 31.
• DRENCH.
Ik, Ij.i ounces,
«fhu, 2 driiclniis,
lum, }i dnidiiii,
ntlan. 2 diuchms,
1 •,hr>\.
r . r«jj ifat in tweulf*
i aecessury.
No. 34. A.STKINfJENT DKENCH.
Powdered opium, 2 drachms.
Powdered f<tarch. 4 ounces,
Sulphuric ether. I ounce.
Cold ale, 1 pint,
Mix.
Give as one dose. By .substituting
tepid water for the ale. it may be
advanUigeously used as an Injec-
tion.
I Vo. 40.
No. 3.1 ASTUINGENT DRENCH.
Tannic acid, ^ drachm.
Powdered opium, 1 drachm,
Powdered gentian, 1 ounce,
Warm ale, 1 pint.
Mis.
(Jive as one dose.
No. 41,
No. 3«. ALTEliATIVK DRENCH.
f'alomrl, 1 drachm.
Powdered oiiiuiu, 2 drachms.
Gruel, 1 quart.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
J^riMtTLATINf} SUBCUTANEOUS
1N.JECTH)N.
Strychnine, 4 grains.
Spirits of wine. 1 oiin(!e,
Sult)huric acid, (i drops.
Mix.
When dissolved, inject from ten to
twenty drops under the skin.
ANODYNE FEVER MIXTURE,
Camphor. 2 drachms,
Sulphuric ether, }4 ounce,
Acetiile of ammonia. 4 ounces, (as
directed below).
Mix,
Di.Si»olve the camphor in the sul-
phi.rie ether, and then add the
acetale of ammonia. Give as
one dose in jilc or jjruel.
No. 42,
No. 37. ALTERATIVE DRENCH.
Kpsom salts. 7 ounces.
Powdered opium, 2 drachms,
Powdered gentian. 2 drachms,
Gruel, 1 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
No. 43.
No. 3K. ANTISEPTIC MIXTURE.
Chloride of lime, }^ ounce.
Tincture of arnica, ^ ounce,
Sulphuric ether, 1 ounce,
Stjirch gruel, 2 quart*,
Mix,
Give half by the moutli and half
by injection.
FEVER MIXTI RE.
Miudererus' spirit, 3 ounces,
Tincture aconite root, 20 drops.
Linseed tea. 1 pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose, and repeat every
two hours till better.
.STIMULATING DKENCH.
Sulphuric acid. 2 drachms.
Tincture of cardamoms, l ounce.
Water. II pint.
Mix.
Give as one dose.
N0.3'J. STHON(} IN.IECTION.
Linseed oil. 1 pint.
Oil turpentine, 4 ounces.
CrotoM oil. 30 drops.
Warm water. 1 (juart.
Soft fiiiap, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Rentiat tliree times u day as an !n=
iection. till a full purgative ac-
tion is <'ot.
50
No. 44. ANTILITIIIC IN.IECTION,
Hydrochloric acid. 1 drachm,
Wat«r, },■', pint.
Mix.
Inject into the bladder.
No, 45. ACID DKENCH.
Hydrochloric acid. 20 drops,
Gentian, 3 drachms.
Oat meal gruel. 1 pint.
Mis.
Give as one dose, and repeat it
momingaud night for a few days.
'.' »
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" 1-11
SISi!"TI
784
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
No. 40. ANTACID POWDER.
Bi-earboimto dodti, ,'g pouud,
GtMitliiti, 4 oimnes,
Linseed iiieiil, "2 pounds,
Mix.
Give two tiil)les.poonful9 morning
and niglit for two or ti»ree wcelis.
No. 47. ANTI!<KPTIC INJECTION.
Carl)oilc! auid, }i ounce,
Water, '2 galioii.
Mix.
Use as injection twice a day.
No. 48. ANODYNE DUENCII.
Ciiloral liyilrate, 1 ounce.
Water, I pint.
Mix.
vllve as one dose; repeat, If neces-
sary, in lialf an hour.
No. 49. HEALING LOTION.
Spirits of camplior, 4 ounces,
Sugar of lead, 1 ounce,
Sulpliate of zinc, 2 drachms,
Soft water, I (piart.
Mix.
Bathe tlie parts once a day.
/
^
No. 63. A8THINOENT OINTMENT,
Tannic acid, i^ounce,
Carbolic acid, 1 draclun,
liard, 4 ounces,
Mix.
Apply twice a day.
No. 54. NERVINE AND ALTEKATIVU.
Nux vomica, 2 drachms.
Saltpetre, }i ounce.
Mix.
Give as one dose, repeatiiif; ii morn.
ing and night for a moiitli.
No. .').')
LOTION FOR LICE.
Tobacco, }'Q Pound,
Water, 1 gallon.
Steep for two hours.
Apply warm.
No. 50. MIXTURE FOR RINGWOKM.
Tincture of iodine, i ounces,
Oil of tar, 1 ounce,
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Rub well in once a day.
No. 50. SOFTENING LOTION.
Gum camphor, 4 ounces,
Olive oil, 1 pint.
Mix.
Kub well in three times a day.
No. 51. ANTISEl'TIC POWTDER.
Sulphite soda, 1 ounce,
Nitrate potash, 2 drachms.
Mix.
Give as one dose in a bran mash;
repeat morning and night for a
weelc.
No. 52. ASTRINGENT OINTMENT.
Alum, 1 ounce.
Carbolic acid, 1 draohm,
Lard, 4 ounces.
Powder the alum and mix.
App'iy twice a day.
No. 57.
MIXTURE FOR RINGWORM.
Solution iodo-broniide of (mIcIuh
compound, 1 ounce.
Water, 3 ounces.
Mix.
Kub well in once :* 1. y.
No. 58. EYE WASH.
Sulphate of atropia. 2 jjriiiu.^.
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Apply several times a day with s
camel's hair brusli.
No. 69. EYE WASH.
Nitrate of sliver, 10 grains.
Water, 1 ounce,
Mix.
Apply directly to the eyeball, more-
ing and night, with h cftujel's
nalr brush.
1-.
dose, repeatiiij; ii morn,
light for a inontli.
FOB KINGWOKM.
f iodine, 2 ounces,
1 ounce,
2 ounces,
In once a, day.
'. FOR RINUWORM.
lodo-broinide of calcium
ind, 1 ounce,
ounces.
veral times ii day with a
J liair brusli.
van.
)f silver, 10 gniiiis,
ounce,
ireclly 10 tlic eyeball, moffi-
nd night, with a cftOiel'J
rush.
RECIPES FOR CATTLE,
KO. 60. FLT BLISTER.
Powdered cantharldes, 1 ounce,
liiinl, 4 ounces,
Mix.
IJub well in.
No. lil. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS.
'llncture arnica, 3 ounces.
Alcohol, 1 ounce,
785
Turpentine, 1 ounce,
Laudanum, 1 ounce.
Liquor ammonia, 1 ounce,
Water to make one pint.
Mix.
If practicable, bandage tolerably
tight. Give rest tlU the lameness
ia all gone.
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1
PART V.
SWINE.
fflSTOKY, MAN^AGEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.
''5 J
"NSt ', X
n^
"^•jri
SWINE.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY AWD STATISTICS OP SWUHS.
1. ORIGIN AND ANTIQmiT OP THE HOO it -raw « . ™,,™
.11. «W,NE OF EUROPE. ASIA^ANrAFRICAl-™!'^^^^^ ~
V. TEETH OF THE HOO. VI. BROTOHT TO aI.JL^VI'J^^^^ ^^ ECROPE
TH^r^oKEAT 8WIKE rBo.uoiNo sr7^^-%7n.'Z1^^r!^c^''^^rr^V^:
I. Origin and Antiqnity of the Hog.
The original countiy of the hog, like that of the other domesticated
animals of the farm ,8 lost in the obscurity of the past. Yet, ever since
history began the hog has been known in a wild state in Asia, Africa and
mEurope That the hogs , f all these countries have a common ol^n"!
shown by the fac that they all belong to the same scientific classification,
ms scrofa, and also by the more important fa.i that they are all fertile
together, and continue to produce fertile offspring, from generation to
jjeneration. °
The great antiquity of swine is shown by the fact that fossil remains
have been found ,n the tertiary and diluvial deposits of Europe ; and fos-
«.!« of a species closely allied to them have been found in as ancient de-
^s.ts m India Whatev,.- their oiigin may have been, their aptitude for
taking care of themselves in a wild state-for they are both flesh and
vefretnble fceders-and their great fecundity would soon have enabled
ihem to overrun large territories.
n. The KativeAmerioan Species.
While the original of the domesticated hog was only found in Asia.
A nc. and Europe, yet allied native species are found in Americaln
:T ^'l^.P'^'ynesian groups, and the other Pacific islands, swme were
I r: T 'r«?"^^^.^*^r '^ "^"•^^'^ p^^^^- '^•^^ -- - tme «"
wir;,.!', f'"^ ?r'' ^"'^ ^''^ "°*' ^« »^«"«^«. continuously fertile
791
T^aWMi...
792
THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
i
m. Swine ol Europe, Asia and Africa.
While it is a fact, as previously stated, that the swiue of Europe, Asia
and Africa have a common origin, there is no means of knowing how or
when they were tirst introduced. The probability, however, is tluifc they
spread 8i)ontaueously over these countries ; for the original forest cover.
nig rendered the means of migration easy to them, since thick timber and
alfthe lands along streams furnish their natural feeding grounds.
IV. The Wild Hogs of Europe.
Li matters little, pnictically, how any of the farm animals originated.
or how they were naturally disseminated over the earth ; though to
savants, of course, the question is curious and interesting. It is worthy
of remark, that of all domestic animals used as food by man, the hog w
the only one that has preserved his native characteristics unmodiHed in a
wild state. *
HOGS RUN WILD IN THK WEST AND HOUTHWE8T.
The hunting of wild hogs has formed an exciting chase in all ages of
the world, both on account of their fleetness and their savage counigo
when brought to bay. In the southern portions of the United States, in
sparsely settled districts, swine are found escaped from domestication, «nd
showing all their natural savage traits, including dangerous liorceiies*
when brought to bay. Forty yinirs ago the writer hunted wild hogs,-
the descendants of Indian breeds,— in the swamps and morasses of north-
em Indiana and the timbered river bottoms of the Calumet. The hmtl
winter of 1844, however, destroyed the last remnant of tht^se wild log.^,
they having all died in their lairs, from exposure and want of food. Wild
hogs are now rarely found in Euro|>e, and this when preserved in royal
forests as m x/cinuaf n^» ^^-'j •- — - .-
have become extremely rare, and in Great Britain the wild species has
long been extinct.
HiSTOKY AND STATISTICS OF SWINE.
V. Teeth of the Hog.
793
The teeth of swine are 44 in number, aa followp • Incisors, six upper
and six lower, (12) ; caniuos or tusks, two upper and two lower, (4);
molars, or grinding teeth, fourteen upper and fourteen lower, (28) :' makl
ing44, including what were formerly called wolf teeth, but are now
classed with the njolars. They are represented scientifically by the den-
tiilformula: |_^_|j_44. Furstenburg, a careful German author-
itv, gives the manner of determining the age of swine as follows :
Born with eight teeth, four corner incisors and four tusks, on the
eighth or tenth day the second Or third temporary molars appear. The
four nippers, two on the upper and two on the under jaw, appear at four
weeks old.
At the fifth or sixth week the first temporary molars appear in the
upper and lower jaw.
At the age of three months the intermediary incisors appear.
At the sixth, the so-called wolf teeth are seen, and also the third tier-
manent molars.
At the ninth month the permanent corner incisors, the permanent
tusks, and the second permanent molars will he seen.
At twelve months the permanent nippers will huve appeared, and by
the thirteenth month, the three temporary molars will have been shed
and the permanent ones will be seen ; at fifteen months these will bo
fully up.
At the age of eighteen months the permanent intermediary incisors and
the pernuinent rear molars will show, and at the twenty-first month these
will be fully developed, thus completely finishing the permanent denti-
tiou.
From this time on, the means for determining the age is by the wear
of the permanent teeth, and also by the increasing length of the tushes
which at from four to ten years, attain such size and become such formidi
able weapons that it is said that hogs have been known to cope success,
fully with the lion. Certain it is that no beast dares attack them when
herded together, and it is only by the strategy of man that they may be
BuccessfuUy hunted and killed. And so dangerous hasthis pastime always
been considered, that a boar's head has been counted as one of them<Mt
valuable trophies of the chase.
VI. Brought to America by OolumbOB.
The history of the introduction of .swine into America is ih.il they were
brought by Columbus to Hispaniola in 1493, and to Florida in 1538 by
)o ^t^ ; they were brought to Nova Scotiw, auU Newfoundland in 1563
I'vthe trench, and into Canada in 1608. In 1«;09 they were brought
3^-',S*-'®l^-* ■, \,,^^%
""wwmBiip
* i
794
tup: amekhax farmer's stock book.
into Virginia by tlic Englisli adventurers, and eiglileon years thereafttr it
18 recorded tliat tlieir numbers liud so increased that the settlement at
Jamestown had to be surrounded with palisades to keep them away.
Vn, Three Great Swine Producing States.
From 1871 to 1878 the swine of the United States increased from
29 457 500 to 32,362,500 head. In the latter year the three grciitest
i,„ir producing States were Illinois, 3,355,500; Ohio, 2,341,411, and
Iowa 2 244,800 head. In that year there were packed ui Chicago ulonc,
over4,000,000 head, in 1879 nearly 5,000,000, and in 1880, over4,r.00,-
000 head.
VIII. Importance of the Pork Interest.
In the whole Mississippi Valley there were packed in 1877-8, 6,502,.
446 head of hogs. In 1878-9, 7,475,648 head, and in 1879-80, 6,940,151
head The average net weight of these hogs, was for 1878, over 22fi
pounds for 1879, over 217 pounds, and for 1880, nearly 213 pounds.
The total export of hog products for 1876 to 1880 inclusive was as
follows :
18767. 198,981
\l^^ 203,506
1878 284,819
IS79 304,880
1880 1282.261
From New York.
Pork
barrels
Bacuii
and Haina,
pounds
220,338,187
•236,909.(569
437,730.887
503,867,149
511.317,129
I.ard,
pounds.
153,010,890
176,546,193
247,325.212
243,281,844
293.745.050
From Boston, Pnii.Ai)Kr,i'in.\,
Baltimoue, Foutla!*i>, New
Orleans and Montueal.
Pork
barrels.
70,642
67,536
69,016
55,206
58.969
Bacon
and Hams,
pounds.
195,849,415
188,691,271
206,734,658
236,460,003
288,069,045
Liird.
])(>iin(l!.,
riT74027l46
r);,275,ir)i
80.877,W7
84.819,335
97,284,39.'
Diagram showing the Numbers and Value oe Live Srot k
iN THE Pacific States and the Territories. ^
(California Okeuon, Nkvaua, Com.hado, New Mexico Ahi/ona
Utah, Washi.oton, Ioaho, Montana Wvomino anu DAKoxr)
NUMBERS
l.rVB STOCK
TALUES
#
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CHAPTER II.
BREEDS OP SWZNB.
I i
i
CT^rER WHITE. XIII. THE POLAND-CHINA. XIV. THF rilF«IIiHVB Vt
JEB8EY KEP 8WINB.— XVI. UrKOC 8WINE XVIlf' luMMABV OfUS™''''-
I- Sires of Improved Breeds.
The swine used in the improvement of the breeds of En'^land and the
(Jnited States, are : First, the China hog ; second, the Neapolitan ho-,
,ad third the hog of India. The first has given remarkable aptitude fn
fattenmg, while the second and third have imparted style, beauty of form
and excellence of flesh.
n. Chinese Swine.
The first improvement in modern swine is undoubtedly due to impor-
hons of hogs from China. They are remarkable for prepotency of
CHINESE ROAK.
blood, due to their careful breeding for centui-ies in China with special
reference to early maturity and aptitude for fattening ; and these hoae
were the basis unnii whinh all i?r.™i:oj, ..„^ *„ : i^ , . . °
..--- ....g.„>,i r.,!tv! .-imciica;; crccus were origiiutiiK
79r)
79«
TIIR AMEUICAK KAKMEIl S STOCK liOOK.
built. The infusion of this Chinese blood long since converted the orig-
inal raw-boned, hard-feeding, long-nosed and long-legged hogs of England
of 100 years ago, into compact, deep-bodied, broad-backed, short-nosed
and early maturing hogs of fifty years ago, knowa in the earlier crosses
cniNKgE sow.
as Grass-breed, Irish Graziers, etc. Then came in the India hog, reducing
the bone, hair, and coarseness of flesh still more ; and afterwards the
improved form of the India hog — the Neapolitan — still further refined
them, giving us the splendid Berkshire, the Essex, and various other black
aud spotted breeds.
m. Neapolitan Swine.
Neapolitan swine are marked for the excellence of their flesh, their el-
egant style, little hair and fine bone. In relation to them Sidney siiysitis
probable that the Neapolitans are the descendants of the dark Eastern
■wine imported by early Italian voyagers and cultivated to perfection by
the favorable climate and welcome food. Martin is of the opinion that
to this breed and to the Chinese is due the improvement of all English
fwiiie, and, in this connection mentions particularly the Berkshire, Essex,
Hampshire and Yorkshire. Youatt, while accepting the authority of
Martin, adds? al-^ the swine of Wiltshire. Of these breeds only the
Berkshire, Eswex and Yorkshire have held their ground with tlie other
iiupruveu iiicedo ' T to-<l5V. iiuvi tiicso arr uinong tno nncst «iiiu iii;;i;L gt-u-
erally liked of any of the n.»w fashionable breeds. The first imi)ortatioii
BREEDS OF SWINE.
797
of Neapolitan swine into the United States, is said to have been made
about 1840 ; but in 1850 titio s^ Mnens were imported into New Xorii by
a Mr. Chamberlain. T*hey are described as having been of a dark slate
color, and as having brought their pigs true to color and charact«rii«ac8.
hog, reducing
ifterwjirds the
'urther refined
lus other black
iiid i!i;;^:l gea-
The NeapolitaiiB are well described by a committee of the American
Swine Breeders Association as follows : Head small ; forehead bony and
flat; face slightly dishing; snout rather long and very slender; ears
small, thin, standing forward nearly horizontally, and quite lively ; jowls
Tery full ; ueck short, broad and heavy above ; trunk long, cylindrical
and well ribbed back; back flat, and ribs arching, even in low flesh-
\df
■HI
I
798
THE AMEKICAN PARMKK'h flTO( K HOOK.
belly horizontal on the lower line ; hind-fiuarters higher than tin foie,
but not very nuith so ; legs very tine, tlio bones and joints being sn iiHer
than those of any other breed ; hams and shoulders well developed and
NEAPOLITAN ANU ESSEX CBOSS.
meaty; tail fine, curled, flat at the extremity, and fringed with hair on
each side ; general color slaty, or bluish plum color, with a cast of cop-
pery red ; skin sts't find fine, nearly free fron- hair, which, when found
upon the sides oi Us' bead and behind the forelegs, is black and soft, and
rather long ; flf?' lirtji and elastic to the touch.
IV. The Hog ol India.
These swine hold the same relation to the Neapolitan that the Chinese
do to the improved breeds of white swine. They are undouhf ,'dly an-
cestors of the Neapolitan breed. The hog of India, of which ho Sia-
mese hog may be said to have been a representative, was in color from a
jet black to a dark slate, or rich plum color, of medium size, quick to ma-
ture ; very fine in all points, with short, small legs and hcu,d ; thin jowls, a
dished face, slender, erect ears; broad, deep, compact body, well rib-
bed, heavy hams and shoulders; slender tail, skin thin, but firm and
. elastic to the touch.
V. English Breeds— The Berkshire.
The Berkshire is among swine what the thorouirhbred is among horses— a
typo of perfect breeding. The Berkshires are noted for their fine bone,
great muscularity, firm fiesh, and excellent hams and shoulders. Their
constitutions are most excellent, and they are among the best of the im-
proved breeds as gleaners after fattening cattle. They require some-
what more feed in proportion to their weight than some of the breeds
abounding in lard and other fat ; but this is compensated for in the greater
proportion of lean meat and its excellent distribution.
ed with hair on
1 a cast of oop-
3h, when found
k and soft, and
iTic ••ashionablo color now is, black all over except thedisn of the face,
ihe feet and tho rnd of the tail, which are white. If there is white, no*
matter how small, on the body, discard such animals ; a bluish spot or
l^nge IS not objectionable, but rather shows a strengthening of the blood
by reversion to the original cross. The points of the pure Berkshire
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
^ -APPLIED IfVHGE Inc
SS^^ 1653 East Main Street
g"-S Rochester. New York 14609 USA
^^ (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
^= (716) 268- 5989 - Fok
iBHi
800
THE AMERICAN FAKMER S STOCK HOOK.
are : Face short, fine and well dished ; generally broad between the eyes ;
cars almost erect, sometimes inclined fonvai-d with advancing age, ahvavs
small, thin, soft and showing veins; jowl full ; neck short and thick;
shoulder short from neck, but moderately deep from back down ; liick
broad and straight, or very little arched ; ribs long and well sjjruiic,
a
o
to
«
3
m
M
U
H
a
a J
giving rotundity of body ; short ribs of good length giving breadth and
levelnesa of loin ; hips good length from joint of hips to rump : hums
thick, round and deep, holding their thickness well back and down lothe
hocks ; tail fine and small, set on high up ; legs short and fine, but straight
ind A'ery strong, with hoofs erect and legs sot wide apart ; size medium ;
length medium, since extremes are to be avoided ; bone fine and corapaci;
offal very light ; hair fine and soft ; no bristles ; skin pliable.
BRREIJK OP SVVINK.
«0l
iig breadth and
to rump ; Imms
and down to the
Sue, but .straight
; size medium ;
le and compaci;
ible.
VI. The Essex.
This medium to light weifrht P]iKr]i«h hT.««,i • *
combine great stamina and vigor of constitutinn tk
pork, not too fat. The sows are nro^^h i ^^ ""^^^ ^^^"«»*
baiTow. fatten easily and kLdlv at anv ' Zl ^'°^ ""^^^^ ' ^"^ '^-
P-oeheing^..^,:--^^
'■iil
34
S02
IIIE AMEUICAN FARMKR S STOCK BOOK.
shape and color, is not unlike the Berkshire, but larger proportionally
The color i? a pure, deep black ; face sliort and dished ; ears small, soft
and erect while young, but falling over somewhat with age ; tlxo boue is
ESSEX sow.
fine, hair thin ; the carcass long, broad, straight and deep, with exceller
hams, carrying meat fully down near the hock. Their great delicacy of
form is duo to their crossing with the Neapolitan ; and except tnat they
are better haired the cuts we give would not be bad representationi. of
the breed.
Hi-ACK uoksi:t sow.
VH. Tie Biaok Dorset.
The black swine of Dorsetshire, England, are a breed in high repute,
locally. They are repTesentcd as being stron-'-constitutioned, attainag
■•.JSWaiMKKWAiw,.
BKEKDH OK SWINE.
803
heavy weights and fatteninff kindly ff fho ,n, , .■
au English cut, showing the ho" if i.reedi L ^T ""' ^^P'-^duced from
of the b.eod. the, ought to 1.^^!::^^%:^ ^Th' ^^^T"^*-
mth our breeders is that they arc wo-kin " tl T\ ^ ^'^^ *'""^'«
then, have not head and jaw^e^o rttpfrfeer .'" '"" ^^"^ «^
t,,o little hair, and tl.ir institutions ha';^^^^^^^^^^ ,^^^{ ^-
.ng, rendering tho.n liable to diseaee. We beHeve th u"" ^''''^-
the reverse of this. ^^*^ ^^''^ ^"""""g ^^og will be
Vin. TheSuffolks.
Tho Suffolk is now regarded as only a variety of tho V. i u-
th. best of tho English white breed. T.,. i^ "^ f Yorkshire, one of
tho Suffolk, the .o!caIled wLdsor t'h^ r 1 ^.^^T''''' '^' ^''^d'^^^^'
York State Lave all been f 'rd on t^ ^ Vu ^^' ^^^^^^^^
and the differences ^n ^:::^2 ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ «*-..
^2::^-^^^:^::^:/^ -x^- ^- the swine K^st. .
diohed; snout small and vefy short. .Wlfi *''°'''°'"' ^"^ '"" ' ^««"
soft and silky ; neck very sh^rt and'tiick thl LT '"'"' ''"' "P"-^^*'
if«e* on front of shoulders; .u>arch,t oV , ''^^'''''''S ^'most a.
elbows standing out; brisket wide bf .T ' ''''' ^'^^ ^"^ ^eep ;
shoulders thick! rather upri^^^^^^^ ""' '^^T ' '^"'^'^^'•^ ^^^ ««•«?'
orops wid. and full/ sXtdZks^^r^f '"" *"P *« ^''^^^^ '
good length between shouirandl"^ 'T '^^^^'
well down at ham. Back broad, leveT^.d "trait f '"** '""*'"«
falhng off or down at tail ; hams wil ! t f "'="\f '""^ ^^^^^t *« tail, not
very wide and full all the '^^ZZ ^1 Jf T'""' ^"* '' '^'^'
short, standing wide apart in sowlb.^f b , '^«' small and very
bone fine; fe^^et smaiutol ^rst^^^^^^^^
w^^^erfectl3..efr^---t^r^^^^^^
Tho principal objections to the Suffolk are • Tho,. u .
they are bad nurses • the i)i<r, .m T . ? '. ^ ^^^"^ *°« ™»«'' ^«t ;
, the p.gs are weak; and they are subject to scrofula.
EE. The Yorkshire.
b Jedl^'^hlytrhlT ""'' ""^ "' ^''^ ^^^ "^^'^ ^' '^^ English white
- d good nuLs tht'lreirrm ""', "•^"'^-^^ ^ ^^ey fre proll^^
i^quisite. from 200 ll.T""'^"''" "l^'^"P« «"<* -"lo^, and of any si;^
select the smalI,"thV middled "tL'l ""'"1^ ^^^^ghts, according as you
middle, ot the large breed. The middle breed is
804 THE AMEHICAN FARJIBR's STOCK BOOK.
produced between the small York and the Cumberland . The large York-
shire attains heavy weights, while the middle breed is about the size and
weight of the Berkshire.
X. Lancashire Breeds.
This remarkable English breed is divided into three sub-families : The
short-faced, the middle breed and the large Lancashire ; the charact«i-
fetice and color (pure white) of each being constant. Over one hundred
yel™ ago the large breed were cultivated in England, and are representd
R8 being of immense size, large-limbed and coarse-boned.
Short Faced Lancashlre.-This breed is remarkable for the shorty.
*" ^ ^^ ^ ^^ cwuit . nnf Ir piirs : small
of the face from the eyes lo tuo- t^iiu x.. vis^ , ^-— - -
bone. ; a good coat of white hair ; cubic ia form, with broad back and
nuKKOR OP swinh.
805
bread hams, well let dc.wn. The skin, as well a.s the hair, is whito al-
though Hu occasional one may ho found having u few dark-hluo spotl on
the gkm, but never dark or black hairs.
Lancashire Middle-Breed.-This breed is one which partakes of the
quality of the small breed and the size of the large breed. Middle bred
hogs are got by crossing large bred sows with small bred boars, but aU
attempts to attam the same results by reversing this operation, and >^ in.
^rge bred boars to small bred sows have proved failures. The lar-.est o?
the middle bred sows uro used to improve the large breed. Their char
actenst.es are : The small bred hog must have small bones ; , short face "
silky hair ; fine, small, upright ears ; a comparatively square form ; must'
Havogood square hams, the most valuable part of the ho..; mus cam'
the meat near the grcnind; flat on the back; straight and cubic in for7.
Lancashire Large Breed.-These hogs have largo bone.,, are of grea
hcght and length and are the lai-gest breed of su:ine known. They a«
a true breed, and breed constant to color and characteristics. These are
Large size, great length ; flat back, with large square hams when fattened ■
must carry their width of back along over the hams ; must have deep ami
tolerably straight sides, large feet and leg bones; hair short ; may hav.
a long face, but ,t had better be short, as they fatten better ; may havl
a large, drooping ear, but, other qualities and size being ecmal Jr
apright, smaller ear preferred. They usually have a long, thick r-ti'oit"
Uul ; must be of great weight when fattened, and above all must be d!
cended fr.m a hog havmg the foregoing qualities, and, if a breeder, must,
produce them They are short of hair, but still are hearty. A middle
bred hog inus have a short face, and all other good qualities of the snZ
breed except that they may be longer in proportion to their width ; mu
weU Sd" '" "'''' '""^ ^° '"''^ '''' »™*- -« ■> ^^o-iall
XI. American Breeds.
The Americ^an breeds in best repute are: The Chester White, which
onginated in Pennsylvania ; the Poland-China, which originated i Oh o
Jersey Reds originated in New Jersey; the Duroc,or5ginal.d in New
York; and Cheshire, originated in New York. These, however ^
previous y stated, are only modified Yorkshires. Of those breeds tb^
.aester-Whit. and Poland-China h.ve been most widely disseminated
Xn. The Chester White.
This breed originated in Chester County, Pa., and is recorded to hare
beeii rough,, about as follows: The first impulse to the improvemro
Z"h? "uTT ""T'^ '"''' ^'^"" ^y **^« introduction of a pair of fine
Pgs, brought from Bedfordshire. England, by Capt. James Jeffries. IZ
t'
80«>
THE AMEKICAN FAKMEi:V STOCK BOOK.
placed upon his farm near the county neat, in IHIH. Some <.f the ni,T-
prisin- farmers of the neighborhood were encouraged to commence li,.
improvement of their swine; and by crossing these pigs upon the ,mt, v..
white ho<r of tlio county, thoirprogeny with the best specnnens uttannhlo,
and by a^course of careful and jii.licious crossing and selection for many
o
o
a
H
a
■■•i
H
years, the present valuable breed of well formed, good sized, easily faV
tened hogs, known as Chester Whites, was produced and made an estab-
lished breed. i i * j
The following arc the characteristics of these hogs : Head, short ana
broad between the eyes : ears thin, projecting fo.wa. a and loppir.g at the
point; neck shoit and thick-; jowl large; body lengthy and doei, ; baofc
HUKKOS OF SWINK.
807
hroiid; h.'.in.s f.,Il ,,,.(1 doop ; ]v<rs sl,„r|, ..n.l w,.|l set under tl.o body for
bearing tl.o u-eight ; ccmt tl.in, vAuU; and .straight ; (if a little wavy it is
no objcc'")n) ; small tail and no bristles.
Xin. Tho Poland China.
TlK-ro has been rn.u.h .ontrnvers.v over the origin and in.provenient of
this breed of swine, and in some inst.m.es much aerin.ony. Thoy have
nevertheless held their own among the reputable breeds of the West
have been largely improved within the lust tiftec-n years by infnsion of
Berkshire blood, and are now probably more widely disseminated west
of the Alleghames than any other breed exeept the lierkshires The
American Swine Breeders' Assoeiation give their history and character-
istics as follows :
.t ^."V; ?•' ^'"''?'"' "^ ^"'"" ^"'"^'^"' ^^^^'''•^*» ««""ty' <>■' purehased
at I hiladelphui one boar and three sows, of what was, at the time be-
lieved to be pure China. They were called Big China ho.rs. Subse-
quently other China hogs wei-c introdueed and extensively u^ed The
Shakers and other judicious breeders in Warren and Butler counties con-
tinued to cross them with the Russian and BvHeld blood, that hnd lon.r
been m use there, and produced, by repeated eross..s, a hogof exee.-din.dy
fine (juahties for that period, which was generally known as the Warren
county hog.
This condition of the breed continued until about th(! year 18;]r)orl836
when the Berkshires were introdueed. Other lots of Berkshires contin-'
ued to come into the iAII-.mi A'ailey until about 1H41. The Berkshire
Wood was liberally infused into the stock existing not only in Southwest-
ern Ohio, but m Kentucky also.
18.Wor 1839, when Mr. William Neff, of Cincinnati, importe<i some
choice specimens of the Irish Crazier. This breed soon grew into h •.
favor, and, as a conse.iuence, was liberally used in making erosses with i he
bes specimens of the crosses previously made. This crossing of breeds
continued f<,r some time. In a few years, however, the use of the pure
blooded Berlv^bre was entirely discontinued, and there were no further
importations made of the Irish Grazier.
For ,„„,c than thirty years no new bh.od has been introduced into this
breeo, and no effort made to obtain a new sui.plv of the blood of either
breed piwiously used. While this is true, the breeders have not been in-
Oiftereiit to the further nnprovement of the breed
J''':';''' ?' r"'"' ^T: «""^ '"'"^'' ' '^'"'' '^f?«'' l>r«-<l' straight backs ;
and sh;;;;,;.!:? :;::!.: -'i''^^^" ^"' '^'^ i'- -■^''•^^ "•••-^' f""' -i»-e hama
eis ; dl
'■<»«'l)"ig ears; short heads, wide between the eyes,*©f
:4
IW«
TIIK AMEKIPAN FMSMKU 8 8T()<1K IMM)R.
i)|M)tted or dark color ; are lianly, vijjjorous, and prolitit;, and whon fat
•re models, cornhinini; the cxcollencea of both largo and small i)ro«(J»,
ft should be added, that the renraaontation wo ij^ive is that of a Poland-
China, conihinhig the characteristics of both the white and l)lf;< k cros.sc»
The more fashiona]>lo color now is pure hhu^k, with minuto wh.lo spots
HIltlKDM OV MWINK.
hoh
^l1at^•I^'d more or loss ovor till. !wi.«A . <i • • ■ .
..1(1 liberal infusions of modern JJ.rksl.in. l,l„od.
XIV. Tho Cheshire.
r;;::;;n.sr ;;i;::!5r:'"'^;;;: :,::;',r:;;'''f *:<-'--"
IMPKOVEl> CHESHIRK.
shoulders are wide and the hams full. Tho flosl. of H,.. ^ • ..
gn.ined, and they are conunended on a oun ,f L o "' " '"
n..s.-pork in proportion to tho amout of X TI 'T'*? -v""""* "'
Will never he ve., popular anion, t^ bi: d.;^in t I ^T':i ^:::^
XV. Jersey Red Swine.
f*'"' '>!«■ -n.,-. size i»i,™,„ : /:^.r",r/ ,";it;*7 "t
teiiii: not iinnsi.Ml Th-vnr- i t ^ ^"^'"'"^ "^ '^0 or fiOO pounds
froefrom di.e-isc •" Hnd hov '•'.' '' '''"""" '" constitution, and
m cluseasc , and they are sa.d not to be subjoet tr, n.ange. They
I !
THK AMRinCAN FAIIMKKH STOCK HOOK.
vary in color, in some iiciiriiborhoods biMiiir of si dark nnl, auU in oiIhts
quMf siiiidy |):itclii'(i with whiU-. A }j;()o(l Kpociiiu'U of a -hir.st y i.'iMJ
should be red in color with a snout of moderate length, large lojMurs.
small head in proportion to the size and length of the body. Tluiy ^Imuld
be long in the !)ody, standing high and rangy on their legs ; bones coais..,
hairy tail and brush, and hair coarse, inclining to bristle on the l)aek.
XVI Duroo Swine.
There is another breed of Bed Swine named Durocs, which have been
bro<J rather extensively in Saratoga county, N. Y., and have been known
there for twenty-five years. They are finer in eveiy respect than tiic
Jersey Reds, and when mature attain great weights. They have been
bred in some sections of the West with satisfaction, are nu.re uniform iit
their make up, quite as good in their constitutions, and much finer in
"T"
tUlEh'.US OF SWINK.
SI I
. Handy lu.i. wi.h .noro or loss I.l..„.k 'n. , ''"'^r "' "'•'■'^■^''''••''
n."'l<shire. as .vo kn.nv thorn un.l Imv",! t. /.v''''; 7'""'"' "'"'""^
. h... in .v..ry rospor-t difforc.t fn.,„ the 1 !» ";/'■"'" r'' '•'^'"-"
last fifteen years. ^"*'' ""'^ »i»'«l»oa «wh,o of the
XVII. Summary of Broods.
Tlio English breeds of fo.(l.,v il,„t i. •
^"•■-1 '»™.-i.. II... r 1 «/:Lt;V7;,. r';,,nr::'';''' "■"■"
E«.sex, and third <h<- Vorkshire 'll.o n \- ^'"\ ^*''' '"'"'•'•' n<'xt the
rity5..0 pounds, and tho E.sex 4(( ,,';;'. ''T "'" "'"-'' '•" ''■" '-^•-
.i.. average these weight. ^^^0 1^^!.;;: t^Be :.;■ rC'^loT' V"'^
my ho taken a.s good weights. '•^''imo anu 2oO for Lssex
Tho Yorkshires in their three fLi^-no n
.cigh 2.0 pounds for tho l!;;:!., ^^^llllf^rif "'" "!"' '"'•-<-^vill
150 pounds for tho h.rgo breed. They " i "'*' "'"'"" ""^' "'^ ^'^
mu.'h heavier at maturity if fully fnt ,n.i "Tr"' " '"'"''' '" ''''"^^
lioned. The so-called IVinco A ber 's ff T "^ "" """'' '"^"^^^ '»-'-
forkshircs. and the same ^yl ^ ij''!'' '^ ^ '^""';'>' '"-''•"-J -.all
^uirolks. All those suh-breei, i u^^^n tl X: , i"''''"'''''''''-^ "'"'•"^
an.l .lark hair is not alh.wa;,le;]>ut Z^h t (^ ? "'" ''"'" ''^'''"^
Ol>j...tionai,le; on tho .-ontrary < ley .2,. r ' " Z'' ^'"''^ ''''' ""*^
Tho„,ostwideIydistriinm.d\,VA,^.::; ;'"'■' t'"'''r'''''"
China, and seeond the Chester eount^ o VH V, 'T' I'"^ ^'"'""d"
have been nu.re widely dis.sen.inale i o \, ' '" ""' ^"■^'' ^''« '''^^er
-g.owing region of the West, ll ^l^b ^.^l^^, , " ';i;,|"7-"^
the favonto of American breeds Tho loff .. ' ''""^' ''""^
f the Durocs, hayo noyor bjlcnne w^e^ ^r^T' ^"^ •^'"T^- ^^'"^«
fir«t has anything to reeonm.end it ovcr^' : ^0^4;: '''T''' ''^
to have been too closely interbred lib,. ,vM.f j .. ' ' ^'"'■>' ^''^"^
thing that should bo o4ecLl ; ^:j ;; ':: "f r^'""!l'<->f ^"ffolks, a
indined n-orc or less to s,Tof hr n , ""' " '^^'"'«' ^'"^"^ *>'^T are
^i-es. For this re^^ t "'1^^" :T o' ^"'"^"'"'-"^
espoc alh free fron. these taints, hayo iZ ^l^t^^Z:;. '"' "7
standing iheir somewhat e-oarse .nnlilv in . f"^<>'--notw,th.
r <
e more uiiirorm iii
and muchfirei'in
CHAFIEK Jil.
THE BRBEDnrO AITO CABB OF HOGS.
I PRACTICAI. VALUE OK IMPROVED BUEKDS. II. OAKE IN SELECTION. III. AM
OF VuEFDING SWINE. IV. HOW TO SELECT BKEEUINO ANIMALS. V. IOU«
ANI>VkFDIN« OUALITIES. VI. THE CAKE OK UKEEDINO STOCK. VIl. 1 AR-
KOWINO— VlTl WEANI^ THE PIGS. IX. CASTRATION. X. (.ESTATIOM
OF SOWS. XI. NECESSITY OP GOOD CAKE. XII. RINGING A HOG.
I. Practical Value of Improved Breeds.
In no department of stock breeding has the value of superior breeds
been more fully asserted than in the breeding of swine. Cheap food iind
the improvement of breeds hiWc already made the West and Southwest thi
greatswine-breoding and swine-feedingregionsof the world, and ovontualljr
the Northwest and the South will share equally in the profits of tlu'so great
industries. In all the West and Northwest , it is now difficult to find a f armet
who has not swine of some one of the improved breeds. When the South,
also, shall have taken hold of the business, in the extension of a di-
versified agriculture, millions of dollars will have been added to the wealth
of that section. From wliat we have said in the preceding chapter, it
should not be difficult for the young breeder to work understandingly and
profitably. No money can be made by selecting any such species as th«
" prairie ranger," whose portrait is printed on an adjoining page. Noi
can success be achieved by selecting a good breed, and starving the hogs,
or allowing them to shift for themselves. Hogs of the improved l)recdj
are not so^wcll able to take care of themselves as those of a half-wild
breed, but well cared for they will pay fifty per cent, in profit over th<
other breed, for the grain fed. Why? They are more quiet, and assim-
ilate their food more perfectly. This is all there is to any superior breed
of any farm stock, if we add that the flesh is better laid on in the prime
parts.
n. Care in Selection.
However good the breed, if care is not taken in the selection, or coup-
ling of animals, degeneration of the offspring will inevital)ly result.
This is true of all animals. But care in .selection is even more dearly
shown to be necessary in planting grains and vegetables, for the reason
that VT-ecdfi, povertv of soil-, and the sowing of imperfect seed, react at
once on the product. Hence the reason why seedsmen make fortunes ii
812
/
THK BREEl>INO AND CAHK OF HOOP.
Belling improved seed that have been ornw,, «., ^ » •,
«a all undersized seed sereened o^ eTIX * ',". "• '^ """''"•
.ith breeding stock. Keep this u„ „ ,h ^ , " '"'"' " n<'"»«'"-:r
seH the .est seeds „„r tL wrarrwh:Lt I t^^t, X'
arc worth as much to you as any one else. ' ^
nL Age o« Breeding Swine.
«r,e, X. so. is eapaide or::Ca:Ll: o^rt^: Z.::X,:
A niAllilK KANGKK.
k is better that she shall not drop her first litter until she is thirteen te
fifteen months old. uiirreen to
JZ ';"?/ ^J^' "^"^ ^"^' '' '" '^' ^"^ «h""ld be allowed to raise
and the best breeders are content with one litter a vp..r Tf f i I
a war. place for farrowing, the earlier inl^ :^:::-JX:::X
duced,the greater is the profit from them. If they con.e tfe^^r!;
M^rch,andare well fed until the new year, there is lit ^ J^^euty n
making them average 250 pounds each, and such pigs should 1 rin Jful v
c cent a pound more than hogs wintered once and weiJl^in^p^S
ftypounds more. The profitable plan with swine of any br dluo pS
the.r fattening from the time they are born until thev are killo" fl'."'
Hnd'l':.' ";; " "'■ ?"" ''''^'' '''' '""'y ^"-^'-^ '- fl-b becomes ]Z
tnd less as the ammal increases in ago.
AM
814
THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK.
IV. How to Select Breeding Animals.
In the selection of stock for breeding, look first to constitutional vi<;or.
Without this, no mutter what the beauty of form may be, disaster will be
brought to the herd. Next examine the form with reference to wh.it you
require. Then the question of early maturity and aptitude to fatten
will be important. Then constancy of characteristics as shewn in ttie
progeny must be attended to, since this shows a perfect line of superior
breeding, most valuable in any kind of farm animals. In all farm ani
mals tractability and quietness of disposition are essential. In swiiui this
is especially so. The subject of unifoi-raity in the progeny is refen'cd to
in cattle under the title "heredity." It is worth reading again in con^
nection with swine.
V. Form and Feeding QualitieB.
Once you have secured ivn improved breed, or if you have made one bj
judicious crossing and selection, not only hold it so, but continue to im.
prove it. Careful selection of animals that show the best points, is th«
important integer here, and the fixing them by breeding such aaimab
A BACK-WOOUS HOG.
together in connection with good shelter and feeding is another. Th»
best breed that ever existed., if they do not die in the degenerating pro-
cess, will, if they must shift for themselves half the year, with barely
enough to keep life in them the other half, soon come to look like the
picture of "a back-woodo hog", or that of the "prairie ranger." Wesee
nstitutional viuM*.
»e, disaster will be
rence to what you
iptitude to fatten
as shc'vii ill tae
Bt line of superior
In all farm ani
ial. In swine this
;eny is refen-ed to
ing again in con-
have made one bj
ut continue to im.
best points, is the
iing such uuimab
ranger." Wo see
THE BKEEDIXO AND CAUK OF HOGS. ,^5
them every day even in thr ♦ *
havo..oLk'i„rai I^ ^ ^"^''7^^^^^ '^^' «'-who
generating, themselvea, "evoy dl in thel^Tl '^"^' ^'^^>^ ^^« ^«-
nothing," or else for less thall its vXe! ^"' "something for
VI. The Care of Breeding stock.
In a general way the same principles I-iirl ^. * .
farm stock will apply to swine There s one th " I"' *^' '''' «' '"'^'^
however, in breeding swine that mL / "^ ''^ 'P'"""* ''"P«'^«"«e.
'- ""' H
A BREEDING SOW IN GOOD CONDITION.
Bhown in another part of this work thnt fho f ,
i-ig is to render the constitutiordelicate « n "'^ "' *^^^ ''''' '^'-^^'
n-al must suffer. Swiue are e ned ,lv ' .''u?' '^^ "■>'• "^ ^he ani-
Wood diseases, and also to nCn^ofvT^^ '" "''"^"''^ '"^^ "^her
apttoexuggerate these con iZirdl^^^^^^^^^ J"""'"'" '"-'^-g^
oare must be taken, not onlyTtZ Loo^ k* ^"' ""' ^'^^^^^ «P««'«1
i-g purposes only those thatshovl su. er "^' "' '" ^'^^^^'"'^ ^-' ^reed-
-e a pig in a litter free from cou Jh tC " '^""^^.'*"*-"«» '"'.-r. If you
!;::;jr'^-'-^ vigor, ri;r::rr;;':^7^'': -^ ^^^-^
'^•'Wmauon. Save all such, and vou will =7 k ''" '^^■="'«' i<^i' further
6' i|
^'i
' # IT
% Si' !
<«*«<_«„,-»;
m.\
^l(^ TH»'. AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
except such p-, arc actually deformed, or so far from the tyi)c that . \,b
the icrnonrat will notice the fi- .It. They must do so, or else sell at such
prices us to place stock ouf of the reach of all but the most w.i.liliy,
Once a breeder finds an animal right in every respect, some hundreds, „r -
even a thousand, dollars over the usual price of average specimens <,f a
breed is readily paid. Hence, in starting out, if your stock is not porfe.i
you can easily improve it by selection and car*, in breeding. It is ll„.
object of this book to give the mass of fanners deHnite niformatioii ,..,
these points. The best breeders are already informed, and fully alive; to
their value.
VH. Farrowing.
In re<rard to farrowing, the farmer must be guided by circumstances. If
the eowl are expected to prod-ice two litters of pigs a year, the first lit-
ter must come as early as March, so that the next litter may come early
anoughin the autumn for the, pigs to be weaned and feeding before cold
weather sets in.
When farrowing is expected in cold weather, a place warmed In- tire
heat must be provided, and the sow, especially if it be a young one. must
ie allowed perfect quiet. A temperature of not less than sixty-hve de
rrees is necessary until the pigs are properly dried and take the teat..
if ter that, they will do well under a temperature at night of about tiftv
iegrees,yet sixty will be found better, for there is nothing more tender.
ir more susceptible to cold than a newly bom pig, unless it be a young
lamb The sow having farrowed all right, she will generally take
the boar again when the pigs are three or four days old. If not,
ah-i will not come in heat until after the pigs are weaned.
vm. Weaning tUe Pigs.
The pi<' is bom with teeth that will be ready to grind its food by the time
it is two months old. We have always weaned at six weeks old, so far ii*
sprin- pigs were concerned, allowing plenty of skimmed milk and butfr-
milk,''miSng, at seven or eight weeks old, a fair proportion of corn meal
mush, or, better, light wheat and rye screenings ground together. Give
them grass, also,' as soon as they will eat it, and at three months old they
may be put on clover and whole, or, better, soaked corn.
IX. Castration.
Piffs should be castrated at from two to three weeks old ; never deliiy
it longer than the age of four weeks ; since they require fully three weefo
to recover from its effects before being weaned.
7 %
THE BHEEDINO AND CAKE OF HOGS.
Castration is a simi)le ouemf inn r ««■
bac:<, witU its „o„, „L slSr bet« , wrC: '""; "'\'"« "" "»
•pread apart. With a shaiu l<„i«. 7, i ' "'"' "'"' tl'« logs
the tesi, press it ouf;:::„\rC^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'-.^
tide and with a jerk break the cord ; or tTe c .'rZn . ^'""^ ^^" ^"^^
pair of shears to prevent bleedino- Tho . , ^'^ *''' '"^ ^^'*^ ** ^ull
though there is n'o objellil: t t trodt^^^^^^^^
into the wound. If there is svvelli IVh ° f\ ""'^"'^ ^'"'^ ""'^ «'ilt
a little tincture of myrrh! •^^^«"'"gthe second day. inject into the cavity
X. Qeatation of Sows.
Gestation in the sow is accomnli«f.«^ i^ *u
three day,, a, the avera^etae Ti^^e™ ° ■"""""• '^"^ """"^^ »»1
and even thirty da™. r„u"<. or I^t " ™"''"°" "'""'«»«=' "f t™ty
period tl,a„ older Li JZZ oLT oZ ""^ !""'' ^™'« " *"*'
601V Will remain prolific for about Lu I f '""' '""''"'"■s. A
loaded with fat. ^nd this n-nltre'SaSi:*" ^'^ "^'""^^ °'-
XI. Necessity of Gtood Care.
^^^^^'^^^^ ^^>n, has neariy
given then, a thick layer of C next 1 Iv '"''^u ^ *''' ^^^^' "^^"'^ ^««
Hence the necessity, not onlv otZo^tv \ ''^'" ^" ^°"^ ««"dItion.
and a good bed t^lie i!! '£;«.: "«' '^"^ "^^ "^ -arm quarters
cuny together plenty of materia for ni-.l''' fr'" *'''"' *''^ ^"««"«t '«
to lie together in flilies f" l^^^^tmS ^^J """ '^'^' ^"'^ "'-
should not be difficult for the sr^acious f ^""''"'» '^'""'^ ^'^«^«' ^t
food and quarters, that they^ nTbTeL' 'r^L:^ 'ifT''^ ^'^^ ^'^^^
and consideniblo numbers 'm i,L, ,„ """"•'»'<^- " this is not done,
night, so that in tho mo, .i" ,h?L!^! "' ' "^ "'" "l'"" "P" i" -W
.«.»» hogs dead from .no £n! ™ Xlf " "'"'"'" '" "^"S °"'
tree, hick, tho under layer have no Ion 'e ',"""•' "' P""'"^!' "™ or
should try. '""S*" ""= P""™'- to move if they
Xn. Rfnglng a Hog.
'e::tt,di"::^u\.^:t«f2:irTetr""^" ''-'■ "'>^^''-
-. - '7 until they are trd;^ irr:^:^ SL":;:;'
IW
'1
1
818
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Nevertheless, we suppose miiiiy will not think so. The illustration shows
the old fashioned way of hampering a hog for ringing, and also the ring;
now-a-days patent rings and ringing pincers render the process nioncasy.
The old method was both clumsy and cruel ; and except when necessary,
rings of every kind should be discarded.
RINGING A nOG.
A hog that is turned out to forage in the woods on mast and roots
should not, of course, be ringed ; for he then needs free use of his snout
which is the means nature provides him with for getting food. The rea-
son why breeding swine should not be ringed is, that the natural exercise
of rooting, and the food they get in this way, are necessary to develop
constitutional vigor and perfect health, so important in all breeding stock.
This point is touched upon more fully elsewhere.
llustration sliows
CHAPTER IV.
THIS PBBDmo AI^SHBl™^^ ^^ 3,^
MJMMKK KEEUINCf I.-QU Pn«i^ "' THE PROPER n■r^,>.^
CHAIN THE MAIN R^fl. ANCE Clvu- '"''^'^^'^^ ANH CU>VERT^r •''^'^•^— "I.
ING IN THE FIELDS ANI> A^^'n^TT^"* *"KK"1NG m TIi7v^.t.,; ^- "^OTS vi
HO«-EEEmN«l''i%t.?Ho"Trf^^I-^----'-^- Va'^. OK MAt^ToT'"- "''^^~-
BAKNS XIII. THE BEST i-«;. ^'- ''EKI^NOIN r, r>«i.- •*" "^OS. x,
OF LIGHT AND HeIvv HOO8 -21" v'''' "''^ ''^''^-^XV^CO^i^' ^"- ""O
OOa.— XV. -ONOMVOEE.Lri;EESl-^r„^i/-™
I. Feed the Breeders for Health.
The only pro«t tliat can accrue from f I.
lies in the value of their flesh as food ■„ d i'n tl ""^J7"'»g«"'«"t of swine
he arts. Hence the greatest profit-e"! 1" ' '"" -^'"'^^^ ^^ '»
have an ""limited forest range-lies i„ w ./"'''" '"'"'' ''^'^'^ they
i^^om birth until they are sh.^ght "d ^ ;"^«"*''-- ^-cling to f.,ness'
hey have the wannest possH.le s dter in 7^' "'"" ^''^'^'''^^ ^^'^t
kept cool uisuninier, with some place ^er^^■' "" ''"' '""^y b«
sect enemies, and with range sufficient for f b 7 °"'^ ^''^^P« f'-«'n in-
of rooting for such under;.ouu7ve" t I ^'^ ".eir instinct
n. promotes health and strengthen'; t e"c^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ -quire.
The above applies especially tn f h \ ^""stitutions.
which are intended for Ltening!!ald,vw;'>" T^'" '^'^-« -'-als
yond fifteen months at „,ost-d^ no rl T "'^""'^ ""* ^^'t^nd be-
stock have been kept healthy th y m'rii; 't: '' ''' "-«<^'4
beheye that the purely artificial breed nta"d V f^ *' ""^'■'' "'^^P'-'"/
the .n .soriminato ringing, the absence Sot 'Th"^' '"^^'■"^' '^'-k,
a."muls almost exclusively on corn, have int.'; '"'^''^"'^'"^'''-'^-d'-ng
const,tutu,nof swine that theylmvc^Jom? "''''''''' '" *^"^^^^'''«d thl
<ien..cand contagious diseases that "Jl te v'"'"^'?^'" ''"^^^-^Pi-
n-ny. And I believe, also, that tJieutnotir-n>''"" ™'-''^^' "^^ -
"'•e to guard against this disability. And mvT "'"^^^'"•^- '"" ^^'« f""
^'^'l^ the breeding animals are so ;ew in 7 ^'".'"""-^^"•^« ^"«» '"ay see
--.that it is true economy fo every bin"" *^ '''' ^Juughterin^
"l-ng for this class of stock diversified fn!,T.? '^'"'' "" ^""'^^ ''» Pro-
-« -essaiy to make sound and v,^ '^^^^^^^^^ ^''^^ --, and which
Remember thut swine—b-kp constitutions,
allowed to b« so f„... „_.... , ^a"— are universal feerfprs -mr] <J, ^ •«
i'j'l
'I
I
i< ' s
g2Q THE AMERICAN B^ARMKU'b ^*TOCK BOOK.
low in the mud, at times, it is true, but a mud batli is nature's spccitio
for scurvy and other skin diseases. Swine, also, talio a mud bath m a
refuge from insects ; ncvertlieless tliey are careful, if allowed, to thor-
oughiy clean themselves, when dry, against the rubbing post.
n. The Proper Food lor Swine.
Swine eat fewer varieties of herbs and grass than any other animal. Pig.
weed (amamnth), pursley {portulacca) and vimous other succulent pUuits,
with the common pasture grasses, and red and white clover are al.<,ut
the only ones swine will feed on. Artichokes and various tuberous and
bulbous roots, many insects— especially the larvie of the May beetle, and
the white grub of our pastures— frogs, and such small animals as tluy can
kill to-rether with all the edible grains, and culinary vegeta!)les, cou.ti-
tutc their natural food. In fact, they eat few substances that would be
injurious to man. Such, then, is their proper food-so far as it nn.y l.e
obtained— if the highest colistitutional vigor is to be preserved m the
breedin<r stock. If they are allowed a fair range on clover, ineludiiig the
gleanin" of grain fields in sunnner ; and if a good supply of pumpkins,
and the^-efuse fruit of th(! farm be allowed them in antunni ; and if iii
the winter they be allowed daily rations of artichokes, small potatoes,
parsnips or carrots, they may have, in addition, what grain they need to
Lep them in full flesh-not fat. If this course of feeding wove genei-
allv adoi)ted for the breeding stock, wo should in a few years hear but
little of the epidemics which periodically sweep the swine away l)y thous-
ands But as long as there are so many breeders who never look beyond
present profits, tlicse epidemics will probably continue to be bred among
the herds of this class to scatter the germs far and wide.
m. Summer reeding lor Pork.
We now come to the care of fattening stock. The pigs having been
weaned, as already directed, give them the run of a clover pasture ; and,
while we object to the ringing of breeding stock, with those u.te.idedfor
fattening it is, perhaps, less objectionable than the tearing up of the gnz-
in.r fields. But if the grazing fields are infested with the larvae of he
May beetle or similar insects, the fattening hogs may as well bo allowed o
root as much as they want to. There is no cheaper way of ridding the
land of these pests.
In addition to clover, give the young pigs all the milk and other sbiH
of the house, and als(, give what corn they will eat ; older pig. will do
well enough on clover and corn, without the slops. Whether the gnm
shall be ground, or ground and cooked, will depend «"tirely on the pnee.
We have always found whole grain the cheapest, except for h.u.hiiig otr,
THE FEEDINa AM> SHFl Ti.niv,i «.,
eiit,L,Tli.RlNO OF SWINE. oqi
cooking. ''' "P"" ^^'^ ^''«'''t'«« f«'- grinding and for
nr. Grasses and Oloveps.
Tho main dependence for ^razincr will l.„ ki
..d .d a„d wi,it. C.OVC,./ ;i;,:i;:i le "v;T;r"'' *^°''-
green, makea an excellent supplementary !„Z Tt. Srow-eut
it ; .nd «e,d pea. cut i„,t Wo'^!. .HeTlS I°r:t:t:tr''j;'."'^'' '°
V. Roots.
Artichokes, potatoes, ruta-bfltrns t...,.o •
«adil, eaten b/swi„e,;nda"SerrrdT:re'„T''' "1 '""' ""
..ne .re aUo.ed . .atJt'C t:^- Tt^ZJ:!:^'^
VI. Grain the Main Reliance.
theani-nalingoodhealth anXln • ft ::ir:tf "d^^'^r '^'^^'"^
digestion, no animal can be made fully' fat Tth ' f 1,1 "'^^ "^'^°°^
food than pumpkins and grain boiled tot^J" J^^^t" ^" " T'^'*^'*
protected from frost, swine may be carHpT' ' ^u P^^npkins are
and made fully fat. ^ ^'"'^ ^" *^^« ^^^ "»«1 Christmas
Vn. Feeding in the Fields.
In all the great com region of the West and Sonfj, « ij ^ ,.
longcontinueto be thefav:rite way of fXl htsif t^ ^^ ^"
where grain is cheap, economical It is nn v^ ^ '" '"'^' ^"^'
hogs art made comfortable T belter frlj^ °''''T^ ''* ''' '^'''' '^^
thaUhey have plenty of pure w^r tZ i '"'"' '"' '"^^ "^^*^^''' ^"'^
mention of it will suffice '' ''^ ""'^ *^ '^^ ^^at the mere
Vin. Gleaning in the Fields and after Cattle.
.o.i.portant,theyyt7v::r^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^2" '^T^ "^^' '^°''
wise obtain. It should, of couL. not interfer" ^^^^^^^^
mtions of grain, and plenty of pure watei for dTnk ^^^'^ g^^'^g f""
for swine are thirsty'anim'als faJ^^tt ^^^^^^
where they may escape insect, must not be forgotten " ^^
g22 THE AMKKICAN FARMEK's OTOOK HOOK.
So in feeding cattle, swino should glean what is left. One oi t.v.,
ho-s should follow ouch steer or cow, according to how much gram H fed
tolhe ho.rH in addition. Our plan always was, to allow two hogs to each
steer, and then at night to give the hogs what extra com they would oat.
rX. Value ol Mast lor Hogs.
This will depend upon Iherange and the number of nut-producing trees.
When a suitable range is to be had it should ahvays be used espec.ally or
breeding hogs, and young swine. For fattening, .t wd only be ava. able
in extensive forest districts, and for half-wild swn.e. In any event, h..g.
fed on mast should be allowed full feeds of gram for at least three weeka
before slaughtering.
X. Hog Feeding in the South.
Swine-feeding can be profitably conducted on a large scale at the South,
only in the more temperate regions where corn may be .oy^m.cally
ffrown There is, however, still so much forest area there, that ,t should
be made use o^ to the fullest extent for hog pasture, on account of the
natural root«, the wild fruit and the mast. The supplementary tood
must depend, as it does everywhere else, on the cost If it has to be
bought, corn and mill feed will be found the cheapest Every planter
should raise and cure enough hogs to furnish pork, bacon and hams
for his home use. It will be found, in nearly every uistance, cheaper than
to buy the bacon and pork already prepared.
XI. Feeding in Close Pens.
In all cases, where few pigs are kept, or where only the family supplies
„f pork are f attened-especially when the fattening p.gs are bought m the
spL-it is cheapest to feed in close pens. These should always be m
wo aVrtments, one closed in for sleeping, and the other an open plat-
fHfov feeding. A pen twelve by sixteen will accommodate s.x large
ho"; and tht win allow the sleeping room to be 8 by 12, and to fee
roo'm the sam« size. In every case where hogs are to be kept and fattened
Tcold weather, warm sleeping places must be provided ; and even wher
lar'e numbers of hogs were kept to be fed fully fat, we have four., the
plan of close pens to be most economical m the end.
Xn. Hog Bams.
When manv hogs are kept, a permanent structure should be built for
fatTenn^Td wintering them. The simplest form of a hog bam . alow
S^° with ranges of pens on each side of a four-foot passage way.
r^S^Sng divided Lo pens eight fe^ s^are^^This wonM g^
twenty feet for the width of the builamg. In the m.dule, a t^-. n.} t _
rim should be left for the boiler, and for the storage of feed. Ihe
hey woulil oiit.
sleeping iipaitn.ents nuv bo loiin.tnof^M * , .
a.ui wit., u do... to eaci ^J^ o ."h rr^'ttV' "'^ ^^«^"'^— '
.wing either way when a ho.r pushes it Th '*' "" '^ '""^^ *^'^'''»y
a wheelbarrow, rolled along! ".^^^"^^^^^^^ "'^^^ '"' «>-"«d i"to
ing directly upon the con.pc^t Lj ^ " ' '""'""« ^^'^^^ ''^'^ ^^r dump-
ed
xni.
The Best Form of Hog Bam.
re of feed. The
The best form of ho>» b-nn ti/« k
twe..ty-fo..r feet ^.u.^,:::; ^^t^Z ^^^ IheT ' '''''"'' ^'""^'"^'
with bin. for meal, and a corn crib vi hoi.. ^ "''P^*-. ^^""-^ "n-anged
twelve-foot«quare in the center of ho ' '• '"""'"» ^"^^"^^- The
thocooking apparatus, thoS.:l!e^^^^^^^^^^^^
80AV.S and the younger picr« since t'^.H ^djonnng being for breeding
Thence wing/oxteT.d itc ' uj^f^^r^^''^:' ^'^ ^"Hding"
barn iirst described, except that thil ^:^t:2alJ^ [f "^1 ' '°«
summer feeding, a door conxmunicatin..^ Ctte " '' ' ""^
yard beyond should bo added. sleepmg pens to a,
III this way we have kept fivo hundrod !.«„= ^ u
to their feeding and sanitary coSo^! „^ ^ ' T^' ^^ P'"^'' attention
with but slight loss from L^^^^^^^^ ^'"^'^^'"^ our own stock
pure. The pens were kept' t^y vvt hid ir^ff^l '""' '"^''^ ""^
the compost heap and covered re Jarrwifh ! .. ^^''^ ^'I'-'-ied to.
XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs.
We have heretofore shown th. If u., „ • 1 •,. .
growing, does so at the eZ^^^/: Z':: ' j^^^ 'r^^^ '"se flesh when
true of swine. No feeder can afford to winter u".! tit. '' ''P'''""^'
heavy weights, unless under exception Ictnf. ''"^ "^ ^^"'"^
— . >- weighing from 400 trXut^noTl ' "^^^ ^"^
per pound as lighter fat hocrs and witi, f """"^^ '^' \ ""t ^n-wg so much
year .,.e, „„ k'ept t„c. «;;;;;; r^n-eTLrartr^ "'"''• ^™^
Hogs weighmg 200 pounds, or thereabout will h.
-kct than those of any other woiglft ^ ^T s J ^^^^^^^^ '"T^ '" ^"^
bettor into hams, bacon, and famii; side pork' til '■"''^' '"' "^
one wants a ham, for instance tint wil • ? '"''"'' ""««• ^o
-^s ; there is too much Tt o; it for ^ e ll?' S^T;'''' '"^ ^^'^^
■ell well, for very fat bacon is not liked Ho'r^if , "'" "^"^^ ""'
urned off weighing 200 to 250 JnZt' . ■ ^^ i-'^P'^-'j ^^d may be
- . a-d f..u,ug. at ten or eleven months old" " w: "hr;;
I
4 I
, > If!
821
una AMERICAN FAKMEK'8 HTOCK liOOK.
fMlilNl|>^>. far. 'wed in March, ibat in the succeeding January killtd to
ih»*ft «p to 380 I.. ikN, iiful liave tuinod fhcm off several times, that, at
tf* months old, w»)uld aveniije 300 pounds ai've.
To put the thing in a nut-slidl, it is altogeth'^r cheaper to feed thrcn
ito ^00 pounds eac'li at nine months old, than it is to feed n hogMim;
to make him weigh (!0(; pounds : and again, if the piga are w nlh
■l« «!(illU » pound alive, it is 13(5 ; the ^"^ pound hog will not then IniiiL'
more than tiv "i cents, or $30, and has c..,teu more com than the tlin r
lighter hogs.
XV. Economy of Full Feeding from Birth.
It should be remembered that it takes a certain percentage of tlip
food to supply daily animal waste. The young animal lonverts into flich
more of the food given than a full grown one ; no matter how long tlic
animal is kept the daily waste goes on constantly. Hence, it should re-
quire no argument to show thdt the true economy is to feed strong from
birth, if the object be simi)ly to sell the animal when fat. When
fat, sell at once, unless the state of the market is such that it will pay to
hold for a time. Above all, do not allow the animal to fall away at any
stage of growth, since it must be brought bac-k at an increased (^o.t of
food over that originally given, to bring it to the condition at which it be-
gan to fail.
i.lESTEit CUUSTy IsiiEi'.UlSQ SOW.
rccntagc of the
PART VI.
Diseases of Swine.
Howx.KKow™™,.H.neo™..H,,^.
TIOK AND CUBE.
Hl\
-*■»««««».,-:■,„.*■
Diseases of Swine.
CHAPTEH J.
MALIQI^AITP AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES.
I. THK PBEVENTION OK 1>ISKASK i. .
CONTAGIOUS FEVEK OK SWINP —i.v t^'^''*^"'^ EPIZOOTIC CATARRH
SPLKMC PKVEU, OH MALIGNANT I^^m.v'''''*"'^^' ™EUMOm?OTE1UT « v'
MALIGNANT DISEASES Vll inull\^^ '^'- SUMMARY OP TRPATMvvrr^'
IN GIVING MEDICINE TO SWInJ^ X"" ''■«'NFKCTION.--:v„, l^'^^'J ^««
PREVENTIVES. «^"'^' 'X. WATC.I SYMPTOMS EAR^.^^^iJC'^USB
I. The Prevention Of Diseases.
In the cure of swine the prevoiifinn r.e a-
ance. They arc. indeed, Z^u^l^rV' ?' ''" "'"'^^^ '"'^-^
these fo. are. gene.ll,. i„ tl^^e 'S i:: f ^, ""^"-^^ ' ^"'
g.ous diseases of the most serious kind , ''"^"''"*' ^l"''^'""« or conta-
administering medicine (thev bein<. too'sirf*!, '•"'' ^'''^ '''^^'"'^y in
great. To prevent disLso^-n^i„e 2, I •'''"'''''' '""^^ '^ ^«ry
care for the animals that they shal be' kZ Z '"'T'""" ''""« ^'^^ «" *«
admission of other swine amcm.. t e he d 1 uT^ ^""^ '^^'''"^- The
you are well assured that the^new cent ^ f^ "V" ''T''"''^
herd should be perfectly isolated dur . tirn. \ " ""''''''' ^'^e
contagious diseases, and disinfectants souldefr 1 '^"^'"^^ «^
serious disease makes its appeannce n 7^ ^ "'"'^ ' ^^'»'" ""ce
be ca,-ofully separated fro.l/the ^1 e^ T. ' "" ^'^' ""'""^''^ ^^•'-J<i
way to treat so-called hog cholera which 1 . ''' '' "^^^ ""^' ^■<-onomical
ing foruKs, viz : malignant epi ^ l^c^ r^-'7!"-? "">^ "^ ^'^ f'^'low-
«pccifio contagious W, aUonS ^ c e"^ "' 7"^ ^''^''^'•'''" ^
travasation, ulceration of the membranes InT' ""■';^''^'""' '>'""d ex-
fetid discharges ; contagious .pn mo ,: ., ^ ^^^""'^■"l "-' '--Is. and
'nflanuuation of the sto«!adi and bcnvel 'iH >"' ^'"'^ ''' ' ''""^"fe''""«
«'-'; or the erysipelatous f ^ 7^^^
with nu.Iignant sore throat. wLneS^^^T^'T' "" *'"^' "^^«"^«d
tacks swine, the cheapest way to t^..!ti" T . """ "^ ^''^^''^^^ ^^
;je ..Klering tanks.'and ^.^Irrj^: ^t^: ; :^'''"f ^l^ "- ^^
• ' '' ' --P<^tent v^erinarian be near, apply to 1;;.;^:^
JH 1
828
THE AMEKICAN FABMEU's STOCK HOOK.
.:1J^
■J-
■ ''''i-W
„,,, — _-„., -:~'r-|
to
^^^BUyli
once ; but beware of quacks who go about doctoring hogs wifb so-called
specifics ; thoy are a delusion and a snare for the unwary.
n. Malignant Epizootio Catarrh.
Causes.— This disease, if not actually generated in filthy yard.s and
pens, is quickly and fatally developed in such places, and the poise n
germs quickly find their way to the mucous membranes of the animals.
Anything that suddenly checks the insensible perspiration, as a cold; will
quickly predispose to the disease.
How to know It.— There will be difficulty in breathing ; pantmg ; lifu
ln<r of the flanks, Ind a short hoarse cough. There is fever ; the head
will be stretched out and drooping; sometimes running at the nose;
efforts to vomit ; generally constipation, but sometimes diarrhoea ; and
the animal will show a stiff tottering gait. After death, if the animal is
opened, there will be found inflammation of the nasal passages of the
upper part of the throat, and of the windpipe and lungs, which latter
will be found more or less solidified.
A second form of the disease shows less cough ; less difficulty in
breathing, but decided paralysis, and tottering in the gait ; there is con-
stipation" followed by profuse and foetid diarrhoea; the back arched;
partial or total blindness ; enlarged glands and scrofulous ulcers. After
death the lining membrane of the intestines will be enlarged and degen-
erated ■ the spfeen enlarged, soft and dark ; the liver is also affected, and
there may bo water exudations in the chest and belly. The duration of
either form will be about fifteen days.
What to do.— If the disease shows clearly the symptoms descnbed, kill
the animal and bury it deep. Separate all animals showing the slightest
ailment, and give the following emetic :
jjo J 15 to 20 Grains, powdered white hellebore.
i^ Pint milk.
Mix and let the animal drink it,if it will; if not, turn it down with a
horn as described under Article VIII, in this chapter. When the dose
has vomited the animal, if the symptoms are as first descnbed or in the
lungs, give
jjj-Q 2. 2 or 3 Grains tartar emetic.
If the symptoms are as described in the second form of the disease, or
if the bowels are implicated rather than the lungs, give, mstead, the
following:
■^Q 3, 2 or 3 Grains calomel.
Either dose may be adminip^^rnd in the half of a roasted potato if the
animal will eat. If not, envelop the dose in lard and place it well back
MALIGNANT ANU k.IUEMIC i,iSEA8E8.
s witi) so-called
«2y
in the mouth on the root of the t
1 Ounce powdered cantharides,
4 Ounces olive oil.
Heat the two over a moderate fire for h..i^ i
and rub it iu well, repeating if it does 1 hii T ^''''''\''^"''''S constantly.
So soon as the animal gets relief T d "" •" ■ '" '"^ ''PP^i-tion.
following, every day for a few days b^Tif ZT " u *'" ^""=^'^' ^^^ ^^^
omit the carbonate of potash : '■""^^'^ ''' '" ^he bowels,
N°-5- 20 Grains sulphate Of iron,
30 Grains carbonate of potash.
If there are copious, dark discharges from the bowels, give
^-->- 20 Grains podophyiHn. ^
, 2 Drachms bi-carbonate of soda
Mix iu a pint of milk.
But, if there be constipation, srive the fnli^,. • •
' ' ^'""^ the followmg mstead of No. 6 r
" '' 1 Ounce castor oil,
1 Drachm oil of turpentine.
Mix in a pint of milk.
in. Contagious Pever of Swine
This is sometimes called intestinal hog cholera. '
Causes.-It .s contag.ous and the infection is virulent .
gcrn.s are carried to considerable disf.., ' ' I *','" "^"^^ «« 'hat
gerM.s are carried to cc,nsider 1 t " ™^''''' '"^ "^"^^ «« t
generated in foul pens and";^ '!??'' -PPosablyin the air.
tiio
not generated in foul"p;.;;';;^d 3! "Ihov'T' ^'^"^^'''^'"^ the air. '"5
.ana,ement, cause itl develop qity^^^^^^^^ -•^'' ^'^^^ -- and
duoed. ' quickly when the germs are once intro-
HOW to know it.— Succoedino- the inrnbof,-
days to two weeks, accordin.no tie "'"^"^^'^'''/^'^^h lasts from three
bo .invering; prostration; Si^n e ho 'd" ^^'"f™^"-' there will
feed, hut will lie under tlie lifter Z n "^^ ' '''" ""'""^' ^^"1 "ot
and unsteady. There wMl e t eLu ^r^f "V""^" = ^"^^^^'^ ^^^
serted into the rectum will .^^m n ' '^'"""' ^''^'■•""'"^'tcr in-
There win be heat and sorenol'ti:,Hr''t" 1 '''' ^" ^^^ ° ^^•
;i>otMho redness disappearing under;t;"T;f 'T''- "'' '^^^^
but rapid ; the tongue nuu-h furred • .2, ^''V^"''^^ ^^i" ''o weak
i"g;thel,clly is sore and the -.ni.n'.. 7 T""''' """^ 'l"'^'^ breath-
'-ulled; the bowels are cost ve so 1 ,'" ""' ^^^^^'"^ « ^^ ^^
?-enm, as the disease pro^'^^ 1™" ' •"l'^''-'*^ ^'^ ^-ease. but
fo'tid and exinmsting, will sufCr; r "'" ^'"'''^ ^'-'.y. diarrhr.
t-i",^ulec..ationcrf\hobowr^^^^^^^
alvsis of the hind limbs with /^ i T- '*"'' occasions sr-
"">»■■.» n„„io,„ of ,;;;:;;:',','.'"■ ""«»• '-"1..? of ti. v..
yr-.-'. .;gf»' i
«««»■* i-sll»»i«,™l„
ggy THE AMERICAN FAIIMEK'S STOCK BOOK.
What to do.— Kill and bury deeply ull infected animals, unless they
can be treated in a place where the atmosphere is constantly disuifc, tecl.
Disinfect, also, all animals that may be near. Separate all animals ia
which the clinical thermometer, inserted into the rectum, shows a torn-
perature of 100 o F. or more. Give them charcoal, bi-sulphate of soda, 20
grains at a dose, mixed with the same quantity of nitrate of potassu ; give
also sulphate of iron ( copperas ) , or the following :
jf(,_ 8. 2 rounds flowers of sulphur.
2 Pounds sulphate of iron,
J^ Pound nitrate of potash,
% Pound black antimony.
This mixed in twelve gallons of slop will be enough for 100 hogs ; or
give each hog 1 pint at a dose, repeating every day.
Be sure the water used has not run through the premises of a diseased
herd • use only pure well water, and be sure, also, that the food has not
been 'contaminated; and if you have lately bought strange hogs, isolate
them in a safe quarantine until assured they are all right.
Treatment of the sick.— Give cool pure well water, just acidulated with
sulphuric acid, to drink. If there is constipation, give a mild dose of
castor oil, say two ounces, and also give injections of warm wntcr to
assist the operation . Then give the following dose, repeated two or three
times a day.
jfo, 9. 20 Grains nitrate of potassa,
20 Grains bl-sulphate of soda.
Mix in a pint of gniel, and give as one dose.
If the belly becomes tender, and bloody dung is passed, showing ulcer-
ation of the bowels, give fifteen or twenty dfops of oil of turpentine, in a
little gruel, night and morning. When the worst cases show signs of
improvincr, give tonics, say S-grain doses of quinine twice a day; or
A drachm^doses of sulphate of iron (copperas). This with nourishmg,
soft food, good nursing, and a most thorough disinfection, (sec Article
VII,) may bring them out.
IV. Contagious Pneumo-Bnteritls.
This is a form of so-called "hog cholera," or purples. It is a conta.
gious inflammation of the lungs and bowels with red or purple blotches
on iV > skin, according to the relative form of the disease.
(^.ij ,,8 —Bad water, and malaria from filthy pens or swampy grounds,
.«,• / '"c causes in hot or warm, wet seasons. A minute organism
• found in the serous fluids and tissues of the body.
.^ -.iw It.— Charbon or malignant anthrax, also called hog
v 1 'ir > who want a better name, is soiuctimes confounded wit_
<6-.
■oU
or 100 hogs ; or
MALiai^ANT AND KHDKMIC mSEASES. ^3^
tills disease. In some respects, indeed th. ■
then.. Hence we give theVptolatl; 2Zr"' 7'^ ""''^ ^^^^^^^^^^
as stated by Dr. Klein : P^o«**ti« distniction of each, side by side,
CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERinS.
-Period of incubation from two
to five days and more.
Rarely and with difBculty trans-
mitted to other species.
Spleen rarely enlarged or other.
wise changed.
Blood after death of ordinarr
appearance.
No bacillus anthracis in the
blood, but numberless bacilly in the
Berum of the thorax and abdomen.
Lungs and bowels always both
inflamed. Cough always present.
The red or purple color diffused
over the surface, and of an eiy,
sipelatous appearance.
TRUE CHARBON.-Period of in-
cubation. or latency, from a few
hours to three days.
Easily transmissible to other
species of animals.
Spleen always enlarged, and
often broken down.
Blood after death dark and fluid.
Bacillus anthracis m the blood.
Lungs and bowels frequently not
.mphcated. Cough may be present.
-I he discoloration local, and of
a true carbuncular appearance.
'ri . - ''"'"""<^"'ar annearancfl
i::^r::X^t:;;;;^J^--' ^^ ^»"; wm not eat, . un.
the bowels are constipated?" aZZrt\ ''.*'^"'^^ '" -'"-^*-» '
purple blotches passing in o 611^^'! „ ^''''^- '''^^" ^-"'^ ^ed or
throat, neck, breast and betwe'r tl Wl" ^^^^^'-^t the ears,
charge of dark or purple fluid from ton! I T """"y ^« '^ ^i^*
labored.even to panting; there is Iv^l V 'u' *'''^*'^'"^ '^^^^"•"es
animal is forced up, his h;ad wUl XoT ^tTe '^'^'^ '™^^'- '^ ^^e
a reeling gait behind. Foetid d arrhl, T •^'''"".^' ""^ ^' ^^^^' ^^th
from one to three days. ^^^ '"^ '"' '^"^ ^he animal dies in
With Malignant Sore Throat Th«
mentarcthesameasintheervsineil^on, /^'"^ T "' ^^^ commence-
line about the throat; there a7elEr /'''"' ?^''^ ^ ^^^ -"^ Purple
Ing; and the sensation of chokir,"' 17""'': "''^^"'^^ '" --"ow-
animul will sit on his harnches "InhJ ""^u' '" "'*^^"«« '^^^^ the
and swollen tongue. The slmpZ 1 "''' ^''' ''"'^' ^'^"^"'d^d
^^.-theh^n..„kir;s^Xk:;:^^^ -- «.
„..T^^ to d0.-I< oment the swollen uart« with h- 1 -r-
5'«'.yp
g32 THE AMERICAN FABMER's STOCK BOOK.
surrounding parts with equal parts of turpentine and sweet oil. Give at
once two ounces of castor oil, and when it operates, give the foUowiug
two or three times a day :
jjo_ 10. 20 Grains nitrate of soda,
20 Grains nitrate of potasli.
Mix in a little giuel.
If the bowels are swollen and tender, give twenty drops of tiin)Pntine
in a little gruel, as may bo needed, and let the animal have powckued
charcoal in the water it drinks.
Another valuable remedy is that of M. Lubin, to be given m gruel tnree
. -mes a day, omitting the calomel after the third dose. It is as fellows :
Ifo, 11. 5 Grains calomel,
1 Draelini nitrate of potash,
10 Grains powdered camphor.
This is a good dose for the swine not yet affected, and it may bo used
in any of the preceding diseases, as a preventive. The followinir has
been found useful by Prof. J. B. Turner, of Illinois. It will be sufficient
for 100 hogs, the dose being one pint for each hog :
jfo. 12. 2 Pounds flowers of sulphur,
2 Pounds sulphate of iron,
2 Pounds madder,
»^ Pound black antimony,
y^ Pound nitrate of potash,
2 Ounces arsenic.
Mix the whole in twelve gallons of gruel for 100 swine, or give one-
pint doses to each.
V. Splenic Fever or Malignant Anthrax.
This disease is rare, and has even been asserted as not occurring in the
United States. Yet, since charbon or malignant anthrax of cattle may
be easily communicated to other animals and man, there is no rcusoinvby
swine should not become victims.
The common form of Anthrax.-In pigs the most common form IS a
carbimcular swelling of the throat, extending inwards to the wmdi.iFaud
.uUet, causing difficulty in breathing and swallowing, an 1 tcr.nnuitn.gm
convulsions and death by strangling. It has been popularly known as
white-bri.tle, from the peculiar appearance of the bristles about the part..
The treatment should be similar to that advised for pncumo-entent,s
with malignant sore throat. (See article IV.)
The apoplectic or splenic form.-If this form of he disease should
appear, it w ill be known by malignant inflammation of the mtcinul organs
such as are noticed in bloody murrain in cattle. It is malignant bloo
poisoning, and so virulent is the infection th.at every tissue of the animal
et oil. Givo at
MALIGNANT AND EnOEMK: DISEASES.
It is as follows :
wine, or give one-
833
is affected, and is uoisonnnq tn l^^fi.
kno.n as lualignaJt puTu" , ? ' , ":: i^ ^^''. P^"^"^-= -"at is
fectcd a„i...i comes i'„ contaU wir:/:, ^n Z T r'' ""' ^'^ '-
Prevention.-Porhaps us good a nrefenZ ""•
12. But every animal infecr.-d hX ^ i! I^n,"/ '! ^^^«^^^^'P*-» ^o.
deeply, aud covered with quick lime. ^*^ "°'^ '^'^^ b""«<i
VI. S«-mary Of Treatment lor Malignant Diseases.
As a last word, however, we rctjcit • Do ^
any hut hlooded lio-s that arc vulu'.l.io \ '""' *""^ ^" doctoring
don and the necessary ca.. tn curin. .T"M '" """"' J"''^-*^ ^«°'-
the diseases named, and which oo undpr t h! I"'^^""*''"" to take in all
^disinfection, and the hk!: ^Zr^'^S: ^^ ''"f ^'^'^'^^^
well. If the sanitary conditions of tiu'll "". " / "''^ ^'"""^ '^'
to, all other treatment is thrown "wZ^/rr '^'""''^ "^^"'^^^
thoroughly disinfect themselves before .c',]^; a'^ut .th '""•''"'' "'"^*^
it is better that the attendants keep uwa'v f " . T ''''""• ^" ^'^^t'
Hence our advice: Thorou^hh islt 'ui . ^^ ^' '''" ^"'^ "'*"=^^h^'--
of disease, and if it does not g e w^y l^i 27 T? ^'^^ '"* •"^^^^*--
deeply at once. ^ ^ ^'"''^^^ '" treatment, kill and bury
Vn. Rules for Disinfection.
The rules we give for disinfection, will am.lv t.
i..g .»,., s_..,,,,«, shed,, „„d o„tl,„u J , " ty ki:^ 'T ""■ T'""-
ii»l always dish.foctniits, and niiiiDlv ,?„„,l„. • , '"""S™'' a™
act disinfection i„ a„y ^nso of Z word ° '"■ ''''*'"^''« '"""• -
The disinfection of all haiiis stil.low ei, ^
.als having malignant or co^^ i's ^;:^; "^ T' ^'"^^ "'^''^^ -'-
coive strict attention. Every 'a shol 1 h T ^''" '"'P^' -^''""'^ -
of sulphur and wood tar, in the nroDorr f"''^'^'^ ''''''''' ""^ ««^^--«
to two quarts of the latte , ix^d 3 Tors. u''. T'' "' ^^^ ^"^--•
to smoke thoroughly, until the wlmle hn'n 'u'' ^'^''-'ed and allowed
the hospital shoiddlle f u mi 4^ 1 1 t h ""^ " ''"' "'^'^ ^'""'^^ S^
wcek,l,utnotsutlicientlytosr tlt^^ J^^ "'T' ^"'" "^^ t^^'- times- a
'"'il'ii"^- -ould also bethoi-ou. IIvw Tr ^^"-7 part of the
t''^ <'<'thing also wet wit^ f^' ^.^^ "" '^"^^ --'-'i^ -id, and
«-- or washing ,,,„«, loo part o so / . "''^ ''^""'^^ '^'' '^''^^^^^^
of add. The iulpure c u-bolic • d of ; ^ "'^^^ ''^ ^^^'^^^ to one pint
Alhiisoharges should be treated wt-f "T t '"' "^ '^ ""'^' ""^""t^d.
in the proportion of one ^^ t^l:^? n'""' ''""'^^^ ^" -^-'
tend ■ -■•.,..,, ...""': ^^.t^^^S^llons of water. The at-
ami.1
«;i4
THK A.MKUICAN KAUMEK's STOCK HOOK.
A disinfectant tiiiit lisis no smell luul is not poisonous, known !,s
olilorulum, is made bydissolvini; throo pounds of rliloiido of alimnuiiiu
iu 1 wo giillong of water, or in like propiulious. Anothci- clioap iuid jmu-
erful disinfectant, but poisonous, if taken, is made of eiglit omucs .,f
chloride of zinc, sixteen ounces of sulpliate of iron, and one gallmi of
water. Dissolve, and to eacli pint used add one gallon of water. AniDiig
disinfecting substances may be named chlorine. This is set free by add-
ing oil of vitriol and a little black manganese to common salt, as a disin-
fc^lant of the air, but must be used iu vacated buildings, and is holi.r il'
used in the full light of day. So flowers of sulphur, burned l)y a hciil
onlv sufiicient to produce smoke, will accomplish the same purpose, and
if Jscd carefully, it will not injure stock. A disi .rectant that may he
used in occupied buildings is formed by adding a littk chlorate of
potassa, at short intervals, to half a pint of strong muriatic acid, ia a
strong vessel of glass, or heavily glazed stoneware.
VIII. Difficulty in giving Medioine to Swine.
The difficulty in administering medicine to swine is well kiiowii. The
usual way is to fix a slip noose about the upper jaw and dn.u up the
head, the obstinacy of the hog prompting him to pull steadily hack,
bringing the hinder parts to the floor. In this position liquids may be
admWiiJtered from a horn. The difficulty is the struggles of the animal
frequently do injury. In most cases if the hog is placed in a chute \.heic
he cannot turn around and he be givea an old shoe to bite on, having ii
hole iu the end, the medicine may be poured in the shoe and it will be
taken in champing the end. Another device lately recommended is to
take a pine board three and one-half inches wide and ten or twelve inches
lou'S including a handle whittled down at one end. At about three
inches from the end cut a notch one and three-fourths inches deep iind
three inches wide. On the other edge of the board, about opposite the
middle of the first not(;h, cut another notch about one inch square, then
cut down the end of the board for a handle. Let one hold the hog while
the other drenches him. Catch the hog by the ears and set him hack on
his hind parts. Place the board in the front part of the moalh,Muull
notch down ; pour the medicine in the front part of the mou(4i, on the
end of the tongue, from a strong bottle. Pour slowly, and give time to
swallow. Bo careful not to strangle him. The size of the sti(-k must
vary according to the size of the hog. In case doses in the form of pills
or paste are to be given, place them well back on the root of the tongue.
IX. Watch Symptoms early and U30 Preventives,
The "(mnce of prevention"' in tlie case of swine, is worth many tim«
•J ,-,,,,. •• r; .,..■; .. :; ■ , ■ '•.!^ ' *lior()u_uh
,. ' , . f . ; ■ . ... ; , . ^. .. , , eatnieiil.
\'.' . . , .llingand
, Any per
, r., . , ccuiately
>eco)'
nous, Known ns
de of aluinimini
' clioiip and pou.
eiglit oiuici's (if
[1 one galliiu of
f water. Anions
i set free by add-
i .salt, as a disin-
, and is heller if
Lxrned l)y a lieut
mo purpose, and
ant tliaL may be
IHIl chlorate of
urialic ncid, in a
ne.
,'ell known. The
and dr;i\. up tlic
uU steadily hack,
on liquids may he
,les of the. animal
[ in ii chute v.lieie
bite on, having ii
hoe and it will be
coramonded is to
u or twelve inches
At about three
>s inches deep and
bout opposite the
inch square, then
lold the liour while
d sot him hack on
the mouth, small
the monhij, on the
■, and give tinio to
of the stick must
n the forni of pills
•oot of the tongue,
ntivcs.
worth many times
,;' , ' Mioroudi
eatineiit.
.lling and
Any per
cciuatolv
CHAPTER II.
THE COMMON DISEASES OP swiNE.
I. INFLAMMATOny DISEASKS ir „vl
^"'0.^=.^^ --^-£o^^:^ ^s^t^^^^iz;!^^ ^—
SKIN-MANGE OU SCA^L^^'"' ^^r^'TINAL PAUASFTES J^v'''^.^^ '^"'- TKI-
XIV. SKELETON OK THE jioo ^"^ "'AKIllHEA.--_:xm ,^"^^ ^*' ^HE
c . , ^- ^°*^°"»atory Diseases,
bvvine are, from their nature -uid the
more subject to congestive and infl-immTr' ",• '''^'''' ^^^y ""'^ kept,
farm animal. The results of l^^lZ^^l "" *'^"'" ^^^ ^^h-
qu.nsy c^nighs and colds, sometimes endinLfn co?'"^'""'"""''^ ^«^» '"
ally in mflamraation of the lungs. ^ consumption, and especi-
n. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of th« t
How to know Jt.-Bv the rapid and HlJ , '"
of the body and limbs. There will be am ' r'^'"°' ^"^ ^'^'^^^nc.
the hog loses appetite. "" '°"''". "^ '««« severe cough, and
What to do.— Put the anim-il in o
law ,,„.. Koop „ ..■e,»;"i:', , „™' °';;;f >«. l-iet a„C wo„ „e„«.
»»<! s.<Jo, „„<1 give the ,„|I,„vi„g mixtaro ''"' """■ "" ""= "tat
No. 13. 9 r^,.„ ...
2 Diaehm. bi-sulphate of soda,
Af • . Dracluns nitrate of potasJ,
Mix m a pmt of gruel and feed it to the n f .
a horn. This may be repeated as nece tv " ' "' '"'" '^ ^«-" '^-rn
a bhster may be applied to the ehes but I ^'""'''' *'^"'' '' "^^^^^^ry,
-h."g food as the ho. .ill eat, shluld efflTa tuiT "' "" ^''^'^ --'
This is „ "'■ ^^"^"'"^ °' ^ammation of the Tonsils
ihis ,s a common and often f..t..i ^-
g-ven. It is an inflammation of the n^Lfd'T/. '^ f''^^ ^^ °«* Pr«°^Ptly
. How to know it.-If you find that?; f u^" *'^''""*-
f slavering and protrusfon of 1 tn e 2 " '^"^^""'^^ "^ -«""-"g 5
e a swelling under the lower jaw S Lk v ""' "^^ "P^^'^"^ '^ ^hefe
has the quinsy. "' ''"^ "'^'^k. you .nay be sure the animal
Bca!%V'et^?"lf^.u'l°^?^ P;=' '-'"d with a thin, keen-blo,.. .-;,
F ..{ ,ue oiood flows freelv TK ""''«-" ^^uife
g3^ ireely. Then foment the parts
•»«•»*»*«*"
886
THE AMERICAN FAKMEK'8 STOCK BOOK.
with cloths wrung out of very hot water, applyini? them repcfitcdly tc
induce blofdin" and reduce the intluinmation. lu the moan tinio th»! fol-
lowino- HJiould be prepared, to bo used as soon as possible, as un
injection :
jfo. 14. 4 Ounces sulphate of magnesia,
2 Uiachms oil of turpentine,
yi rint soap suds.
Mix, and inject into tlio rectum with a syringe. If the aniiiml will
eat, give the following, mixed in a little gruel :
j(o. 16. 2 Teaspoonfuls turpentine,
2 Teaspoonfuls lard oil.
If he will not eat, swab the tonsils often with the mixture by means
of a swab fastened to a small rod, the mouth being held open, as piovi-
ously described.
IV. Apoplexy, Staggers or Congestion of the Brain.
This disease is not unusual in fat hogs.
How to know It.— The animal will bo stupid ; the eyes red ; the pulse
hard and rapid ; the bowels constipated. As the disease progresses, the
animal becomes partially or wlioUy blind, going in a circle or striking
against objects ; and at last he falls unconscious. Sometimes tlie attack
is attended with effusion on the brain, without other symptoms being
especially noticeable; the animal falls suddenly ; the iiuibs stiffen; frotb
flows from ths mouth, and tiie breathing is hiird, with a snorting sound,
What to do.— H cold water is not at hand, bleed freely from the jugu-
lar vein. The proper application is cold water allowed to fall upon the
head from a considerable height. At the same time let an injection bo
quickly prepared and administered at once ; use No. 14.
V. Colds, or Rising of the Lights.
. Risincr (,f the lights is what is generally called a cold. Keep the ani-
mal waiTO and quiet ; feed well with easily digested food, and rub vinegar
and nnistard on the chest. If it does not yield to treatment, iri ve a tal.le-
spoonful of tar every day, placing it well back on the ton-no with a
paddle. If the disease resolves itself into inflammation of the lungs, see
treatment therefor in Article II, of this chapter.
VI. Catarrh or Snuffles.
This is a common disease that usually disappears with warmth and good
care and li'-'ht, digestible food. It sometimes assumes a chici.ic t."u
as nasal -loot, just as it does in man. When this is the case, the ammul
bad better be killed at once
and !)uii«jd.
Tf the imiiiial will
THK COMMON r>r«RAsK8 OK SWINE. ,3,
Vn. Measles and Trtohlna.
Causes. — In swino measles '
wonn) from eating the og.r,' of the Tn!"' ^^ " P"'''''*^ (^'»« ''"'i^der
in its food, iu.t as trichi.ris oau , ?;,/"'" "' "'" ^'^"^ -'--)
containingthegernvsofthisnuruskr '?'■''' "'"' ""•^" '>'• ^'•'-a^o
and void the e,..« of the tap « 'anS "'"^' ''''' ''''' '— t'> curry
swine <,o not eat their cxerernent i T^^' r^ T ^^'"'"^ ''*' ^'''-'» ''-^
by man, without its hoing nu.st thorou' h v ", ?'?''^ P'""^ '"'^ ^'^t^"
surely n.fected with tape-worn, us he .S ,7'"'^,' '*«. ^^'" '- i-st us
t-hn..„.feotedpork. Hence, it is n v r If^^^^^^^ ''''''''^ '' ^« '^to
tliorc ,,s always danger that some of tl o / . ' '"''^''" ^^"'•'^' «•"««
cooknig. . "^ tlie cysts may escape death in
The tape-worm is a flat-bodied worm «, ^
pints from a quarter to H half i„ehri;„,tlf-"^ of «„,«„ ,,„^^„^^ ^^
de,,re,ss,on between them. When full Town T ""^' '" ^"^^' ^^''th «
to one hundred feet long. One end is f " ''"''"' '"^ ^•■"'» "»e inch
globular and f urnished^lth "ri " ^^ ' '•;:'-"^' *'- ^^ad, which is
snout, encircled by a row of booklets. ' 7^Zl!^r T' '' '""''''^^•'^ «-
become detached and are expelled when ri e 'i^f '""f '^"'^ *'- ^ogments
beseen wnggling^Iono. over the graJ 7oL 5^'^ ^'"'« ««gn^o„tsmay
bey go they deposit innumerable ^ni^T'"' "^\' "'''^^'< ->d. as
by graz„,g animals, especially the ho"' T T^"' ''^''^' "''^ ^''^en up
7™ lays upwards of 25,000,000 e..:; AnT T!"'^ "'^' ^^singlotapo
of a hog opens and hatches an ov.^d * v, f^*'"''"" "'^" th« stomach
■ts way through the tissues till it finds .t'ssno ""'"-"''' ^^'^'^''^ ^"''^^
and tbcre it encysts itself and lies aV '""^'"'"^ *° '^^ "«ture;
.adefinite length of time till, perhaps,
t.s eaten by a person, who becomes
a fea.t for the tape-worm, which is
developed very soon and causes intes-
tinal pam, emaciation, nervous irrita,
bility, convulsions and, often, death
llie cysticerms cellulosa is the hvH«f;^ 1 , ,
cj^t. some of which are JS^ -^ot ^l!"^' ^^^^^
of barley, distributed thron/b f^ """" ^mSSm^
''ther tissues. Lx the liv .'"^L T'''''''' ^"^ ^^-"okS" "'J'k.,,,
tbere will be found small v''. "' '' mtecied, losA.-Magnifled.
nnd.rtl-p--- "".2.^'"*'"' ^^'^tery pimples of a rink or >• ^ t
-j..rt!,es,vi„. liiere will also bp «,« I " „ ^ °^ ^^'^ Color, fust
era! luck of health. ^' ^""^"^^^ ^^ ^he hind parts and gel
MEAl. OF T^NIA SOLIUM.
Magnified, (Cobbold.)
4DULT INTESTINAL TIH-
CUIN\ Sl'IKALIH.
MAGNIFIKU.
g3g TUB AMKUICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
What to do —Treatment is of little avail. If the difti.ulty couM I.o
known ill tiinr, dailv small dosos of sulphur and saltpetre, given for so,„«
weeks, n.iol.t pas8 the eggs from the bowel.; yet this is not .vrlan,
Keep the do-s about the place free from tape worms by oe.asi.aml
vermifuges, and burn all their dung when found.
VIII. Trichina Spiralis.
Tri.l.ime are found in all animals, but usually in man, the hog and the
t^t They an. almost mieroscopie, varying from one-eighteenth to one-
tixth of an inch in length, and are among the most fatal of parusiten.
The mature and fertile worm lives in the intestinos
of animals, while the immature lives in cysts in
the muscles. When the eggs first hatch, the vomi;;
ones migrate through the intestines, and find ilicir
wayiinto the voluntary muscles, that is, the mus^
cles of motion; and in the course of six weeks
they become encysted, and do no farther harm to the
man or animal containing thcTU ; but during those
six weeks the life or death of the victim is merely
a question of strength to withstand the pain, ex-
haustion and emaciation, and many people die from it.
How to know It— The symptoms are swelling and great soreness of
the muscles affected ; pain ; emaciation and exhaustion ; it is often mis-
taken for rhemnatism. In tiie
lower aninnds, the same symp-
toms are seen as in man, hut
to a less marked degni ; there
is loss of appetite ; stiffness in
the hind parts ; the nuis(^lesare
sore, and the animal is loth to
move. If those affected live
" p:::'i2'n'.-For pcple-nevcr eat underdone povk, fn,- .n- «r.
vivo iT" F Han, ' thorougl.ly .moked and foiled arc «,te^
For hoc—keep Chen v«n,olo fron. »h,ughtcr houses, and never fed
When a case has occurred, Uace it to ifo un^iii
the pen and manure.
MUSCLE TRICHINA ENCYSTED. UAGNIKIED.
THK COMMON ,.,sk,.k, ^K MU ,ne.
. noli
IX. other Intestinal Parasitog.
Theso aro numorous. TIk. Uvd iv„.„. / v/ /
kidney worm (Sa.tr ,nrpjlu. Gl„as) Al^ '""'■""' ^''«'«'«-^) ""<i tho
rncnt. there, is litth, t., ,„ d ; -^'r ^""!''' '•'''^-
bctter ho kill..., i„„,,.ai,.te.v a. Vo ,, j" ir:"' '""'
to avoid dnniror. Tl.,. h„. i ^ .. ,*^ '"*« ff»-<"ise
and threo-fourths i J !„? I ''^ "■;:' """ *" "-
broad,.K.i«fou„di.jLXlT;;;r7''' ;''':''
;.te„ found i„tl.e.ivcr,.Klti.ekt"i'^^^^^^^
Iho air passages, otc. «'o, noart
Tho EuHtrongyhiH Gigas js found in fl.,. I,- i
it lives on till tho w,K..o is eato::'.^ L^T/'h '
capsule enclosing tho kidnov and oats t V v H ' ,"
into the intestinal cavity, and causes de-^ ' ''""""'''
prostration or inflanuna ion. Tho kidn "v t ""'■'"•"
cnorn,ous sizo-tho nina. n.o-tns fl ^^ '" ^^'""''^ *"
from one to throo fe H .n ^l f ' ^'""*~'' ''''''''" ^'•""^^ ""'"•
inchin diameter Ttij". ^'■"'" '^ 'I'^'^'-t--'" to a half »• -" i "• ^-'-
aiamotci . ft ,s soniotnnes fo.u.d in tho intestines --—••?*"'"''*
STEI'lIANtJRns
I'KNTATU.S
on I,AK1)
WOIMI.
-(Verrill.)
X.
Parasites of the Skin-Mange or Scab.
-"•"SO or Hoab.
Scab is produced by a smill if ) •
disease ^u.y ho eon.munieatod to rnln"'Tf [^""'"'r'' ^^^'^h '">d the
man. If the aonnals appear uneasy
KUSTRONOVLUS GIGAS (Cuvier.)
>^ 0«i'>«'« flowers of sulphur.
1 l>iauliiu nitrate of potash.
li;
'11
SfO
THE AMEBICAN FARMEB 8 STOCK BOOK.
Mix as a powder, and give in the food. Rub the animal thoroughly
with soft soiip, and at the end of an hour clean well with wartn ruin
water. When dry, prepare the following :
No. 17. 1 Pint train oil,
2 Drauhins oil of tar,
1 Drachm petroleum,
Flowers of sulphur to form a thick paste.
Rub this thoroughly in, and let it remain three days. Then wash
thoroughly with t;trong soap suds, and if the diflBculty is not rotnovcd,
repeat the application of tlie ointment. Tiio animals must be cliaii<>;od to
perfectly clean quarters, with clean bedding. Burn all old beddin<j;, uiid
paint the Hoor cracks, and every surface outside and in, with quick-liiuo,
slaked with carbolic acid, one part to one hundred of "water ; or got the
carbolic liijuor from the nearest gas-works, and slake with that.
i
XI. Iiice.
There would seem no reason why swine should bo infested with lico.
If they be suspected, examine the hogs, and when
dry, after washing with soft soap and water,
sponge freely with crude petroleum, and givo
daily, for some days, ^ drachm of coi)peras in the
food. If any lice remain, apply an ointment of
Scotch snuff and lard to the infested parts.
Xn. Diarrhcea.
Young pigs are often taken with diarrluna, gen-
erally during the first ten days after birtli. The
difficulty lies in the milk of the sow, either from bad
food or otiuu" disability.
What to do. — Give good, nourishing food, of
which sound grain is the basis ; place a mixture of powdered ciiiino.iliiinl
salt where the pigs and sow may freely take it. Prepare the following:
No. 18. 2 Pounds powdered fnsnugreelc seed,
2 Pounds powdered anise scod,
2 Poimds jiowdored elialit,
1 Pound powdered fjenlian,
2 Ounces carbonate of soda.
Mix, and givo a tablespoonful to the sow every time she is fed.
xm. LeproBy.
Wo have received accounts of hogs affected with "hog cholera"— every
disease for which no better name is known is now so called — in wliicb
pimples and blisters appear about the mouth and eyes, prostration ensues,
H^MATOriNUS.
Blood-Buckinj; louse of the
P'g-
ie sho is fod.
THE COMMON r>18EA8E8 OF 8W,n,,.
tho aiiimal staffcers whnn «,„ •
ernaoiution. In Europe tl.is dirusc is " o . "''' '""''"'"^" "'^'' "''^^t
much as to call it '«l,og cholera " Tt ■ \ ^''l"'"«y— ^^ niisnonicr jis
punphiVus. • '«' perhaps, u form of malionant
What to do.— Allow the ho<r » dpn,, .^ i
cool water to drink, and, if polsible ^ ^^1 ''"?"^*"'' ^''^^'^ '^'^'^
.kin with soft soap and water, and dre tl n ' '"'''• C'-'"««tho
No. 17. ^'^««« tl^« «oros with tar. or ointn.ent
(Jivo, twioo a day, the following, in .mu.| .... .. ■
best oat: ^' ^"•^■' "'' anythuig th« animal will
No. 1!).
>SJ Ounce flowors of sulphur
1 Drauhuniitnite of potash.
' l„- disease iscontairious, and want Of care dirf,
inn; arc suporinducinir causes. ' ^^ f"""-^' '"^^ foul feed-
^, , ^'^^^ Skeleton of the Ho«.
J^or a better understandin<r of the ,.n.w
figured illustration of the s^la v 7 ir^ "' ^ '"» ' ^"" '^'"^^^ and
series of figures, following the canifils r f Tu "f"'^'^'^^'- ''^'h, first
«".l foot. The figures fc.Howing ^1 t. "s i" V: ''T "' ''' ^^'^'^^
parts. The last series of figures followin' 7 n J '"^"' ^" "'" ^•'"d^r
of the head. The reader will have no difficf l7 ' '"'^'■'"'° *''« ^«»««
iiig the names. '^ diffaculty m rocogniyJng and learn-
SKKLETON OF THK IIOQ.
Names Of the Bones.-^-Cervical vertebra J, J, n ,
r^.^ ^;-Lumbar vertebru3. />_Sacrun, B F fr^'^''''^ ^^'^^
• ^, ^— (coccygeal bones.
//-
p ;. ,-"^'"n""r vortcbraj. />—«
^,i-K.bs. Gr-CostalcartiIa.es
^-Kaditis. Z— Ulna Ai- n ^ — ocapu
'"'""•• a. Cuneifor* f-^-i'-.'-'l-oe. 1. Scaphoid
7. Uncform. 8. Pisifonn. iV^. i^r.
-Scapula. /-Humerus. I{
2= Semi=
"V-'i!. or
842
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
oaiiuou. O— Sraall metacarpal. P, P— Sesamoid bones. Q, Q-^
Phalanges. 1. Os suffraginis, or pastern bone. 2. Os coronse. ;i ()s
pedis, ii— Pelvis. (Fore-leg of pig. Phalanges 1, 2, 3). 1. Ilium.
2. Pubis. 3. Ischium. /S— Femur. T— Patella. C7— Tibia. V—
Fibula. TT— Hock. 1. Os calcis. 2. Astragalus. 3. Cunoifonn
ma<nmm. 4. Cuneiform medium. 5. Cuneiform parvura. 6. Culioid.
3^ 6. Cubo cuneiform. X— Large metatarsal. (Hind-leg of pig. Plml-
an"-es 1, 2, 3). F— Small metatarsal. Z— Head. 1. Inferior muxillii.
2. ^Superior maxilla. 3. Anterior maxilla. 4. Nasal bone. 5. Molar.
6. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 9. Lachrymal. 10. Squauious-
tempoid. 11. Petrous-tempoid.
bones. Q, Q—
>s coronoe. ;i ()s
2, 3). 1. Ilium.
£7— Tibia. F-
3. Cunoifoim
vura. ^^. Cul)()i(].
•leg of pig. Phiil-
Inferior HKixiliu.
bone. 5. Mohir.
I. 10. Squamous-
WKSmmm
[V j
-'•"•' niimT
PART VII.
Tji^-
Sheep and Sheep Husbandry.
E 3nj: B R A. o I asr a-
OEIGIN, BEEEDS, BREEDITO AND MANAGBMEI.T;
WITH FACTS CONCERNING GOATS.
SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY.
CHAFfER I.
omam, awatomy aito points.
I. NATIVE COUNTBT OP SHEEP ,t ^„
ANATOMY OF THE SHEEP ly top .xr. "'^''^ "IVERSIPrED CHAWAn^^
1. I^ative Country of Sheep.
The native country of sheen ;<? imf i
earliest historical times. There a e „o wild' T"^ ^T ""'' '^^" ^'"^ ^he
the Ovis Montana, or wild sheep of mII ^ "^^ '^""^^"' '^ ^^« ^^'-'Pt
though at the Paris exhibition of Lf""'', '" '''' ^'"^^^ State!,
-e exhibited, although bred in c^fillr T ^'T''''^ ^^^P
wild sheep of Barbary, O,^, TraaelanTlT' ""^ "^"'^^ ^^''^^ ^he
our wild species, which is really a Zn ' d T .7".""'"^ " ^"=^^ "--
Ovis Cyeloceras, a native of /orthmil.ldif ''^ ^^""i=^"b wild sheep,
Om Musimon, belonging to Corsica and slXL """'"' °^°"^°°'
n. Their Diversified Character.
That sheep were the earliest domestic-itoH .f
there is no doubt. Abel was a keepc of 1 ".7 "' '^' ^'"^ ^'"''"''^J^'
herd or herdsman of any kind T ..l: !T' ^'^ ""''' ''^^'^'•'^^'^ «J'^M>-
c^.nestication, is also sh,;^n by th^ IST ^'K""' ^'"'^ -»- their
classification of Linn.us show^s The Sd '1'^'' ^^'^"•''^'^'•- T"-
Spanish, Many-horned, 4frican Z^T T' ^"'"'^' "''-^ck-faced,
Bud>arian. Long-tailed Cap Crde^ 'Tp '""^'^ Fat-run,ped
»ddcd the Siberian sheep of iri;:^^^^^^^^^^^^ !^- -/ '.'
m Lorsiuu ana liarbary and
847 •^'
848
THE AMEUICAN PAHMEE's STOCK BOOK.
the Cretan sheep of the Grecian Islands, Hungary, and some portions of
Austria, making about all the principal sub-species.
m. Anatomy of the Sheep.
SKELETON OF LEIC^KSTEB SHEEP.
Explanation.— Beginning with the head, the references to cut of skele-
ton show : 1— The intermaxillary bone. 2 — The nasal bones. 3— The
upper jaw. 4 — The union of the nasal and upper jaw bone. 5— The
union of the molar and lachrymal bones. 6— The orbits of the eye. 7
—The frontal bone. 9— The lower jaw. 10— The incisor teeth or nip-
pers. 11 — The molars or grinders.
The Neck and Body.— l, l— The ligament of the neck, supporting the
head. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7— The seven vertebne, or bones of tho nock. 1
13 ^The thirteen vertebraj, or bones of the back. 1—6— Tho sixver-
tebrse of the loins. 7— The sacral bone. 8— The bones of tho tail, va-
rying in different breeds from twelve to twenty-one. 9— The haunch and
pelvis. 1—8— The eight true ribs with their cartilages. 9— U}— The
five false ribs, or those that are not attached to the breast bone. U—
The breast bone.
The Fore Leg.— 1— The scapula or shoulder-blade. 2— The hu-
merus, bone of tho arm, or lower part of the shoulder. 3— The radius,
or bone of the forearm. 4— The ulna, or elbow. 5— The knee, with
its different bones. 6— The metacarpal or shank-bones ; the larger
bones of the leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller metacarpal. S—One
of the sessamoid bones. 9— The two first bones of the foot ; the pat-
terns. 10 — The proper bones of the foot.
\\
some portions of
"•^•<"N'. AVATOMV AN,, .orvPs oK SUEKV. y^g
the putelJa. ,i-Th,. tibi-i or l... .' ^/-f'^estiflo joint and its h.M.e,
Tl.e point of the ho 7 5 Th ' 1 '''. "'^"^•' '""^ "^ ^^o leg. 4 J
metatarsal. 8_A sessanioid I,c,no ') n' /-^^"^'""'^"t of tho small
the pastovns. 10-T,.o proper bl of'liloor '' """^"^ "^ ^''^' ^""^'
It will be seen that tho .r,...„,...i .
th.t of tho ox. itth in ' z^:r "' ;'" ^^^^^^ ^--^^-^^^ to
the horse, ox and sheep. B no tli the Ml"? I" "' '''''' ^'"'- -'- -
are doubled in tho «heep. ' ^''""'^'' '""^«^«»-. the four bones
IV. Top and Vertical Views of Skull.
The first illustration shows the .sL-nli ^f ,, ,
the top. ^^^ ''^"" "^ « {'»"«! «heep as seen from
ExplanatJon.-1-Occipital bone, depressed ouf nf i
parietal bones, the suture havino- d s-nmr , , '^''""'"'- ^-The
.3-The squamous portions of Ihc teZ^^'' ""' ''" ""^ "^ ^-=-r.
bone-the buttress of the arch of the skull
4-The meatus auditorius, or bony openin.^
tntotheear. 5-The frontal bones 6-_T ^
openmgs through whieh blood-vesseJs pass to
supp.thefo.head. 7-The bon^S I';
the eye. 8-1 he zygomatic or molar bone,
very much developed. 9, 10-The bones o^
the nose. H-The upper jaw bone 12-TI. p
nerve and blood-vessels pass, to suunlv ihnT *'''"'''"^"' t^^rough which the
The nasal processes of^he interma'^i " !"r ^'"' '' ''" ^'"^ ^3-
p.oces.ses. IS-The i.ttermaxillarrbono "^ : ''-^^'^« P="-tine
pad, instead of containing teeth. ""^' ""PPort.ng the cartilaginous
Next we give a vertical .section nf f k u ^
nation. ''^'"" °^ the head with its appropriate expla-
Explanatlon.-l— Nasal bone 2_TTnr, • ,
lary bone supporting tho pad sunni;»= ,^, ^^"^ ''"' 3— Intermaxil-
4-The fronta. sinua. 5-c2 Ir ^ ^''^ ''^ "P'"'''^°"^*-th. 4.
sinus of the horn, communicating
w.th the fronta. sinus. It is her^
^Jown by removal of a section of
he base of the horn. 7--The fron-
^ K,„e 8 Vertical section of the
'"'^'"•9 -Vertical section of the
-ebellum. a The cineritious pot ^^_
•••■■ - tiic brain. 6~The medul- ""'" '^'^ *"^'^''-vi^Rt,cal section.
•"v portion of the brain 10 Tho ., .,
10-The ethmoid bone. J 1-The eribiform
SKULI. OK A l.or,LEI> SHEEP.
850
THE AMEniCAN FAItMEU's STOCK BOOK.
or perforated plat« of tlie ethmoid bono. 12— The lower coll of tno
ethmoid bone. 13 — ^Tho superior turbinated bone. 14 — ^The iuf( rior
turbinated bone. 17— The sphenoid bone.
V. Dentition ol Sheep.
Youatt gives as follows the dentition of sheep, by which it
will be easy to tell the age correctly: The sheep bus ci-ht
hicisors in the lower jaw, and twelve grinders — six on a side
in each jaw,— making in all thirty-two teeth. At birth the
lamb should have tiio two central incisors just pushing througu. At a
month old all the incisors should bo up. At one year, sometimes not
until liftcen months old, the two tirst milk mcisors will be shed, and two
new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old past, ic will have
two more permanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past, it
will have six permanent incisors, and at four years old past, the eight
l^ormanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will be shown. This
*vill bo an accurate test astolhe age of sheep, up to four years, vario.l of
course, by care and keep ; highly fed sheep developing faster tliMii ill
kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, ami l()s(>
their fan shape, as seen at four years old. At seven they become longer
and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last iliey
become quite slender, the middle ones long, and at ten years they looseu
and begin to drop out,
VI. Points ol Sheep Explained.
To locate the different exterior portions of the sheep, we give a cut of
one of the half-wild breeds of the animal, which seems goat-like, but the
wool of which shows it to be a sheep.
I) — Shoulder. E
EXTEUIOU POINTS OK SHEEP.
ExplanatJon.-^-Face. i^-Muzzle. C'-Neek
-Point of the Shoulder. F— Breast. G^— Guth-plaee. //-Buck.
-Loin. iT-Kump. Z-Thigh. i>/-Ilip. iV-Root. of Tail.
ORIOm, ANATOMV AN,) |^,>,ts ok sUKBr.
Vn. Divisions of Pine Wool.
Ul
To iliusfrate the divisionM nf fi.„ ,. i .
wooied aheep. The div oL ar 'r;; 'l^ f ^'^ " «""-d -^ of a fine-
and Merino .heep, whi.-h when IZ 1^^ 'u '"""^^^^""^ *" P"'-« «^"xo„
wool. However, the cross-brd" ,Te . '^^""^ ""^^ ^""•' ^'''^lities of
Beven or eight. """^ especially grades ..omotlmes show
BIVIPTON OK WOOL.
Explanation.— The re/i-„a, or pick wool n m •
^n^s along the back, to the e ttin.:, 'o Vh 'h'^ 'tV' -^^^^-'^d
little way down on the quarters but din ,' , ' ^^ "^'^^'^''^ «"^y «
all the superior part of the che [ a- d Z "^. 7" "' ""^ ^"''^' *^'^«« i"
to the angle of the lower tw! %',I';:::'^t2r^'^^''^ "' *^« -«^
not 80 deeply secreted, or possessing so ;;„ ^^ " '''''^"''^'^ ^^^^J' ^'"t
pioHthe belly, and the quarerL ,h 7 T"' '^ '^' ^^^'"«' «««»"
(3)isfoundoathehead?trthroat th>^^^ ''"" ''^ *'^ «*'«« i^''^*;
the shoulders, terminating at the elbo;,; T" T' "^ '^« "^^'^' ^^^
«tifle to a little below The hock T// ^''' ''^''^"^"''^'^^'hing from the
grows on the forehead and cheek^'frni I ^'r.r'^ ^'""^ ^'^^ *"^* that
the hock. ^^^'"' ^'^^'^ *^« tell , and from the legs below
vm. comparative Valued Fine and Coarse Wool.
- of'thel^Tr CaS'th^pr T ''' T^ '''-''- ^^ ^^« «-
Then the exceeding finene'ss't ^1^^^^ t^'I. ^f-P-^'-^^ -tio.
----- Oflateyearsthedemaidtl-^^^
^52
THE AMERICAN FAUMEK'8 STOCK HOOK.
hiw Htoadily iiicmwud, with tho change in fashion for j^ontloiuon's wear;
and tho doniand for woisted, combing, and other long wools is Ht«;idily
growing, and at priooH ultogethor in advance of tho tino wools, llcnco
tho larger breeds of sheep, onee principally valua'olo for their niution,
pprinig suddenly into favor for their wool. In England, tho value of a
sheep is rated fully as much for tho carcass as for tho wool. In the
United States and in Canada, to a considerable degree, the wool is still
tho princii)al ol)ject ; so tho saying that, an Englishman in exuiniiiin;,' a
tloek, would ask, " how much will they dross," while the question of au
American would bo, " how much will they shear," still holds good.
Nevertheless, this is gradually ciianging ; and the incToased consmni).
tion of prime mutton in our large citie;», and tho increased facilities fi)r
ocean transportation of live animals, have stimulated more and more tho
brooding of mutton shoei). The probability is, that the fashioniiblo fal)-
rics made of the wools mentioned will not soon go out of use for sum-
mer wear, since they are alt(jgether superior to cotton and linen, both iu
coolness and the ease with which they may be kept clean.
Fine wools, on the other hand, will never be superseded for wintei
wear, for blankets, for underclothing, and the endless variety of uses for
which they are adapted.
rX. Ranging and Plooklng ol Different Breeds.
It is not generally known that there are peculiarities in sheep husband-
ry, especially in the flocking of herds, which cannot bo overcome. The
most important of these is, that the mutton and long-wooled breeds can-
not be carried in large flocks. Merino and other fine-wooled br tda \my
easily be carried in flocks of even 1000 and upwards, on suitiihlo soils;
but the large breeds cannot successfully be carried in flocks of more than
100 together. Hence the adaptability of the Western plains and of Texas
and New Mexico to the fine-wooled breeds, individual owners numbering
their flocks by many thousands each. On the other hand, the largo breeds
are the favorites among farmers iu the thickly settled portions of the
United States, where thcv are kept in flocks of from twenty up to several
hundreds.
X. Regions Adapted to Sheep.
It has generally been thought that only rocky, hilly regions are well
adapted to the keeping of sheep. This is a mistake. Such regions are
suited to sheep, no doubt, for sheep require ft firm soil ; sheep, also,
can subsist in rocky, barren regions wh^.e other animals would starve.
Yet any dry situation adapted to grass possesses all the necessary esscii-
tials. The Western prairies, which, except for a short tiiiio in tho
spring, are firm auu dry , aits most adniirably adapted to sheep. All the hjll
# i
ORIOm. ANATOMY AND IXUNTH or HHEEP.
858
refriom of tl.o ii.,uth are eminently Huit,.,! for u u
daily for the nrutto. ,,,, Un.r.,JJZ:lJs^^^^^^ '"f ^^' '''""'"
«ent.als of a goniul climate, plonty of rZT ,. """^ ^"""^ *''" «-
and a Hoil nuturul to sheep. There is on f' • T ""'*'"■' '"^^''^^ ^•'"««««.
her of clogs that are allowed to^: Z'^^r^'Ht iJ''"^'- V'" ""'"■
the dog. were abated, the hill regions of Is '''""""^« A'"''^''- I^
valuable for sheep as for fruit and fZ "2") ' T'"''^ '''''' P'^''^ "«
e>^»t-i'ii agriculture.
XI. Points ol ExoeUence of the Prlnoipal Breeds.
The standards of excc]I..iin,> .,
fair, at the Illinois State fairundrmar?'' "'"''^^'^ '' '^^ ^t. LouiB
and a.o at the g..at exhihition ofZ2:^7Z:^r' 7 ■'''''' ''^'^
may he taken as being as near norfnnf to Chicago fa,r f„r 1881,
points except, perhapj. i„ Z wSroVtir '"' "" ^^"' •'"" ^ -»
in some portions of the hill region 'sout. h ""''"'f ' ^" "''' ^^='^^' ""^
reduced some twenty pounds. Thus the \l /,. "^ '''""'^""^ '"''^ be
weight for a Merino nun. and mJ^Tf^'Z' "' ''' ''"""^^ ^--
ewo, was reduced to 140 and 100 -- • ,v - ? ' '^"''"'^^ «^ M«"no
Exhibition, while in other respects the s'tarrT"''^ ''*^ ^'^^ Centennial
Louis, the heavy standard known Isthe I 1 i f "'T '^^"''^'^'- ^' St.
Jeation, used for Judgingsheep. ;i*tLir;i:t^
ypromment breeders of Illinois, and of the ut^"" "^">^'^'-"^-'J
Louis, we believe. The standard^ for fh. ]^ ^'^"""^'^ *» St.
adapted to any breed ; that for Cotewolds 17J ^"'''' ""'"'^ '^^ ^'^""'^
breed with very simple modificatio he Z^J *" "^^ 'ong-wooled
I ne standards are as follows :
Xn. Stanux. a lor Americaa Merinos.
BLOOD.-Thoroughbred, i. c, purely bred from on. n P^^'~^-
direct importations ,>f Merino sheep from Sn """'' °' *''«
year 1812, without the admixture oTanl otherbl" T" '^ ''^^
CoNSTiTUTiON.-Indicated by fcrm of bod v T f' ' " ^
cavity; broad buck, heafy quarteL "vth '' T^ '"^^« "''^^^^
forming ea, .cious abdomen ;s[„hk b ."''""'' ^"'''P"'^"*
ture, and pink color; expa. ive ^st 1 b ^ • "f ' "' '"" '«^-
cou^onance. and good s^, ag: LtiL d •^" ''-' ^'^'^'^^"^
t>««.-In fair condition, with fleece of twelve month,' " u" "
""r.,t:;:::rp:;;^:t";-^r' "t ='>■'- --^o -ve:
c^ ._. . "^ P'""cuiar parts, as well as frfinera' o-*'
15
una
r
"-"-•waiaaiailKi.,,,.
854
THE AMERICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
Points,
Body.— Throughout, heavy bones, well proportioned in length;
smooth joints ; ribs starting horizontally from back-bone, and
well rounded to the breast-bone, which should be wide, stronj,',
and prominent in. front; strong back-bone, straight and W(-ll
proportioned as to length; heavy, muscular quarters, dcc'i)
through, and squarely formed behind and before, with shoulders
wc'.l set on, neither projecting sharply above the back-bone, nor
standing so wide and flat as to incur liability to slip-shoulders. - f
Folds and Wrinkles.— Folds on the ram should be larger than on
the ewe. Large and pendulous folds from the chin or jaws,
succeeding each other down the neck to the brisket, ending
with large fold or ♦' apron," and extending up the sides of the
neck, but lighter if at all extending over top of neck ; two or
three behind the fore leg or shoulder ; one on front of hind leg,
hanging well down aoa-oss the flank ; two or more on rear of
hind legs or quarters, extending up towards the tail, with one
or two on and around the tail, giving the animal a square api)car-
ance on the hind quarters, and straight down as may be from end
of tail to hock joints and hind feet. In addition to folds, small
wrinkles over the body and belly arc desirable, as forming com-
pactness of fleece, but not largo enough to be apparent on the
surface of grown fleece, or to cause a jar in its quality, thus
leaving the^body of the fleece even in quality, and free from the
jar of large folds over the body.
tiEAD.— Wide between the eyes and behind the ears and across the
nose ; short from top of head to tip of nose ; face straight, eyes
clear and prominent; ears thick, medium size, and, together
with the face, nose and lips, white, covered with soft fur or
downy wool. Ewes should give no appearance of horns, while
upon the rams the horns should be clear in color, symmetri-
cally curved, without tendency to press upon the sides of the
head or to extreme expansion.
Neck.— Medium length, good bone aud muscular dovelopineiit,
and, especially with the rams, heavier, toward the siioiiklers,
well set high up, and rising from that point to the back of the
head. -- .------■
Legs and Feet.— Logs medium or short in length, straight and set
well apart forward and back ; heavy bone, smooth joints, with
large muscular development of the fore-arm; thick, heavy
thighs, wide down to hock joints, and from knoc joints down-
ward covered with short wool, or the soft furry covering pecu-
liar to the ears and face ; hoofs well shaped and of clear color. -
- 10
OBIOIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS OF 8HBBP.
85S
CovKRiNG.-Tendoncy to hair and gare upon anv mrf nf .. u ^""^
s to be avoided. Evenness o/fleece i "e.^tVnualitv h' ^
luBtre, crimp, trueness. strength and el-v t dtv =^' ?'' "'
tire body, belly and legs tct th tt '^ZT;'' *'" '";
Ward squarely to a 11?. in front ole^v" ::fir7r'
.e^Wun^ofr..^^^-:--
(3t.»L.TY.-Medmni, but such «., is known in our ,„"i,.|,.,. " « .
laiuo and flne clothing „ool, distinctl/Lm , '"a m! ^ '"
Terr ;sc' '"^ '™" "' -- -xr;,:c
at any ponU. even at the extremities of the fl oece " '''•"
Length.— At one year's o'l-oivtl. ..«f i .■
OiL.-Evenly distributed ; soft and howi„.. frcelv fron. «!.•" . "
face ; medium in quantity. . . '"''"
Points.
- 15
K-
100
U
Xm. standard for Middle-Wooled Sheep.
Blood.— Purely bred from one or more of dim^f • _ .. ^owra
Great Britain. . "^'^''^ ""portjitions from
Constitution AND QuALiTY.-Indicuted by the form" of. ." . "
and large in breast and through the hC • iZ ^^ ^ ' ^''''
and well covered with lean meat L , "^'' '^'""'SK
thi,i., deep in flank . slrso tu; ^otr^ :;'^ ^"' '"" '"
and healthful countenance. " "" Y"'^' ' promment eyes
Size— In fair condition, when fullv mati,r«H ' , "
n»t ic^than 200 pound,, and 1, oUcl'tl r'!-: ""''' T'""
up; oh«tio ,„„vo,n„„,„ .zs,r,-X";:"t' ""h""
fomity of character throughout ^ ™ '""' ""'-
St!-- ■---•■•* ''--"r^^^^
- 10
25
10
10
[JJ
J" f'l '^"S*^feSSKIg!S-t.,,»„^ -«JJjag9fc ,_
< i'
85(i
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
10
5
10
Points.
Head— Short and broad: wide between ears,. and well covered
with wool ; color dark grey ; light muzzle .:ot objectionablo ;
ears short. - " " • "
Neck.— Short and heavy, especially toward shoulders.
Legs and Feet.— Short and well set apart; color dark grey, an <1
wooled to the hoof, which must be well shaped. -
CovERiNG.-Body, belly, head and legs well covered with fleece
of even length and quality ; scrotum of rams also well cov-
ered. ~ ~ " " "
Quality of Wool.— Medium, such as is known in market as half-
combing wool. ------"■ " ^
100
XIV. standard lor Cotswold Sheep.
Points.
Head -Not too fine, moderately small, and broad between the eyes
and nostrils, but without a short, thick appearance, and m young
animals covered on crown with long lustrous wool. - - 8
FACE.-Either white or slightly mixed with grey, or white dappled
with brown. - --
Nostrils.— Wide and expanded ; nose darU. . - - - 1
Eyes.- Prominent, but mild looking. - - '',',.']
Ears —Broad, long, moderately thin, and covered with short hair 4
(War —Full from breast and shoulders, tapering gradually all the
way to where the head and neck join. The neck of ram should
be short, thick and strong, indicating constitutional vigor,
(neck of ewe should be fine and graceful) and free from coarse
and loose skin. [Collar 5 points with ewe.] - '' ^
tItHOULDEUS.-Broad andf ull, and at the same time join so gracefully
to the collar forward and the chine backward as not to leave the
least hollow in either place. - - - ' " '
fORE-LEGS.-The mutton on the arm or fore-thigh should come quite
to the knee. Leg upright with heavy bone, being clear from
superfluous skin, with wool to fetlock, and may be mixed with
BREA?T.-Broad and well forward, keeping the legs wide apart;
girth or chest full and deep. - - ,\ . ,' , ' "
FoRF FLANK.-Quite full, not showing hollow behind the shoulder.
[4 points with ewe.] - - - "..,",, .f ',
Back AND LOiN.-Broad, flat and straight, from which the ribs must
spring Willi a fine circular arch. = - - ■ "
Belly.— Straight on underline. [5 points with ewe.]
I
10
12
3
ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS OF SHEEP.
85r
3
QoAnrEK. -Long and full, with mutton quite down to the ho^k^'^H
Hock.— Should stand neither in nor out
Twi8T.-0r junction inside the thighs, deep, mde.'andfuU, ^hich"
with a broad breast, will keep the legs open and upright k
F...^.^The_whole bod, should be c^veL witlTo^ iustrous" '
- n
100
.vhite dappled
ith short hair
idually all the
of ram should
utional vigor,
36 from coarse
1 so gracefully
ot to leave the
luld come quite
112 clear from
be mixed with
STANDARD MEKINO EWK.
1
■ I i|
.«»».r.S^3SS„,,i„,j^.4
' m^
CHAPTER II.
VAMB'TOES OP SHEEP AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
I LONQ-WOOLED ENGLISH SHEEP H. LiNCO.-N SHEEP. HI. ROMNEY MAKSII
XlEP^—IV LEICE8TEK8UEEP. V. THE COT8WOLDS. VI. NEW OXyOUI.-
«HIRE SHEEP VIl. THEOXFOUU-UOWN8. VIM. MII.DLE AND SHOUT-WOOM 1)
MITI8H BlU^EDS. IX. WHITE-FACEU MOUNTAIN SHEEP. X. BLACK FACKl.
mGHLANU, OR SCOTCH SHEEP. XI. HAMPSHIRE-DOWNS. XII. 8HU01.Sinut>
^WNS -— XIII. SOUTH-DOWNS. XIV. OTHER BREEDS OF GREAT BRITAIN.
?V DORSET SHEEP. XVI. FINE-WOOLED SHEEP. XVIl. AMERICAN MEUl-
»08 -— ^III. THE ATWOOD AND HAMMOND MERINOS. XIX. THE RICH MEUL
JJos' XX. ABOUT SHEEP IN GENERAL. XXI. THE AVERAGE WOOL PER8HEKP
!kXII. summary of BRITISH BREEDS.
Long-'Wooled English Sheep.
Long-wooled sheep may be divided into two c5asses— those reared ii\
rich alfuvial and marshy districts that have been drained, as the Lincoln
and Romney marshes ; "^and those roared in the rich agricultural districts
of arable land devoted to mixed farming. The latter includes the Cots-
wolds, the Leicesters, and the Oxford-Downs. In discussing long-wooled
sheep, vre shall simply give characteristics, supplemented with accurate
illuBtrations of the more valuable breeds, since this will be all that mHI be
necessary to enable the reader to easily recognise them and estimate theii
n. Lincoln Sheep.
The Lincoln sheep are the largest sheep known. Under fairly good
feedin'' they dress up to 120 to 160 pounds at two years old past, while
under exceptional circumstances they dress upto 90 pounds porquaitcrat
thatage. Theirlong.lustrousfloeces.atthesecondshearing, will weigh from
10 to 15 pounds of washed wool, the fibre measuring nine inches in lengtii.
They have been known in the United States since 1835, are hardy and
prolific, but large feeders. Notwithstanding their good qualities, they
have not become widely disseminated in this country, the Cotswolds
beincr generally prefen-ed. They require the best and most succulent
grasses aiid the most skillful care, and this, probably, is the reason why
tiiey have not succeeded so well in the West, where high farming is not
*^®'*"^*'' m. Romney MarBh Sheep.
These sheep are natives of the Southeastern part of England, especially
the drained marsh districts of Kent, where they have been bred from the
858
Diagram showing the Livk Stoc ic n. -n^ u
TRIES OP THE World ANnR I^hincihal Coun-
^^_^HK WORLD AND RELATIVE NuMBERS.
BISTICS.
I. IIOMNEY MAKSn
•VI. NEW OXKOKIi-
^Ni) anouT-wooi.ia)
— X. BLACK FACKli
-xn. SHuoi'siiiui'>
iKKAT HUITAIN.
AMERICAN MEUI-
. THE RICH MEUI.
IE WOOL PER SHEEP
—those reared in
I, as the Lincoln
[cultural districts
icludcs the Cots-
ssinglong-wooled
ed with accurate
be all that will bo
and estimate tbeii
Fnder fairly good
'3 old past, whilo
mds porquartcrat
ig, will weigh from
e inches in length.
15, are hardy and
:)d qualities, they
y, the Cotswolds
id most succulent
is the reason why
yh farming is not
England, especially
icoii bred from the
b I
tie
hei
am
bat
VAUIET1K8 OK SIIKKP
AM» THEIU CMAIiACTKUrsTICS.
859
earliest times. Thev uro Imi-H,-.... tu ^t. t
ish broods of Iong-wol5 , vT, '" '^'"^•"'"^' -'^' '"<« -est Brit-
Leicester. The/havo a pefu L tft of " >"''"''^ '^ '^ ^"^"^ «^ the
broad head and neck ; arc onXX b 7" T i^^' '°^^''^«^ ' '^ ^hick.
f-l< -ad thighs; the for^X^ntl:^^^^^^^^ ^^-^loini
li.nb.. are strong; the hoofs broad the wo' , ""'" ^^-^^op^d- The
*ou,.,l, bright and glossy. The we'ther! Tl "^' '"'"''''^'"' "°"''««' ''"^
100 to ] 20 pounds for the butchrr th' T T ^"""' "^'^ ^^'" ^'^'^ f^"'"
and have much inside fat. ^herrseemsr K '" ''"^'^ ''' '' ^^P-^^s,
not prove valuable on rich succulIT, . "° ''"'"" '"'^:^ ^^ey should
not to be denied that all the En ^ CelT: -'^ ''^^^^' ^^^^^^ '^ '«
pocially in the West, probably ^'"^tfrZte ZTTI '" .^"^"^^' «^-
succulent food (roots ) in winter. ^ ""^^ *°^ **^« ^a°t of
IV. T^aioester Sheep.
I.KICKSTKK KAM.
ties, fineness and early mat II rifv -ri
..d Border Leiceste./ iT' !L ?""''' ""'''«' """ Leiee-tere proper
lead .mdl and clol^Te'^rhf™ '!!:?""'!'' '^r^^'^' '« '">™l-« ; tl
pvps J.r;«.k* • «v.^o«3i itj uornlesi
eyes bnght, prominent and animated .- limh^
andfinfi-hnno^ . *u_ J. f ?'«"'" Prominent and animated .- limh= ..„„_
K , ' ' ^OcuccKana shoulders full nn4 ^ .. ' r~ "^'^
■•ackstraight. with hind quarters taperTnitl the f^'.^ ^"^^ ^""'•
«»permg to the tail, and less squarethap
' "fl
ggQ THE AMERICAN FAUMERS STOCK HOOK.
IheCotsWolds; the flesh is <?ood, but not the best, being too fat; the
•ws thin, long, and directed back. The fleeces are espccuiUy valuable
f .. comlm.g wool, being white, long and lustrous, and will ''v^^rage seren
o, 4bt poinds per fleece ; the skin is thin, but soft and el.st.c. The,
ing too fat; the
pcciiiUy valuable
fatten to weigh, at twelve months old past an .n . . .
quarter, and at two years old up to ahantt^. twenty-five pounds eac^h
breed is popular in some parts o the 7 Tl l'"""^' '''' '^''''^''- ^he
West, but to succeed they must have thp v ■ *"'''' ^^P^^'i'^^y i" the
Border Lelcesters.-fhe "reedinrof th V"V' '''' ^"^ ^^^"^'«-
a.s tbey were sometimes called unon f hJ .^rf^T ^^'"^^^^^^^^ "r Dishley
produced what became known as the Bo/de r" . ''"P" "' ^"»'-^'
attained a distinctand well marked position [nFn'T 1' ' '^"''"^'^'^iJy that
good management, at about one yeTr d f^f T^ ""'^ ^^'^•^•'^' ""^er
eighteen to twenty pounds per quarter of f '^' ^""'^ ^^^«« ^''O'"
Older than this the accumulation Tfftl ' '"^ ^"^^"'^'^t flesh.
The principal eharaeteristies te m 1 .-^T'' '"' ^^^ '"^'^^ not fine
but fine bone In proportion to the wcfrof'^ "^ """" '"''' ^"^ «'"«"
jaws; thin ears; full, p,,,id eyes sS I 'r'"t /'"^ ^'"^^ ^^^^^
nbs-a peculiarity of all LeicesLs', giv f t'he b "d ' 'f ''"'^ ^ ^''^'^^^^
anco, when fully clothed with wool of h^ I ""^^ "^^'" ^^e appear-
The belly is, also, carried very even I h!l"" •''^''" *'^''" ^' '^^^«eP-
straight line below. The skin is 1^17' T"" ' '''■'"■-^^ "'' "^^^fy
undsoft, averaging nearly as muc^ "^ the T ' T' ''^^ ^'^^^^ '«4
--" P:>-ds. Their heavy aecumulat on of f fr' ^-'-^^--six tf
rentes in the United States. ""^ ^""^ ^^« "«* made them fa-
V. The Cotswolds.
There are none of the Eno'l' } k
'.niversally disseminated in the United' t.f '^'"'^ ^^""^ ^^^^ ^««o™« «>
Downs-as have the Cotswolds. The imn7~^°i ^"''^P*'"^ t'^'^ South-
largest of English breeds, even ince s Xe ."^u*'""^' ^^ ""« ^^ the
crosses. It is hardy and modemtelv e 'f ' '''""^^ '^' ^^'^^^t^r
Btitution; broad-chested; round-w/eled ' " -T""^'""' ^^rong in eon-
^ndly at thirteen to fiftJen n^^^'l ;^::f^^^^<' ^ -^^ fattens
ton per quarter, and at two years old frm/ . " P"""^' «^ 'nut-
quarter. The wool of the'cotLlti IsTr!"' ^'" ^''"^^ P"""^^ ?««•
white and mellow, six to eight inles i^if "u^ '"^ '•''^'^'* «"«''««. ^ut
eight pounds per fleece; some CerieVn^fl^^^^^^^^^^ to
;ng eighteen pounds. The two ill ^ ti fo 0^ M ^'^""' ^^'•"^-
the appearance of this favorite lon<.-woo ITi 7^^"'^ «^«« will show
good keeping, before shoarin. time ""^ ^' ''^^^ ^ear under
Cotswolds In the West and Smith n •
alvthoi. hardiness, ad^'L^Jit^rthT^^^^^^
the h.Jl regions of the South, have maf h^ """""'"' "^ *^^ ^««^«"<J
long-wool breedm-, T»>"'- -7- ^^'''" -^"^ral favoHf^^ ^uu
j-fe*.
1!
'fl:
I?'
~~'.mmmmrjms..i
T; «^
^2 THR AMEKICAN KAUMKIIS STOCK BOOK.
yearUngB most excellent. Like all the long-wooled breeds they accun,.-
Cmuch fat with age. Another point in their favor ,s that the flo.cs
rronTgu.nmy,and'do not shrink, as do the Mennos. A pou.ul of
CotBWold wool.aB it is taken from the sheep, will produce as much ..euu
^ured wool as two and a half pounds of gummy Merino wool. «
T/u rTinvivPr Cotswolds are often reported as wmtenng with bttle
of theOhioiivei,Cot8Woas j^.i^, ^ore than ordinarily severe
«r T.n f«edin£r. except grazuig, unless tturmo inoi . a. T.,,i.
"^nters7 East and West of the Mississippi, m the lau.uuc uf ... L,"'-
and south of it, the same is tru«, and tho «f .
with all the more hardy breeds yJ ■ '*''*«'»«"t will hold good
8hcep must he .heitcred fro.n stortns \ZZ '","'"''' ^'"'"' ^'''"'^t^"' «"
to allow them to shift entirely for thlm i" ■ ''" ""^"""^ -^''>"J policy
To show accurately the fornf of hi . f,'" *»>« '""tter of food
^ " riivor, Uiie statement,
COTSWOI.b KWKfl.
that of a prominent farmer nf ri.. i
testimony is as follows It TsfSlr"'^^^^ -ust suffice. His
varieties of mutton breeds thin The fin ""* ^''^ '' '^^^' *^« ^^^-^ent
l«rtion of Virginia. I say th." ^rom ' "'" ^^""^ ^^^^^ '" 'his
-nyintelh-gen%entleme7wthwhoT -P-ience, and that of
^l-eep, and its crosses with the Sol n ^"™'^- ^'^^ ^otswold
«" kinds ; thev are more prol fie hoH ' "'' ^''' ^^"^'^'^ *« diseases of
'-hs than the Merino ThfL^^^^ ^"^ '^ "^ «^^>'« *« 'osethe.r
'><id their early maturity, theL fi 1 1^"'^ "'""'""^ ^"' '^'^''^^^ ^ then
«>d their almost double value whl: ^' ' '' "'^^*''" '"""'^^ °'*^'
which far outweigh the llZ^l^ " /"t"'; ''"' ^^'" ''"^^^ '^^-"^^^-^
^'-P ".ay consume inprop^^tionloirre. '""' ""^'^ ^'^^ '"""-
. it
11
i r
gp^^ THB AMRRICAN FABMBB's HTOCK BOOK.
This is high pmisc not only for the Cotswolds. but for the South-
Downs which were always a favorite breed .n the h.ll region ot lh«
8HEARE1> COT8WOLD BAM.
Soath It mart he remembered, however, tbat.oneof the lo„g-woeMo>
fhe Itton ..reed, do well in tege flocta. A, before stated, 100 „f tUo»,
SHEARED COT8WOLD EWE.
, . ,, i„_--i. Uf,-+v,at alinuH hft flocked tosrether. The illus-
tration of yearling Cotswold will serve as a good representation of the
for the South-
I region of th«
he loug-wooled oi
ited, 100 of thet«i
•jrether. The illu8-
ipresentatiou of the
iiiMK ( IIAKACTKIUOTICS. gM
ftiflj woolod aniumi at tliis affo It Alan .u
the pate, wh^ch i« characteristic of tlX'r '"'"''' °' "^' "*
VBAKLIM
•' "(nvjvoLiK
VI. Wew Oxforcl8hlr(
e ^ -wo.
act
ucedir,
Another breed that has been introducea ,r . r -, . .
met with general favor, is the New Oxfnr- u- ^^ "^ ®^®*' ^^^»»
^Ktor^hive, one of the bweda
NEW OXFORDSHIRE EWB,
^^gfromcrossesofthe New L«l.„=.„„ ..„. ,, _
--U not oe confounded with the Orfo^rd^Dor whtt ''°'''''''- ^'^^^
x^own, which is a cross between
?fiii
= ^P1
866 THE AMKHU AN FAKMKK's OTOCK BOOK.
^ , • r»^.v.. iiiul h«loii<'8 to the middle-wools, a«
U.. CofwoW and «.-?••'";»--• ''™ they u.-o rcs»r,l,.J i„
ihe breed. ^^^ The Oxlord-Downfl.
„ . K ^ nf Fncrlish ehecp is said to have originated alu.ut
This excellent breed of Lng"^^^^ Hampshire-Down owo,
YKAKI.INO OXKOKI>-l'OWN.
quiring extenrive ''"''"'«"• /'■ 4*^';;™ ,%,.,„«. A ,«.. »f thc»
averaged, at 22 months old, 208 V^^^^'J^/, ^ , , „ „„„|«, „„1 of
!i'l
VAHIKTXKS OK SUKKP .M> THK.H C lUKACXKiaSTXCS.
«(i7
originated ubmit
ihirc-Down ewo,
ii<if tlio Cotswald
produce of tliese
ed sheep that in
rs. They arc com-
sm that, in a district
(ry phicos, and re-
and thriven where
.. A p«'n of these
ire rci)orted to have
pounds for the pen
or 9 pounds, and of
uus are reported as
.r>lifip i>rn<hiciiiir 150
J early, dressing 80
s
.«*»ii»a!«sf.
iiiL
1
.J
ygg THE AMEKICAN FAiUlEU's STOCK BOOK.
but even in quality . Thisbreedhas as yet been but nmrselyintroduce^i into
the UuHcd Itates; but wherever it has fallen into good hands has .oou
r kod and is fully worthy of more extended trial, espeeially on soft
ttead. ^^^ Middle and Short-wooled British Sheep.
The middle and short-wooled sheep of Great Britain are eompn.ed
.^^^ the following breeds: The Blaek-faced and the ^^,..
fa ed HW^Wand sheep; the Hampshire-Downs ; the Oxford-Downs; the
ghropSl^e-Downs ; theCbeviots ; the Dorsets ; the Welsh Mountam «heep.
-ind the mixed Mountain sheep of Ireland.
IX. White-laced Mountain Sheep.
VTales has long been noted for one of the indigenous breeds of Britisl
ahel as it also%as been as possessing one of the .nd.genous bx.cd. o
Briisk cattle. This breed ^cen.s clearly allied to the H.ghland sluop of
StC ndlong occupied nmch of the lowlands and lull reg.on adjo,.
?f Wales. Its principal recommendation is the supenor quuhty of the
WHITE-KACEU HIGHLAND SHEEP.
^ wV,5nh however, seldom weighs more than eight to ton pounds
"' ;Ir Thlse e «:; are hardly, good nurses, with faces wh.t.
per quarter. J^J^^^^^^^^^ .ny. ' The fleeces weigh only about two
rustv-brown, orspeckiea wu,n giv ,-... „i. ..^^ .i„.,nkin(r in
pounds each, but the wool is famous f "\^^^ j ^^ i^ii;; U.
washing, a quality probably due, nuunly, to the fact of its btn..
VAUXETIES OF SHEEP AN1> thkIH CHAPAr-T.,
spun, Since the same quality is alIo>ved to ^11 I
greater or less degree *"'' liome-spun flannel in a
X. Blaok-faoed Highland or Scotch Sheep.
Tills breed is celebrated for its rr.nnf i »•
withstanding cold and livi„. on scanfv f! ^J^'^'^^^'^''^ ^^v its power of
ered with snow, as well as for L aupcri "'^n T "\"^ "" ^"""^ - ---
known iu Scotland. The face s bh ^ . "' ^' '' '^"^ ""^^''^ ^'^'^
the rams massive and spirally curvod I ^"^f" ''"''^' the horns of
square and compact. They herd woll 7''^,"-''* und wild ; the body
y licrd well together, are docile and easily
Bf-ACK-FACED HIGHLAND SHEEP.
handled. When fat, the carc-is<» w;ii ,. • i ^
•ndyiCd, „„«„„ „', .xoeodt:;,; I'Sr 7;''^^'° -v™,y p„„„„,
<»r.f„l mother,, and for these r;,so„s",oh;. ""T "" '""»'""'" ""d
•'ort i in some mountain re^ionrof 1"° i'-™" """^ " P'"™ "' this
•"■■« iTcod n,„y eomo to be „tZj ^ZT' . T'' ""'■^^'°^'>' «<"■»-
«■'« «igh about three pound,, u'-, ,fd IT! ff " ™'-'«ced breed
=«crfuhrie,, as ea^K-ts, bh/uketVLId r'i^' ^'° "'" ■""■""-"■" of
Xt. Hampshire-Downs,
r«!- During this infu -^ ft^r^^ f ^j^^^^^^^^ ^the
y were much esteemed in
tio
ii- .
•jmi
bouth,as being larger and fully
as
cr~r"*«<^-
870
THE AMEHICAN FARMEll'S STOCK BOOK.
n<l 5n their mutton as the South-Downs. The hvnibs at a year old un-
good '" t\«^j;3 ^^,^.„^ 100 pounds each, and the fleeces g.ve s.x to
^^"^^^flL^^^ -nhiig wool. The mutton is not overloaded
liAMl'SHlUE-UOWK.
-.1 Ui and is iuicv and excellent in flavor. The Humpshiro-Downs
"Ltmdi breed with black face; rornan nose; largo he.d ; t e
^hl frle l^ve .nd compact; the barrel round and the h.ba
strong and short.
Xn. Shropshire-Downs.
Thooricnnal of the Shropshire-Downs is an old English breod which
, r.n wlrit w<i8 known as Marfe common, a tn>ct of soiiio (.00.-
^T'^rTCw-hled^^ black or brown faced ; hardy ana...
O00.)cie3. W j.^^j^ ^^^ fl^e^e, of uLout two
Btitutionally excellent ,yeldm _^^^^^^^_^ ^ ^^ _^ ^_^^^_
r"'^c7otd\:;hra>t!wlT:he latter part of the last centa,,
H later rthth Leicester and South-Down, careful selection h.s,.,o-
r ed a slTe ^luhl horns; faces and legs of a peculiar .spotted gn,
ducedashecpwlhout ' i,,„dsomo ears ; thick but hu,>dsomo
" t blld de;.p br^ ;^ round-barreled, bvoad-backcd, iino-horno
T '' that at two yllT^, will dress 100 pounds, and under extra fo.;
;r^;ri:riuent-t^^^^^
are highly prized.
•_~'*-^--umm!m,nmmA:
VARIETIES OF SHFl.'i. aw ,^
SHRKI AM> TIIE.U CilARACTEKISTICS. ,S7i
• Xni. South-Downs.
The South-Downs, once tlio inr.«* i u
both in EnghuKl and tho United slTotl.: "', 'm "^""""^ ^'•««'^'
favorites wherever the production 0^; J .^'' '"'^'^ '"" *« ^^^ the
breeder. But in the United State loU^l^ '" *'^' '^''^ '^'" «f the
sheep husbandry, and in Engt^d thllJl/n ""'^^/'^'-'^e product of
g.ven place in many districts°to the t^t ht^'r '"'' "' '''' >'«-«'
combine good mutton with superior wool ti '*' '"«»tioned, which
ease in the United States, and especL.h; JZVT ^""""^ ''"'
vicmitv of large cities where superior „uttn„ ''^' '"""'^'^ '" ^^^
Still, the Douth-Down. have been b cd f- '""""^^'"^^ ^igh prices.
States, aud are found in all sections of the 0:2 'T '^ *'" ^"'^''^
^ "'"v- -ibe ewes are very
SOUTH-DOWN RAM.
'S .„ «rf "4t r '.,: ji ""," t'- --^^ »"'-• -*. '-^"
»Mn,« S„„.h.Dow„3, boi,^ 2 'r^i'":" '«■■«'' -7 "-h „■„„. .,,',
"ith » greater di»,,„siti„„t„fat,o,i, T , .°"''' "'"""^ ^">y. ""J
'™8. '<f U.C lips thin; tho IdJw"',"''"'i'"' ''" "' " ■"-"--
toloraM, „id„ a,,,.,, „,,i cove "dXC " "i;' *"?'■"' """ ' "'"'''^"
th« t„p, and not what is gener-.l v c n ^ . "^ '^ ' «traighton
be Wide and deep, projec^Sfc n^t^^^^^^^ '^'^ ^"'^'"^^^ ^^"•^•J
'; considered an essential j^.ilt J K ^ ' '^^' ''"■"^^^«'*- '^^^^
«''-P a greater ,lo,rc. of wc'htdS'^' '' "" ''"'^'' ^^'^'^^ *'^«
«"ddi.spo.sition to thrive '""«'^'' ""^ ^'«« '"d^cates u good constitution
n
a
"I
872
TIIK AMEUICAN I'AUMBU'S STOCK HOOK.
«houWers to tho sett.ng on "^ ;'-;;; ^^^^ ,„a tho last ui^ pr.i ofu.g
tally from the spine, exte.^ ^^J ^^^^-^^^ io„g and broad, the tail set
niore than the others. The '^^ 'P ^'^"" ,° ^^^ ^ips ^i'l^ .'mi ,l.o
onhiph,and nearly -/J^^^!: /^ f „f ^^^^^^^^^ a. n.lrrow.. po.il,!.,
spacebetwocnthemandtheks n^ on-^l-e ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^.^^
ibusp-entingtl^^oppu^ ^-^b^^^^^ le.gth; tl. hind
n circular form. ^^^ ^^"^ ".".,, ,^,, [,,„( wist; the hoek, or hougli,
,egs full in the ^^J^^X^tt^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^« ^^^^ ^^
f'ftther turnnig out. lUe rore it^s ai
^^Ici; th^faee and h,. of a dark Drown coun
XIV <.-)^her Breeds ol Great Britain..
V • rv^ntT^ritain are as varied a.« the neighbotiioods,
The breeds ci ^o.p m ^^f^^^ mentioned, having nioro than
Ulustrate here is the Dorset sheep.
XV. Dorset Sheep.
Ill „f +Vin name orisit* as tho Wclsli
DOB8KT BAM.
. u-,« '"h ire a hardy, active, str
. '.oavily horned nirc
:lm8ulvos in iuhoi^pitable
.^^i^EM^fPOfelAI&StAfi^ <
V.UXKTXBS or SHB.P ... rnr.n cuKACTKa.sTxcs. 87B
regions. They are larger in every way than ll.o n- ., ,
and hoth rams and ewes are horned Tl ! v "'f'''''"^^'-^ Prolific,
hvicein the season, and this is turned to aconn,T' ^," '"'*"'"'''' ^"""^
lambs Ks excellent, and sells for good , hI li T""' "" ""'^"" "^ *^«
.lid to dress 100 pounds each, a'^.d th , flee^-es ro H '""'' 'j'"^' ""-^ "'"'^
and comb well, and weigh al.out six- ,T? ■"^'''"•'^''' «"ft ""J white,
th<,- might have son.o v.Uue i t ,e „. 2 ' ""'• '' '' P''"'-'''" ^'-^^
might bo made available in some .IJTar mSr ''^'""' "''''" '''' '''^'''
XVI. Pine Wooled Sheep.
The principal hi 3eds of fine woolod shoon th-.t h .. ■
reputation, are : The Spanish, the Saxonv Z <^ .''''^^^"^'"'^^ « good
nos, and the American Merinos. T is ht'tl. T"' *''' ^'''''^ ^''"^-
dl over the United States, i» the resul'^carSfbrn^'r' '''""""
^^ caretul breedmg from Span-
MERtNO IfAM.
I n
-«.^. — v..»s.-wwNM&jfci.a!;
^7^ THE AMKUICAN IAKMKK's STOCK 300K.
1 . ,.j,nn<»P in their own fine-wooled sheep
American breeders to make a ^^S^^^/'/j .,.„„,, ,,d a second cr,..s,
A <.ros. of the French Menno on A m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,;i"„..;, carter French, re-
„,,Uiug the strain three ^^--^^^T/; ;; ^^^ ,,J, and bad feeder,
suited in increased s.ze, •^"^^^^^^^^^/p^^.u Merinos are at be.t a
found in the United States.
XVII. American Merinos.
• . ,1 «,P this most vahiable breed in every portionot
t ";: w!"-;;;™ „, then. o,.igu, fu,*,.than »hat has .„.,.„ ^ve„.
GRorr OF AMF.nirAN mkiunos.
J- • 1 ,1 ;«t,. throe families, known as the
Suffice it t., .ay tUey ar., "'•" *'"''"^ ."^ri^ f om the .nuno. of Ih.
h,n<' continued and careful selections.
ICVm. The Atwood and Hammond Merinos.
■ • t ,1 ;., 1«1H bv Mr. Atwood, from
The At«od Mcriuo» weve „„g,n« ed ", ^ ^^'f *„,..,,,,,, ,,„d,
what wore k„ow„ ., the Hmnphn^v .to'^. J^ff^ ,.,^,, ,„ea .,
Ameriean Merinos, perfect in the luv ,„„,encss "t ll>«*»
*«--',tTritTis;"o;:u:::d;>nt,*r...^
IttlortltW-r,: The., were originaUy of I„fa„t.U u. F-^-
bhwd, the Pautars, it i« .aid, prevad.ng.
InfaiituUo .uid Visht
VARIETIES or .nEEl- .V.NO THKm Ci.AICACXKKi.XICS.
XIX. The Rich Merinos.
«7a
These were originally descended from the pure Pa.ilnr, «* G •
by careful breeding and selection were much irprov^dty M, iCi".'
of Vermont, and by his son Thus thn A *^ . ™7 ^^' • ^'l^is Rich,
from the choicest families Lmtl h ds 0^'^"-^ '"""r'''"'"'^^^"
time of their confiscation and sa by th slu i^h' ' '""'""' '' '''
1809. Hon. Wm. Jarvis at th-.t thoV. ^^T -"^""""^'^t. about
bought 3,500 shee,. f n>m U J k tt P , ''^^ ''"""' "^ ^'^'^«"'
and Montarcos. ke ^00^: oj l^r^:^ :,! ^^^ j^f f «' A^-'-
to an aggregate of 50 000 sheon t, '^'^'^'^'^ ^^ have amounted
werethrcre:„.of Spa^fl Z' anc "viH.' H 'l '""-"'^ '^ "''•' -^'^^^^
five fa.nilios which constitutr^lTg.: l^tk^Mb^t" '"'^ V "^ ''^
^.cknowledged to be the „Lt valuab^: l^t^;-'::^--
ingly rich in all that constitutes fine wod-^tw .' n ^T";'* ^'"^ — ^d-
would be injured by the infusion T i~ oJJ f"'" t !"""" '''^'
it might come. " '''"''' ^'""^ whatever source
XX, About Sheep In General.
E»glu„d l,a, bce„ almost c.ti^ly al.aZtT '^„ !""-"''«"»■' '''^P 1-
.horl-wooled ,heep-vul„„„l„ a, well 711; t? ',"',1" r'" ""
h»vo taken their |>laee, leavi,,,. ,„ tl,c vJT^Z , V'''"''^-
coloaic. ,1,„ almost '"^^l»^^: ^.^^^TtJ^ijZyV"'^^
Silesiaii, and French and Snanwh Meri,,™ tJ , "' "I"— ""xcmy,
into .reat magnitnde, „„.in,Ao Z Z^Zor^Zt^T '"'tr™
may be kept fn immense Hocks, and .„ the add d 1 ™ t" IT"
tralasia and in Tosas, Noiv Mexico and H,„ „, .. ' ' '" '*■"'•
the Uocky n,o„„tai„s there arrvaV^'t^r ."""",'" '''"''" "'"' °'
kind, n,.v he herded at a minimum cT """'^ """^ "°* °' ""
The sheep of the world are estimated at nnn nnn nn„ ■. j .
8,00(1,000,000 pounds of wool annual; M^hi f' ^'"'"°«
Bri.uin has 35,000,000 sheep, ^^...^^"Lan^umZ^' "^^
..,a,tn,.„r,„i„-;r,-X2^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ffoiii ;„-5,uuu,U00 sh«>ep, yieldin.r annu-illv 17innr>nna , ''°
in North Africa with 20 ono nr;;; '"'""•«"y 174,000,000 pounds of wool;
Ainca. with 20.000,000 sheep yielding 45,000,000 pounds • and
g7(5 THR AMKRICAK FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
In Asia with 175,000,000 .hccp, yielding annually 350 000,000 pounds of
wool Now if we add 2.^,000,000 sheep to thc«e numbers or the nu.un^
toin reckons .ad noribr-: ^ktU .s of Europe, Greece, and Turkey and
S> nnn 000 for RuB'^i.- • vr , ' to-v a all 164,000,000 pounds of wool, tho
: K 1 Ipof the worM may bo set down as the home of tino-woolod
T^'tr^ ^::^^ 60,000,000 ; the United St.tc. J.i,Ono,.
eueep. v^i «- j tt^„„ i9(.nn000- Germnnv 29,000,000 ; Aus-
lid nroducosthe finest wool, while ..■ iu.~i-u ou»
i:X although Canada i, e.,e„tially . muHon producing country, .U,ch
*u TT„;^^^ tlffttps is not. for the number of sheep kept.
NnXfa'dr.h° n,n.en.e area in the United Sfvtes .d.„U,l »
Zri »tX.tbe mdu,tryhas not kept paeo with the deuuu.d. aad
SUn year, ^o our woj, nu^rts "-o.^;;'J^'V;o''t: ZO;
rthte:/rui;=:vX":ic.;«»^
Ing only one-fourth of the product manufactured.
XXI. The Average Wool per Sheep.
In the Unit d States the average weight of wool per fleece is over fivB
In the unu « ow o , in Great Brit .an fourajiH
pounds; '" Au»t™lm.t. over four^oun, , m ^^^ ^^^^^^^
""Vrt'ir fon *d «'SspoLda, in Aurtro-Haera-.
pounds, ■" /"T . 7„^,i^„ neeees are variable ,u weight. U.' much
Srtru^bofe orAu^iia, ^d probably v,,. uot aver^ o,„™ tb.„
three pounds of w ^-l each.
^ gTT. S11ID11UII7 ol BTltlsIl B. eeda.
- t„ the Government of the United States, following the
The ™port to «^^» '■'''^^fj,,^^^, ,;,„„, „, p,, ™i„e„t Engli* breed.
Vienna Exb.Wu, -u.j_^^ta _^_ ^_^^_^ J ^^.^^^ ,^,„,^i„^, ,„ .,.
Ju tind ,;' lift of IheThahitat. TV. large Heeds, white, norai, -,
rer'i^rrxrrrr^rs^n^vVrar.
VABIKT,KS or «„KKP AXO T.KIR C„.„.CTKHrSTIC8. 877
tecned for producing tl,o finest cbth-Io '"n 7 """'"?' ""' ""
tinct. The third goncrul division comnri J i^o'n T ""7 '''""''* "''-
the Cheviots of the hill8 of the North Tf r . . "" ^''''^'^ ^''^
land; the l^ack-face of the ce'urrlfn f "^ '"^ ^"'^^"-^ "^ ^cot-
ward fro. Derbyshire to tr :« 1 "of sTot^'^^^ "^1 """" ""^•^'^■
of Welsh mountain-sheep, and the W^d t " ^ "1 two varieties
Ireland. There are many local ren,n„.7 fj'^^'"' "^"""tam breeds of
the above, but there are n^orwoX: '7 -i^^ """'"' ^^"^"^ '^"'^^ ^
fleece of British sheep avera^rabouV iv ^T aT^^^^^ "^
placed at eight pounds, the Cotswolds nearrtho ;am? ,h T °' "'^^ '^
.even, the Downs at four. Iho Cheviots at thr o the Bl t ^'""''" ''
and one-half, and the Welsh at tw Thl r B''»<^^k.face3 at two
exceeding one-third of all • th« n '^f'cesters are most numerous,
asmunyrCheviotsonleilLth leZ.' TT'''''^' B'^^k-faces neari;
The heavy broods of eigt'^^^^^^^^^^^ ^- other breeds^
uow famish lighter fleeces ^ ' ^'^ '"^'"^^ ^^^ ^he Leicester.
1
m
CHAPTER III.
BBEEDma AND CABE OF SHEEP.
l'^ , '
f rOKSTAVT V \TCHFnLNE88 NEOESHAKY. II. TUB BKKEDINO AOK OK SIIEK?.
I. r^STAirr ATCHFULNE .^j^,, ^ ^^^ pBOPK.U TIME KOK CK't^
7^,\l-yilil"TATlOti. Vn. KKEP A KECOIU> OK THE BHKKDINd. —
V n ^^NAGLMKNT ANI. TKAININO OK UAMS. IX. PA8TDUA.1E FOll SMEKl-.—
r WATtu--X 1-KOTECTION KUOM IN.SECT8. XII. EAUl.V ANUI.ATKHAa-
Tl'luJ^ANU KFFI.INO.--Xin. WINTK.R FEEUINO. XIV. SlIEKP BA«N>. -XV.
HKAmNO THE S i^FV XVI. KEDINd TKOLGHHANU HACKS. XVII. < ASTiUTION
AN^^r™— KVIII. WKANINGTIIE LAMBS. XIX. I.AMBINU 1 IMK.— Xi
ANI>I)Of-KlN(.. f:^ ' T,.7iriN<JHnEEP XXII. WASIUNO AND SIIEARINU.
^'xnr"TvrJa-;;iE'wooL:— ixiv^ A«u A«ui«xi«a sukep.—;^.
A WORD ABOUT OOATS.
I. Constant Watchhilness NeoesBary.
CoiLstant care and attention are necessary in the managementof sheep.
They are timid, without 8elf-reliance, a prey to dogs ; and even foxes
will dcsiroy the lanibH. The neoesalty of keeping large flocks together
causes them to be especially liable to co.uagious and epidemic diseases.
In any district where many sheep are kept, wandering curs mu.st ho de-
stroyed They are worse than wolves and foxes ; for the lattei may be
guarded asainet at night, while dogs scare and destroy sheep in the day
time ad well. Care must, also, bo taken to secure them agaiii>t, n.nta-
gious and epidemic diseases. The shepherd must be watchful, vigilant
and attentive, summer and winter; it is worth his while to bo .so, for
there is money in sheep, once in the fleece and once in the carcass,
n. The Breeding Age ol Sheep.
The proper age for sheep to breed is two years. The ewe may be
Placed with the buck in the autumn after she is one year old, an.) M,m-
after she may continue to breed until the age of ten years. IMunles.
there is something in a buck or ewe more than ordinarily valuable, it is
haraly economy to continue them breeding beyond seven or eight y.ars
old. From the ago of three to eight years the best lambs will bo pr^
duced Under exceptional circumstances a strong ram will cover iOU
ewes if allowed only one service each ; but as a rule it is better to «op
a ram for each fifty ewes.
878
»»KKI„N„ AND CAUR „F .s„R„p.
III. CroMlng.
879
I iil«8s the hroodcr be ilioi- 1 1 •
vi.wtotho««tal.lHlu„,M,t,,fa,u!w ,':!;j';^""''''?''""'' '^ ^''^^^'"^'^ vvith a
H.0 .., I,n perpetuate,!, ..otl.in.r is ..,,•,..', ' ' '"'"'"'■' '•'"'m.-teristio..
The breedi... .,f .„„,,,, j, ,7iff,;;:;7'7/ ;;"**•;'''?-'<»'' 'li^tinet breeds,
breed pure stoek, tbo Ain..n,u„ Me,-;.,' . " """''■ '■""""^' "^^rd to
onlina,v fine-.ooled .beep of I ^t; 1 ' "".T •? "'"^^^^ """- "">' of tbe
improve tbe ,,„,„ifv of tbe „..ato„ niul ,1 d r'r": ''"' ''"^^'"•--•''
uicieased size ,i„d early riiiUnrifv i i , ' '"' I^«'C08tcr will .rivo
T1.0 breeding of Merinos up-n/l ^ ^ L'T f 'T "•'''''''"^'''''^"'' '^''^'^'I'-
thought of. '^ " '""fe'-woojed sheep «bouId never be
I^- CoupUng.
In breedin- in floek, when «„„,. tinn n..
mo.t fitted to e..,cb ran,. At tbe eo '^ """ '" ^"P^' ^^^'^^^ ^»'« ewea
yard and let tbe proper ran/int:tl':i;;n "'^^ -^ «"«'^ ^ t'^"
v.ce and, as soon as performed. «epar tV I e ' T" """' «"« ««»-
all the ewes in proper condition are let L 7'' "'V' "' '"'"^^^^ ""t'"'
.8, an aproned rum, to run with tbe floek Af . ' "" " ^""^''^'^ *!'»*
served, and if from tbo fourteenth to b , ! *" '"'""' "^ ^''^ ''^ves
aguia eon.e into beat, they may ., It rdTT'"''^^^^^ ^''^^' ^" ""t
n;ako sure, they may bo returned to bo " m " '1''' '""'•' '"'t ^o
after service. '" *"'' '^'"n "Pon tbe thirteenth day
^' ''^^^^P^'- Time for Coupling.
November is the season for eouplin.r • j.,,. ,. „. , • ,
•» heep for nmtton and wool, the lambs^bould f, "^ T' ^"^ '° ^"'^^ *'>«
'!»<' time of grass, unless a plac-o Im" n " ^'""I"''^^' ""^il after
w-,in,. If tboobjeetbetosel ; ,' :',V;■r■'"^^'^ P^-'^^"^ ^^r
they are produced the more money th"; t",' ^ • ^ '"'"^ " ^^« --«»
VI. Oestation.
Ewes .arry their young on an avera.re of r,. . ,
successful servi,.e. Twenty-two weeks is usuH T ^'"^ '''« ^'"^^ «f
n'Y vary a week or ten days either way Ur '' • "T"^' ^"' *'^« t''™«
and 161 days the longest. ^ ' ^^*^ *^"^^ '« t^o shortest period
^^- ^^^P^-^^ecoM of Breeding.
■'" -"-...■TO.tsttati^j.,. j,^
;?*!
''t?*'';^
880
THE AMERICAN FAUMEU's STOCK BOOK.
in which case refer to it by page and number. Write down, also, every
trait and cliaracteristic, even to the minutest, including feeding mid
thriving qualities ; it will save you much care and vexation in future. If
you are breeding sheep, preserve samples of the wool from year to veur,
and attach to the samples a record of weights, with comparison of quiility
from year to year, and one fleece with another. Thus, on all occasions,
you may satisfy not only yourself, but any buyer as to the quality of
your herd. Even with ordinary flocks, a carefully kept register of uiiiue,
age, characteristics, and quality will be found useful.
VIII . Management and Training of Rama.
Rams should bo trained to docility and obedience, and this is not diffi.
cult to do. They should never be allowed to run with the flock of ewes,
l)ut should have separate pastures and enclosures, clean and comfortuhle,
and entirely disconnected frohi the flocks. They should be tniiiud to
lead and to be handled ; and if more than twenty ewes are to be served
during the season, the ram should have extra feed and care for at least
six weeks before tupping time. One hundred and fifty ewes have been
served by a single ram during an extended season, but under the best of
keeping less than 100 is better than over that number. Do not let ii ram
serve inore than two or three ewes in the beginning of the season, in-
creasing the number to five, and oven ten, if necessity demands. As the
season approaches the close, restrict him again to a small number, for an
exhausted male caiuiot get strong progeny. To keep the reproduetive
powers in full vigor, daily exercise must be kept up. There is more in
this than many persons imagine.
IX. Pasturage for Sheep.
Sheep eat a variety of vegetation other than the true grasses. They
are fond of many we<jds, and if allowed they will soon reduce the weeds
that spring up after harvest. All the pasture grasses are natural to sheep,
except those, like Timothy, Avhich close feeding is apt to kill. Blue
crrass, orchard grass, vho fescues, red-top, rye grass, etc., may l)e the
main dependence for sheep ; clovers they do not like so well. In pastur
ing ewes with lambs it is well to have spaces through which the lanilm
can pass and yet which will not permit the egress of the ewes. In Eng
land these are called lamb creeps ; this arrangement, as shown in the
illustration, often enables the lambs to get much succulent food outside,
and they do no damage to crops. In fact, sheep are often turned inte
corn-fields, and ..ther hoed crops, late in the season, to eat the weeds, of
which they are fond. They will soon clean a crop if it be such us they
will not damage.
in
3own, also, every
881
. X. Water.
It nas been said that shp
li.to„,o,„ch f„„y. 0„ venri"; "'''■•''''''" P"«'''™g- Do not
,ifft/lSi
*:n«lksu ,,a„u cukkps,
they desiro. Like any nth
tl.t l„.y have it, and of pure .llitv «. ''"";« «"*!"« tm,o, Se,
■touW never drink from sJlgnanTpS. "' ""^ ■"' »*"' ""tai!
'•«d"ci„g internal «.r,.«,-.„. ?'"' "^Pf'^^y tJ.e sheep .ad fl v. ...,/'?..*''"
gg2 TIIK AMERICAN FARMER" S STOCK BOOK.
plowing, and upon grain land intended for hoed crops next season. Li^^l,,
grain, of little other value, will prove a mine of wealth ni this way .f s„u „
*^ Never \llow your sheep to fall away in flesh before they are ,.»t into
the feeding yards and l.arns for the winter. The time to feed is h. tore
they be-in to lose flesh. They will, indeed, shrink in weight son.ewimt.
as the fi^ed becomes dry, but it will be principally moisture that they l..s..
if proper feeding be kept up. When the full su<'culence of the tl..>l, ,>
to bo kept up, there is nothing better than roots— Swedi.sh turmps. rai-
rots and beets being the most profitable in the West. At all events, ...
the pastures be(u,nie dry, let the sheep have one feed a day of something
better than they can pick up in the flelds.
Xni. Winter Feeding.
You cannot have an even texture of wool, if sheep are allowed to
fall away c-reatly in flesh, or even receive a decided checic. Every time
this occurs'^ a weak place will be found in the wool. Nor can you raise
heavy fleeces on hay. If vou do not intend to take the best of care of
sheep and keep them thriving, you had better not keep any but the com-
monest kinds. It is true, you will lose money on these, but then you
will have the satisfaction of knowing that you have lost less money than
you would have lost on better ones.
■ >'wvjt\^ss^if'
ALLOWED TO SIIII'T KOK ITSELF.
WINTKUKU WITH GOOD 8HELTKI! AM) FEED
The feeding of roots is essential to the best care of sheep, especially
when the succulence of the flesh is to be retained ; but roots are not abso-
lutely necessary. The question of cost must be considered ii'. coiincdion
with crrain. Carrots and parsnips may be raised witli proper nnplcments
and imt in pits for five dollars, per ton ; and Swedish turnips and mangel
wurzels, for aliout three dollars or less. Carrots are excellcr.t to, ewes
before lambing t.me, and parsnips for those giving milk ; the laltcr may
be left all winter in the ground and »>e Ud up to the time grass be-
comes flush, lieets should n fed until after Janaarj- oTiacwuntof
) 8UELTKH AND FEED
UIJEKDIXG AND pa,,,.
AAO CAKE OF SHEEP.
an acrid i)riuciple thov • ^^^
-Caf,....t„eS«Ue/„j::;;;:;::^" '"' '*'°''- -^hoyaro best .hen
^^^- Shoep Barns.
These need not bo expensive sf- ,
"""•'•" """•"'«. ".V ...u,. i.,,,.
cloariincr n ■ . "^"""-^'iv ii iic fp,.f f^, "^ '* oc kept,
« "^ P"'«« covered with
:'l
884
THE AMERICAN TAKMEK'S 8TOCK BOOK.
XV. Grading the Sheep.
Sheep in winter should be carefully graded, according to size, strer.gtb
and condition. Strong lambs should not be put with weak ones; the
same rule applies with ewes and wethers. Rams should never be kept
with any other sheep ; nor should ewes be kept with wethers. Fat-
tening sheep will, of course, always be kept by themselves. The larger
the flock the more closely can sheep and lambs be graded, according to
age, size, strength and other conditions.
XVI. Feeding Troughs and Racks.
Sheep should never be fed on the ground, but from suitable troughs and
racks The arrangement of these will depend upon whether the sheep are
to be fed under shelter or not. The racks should be low enough for the
COMBINATION THOUGH.
Bheep readily to get the fodder without reaching too high, nnd below
should be a' receptacle for catching the waste. The illustration gnci.
«hows a L^ood form of feeding trough ; if intended for hay, let the slant-
ing board be of slats, or it may economically be made double, so as lo
allonr feeding on both sides A "
hay and grain ; the hinged dooxf a,";;' "^Z !T "''^ "''''■'"^'^'^ ^^ '">th
^'*'^ ^''^'^"•ng- The back is up-
^-ovK.s„.,,«,,,,^^;^^^^^
"- » ■«'Ai i-LTHi WASTE
right ; the center boards jirA n 1 1
XVI. Castration and Docking.
Lambs should be eustrnfnrl ..* *
^eidVanassistant;^::^:^^^^^^^^^^^ old. A ,a.b is
ween the kneos-the head towards h „ e' ^ T, ' '^^^^^^ the run.p be-
egs.u each hand. puttn,gtl,e fore le'Tut^^^^^^^ the fore und hind
them hnnlj just above the knee jo„,ts Th "''' ^'"^' «"d hoidi,..,
pouch and pulls it gently, so as ti et as 2 7""'"' ''''"' ^^'^ of ti.C
;:f '^ i^^^ ^-^« '^t a single strok^ ^^^1 T ''^""'^ "' '^' -^ ^hen
k s off t ,, ,,„„,,, ^,.^^^^ ^j^^^ ^^ bette., a pur of strong shears,
ach testicle separately between the forr« ''"" ^'^'^^ ^ ««■'» lu.Id of
hand, and pull it out with all he co^,, f ".:"" ^^""^'^ ^' ^'"' 4
Plotcs the operation. The re Jmi f ! * ^^'^'^'""^ ^" 't- This dm
Joe.i.ypullodb^ondthe^S.^-:;'!f;^^<^" ^'"> pouch ^Z
face for shearing than if only a Ji^Hn ' . "''^^ '^ ™»"'» ^venor sur
';o Porfonned in the n.orni !?, iT^ f^^ 'f "^''^ "P-ntion should
:":v'"^^7"--grear;i^^^^ out to .::^
■:t,ffe„,„g of the parts, which is fr 0^1^ ^ 'P"'^'*'^" ^o swelling
'" l-e still for a time afterward '''^"'"">' ^he case if they are allowed
iJockmg f.hould be perfor- J ..
generally about three da. :X: w^" "^p '"^ ^'^^^^-^rom thegelding
fome with a single stroke c,f f ." Wp 1-„.V T"'"''"" ^'^""^^ ^>« 4
*efu! to sever th. tail at . „;;; ! ^ '^"'^''' ""^ '" the .v...:.,.. ,^'
fail ir. *K„ u- . . *■ ' '■"''' the assish.nf -I....,..:-.
«nd »vill v\t>ll
i'«i skin of the
^'ver thP stub. Then allow
THE AMEUICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
the flock to lie dawn and keep quiet and still, so that ^I'^y "-X lose the
east possible an.ount of blood. By morning the wound w.U be sufh.KM.ily
dried that no fear of bleeding need be entertanied, unless by a.eulen .
In no case should they be driven or put toany extra excrt.on unnuHhat.lv
after bein.^ doekcd, for sometimes they will bleed to death. If nuuh
bleeding ensues, touch the part lightly with a red-hot iron.
XVni. Weaning the Lambs.
Sprin.. lambs should be weaned only in the fall, so the^dams may have
the advantage of grass to recuperate before winter Lan.bs, ,u t..t
should do well enough if weaned at three months old, and four montl.
ucklingis ample; nothing is gained by allowmg them to run Ion,.:
with the dams. When once taken away, they should bo p accd ontn-oiy
Tut of sight and hearing of the dams, and if several are together they
will sooner become contented.
XIX. Lambing Time.
Especial care must be taken of the ewes at and near lambing tinu
If the weather is not warm enough to fully prevent chUlmg hre hout mv.
a secure place must be provided until the lamb .s dned and has taken the
CAKING FOU TUE LAMB8.
teat A vounc lamb is the tenderest of all farm animals and a owe i.
^^^ai^tohec^ome indifferent to a weak lamb. Hence the jssyo
ri!!,....nt. n„re and watchfulness, which will suggest itself to ev«y
intelligent person.
**. TheWupsery.
Every shepherd should nrnv.Vio
pially iu winter. This nK^tmf ^'"'' *^'^' ^^ «"-g. «.
mnh,„g It i« ,,etter. however, that both f ?T"''«'''« «« " place fc^
bo provided, sinoo tire H es.ontiul W.^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ -d 1 nurser;
"" '''''' ^«°>bs early ia the season!
T,,. . . ■'^^ Tagging Sheep.
Tins 18 important and shoulrl i,
po.sihle, certainly before the sheep^re'f "?^^. "' ^°"° ^ "^e sj-rfn. as
and cut away all the wool about the ^^^^ *', ^''^^- SecurethoshC
and dung which accumulates in balls It n^''^' "^^^« *« gather dTrt
much trouble at shearing time. * '' ^^" ""P^^^e the shjp and sav^
We do not believe in washing sheep n • T^*
Bu if h"^^ '"' ''^'^ "'^^^ «^- S;mes dirt ''"°^ ^°^ ^"^"g-ous
But ,f the sheep are to be washed t T J^^ "^•"" before shearinrr
-.whos^„;'c;it:,i;::ts^^^^^
. ^'^-'^l ->d the newmethod.tho fatt r "eiU t'h T ^""^^^^tions will show
It ,« nnportunt that the shearinn " '^ ''^'*-
f-sonshould bo allowed to 3tLr'"'^ done, and no unskilful
7 P-o than to allow the skin of L, 7'" '' " ''''"' '" ^^^ ^^ '"
■^ -«--"g. If the sheep have been wl T^ u" ''^ ^^PP^^ and to .fn
: :,. : ^"^-^-^.'"^ -ttei, te^edTo ,f ',:^n^^^ ^^-^^ take ^^^ ■
"" '^; ^" g'^^ 't its natural brilliant .^n!' '" ^'''" ^^^PPeared in the
-01 .should be cut off evenly ad .3,?"'' ""^ ^'^^-^ ^««''"g- The
I'^vngthc skin naked and red wh.Vl i^ ^' reasonably doso but nnf
-ivci"iu,v t^m cold. Stu'b,?^:^,::: -^ «'>-? v'lry hi '
'7' «" '^« to give tlio next fleece the' a ?'"'^ trimming, leaving the wool
rleavmgitlongin places, in order to tS"!T' ^^ ^^'•^ordinarv lon^th
^"^1. «'-o both frauds, bu are some •' '^' '^PP^'^^^t shape of h^'n'
-. oa sheep intended for shro:*^^"^^' '' ^^so^J^;;:
•^'^^ ^1-0 should be asTtle'lT'*'^ ^"^•
^ gathered up oarefull V T f''^'" "^ P^^^^^e in ahearin^ Tt u ,.
^-- -^-o the ^^::^-i:!-tr^^;^^^.^^:^
pressed close together If tL> "^ *^^'« from the sh^n^ ^
moved V,.u ■ , ^^ there are duno-.Jv^Uo *i -"^ ^"^ep, and
^- ^"Idineach side on.. __.. ''""»-'»»''s, they should he -n
'--. ^nd the fleece will then' b;i;; "T'jf' "^'^'^ -'^ breech one:
" o'^iong s,.,«re form, some
tiOmmfiii
1
g,, THE AMEKICAN FAUMEU'B STOCK BOOK.
xu-^„ Snphfis lone. Then foKl "t
t„e„ty -n-che, wide, and '^^J;^; "V^'Jet^ "ed. or „W,.
once more lengthwise and it is ready lo
in the press.
XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Sheep.
^j., as lice and ticks, and also to free
For freeing sheep ot vermui, as J ce a ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^.^ _
OLD WAY OP WASHING SHEEP.
. ,„.„e. men .at ..» -heep a„ ^^Z: ^::::!r^^
this nurpo»e. ior those wno i. „„c.half liintoil of lur-
t„„„ago«J: One ponnd "-^"f^^" ^^ trd. Di Jive the rcini.
pentine- one pound "''°''''*"Vv Jen le heat, mix the mereuri.! oinl-
U,e turpentine; •»>-^™*;^th™ e^d rub both preparation, wclU.-
ment thoroughly with it, ana wni ^^ ^i^^ ,,„„
^or. In applying this rtie^wool "-;_'>»^^^^. „„„ ^^^,^, ,,„„,d „
re'.^'':-^*:"--""'^ *«'-' to "■» '««» "»" "'- """"'""'"'
0k
BBEEI)IN(» ANU fAKI.; „F h„kki-. ggg
hot. Tho folio vin/i„;J„;r'''^''°"''"« t'"^ k-Pi"g 'I'" liquor
m England, A„»„.aH. LdZL.: .. '"'l">''"™'..h»vi"g m.t with favor
ICU
pearl a.sh, three pounds VuTnhur ih/^'"" ^'T""^' '"'"""' ^^'""^ ^"""^8
.aiio.ofW«-.o...5tt;;rthrs^^^^^^^^
THK NEW WAY OF WASHING SHEEP
::;::tr::;r-d.';;xrd'r "''-^ -r^'^^^"^"::.
I ^^j wt,ii arainea, and plflco m a y.trd until <lrv wk
N ! :|
T
890
THE AMERICAN FAllMFU'S STOCK BOOK.
XXV. A Word About Gtoats.
So much ha« been said uLoul the keeping of goats for their fle.ye, that
we cive a summary of the facts in the case. The substance of v^ Uut fol-
lows was prepared by the writer for the An.erican Encyclop«Bd,r of ,. n.
culture, from which wo extract :
As a food animal, neither the common goat nor its kids are much c
teemed in the United States. As for their mi'k, we seldom see l\m.
kept, except occasionally for the use of invalids. In many oountnos.
ANGOKA BUCK
however, as in some mountainous sections of Europe and Asia, it is differ-
enT Llrge flocks are kept, not only for their milk but for the n.anu-
facture of cheese. This is especially true of Switzerland. luMex.oo and
Ne V Mexico large numbers are kept. In some portions of Texas, and v
Ca MornU , the/are more or less found. In mountainous, barren regions
wtrrrubBistence may scarcely be had for cattle, the goal ^-^'^^^
find a place in the United States. Such, however, has not yet been tii
find a place 1 ^^^^ ^^,^^ ^^ere goats are kept about
::::i:t:;r:5;:edgoode«ectonthehealthofthehorses. Onhe
lieir fleece, tliat
ICO of V llllf, ftil-
opcedii'. of ^i;'ri •
s aro much (
aldom s»!o tlicip
many countries,
ndAsia,itisdiffcr-
mt for the nmnu-
id. 1 11 Mexico and
IS of Texas, and i"
ous, barren regions
roat may eventually
! not yet been the
its are kept about
the horses. Of the
891
tt different
•* been siiid,
"RKEUIXO AND CAHK Or SUKKV.
Other varieties of o-oin inf,.,.,i . .
™odihVd ,y altitude ^u^:r'm:7Z'Tr ''- -- ^y
Ca.s H ..re and Thibet goata are the aame andf "J '^^^ '"^ '"'«*"'^«- The
sHKl to yield only .,,out three ounces of th! ^"'' ""''"« ^^""''•r are
wh.c the cost,, a.hmeroshaw,r;enrT:"^^^^ per fleecl „,
of the Cashmere goat, in 1819, did no »: ' *'*" '"^rodurtion
' ^ ""' ^'""'^ profitable, the yield of
PEMALK ANGORA.
down being too small. In 1822 n
and A„gora goat, which brought thTliroV'^'^' ''f ^''" '^' ^''^^^^
th'rty-three ounces per fleece.^ In 18^9 th! f !"'''""' '^^^^ "»»«^« to
Z' T'' '"'' '"'^de into the South 0th '"^'^^^^t'^" of Cash-
States have follov^ed. notably to New Yor^ . ^"'P"'^^^"""^ "'to other
t -^ Angora goat. The cuts of male ,ifd t.""> ^ "'"'■■^' "P^^'"">^ -'
#'" 1
n
lit
MrCROCOPY RESOLUTION VEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
jS ^JPPUEDJVMGE Ir
1653 Eosl Main Slreel
Rochesler, Ne« York 14609 USA
(716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
(716) 288 - 5989 - Fok
ycj2 THE AMEKKAN FARMEU'S STOCK BOOK.
,„t.nn flistriots and their breeding has pretty much
''t:.. wonid seen, to be no ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^r ^t
should not be profitable m much of ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ Oregon! Mu.h of
South; and in the -^-^"^^^^f^^^^^^L excellently .da,-
the hill and plain reg.on o. th ^^::^^^^,, ,„a breeds .ithth.
ted to this industry. That the «"")•"""= ^, j^,,„,,, ,,,,a this is
utmost fecund>tyn. ^''^-^^^^ ;^''^ ^^'l^^^Ze The An.or.
true of the plain regions -^^-•^^"- ^^ f. "^^i,, !' j,,bihty is that the
will thrive wherever the common goat ^^ . J^l' ^.^^..^/.f ,h,,, ,„•,.
,,g. pHce of tl. P— ;:tdi;Cv ^f t m^uLde the tine brooders
nuvls ; and besides 1 ttle is ^^'^'^y l^" .^^^^^ ,„tering int.) uu.
who are interested m them. Capital is cau^o Farmers, as
tried channels ; this is espcoally tx-ue ^Ij^;^^^;^'^^^,,, ,bcir wealth
a class, arc conservative in their ^^^'^^l ^^K^^^^ has not come for
the development of this ^^^^^fj^ « ^ ^^ when these fleeced
sonably prolific.
PART Viii
Diseases of Sheep.
HOW TO KTOW THEM; THEIU CAUSES PP.™
TIO^ AKD CUBE ^''-
Diseases
OF Sheep.
CHAPTEK I.
«
GENERAL DISEASES.
I. RKFERSmO TO SCIENTIFIC TFRV«
TKMI'EU OR EPIZOOTIC CATAKUII T,"" '^^T-AMMATORY DISFi.p«
TUK BRAIN VI. Al-OPLKVy T''' ''''""« '^ THK.k^m'^^'P "I- DIS-
INFLAMMATION OF THE KVFs"-~7 c ' ''^'•"''AM.MAT.O.v ()F^. -" "^''^'^'DS ON
mo XI. TETANUS OR LOcI";;u **'^f-'''''^" "KA,..-lx VK. v''"'"^' ^■"'•
BIES OR CANINE MADNe".. '"'' -^"- J'ARAI.VS.s «Tr i\, '"^'"'•^ ''^'SON-
"iAi,M xni. RA.
I. Referring to Sciontiflo Terms
Tho anatomy and explanation of the tP,-,., • w ,
part, of a si.eep have been treated c^ n C H^'V"; p '^"'^^« ^^^ —1
ful study of these is necessar, to enal e t '^ , ^ '"""^ ^"- ^ care-
uudo.1ake the cure of di,sea.efas C tt ".'iT 7""'" '"^^""'^^-^'^^ ^o
conversant with all that goes to make 3 2 '^ hnn to become nicely
-.1. The knowledge of^hese thint f . '^:"-''' /'-'^-ti"" m the ani^
ufng the difference between ha^h ^ -^ V ''' '''''^''' '"' ^""«ti.
J^>-eeding, .aanagement, and cure of disc 1 ' , '^''''^'"^^'^"^ intelligent
gent man valuable animals and much ' mo noJ'" T^ '''''' *'^« ■"^'«"'-
Statcs and Canada, the fatal disea e ,7 r^r' ''' ^''^ United
comparatively few; and this is es^.J^t r t"^ "" "^''^"'^ ^^^
west, owing, probably, to the fact tL t h^ '" *''^' ^^'"^* '"'^1 ^outh-
paratively dry and equable, and e tim ^^r ^^ -^-- are com-
dampness. ''""''^- *^ "«* characterized by excessive
n- , "• ^"^^"^atoJ-y Diseases.
Diseases of an inflammatory nature -u-e n.-.rR
sheep in Great Britain. I„ Amer a om ^ ' ''"'"' "^ ^^'^^^ among
from these diseases. Mr Snooo; ?''''""' '•""J''"'''^f'^''^'v exempt
Engjish and American shtp^'^,^;^'-' ^'>'« ^-t, in compaH^g
c.a care of sheep in England. Wh v theV"'" '° ^'^ "'^'-^ -•*■-
h'sdny,this,villnotnowapp]v.fo, -Zr^^^.^^^^^^ '""^ ^^'^^'« »^^«'^ !>-
,9, TH3 AMERICAN FAHMBK's STOCK BOOK.
■fVi r rc'id nor write, and ^vllo
to ignorant servants, who. P^-^'^Pf';?;^';^;;;,,,,,, ^f the master keeps p.uv
add superstition to ignorance ^ ^^^^^^^.^^j ,,d this intelligence is
^ in. Distemper or Epizootic Catarrli.
T. • w . r.,f.irrh is an epizooty tliiit is
Sheep distemper or ^^^^^ZT;^T T^. disease in its n.li,-
sometimes fatal in sheep, ^>"^^ .^f 'j^ i,fl,,,,nation of th- li.ung nuMu-
^:::r;^^:^-s:r:;^ese.tendin^
^°C to .now .-There is ^^^ ^-^ ::?:i"^^^
and eyes ; there is ^f^!^^^Zr^^L<!i j, .veak : the breathing is not
is sliglitly increased m ^/^^"^ J ^^^^.^.a ; there is no ecugh. At
changed unless the bronchial t^^'^'fj;;'^ ^^^-^^^ the nasal discharge is
. t :n^ of a week, ^^i;^^tS^ ^^oo^ ; the eyes an- „alf
thick and glutinous, and ^^'^^^^l " ^ . .^^^^^ .^cretion ; there is g>v.t
closed and the lids are gummed th a ,^c^ ^^^^^^^^ _^ ^^^^^^^ .^ ,..
closed and the lids are gummed wun a ^^ ^^^^^ _^ ^^^^^.^.^^.^_^ .^ ^^.^
i.repare the following :
^^ ^ , 1 Ounce carbonate of ammonia,
^°- ^' 1 Ounce rhubarb,
2 Ounces gingei'i
2 Ounces gentian. _
,1 „pntian for fifteen minutes m a quiut
simmer the Aubavl. g"|--;.^8- t^^;, „* the bottle. Give two
:x:trh:re=hJiit„h..^^^
TV. Grubs in the Heaa.
, . ■ „d bv the e-* of the sheep gadfly ( ««(«■•. 0«.)
_Th,» ''"»"'!* !'*°;t^,,u.il» of the sheep h, .luly «^
, ,„gdep .,ted ntho . , ,„,,^„d, the n,ag-
■""' "^"rf ■ d find theit way through the sinuses,
gotshatohand fi Uheu y .^^,^ _^^ ^^^^_
causing much pa >. ^hen = ,^^^._
;„„ the .A-P-;'\:'";;i;,t stamping violently „,„,
.„,„.„,„. with tbe,r ""- °^^ ,f, ;„,„ pi„„i„ the pas- '--
*■"■ ,"' ""wienlh ma" ts .each uir resting place thoy.t..eh
Causes.
riiv''. Remove the
bowels arc costive,
GENEKAI, DISEASES
H'J7
What to do.— The o-rubs ms.v r.n
ve.y valuable a,.i.nal. 'iJ.. i- i^ , ^'^^'f '"'f ^^-Pt i" the case of a
close place, to cause .io^.n^n^^^r::;^: !' ""^"."' ''' '''^^^ '" '^
safe. Injecting up the nostrils vau-^l^ Z^ ^ " '"'''^"*"'' ''"^ '*^ '« """
will often dislodge the grubs when ^r ' '"'"'"" '""' ^"n>ontine
must be taken not to straui^lo the sheen " ' " ^''"'''^' *^'^''''' '"'^ '""'«
Prevention.— IVvent ion is i„ fi,i
portion of the field plo.-ed so the' ir.-f I' ''' '''"^'^^- ^^^^'P ^
sheep's noses on,-o u day with tar durii,.r tb "' '""^ '^'^'- ^"»«'"' 'he
as many of the tlies as possible, by n.^l^Is'^.^irHu^J:;:;;^^' ^"^ ^^^^
V. Hydatids on the Brain.
Causes.— The bladder worm c-.n*in,r ♦! • i
the forn.s of the tape worn., pr^c'di ""i '1 ^"'^"'"'•^ ^"■^'-"'-' '« "»« of
It is rare in An.eriea, probablV f.v^ t' • ""h V^r^'^ ^'^'"'^^^ ™-
.n proportion to the population than in EnXuul ""' ^"""' ^"^^
What to do.— Once fixed lu.fl,;,,,, ?•' ,,
who,, i.K,,.e.,, .„„,.,„„, ,„„t ;::;.':%:'*;';;.; » .'»-, .....ugh,
.F-.g... „„ecti„g tl,e,.ci„ , a te,,.p„„„ J„'|;f;„;;,;;;;"'S ''>'l'odc™ic
^°-2- 1 Orain iodine, *"
5 Grains iodide of potash,
1 Ounce water.
Slix.
Prevention.— Never allow doo-s to foo^
bage, unless cooked in the 1:^;^, ^ 7 "^^^'^1'^' ^^^'-^^J^' "^^ other gar-
ments of dogs wherever fou"dnr;;f ;'"""'"' "'""^« ^'^ ---
rnake a habit of prowling about, a;;4fro;r::::;"^' kill all dogs that
VI. Apoplexy.
"■? '.c.-.o,„,„, bleed i,„„„!ji.,„,;" ; 1;, "!';:""";"'-'""■« '-,.1,.
eP'om B„lls, ,„ 1,0 followed l.y ■„, "1,^ «fte™,nd, t„o „„„„e3 of
«uati„„ take, place from the blweb °™'''' "" ''°'"^' "»"' » *"»
898
THE AMEUICAN FAUMEU's ^TOCK BOOK.
p
i ■
j
i
j
i
^^
VII. Inflammation of the Brain.
oftou 11 secondary effect or "iP"? «^y- ^^^ ._„,^ intensify, the animal
as for apoplexy.
VIII. Inflammation ol the Byes.
w,u * * ^« Tf there is serious inflammation, take a little blood fr..in
the eyes with the following wash :
No. 3.
5 Grains nitrate ol silver,
1 Ounce f'dft Wiitcr,
15 Drops lauUanuni.
... 1 .1 ,ntr..tc of silver in the water and add the laudanum ; mix.
Bar ""«".:!« Ic. a day and apply tl. lotion twle. a da,
with a camel's hair brush.
IX. Swelled Head.
Thi, is Lioducod l>v a variety of causes, the hitcs of v.aom.
J:'::^^^X t in»*. etc. S„aUo bite, „,„aUy,„,*ce
WhattO do.--lli ""•-■,, ,„, „,„„„ sateratus water and g,vo
^ ^ 1,/ Dvaohni chloral liydrate,
1 Ounce soft water.
Mix.
X. Vegetable Poisoning.
T CO „f trouble from vegetable poisoning, bathe the
,s::«r^;:;;':vit:™water,a„auoep™oist.i...t.fo,.
lowing lotion
No. 5.
1 Ounce sugar of lead,
1 Pint soft water.
Mis.
XI. Tetanus or Lock-Jaw.
Tliero are various causes produeing this diffleuity, as infliim-
^aS^oTurWes after geldiug, injury to the hon.s a„d hoof,,
"lZ:tnr;"«:att ahle to .-^ at an, does so wit,,,-
ai^Zthe^w* are set, and death generally takes piaee ,».*„. U
is an exeited condition of the nervous system.
f'ENKHAI, DISKASKS
What to do. — Troatmoiit is nf i;ffh> ^i
Put the sheep into a da.-i; p L: . " :u ^Z "'""''' """^ "^"""^ ^'^^'^••
water iii the pen for him to drink W n '^ ' ''"* "''lineal
Bleeding used to i,e considered a specific rr '"" ''"''^ "''" ^'^•'^•^"<^''''-
praetieed. Move the bowels as soon as n' 'T^' '" '' '^'^""'^^ ""* l^«
l>olladonna. Give four ounee" f ^ll^^^r: t^ ""1 '"""" ^'"^ "'' ^^^
worst syn.ptoms are overeon.e, give gruelsan, / 1" 'f "' ^^'"^" ^''«
unul recovery. '*"??' uel.>, and other soft nourishing food
Xn. Paralysis or Palsy.
Lock-jaw and epilepsy are often nustakeu for nakv . ■
direct opposite of them. Like the two first i. ^ ^ ' ^"'C '* '' "'^
America. "'^"'^ '^^^ '« somewhat rare in
What to do.— The first thincr to do .\ f^ i ,
fortable. Give warm gruel, with a tu "" " " '-'^-^^-^rn andeom-
I 1 o'"^'» " au a little ofmccr -ic o „<• •
bowels are costive give four ounces of linseed'^ I P- T "'• ^^ ^^'
powdered Nux Vomica in soft mashes thre it "a ^^'TT' 'T' "^
or three weeks. If the paralysis is sevor« i ^ " ' *=«"*'»"« this two
a blister of Spanish flies I tdZZ 7Z\t'' "'' *'' ""'' ^"^ ^ly
shoulders. ' ' ^'"'^ ^^^^ P^'nts of the hips to the
Xm. Babies or Canine Madness
Sheep are particularly liai,le to be bitten bv v.wa a •
stages of madness. The flock-master shonlHn ^""r. «' '" *^"''" ^"-'^
strange dogs, and. of course, tirsheep f at>Tl .'"''u' '" ^'^'^^''^^ '^^^
killed at once. ^ '^ ''^^^^^ed w.th rabies must be
CHAPTER II.
PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES.
?i^iii\Wpw'^'
.. FOOT-HOT. HI. KOIL IN TlIK FOOT. IV
I. SCAB, TICKS ANI. ^''nlll^J, _i^^^ MAmiOTS KUOM HLOW Fl.IKS. VI. IN-
SWOM-F.N FOOT ANI. < '^V; "TTt^oR I.IVKK FI.UKK. VIII. I.UNO W(,KM.S.—
Tr'^t;^*^;^ "v ;^!;:;s:^"'si.KA,Ns, strains anu hkc..k..— x,.
[ AUK miEN LAMBINO. — XII. NAVKL IL...
I. Scab, Ticks and Lioe.
r. e ^,..il, is produced by a minute microscopic, parasitic iiisoct,
CaU8e8.-h<'V'>;^ , ' ..fh the cuticle, produccsextreme irritation, .nd
wliich burrowing just '>«"'^=^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^lii.s, in drvi,.., f or.ns tl.e
ouuscs Uio exudation of '^^f ^^ ^^'^ ^^ X.,,, „,;„,,,i;r patcln..
.cab which brings awayw^h it the ->l - 1 _^ = ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^,^^ ^,^^^,^.^ ^^ ^,,
tenacious of life that it has been said to have remained
inapasturcthrecycarsandthen.sprcadtheinf.rtioM.
A careful flock master should examine every sl.oop
DKMOUEX purchased minutely, a.id take every means K. l<oip
..found in sebaceous ^.jana, Jj^^, i^f^ctioU f nUU hisflock. The iUu.Strat ...U ^lH.^VS
• ^Lses lt:r,r'ir''riutio„^'na affcctcd with scab ill its cxtrcmc form.
""'"""■* X, ^if The sheep will be restless and irritable ; ^vill rul.
How to know St.- 1 IH' »H.q ^^ .^j^ .^^ j^^^^^^^ ^^^
against anything near ; will bite its ^-o^-^' permanently iafect
length the fleece becomes ragged, and drop, on, i i
'"fj^rrin Ho It is not diflicult to cure, but the means must be tl.or-
ou^h 1 good'ff-tile remedy, though poisonous, is the foUowni,:
jjy (■ a Pounds arsseiiic,
6 Pounds pt'iiil asli,
G Pounds s^ulphur,
6 Pounds soft soap,
20 Gallons boiling water.
.i„,,t,.„ttomu„de™= U,^ a^^
rr,a': ^J^ tu,e mV*.. -..' ""■ '"-'^ "'^ "■•" ■"■"'- ''"
i;''''7 '';»''•'' tl"' «lats a.Kl squeeze, (he ,vo<.l fl m
^l>M.Me.| tun. into a clean vard until ,1,. ■ n ^'""'""-'''.^ ' '"'^ wl.en well
(Io.k with the following: ' " ^'" "''•■'' t''« Ih-juLs of the
""' i! !i'"""''""'''<'"Hal .,I„t„„.nt.
:i I'oillKls losi,,.
1 I'ound oil of turpentine,
riaoe the larcj and mercurial oinfn.ent in a «..!, i .
"UTse m a vesnel of hot water, .sav al.ont ""/"'"''•'•• ■''•» Pot, and in,-
"lixcd. Then dissolve the ro«in' .,nd "''''' '""' '^'" ""t" ^^^11
cold, ru., it all well io,.tlu. X;^.^^::^^^ "','" ^^''•"" ^''^' '"-' ^
■'.'tween the ears, on the fc.rehead I'tl 'th "'• '"" T' "" *'"' '"'"d
i'."acli every part not touched by the dip "'''""' "'" '^^'" ^«'"^' to
SCAB liV SHEEP.
.;:=J:s;n;s;;^t;^^^^^
J.e"t.s may be stirred in whil the i L TT' '■""' ''"' "^'^^'^ ■"'--•"-
""•-.I the tobacco leaves and em ' Wi'' T' ^'"'' '^--.^ ^-t re-
-'3' "I- be dipped, from tij t thr,: b '"''l '*'' ^'^ "^^<'' ^'^^ ''-d
-tgot in the nose and eyes 'l^.^" 1, ,' "^ ""'"' '''"' '''' ''^l-''-^-^
hotasean be borne, four'^or fiv. ninu L T'^ ""f" " ^'"" "^"-•- -
;'"^^ ^^^"- 7 need not be used ^1 ou "l if ! ^!iT? ''" '"'^^^ — ionallv,
•-pressed and dried, as befor shL "^ ' f" " '""' ^^""' '"-^
^-e over, using some means to l^^k:^^;:^ "'"' ''' '^^'^ ^^ ''»
-! !
!»(!_'
niK AMKIIICAN l-AKMKU'8 HTOCK lUX.K.
♦ in Aimtniliii where iuimen»«' lloi^liH :irc lupl. 1^
A (lip in groat rcpuU' in Austuniii,
the fciUowing!
No. 8.
10 roiimli* tobacco leaves,
10 I'oundi* Kulpliiir.
oOCialloiHWUtfr.
l.)t,
hip lh<
81IKE1' TI< K
WITH EOGS.
sheep in the h.iuor, as hot as
sdniuHlsuek blood. They arc pkinly seen .hen ,.
wool is diVuled. or when the nheep arc Hhcvrn ; tinu tl.
th-k. will g<. off to the hunhs, where t ,ere ,s ...n..
wool. The tr..tn>ent for them n,ay he the s:,,,,.-
ivs for seal).
Lice-Lico are son.etin.es found on sheep; t^uv
,.o of the viriety of birdVu-e, (Triehodectcs), with large,
WITH EOGS. ure of the N anety ^.^ ^^ _^_^ ^^^^^_
as for seab and tick.
II. Foot Rot.
u ♦« Lnnw it -The skin at the top of the clefts of
t^vm extending down to the upper poiu I .„„i ok tukmikei'.
';:;,f.th„of". Then ...e wan, W„,od,.,„.^m..od., ^
0,„ dUou., penetrative, '-t-™ t;' ^. if tl own -m., .nd ,1.
the hoot, an offensive and 1^"/'^^^ '■»'„;„,, ^.^.a „,ih n,:,,..-.
„„„,„ ^>"t,'>-"-;;;„;r, l:: TL'appeti,,., «n„ at ,c„,.„ *.
toms of huncness. ^isoa^cd parts, cleaning the knife from
What to do.-(3ut away all ^^^'T^^ , unk and fill it to u doptl.
,.etotin,einweakcarboUc,a.d^^ vitriol (sulphate of
„f four inches with a saturai ^,^..^,. to sta.i<lin. by occi.-
copper V Keep this as hot as the 1 eep an bc^^ ^^^^^_^^ . ^ ^^ ,^ ^^^_.
sionally introducing a p.eee of hoi n^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^^ ^^^ ,,^^^ ^„,
ten minutes or more. Ihen tovei
'•AUASITIO AM> omy.u i.,,s,.;a.sks
lldiikw nrc kv\h, \-
,canin.' 11h> Unifo from
. chloride of lime, and
rtll the cleft of iho lioof with i fill,.f t .
Ik. twisted into a string „, tu, „honl H ''f'. 'T """"^''"■•"' ^''•' ^''^J"* to
.in. well-iit,..,....i ,.,..,:.. ^,y^:l^ZJ 't '':•'" >•"• ^'-P i" u
for so„.o ti,n... K.,,,, „,., ,.i.;„,,h! i; : ; :' ^'""""'" •'"' '"••"'' -'-'y
of Monrishi.,g food. It is ,.,,,huhle tl. .' "!'"^ "^'^'■>'' ""'» f''-' Pl-nty
prepare the followi,,... ^''''* '' ''""*' '""v '•<' >H-i^ch.,| ; if «o,
^ °" ■ ^ Drachms coniniori suit
}i I)nu-lni. si.lpi.ai,, „f i,-,',,,,
.« Onichm nil,., •■ of potash.
Mix ,i.s a pomler, and jrive once a ,|.,v .. ■
« '■''•'''^'■•'^•"••'"mstaneeH may dictate.
III. Poul in tho Foot,
'I ''is is ii common di.sahility, esinriillv ;., i
„„ „,, ,.^^^^_,_ .V. IHA.alU ,M .sheop that hav hcen .Iriveu
What to do.— When it is only tiio offort e ,
^'"•" ♦••"<-•'' tho tend..r or thin pa,1s .it! ' f" ' ''"'■'"' "'"''•^ ^^•="<''-' '"'^
(-'Ipf'-u-ic acid), and cov.-r then ' wii V r"' ,'''""' '" "" "^' ^''^••-'
I'l'"' vitriol (sidphate of copper), to the ,.| 'tY -P *'^ ^ •" '"'""- ■"''"'^'"» "^
1«''""'- In drivin^r sheep, thci th.-ee ''"■''' "-'" "^ ^"^'' ••"•^' "P"
^'Md hhte vitriol should he kept on ha-wl ' ,''"'" '""''' ■^"'P'"'>'i.- m-id
following ; ''' "" '''''"' '• "■■ '" Pl-.- of sttlphuric acid the
No. 10.
1 Part .solution ,„lon.lo of an,ir„onv,
i lart comiH.uiKl tiiiotun. of n.yrrli'.
^::^"z::z^i:z;::^;;r'^'"^^^^ "i--
IV. SwoUen Foot and Gravel.
How to know it.— The i.ssia. / uuyU.^. , , . ,
of H,e la.of) hccon.es swollen .nd il;,::;::;' '" ''' ^'"""^ ''"^' "'"^^ 1-t
!^ -^--^"~ ^f -5-- therein ,
>".^« ; if ulcerated hn.ce it li-dUiy to et o .t I '^ ^"' "'''^''- ■■'^^«»-
eon>pound tincture of m^^rrh. f h l" '" '"'^''"•' '""' ^•'•"- -ith tho
gravoUt any ecst ; dress as uboye . 'r"'"^^^ ''""'"'' ^'•^^'•'^^'^ ^^e
d'ppocl ill tar. ' '""' ""^--^ ^v'th a small plug of tovf
V. Maggots from Blow Flies
"'«"*• ^f t'ouud, cleanse the
I
(H,4 TUB AMERICAN FAEMEn'S STOCK BOOK.
parts thoroughly, extract the maggots and touch the wound, with.hc
following :
No. 11.
1 Part creosote,
4 Parts alcohol,
Mix.
u.. Hip diiilv with tincture of myrrh. , . - . <,
Pr*entlon.-K-l' '1- *-P """ '»S«'"' ""' ""'"""' '""
tail a..d thonce diagonally do«.i tho thighs.
VI. Intestinal Worms.
The presence of intestinal worms is scldon. known to the ordinan „1,.
server >mt.l •'«•> f ^^„",f ,,^„ ^„„, ,„„„a. ,,„e presumption is good .l„t
m; »« s^Ly infected, for, as a rule, unless Ihey are a,
""U'.7t.'°drrs -in;;r';ennifuge, when their prese,^is suspected.
What to dO. 1 , ^1,^ , natur.dly take iv.ll do
"tri:f:ct7'h",liwea plenty of salt, with the so,,, ,„i..
good. In fact. It SI 1 s„spe„tcd they will do well cuoasl.;
T^TZ;^: :::s,Tg;und fee'd, the following, which is ea,.„gb
for 80 to 100 sheep :
^ ,o 2 Pounds common salt,
•^ 1 Pound sulphate of magnesia,
t^ Pound sulphate of iron,
J^ Pound powdered gentian,
Mix.
For good sin.ple vorn.ifuge for round and thread worms, to l.c given
as II drench, take
So. 13.
4 Ounces linseed oil,
% Ounce oil of turpentine.
Mix.
If the sheep are known to have tape worm, give in molasses and water
the following :
No. 14.
2 to 4 Drachms powdered areca nut,
10 to 20 Drops oil of male-fern,
Mix.
following day.
VII. The Rot or liiver Fluke.
C,„..n m worms (Fasciola llepMha and mioncu,' L«-
J^^tZ liver, called the liver fluke, are the cause o. ro..
1*1
wounds with the
worms, to be given
1 molasses and water
I'AKASITIC AND OTHEK DISEASES.
How to know It.— There will he f«., i
loins; the bellv will be swollen and c^ltirir''" ""'""" '^'"'"^ ^he
low as in jaundice • and if th i , ^^^^'^^S^^ ' tl'<^ eyes yd-
and <.,,M>,.,„.i,h,.o,,,ckn,,s J;::;;!:, •'''•■ '"™'" ^ •"'«
Whattodo.— If thereisdiarrho". '■. w i i
general stupor, remove the e 't; 1 ,i t T' '"^''' "'^
to well ventilated airy places 7s L ^ '''•' ''"''^"••'^' "''
the following : ^ ' ' "' ^''' ''*"" '"^y »>«• Prepare
Mix the magnesia suip|,..,to with throe h-.lf »i . ^
udd the turpentine and <S,y, one-tl i d of i ' ^"*'''
shai<i„g the bottle befo/e using. ""''"^^ ^^" ^"3'«.
Follow the above with the tonic :
No. 16, 40 p„„,„,^ ^^^ ^^^^^j^
4 Pounds i,ow(i<,,p(j'pn(i
1 PouiKl sulphate of iij,,
Mix. '
Give half a pint to each sheep once -i d-.v f,...
weeks and repeat. Kon.ove the ' '' '""'*'''= *''^" ^^'''t three
sheep to high dry pastui-e (,r salt
marsh, both being poisonous to the
fluke. Do not put the sheep in a
wet pasture, for there they only
sow the seed to perpetuate the
tn)ul)le.
KASCIOl.A
IIEPATICA.
"ISTONEUM LANCEOLATUM.
VTtl. Lung Worms.
■This disease is caused bv the nresei.ro «f
^i^''» -- usually found in the ^^ll"' 'T^' (^^>'-n,yIus
Causes.
and sometimes iu the lungs. ^v>»ct-p,po, ,,nd bronchial tubes
How to know it.— There will be a
husky cough ; quickened breathin.r'-
loss „f appetite and flesh ; u„d the
sheep will rub its nose on the ground • ,
there may be dysentery with fa>tid ^''''''^'''''''''"'^^'^'"^^"^enlahoki,.
evacuations. Examine the mouth n.ul fi. .
di«.i„,. of ti,e ,v„™.. P,.;:" ZmS;;"'" "'" *"» "°*' ">■■ "-
Ounces sulphate of magnesia,
4 Ounces nitrate of potash,
4 Ounces sulphmv
4 Ounces sulphate' of iron,
.'' *'Mi
■ ?
' ,J
'— wwM-mnOT.a
DOB ™e ameeioam faembb's stock book.
g!v» a single handful to each sheep in oat or con, meal once a day r„r
a Ik; In wait three weeks and repeat. Burn turpentu.e on p,„e
living; under their noses so as to make them breathe the fumes.
IX. Sheep worried by Doga.
Sheep that have been torn by dogs, are apt to die. owing to \he laoer-
ated nature of the wound, especially if the skin has been stnpped from
considerable surface in hot weatlier. ,...,• u
WhattO do.-Tho lacerated surfaces must be brought together, u. su^h
. wav th I? they may unite ; and. if necessary, stitclacd. In hot wo. her
flirCu^t t'guarded against, and the wounds should be treated as
advised in the case of horses when wounded.
X. Sprains, Strains and Bruises.
What to do.-These also are to be treated precisely as advised in the
cse o? lorts. In simple cases hot fomentations and he subsequent
immerse the limb in water as hot as can be borne, for half an hour at a
irefand repeated several times a day. usually effects a rap.d euro.
XI. Care when Lambing.
What to do.-The ewes should be well fed for several weeks previous
to Hmbin^ BO as to be strong and have the lambs strong and well devel-
loedw^^n dropped; but avoid having ths ewes fat. Have a dry, eom-
o'rtabl place fr them to run in, not too warm ; they should be put ,n a
SWEbUNG OF THE UMBILICUS IN CHAHBON (NAVEL ILL.)
;::r: : : f «:. - 4 »ve ac!.us.„med to , ict hi„. wa.cu ..
progre.« of events to see that help is given ,f needed.
wing to the lac(ir-
een stripped from
it together, in such
!;ometimeswronoT)rp«Ar.f t-
«>.s,sla,icoi l=t I'im insert his hand ,„r '" "™ ""'«■• l- render
Tf „ , u . ^ "'" torture
it tlie lamb is dronned at «; u^
water bath and dr, 't tt^X Z'lV'''''' '^' '' "'^o a war.
spoonfuls of ,nilk, diluted a lirtl^:^ TJ:';'^ r'' ""^ ^'^^ '^ "^ -
ed pepper in it. Keep the evve sep.^te f, ,, ' '"^ "'*'' ''^ ^"^ting of
ten days, and feed on soft food and ot ff " .' ^''""^ ^'"- ' ^-^ or
if .t I. too early for grass,
n, , „ ^^^- ™"avel 111.
Charbonous fever, or earbuncuhu- erysinolas ' , .
^ ___ the other syl " . ' ^'^ ^^°^'-' i" addition to
^ ---^ in swelling o^^" i^i;-:^ -"'^^^ts itself
^••« "ot confined to t 1 V '" '^'^'^'"^^
-•e often found I otl",:: ''';:! T"^' '"^
i« sometimes seen .sT . ! '''' ^"^'^- ^^
tion of rheumatic del'oZ" "'' """^^''^'^-
foals and calves r!'' '.•'°"'*'"^'^'"bs.
1-ds. notma:;•yel^al^T'r"''^^'^«P-
disease, known a^Nat , il ' r",f ^'^^'-^
®' 111. See illustration
THE ROT.
on prc!ceding page
ri».mmmu„mm , m .,t„„ m»J ^ ,>6 mmu,.,
PART IX.
POULTRY.
mSTOBY. MANAGEMENT AND CHAE.VCTBEISTICS
OF THE VAEIOUS BEEEDS.
>
«-'..;.■ ■■ ■ \
POULTRY.
CHAPTER I.
Omom AJSTD VABIETIES OP FiiRM BIRDS.
I. ORIGIN OF THK WORD POULTRY it -rv,
OF THE HEN. """"^^ FOWLS.. XL PEAtW-s'^^"^ ^^""^
XII. ANATOMY
Th. ^ , '' °'*^ °' ^'^^ W°rd Poultry.
domestic fowl bred or fed for hum u JoL TT "''^ '" ^^^'^^'^^ any
ers. HoHce. the peacock ma, ^Z^l!-^^:!'^ ''''■ '1 ^^^'^
arc an important article of commerce Tl.o ,'^^ ^'"'^^ ^ts feathers
ever, more properly comes from the FreiJ ^. 7'""" T'"' P""'*'-^' ^«^^-
word pullet comes from the FreL? ^ IV""' ff ' ''«"' J-t as our
French Creve Ccur will illustratT C^;;,^:.; ^T ^"^^^'^^^
type given on the next pa-e. In a mo n" ^ ^«P'"-f«re from the wild
try is generally applied to barn-yard fowls orT'' '""' *'^ ^""'^ P""l-
fowl being used with a prefix as It ^ V . ^l""' "'"'^^"^^^^
geese, Guinea-fowl, etc. wWle tu lev ' ^ "'^ ""'"'^^ ^^'^^ -^
lateroronlypartially doiesU ted S "T ' ^'T'""' '^"^ ""-•-
or common names. ^" •"'" designated by their proper
11. Types and Native Country of Barn-Yard Powls
The ongmals of all the varieties of burn vn-H f i
thickets, and other openings of the CT ?"' ''"'''^ "^''"^'^ants of
f-t:.e,f; there ar/a nuLi^/ ^ S' ''f ^ ^^7" "^ the dense
I'l'ng our common barn yard fowl i, he c ^^^^y closely resem-
«-«///) a native of the Ghaute Jemi tl T^T ^""'' ^ ^"^^"^ ^*«-
B-Phior, previous to the d!::::^" ^"^r" f ""\^"7r"^«^-
c.osely resembling our old barn v.,.1 f i *""'f '^''t' found wild fowls
Arohipelago. S^ it may si :^^^^^ *'\« 'f "'^^ "^ t'.e Indian
Wils, are natives of India. ' ^ ''"'" ^"^''^ ^'"t'' '""-^ A-wing •
!>13
THE AMERICAN FAKMEK'H STOCK m.«K.
in. Changes Due to Breeding.
• a of Southern Asia, and the wild Malay and Chit-
The great wild species cf bouthem ^« ' ^^.^^-^ ,,,^,,,,„f
tagongrwereprohably i^^-f '^ ;^\7^^r/fiom he Bankiva jun.lc,
Zl./y, and our bantams undouUcdyB^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^^
fowl, although careful '^"^ «ystenuttu. »need.n ^^^ ^^ ^^^
CKEVE CCKUR COCK AND HEN.
with only the rudiment« of a comb.
IV. Division ol Fowls.
""""" *"" -«■"- -■ ..•.>.,.» „,„„».
916
T^ •!,. . ^' ^^® wild Turkey.
Tho wild tiirkov is ,1 |,.itiyp I *
called species, ''"t they «;« j.^J^l^f/; . ^''^-j-'. ^ there are several so-
staat lo typo, perhaps huvi.,.. oseanod f "^"' ^'^'"^ '»'^^« '>'-ed con.
The, are all fertile one with-a.X' 't;;: ^r "".^-•^ ^--sticatr
reg.on from Central America, north, up to 45 h"^ '' "''"^^ *" '^" that
t mber covert can be found ; but in n7 ZJ'^T' ''^^''^-^^ «"itable
they have on. since been extenni ted r ''" r^""^'^- ««ttled regions
co.nmon wdd turkey hen, and the Mellj wilu,' "'"'""^ '^^''^^ *»««
WALI.US SONNERATII.
VI. Duoka.
J^one of the wild f I
>J, whenever, hey p„„„„|„„X»°'^»'''-* " »"->' "P^ie, «„„
I" '"«<"• '■'rietta have, „, a J„ u *.\. '""' "'""■ '""=1""S- Onlv
— .. .» oo„„ec«„„ .,, _ a,,^.;:e~;t^^^^^^^
i> 'rl
Ill
\-
(^- '
1
THB AMERICAN FARMKB'a STOCK BOOK.
9 Id
, .1 ij ., nfo two of tlio oldest domcsfi-
variety in among the luteat.
„,,AD OF 8IKOLE WATTLED BlUHMA FOWL.
vn. Qeese.
HEAD OP BBEDA, OB OUEl.DHR.
^,z-^:^-£:!^^'--^'^''^"-~^^
W1LI> TUKKEY HES.
. • . fV,« Noilh tlioy breed in summer from latitu-'o
oldest domes! i.
ck, an ALinoricjin
REDA, OBGUELDRB.
3 found in iill cli-
sle. Followiiifi the
summer from latituHe
their winter quarters
:ii tijo su»).troiJi.:al regioius. Pho
HDH.
c...u.u„» gray goo«,, |« the nourert
017
ap.
MEXICAN WILD TURKEV COCK.
Proaoh to the „-ild typ., and these an. becoming «.
"^ •>ecoming scarcor and scarcer each
l>.- 7i
.«!
m
j,lH TIIK AMKUIOAN FAUMKlfs STOCK »0(.K.
posed to be the Graj ^v„ « (7«H«^ie,w;.), is a disti.u.t species;
The American wild goose {Jimc ^_ ^ ,„,,,,,j. j^.^estication,
.u'.. vnr.«f.v breod-^ freely, aud is wkiabl;^ .oi.t..n.e_ -.
icse, the Emixlcn,
[ color, and licuvy
! is gcncriilly .uii-
OltrorK AN„ VARIKT.KS ,»,. k,^„
the North of Europe,
is a distinct species;
•d undfir doinestlcation.
UIKDS.
919
even in the first o-encTHti,,,,. J( is l.uf •■ f
tlK7 vcro first do,ncstioutod. Asia and Zi'^T """i""^'«V"ly. si.-o
Atnc.i Jmvo furnished us with
f"'""' f-n. Africa-^^ri!^-- ~ '''''' ""''" ^'«'" ^I
1
•ni gooso.
""•'■ ■•iii(} the
'«->«>«'-i*aa5i.i..,„a«-jt. „ _^
920
THE AMEBIOAN FAliMKU'S STOCK BOOK,
vm. The Swan.
The swan haa long been known in history, but is not a useful bird
except alTn orname°ntal appendage to the ponds and kkes of parks.
The mos common is the white swnn ; there are, besides, a number of rare
ineraosiMuii nmonathemthe black swan from Australui, and
a„don,ume,,tai™ .^^^^^^^^ „o* of the latter „,v j.t
rrtttdT, wtags, rrtaU, pa. wHto, the MU having a veU >..b
or protuberance.
IX. Pheasants.
None of the pheasants ^Phasianus) are natives of the United States
the so cal ed pheasant of tl^ South and some other sections of the Un.tod
Sites bei^^^ really the ruffed ^vo... {Tetrao nmbellns) The oojnmon
Som Seated pheasant of Europe and America PAas.anu. OM.
^1^oundwildin the Caucasus, and about the Caspi.uSoa In the
rid Stlt ve h ^c Hvo varieties which breed in coulinemcnt but none
ofll are I^^^^^^^^^ -^ domestication than the peacock. These
varietLs are: The ring-necked, originally from China; the ash-colored ;
^^^";:!:^:S^::i^— i-^^^ - be onginany fromOHna. TJe
T nf ho I Iver pheasant ( Phadamu. nycthemerus) ong.nally rom tli
•" .If Ph^nl is! most beautiful bird, of a silver white color, .ath
north of China, is ^ °^««^ ^^ „„ ^he feathers of the back,
"f-Wb ^'^^^^^^^^^ thelong, drooping tail i. also
while the under parts a e or ^ ^^^^ ^^^^.^^^ ^,^j^^^
and of a BmaUer size. in „ f j haH-doiMs.
''">.''°"^tl';rh W tn "^^ "'the pheasants h,.f„,o,n™.
rid"' The unlr p aTo "he male U of a .-ed color, the head « o,^
tioned. iho unacr i u ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^
rented with -P^^^^^ 'T.ttlC' of a hri^ht yoMow color,
hung hy a somewhat projecut ' „f a dnil hluo, thoUud
''Tof^Ltdya^of rlncoLTse-toff with red ,ti,ot.,i,
Lt audto:nf hied Jfth blaek. The female of this spec.cs . «U.
inconspicuous in color. Europe, and in a state
and red color, the Wack ana ^^^^^^^ ^ ._^,^ ,„j
Gnine,.fowl and peafowl - * ™ 7„,„^„,^,,, „ui permit haadli«g.
wander consideraoly ; but m ciose i.u!
having a red knob
ly from Chinii. The
i) originally from the
rev whito color, with
feathers of tlio back,
;, drooping tiiil is also
a dull reddish color,
sianus thaiimaka i)ic-
a state of half-doraes-
)heasants biifore iiien-
Aov, the head is orna-
eek i» hidden or ovcr-
' a bridit yellow color,
f a dull biuo, the hind
ith red, aiuUhotailis
5 of this Bpecies is also
Europe, and in a state
iz : the ordinary golden
m. They all, like the
id elevated points, and
jy will permit haadling'
ut I- ARM BIRDS.
X. Quinea-Powis.
921
.41
(xumeafowls are of two varieties anrl „
nated The varieties are, the Z'lTaZ 7- ^"''^ "^^^'^ ^^---i-
^re. Th^havebeen^rouped^^^r-----^^^^^
SPECKLED GUINEA-FOWL.
hnt the distinction was more fm f i *.
^adily mate one with the other "ndtlmlT'' """ ^" *^« ^^-««es
^gether. ' ^"'' ^^^ P^«geny are continuously fertile
Their original home may be inferred fr. .. •
WHITE GUINEA-FOWL
I'll
' I
^^E
1
(
^P
i
I
)
I^BLisL
i
|MH|aHM|Ki
♦
^^^^^HP^^^^
i
^^^B
4
^^K
)
^^B
■
._^ L.
922
THE AMKUICAN KAKMEU'S STOCK n«^OK.
•1 A ,r„..ir rurp anecies is the Vulturinc
good .do. of the whole nc ^j;^, ™ „ J„„a „eck. The w„„,.
Guiuc-fowl, »o c,U od for .U '"''"' , y,j, ■,,!„„ ■„„„„„
.^'^'^'^•>^'"S^.'-''^J^,::^ Whi hvcd, th^y -houM ,.
rediSu!::;"^^^^^^^
XI. Peafowls.
^So'iruera.:^ cS and . ^ve. to «.y,„g tUo «,o,t..
PEACOCK.
,e».a,e. lenco the hen, ate vety ,ec™t J i;^Z2:lX
Uy their ggs until late m the ^'^'2.!^2Z"'«:^t of food. Tl«
Je ya* -'»,;;•- *:;!„;; , dr;:lte,p«ciai,y, w»,* ,»„
Xn. Anatomy ol the Hen.
^,eanat.n.yof.^he„wiUao»;.vJ.,.^^«^«*
:5::.^-:-t.tr ;^rh.:Jt::i-— < -"' '•
OKIOLN AM> VA.tIKTI.S OF KAUM miU>S. Q^H
portions for food jiii' tho }>i-<..iof <i ^i ■ ,
win,. The back anuU > g ^ [; ^.f ig^ ^'^ '''l ^''^ "«^^ ^^ ^^e
Fig. 1 represents the skeleton of u 1 'f ' ''"^ '^''''' ^" «'^^"^--
portions as ordinarily met with ''■"^" '"' '^"'^ ^" ^^^« P^-
Explanatlon-^-Tho head, length 2 3-4 inches B Th
^ngth 5 1-3 inches. a_Tho I,a5c or spine /JThfT "'?'
bones, (the hack and hips eon. .rise ' ^'^' ''' ^'P
from the shoulder to the tail,) lfn<»th
5 9-10 inches. ^—Ruu.p or coccvSs
length, 1 1-2 inches. i^'—Shoulcfer-
blade or shoulder. (^—Collar hone or
•merry-thought. ' //—Chest or thorax,
composed of the sides and breast-bone
(bone of the throat); it contains the
heart, hver, etc. /—The breast-bone,'
length a little over 3 1-2 inches. J-1
The wing bones, as will be seen, are
composed of the humerus or shoulder-
bone of the wing, length 3 1-7 inches ;
also the radius and the cubitus, the fore-
arm or pinion, length 2 3-4 inches ; the
tip of the wing, or that which takes the - - -
place of the hand and fingers, length 2 1-3 inches. /f_
The leg composed of rf_ (Fig. 2.) the thi^^h bone
length 3 1-7 inches; e-the shin bone, length 4 1 ,'
mches; /-the bone of the foot, the tarsus, length
;V • r '' '::'''" ''"^'^ ''""' "^ *^« ^^^ddle leng,,
V'm^T'' i '""'' '" '^'' ''S^'' ^"d left, length
1 -10 mches ; that of the back, length 8-10 inchest h
-the patella or knee ; e-the os calcis or heel.
The foot as shown in Fig. 2, is all that part (f)
from (J) to (/). The hen-like nearly all four-footfd
ammals and unlike man-walks on the toes f he
hen walked on the foot, all that portion from the toe (..-. .,
rt;:::drsrt-i^rpif'rv-^^ -^-- -
Beiely U the sIm, ' t^' ^^l^'l^^ ^^^ ^'^'^ "^^ Potion
n.usclesto contract and til Xt v t o t "^'f \^'^"^«^ ^'^« «i"«w« -"d
grasped. Some fowls 1 Jl r ^ .. ^V ' • r""' ''^ "'^"^^^
to advantage-three before and one bc^-; Th^ '"f "■"'"^."^ ""'^
nnmcrary-as much so as two thun.b. nan a :;' '"'' "^"^ '''''"
)'.;; ;::
ANATOMY OP TUK
(Pig 1).
i' i^S^Hfli
!i'
h^HH r
1
■-.MSii»SAbfii&:-.-^::i;U :=,
■>!'
CHAPTER 11.
BARN-YARD FOWLS.
., aiivFUORAY DOUKINGS. III. GRAT
, FNOLI8HBKEEDS-D0RKINOFOWLS.-— I . Sn.VhK_ ^^^ DOP.KINGS. VI.
BO TON ORAV8, OU <^^^'^^^''^--ri]^\;,,^h-" "HEPA OH OV^Zl.VV-U KOWLS.—
^^KClti^u'^nAMBUKGS.— X,V I.K^^ KOW.S— XVUI. O.XUICH
;^^^L^ir^^^vC,';^^-.■K row..
I. English Breeds-Dorking rowl8.
Hf the distinct En.^li.li breeds of barn yard fowls, the Dorkings, in
Of the distinct n^Ue" , , ^rj^i^g or Suiivv Dork-
their varieties, confessedly stand h .t Ihe old ^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^
i„g is the original type ^^^^^^^ : a ong s cl^e-sh^pcd tailfeath-
bgs all have five toes are full wattled wu^ . ^^ ^^^^
evs and generally ^'"g^r^^^'^'^. !f ^.^^ bUl The plumage is pure
plump, compact ^-^^ -^ ^ t"\l ar wh e. The mature%ock.ill
white without spot, and ^^^^ °' Hr nine ounds, and vear-old birds
the distinct English breeds .
n. snver-Qray Dorkings.
Dorking., «bich h« been «™l'»"°"^,;X J^t * S,,e is ,«cd, and
Srtsro"i:i:t">,7iw;ro.e « « *>* co,o,.„> ..:..
often produce handsome silver-gray chicks.
m. Gray Dorking.
ThedisUnguisV,ingoo>o„ of .hi» variety -■ J^^^^f "^^^
toiHeathersVrfeoUyWack. the head '^'J^%^^,,,,,^i.
wi„g bow a dear, P-^,»:'-:^: % 'I'^M e ouUide woU of th.
fined black bar, in striking
contrast
1)24
BRINGS. HI. GRAY
CK DOEKINOS. VI.
OUDAN8. Vlll. I.A
GUEI'1>K« FOWLS.
l IlAMIunid. .nil.
WIUTK l-E(mOUNS.
g.^ XVIII. O.SXIUCH
3, the Dovkinsxs, iu
ite or SuiTcy Dork-
prung. Tli« Dork-
le-shapcd tail f eatli-
Hiite Dorkings are
'he • plumage is pure
["he maturo cock will
s, and year-old birds
ly, good layers, care-
cxcollent. None of
Itogetlier the best of
variety of the White
jcduig and selection.
test care is used, and
the brooding yards.
,t dark colored bi.as
Breast, tail and larger
kle, back, saddle, and
s the wings a well de-
te outside wob of the
BABN-VARU J-OU'LS
: '■'.")
quill feathers and the white h'u.Mn ^* +i
the hen is .ilvery whit u- b^t 1 "" ' ""^ '''^^^'^- ^1- neck of
:higbs ; the win^ silt;' si^ t"" '^' ''"'^'"^ *" ^^'^>- "-'-^he
tail dark red, the inside 'J ..,;L.,rir'p"' ""''' *''""^ ''' ^^ ' <'-
fed, so that they may be nmde o .J f ,•''' ^'"'' "'•l'''^'^'' '^ ^«"
fattened. ^ ^ ^' ^'"^^ ^"'^ ''^-"'^'"S ^'^fo^e they are fully
WHITE DOUKING COCK.
IV. Fawn-colored Dorkings.
92,5 THK AMKUICAN KAUMEU's STOCK «OOW.
. u f fl.^h Thov arc said to have Lci-u producocl l.y a
V. Black Dorkings.
^ 1 . A-tf..-hni littlofrom the other varieties. Tlu^y aio.
The black Dorkings d.ff 01 ^"'t^'"';, "" ^^. ^,th.r mh-UmWk^ ; th. l>..„s
however, thought to be nun. hardy tb^ t c^ot ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^
are good h.yor. and careful nui.cs a^d the^. ^^ ^^^ ^^^_=, ^^^^^ ^^^^
to Wright, the pure-bredsarcjct blailc, im
OKAY DOKKNGS.
. , •!,,„,. tinwd • the comb usually double, short,
^th gold, and the hen, »>'' ^.^f ^.'Jif, „.„ w,.ttW »,n:.n ; th. „il
itr:^r:dirir::^:-»»P.^^^^
VI. Boltoa Grays or Creoles.
• T^ I .,ri wiq s'lid to have been bred with
This breed, once famous m /'-''S'^f ' "^t totingnW«l ..»c f,,m
such uieety that indlviduat t"l':'"^^^^:^t^,,Zu.,,.l : ..l-l-,-
another. They are great layers ; "" '"^ ™°^ . ,„ ^.„,,„. ,, „,,■„,, ,|,i*
;;^::;^tL t2t "^ ^.utl h^y, .. ... ,«. at t. .
tremity of the tail.
^^rwi
I'll pi'otliiot'il liy ii
1 Turkish fowi.
sually double, short,
ittlos small ; tlio tail
litc Dorking ; the legs
[ind distinct.
,0 have been bred with
iistingiiishcd one from
short-legged; plump;
0, color is white, tliiok-
h black burs at the ex-
liAi:.\-\ Al;i) l<i\M,s.
Vn. French Fowls -Houdans.
'.^•27
The four vurioties of Frond, fowls tliH i,..v,. I
oated in the United States ure thcll;^' "v "T "'" '"" ^*'^^""'"
and the Bredu. "oucjans, tho Crevc Cojur, La Fledie,
The Houdana rank in Frsuifn whu fi rw . .
.ho united S,„,o, thoy „,; rZdl^'U ;',^,:f ''■^! '" "^'^-O. -u. iu
been orisinatcl fro,,, a ,t„..s l^.h,,.,.,, I n, ^ 7:"'° '""^ ' '™
andhuvo tho tifth too „. Uo tho Do , I,;!';' "'"^^T ''-"'""■'■
^'"e". in color they should bo white
IIOUIMN HEN.
-u o„ „„ the JiMtti;;: , L ::.::t:;:r, :r 'r' '-'^"^
*:r.,tr:sr';''""'v^-'''''''''"'"^
B
1-
f
IP
■KBSW
Wiif ' ■
m
i
1'
' II
92H
THE AMKUK^AN KAKMKU'rt STOCK HOOK.
VIII- La Floohe FowlB.
,tro„K-,i.„;...i, with ''--J™ f :;;;::i,,,,^^^^^^^ ,.„,. :.*,
a
■<
y
.J
<
Ceathe« behind «,c .n.te -h give t^ ^e ^e^-J^t^
double homed. Tl.o.r ear, .re argo « d o, que ^^^_^_^|^^|^
curved, nock hackles long and fine, ^■-""""^ l ,,.,,„
X., a., do the breast, winga and upper t.,1 feathe...
efs are
d'uHl ; jet Mack ;
•clli'iil og;.''.-. ;m(l
I'd, and I'xcclli il
the protuboruiit
appearance of being
The beak moderately
ilot and jrrcen-blaclc
Lhcrs. Tbo legs are
HAHN-VAUI) Kowis
colored like the cool Tho 1 kT^^flT'-^'^r'"'' ^'^^ "^'^ '-" '«
old and the henn at twelve nultt ^ "'"''^' "' ''' ^'^'^^ ""^ '^ b'^'f
IX. Crevo CoBurs.
The Crevo Cnenrs are anion'' tbc mn«t oi
fowU. Th™,. color i, l.hck;i,; v**^':,:'.:''.*''"'' "' ^--l>
c 1 untie, „,,,,fc ^^^ ^^^^^j^ producers c,f large
'Ji\0
TIIK AMKIMCA.N IAI!Mi;i!> M • »( K IKICJlC.
ij t
p.r.rs their fisv fintn.in- .lualitirs, ami Uu'ir .■(.i.stit.itioiml hnrdinoas.
Tlu'ir color .houl.l Ik, j.'t l.lucU. thonjih a« ugt, approached an occuaumul
white feather nmv appear h. the <rest. They are Hhort-legjjed, c-on,i.:tet
fowls, with little offal, a.ul of the uon-sitr.,,- ordcr-.o nuuh ho that tijo
e.r.rs HhouUl he phieed u.uler other hens, or those more apt 1o he rehal.K,
altitteis and nurses. In England they arc reputed so.uewhat tender hut
m the United States wo Imvo hoard no eo.npluints of this kind, after they
were oneo ueelinuited. The heads of tho eoek. are topped w>th handson.M
crests heforowhieh arc seen large, toothed, two-horned cond.s. Ilicir
wattle's are handsome and pendent, and they havo dense, cmvatB of
feathers on the fore part of the neck. The illuatrtttioa udnnrably shows
their chief characteristics.
X. Breda, or Queldre PowlB.
These fowls are called after the French province of the aamo namo.
where the breed originated ; but though they aro .classed us French fowls
they evidently show an infusion of Asiatic blood, whde they aro 1 ohah -«
BKEDA OK GUELUUE FOWLS.
all that are not cuckoo or donunu
ii.\i;\-v\i,i, |,-,,„i,s
lioiml liiirdinoss.
ua ua ofcuidiouul
-lcg<i;e(l, <'()nr,>;irt
Itiuch HO that liiu
\\)\ to l»o I'cliiilili)
cwhtitti^iidcr, hut
8 kind, after (hey
cdwithhiiudsouiM
id combs. Their
[Jt'list? cravats of
admirably shows
I the Bamc namo,
d us French fowls
they uro rolishia
!);ti
ere are several sncA
heinjr called Guel*
•ma to beapplic'to
They have just ,i |)orcc,,fil,|,, ,.,,,.
comb. VVhat.vor ,h. ..oil,., th,.v' !'",":'"! """'•"• """' ^-■.v "ttlo
.•lo>. an,I <.oM.pa..,, tho oar lob., h ^ ^ ":''■•'• '''''•" l""-.,o\'
nniooth and c.vc„||,,,t in flavor Tu.. I' '' '""' """ ''■^■-'^ '"•'^' '"'W.
"I..u..st total absence of ..„,„,,, ;,,,,.;; ^'7;;''''^^'^!^^ ^''i« '"-oc'd aro th«
'■•■'^■"'•"'>">^ and ..ons,,i,,,„u.s nostril. " T '"'"" '" ^''•'" '•"'•^' ••""' tlu'ir
f,-th.'r ivith th<, n.t of iH.ad on a n.'ovion^ •"•-•"l":.'yin;r iHustrafion. to-
tlu'ir di.sti«-mi.shing charaanistic-s. ^"^"' '"''' -^"^-iently portray
XI. Spanish F<Tvfld.
There arc a number of Si).i,„ai, ., • ..
.1.0 .-..rc H-I,ite,,. „,„ Minlr.fo,:;: :;;•-*'"■» P- B„u*„„,
.n..v,„. ,„„Ule,l, „„J „„ A,„l„l,„ia„ , lilo '""!'';• "'« Anc, H,„
U..0,, yaluod i., tl,. ,T„ie.„ «,„,, ,„^ ;■ „'';;>;•;*; '«.»r h,.v„ ,„„g
" " '''>^"'ff 'I'ld non-sitting
"LACK SPANIsn FOWLS.
lUiilitics, but are too tender to «fn ^
l'>''toction.andthoydo„otdowoliryVhor'''r '"'"**'*^' ^'"^o^t extra
P'opor attention, the fancier ni.v 2 ' '"'"" ""'i'^''^^'^ ^o "'ot wlT
f-«^ o,,s, and plenty ll Z^'tt^''''"'' '" ''"^^■' "^'^v, w;^
averuiie far
luor
they
are not
I .11
1)32
TUF WM'.Hil'AN'
rAKMKU'h STOCK HOOK.
f iho two nriiu-ipiil varicticj arc Rufficicntly v!!
r '^T:^::^^^ -Stlon .ItU thofollo^ingdipiptic. .
•f« ho\frht when erect, less than twenty-two in.hos. Tb
pounds, nor Its height, wnen ei ,^ _„,:„„ f„tbo y^motv, vitbout
Lorshouldbepure black, or imrewhr..,..coj^^^^ -- . • ,^,j^^
IUK\-VAI{|> FOWLS.
Hifficiently v\\{
iiig discviprur.i •
loss tliim Kovcii
;y-tWO ilK'lu'S. TllP
the vurioty, wit limit
5 viu-ioty,' The eye
Tiio oiir lolH'i^ and
f»8.S
white face are important (•haracteristi,.s • fi„> i .■ ,
firn., single .„,, ,,.,.„,y s.natcd, wli :' h ^ ^^^'^ "*'" ""'" '''^'^•
.... 0.H, Hide; ti.e ualdes Ia,-.v. on- nn of h "'" "'*'" ^''^ '^^^^
us is also tl.e .-onil,. ' "' ^ "'" *'''*^J"'«t vermiiiou color,
XII. Hamburg Powl8-Black Hamburg.
All the Haml.ui-o^ fowl« h,,ve these eonst-n.f i . ■ ■
long (lowing plnn.e feathers. tU^^' T' ';'"«. "P'-'^J't tail«, ...J
ofoxeellent ilavored ei^o-s, hut .eldom i ' '*'"•' ''"'•"•^^' ?-^''«'it Kvcrs
range, and ahnost neve.; hen Ke.^ :;:;;,::;. '"" ^^'"' ^'"^ '"^^^ ^' ^-«
Ilie black Ilanihniir is ono nf fi,„ i i «. »
™.- •■ .".d .uu,;,;.,,;; „;■:..:,' ::,:',?:'" .r '"™' "^cr,- ,„.
Il.« .oldest wealUcr if .;iv,.n >var,,?',,,,l . ', '^ "'" '"^ '-''■"" "'
' '"•'"■ ""■ •■" """I' "I '. .■■■".■ v„d wi;,:::;:, *'ii„';;t- "^- ■"•'■
XIII. Penciled Hamburgs.
There arc two varieties vi^ r\>i i i lim
OOI.DKN PINiim;,, ,,
AMItt'ItC
(^r
'lie Silv,
HoKoii r.
pencil
cd vai-ietv are
mv
l>r<»l)al)ly hut lild,. ,|i|j
p.vv,ouslv deseribod, «„d dcseend
ei
<^"t from tho old
<'J probably direct from
MjKk;-
' i^M
^H''' 'I^H
H . .-... -:|H
^1- . iH
■P
1
^^^^^^H.
^^B
. )■
;,.,,4 TIIK AMERICAN I-AUMKR's STOCK HOOK.
tluu tins vLiv I ." r.v/v/x from bcin«i extensively and .suoccs.--
provincial ,no,lo of l"--—",^^^^.^^^^^^^^^^^^ „e„r no distant ,o,e..
rr': ;', itr::;: r t «';;:;:^: ;..,„., nnu,y ..c i,npo,.,ea .,,.
9ILVEK PENCILED HAMBUROS.
.on, and their ..at productjveness -^l-t^::Z^^^
.ation of which is not so o^^^^^f' .^^"^^^^^^^
lexicographer, means a .noagre ch, d ; - ^^^'^ , ;^^, ^,, ,,, ,,Hety.
scribe a diminutive hen. ^^"f ;"^ '^V" X"- mav he thus stated:
The general characters of Vended ^^-.^,;^^^^ spri.htlv and
They are hirds ?^ -^^1;-/;^:::; ^l^dy of \.l l.ns .;.
cheerful in carnage. In ^^'1^ ''*"'"''-:.., „^,,,,.i,,,ade, which sliouUlbe
the <rolden hirds. These penchngs ha^e g.vtn
BAUN-VAUIJ lOWKS.
»;jo
variety, i,, tlu; cooks, however tI,P..„ •
■mgs, the bird, being either whit; oHm- ' '' fT"!^ "'"'^"" ''^' '^'^''^ '""'k-
H'ith fine bono. The co.„b i. a re ', ". ""'''' '^''' ^^»« '"''^ ''I'^«.
hind ; the <.a-h,be u well-defined white il" T '^ """^ ^''" Peaked be-
In weight and si.e, Silver-peneiied li-u n," ""'"^''■
the general standard; the earria-^e of ti 'f • '"'' ^""^'derably below
well borne up. and the head occaslon-dlvl '"'■'';■' ^^'7 «i-«ct ; the tailis
often tot.ohes the tail ; the <^^ff!z, *'""^^'" '^''^ '^" f'"" that the neek
I., the hen the carriage is spn'-.h ly -u d" I'T'f '''='^' ''"'"' ""^' ^^S^"*.
of the cock ; both sexes ari ariko'n'::' " [', l"^""^ '"r^^^-t as^hat
and very prettj in their form. The necl h! . '". '" *^'"' ^^'^'^'s, neat
white ; penciling with black, a very W ^t f ,1" ""' '^"'^^'^ ^^« P"^«
hc,.B, being very objectionable. The 3 d ! ." "' *^'' ^'^^^^« "^ tJio
mealy white. The cock's tail is black ti ! i , ''"''' '""'^ ^'« P«ro
being glossed with green, and hav n^/. '!;"'' '.:'''^ «'^'« siokle-feathers
the tail must be dlsUnctly barred o° en i, • ." ' '^»'"- 1" ^he heaa
The brea^and thighs ^fth::i:;;r::ir .^et'-
erts or shoulder, but the lower wino-.covo,^ ? "PP«r wing-cov-
i"..er web, showing a line of dots Lrolrtl.;"'" ""'^''^ '''^^ ^'^"^''^ °» t^e
secondary quills, or those flight-feathers vvh V'"'^'' ,""""» '' ^'^^^ The
.ing is closed are white on the ^^'::^ZSr 'T '"'''' ''^
and have a rich green-glossed black snot .f f 1 ^ I "" *^^ ^""^^^ ^'«^''
the hens the entire pfumage o he Todv " -f of each feather. I„
back, wings, and thighs, should have S'feX^aVt'.r' ^'^ '''^'^''^
marked across with transverse bars of blllV /u ^'"''"^^ly penciled or
tho better, as there should be a perfect ^l^ / '""'" ^'^^"'^ ^^ese are
which is caused by the two c hn"t , :'• " '"""-^ "
and feet in both sexes should be of a c" ,""" '""^'^^''•- ^^^ ^^S^
comb in the cock is evenly set o tl^' jfe- i "'"^ T '''''^ ^'"^ ^he
above with small,even poL, not 1 Wd ZZ " ""*' "^" ^''"»=«^
■"•noting in a single flattened pike beh nd wl V v^'^''' '"'^"'^' '"^^ ^er-
lathe hen the comb is the sCe in W f" '"'''"^
ear-lobe in both sexes must be a dead n ""I '""''^ ''^''^''' Ti-
the edge. ^ " ''^'^^ "P'*'!"^ ^vhite, free from red on
1-;;:::::;^^^:^^^^ distinctly and definitely
-kings. In the spangled vSistC.r "'""'^^ '"'^ ^'-" ^^-'^
spangles, or speckled. The othlr c 1 ^-'^P '""'^^ '^^
'f- "f the other varieties. ^:^:'::^ T'' ""'^"™ ^^^^
H'>le cither to the farmer or fando,. but - it! f >' '^ "'"' '""'^^ ^'^^'
laiiciev as well, if a little off color' b, uZ • •'' •'"""■' ""^'^''^ ^e be a
- <'gg-hxying is concerned. '''^'"'^' '* ^^ "° detriment, so far
:l|
93«
THE AMKUUAN I-AilMKW's STOCK UOOK.
XIV. Leghorn Fowls.
aXANDAKl) WJIITE LEOIIOKNS.
Whatever U. colo.-. U,ey have aU '.^^^^^^^^rr ;aL*a''i:
ish, without their te,,derqu,a,c,a„d_^,^^^^^ ^^1^^ ^^^^ ^,,.^
XV. White Leghorns.
f»w. M.ost olc^rantof barn-yard fowls, eithorinthe
These birds are amonsU-nosta^^^^^^^^ ^^ .^,^ ., ^,j,.
y,,a of the fann^or -^-^, Jt^^j;!;, .,, haoUh- or ue.U, andthe
pearance, <^-^f^^^-,M.n. Unlike the Spanish, tlu,v .e
aaaieornu«pfeath(.r8^^t,n^^^^^. .vinters excelWnlly. TluV av. ^on,l
BU
hardy,
standiiiil even our w
esto.rn winters exct
winter layer.'
ind seldom desin
to .5it; the yo
ni)
U early take car
e o:
f
UAIJN-VAIM) FOWLS.
themselves, and foathor m early tint thov I L
when six weeks or two nioi-ths old ' Tl ^" ' miniature fowls
eggs are superior in flavor, and as aVilW^T T!.''""'*^ ''"'"^ '^"^^^«- '^'^^
umoug the gallinaceous tribe ^'' '''"'^ '^''^^ ^^^ «upenor8
lalities of the Si)iin-
,c the palm witli ihe
ion shows what are
tl8.
ard fowls, either in the
() the Spiinish in aiv
ickleor neck, and tlie
ho Spanish, tlu-y an;
iilly. Tlu-y inv mnl
MX early take care of
^^I- Amerloan Breeds.
I >.
^A\
cuckoo taah,.,- of K,nda„ a,.d I;;;;, ■;.,■' •■,,';,, i. „,. ,,„.,
American l)ieeu, i)Ui lui"
XVII. Dominique Fowls.
„l,c„ pmc, (uofortuoatdy no v ■ » '^^^^^^^^^^^^ constitution. ■itl, v-M f-
„, theknowni,v«*>v.,.on^^^^^^^ „„„„ ,„.„„, „, ,
aging qualities; '* """"^ "' 5? ,„,! unclnlatin" sliadiniT "f slalvi'lm.
r»^St*;™:a:n':r;ii:;:.r.L .0...,. * o,
UOMlNigUK KOWL.
•My., und finely pcn.iU-d among th. smaller feather.. The
narrow widths, und fine y i ,^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^^^ ^^^^^j,,
cocks have ^--^ ^^^^ ^ '^t^ U of ^^ -"-' ->!-• '»^'- ^'""^ ''^ ^'^^
bright yellow or buff m^l.<^J'^ ^^ ^^„,^ ^^„d others a
cocks, however, arc vambie, -.mc - - ^
double comb.
I«\l!\-V\|;t, r(,\M„s.
■ KiU
ion with jioo'ilic
XVIII. Ostrich Fowls
This breed is not wid,,lv diwomi. if,.,l if-,
Bu<.|<s Count., Pa -thov a,. J.i.; v . ^^ ' ' V'- '" '"'^^ '■^^'«"-
iayi...^ qualities, cx,.HI,.„t iLsl. ;, 1 • , ?•'" "'^'^ ^^•''^'''<' ^■'""••^'>1«
cock ,s hlu,,.h],,k, ,1... ,„as of
the feath.r. tipp.d witl. white,
llie wniiTH a ^.«|<|o„ „r yellow
>n^<Mlu3ha.kle dark .los«/ blue.
JlH.<.o,.Ks have a double rose-eol-
"'■"*' '■"'"''' »"'J I=i«yo wattles. The
;;?: a- «I.ort and strong, and the
^ b tlnck and „,,.„.„. .p,,, j^^.,,^
i •"•••••k^^^J ^..Hilarly to the eook,
mt^ more sohoHy, and the ..ornb
'« Mngle, high a„d serrated.
XIX. Plymouth Rock Fowls.
Th.s,s one of the hU..t-fonned of Anunican breeds tirst ,
"n t us, m»t shown at
OBTEICH FOWLS.
Bostflll , 1X40
l'l>YMOrTII liocKs.
't is evidently a br-.dinade
»J) of various (-rosses, and
I'.
y^„ rUK A.MKUICAN KAUMKlt's STOCK UnOK ,
unfortunately was aissen.inatcd Lcfor. it« chanu-tenstics l,ecan.o unitur,,.
: w nC. in any rcsp.-t. It gave vise to .nuch bUter contn.v.p.
Ih h even the c;nun<.n <lungb-il was stated to have had a h.r,o si.,..
in
Rock
whieii even tue iwiiiiii<'>» ■•■•■■o — , i m ,1
Ih^ oHgin. Of late years, what is called the Improvca I'lyn.uurh
Kock h H >oared an.l shows care and uniforn. l.reod.ng. Ihoy arcsa.
to grow fast, iledg(. tatl> , taKc 1 . ^^
lent qualiticB as egg producers and as t ble *";^j^- J ^ andforlho
become poi.ular, except with a comparatively few tanc.eis, and t... tlu
reasr; Uiaps, that their really good qualities are not yet known among
farmers.
A I'AIU <)K BANTAMS).
I.
<^'nAI>TKii HI.
GAME POWLS AND OTHER HAHE BREEDS.
Itl'fillT BANTAM IX jVpl*,^V- "'T'"-'" »ANTAMS-L-!vV'- '"'•"""''*'*
I. Game Fowls and their Varieties.
Tho Givmcs aro the most eletrjint «« fK„„
lina..ooustril,o. Watchful, wit^urf i?.r . '" '"""^* "^ ^^o gal-
trudingdogs-with boldness, and fi.rhti„.rt„Vt„r'''^' '!" «»^"uj'-evcn in-
aro hardy, good foragers, and tho1,ensmt,d" '^''"^"**'^^
Infact,manyfaaciorsbroedthcn.shMy^rt^^^
thodelicacyofiheirflesh. PablicsoitLe J 1 ilT "'"'^"^'^'^''^-'^""J
practi<.c.s of tho cock.pit, in which blrrm-r Sr?^'""'"'^"^'"'''^''«"«
until 0.10 or both are killed. The virietl./ "'"'""'*^ *""''^ «ther
varieties aro many, each having a lo^alclbX ""?'■""'• ""^ '^'^ «"^>-
tho English, Irish, Cubans, M:.lcansXlh^Klt;T"'''f *"'»'" '•^^•
favorite, while in many sections of f he ^ .. ^^'"''-^'^ '^'^ ^'^'""^ their
hold to be superior in point oeh^^^^^^^^^^ Georgian Games are
courage, as they undoubtedly are rJoe o^^ ' ^ "'"'^'' ^-'•*^'"«- ""d
quality of the e^ss. Among ^ublt^ " .^ l^' "^ A-'^' -^ the
lesscolobrity, the Salmoa-iTilo Games Indt T "'^""'^ "^"'^ °^
Ga,nosmay bo noticed as combhr. ' l "'' ,P'^'"'"'*1»« «'' Cuckoo
e-- '-d is selected, but one S ": 11": "' '^"'""^'^^- ^^^'^^
give ri«o to endless battles and killlL^f bird; V--^'""' r''^'^'""'*^
coous birds, the breeder of games should I,, r.; 'r*^''' "^ ^^" S=^"'«'»-
mixturo. '^ "'*"*'* carefully keep them from inter-
^.^ Earl Derby Game.
This most excellent strain of <ram<, f»,..i •
redGa.ne,but bred with tl o ^Z c e uh'T ' V'" ^^-'^-^--ted
tury ia England. They are unsu 1^^^^^^ f l'""'' ^'' °^'"' '' ^«»-
and for the table aro amon<. tho be t T f -^'«; . '''^^^"^y and courage,
country they are identic^ HLv Le d esc. h . "' " '''^'^^"^ ^"^ ^'^ t^^-
k"it body, on long, stro,. iZs ' it , ^^ f ''^'"'^ ^ ''"""d' ^ell
louff tl>." bi!n.,„ °' "7° "-»«' with white feet and r.h"- . *!,r k i
- " '"'""-''■"""'' ""^ °'«=- ■■ "- f- b..ig,,t ,.eu; wle'lTiS
1)41
II
-^1
!•}:.'
•nir. A.MKIMCAN lAKMKl! s >T..(K HOOK.
cnml.aM.l waltlosml; llwy n.v d.w-.-y.>.l, U.at is,th. .v. .s p-ay l,l<c
that ..f tlK. .lark.lau-; l.a<-k .ntn.se l.,uw..-ml : l.'ss.r w.i.g n.v.MU
marc... .oUu.A ; ..vatcr wi,.,^ rov.ds n.a.k..l at tho cxfnn.ty ^v,.l,
.stecl-hluc, fo.-„.i..,i,' a bar aon.^s tho ^vi,.gs ; prunary w,..j,^ hutho.s hay ;
tail in-icU..cont bla.k ; h...kU. ..11 foatlu...!, tou.l..,., Ih. ^ -jLUrs;
lon;a.,.i:si.kUHl, lu.i>.g NvcU tufted at tl.e root ; th..-arr.ag.M.s upr.ghtu.ul
cU'guni .
KAUl. UKKBV GAME.
Beeton, an English author describe, them as follows : Head tin<' ami
tunori.,- • face, wattles and eonib bright red ; extremities of upp.>r ...u..-
dibh' a.ul the greater portion of the lower one white, but dusky at .f>
blse and around its nostrils ; chestnut brow.i around the eyes, c.out.imed
Wath the throat; shaft of neck hackles light buff; web pa e brown
ed"Lith black; breast shaded with roan and fawn -'<- "'M,
vent of an ash tint; primary wing feathers and ta.l bla.k the att.
laUd vertically and widely expanded ; legs, feet and na.U perfcctiv
white.
cvf is {iTiiy liko
T wiiij; c()V('il>
i-xtri'iuity witli
<^ fciitluTS liny ;
; llu! sliouldcrs ;
ami bliiiU ; tail
igfis upright iiiid
m:\
i : Head fine and
tips of U\)\H'V lllilll-
1, but dusk} at if>
the eves, continued
f ; web l)al(' hrowii
ni <'.oi(ir: IhHv and
il l)la(k, tiic liittor
and iiails i)crfcctly
III. Brown-Broastoa Red Games
Nntinferio, ,M.,.l,,,,,s|o||.,. f-MViroi,,. ,„ ,„„• , , ,
/oiira-o are <h.. IJrouii-l„vas(,.,| ,(.<Is "i' ' ' '' ^''»"* oarriairp .iiid
1"^ '>^ . . n.Mu ho ,,ur then . solely fx,thi«
«nd, variation in .shades r,f ool
the
l»l«l. ,U,,I fri„ff,T.I,„~„|,,| ',;.,, , ""' «'-™Kv-l..-....5l,Hl, ,„„,.|,|,..
ml
d*?*? /
j)j^ llli; AMKKICAN KAUMKHS STOCK HoOK.
,„alin- t..u'.'tl.««il.lu.M.l.il-. duns. ,u..l l.n.w.. uud l.lar,k.lav:i>t.(l iv.U ;
s.,th:rillKT.isliUl.. uMifonuity ..f .nl..,- in tl.r sinun. h. lu- pun^t
Htraini.uimUt st.v.k.y bn-astccl .o.U, with La-U .„. s ...ui. -f ...v.ls
dark .rims,,,, ; sa.1.11. ml .nan.ou on ...Mt.v, l.ass.njr off I-' a .larUl n..,,,
and straw; hMckU- ml. will, the- mi.l.ll. of oa.l, t.-Mt mt dark 1 1,- 1...,.
should hav.. a u.-arly i.la.k l.ody, i.ul iul..r.uix.d will, gray «u tho w.h^;
tin- ha.kU- lMi,-;lil. i.rassy oi-f^'oldiMi.
rv. Duok-Wingod GamoB.
i;,ko tl... li.-ow<.-l.rc.a.sti.d ivds, th.-.v arc several variotirs of tl.o
Duck-win-N Tho Silver drays n.v eo..si«U-n>d to l.c, perhaps, the i>un..t
i„ tvn.- • Imt .-a.h fancier has his own [.eeuliar st.ain. Te-etM.e,.r .l.s-
,,ii;.'. (l.e Lest ...eks, covroet in color, as havin- the hackle n..u.ly -Icar
^Thit... with a very slight tingo of straw .-olor, without any denied yd-
,,,,, ,i„., „, dark streak on th.- feather. The saddle sho..ld l.e as nearly
as pu.rihh- the color- of (he ha.-kle : the l.reast a niaro..n straw; the
UUCK-WINO (lAME KOWI.S.
Shoulder eoverts n ri.-h brass or <..pper maroon ; the breast and n.il ,m.«
blark The hens to match these cocks should have their nerks .d a rle.r
siher; striped with black, the silver to go ri^ht up to the eo.uM.u. being
TliltlLdaier abov.. the eyes; the back and shoulder eoverts a hlu^ .-
grav,shaft of feather scarcely showing any ^'^r'''''';' ^U 11^^
L^featber, any approach to red or periling bcng .Ice.dedly ohjed.ou
able ; the breast saiinon color, of a n<'li sliadc.
liif.k-ln'cii^tfd nils;
ill. Ill tilt' purt'^
id sli(tiil<l(i' iipvi'ils
off lo :i <larU I 'iiinu
licr (link. TIh' lien
I gniy «>n the wiu^';
•III vuriotics of tlio
perhaps, tlio iniicst
II. Tt'gi'tiiiciiT di's-
3 hivcklc nearly clear
out luiy dctidt'd yel-
■ .slioiild !)(' as nearly
nuirooii straw ; the
lio lircast and tail imrc
i tiioir lu'ilisof aeloiir
to the coiuh.hutlKMns,'
iildci' eovcrts a i)lulsh-
•ciiei' from the rest ef
ii' decidedly ()l>jedioii-
V White Qoorgian Gnmos.
»ijrhtH w«' have over scon
nrhite color, ^rivat <'oura<'o
' '"-.■.^-;::::::i;::;t:;,!r'
c
IT
c
wherever known. Tlicv -in. ..F i,\ ■ .
i»eb.c„ ,„„, „„,„ i, , ;,;';;■■; ■!■"". Hk.. ,ii ,„i„.,. „™o,, ...^
I
IT
'I
W'\' \
'JKi
TlIK AMKUICAN I'AU.MI'.u's VIOCK liixtk.
pit. Tlioir clirinicU-nstics !irc : In folor t hoy must !»<• pure wliit. all
ovor, with no .shade whatevor on neck, l)n'ast, hock or tail. T\u- l,.;.rs
iuay'l)o whito or ycUow ; and the hcak shonhl hannoni/.c with thr |,.,rs;
tho comb, ear h)bos and walllos must he of the dcciu-st v.M-inilioii .•■,I(,r,
Tiu! yellow l)eak and h-s are ucicrally pivfenvd, siii.c they !i,-,. su|,.
po«ed to iudieate greater hardiness; l.ut we have never s.vn any , lilT,.,-.
cnco in this respeet between the while and yellow leiiged birds. SnH,
the latter will eonlinne to be preferred for cookinj'-, in respoi .. lo;.
somewhat popnlar, bnt probably erroneon- taste
llAKKKS, H LL FKA TIIKKKO.
VI. Game Bantams.
Many of the varieties of tln^ large games have tlieir represent iitiv.> in
the bantams; speeimens of the game i)antams are often but litll.' l,ir;;or
than pi-eons, but they all possess tin. ereet carriage, wonderful coma-c,
and briUiant plumage of their larger relations. To our mind, the lila.k-
breasted reds eojubine more go.xl (|naliti.-s than any other, 1 ii ry may
1„. kept in th.! yards with the large Asiatic bre-ds without any daii-crof
hitrrmixlure, but they will nevertheless be found fully masters ,.f tl.o yard,
and still alwavsgive due warning of danger to the tlo.k, and a-is(, ma-
ten illy in its ■p'-"i<-eiinn from inirudcrs. Fall broods of any of the l>an-
tamsmak.>1he handsomest an.l .smallest specimens, and show l.ird.aru
usually thus bred.
(MW|.; Kowi.s, \M, ,,nir.. .
• ' I I
Vn. other Bantams.
Tiio pfiiicipal variotitvs l„v,| „r<. tl„. i-i .
log-od, tl.o Nankin, tlic IVki,,, ^iv Wl.if ' ''! i ^''"/ '"'•'"". tho Foafhor-
osc. TiM. tw„ latter will l,o sufKci-nt tui-'rl "''-'" ""•' <''"'%«">-
mosfcclistmctaiidclcjrantof all til.. van,,ti(.s *' ""' ''"'"«• tl.o two
VIII. The Soabright Bantam.
Tho8« aro of two varic,tios, tho G(.l<l,3n-,.encilo,l . .,
identical, except in tho .-olor of their plunn' ^ '^'^'''■■'''■'•^''■''''^'
IS, that oeeasionally an old hen, ,„• a i.^invn ' '^ ' -n '"''""''''"'''.v •>f these
j^ ■■'""■ >-'<. ^' - ■i;;;;:;;,: ;;;:::'■ t t
"fnote, however tint < I, . 't is worthy
or«;^:;;:;;;..r-,;':"?i ■%':-'■''—-.
.l.o„M „„ „,,: 1 '^""' "--sLt ..f .1,,, ™„k
-r;;,.::^::; r^r,;'T -'"".-
white o„l„,. ,,i,|, „ 1 I, ' ' '•"""!"' •■> "f .. "ilvor.
variety ,s identical excent th-.t f l '"''^^"
the pkuna^n. is ...Idn T ' -"''"""^^ ''•''"'• "^
li™»i-<arc .lean, tho comb douhh, and""noi„,," . . .''I, 'f "'•^' •^'"''olli, the
"tniight and without the Ion- «ickle fc-uther' iv. i ' ""'' ^''" '"»'
or silver spangled, the value of the l.irdM consist .'i T ^'''•^' ''" -"'''^'»
aliuji-. of the markings. '"'"'■'*^ '" ^'»« delicacy and p.ni-
EC. Japanese Bantams.
Thesoaro without doubt the nww*^ ^ •) •
'-ta".H. Their carriage .^ I " V"'!"^ "' '"'^^ "^^ *'- varieties of
'l-i"H- of the white i.e,horn:e: ;:^ u!TZ ""'r' "" "' ^''" '-^
"P-ight. This rare breed has u pure ) 1 , "';;"' "' ''"■ '""• - ^"Hy
^l'='ftM,f the sickle feathers whi, ', ..! ' , ^ ^''r ^'^" '--' -><1 iul
™l,l.utcarriedover the back. Th^e !" 1 ' n^ "'" ""^''' ^"^'"'v
-' -'<''-*Hy serrate.1, ..tendin-. l^U Zl t '^ ''"'■ '•"•^' '--'-
™l I'Hght red. The le-s are sho,, a vH ^ H " ■" '"^ '"""• '"''"'-'t.
*'. I'ut (he ,,uill feathers bhu-k ^ i^ " ' ?" '""'^' "^ ^'- -i"^^ is
""'"^■'"^ '•'•'"'^'•■<'- '''f'-o fowls can of "';"'•'"-••■'"<■'' -f <l..M.;.n,b
^^-'"•oqui.e tender. Ilenee h ev T T' "'•"'"■'' ••""' ""•
r"^-^^-"- Thei.,ustra;uj':.;':;:;':'-''-'-'^^
'■It'gant fowls. '"''"' '"■l"'''>''ii(,-.(i„ns „f ,|„.^,e
SEAItKKHlT liAJiTAM.
948
THE AMEKICAN lAUMKU's .STOCK HOOK.
X. Frizzled Fowls.
Amoncr the mo^l curious of the gallinaci-ous tribe arc tlic frizzlod fo^vU,
ori"i.iallv .said to have been brought from Java, and occasionally f.aunl
in The c()!lections of amateur fanciers. The color should be pure whlin,
though there arc varieties bred brown and also black. Their pcculiaiitv
consfsts in their feathers l)oing frizzled or rolled back. They are not
useful, and their onlv value consists in their curious appearance.
JAPANESE BANTAM COOK.
JAPANESE BANTAM I'CLLET.
XI. Rumpless Fowls.
Rumpless fowls have been known for centuries at least. Thoy were
known in Viririnia in the last century, and Buffon wouhl have; had tii.;
veneration for whom he wrote believe, that .short tails, or the want, of
tiilswas a c.haractoristic of American animated creation ; and lie gnivoly
accepted as truth that En-lish fowls gradually lo.st their tails wh.-n trans-
planted to America. If he had been better informed lu> w,.uM iuivp
known that Aldrovandus describ(-d tlu; rumpless fowls more tlw.! = liuii-
dred years before his tim«>. It is tlu^ Persian or rumpless ...ck of
Latham. Thev have been bred, of various colors, including l)lii(U. IV
most' fashionable variety now is pur., whitv. with a small single .„nil. as
shown in the illustration. Kmnph'ss bantams have also Immm, l.r.MJ. in
tlie frizzled fowl*,
iccasioiiiilly fdund
Id l)c pure wIiIto,
Their lU'culiarity
k. Thoy arc not.
•pearance.
E BANTAM I'ULLET.
fact, it would seem not diffionlf f« », ^
fowls. None of the rum^s U.d^hoJ''' ''l "^^ '^^^^^^ "^ ^ny
except as curiosities. ^'''' ^^^^ever, have particular value
RUMPLESS FOWLS.
XII. Silky Fowls.
This is also a breed more curinna fj.o
■"; that the ,c„tho« J sZ^^u^rjiTl '^ «''-' P«»'h.ri,y
«. the fact that the Am is of a dark violT, r^' "'"'"' "'=«™-'»>*.
■e wattle, aad low. Hat o„„b ofte'l' k p, 1 k'T'r "'™»i "»*■ ""d
like ejcroscenses. The bon„« „,. ,,.„"/"?''•»"<' ""«"■<■<! >vith wart.
■^■11
5,50 THE AMERICAN FARMEE's STOCK BOOK.
Whole gallinaceous tribe. The silk fowl is a native of Asia, and *hemost
7ashio.fable specimens are now bred pure white. The young chickens «re
covered with a vellow. silky down and are most mterestmg. Aside from
their curious appearance, they have little value.
rAIB OF SILKY FOWLS.
CHAPTER IV.
ASIATIC FOWLS.
I. THE VABIOUS ASIATIC BRBEDS ti ,.
IV. COCBIN F0WL8~_\r ~J ' °^«K BRAHMAS
"• ^*«THI1>QE COCHINS.
1. T^« Various Aalatio Breeds.
Of all the varieties of the lare-P A • *• ^
United States, first and last, the Brahm^f ^f" ^"^roduced into the
have held their own with other poplTl""' *^« Cochin Chinas alone
dissemmated. The so called Shanghai and t^ "nt^"''' ^''" S^'^^''^"/
confessedly the giant« of the larger breed, of '^ ^'"'^""^~''^^ ^*"«^
expectations. We shall, thereforer^ive the k 1 '^^^^^ ""* ^ "'fiHed
tice. ar.d simply delineate the princioal v! ^r*"«°"g «"^y a passing no-
Cochin. Of the Shanghais ItZ^Z^l Vl' ^^"^^^ ^^ ^'^'^
duced, hey were the largest of the fowl' ^1*,^"^' ^^'«» ^''^^ intro-
were of various colors, gray, buff ^j'' ""^^^^^^ up to that time, and
black; and it is more than pmblbf'Zr"""'''"'^'' Partridge and
owe their parentage to a union of the ^h T" "''"''''' "^ ^he Cochins
the so called Shanghai be not a Cochif ^^^^^^^^ ^'"""^-«' '"^ indeed
.ay be. neither the Cochins nor talmas" w"^^ ''"' «— r this
Brahma-Pootra river. i„ India. since^S? • T "'"'«'"'^">^ ^'^m the
session of the English so lon'tL ^"^^ ^"^"'« ^'««« ^n the pos-
existed there. could\othaV::Lt^^^^^^^^^ fowls, if they Cd
n. DarkBrahmas.
As bred both in England and America th« u
Brahmas are as follows : The head of fl ^^^^««t«ristic8 of the dark
with what is termed a "pea-cl"? Th "r n ""''^ '^^ «"™«-ted
running parallel the length of the head tZ T '^''' ^'"all combs
heak strong, well curvedl wattles full t ''"^''" ^"^ the highest;
»";"g below the wattle. The iL fc T t " '^d, well rounded and
l.acklefui,,3Hvery whitcstriped w ; ,1 k . ^'"'' ^^^" ^^^^^ ^
and sides of the breast; feaLrs Tthe 1' , T"'^^ -^'" over the back
very short, wide and flat, rising into an ee, n '" "^''^' «^«^
nght; back almost white : the^adX f" i - ' '• '™'" *^"' ^^''ried up.
- - ^K^ feathers wiute. striped with black^
!I52
THE AMEEICAN FAEMERS STOCK BOOK.
The rise from the saddle to the tail, and the
.„d the longer the bet er. xne r«e .^^^ ^-^^^_^,^_^^ ^^^^^^^ ,^ ,,^^
Bide feathers of the lai to be P"" ' >, ., j^^j^^^s pure l.ia*.
„ext the -■>M1«). fgf Jf 'Throl^ a^dtjrri^ well forward i fea.l,™
The breast should be fall and br<.ad, and earn
black, tipped with white, w,„g. 7*J^J^"Jr te- '^e „.„« „
^di^feathey anyhf "«. A goo^ ^^^ ^_ ,^^^ ,,,„^^
important, /hoflutt oni . . , '^^e^ed with soft feathers, nearly
r.^'^he rkC ^ ke?!^ -"'y ''"■'"' *" *r r r,r.
Sl"sex!s»Sab!ve rather short yeUow legs and profusely feathered
UAKK ANU LIOUT UKAHMAS
u . M. The carria-e of the hen is full, but not so upright as
on the outside. The carna e oi ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^.j ^^^
HI. Light Brahmaa.
Tbebestof these fowls should be mostly white in jlor '>,>.« ^
ASIATIC FOWLS.
the tail, and the
ack (except a fnvr
athers pure bUiok.
f onvard ; feathers
ked up under tlie
across the wing is
should be black or
ft feathers, nearly
, those of the cock.
jrof usely feathered
953
but not so upright as
: the neck and tail, are
e ground, closely pen-
on the breast.
te in color, hut if the
,vill appear of p. W-'ish-
edwith black down the
center of each feather. The nlumo nf th^ i • -
that of the he„; tho back .hould be Lft LT^ ■" ?«f » '■S'"«^ '"an
wings .hould appear white when folded, l' thrfli^b f„ ,t """l, ^"^
the tail black in both cock and hen • in Z V u , " ■>■•« black j
voloped, and the covert, show .rfl'j-H ' ''""■"™'' " '" "">» ^o-
shodd stand toleraWy ° X a^d on «'•="»-«-«»- i" 'he light, it
the legs should be ycfloTa'd' "^ TvLd li^^Vbtl^V'"^ ° '"° '
tieash„wsboththeU,t°rdJ:k::d''rrbni:b:tahr"'"''^
WUlTi, COCHIN FOWLS.
IV. Coohin Fowls.
4rorsre bJi;:nr rrir-""""^ -' *^- "■•
•t. some of the principal ^.rieti's It *ch°- T""^'^ "^ """""''-
-rdin, .„ .be ^tT or f.„e, oTtj^^.'-^^irarWhitB^g;
i k I
354 THE AMF.MCAS FARMER'S 8TOCK BOOK.
aa„.a.oo, arouse o. ^^-'^^^^'^,^j;'::i^rc^':^. "^S::
BUFF COCHIN COCK.
■'3
Buff, Silver Cin-
ichin. Wo illuf-
artridgo and the
yard fowls, tlioy
red that even the
!ss they arc allowed a '
•reeds for fanuors are
idgcorpeiK-il'^'lf'o^h'
objection to the Brah-
lulute fat so rapidly at
ASIATIC FOWLS.
J»55
'•55
maturity that they are subject to apoplexy and kindr.^ ^- a
may, however, be avoided by nlentv of Yv ^'Borders. This
The engravings of B„ff Cochi./cock and 1,0^^'"' T"^ " '''^^'' '"^^ ^'''^^
carriage of the several sub-familes. ^''"'^'"''^ '^''P« '"^^
V. General Characteristics of Cochins.
The characteriatics which will annlv tn tu
generally accepted to be as follow Tn.t '''"'', '''"'*''^'^ '''^ ""^
• ^" tJi« cock the comb single,
JHJKF COCHIN HEN.
«rd, ove bright and cl°, • deX T"" »'"' «-™d ™".er for.
ahundaul, reaching well to tZl„.T; , '''""' °' "'" ""«'' '"'I "-■i
Mil
'I
356 TUK AMKUIOAN KARMEU'H STOCK HOOK.
and full; thighs large and strong J^^^l'Z objectionable; the fluff
tare hocks, those ^^^h long, st.ff feath^^^^^^^^
80ft and abundant, well covering ^^0 "S^ «J^ ^ell feathered o.. the
legs rather short, ^'^^^ ^^^^^'Z;^^^^^^^ and ,nlddlo toes
outside to the toes ; toes stout and stron . ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^
lacking the sickle feathers.
VT White Ooohlnfl.
rr;Lrr.rt' ?is r:ens .«4 - .o. .. ...
whatever; legs bright yellow.
VH. Biifl Coohln.
w «* this breed are as follows : Comb, face, deaf.
The points ^ or «ocks f ^^ ^ree^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^,^^ ,^,,^, ,,,,„,
ear and wattles, bnllmnt red . led, nc ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^
and saddle, rich, deep golden ^ f 'Z^^^^:;,,,,,, ^uighs and fluff, uni-
ter; q-^e free from meahnes on ^ ,.d shading as possible ;
form, clear, deep buff, *^^J'^*'\"T'.,^ . ^^i^pd with black, dark chest-
tail, rich <i-»^t«x;:;';:z
nut P-«7^^VthThen f^^^^^^^^^ follows : Comb, face, deaf-ear and
Vm. Partridge Coobinfl.
The moBtrationmU gi-e a good idea of thU „,agnfflcentb™edof fo*.
The points of color are : ^__^ ^^j^,^,_ ^j^.^ ««
COLOR »^•^<^''r';°'^Me rich bright red, ■^ith a rich Wuck Btnp.
red! head, rich red, "f""^' ™\" J „„d rt„„,der coverts, rich dark
down the middle »« -ch 'erther ^a^^ :'„, „,,,, „i„g cover,,, mc*
':!'„ilS:rr;a.id:.ar^acr.s_^^^^
ASIATIC FOWLS.
•cast deep, brniid
ft feathers ; vul-
lonable ; the Huff
tr -well out hehiud;
feathered o.i the
• and middle toes
breeds. The hen
ine in appcarainc ;
fine, low ill front,
he tail, of couise,
foragers of any of
her characteristics
face, deaf -ear mid
it, the cock us free
ee from any tiuge
Comb, face, deaf,
lackle, back, wings,
[11 and even the bet-
highs and fluff, uui-
shading as possible ;
th black, dark chest-
ar deep buff.
i, face, dciif-ear and
vddle, same as cock,
ot a disqualitication;
e of the body.
ificent breed of fowls.
vattles, rich brilliant
1 a rich black stripe
jr coverts, rich dark
ving coverts, metallic
vings ; primary wmg
seeondary wing quills,
web, with a metalUo
957
black end to each feather ; saddle, rich hri«»,f a . ,
down the middle of each feather brTast.^ ' ' "^'^ * ^^'''^ ''"^P^
ri..h deep bhick ; tail, glossy ....Lk "^t; TZT 'V'?'^' ""' ^^■^'^•'
jectlonable. but not a disqualification./ ^*''''^^" ^'^
stripe down the miHHi. . r- :. ^ .. . .! ^«^f ers, with a broad black
«J THE AMEBICAN VAimEll'S STOCK BOOK.
, .h. hre«t Th. .h»ft of the feath^re on tho hack .houldcr covert,
iegs. du8ky yeUow, with browu feathera.
FEEUINO THE PIGEON8.
(? f
:, shoulder coverts,
af the jjlumiigo, rich
penciling rciicliing
lino of the feathers;
CHAPTER V.
BBEBonra awd
MAWAGEMEWT
OF PODLTRT.
I. A sTrmy or points NECEssAnr m „
OF THE HEAD ly. TIIR i.. V,!^ '' '^^^''-ANATIOK OP |.n.«™
EACH COCK VIII l,nwl;^^'^** AKIXKUtyI'E -vii «.^.? -^- '^.KAL
—X. INCUBATION olvAmnv.^^L—'''' ""KEDINO Vpov A^S^v''*' "«'''' ^^
— X^y.- BKE^nrP^^,^^^"«'-/'NO KO;;;;7A^;',';_I°';-^HVHOr8E.SANoroOPs:
DRESSING FOWL9.-_x?v ,I77i^7"- ""^ ^O ►ATTEN^vvr.^''^ ''°« MAKKET.
ABV OK TEKMSUSK. -"^.rT^^V^E'l'^crE'.L!'''"''- ^ ^"^^^^^^^^^^
I. ^i. K-tudy of Points Weoe88ary.
— w„ •'louoasary.
Careful study of t)ie noli « nn,i „k ^ .
success in thebrec.^i.. of ultrv as "'" , ' '' '""-^ '^ "^^^^^^'^'^ ^o
It is not enough th. ^.u havoTg n ^^^ "^ ^-dTng'
and cared for ; but to succe, : -.fn " iln J I '" ^'"^'"'^ "''^ *" ^e fed
«PU mUj as a breeder of pure fowls^
POINTS OF POULTar, ILLUSTRATED.
iia
I
•I
ill
960 THE AMERICAN FAKMEU'.: STOCK BOOK.
for the best success! He should also understand the technical terms used,
o tha h may school his „.md to their exact meaning m applpg then o
he fowl The preceding illustration and references w.ll fully expla,,, al
the potts. They have been compiled from the best authorities oxtant,
such as the writings of Tegetmeier, Wright and others.
n. Explanation ol Points.
The first illustration, with lettered references is all that will bo re-
Jre^ in Lning the technical to-s relating to the ex^^^^^^^ o^ owl.
ExDlanatlon.-^-Neck hackle. 5-Saddle hackle. C-T.ul. D-
Explanation. ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^„ ^^^^,^,_ q-
^y^TZ^. I-Legs. K_Comb. L_Wattles. M
-Ear-lobe. ^ points ol the Head.
For the following analysis of the points of the head, and of the plum-
agrwe are indebte'd to Moore^s Rural Ne. Yo.^er^ The cut wUl explam
the precise situation of the several parts of the head.
|'01NT!« OF TllK HEAD OF COCK.
. *. 1 Thecomo, which surmounts the skull. 2-Thewat-
llKM»t*S*«s»ia
covered with feathers. 6— Thn ..«o* i , . .
beak. 7-Tto beak, of which .rtw^;;:"" T "' "-o "^ginning „f the
dible, lire horny. ° P'""' "« "PPer and lower man-
The head of the cock nn nf tUa, u
1st, the skull is a firn. inion l^\'::::Z2r^^^ ^^^^^ P^^ts :
mndiblo. of the beak ; 2nd, the low!; ^.H '" "?' ^^' "PP^** P^^^, or
ing the lower jaw-bone, for^eX a sfnl'^""'"?^ '' '""^ ^^^^^ be-
Brackets or cavities which contain the eve • fl !*.. ^^"^ """"^ '^^« the
r ; *t "'""^^ 7'-''' ^' -' ^'«n^ oT ThTh" 'r' ^' ^^«
the beak, is entirely covered by a fleshv oZ ■ ^''''^' ^^^cepting
seen several appendages or caru'^clee t^^irar^t"" "''^'^ ^^y ^«
wnicn are the crest, the two ear-
OUTKU AND INNER WINO PLOMAGB. (Soo ArUelo IV.)
mcnll,.a"tho tuft" covers the ear. '^°°""''- *'"« "f short feath-
Tho ooinli is Btraiffht or drooi)iii<r • if i« «: i l . .
only 011. piece, double when tZ fr; wo 2 ulf^d " '°°"'°"'' °'
itislripic when it is formed of two IL ^ »■• near together,
Wed wh,.„ ,„„ „, gr„::,t „'„"„„ ^: ,:' z: ai° '"'"f ^ '^ '^
....yareeo^n^ia^r;;;;:^ ::rr;L^z^^^^^^^^
:1M
902
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
IV. The Plumage Illustrated and Explained.
With the hen there may be three kinds of feathers distinguished : 1.
The large feathers on the wings for flying, and on the rump to form the
tail • 2 the middle-sized feathers which cover the large feathers, and are
also'found on the wing and rump ; 3. the neck, the back, the sides, the
throat, the shoulders, and a part of the wings. They are a ways m lay-
ers compactly covering those beneath them like tiles. We shall des-
ignate them by the name of the places they occupy, and refer to the
engravings to render thep easy to recognize :
POINTS OF THE FOWL.
Explanation-4-The upper leathers of the head are small In those fowls not tufted.
'\T™ntr1:aSof the head are ahnost UUe brisUes. Theycoverthe cheeksiu
''71ZtZf2^'oi''Z:TZ.... of the nee. are short, and le„gthe„.g
Jer'^dlr fonnlng .hat is called the haeUe Th^y be-e ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
shoulders when they cover the beginning oi Uiuse on the bacfc anrt tne .omm._..
of the wingi.
0— The feathers of the back fonnins a 1
nature as those of the neck, but a little lar«er7nd f«Jl!I'. J''''' ''"'^''^ "« «' tl^e same
F-Tbe feathers of the breast cover the eut 're ie„ J^r ^r'"^^'^^
ing beyond the breast-boae at each side anS un tln^ft ,t°, h '''° '''"''' ""««'«« ^^^end-
tern^ed the breast. These feathers, with th^ atC", Z\ "'"'^ ^^''"'^ ^-ms what Is
'•des. ''^'>«« of the loins, overlap those of the
tf— The feathers on the sides cover th 1 )
which they go beyond and cover the lower pan of'tlfe fltl' ""=J "^ '" ''' *»»« ^'-P.
cover the commencement of the feathers of the flankV ^h. t " ''^ ^^^ »""• They also
ff-The feathers of the flanks are light and fl««.' ^f^' ""'* *'"'°""'°-
thigh feathers and slip under those of the breast ^^ *'°''"" *^^ "PP«' P"* <>« tho
SHOWING POINTS.
i
964
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
V The leathers of tiie toes appear on the ouUidea.
tSe SSrtail feathers envelop the rump and cover the bases of thelarge feather.
'*'^'Se larger tail feathers are in a regular line of seven on each side of the rump, .„„
'"^^e'^outside feathers of the shoulders cover a part of the other feathers of the ..vinp.
"^LSnre'f eattr's of the shoulders are small, thin, and slender.
tSe larger eathers of the pinion form, when the wing is opened, a large arched
.uSlcTandfre oTdifferent sizes. These feathers grow out of the under side of the
^^T-ke small outside feathers of the pinion are of different sizes They come on all
J^u^de sTrfaces from the shoulder to the pinion They begin quite small on the out-
T T^eZ'Z^^^^^rT^^^^r. of the hand, are large and strong, and a. of
mo^7use tSe bi?d in locomokon. I'hey begin at the under edge of that wh.ch . called
"^Z-l^. !;rji:mght-feathers cover the large ones ; they are stiff and well flatt...ned on
^-The'inside flight-feathers are, some smaU and others medium-sized; cover th,
bases of the flight-feathers. represents the Angered part. It
the large pinion feathers, and nave some small ones to cover men.
*^«**S"- V. Ideal Shaped Fowls.
The Dorking fowl may be taken as the embodiment of as mu. h ex-
cellence in the same compass as can be found in any other breed. Hence
IDEAL SHAPE OF KOWL.
WO give an illustration of the Dorking, figured to represent the ideal
*hape of the barn-yard fowl.
ind small, covering the
VI. BreedtoaPt.edType.
In breeding fowls, Hlwavs avoid violnn*
n>ating f^ds can on., ond'ln di^ ' l^:);:;;:- ^'^P^'*^ ^^ fonn n.
form, and ospeomlly h, had effects in thT Wl ""''f'"'^' ""'' "^ ""^"«
of many years. The .snn,e gcner.! rule I 1!^'' "'"" '''^^''' the lapse
have s.:ted in previous eha^lJers: ^l. ^ l^ "?"' '" ""'"^ ^^'^^ to
much a. po««.b.e, and breed p„re whe^ll^pliill^'j/ ^^^^ -"sses a,
Thenu.herofcILt^tTT''^^^*^^"^^-^-
different breeds. One cock to e" ,:r:7'^ '-- will varv with
This will be the right number for Ga:erD'"r.'^ -'«<-iont in any brood
w,thSpanishBrahn,asorCoohinstworro,;,^;' '''T' ""'^ ^^'•"""'' ^-^'^ -"
burg cock will generally serve for twe^ i:' " ' '^ ""'^^^'^'^- ^^"<^ "am-
males are kept, it is better to keen al bnf '"" '""'• ^^''"'" '^'"v^ral
allowing them t.t.ke turns withTh'o^'X^r "' "''■"' '""^-^
the hens and ensures better service wlT", *^"^r"•"vc•"'s worrying
Mono concmed, it is better to have plontv of ^l^f'^ "' •'"'•'""■- -
When only eggs are wanted for market '1 '"■•'^'''' t" ensure f,.,tility.
properly fertilized or not. ' ''' "'""-^ ^^'"H '>« laid whether
VIII. How to Mate Fowls.
From the age of one to four years is the b, , r .
;r ^r ''^ '^"^ ""•''• '"••^^o the best 11,!: '™^ '"'• '^^^^'fe-- Hens
feathers running down at the hocks as i^vdluresfTn'^ '''''^""' ''""''''
.0 represent the ideui
PROTECTINO HKH BROOD
^i]
yQ6 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
... , c„ if the hen is long-backed select :i shoi-t^bsuked
should be IS sold us possible, and 111 puU.i-..< '11 u J
:X ....fully, «. tl„.t you „,ay b..^ .,."- ,o « f.... = » ».
;r;,:a -.sViH get '■-';^^,:tltt;r.^it :;; ';;j;;:i
penciled wili produce chu-kuus delicately pin ded.
IX. Btcoiinf.iupcn.aMixedPlool£.
If vou cannot" afford pure-bred sto^k, buy u suilicic at number c,f cocks
.Jyou^ens, or .elect a dozen i^.n...u,dm... them w.th a good cock,
;v ,u whi.). '. raise clncens. Once you begin, stick always c, the sa.e
nl and in three years you will have a stnun cf fowls-.f you have
, 2l ly selected the chicks, alway. using pure males-good euou,!. for
Iko purposes and eggs. In the .aeantime. g,et a clutch of eggs inn.
Z!e fowls and breed them separate from the others and «oon you .1
Cet "pure breed also. There is u, fax^ Btoek that . pays better to
breed pure than poultry, whether they be land or water fowl.
X. Incubation ol VariotiB PowIb.
The following table will show at a glance all oecessary informatio,. in
relation to the hicubation of various fowls.
HAME OF BIRD.
Turkey. sitUng on ^ Hen.... j -
the eggs of V Due W...^
thfi...:.... Turkey. (
the... ) I'urkey.
Hen sitting on the 1 Duck. . . (
eggs ol the... /Hen.... I
Duck... •
Gtoose
eon
Pleeo
PERIOU OF INCUBATION.
SHORTEST
PERIOD
MKAN
PERIOD.
1.0NOE8T
1>F,K10U.
17
24
28
24
27
30
34
26
;!0
26
30
;)4
19
21
■24
28
30
32
27
30
33
16
18
20
XI. General M ement at Fowls.
I„ order to ra«e poultry -ace. .-dly, P™P-/™i*|::^l',"'.'S:
,..,ge must be provided. Tl- ■ l.np n«.a uoi >:e .h-'-- ■ --
■y^nMijimss'g^B^^iiiiii^wm
es — good euoujrh for
jesstirv information in
U OP INCUBATION.
MKAN
LONGEST
PERIOD.
I'EHIOU.
24
28
27
30
26
:io
30
;i4
21
•24
30
:!2
30
;i3
18
20
farm any warm out house will afford (.onifort.l.l ""
enough,, provided iutho out field.s. On ' ''""'^''■'''' ^"'^ ''"nge
farmmsummerfowlswillpiekupaloi
share o their living, insects chicflv.^^d
thus, while partly supporting thc„;s ,ve"
they are at the same time j^rohtin.. hS
owner by thedestruction of iiiLtpes?. !„'
fact fowls, ,f allowed, will wander consider"
able d.stanees m search of food, as illustrated
Tho h"l "^r^'"° ^'^'- themselve .'
Those who keep fowls in villages and subur-
ban.places. must provide animal food Td ''««--no k ok xh ^ ^Z;;;.
also green vegetable f „od in addition to t ■ ^"^"S'^i^ves.
fortable quarters, caro ia feeding. a„d due 1^" '''• '''''^' ^"'' -"
birds, constitute about .U there is practkallv *? *''' ^^'^'"» "^ th,.
that pure breeds are fe.pt with a'^vTew to Ihl" '""'^''^ '^'''"^^ «-^^P»
birds. In thelatter caseamorecarefu II of tr""" '' ^"''>^ ^"I'-'"'
and points of fowls must be made as in S:;^;^ :t!::;r^"^'
™- Proper Pood of Fowls.
Howls need a variety of food • thov
Animal food is essential, but the bulk ouZ ^7^^ omniverous feeders,
raw or ground. If mixed feed (<^roundlra „ w " T^ '^' ^''"'^ ^'•^'-^
stiff that it willnot run ; never fc^d "10,^^^^ "T^' ""'"''' ^''^' ^-•^'•' «<•
toe. boiled and mashed together, so s ff f 1 1' .. ^" """' '"'^ l'"tu.
squeezed in the hand, is one of the best of f 'I I ^''''^^ ^""^'^ ^^^en
-neverinatroughin summer, since moist food ^ ''^ T' '^'^'^^ ground
become sour, and the troughs are seldmn 1 1 , ^''' '"'" '»«^'t''h>>
ground feed should be fed ts hot as the " ^^^^^ ''''"''^- I" ^^"t.r
pod onion mixed in is excelle f; prov^Tth "' "' '' '"'' "^ ^'^'^ ^hop.'.
age leaves. For animal food, a' sT et s n, ' if T" '"'' '*'^"' - -b-
fowls can just reach it, is ex^ellen ^ ^ '^""^^ - high that the
establishments. To keep the hens in L i t • ^■'^^''^' ^'■«'° t'ji»ff
"-animal food, and lo boneTb "kfrs, mfe'tf tT''^"' *'^^^ '"^^
swallowed. Very little meat, however is neoo" '. '^ '""^ ''" ^''^"^
the fowls may lose their feu horT Who,eT '^' ^7 "' '"" "'"^^ is f.^
should he kept in some receptaS; so the f",'"' ""^ ''" ^^''"'^'"g ^^'ter
- .rain fed m, be screen^, C ^^^ rh:::^:;:^ t^^r '
Xm. Poultry Hoiuies and Coops,
roultry houses. hnw«ir«.. o:.-,..i- . ,. ,
I- 1
:i
^^,^ THK AMKRIOAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
advantage of tho sun's warmth in winter. The windows should also 1>«
provided with iron netting, bo the sash may be raised to adm. an- ,n
8umn.cr, and also in mild weather in winter. One portion should ho In. f-
dark, for the laying and sitting hens, and a proper dust bath must als„ ...
nrovided. Have the perches not more than two feet from the floor m tl.o
roosting phice, and all on one level ; let them bo large. A two by four
scantlhvs well rounded and set on edge, is not too large for heavy ...ds.
Tho whole house should be whif owashed once a month in summer, an<l k.pt
scrupulously clean at all times. If lice make their appearance, fu.u.jrate
thoroughly, and after cleansing, whitewash with lime to which a l.ltlo car-
bolic a'cid is added. Sprinkle Scotch snuff among the feathers on the
backs of the fowls, and give fresh materials for dust bath.
Tho proper coops for hens with young chickens will readily suirgest
themselves A barrel with one head out, laid on its side, and with stakes
driven alon- one end to admit the passage of the chicks is a good make.
Bhift The^ordinary triangular coop is well known. The best c-oop ,s a
equaro box 18 by 24 inches, and roofed to shed rain ; from the open end of
this a runway is thrown nine inches high and as wide as the coop, so
closely slatted at the top that old fowls cannot get their heads throu-rh
to feed At the end are orifices to give egress and ingress to the
chicks In this wav they may be fed without interference from the
mother hen or other fowls, and it also furnishes a safe place of refuge
from danger.
Xrv. Feed BoxeB and DpinkiJig Fountains.
Both the feed boxes and drinking fountains should be self-fecdinjr. A
threc-.rallon jug filled with water, and turned mouth down in a suitable
° dish.andprperly supported, makes a toler-
able drinking fountain, and will suffice to
convey the idea. For a larger number of
fowls, a five or six gallon keg, with a faucet
with a long spout to rest near the bottom of
the drinking trough is good. If filled.
bunged tight, and the faucet opened, just
enough water will be given up to keep tlie
supply in the trough at a uniform hciixlit.
A GOOD FORM OP FOONTAiK. Ycod boxcB are made on tho sanio freueriii
principle, a box narrowing to the bottom, and with an orifice lar^.-
enough to allow a free flow of grain, and resting near enough the bottom
of the feeding box so that but little will be given down at a time Slats
sufficiently wide apart so the fowls can feed through them, also keep
the poultry from wasting the grain.
,/">..
A Perfect Hoppep.-Tho best form of f.odi,,.. ..
annexed cut; -t cua readily he constructed bvn'^^^^ ^'^""'" '» the
roUowingdescHptionwithreference.-^ ^ -^ lurson by aid of the
-An cud view, eight inches wide' and
two feet 8,x inches high. yy_The roof
three feet long, projecting over the'
perch ou which the fowls stand while
feeding C-Thelidof receiving .„:;.
ger raised, exhibiting the grain. ^.^
-Cords attached to the perch and lid
of manger or feeding trough. 7-_End
bar of perch, with a weight attached to
the end to balance the lid, otherwise it
would not close when the fowls leave
tiu. perch. ^-Pulley. G^->Fulcrum.
Iho hmges at the ridire am fm- -.,; •
the top ^hen the hopper is to be 'ri"^- . "" """" ""■^•™-
it hops upon the bars of the perch mTthl^t' • 7^'? " ^""''^ "^""'''^^ f«c<1.
id of the feed box. exposing'lhe gru „ to T^ " "" '°"^ ^"-^« '^^^
hunger jumps off and the lid elosfa. Of courl' ".'I f"' "^^'^^^'"S ^'^
increased as desired. i-ourse the dimensions can be
A Ra^P^oof Hopper.-A stool hopper „. «i
inaccessible to rats may be built l>v thiTn •'"" "' ^''^ '^"""^^'^ «»t-
platformtwo or thijfeet squarT ^ """""^ ''''''^'^-- ^Iake «
thecasemaybe;thonmakeasqu'are
box, three mches high and sixteen inches
square ; nail it in the center of the plat-
form ; saw strips one and a quarter
mch square and eighteen inches hi.^h
for the posts ; nail strips of boards, two
mches wide, to the posts at the top to
secure and steady them; then take
c«„ lath or any thin stuff, one
and . half or two inches wide, and
nml them to the top and bottom, up and
down leaving spaces of two inches be- * ""o. .EKomo nom h.
ween tiie slats, so that the fowls can get at the f h n,
our-square, as shown in the cut and dl . / "^- ^'^« '""^ mav be
orthe hopper to be replenisred ^^b ^^'^^ .? ^ 'f ^''" "'• '"^^
post about three feet from the ground as how f "^' ^"^'J'^'' «^ «
't rut aud mice proof. The f.^, ""|7.'' '^"^" '» ^he cut, which make.
ronn and feed from tlie g..i„ ,„, l^:^:';;;^ >-P "Pon the plat:
'i^'^i
970
TIIK AMEKICAN FARMKK'h KTOCK HOOK.
? I
I
XV. Breeds tor Market.
The Du-kih.'.- arc superior tublo fowls ; they are, however, rather ton-
der ai-'' '.aid to rear, and have not gained special fav<,r in tlio United
States The Do.niniques are hardy, go.)d hiyers, and good tuUlo fowl. ;
the Plvmouth Rocks are larger, and perhaps Letter if you have tlie st... k.
A Dominique cross on Brahmas or Cochin Chinas, will give chicks that
c, ow fast, feather well, and make phunp fowls. A Dorking cross on the
lar-o Asiatic breo-^ - .„■«.. -d in England as excellent. Al things con-
sidered, we think the Bmhnias and the Cochins will give the best results,
and the Brahmas especially are good wii.tcr layers. In this however,
every breeder will have his own fancy. The Houdans and La i leche are
in good repute among breeders, but the price of the original stock must,
of course, be taken into consideration.
XVI. Breeds for Eggs.
As laying fowls simply, we havi> found the Polands all that cou'd be
desired The Leghorns, Houdans, Hamburgs and Black Spanish are
fully as good layers, and all of them are non-sitters ; but the Leghorns
and the Hamburgs uave the reputation of being tender, and the bpaiush
ftr*> decidedly so. The Houdan and LaUccne have hardly mh tried
Bufficiently in this country to warrant a decided opinion us tot' -true
''*^"®' xvn. How to Fatten.
The fattening of poultry, iff v are in good fle.sh to start with, .,. J-
not take lo"ff. In fact the bulk of the chickens marketed are taker, iirect
from the yards without extr. f .eding. This is bad economy. Fifteen to
twonty days' feedin . if they -re confined in a dark place, will renderthem
f. When fat, m.t.ketimmc liately, since they will soon begin tosh, nk
Market when they cease to feed full. Corn meal made im. a tlmk
mu- vith as much additional meal as can be worked m while l.o.l.ng
hot r.nd allowed tu -ool, is tht best feed. Put the fowls in . .ops so
small that they cannot turn round. an^J 'eed ihre. times a day ulbwing
to take what water- s„mmed milk is bettcr-anu - ean gravel hey .^l
The last week mit tl. gravel, and keep the pens clean and well littered
with straw ail > t' .
SVrn. Killing and Drewiag.
Let the fowl fast at least twelve hours before killing. No mnn over
„,ade money by selling a fowl with half a ,.ni of raw corn stuffed t^e
^. .. , 1-^^ -* fUo. f.-irl towtb.T. haiiL' it up, op. , the IxaK,
pass a sharp'thin-bladed' knife, into the mouth and up in. thereof,
dividing the mombnme ; thu« t,,<, l,i.,l i, .;„ , ■
cut the throat aiuJ lot it bleed Tho ni f "'«t'".Hy. Then deftly
i»g and while the bird is quito w-.rn "%V'"^' ''' ^'''''' '^ ^"'^^'''''t ««^
hird not torn ; thns dronsed it will l.rin.", '"7 *' ""'">' *''""" ''"'d the
imy the extra trouble. ' '""•^' """"«»' "'"»•" i'' u cit v „....rket to
To Scald a Fowl.-A well known buyer -uul .u
nmrket, m answer to the ,,ne,stion how to .1, .'''""' ^"' ^''" ^ '''^'"go
the followin.^. i„fonu,tion which is here re, nlr '"'''' ^'''' '^''' '''''''
Have the water just scaMi,,. hof-„i ■ "
right. Immerse the fowl, holdh,.. i by he". •'""?" '^""'''' '« i"«t
unti the feathers .lip easily. Persons Vcl T; ""' ' ""^ ""^ '"'
fathers coming away by brushing them with |. ^ ."'''"■' '" **'''^' ^'^^
a 1 event, they must be picked dean H . "" 1^' '"'''I'^'-^^^^'. At
the feet, and d, k. a„d geese by the he" o ^^'^r^ ^^ickens by
«tanceH whatevc. . nhould ducks and /eese be ' .' ^ '"^''' "« ^'''•^•"'"-
blv he picked dry. Take oif the head.Tf he T t' ' ^'""^ "'"^* '--•'•*^-
tie the skin neatly over the stump, taw ttt;:'"'^ «''''" ^ • -•'
bang up to cool. Never sell fowls undr wn t" " .T^"""^' ""^
morcdrawn and nicely packed, with the heir ' ^''^^7'" ''""g ^no.gh
inHide each fowl, to pay for the' troubl' L themTr^;"' '^'^^ ^''^^
as cold as possible-but never, under any c rcuml^ T'^^'^ """'-
m always money in properly prepared noultl ^^ '''' ^'■'"'«"- There
fitting them for market, the ^.wKs oLltZ, ""T' ''^ '''' "> ^^'^
gusfing state. There is money in he n f T- "^ "' '^ "'"^* d'-
«>oney in raising poultry for the market Th "'"" "' '^^'^^ ' ^'^-^ -
packing, and in a foolish attemnt noo. ■ ,7 '''''"^^ ' ^""^^ '" improper
Th u u^°^' ^°^^ "^'^ «^PPi°8 to Market.
The poultry, having been killed as directed onr.f u ■ .
cutoff, and the skin drawn over the sh T '"^'P"*^"^' ^^^« heads
feired leave .. bead on, the fowJw ..ot'T "T' f'~^' '^ P'""
-rd. chdled down to ,ts near the freezin.1 not / Z "^ "-'*"'* ^^^e
boxes and place u layer of clean 1, y <>, ^ZJ " ^f' '"' P'""^'J««lean
bottom. i>ick up a fowl, bend 1 hlad .'' ' ^'■'' '•"""• ^"^^^^ ''" t^e
breastbone, and lay it down Sat o,' its h. Tl ""^ '" ""^ ^'''" "^ ^he
tag straight out b.hind. The first f, toT '-^^ "'" '"^^ ''^^'^ ''^*«"«-
So placed. i,.v a row across the 1 ox ,n H f "' '''•^^ ' '' '^'^"d -^ner.
row, until only one row is ll "Z t^^' "1 'T-'^' '•- '>■
the other end of the box. the fee undrth! ' '' ^"^'"= ^'*''" "^'^"'^
there is a space .ft betu . en th . .T "t''o„'""" T '' ''•"''• '
»iueway.s. f not nack in nl T ' ^'"'^ "' '^'^at birds
y not, pack „, clean. long straw, and also pack in straw
will fit
at tlio
'' i
5,72 THE AMKKICAN lAUMKUS HTOCK BOOK.
aides and betwcu the ..i.d., «o th.y cannot m.ve. P.uk "truw nu.u.h
TJZ layer of fowls, so that the other, cannot touch, and sc ,.r,.o .1
! . e ufx is full Fill the iK.x full. There must never bo any nlnk-
;;;; ' ':.^ IbL Im hecon. hmi^od. ana lo. will ensueM.,
ale s of extra i.oullry place paper over and under each Uyer -e on-
fiUln . in ho straw. There is no doubt but that .t pays. Na. U. h..x
Sf- I hob.itialsof the packer, the number of fowls and var.etv.
u^ na k plainly the full nan.e of the pcr.on ..r linn to whon. .t ,. .,„.-
sit d! with strJet and nun.ber on the box. Thu^ the rece.ver .1 kn. w
at^ltnl what the box ..ntains, and does not have to unpack to , ad
oat>
XX.
OloBsary ol Terms Used by Poultry Fanciers.
Beard.-A bunch of feathers under the throat of some breeas, a. lluu-
X'/^Any var.ety of fowl presenting distinct charact istics.
^,.oorf.— Family of young ehickcns.
Broody.- Desiring to sit. . .- a
Camar/e.— The attitude or bearing of a bn-d.
Car'«/«^ee/.-Coverod with fleshy protuberances, as on the neck or
" ^S?-A newly-hatched fowl, until a few weeks old
r S n -ApplL . . indefinite ages until twelve months old
clutch lui'Jn to the batch of eggs under a sitting hen, also to brood
of chickens hatched therefrom.
Cocfcfire?.— A young cock. -^„r« h«ftd
/>om6— The red protuberance on tx)p of the fowl 8 bead
6W;^«on.-The state of the fowl as regards health, beauty of , -.g.
—the latter especially. ^ . ^ ♦»,„ fon-knot
Crest -A tuft of feathers on the head ; the top-knot.
nr-nr. The rcccotacle for food before digestion. , , ^ , .
'^:^^: niass of feathers over the tail and end of the hen,
back, covering the tail ^J^y ^^^^Z^J^^'Ze ear., v .vu.. in
jjeaf-ears.—VoUfi of skm haugmg from the true ears,
color, being blue, white, cream..olored, or red ^^^^
iJMfiftin^.— Cutting off the comb, wattles. &c., g
smooth.
Ear-lobes.— Sama as deaf-ears.
p^^/j The bare skin around the eye.
^V*^-The primary wing feather., used i„ «ying, but u..e™ «he.
F?'.#».-S()ft, downy feathers about the thighs.
HHKKI.INO AN., MA.NAGEMKNT OF .'OULTRY.
iracti istics.
, aa on the neck of
or hou, also to brood
and end of the hen'»
rue ears, v aiviiil' in
;., leaving the head
ring, but unseen when
978
VVhuii 11 oockorol <»l,tains his
Furnished, ^Aasmnoil full character
tail, comb, &o.
//„.**» _TI,„ |„„.uli,„. ,„„.„„ ,,„t|„„ „„ (I
Z^oc*.— Tho olhow-joiut of the leg.
f7r!'~rh^''^^ '""'''''"''' "^«'' to denote the breast bouo.
Leg.~i ho scaly part, or eiiaiik.
Leg.feathers.-.'VX,e feathers on the outaide of the shank
iWb.wy._(.\,hfusL.d in marking.
Pea-comb.— \ triple comb.
PrHci7«n^._Snmll stripes over a feather.
Poult — A young turkey
Jn»»„-e,.-Th.. «i„„-fo„tb., „, the wing,. „m,„„ „,.„ .,„ „. ,^ ,,
PuUct. — A young hen,
/?o».ster.— The <H,.nmou term for the male bird
Saddle.— Tha posterior of the back, reachin.r ir. tu * i •
answering to the cushion in a hen ^ ^^^^ '*'' "' " «"«'«•
J.co«.a.e..-Tho wing quill-feathers. which show when the bird is at
Self-color.— A unif<»rm tint over the feathers.
Shaft.— The stem of a feather.
Shank.— Tho scaly part of the le<r.
Sickles -The top curved fcathers'of a cock's tail
Spanghng.—Tho marking produced l)v each feuthnr h •
spot of s„„,e color different to the ground. '"^^ °"' ^"'•«*
5;,«r.— The sharp weapon on tho heel of a cock
-S^.— Another term for a young cock.
8train.—A race of fowls, havin.^acauirp.l ..n J„^- • i i u
%;«;ne/ry.— Perfection of proportion lessors.
J::;;:;:,: « ■■' '°"' *'°''^' -™<' '-«■- -^ «■» -^xe^ -f tb.
Top-knot. — Same ns crest.
Trio.— A oock and two hens.
(/.*r.„,„r._Tho color of tbe pl„,„.g, „ ,ee„ wheu tho .urf.
lifted.
ice 1?
) i
■f I
P
974
THK AMERICAN KAKMK.t's HTOCK HOOK.
the flat or plumu portion ■, «'»"'-''"; |,„„ „,„ „,eml.cr i8 oxtendcl.
Tr.„?-«>o«'--T>>« uppor or »'""''°'-' ' . „ fj.„„ f„„ci<.r. .I,.,»l»
ry quills.
stmmm
CHAPTER VI.
THE TUBKEY. AND ITS VARIETIES.
I. VARIETIES OP TIIK IJOMESTIO TUKKKV
I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey
inestioated— over 300 years—it still rof"."""^ '"" ""'" ^*"*®y has been do-
under the most artificial condition t^^^: '1 ''' ^^"^ ^''^'^'^s, even
that the turkey endures close confine Jen to ""'""^'^^^'^^ d"« to the fae.
.lomestic land birds, and heLo th" « ^ j ^ l^ZT""' '''" '"'^ "^*^«
.he hiding of nests and young have not L f^T' "^""^^^ing and
..me is true of the pheasants kTLZ. T '"';''*''^ ^'''^ ""*. The
..e. in njore or less^u^.t!:; TJT 'Z:^;::::^^^^ ''''''^
All turkeys, whether of the wil.i ^.. a ^-
one with the' other, and contul tl'lTr- '^"^^' '''"' ^^-'^'
they came originally from one spJ^'TZTeJ^'Tf'''''''''''
eveiy color, black-bronzed and white rrotMi ,"' ^^"^.n up i„t«
color. Among the «ub-speoies ar^ iC Cot J"T l'' "^'^''"''' ^"^
white-mottled ; Black-lJnzed ; the MeJ^^^ 7e o n f j '''"•'""'^■
n.s; the White; the Buff; the FawTlt; d- he P^ ^ ^^ "' """'"■
the Parti-colored. Temminck inlsTqw k',? ^"PP«»-'''>I'>red, and
with fine full crests of pu^ w te 1 r,! /n m''^' h '^"r^ ^"^^^^^«'
wild turkeys as seen by him in Mexico it . '? ^oscrM crested
mistook curassows fJr turkl « 1 ''' ;.''"'""' ""^* *'"'' "''-^^^r
and nobody else nas fou.:;:!:^^ ZZ^l ^^ ^"'"-^'-^^^ ^here
n. The Brornied-Black Turkey
l«r<l».woll fattened, is „|„„,t ,i,i,.tv " , "• "'" """'"P' f'n- riiiiturc,
t.«-j-«v., „„u,„i, „„„„. wi *;„„": '".',:„:"' ''■"•" f-- «-"<.v...
l«ulif» ,„„„„. "" ■ ' '"> '"■'• "» Iwi-Jv as tUcy ui-o
a75
976
THE AMEKICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
The best specimens ai- described as follows : In the cock, the face,
ear-lobes, wattles and jaws are deep rich red, the wattles warted and
sometimes edged white, the bill curved, strong, of a light horn color at
the tip and dark at the base. The neck, breast and back black, Klmdod
with bronze, which in the sunlight glistens golden, each feather endin- in
a narrow -lossv black baud extending clear across. The under pari of
the body'^is similarly marked, but more subdued. The wing-bo« ,8
BUONZK TIUIKKYS.
black, showing a brilliant greenish or brown lustre, the flight-feuthere
black, barred across with white or gray, even and regular ; the wm.;:-cov-
erts rich bronze, the end of each feather terminating in a wulo black
band, giving the wings, when folded, a broad bronze baud across oacb;
tail black, each feather irregularly penciled with a narrow browi baud,
and ending in a grayish-bronze band. Fluff abundant and .H>f ; legs
long, strong, dark or nearly black. The hen is Bimilarly colored, but
niore subdued.
latine in a wide black
rnv. T,;uKEv. and ,ts varieties.
ni. The Common Turkey.
The common turkey is vvhlto and black r.^ffi , .
wattle of the wild turkey. Thov a " '. '''' ^"^'"= ^^^ '>*'''d and
fronUhe fact tLat they ha--.hee„-niore\^';;:U^^^^^^^^^^^^ «i.o, and, probably
ao.estioated than tbo othe. va.etie. 4^ 'Ci:S;t:' ^l^^:
THE COMMON TtlRKKY.
When simply dollars and cents are concerned th
able to breed, 8in.e they are hardy of 1^; '^':^ '''■' '^' ™««t Profit-
They will weigh, fat, at eight monuls lid fo? T"' '^"' '"^^"^'^ ^-'3'.
and, when fully grown, sixteen pounds. '''"'° '" *^«'^« P^^^ds.
IV. The Ooollated Turkey.
This is one of the most ele^mnt ..f fho v^j j
(^ntnUAmerica,andisfoun3w|, ,;:':' f""^'- '' '« « ""tive of
with our domestic turkey and the n ■'^'""- ^^ breeds kindlv
both the true and cross brtd re ,tend::7 T'k ^ ^'"^^ ^^^^■'"' ^-■'
fen and gold turkeys undoubted y owe to^"' ''? .''"'"^^- «'"• ''-"^ed
Theground color of the plumurftTrn!;'""'''^^ *" ^'"'^ '^■•"•iotv.
'; Wed-green, h-uuled wilt u L^l ; h 7 ^^ "•' '''''''''^'' ^-'kej.
be back the color is deep bluet d red 1 f """" '"'"'^ ' '"^^^ ^--'
fully defined and sharn. p4nH .- k ' T" "'" ''''' *''" '"'"'''^ '•-™-"
iiar oceliated or eye-lik
ap-
i»78
THE AMKKICAN FAUMKlt's STOCK HOOK.
nearancc, whence their name. The wattle is al.o peculmr, and th. to^
of the head is covered with wart^likp protuberances, as shown in the cut
of a young Ocellatcd hen.
YODNG OOELLATEU TUKKKY HEN.
V. English Turkeys.
The so-called English turkey is simply a sub-variety of the common
aI. c" domesticLd turkey already described. Careful brecdn.g and
street on have increased the si.o and rendered them nu.te uu.fonn .
cJlo. One sub-variety is the Norfolk turkey, black ^.th a few ;vh,t.
"pots' on Uie wings. Another sub-variety, valued in Can.bndgosb.ro, .
bCe.;.!;. and'longer-iegged than the No.^olk ; these, however, va,
*" / .^x_ j_,.u *!,.. !««"» ».fiimy nreferred.
from a light copper coior to dain., -..^v ...«-^- c x
THE TURKEV, AND ITS VAHIKTIES.
VI. Rare Varieties.
979
There are a number of more or 1,.
the Fawn, and the Pure-white iJnT Z' ^^'''"''"'. "^ *"'^^^«' **>« ^uff.
considered nu,re tender than the vartties herTf ""'""' '^'^^•^ "'•« »»
the wh,te variety are especially handsome Z !"' '"'"'''^' '^"'^^'^'^ «'
tuft ou the breast, whi.a remaiu "e W I-k 7 J '"'"S-^-vedb; the
and red caruncles of the head and neck pr;Jnr ''' ^'^ ^'--^ite
ance. "^«*^' P^^sent a most elegant appear-
Vn. The Care of Turkeys.
Turkeys will bear confinement less thnu
we except the peacock, and perhaps th r "^ Z*"" ^"""^^'^'^ ^o^l^, if
plenty of range, and will notlost'^nder slC T' ^'^^ ""^ ^^^^
.^0, even m the winter. Their favorite resnr uT '°'"P«»ed to do
as the peacock favors the highest pl^ of the ,0! ' "'^^'/'^^^^ ^ree, just
tnc fancier ^vas not much out of the uLv f "^ ''''''•"• ^^ «««en-
guards are turkeys, peafowl and ..cose V. ?'" .*''^ ^'"''"^ ^««<^ h«"se
and the latter hear everything, ani, he quain lylddedl ^'^^ ^^^''^thing,
ly arouses the "noble watch do- " who !! , ! ' *^«"- flatter quick-
contributes his bark, and gets thVcredit of ^ 1 . ^"'''^ " ^''""^ «'««?•
When full grown. turk!ys Z S^"',^^ ^'j^'^ «'--•
themselves. The youug chicks, howevTr' ZJ^i '' '" ^^« ««'•« «'
of four weeks, and again about theli me t?"l' '"''"*' "P *« ^'^^ '^
head, which occurs at six or seve. we!k<, ,T T '" ''^^"'''^ *'»« ^
Aould be protected from hot sun. ho-.vV '"^ ^^'' time they
For the first two weeks, hard bc>,^ yo 70^'"'' ""'^ ''^^ "'^'^^ ''^^^«-
meal «r cornmeal makes the best feed A f. TP '"^'"^ up with oat
meal grits and cracked corn should f,,,™ 7hT\ \'' T""^^^ ''^^'''^^ ««t.
Me bruised hempseed is added u„t h eh I' "' "" '^•^•'' «"^ '^ "
thejwill thereafter pretty much forai > .^ '"'" '^^ '"""^^s old,
daily feed of whole grain Younl Z k^''""''^^^' ^^^'^P^ f- thei;
theirfced should be^given pltt^oft r'Th^'"''.''" '*"' ""^^^ ^^^
excellent for them. I„ fatte^nint co nmea?' Vf '""" '"'"^ '^ '^'^o
the usual feed, and if to this bt a^ded "^Lt'?:'''' *:; "" ^"'^ ^-h, is
drink once a day, with plenty of pure water" 1""™''' ""'"^ ''^'^^ ^'H
fattened to heavy weights. *^ '''^^^ ''">««» they may be
WATER FOWL.
CHAPTER VII.
<»EESB AND THEIB VAKTBTIBS.
OEE8E.
I. The Management ol Qeese.
The management of geese is very simple. A good dry spot f.)r their
W«ting place, plenty of range, with young grass, and a pond or runn.ng
waterrif possible, will enable any one to raise geese successf nil y,.f plenty
«f grain, corn and wheat screenings arc given to make «p what tluy fail
lo let in their rambles. The grain fed should always be gwen u. a doop
vessel of water in summer, if deep natural water is not near, snu..^oes.
are often annoyed by insects getting in the ears and nostnls whuh they
,id themselves of by thrusting their heads well down mto water
In fattening for market, com-mcal and potatoes boded together to a
iiick mush, is as good as anything. They should he sold as soo„ .s M
rhieh should be in about two weeks of feeding. If the mush is made
^th skimmed milk the geese will become very fat, if given a. much :«
'ihev will eat three times a day.
Geese are subject to but few diseases. For diarrhcea, g,ve one <.r two
drops of laudanum in a little water, and repeat if necessary 1^ ..r giddi-
ness bleed them in the prominent vein which separates the claw. Geese
Tive to a great age, and old geese are the best mothers Ganders, how-
ever are best at from one to three years old, smce as they got age they
are apt to become cross, and sometimes injure small chddren.
n. Bmbden or Bremen Gteese.
There is no doubt but the Erabdcn is the most valuable of th<, <.. .nesti-
cate,d varieties of geese. They should be pure white, -f P^"'-';
Wue eyes ; strong, medium-length neck ; heavy bodies, w.th the feathers
d-6>
OEE8E, AND TIIEIU ^ AKIirnEs.
rather more inclined to curl from tho d, i ,
varieties ; the bill is ,.,. flefhtbra "tt;' '" ''"^ '"''^ ^"^ '" "^'-r
of the year have been nmUe to wei^h over fo, k^' "'■'■?•'"• ^'"""- ''"'^^
'«'wncr f 01 ty pounds, and mature birds
EN GEESE. III. TOr-
NG KONG GEESK. VI.
38E. Vlll. KCiVlTIAN
id dry spot ft)r their
d a pond, or riimiiiiif
mccessfiillyjf plenty
ike up what they fill
YS bo given in a doop
not near, since jrt'esc
I nostrils, which tliey
1 into water,
boiled together to a
»e sold as soon um fat.
[f the mush is luiuie
if given an much a»
iluable of the i., .-ncsti-
vhite, with prominent
idies, with the feathers
broods iu a season. """" '"-"^''^ '*"'' °^^y ^ ^^^do to rear two
v,:>
!>82
THE AMKIUCAN FAHMKU's STOCK BOOK.
III. Toulouse Oeeso.
These mu..>ific.entl>i.as, next in merit to the E.nbden an^ .y ,nany
fancL preferred t<. the.n, have co.npaet bodies, rather short l.^s r.n
wTXn outwemh the K.ul.dens. Their bodies and breasts a.v , t
r w tl e neek <htrk gray, the color deepening as the head Ksapprouvlu-cl ;
fh 'win ' L eoh,red^like the neek, but getting lighter towards the l.lly,
TOlM.orSK CKKSK.
;:r rSlttmnVle any a-,«.e„ce „eUvo., .,. K .0 -
the Toulouse. ^ white Chinese Geese.
and swan-i.ke appcaruL.y. ..• "•■;" .....^ ^i' .^re pleasinir mix! -mcefui
of water. Whether swunnnng or on land, incy .ut 1 1
"KKSE, A.Vr, TIIEIK VAIUKTIKS
luU'ii, and Ity inniiy
:,lifr short U-l's, ninl
id breasts tuv li;:lit
oheadiHapprouclu'dj
tcr towards the bcllv,
VTA and feet arc a (loop
n(;linin.<? to brown. In
twecn tht* Enil)dcu uik)
size, l)urc white color,
fanciers wlio li:>vc \wmU
are pleasin.iriiiKl p-aoefui
'N3
In movement. The color is pure hf
hca,l oruTigo colored, „„d tl,o color o t tho I'ot" 'f '""^ "'° '"""' "" "■«
the former being one-third larger than the Uh.. t^u
eggs, which are rather sn.all-sizfd foTthe s , ^o " T T "" ^"^''« ^*
n^a. tender and delioatein fle.h. tI;:;:: . ^ '!: I'-'^I/^^ ^-
- """"-' ""« ueiicatein flesh Thnv „..^ i, i
times reanng three breed., in a seu';n ^ "''^^' '"'^' ^"•""«'^'
some-
!
f j
i ■ j
:^ il
'a
I vil
I 'JMBm
1' '''■
>''!iR
it : ^HH
-B
V ::.■
|B
f^^i
ii
i
1
- ■
9»4
THE AMEHU AN FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK.
V. Hong Kong Qeoso.
ThcHon^ Kon^:, or «niv China goose, is supposed to bo the vuricty
from which the White Chinese goose sprunjr. Ccituinly, there arc u-.i
greater differonco^ between the two ^iian between the Lmbdon and
Toulouse. The Hong Kong is distinctly knoi.i.od, and ni size is bet-v.. u
ft <roose and swan. Their distinguishing marks are tne km.b on th. tup
oAhe head, the feathered dewlaps or wattle under the throat, and di8.
tinct dark stripe down iho neck. Thoy vary in color, but the true color
HONO Ke:-J(S OEE8E.
is a <rrayish brown on the back and upper parts of the body, changing to
whitJ. or whitish gray under the abdomen ; the neck and breast ycUow.sl.
gray, with a distinguishing stripe of dark brown runmng down the
Lk of the neck from the head to the body; the b,l and logs are
oran-e, and the protuberances at the base of the lower bill very dark,
approaching to black. They are nocturnal in habit, very prohfao u. eggs.
and the flesh of the young birds is superior m quality.
rn running down the
985
^- ThoAfr OooM.
This is one of the lur^'ost of ..nx , i
level in walking, ft is rathe, a ;.;; ' ,, f i •;,"" r ^.^^'"•^'" ' '*"'' ^''^ "cad
somctimos f,c,, c,,l|„d tl.o Silu-rian Goose n.. ? "^ ^'^'"**^^ ""^ '"'«
undoubtedly the true cue. The bill s hoo'kcd "'""'' ^''■'" ='" «"- -
nookcd or armed with.si«-U>-doa-
AFRICAN GEESE.
tatlons along the sides ; at tl.o base of the bill nn f • ,
•on colored fleshy tubercle, and a hard firm fl.^^ " ^ ^''''^^'^ ''''"'''^'
throat. The head and upper purt oh ^'"^'.^^^'^^ membrane under the
upper side and lighter nl !he Ce:!i ^ "^e c^;: ^7" ' '''''' "" ^^«
or the pnncipal characteristies of this variety ^'"^'^ "" ^°°'* '^^^
Vn. The Canada or WUd Goose.
;i
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
^ APPLIED IIVMGE Ir
™^ 1653 Eqs( Main Street
F*^ Rochester. New York U609 USA
^= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
== (716) 288 - 5989 - Fok
'.m\
THE AMEKICAN FARMER S STOCK IJOOK.
hatched from wild eggs, often becomes thoroughly domesticated in the
first generation, and breeds freely with the other varieties of goesc.
When bred on the farm, the flesh retains much of the game flavor of
the wild birds. It is certainly one of the handsomest of water fowls.
vm. Egsrptian Gteese.
This is a rare variety in the United States, but is prized for its beautiful
plumage and stately carriage. It is a small bird, weighing about ciu^lit
pounds, but elegant and striking in its plumage. The color is dark re<i
around the eyes ; the bill white ; a red ring about the neck ; the neck
and breast light fawn gray, with a maroon star on the breast ; the l)olly
red and gray ; the wing feathers one-half deep rich black, and the rest
pure white, with a black bar running across the centre ; the Ijack light
red, changing to dark red near the tail ; the tail jet black.
STANDAKI) TO'TM'IJSK UOOSK.
WATER FOWL.
CHAPTER vrii.
VABIUTIES OP DOMESTIC DUCKS.
I. DUCKS ON THE FARM ir
AYLESBUnV DUCKS ^^-iv 1,7'*'''^''"^* "EST ADAPTFI. T-r. ^
CALL DUCKS X. OTHKUANDUAU^S. ''"^"'^'^^^
I- Duciks on the Farm.
Year by year both ducks and o-eeso ar^ .
additioa to the regular farm stock Bn,L '^l ^"^^ ?«?«'-'' as aa
^n„- inoro and more attention. First from ^I'T" ^' "'"" ^'""'■'>' ''^^^ivr-
the.no.st active and indefatigable li^WtL ''''*'" '"^^^"^fe- «-
are ,nore easily reared than any other fu-m 7 T'"' ««^°«d, they
are aluable, and fourth, the e J ' ,, T / ' *^^'"''^' ^h^ir feathers
th.; .narkets. In the fields of ufe „ 1'?^ ''''''' ^^^ ^eady sale in
valuable, and all those who knc>. tl " ^ ,,S' T ''^^ '^^'^ ^'^I--^"/
then, . only for their aid in «»»„„«;! ITl:; ^1;::;^^* ^^"'^ -^-
n. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm.
When the flesh and feathers m-n fh • •
-best; but when fl.sht:;:H.^^;-r'^' rr^'*'^^^^^"^«"-ds
qual.t.es are desired, the Black Cavu.-f -u < h p '"''^"""^' "■•— ntal
>«fact>o„. We think the you„. 7t^V ^T' ^'"'^ -'"^-esaS
stroyers of any of the largo breld and ff '"'"' ''" '"^'^ ''-««t de-
duck, the best of the smaHer breeds T i"""= "' ^^''^ ^"•">"«" g^ay
of ducks, has really little t , reeolend it """"'^' "" "^ ^'^ ^^^-^
theCayu.,, the Rouen and the aTk ' ''^''^'' ''''^' ''"^ ^^^'^ ^^^^^
^he.n, and are far superio t llUy of 7, '^V'^'^^'y -"'I-^e with
why ducks have received so 1 tt Left ^^ ?*"' '■"'^""' P-'-%.
ducks huvo been so numerous i ' f " ,'" ^''^ ^^^^'^t' '« that wild
any ti.e bo had for the ^ZZ! ^^^^^^^ ^'^ tl^at a mess mi^ht at
° Thc^aie, however, becoming scarcer
988
and hi
water
tame ducks
THE AMERICAN FAUMEK's STOCK BOOK.
liohor year by year, and hence, except in new settlements n<ni-
.'Snore and more attention ia yearly being paid to the raising of
The raising of ducks is exceedingly simple. They are little liable to
disease and are able to take care of themselves soon after being hatched.
The mean period of incubation is thirty days. The eggs should be
placed under a large hen, light Brahma preferably, and when hatchefi
w settlements ncsir
VAmKTXKS or I^OMKSTIC O.CKS.
they should have a pool of oh "" ^^^
be. Their food may be the ZZ TZ^ ^J*^^ '*'^' ^''--or s„.all it n.ay
where insects abound, thev will? . ^ ^°""g ^'^i^'k-S and if nL ^
OfnTl.l, r. "^" ^''^^'^^'"nr Ducks.
Of all the English breeds, the Avl. ». •
tak,ng into consideration the color o^rf^.r"'""'^^^'^ ^^e best, and
-eful of the species introduced h to th "" '' '' ""« «^ ^^e Ist'
rcelysoheavyasthefiouen.bu^^t^^ They Je
suai. They are prolific in eggs of pu.; ^i L'LTof '"/"''" ^'^ ""^ "-
'"'"'' '"Id quite thin in
AYLESBURY 1>KakE.
J™„?:,t^XT™-:r:t:,er rt ' v" '"" ^^"-^ '-
I"*, «„d as soon as it is noticed tin i''."'"'"'"'«'»'«y"v„id such
-»onastUs becomes the ase th " , '""' "«"» '''>- "arket, , °™
■Wiytoall ducks, and he„ce i° H/ T S™'"-''".v sterile. Tb / "^
4.t-especi.,„ftee Wjiird^tliiit""" "' '"^ -*' ''^« ''-
T,.. "^- Kouen Ducks.
This na^e is probably a corrupti.., of p„,, , ,
-oe..enee tha..eb.ed ^^^^^^JZ^:!^^^
990
T„K AMKKICAN KAKMKU's STOCK BOOK.
"-"---s::r;:f:"sr?^--^^^
the young come
^;.^"ttlrUo~;: ...o.e deeply »u„Ue., «.d tUe, .,»« ^^o
VAIilKTIKS ()|- 1) lAliOSTIC XJUCKS.
991
of soon fallinjr hH.in.l, th., alulorninal i.mtuhoranoe 'ooinc. dovel-
1 Oiirly age. "^ ^^y^-i
. e tJio la.-gost as they are the most quiet of ducks, and seidom
.ander. W hen at, they have been n.ade to weigh nearly twenty pound^
,l>c pan- and dralces of nnio or ten weeks old have been knowu\o wei.rh
more than twelve pounds the pair. The ilesh is „u,st excellen
and^they are prohfic layers of large, rather thick-shelled, bluish-groeu
V. The Common White Duck.
This duck is too well known to need description. They are not unlike
the Ay losbury. exeept in size. Since the introduction of the larc^c
breeds, they have fallen n.to disrepute and are now seldom found pu°re
COMMON WHITE DUCK.
VI. Cayuga Black Duck.
Th?! t' T" ""T'l ^T""' ^'"''■''''^" ^"^'^' "othing positive is known.
T y have been bred about Cayuga lake. New York, for many years
They are essentially a water duck, rarely rising from the water; and so
clumsy ou land that they seldom wander far. In color they are b ack or
rat or deep brown black, with a white collar about the neck, and while-
ks on the b.-east ; the drakes usually show more white than the duck
nd the green wit on the head and neck being far more pronounced • in
fo^ he duck should have but a faint strip of green ontheLd, neck iZ
2::. 1 Z f- *''" ^"'^'''^ '''''^'' ^'^^"''^ b« ««l«^ted, since they in-
chne to breed to white. They are good layers, producing about eighty
£'■■
j)j)2 THE AMERICAN FARMEHS STOCK BOOK.
to ninety es»^ in a season when well fed. The flesh is cxceUen
andhth fllTored, and the birds hardy. The weight of the l.rd. t nx
o eiJht niontl.s old, if well fattened, is from twelve to fourteen pounds
kSO P AHKtsauii:; i-^
CAVUGA BLACK UUCKS.
per pair, and sixteen pounds has been reached. For reanng en , rely on
landrwe have not found them so good as the Rouen or Roan hu near
S.Tonds and streams there are no better or more profitable ducks.
vn. MtiBoovy Duck.
The Musk, or Brarilian duck was once regarded with great favor, and
certahdy they are both handsome and large, the drakes often woglung
eTpounds The color is a very dark, rich, blue-black pnsmat.o w.t
rZZ of which blue is a component ; there is a white bar on ea h
rrandmoreoT^^^^^^^ head and neck. Jhe feathers .„
The back onhe drake are fine and plume-like.; the legs and feet are darL
In warm climates they are said to be prolific, but our expeneuco with
hpl^ears a^o, was that they are neither hardy nor good ayers.
It'/iradn; distinguished by the red membrane surrounding the eyes
and covering the cheeks.
dd'd
or rearing entirely on
en or Roan, hut near
e profitable clucks.
with great favor, and
drakes often v/eighing
black, prismatic with
IS a white bar on each
leck. The feathers in
egs and feet are dark,
it our experience with
rdy nor good layers,
e surrounding the eyes
VAItlliTIKS OF iJOMESTIC ULCK8.
VIU. Black East Indian Ducks.
BLACK EAST INDIA DUCKS-
hardy, and their color would su.^o-est tli^^ fU.„ , ,
Mallards. Their beauty and b^rdl ' . -\"'' ''^'''^ '^^^^^^ to the
■11 ^'lut^y ana nardiness, towetlipi- whu *i, • ». .
trill recommend them to amateurs ; but for nroH tl """^' ''''
With the best of the large breeds. * ^^ ''""""^ compare
;" M
ORAT CALI. DUCKS.
IX. Call Ducks.
M*'::':,
994
TIIK AMKUICAN rAUMKU's STOCK HOOK.
aro tho Gray and the White Call duck. The Gray .s the mmiarurfi
counte pa t li the Roan or Kouen duck, and the WhUe resembles I.
AvTcZy --Pt in size and color of the bill, wh.ch m he White „U
du k L H clear yellow, while in the Aylesbury it is a tlcsh color. They
are pretty things on a lake or piece of water in ornamental ground,
Zl the colored variety is used by sportsmen as decoys for other ducks.
Vvig noted for their loud, IhriU, aud oft repeated call ; hence the
name.
VAUIKTIKH OV I..,MKST„: jncKH.
X. Othor and Rare Ducks.
W5
Among the ducks of t'l.Mrant |)l,im«<r,. |..«, i ,
duck, known all over the West • f ^ / ^lo'nosticatcd is the Wood
duck. It i« one of the nK.stb..:;tif ,':;::;:;■;;;;;?'' r ''" ^'^"''"'^
l.ancy of it. piun...... and varied elegance ' I ,. ''''"' '" '''' ''"'■
striking in the graceful phnne of ^vither f l. '"'f'"'''"^^'^""^"'^*
They are., ea.ily donu.ticated tl^M"; n'^^p "':/'■•"" ''" ''^'^^•
handled, if ahvays treated with gentlenes7 ' themselves to be
The Mandarin duck, a Chinese variety is uUn .. . • . . ,
age. hut rare, ^ ' '** '''■" '' '•""^l '»f .•^l)lendid plura-
Of the crested ducks, che Whit(* and the H|a,.I. P..1 , ,
Both are crested, the crest varying i„ i. , '^'""^ "'•e best known,
feathers, quite round. " ' "^ "'"'"•^'^ ''^''^'•"'f? '' ^^all of
Another very rare duck, the Crested duck said tn l .•
is described by Mr. Lathan, as bein. '/ ^o ^ f ^ T'" ^"'«"^'*'
indefinite description), ^^ but muciriar-!" T if ''" "''^ ^"'^k." (an
inches in length; a tuft adorns its he^;i •' , . '"'n"'"' ^^^^''tj-five
rusty-colored spots is spread over the thr< •!/ [7 ^ ''''' '"''^'"^ ^^'^h
wings, speculum blue lineath,:^^::^:t, me /rrn ''" "^^' ^ "^^'
arc black ; irides red, and all the Lt J;Z Z^ ^.^^:^'' ^"^ '^'
■(•• 'L
ARCTIC WATflS FOWL.
M
s
k
P^yRT X.
Diseases of Poultry.
HOW TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES,
TION AND CURE.
PREVEN-
«s
'4
m
11
Diseases of Poultry.
^ilaft^liMt^iEAW^tt***!*;!
^W^
CHAPTER I.
1 DIVISION OP DISFAmra ,»»,„ „
PAKALYSIS.-_v CROP m.nv^''''''' " • APOPLEXY
BKONCHITIS IX^'^IoVP-^r-V- "'AUHC^'-i'.^-"'- VERTIGO.— ,v.
XIII. INFLAMMATION OP T^I.Vr.'*^''^^ ^I. P,p _^- CATARRH viU
RHEUMATISM.— .VI. ^OV^^lAV.sY.T.r-^^^^^o'^^^^^^^
I. Division Of Diseases into Groups.
The diseases to which poultry nv. u-
Poultry lousiness; roup, a contLous S''"'' comparatively few.
dmrrhoea; catarrh; inflammation of the IZ » ' ^"^'^ ' c">P-l>ound ,
are the pnncpal ones. These and a feV^fl P^'^'^f ' ^"^ rheum.rism,
They may be divided as follows: Dise!l iTf ' r'^' ^''" ^^« ""tioed.
tem ; diseases of the digestive organs • d 1 . /'"'" ""^ '"'»-^o"« «y«-
sages ; diseases of the e,g o^an^^^ j ^^ :^::: :;;;r ^"^ "'^ ^^
n. Apoplexy.
Causes.— The cause of this disease ; • n
quarters. The l.ird may be moni„. 7,?^^ ^ «v«rfeeding and confined
trouble is not noticed until the fovvl falls . !^T ^^'^ ^""^ "^"^"y the
What to do.-The remedy is to op' n h! f ^''' '^'^''^ ^^^dly a struggle.
wing By pressing on the vein between ,1 T' "' ''' ^^'"^^ "-'- ^^^
blood wdl continue to flow until themlss e ^!T^^ ?' '''' ^^^^V' ^^e
Prevention -The prevention is plentv of '''^•
over-stimulating food. ^ ^ ^ oxercise, and abstinence from
T,,. . ™- Vertigo.
Ihis IS caused usually by strnn™ f j-
fowl runs in a circle wi[h but pall r."^, "'f '""'^ '' ^^^^^-^ The
falls and dies. ^'''''' ««"trol of the limbs, and sometimes
What to do.— When observed hr.}Au i. ,
»f cola w„to whioh wi„ »„:„;?; ^,1'^ ";"" ■" *« "W unU.,ra ,,,re.m
-».....e™j „„™„,.<fe. .,„ .,, „^^ ^^ kept j:™ :;,i"jxr'^ ■"
""**"•— "^ WMMivSw-Brf^
f
1000
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
IV. ParalyBiB.
This is also induced by the same causes as the two last mentioned dis-
eases, and is the direct effect of some disorder c^ the spinal cord. But
little can be done, when once a bird is thus attack jd.
Prevention. — Plenty of exercise, a mixed diet, and well ventilated but
dry quarters.
V. Crop-Bound.
Causes.— This is caused by irregular feeding. A hungry bird stuffs
his crop to such a degree, that the whole, when moistened, becomes a
dense impacted mass. Sometimes any large hard substance will serve as
s nucleus for the gradual gathering of other substances around it.
What to do. — The treatment is to puncture the upper part of the crop,
loosen the mass by degrees with a blunt instrument, and gradually re-
move the lump. If the incision is large, the slit may be sewed up, and
the bird kept for ten days on soft food. If in good condition, the
cheapest way is to kill the bird unless it be a valuable one.
VI. DiarrhOBs.
The symptoms are obvious.
What to do. — ^The remedy is to give something to check the purging.
Try the following:
No. 1. 5 Grains powdered chalk,
6 Grains Tiurkey rhubarb,
2 Grains Cayenne pepper.
If this does not check the discharge, give the following, until the bird
is relieved :
No. 2. 1 Grain opium,
1 Grain powdered ipecac.
Give every 5 hours, until relief is had.
VII. Catarrh.
Causes.— Damp quarters, and roosting in exposed situations.
What to do.— I" simple cold or catarrh there will be swelling of the
eyelids, a watery or other discharge from the nostrils, and the face
may be more or less swollen at the sides.
What to do.— Remove to comfortable quarters, and give warm food,
liberally dusted with pepper. This will usually effect a cure.
VUI. BronchitiB.
Causes.— BronchUis results when the effects of a cold expend them-
selves in the lungs and air passages. ^
^Ttm^.^ ,. 'M.,M«II.J.maju_..
3K.
last mentioned diu-
e spinal cord. But
I well ventilated but
hungry bird stuffs
oistened, becomes a
ibstanco will serve as
ices around it.
>per part of the crop,
I, and gradually re-
y be sewed up, and
good condition, the
le one.
check the purging.
owing, until the bird
I situations.
II be swelling of the
3strils, and the face
md give warm food,
ict a cure.
Howtoknowlt.-Tl,o. ;|ih„, ^
and « more or less „ffa„„ ,„,^,° '""i^' » «!»!"« of Ihe head to breathe,
Wl.rtt.do.-I„ severe „.«, give the foUowin,.
No. 3.
1 Grain calomel,
H Grain tartar emetic.
following : "^'•ax ' -il^o, let the fowl.s drink of the
No. 4.
3| Ounce chloride of potassium,
2 Quarts soft water.
I cold expend them- H ""ce and hxiw ihorii
This disease is sometimes called croup
Ppeventlves.--Good ventilation i ^;-
vent.Iat.on, cleanl.ness, u„d i,r„pe,. eare.
IX. Houp.
H«:^trtr:;:,:r;:r:(:: -«- ^ow„ ,h„,.,d he e^^er
better, remove the well „„es to „Z, ° ""^ °"'"= "■=" »'>«»• Or
complete ; otherwUe the entirl floe kt , reTt-" *'''"""''°" »>-'^
" 7 "' '"« ■"-' fatal pe,«„i„;,; 1,; trv "•, "'° "'^o"-- "
and promptly taken, ° ''' ""<• ""'ion should he decisive
Howtoknowlf.— The symntom, „, « .
catarrh; but the discharge fr"m the not l"' "''° '""' "■»« "' severe
peculiar and offensive odor. Xh "?• ' '-' "''''' °'"""'°' ""'' <"^
r; ''!"')"-". «"d often reys:!e",t''T '"r' ""'™« »' 'he
*« faee hecome much swollen, an7 th T.^:^^' SlvT"' ' "'"''"-'
<"es. "i^" rap.dly loses stiength and
What to do.— The fowls iiiusf fi„vo 7
stimulating food. Give, as soon as .,f 7', T? ^"'^^•'«' ""^ «"ft and
spoonful, or for a large fowl, a tL'J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - -"all fo.I, a te^
should be syri..ged, by in,er i,./a m '"'*"'' "''' T''« "o«tril«
^.e mouth, with oneVrt o^chloHd" Jl' T '/ "" ^''* "^ ^'^ '^^ «'
Three or four hours after the oil "be " '^ '"" ^''"^^ "^ -^-.
"-g^eo thirty doses .e one. ^'7^^;::^^:^^^ ^he fo.
>i Ounce balsam copaiba, '
H Ounce liquorice powder
>^ Drachm pipcrine. '
-CGJi.ul J vu,, ^"^ fo^^'ls co.itinuo to get wnrs<=, kil' -it
^' .
" — =i«ii ^ M>, I
( i(J
1002
THE AMEIMCAX I'AUMER's STOCK BOOK.
^
''^.
y/-^
/
•**«*».-.
X. Oapes.
This is caused by parasitic worms {Sclerostoma syngamus) in the
wind-pipe, and occurs usually in chickens from
two to four months of age. It has been said to
be produced from a small, tick-like parasite, lodjcid
on the heads of the chickens. If a case occurs,
examine the chickens with a pocket lens, and if
the parasites are found, destroy them with the fol-
lowing, which is good, also, for hen lice :
jfo_ 6, 1 Ounce mercurial ointment,
1 Ounce lard oil,
1^ Ounce flowers of sulpliur,
}^ Ounce crude petroleum.
Mix, ly melting in a Avarm bath, and apply
when just warm.
j-T^ To cure ithe gapes, strip a small quill feather to
4m'«)Ul inch'of the end ; dip H in spirits of turpentine, and insert
•;^^:!^^ce, and withdraw it. If rcHef is not ha^ ^peat tl.
operaticm agaiuL next day. Give warm she ter, good soft food, well,
mixed with a tittk black pepper, and skim-radk to druik.
- i * XI. Pip.
This is not a disease but the result of another disease. It is the forma,
lion of a scale or crust at the tip of the tongue ^^ . , , ,
What to do -Remove the incrustation, wash with chloride of soda,
and if the nostrils are stopped, inject as advised for roup ; if the fowl .s
very much ailing, give a tcaspoonful of castor oil.
GAPE WORM.
«, iiiiTmir WM f tnlarged.
XII. Consumption.
This is a rare disease among fowls that are kept on the farm.
It is
is .
''■;,■
This Id a rare uisciioo ...... .n -- - ^ j. .. j
gradual wasting away, with cough and the throwing out of ma tor, and
f the result of too close confinement in damp unhealthy quai^.rs.
often becomes hereditary in fowls so kept, and ,f you are unfortum e
enou^^h to have got such fowls from some breeder of pure-bred fowls,
who was not attentive to his stock, kill them, since it is worse than use-
less to breed from them.
Xni. Inflammation ol the Egg Passage.
Houi tn know It -The indications of this disease, rare in fowls kept on
,."?'!:!'' :" !1 fallows : If the inflammation is at the lower end of the
passagcTihe'egg is without shell; if the -iflammation i^u the niuidie
m bath, and apply
xse. It is the forma-
^ ^^ --r> TBEATMBXT OK SICK row.e.
portion, the membrane is missha.,Pn
sage 1^ inflamed the yolk is passeroVwiS'''^^ if the whole ,^
The laying of soft shelled eorjs is 17^, ^^ ""^"''"'g-
may be the effects of being driv!„L't '"T'' '* 'nflan^mation. it
he sy.stem to form the shell. I m-^Z " "'°* ^^ ^''"^ "^terial 1
the feathers, especially over the ;:f "7*'"" ^5.^^^ will be fever, and
""P;;^;-^ at times will strain totirj^^^^^^^^ The hen will be
Whatto do.-The proper remedy i^ ol;e tLT r'^" °' ^'^ ^^^^^^
Ko. 7. 1 r, . »"^^ tne lollowinff ;
1 Gram calomel. ® •
1-12 Grain tartar emetic.
To be given in a little gelatine
Keep the hen afterwards, for som^H
t-ng food. As a rule the cLeap::t ^aru;!:!"":!:'"^ '"* ""^ »«-"'-
fowl. ,s. If the difficulty returns, to Jl trff^vi: "'' "' ^ ^^^"^'^'«
^.. . ,. ^^^- ^«« Weakness,
ims 18 a disease of youncr fnwia .q
rather than of pullets. Th^ bird seomsTnablf t""'"^ "' ^«""«^ -^l->
constantly sinks down. The large I" tic 'w," '"^^"' ^*^ "^'S'^^' «"d
The remedy is nourishing diet, u^th .d """^ """'^ «»'^i««fc to it
• food. The grain should" be cr^d ^1^"^^^" '^^ ^^^^ - --ai
meal, and if from three to eight carats nf' T""" ""^'"^^^ ««• barley
it will greatly assist as a ton,: '^ ^ "''■"^^ "^ '^«« be daily given!
XV. Rhemnatism.
Causes.— This is a disease arkinrr f.
badly ventilated. Another ca^ ftl '"0";: .' '^'"^ ^"^^*-«' ^ ^^ose
wet ni the early season. Cramn is nrn!i ^ '"""'"» '» t^e dew or
can be done, once they are aCted ' "' '^ '"^^ ^^'^ -— LittI
Preventlon.-The prevention is obvious ' r , ,
quarters, and plenty of nutritious and laried f^od ' ""'" ''"'""*^**
„, ^^^- Po'iltiT Lousiness.
Ihere would seem to be little need for th.
If care were taken, and if new fo s i It rod. T"'"'''' '' *^'« "»-«»-.
"lens; for the parasites are very m^ute T.""' '''^' ^"^"'"^^ -'th
larger than the "hen spider" so called 1 u , '"'"'"''" ^^^ l«^«e, is
What to dc-The first mayltLT^V' '''""^' "^^^^«««P'«-
andnestswithScotchsnuff offlowt? ^1'^ 'P^'"'^''""-- ^^e breeders
tliree days. '^*"^' "^ sulphur, at intervals of two or
^he hen spider is more difficult to .vt.^i^,,. ^,
SV-'
iil
, f
..«■:;!> it-t;!
^4 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
crevice to be bo iaf ested that only the most rigid means could extermi-
nate them. This was by the application of flowers of sulphm, moistened
with kerosene, applied to the roots of the manes and t.uls of the horse«,
and a thorough application to the fowls themselves lu addition every
part of the building must be thoroughly cleansed and washed, and everj^
Lrface, crack and crevice filled with Ume, slacked with ammomaeal
liquor from the gas w >rks ; or in place of this use a httle carbolic acid
Jth ordinary lime wash. Wash, also, all the furniture, perches, nests,
etc., with a solution of one pound of potash, to a quart of water or the
ammoniacal water of a gas factory. Then put m plenty of dust baths,
and the difficulty will probably be ended.
■'1
!5
ens could exterml-
' sulphur, moistened
tails of the horses,
In addition, every
washed, and every
d with ammoniaeal
little carbolic acid
ture, perches, nests,
art of water, or the
enty of dust baths.
s
PART XL
DOGS.
HISTOBY. MANAGEMBNTAKDCHAKAOT.BISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS BBEEDS.
DOGS.
CHAPTER r.
DOGS Airo THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS.
t SOMETHINO OP DOO HISTORY
PECULIARIT.KS OP DoT" vl? ^*^'« VI. GFSrATmv^'"'"'' "^^ ^'*N V.
THE.B mvKRsiPiKn cua:;;^;;,"- "^'"^ ^Hmcip/rv'Iirxu!; r S— V]'
r, ' , ^' ^°'°«*^i°«°f Dog History.
chase as to give warning to the c,u„» o 't l"" """ ""*^ ^« "^^'^ - ^he
notw,thstandingthe brutality of thoi^tr^^^^^^^^^^^ of danger. And.
the sumo relmnt attachment to their m-^l ' '' ^^«'' "^ ravages evinee
■t en- will, as those of more inte J ,1^; ,d ' -1" ' ''^ ^""'^ ^"''^■•^•^■on to
that solf-reliant character. inteH i^e n of 7 "'^ ^""'^^« = '^"^ ^hey lack
apt.tude to anticipate eve;y wanS . ''*'""' ^'^'■*'^^"' ^^df-leniaf .nd
better educated dogs of en^ Lip ri""'^"' '''' «^« ^'"P-ed d
e-vage and those of seffish or bS ^ar"' ^" ^-^' ^h« ^ogs of
treated ones, all prove conclusivel/tha" t ! "' •^■""""''^d ^^^h better
™f ' ^"^f * pretty good index to ti charity f u '""^^'^^ ^^^at he is
wi 1 partake of hi^ master's sava^ v t "^ '^' '""^^ter. The do.,
-d dishonesty, as he wi|, of I^/^^ 2:Z:' "^"^'""^' ^«P1-'^--
human kmd. These qualities, as fn men m J ' T^''''' '^''' ^^^^^te
ened through successive gene ations o ih ' '"^'■'^^^' ""^ strength-
«"«cessive generations of inteL'%ent;a"e.'''"'^ be bred out through
Th.. u, °' ^^^^^^^''^^C^^^^^oationofDogs.
Ihe dog belongs to that division nf • ,
'«^fe6m^e.,thatilhavin:f;;T "' ^"""^>« known to natur..li.t<, as
_ „ back^bc^e extending backwards from'th"
1008
THE AMEUICAN FAKMEB's HTOCK UOOK.
skull; tho class, mammalia, suoldiwjf its young; wnj/wiVa^rt, having its
extromitios armed with claws or nails ; tho order digifujradcs, \nwima
they walk on their toes. Tho}>;enus is named canis, and includes the wi.lf ,
jackall and fox ; but althou«rh there is a general resemblance of form be-
tween all these animals, there is little else in common between th.^ dog
and the other animals of the genus. As with the horse, the ox and the
sheep, th«» *«ruly wild species is extinct, if indeed either of tliese auimab
'« AN,, riiKm r,urum:.a«Tic«
, . I0(>J»
^nc «o-c,,ii,,i wiij-,;: ■'"■'' ''?■'■ '"■"'I •'"■1 iii,i ;.<|"','; y" ■":'■"'"■" '■■""'
tha.. .i.at of , ' '1;: "? 'c".""' "' f ' ■ , ar;;;'!',! """r-
tt-rprogc,,^ f, .aid ^ ^ ,^„,!;° »"" a„U ,l„g „„, ,„,, „,„„.J,^'-;,;;
In ™o „„,,, „, ,, ™' °°"""°'' ^"^ "»«•
^11 lies ot (Tfi-manv. Ifilv u •
esseiitiiiUv wild, no f.,.. . . ^' ^'""" ""d Tuvkov t\
- •!• "'n Indi.: h';';:j';f '"™-"'". - ^lylZ^'""
Parial,, ,l,« wild .1„„ „;""'? '"'""» "f tl,on,, ,„ wl.l.L , ro'7 ""■
IV. Tlie Dog 88 a Companion of ]vra„
. The horse, the elephant and the rJ
instances, simply submit f« ■'"« ^^^o first, unless in vorv „^ '"^ ^^^^
«« of the „«,e,, ,;, r^^'"^; -">" to o„™™„d,, r„ ;*I„:t'
' ' "J "'s t^iire, onr wJll »,• i *^ ' ""r home is hio
-•declL.he s th '""^''^"'" ^^^"-^«*J' "r wheh rilT '" ^"^^ P««^-
diking voubl".f,^.^7« r^^^'«"«' P-instakit T r ''^'•^^""y Pro-
sittS'^.^ ^f age, evincing ^y' 1^ t^^^f "*!;
K aj. the ,o.e S. ;h^rdt; ^ "1^ '^ ^'"-ends aSl rn"d^
^^ord. or the poet Burns : ..gee how'i""! "^ ^'' "'^*^'- "'"^ '-
'low the dog worships his master J
1010
TfcE AMISttl^AN FAUMER'S HTOCK lit
wNbb *bat revet *nce he crouch'^, at his feet, with whiv' rcvcrvnco ho
h>ok4, ufp t(. him, SN h what delight ho fawns upon h:.u, iuid with what
«b«l«rful alacrity hu oheys hiin." Or, mt Bymii expressed it :
"But th(^ poor dog, In llfft the ftrmesi frknd,
The first lo 'welcome, (ortiinosl to il< feiiil,
W hose honest h'nirt ka atUl his tuiiKK-r'sown.
Who lattora, ttghtii, llvoa, It^-fiathes tor him iilone."
The dog wu ^ the siimo h» ancient times. The ancient poets give tcstj.
mony of his incorruptil)le fidelity and lasting affection for his muster.
Thus Homer in the "Odyssey" has imniortuli/.od the aged dogAru'us;
wlien all others had forgotten the retui-ning hero, Ulysses, the King in
the disguise of a beggar at length coming to his palace, was recognized
by none, even an old servant of the house, but—
•'Argus the dog, hla ancient master knew;
And, not unconclons o£ his voice and tread,
Lifts to the sound" hla ears, and rears bis head.
He knew hla lord— he knew and strove to meet;
In vain he strove to crawl and lick his feet;
Yet all he could, his tall, his cars, his eyes.
Salute his master and confess his joys."
Cuvier, the groat naturalist, avers that the dog exhibits the most c -m-
plcto conquest man has ever made. Whether the master be rich or poor,
each individual dog adopts his manners, distinguishes his voice, defends
his goods, and remains attached to him even unto death ; all this springs
not from necessity or constraint, but ari.iea simply from gratitude and
true friendship.
The dog is the only animal that has followed man all over the earth;
he 18 the only animal capable of becoming man's ally against other an!
mals, and is hence an imperative necessity in the establishment of society
He is a most valuable ally by reason of his swiftness, acute sense of smell,
his great strenj'-'^h, wonderful courage and unswerving fidelity to his ma.i'
ter, which neither the threats nor blandishments of others can overcome.
Henco. the dog may be considered one of the first and most important
factors in civilization ; he guards the flocks of the barbarian, the homo of
the more civilized, and among enlightened people, becomes n pag:i' ious
and unswerving friend ; performing dutii ^ for the shepherd, the drover.
the sportsman, und about the home, that could not be compi^i\'it oyaiy
other means.
V. Charaoteristios ol the Gtontui Canis.
The gfc. ^al characteristics of the dog and wolf are not dissimilar; they
have the sii. f' igated nose; their dentitions, (teeth) are similar;
both deligh ' k\^nt u: packa ; their food and their digestive organs are
:i<5 fidelity to his mas-
lOll
»liko ; their poriod of r..Nf.i.i
to ...utter further, than ai.::,, /o Ml .T^ ^'l '.'^ ' ^^ C t^t ;'
Hiiffo.. th.iiks the Shepherd ,1-. h
-ought to truoo all iho^J^^^f^;^^ t,,., ,,d hu. i..g..,„,.
;evo the ,volf the c,.,-,,,.,, ,f ^j^/ f ;"' that nouree. Othe.., „|„, "", ^
1.0VOS the wolf u,.d dog to ho ,^,^^ „ J""f , a oritieal authodtv ^
re.se...hla..c... Our opi„io„ i„ tnat h d ,! " ' •'"''"'^' ^''« "'-'>' I>"i^^8 of
more s. than tl.. <nnneso u„d cTZl ^ "'^"'^« ''''"^tinct fro..a the wolf
f « "utte. of little eo..sec,ue,^r WeV'"" ."' '"^""- '^'^i.. i owlvfr
lorrn.. aud ,,0 lo... don.esticatedth.rh-", I''" ^">^ '» '^« varied uS
~t tenn. of reproadlr^r >' r. ^--J-. appli..d to ,: l^
h« dog as at the head of the a ^n.-U , """ *'"^'"»'»t-«<^ ^i^htl/reZ
honesty and faithful devotion. "' '^'"^'^"™ "» respect to inteiligeC
T,, ^- °««ta"oQ of the Dog
.a.: E:;^L:L:;;^jt;^f «^7'^^^--ohearyoun. .two
rcopu at.o„,searljin the spring or ll in • ! "'"'' ^"^"''^'^le «oaso„
f gestafon is sixty days, the shor^! /V'- "*''"' ""^ ^^^ average perod
longest period sixty-three^dLy! '''"' '""»" «%-five days.^nT^U
.... '^^ ^®°"«artties of DoM
*te , anotter peculiarity i, tha the „ ° '"'"y «P- i' " g^«erZ
A i,.t Ti .. •'" •^*'''"> in the up.
A late English writer Po^ .
'""^-S j„- i'lairie-wolf with fj. ^ '6""''»nce or the
^o't with the dog. and in speaking
i* !
JQJ2 THK AMERICAN FAliMEU'S STOCK BOOK.
Of the troops of wild dogs, obeying the voice of no owner, in the South-west.
It is however, not further out of the way than the assertion of unoth.r
writer who stated that all the wild animals of America, had "short tails ;'
this latter assertion was in the last century, but Mr. Pardon's tc.ti.i.ony
is of recent date. He says : . . . j • ^i
"In the extreme western districts of North America, and even in the
neighborhood of towns in the South-west, troops of dogs, obeying the
voice of no owner, and living upon such game as they can catch or prey-
ing upon the carcasses of any animals that have happened to d.o on the
PAIR or GREYHOUNDS.
road, or in the woods, wander about lawlessly, and disturb the quiet
ni.rht with their howls. In the far West these wild dogs arc known as
prairie-wolves, but if caught when quite young, they arc easily tamed."
The fact is, that the prairie-wolf is no more easily tamed than the large
gray wolf, o; the fox, and not nearly so easily domesticated as fne black
bear, or its diminutive relative, the racoon. Neither are they dog-like m
ahy sense, but are essentially wolves, and unlike the fox, do not seek the
habitations of man, nor increase with the settlement of a country, as
do foxes.
Ti.» dog t,i,« r"i i,'r;!„fr"' ''"'""' °' ''»««•
'■ Bngs lmvi„„ „,„ ,„ . , ' Wlowuig
• -l^"^ Class comprises the
POINTEK AND SKTTER,
^- All that class not-ihlo no i •
!■ I
1014
THE AMEUICAN FAUMEK's STOCK BOOK.
Ac'ain, dogs muy be divided into classes in which all of the class pos-
Bess'ljeculiarities in common, intensified in special directions. Thus the
Shepherd dog, belonging to the Spaniel class, is a dog of remarkable sa-
gacity, and affectionate attachment to its master. So wonderfully liave
its special qualities been intensified by careful breeding and selection,
that the Scotch Colley has come to be regarded as a distmct breed of the
family of Spaniels to which all true Shepherd dogs belong. Next may
be taken the Mastiff and all that class of large, short-haired dogs noted
especially for their strength and determination. Among the dogs of
HEAD OF BLOODHOUND.
I
1
^rvv: *' ««i^MM||||^^^^^^^^^^Hh
1
fleetness and Staying qualities are the Greyhounds in their several vane-
ties the Deerhound, Foxhound, and Bloodhound. Then come the
Newfoundland, the Water Spaniel, the Pointer, Setter, and Poodles.
Amon^r do<-s especially used to hunt vermin (rats, mice, badgers, etc.)
are the Terriers, including the Black-and-Tan. Scotch, and Skye Terriers.
Amon<r pet dogs, of the larger class, the Dalmatian, or Spotted Coach
do- is'best known, and of the more diminutive or trumpet-dogs arc the
Blonheim Spaniel, the King Charles Spaniel, the small terriers, the Italian
- - ■ ■' imitigated miisaiitt"
Greyhound
the Poodles and Pugs— the latter as uni
all of the class pos-
rections. Thus the
Iff of remarkable sa-
50 wonderfully h:ivo
idiiig and selection,
distinct breed of the
belong. Next may
rt-haired dogs noted
^mong the dogs ot"
in their several vane-
ad. Then come the
Setter, and Poodles.
, mice, badgers, etc.)
tch,andSkye Terriers,
ian, or Spotted Coach
trumpet-dogs are tiie
lall terriers, tlie Italian
unmitigated nuisaiioe?
f'oth in temper and physic-. I infl -.• ^^'^'^
™^ ^ALMATUN OB COACl'^OG.
ills master, but dangerous to «f,.„
««<>"l«ge,a„clte„„c.ityofg,,-p. t,,^
;f Mogs „f „,e ,„g„, C^^'Z"""'"'"' "^ ''™*? '"■<h .nor. i„tel
i
r
ff'S
fl
B'
' j
^1
pr
. !■ ?
1016
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
The most common, and most diversiHod of the dog tribe arc tlu.so
kno^v n as Curs i they are of no particuhir breed, but are seenn.igly made up
of chance crosses of short-haired breeds. They '^^'^.^^y '"'"^^""^ ' . ;
destised! since they are deficient, as a rule, neither ,n affecUon, sagac.U,
courage, nor devotion to their mastorn.
dog tribe, aro tlxiso
ire secnnngly made up
l>OOS AXO TIIKIR CHAKACTERISTICS.
Their Diversified Character.
1017
No animal ever broimht under .„»„• f
diversified characters as1.as the ,::^n7 ^" -" ''- -sumed sueh
exhibitions of variation of snocios''in I "".' *''" '""*<^ ^vonderful
-tare. Yet, i„ all this wonderful v," T ""''''''' '' ''''^'^'^^
the permanent characteristics of tlie «neci t1""' \" "" departure from
color, length of hair, temper, coun'e a, d c' . '^' '''''''' ' ' *° ^«'™' «'^e.
from a scientific point of'view, W ;"'irth: "''''^^"■''"" ' ^'^^^^^
so m their attributes since the e.d est i 'T' ""'' have rcnained
give two forms- one a diminutive and hiJir; .' "'"'^trating this we
type, the si^e of which may be el i.uld b V'; ^l ''""'"'^ '' ^'^ S^^e
the other, the St. Hubert hom^ 11 •'' ''i'' "' "^^ ^'^^^^
the courage and tenacity of the Bloorlh ,'"'.'? '' '^""■^'"dorable de-ree
ness of the Deer-houndf The o^"f ;""'' ^ ''^ ^^""«"^^ ^^^^ fl-<>-
noblest of dogs of the chase. Upon 01^^^"' 7' '^'" "*'^"' «"« "^ ^^e
relegated to different species, anSvet f om'^ observation they might be
the same genus, but of the same speciesTj' '"*"'"' '''''''^' ""<^ ""'^^ «f
that of canisfammaris. moie^nay, even of the same family.
' ;; ■} I
CHAPTER II.
DOGS OP THE CHASE.
f
, lorv,.* II. TIM. INfiUSII (iliKVHOlNK. HI. THE UOUGn SCOTCH (IIJI-V-
■hOL-N1JOUI.KK1!-I!()IN1). IV. TIIK (iliKCIAN GUEYIUnND- V. TlIK I'KH-IAN
'il!FYHO-M) VI. T'lK KISSIAN GllKYllOrNU. VII. TlIK TrUKISlI (;KKV-
HOrN,) -^VIII. T11EII!ISIIM01.|.-II01NI>. IX. THE STAG-HOI NI>. X. TlIK
KOX-IIOUNI.. XI. THE BLOOI.-HOVNl). XII. THE UACUSHIND. XUI.
OTlIEll llOUNUS. XIV. THE FOX-TEUKIEU.
I. Hounds.
Under the name hound, in its original meaning, were included all dogs
of the chase, or those used by man in secinnng game. Later, the term
was restricted to dogs of the chase and field, including, of course, the
Setter and Pointer ; and it is now narrowed down to include only dogs
that follow game liy scent or sight, such as the Greyhound and its varie-
ties ; the Blood-hound, the Stag-homid, Fox-hound, the German badger-
hound ( Dachshund ^Terrier and Beagle.
II. The English Greyhound.
For beauty and grace of form, and great speed combined with a fair
amount of courage, the Greyhound has lieen famous from the earliest
historical times, and has always been a favorite with the wealthy. Up to
the time when the world became disenthralled from the despotism of
feudalism, the Greyhound was the companion of Kings and so-called
nobles. The larger and more powerful are still valuable, where large
game may be coursed. Improved fire-arms, however, have gradually
rendered this class of dogs less and less useful in the chase, and they are
now kept principallV for coursing the hare, as coursing dogs in exhibitions
of speed, and fov "their nolile appearance and beauty a: pet compan-
ions to men of wealth. -, • . j; i
Aside from its elegance, the Greyhound has little chum as a faithtiil
companion to man, since it lacks real affection as well as sagacity. Its
beauty and high breeding, however, are supposed to make up for its lack
of sense and sensibility ; and there are many instances reported from the
far past showing it to have been deficient neither in courage, sagacity nor
fidelity One notable instance is of the hound Gelert, belonging to Llew-
ellen, son-in-law to King John, in 1205. The master going to hunt could
not find his favorite Greyhound, and was obliged to depart without him-
'-* Bm 'nm m am mmKm, M4 ^. i,sim!m
lOlfi
to
me
n nouGii SCOTCH niir.Y-
TNIV V. THE I'KK.-IAN
II. THE Tl'UKIISII (iHKV-
STAG-IIOINI). X. Tin:
HE UACUSHIND. XHl.
ivere included all dogs
inie. Liiter, the term
lading, of course, the
n to include only dogs
eyhound and its vaiie-
d, tlie German badgcr-
I combined with a fair
nous from the earliest
th the wealthy. Up to
from the despotism of
f Kings and so-ciilled
. valuable, where large
iwever, have gradually
the chase, and they are
■sing dogs in exhibitions
)eauty a; pet eonipan-
ittle claim as a faithful
.s well as sagacity. Its
to make up for its lack
ances rei)orted from the
in courage, sagacity nor
lert, belonging to Llcw-
ister going to hunt could
i to depart without him.
I'OGS OK TH,, nUsK.
Returning from the ch'i"? l •
*" tbo chamhe,. „l,c,., 'lii, "'^"f •"'"■ '""'. «vo,oU >vi,l, Wood fi„i
""" 'l'»toWa„,l Woody,
IQ20 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
quietly sleeping bcneuth the bloody clothing, and a gam>t wolf lying dcud
close i.y, sL^'ng that tho faithful hound had remamed at home to ,no-
tect and save tl>e life of tho young heir of the Welsh prmcipahty. Iho
story is somewhat poetical, but it is good enough to bo true
The English Greyhound is the finest of the Greyhounds of to-day.
Elegant in shape, possessing high breeding, good coumge fair sagao.ty
andVctability, they are now kept principally in the United States for
their beauty and swiftness on the eourse, and for hunting hares and rab-
bits. The illustration will give a good idea of the faner specimens.
That this dog, 400 years ago, possessed the highest c aractensticsof the
best dogs of to-day is shown by the rhymes of Wynken de W. "de, printer
and poet, 1496, oi* at least attributed to him. They are as follows :
Headed )yke a snake.
Neekyed lyke a drake,
Footed lyke a catte,
Tayled lyke a ratte,
Syded lyke a teme
And chyned lyke a bream.
If bv "teme" we understand deep sided, and by "bream," we under-
stand that it had a strong, broad back and loin, we have the countorpurt
of the best dog of to-day, remembering always that the poet s license has
exa^crerated aU the points ; with this exception the rhymes will desmbe
the smooth Greyhound, which was a dog of Kings and nobles, m Bnta.n
so long ago as the days of Canute. The most fashionable colors now are
black, or maltese (bluish lead-color), though , )od dogs are sh.>wn of red
fawn, brindled .nd white as well as black or maltese ; dogs with a tinge of
gray about the jaws are especially good.
in. The Rough Scotch Greyhound or Deer-hound.
This is one of the noblest and most valuable of the Greyhounds, but
now, like the famous Irish Greyhound, almost extinct_in fact absolute y
soTn its purity. The modern Scotch Greyhound is a cross betweou the
moo h Greyhound and the old Rough Scotch Deer-hound It is a large.
dort^an the pure Greyhound, reaching a height of 28.nches, .nl a g^^^^^^
of 32 and weighing in working condition over 80 pounds. The c„l<. is
red or f awn wilh Wack muzzle. They have speed sufficient to rc.ch a
deerTand a brace of the best of them the strength to pull one down.
They have, also, courage, sagacity and docility.
iv. The Grecian Qreyhoimd.
This is an elegant dog.' smaller tnan the English Greyhound ; the hair
rather long, somewhat wavy; the tail having a thin brush of .u. , the
DOGS OF THE CHASE.
legs also slightly feathered ; the ear pendulous • t.
^gent. Ic ,s supposed to have been de cr<' T''' '^'^ ""^ "'t^'"
Greeks and Romans. descended from the hound of the
V. The Persian Greyhound.
This is a dog of wreat eleo'-iuc
but large enough for coursing, and'LeeSi ' ''" .^/^'''*' "** *'^^ It''>>'"^
for courting the antelope and iZr^t:^:'^ ' ^\ ^ -^ i" Persia
inches, -the ears are pendulous and silky Lired '! '•, ?' ^^^'^"ty-four
havmg been compared to that of a s.Uv h'^, ?.^''"' •^'''^>'^^''"^«d.
body, however, is smooth. ' ''"""^' ^^t^^'' ? the hair of the
VI. The Russian Greyhound.
This dog, like the Deer-hound hunt« i».
is swift and stout, and fairly o^rt of 'T "' "^'" '^^ ^>^ ^^'^'h^" He
the wolf, the wild boar, oriarwLn 1' T '" '""'''^'''^ ^ '"'^tch for
In height he is about 26 or 27 LI " c^u. Tt "" '^""'^^ '" P-^-
ovorat the tips; the hair not Ion. W ft I If ' P'-'^^^^, but turned
like, and with a spiral twist. The' olo of H '"'"' '''' '''' ^^S' ^--
and gray. "'"'' ''^'"'^ «f the anunal is dark brown
Vn. The Turkish Greyhound.
This dog is described as bein^ sm.>ll „i ...
even in Turkey, and probably Sel d^" '"''"^' '^"^ ^"^^^ --
cal use. "^ -^ ' ''"^^^''' «'ther as a pet or for any practi-
Vm. The Irish Wolf-hound
hound, as it existed 200 vear lo "'; bo't T ""'' '"=' ^ ^^^ ^-y
combined with great strength fleetnes?^ " "' * ^^P^ "^ «J«^'">oe,
thefatherof E^Wish horf i:^l-:::f; ;^;^ ^^^^^^^^^ Evelyn,'
tbe savage scenes of the bear garden T' ItI ^kT/^^' ^^ '''""§
^nglv well, but the Irish wolf-do<. e^c'eed d " w . ""^"^* ^"^ ^'^'^-^d"
a stately creature, and did beat a%rue nnt'iff ' r"'' '• '"" ^''^^ho-^d'
rary of Evelyn describes them a^ Grpvh ^ Campion, a contempo-
Goldsmith relates that he knew ;I!T:' "' !• "' '""^ ^"^ '"'b.
- "ow to be no thoroughly pure^l^r ^ ^ S^ brl^^ ^^
IX. The Stag-hound..
1022
TIIK AMKUICAN 1 ARMEU's STOCK BOOK.
mind when ho described the hounds cf Theseus in "Midsuuuuer ^'ight•..
Druani."
"My hounds are bred out of the Spiirliiii liift-d
80 flewpd* HO sandi'dt ; luid their houds are Jiuujj
With oars that sweep away the uioniing dew,
(Jroi)k-kneed and dewhipi>edi like Thessallaii hull;
Slow ill pursuit, hut inatehed in mouth like hells,
Eaeh under each. A cry more tunahle
Was never huUo'd to, uor cheered with horn."
It is related of this niiij;nilifent dog, that in a hunt, the pack bciiiLr iit
fault, two dogs took up the chase, and ran the deer from Kingiiekl park
in Northumberland to Annau in Scotland and back, a distance ..f uunv,
than 100 miles. In returning, the deer leaped the wall of the i)iuk from
which he started, and died. One of the hounds pursued to the wall, imd
expired, unable to leap the })arrier, and the other hound was found dca.'
from exhaustion a short distance in the rear. In 1482, a deer was p;u'-
sucd fifty miles across the country in foiu- hours, by a pack of tlicsi
hoimds without a break; the severity of the piu-suit may bo understood
from the fact that nearly twenty horses died in the chase : but, again, later
civilization has rendered these hounds of little practical value.
X. The Fox-hound.
The modern Fox-hound was produced by a cross betw. en the old Eng-
lish hound and the Greyhound. They combine courage, stoutness hikI
fleetncss, with great power of scent, and like all dogs that hunt in packs,
they give tongue as it is called, (cry out) when on the scent. If the dog,
when he finds, is not quite sure, the note is given undecidedly and at in-
tervals ; the scent being sure the dog runs open-mouthed, in full ci V, and
all the other dogs rush immediately to the call, and the whole pack are
in full, united cry. There are few more exciting scenes than a pack of
hounds in pursuit, giving tongue, with a party of horsemen cheering tlieni
on. In England, fox-hunting is the national sport of the wealthy, and \n
the South °it is keenly followed by many of those whose wealth allows
them to keep hounds, and participate in the sport. As a guide to tiiosc
who may fancy these dogs, the following condensation from the National
(Eno-llsh) Dog Club B«K)k of Points will be interesting: The head should
be lioht, very sensible, and at the same time full of dignity ; with a cer-
tain amount of chap, and the forehead a little wrinkled; the neck long
and clean, with no approach to dewlap or cravat ; the ears set low and he
♦NoTE.-Flewed: deep mouthed, Flews are hanging chops, giving the i)ecali:ir
appearance to the heads of the hounds.
t Sanded : sjji-ekled ; of a. pandy coin: ,
X Dewlap : the loose hanging skin of the neck.
OK.
Midsummer Night"
lit, tlio park hciiiLT iit
fn<in Kiujrlioltl park
k, II distanci' of iimn;
wall of tlio park fidiii
i-suod to the wsill, ami
loimd Wi\H found di^K'
14H2, a door was pia-
, hy a pack of tlicst
lit may l)o uiidi'islood
Imsc : l)ut, again, lator
ioal value.
betwv eu the old Eiig-
!ourago, stoutness and
>gs that hunt in psuk^,
the scent. If the dcig,
xndocidedly and at iii-
uthed, ill full eiV, and
iiid the whole pack are
; scenes than a ])!ick of
orscmcn choeriiiji; tliciii
of the wealthy, and in
se whose wealth allows
;. As u guide to those
ition from the Nationii!
sting : The head siionld
)f dignity ; with a eei-
•inkled ; the neck long
the ears sot low and lie
chops, giving tho pceiiliiir
oous or TiiK vinsK.
close to tho head ; the .shoul,},.,.- i ,, '^"'^
pasterns or ankles mnof u i
"r-"- '-* ™r. ::^ :s;-;» -^ -f^'u «■.•..,..,. „„,.,„. .
«ach toe shnnU K„ ...... '■"" ' "'It than aivii,.,! . tK.. .i:..- . , '^
tuc should be just
"1 arched ; the a
apparent; the sole of the foot ha
•vision between
I'd and indurated.
ah
1^^^
|()24 THE AMEUirAN FAUMEU'h HTOCK HOOK.
The back of the Fox-hound should hv straight, wide and mu8cuhir : tiic
loins strong and scjuure ; the batk rihs di'i'i), and the hind <iuaiter,s pow-
erful. The tail should he carried gaily, hut not hooped, nor feathered at
In color, the Fox-hound should, for choice, bo black, white, and tan.
When the colors blend, the aninuil is said to be pied. The best pie < ,.!-
ors are hare, badger, red and yellow. The coat should bo dense, snio-.tl,
and glossy.
XI. The Bloodhound.
' Of all dogs which hunt by scent, the Bloodhound is the most cxtruor-
dinary for Ill's power of following the trail upon which he is put, (■...ii-
biniiK' marvelous power of scent, persistent determination-however the
track^may have been crossed apd recrossed— courage nmountmg almost
to ferocity in the attack, but at the same time when pure, unequalled in
faithfulness, gentleness and affection to his master and friends, 'llio
breed in its purity is rare, they generally being crossed with the Ikill-.log
to render them ferocious. It is one of the oldest of English-bred do^'s,
and has been known as the Sleuth-hound, the Leash-hound, the hloulh
and the Slu."'-hound,but while bearing the general characteristics of the
old En-lish°or Talbot hound, it is undoubtedly distinct. When kept
chained he is moroso and ferocious, as indeed all dogs are, more or loss,
and at all times he is inclined to be touchy and savage, andneverM.il
permit the approaches of strangers. His height will range from 24 to
30 inches at the shoulder. The color a reddish tan, darkmg towards
the head and back, and quite free from white on tho face or white
patches ; but if the brown of the body be flecked with white, it is consid-
ered -ood. In the best type of the English Bloodhound, the coat should
be close, silkv, short, and strong; the forehead long and narrow ; the
eyes deep and sunken, but expressive, and plainly showing the /.«m or
third eyelid, which gives a peculiar look of redness to the eyes. Ihe
ears should be lo.g, thin, and pendant, hanging straight down the sides
of the face; if they rise when the dog is excited it shows that there is
cross blood in him. The face and upper jaw, to the nose shmdd he nar-
row, the nose itself large and black, or nearly black, the lips or tl.ws
should be long, thin, and pendulous. In a perfect Blood-hound the ears
and the flews are long enough to touch each other when brought un
the chin. The neck should be long and strong ^^e shou ders and
legs straight and powerful, the feet compact and close at the toes, . lich
.houldbe well split. The skin of the throat should be loose and wrinkle ,
or what the huntsmen call throaty. Tho back and loins should bo hn.d^
""^ • - and the tail well set on and
the chest deep and full, the stern taper
iUg,
»>OOg OF Till.
AMC.
3 and muscular -. tlic
hind (lUiutcrs pow-
ed, nor foallKn-cd iit
ick, white, and tan.
. Tho best pio <o|.
Id bo dense, Hninotli
is the most cxtnior-
I'.ich ho is put, com-
iiution — however the
'0 amounting almost
pure, unecjualled in
r and friends. Tiin
icd with the Bull-dog
f English-bred dogs,
vage, and never will
rill range from 24 to
tan, darking towurds
•n tho faee or Avhite
th white, it is consid-
>und, the coat should
ong and narrow ; tlie
f showing the haw or
ss to the eyes. The
raight down the sides
it shows that there is
enosc, should be nar-
aok, the lips or lUws
Blood-hound tlio ciiis
• when brought under
:he shoulders and fore
lose at the toes, which
be loose and wrinkled,
loins should be broiul,
he tail well set on mid
carried in a grarofnl „pward nu-ve m , • • .
'» l'>"'^i'it, H full, doop, „.,||ow and , ' ' *"7'." '''' ""'* ^"""'-ous, and
give a faithful idea of' tho p,.,: E 1 ' r" " '• . '"'" '"^•^^'■'^^-" -"'
' "'■'' "'"'"""""Hi, now unhappily. , are
1025
and
from having been so much crossed with .fl
instiiKtofthe Bloodhound uI, ^'""' '^'^^'"^^^ ^'ogs
foMruoUin. f^lJl: ' .^ I'es simply m one direction, and h
felons and other
•nminals, they are of but litle
b"- Yet the
ence.
except
use.
102G
TUK AMEUICAN KAUMEll'S HTOCK BOOK.
XII. The Daohshimd.
The German Badger hound, Dachshnnd, incorrectly called Dashound,
is one of the most valnablo of dogs for hunting badger, raccoon, a.d
other animals of that class. For foxes, in a country where the hunter
waits at a run for a shot, they are of great value, being sure of sc.-nt,
slow in pursuit, and the most persistent of dogs m foUowmg. In the
United States they are rare, and in Europe are seldom found except
in the kennels of the wealthy. Wo think that in the South this breed
should be of great value for hunting foxes, and as genera farm dojrs,
since it is a.rreeuble, cheerful, of consummate courage, and devoted to the
THE DACHSnUNU.
master and family. The Germans have a proverb that where a Dach.
Bhund fastens he holds-" Wo ein Dachshund fangt er halt.
The dogs will weigh about 20 pounds ; the hair is short and modeiately
hard, and the skin remarkable for its thicknes. as well as for its ehi.t.c-
ity, o that when seized in fighting, the dog can turn and also sei.o his
adversary by the throat or fore leg. The prevailing colors are black
wth tan markings; brown, with tawny markings; fallow red aiu gray.
with blue'r biwn flocks. The engraving is a faithful represeutut.ou of
this sturdy («)uie would call him homely) and valuable dog.
DOGS OF TUB CIUSE.
Xni. Other Hounds.
The other hounds that nriv 1.
and the Ottor-hound. TUo' IlJ^^'T'^ T^ ''" ''''''^''' ^^e Beagle
s-IIer AcrossoftheGro,,:: rupoTh 's ^If '^^"^■^-^^' ^^^^
produce bred again to the Southern ZTd '^,^''^'''^ '^"""d. and this
huntnig hares-fc,r the wild animal Me c"n r , v'"^' '" '''^''"''"' ^«^f«r
dog IS now quite rare in EnHand 'i.ul V ' '"* '^ '"^ t™« h«ire. This
The Beagle.-The true Se!^ ':';T"V;''''""'" '" ^----
They may bo called small and 5oli'cate hound i''"' "" '''""^^* ^'-^^'-t-
inches down to less than ten inches in he t ' T^ '"r ''"'^'"« ^'•"'" '^
%h.ingwith each otter. The' tedolC: ':'"= ""''"" " -'""» »-h
m.™ and can e„dure cold waL-wcH Add d T ° "™"'' S""" ""'>
H-.thcha.,-.h.dcj.hed,;;rirhito,.,,,,,„.;
By . ...a™ rated „,,,t:;;: ';*"'■''■
Be.ra„ jM.f,a"X; ,,!.';:;';•"' ■'™
la .catlerM „,Ue„ „„„,„ ,„',„,
. XIV. The Fox-terrier.
to »vo,v pack „, hounds Th£ « 1„?h T*""!,"^ '''"" "^ "" -'•">!<»
a.y» th. hunting pace i, to,. tatZ ",*° tt ","" ''™"*- ^'<'-'-
tero, he still held a place, and he i, L V/ "^^'i-ess ceased
Jo«..g men of leisure Their weW,t ■ ■ 7 - - """"P""™ for
htaadnarro^betweentho^^rtt V , '"'""*• '''"•' '"""' >'
«'.; tl,e ears are set rathcrK,d"„rT "■; '" "'"' ''*"'°" ^e
-II ...d thin ; the j„,v is st^m-' ™„„r? "'r '". "'" "'"'"''■ ""'' »"
feetl^. „,„'. -. " •• - »' ^'"ooth, level, and nrrr^,! „.:i.i- 4.
■ ■■• >>- »ua„. „,acu and keen, „„se ««eh,sh„„,der;«gh.. cZlf
m
JQ28 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
full and round but not deep; neck light and rising finely from llu-
shoulder ; back straight, and thighs well bent and powerful. The .'ol..,'
is white, with black, black and tan, or with tan markings about theh.'iui.
The tail is short, and the limbs straight and strong. The coat should Do
fine but hard, and not at all inclined to silkiness. The cut will givo i
<rood idea of this intelligent and really handsome and useful dog.
FOX-TEBBIEB.
CHAPTER III.
SPORTING OR FIELD DOGS.
I- The Pointer.
All dog« u.sncl,„«el,l, sports, for Hmli,,..- bin],
tnevin. game, when slu,t, and also tl.o XW ^
and nnu,y of tin, lo..g.hai,.o.l I.ousoU /""""";'' *'" ^'^^ ^^--"-d.
The Po,„ter soo.ns farther ron.,ved f 1 T'*^ "' *''« ^^l'""i"l da.ss
yet he belongs to this class. Ho has h "'''" '''"" ""-^ "'''-- und
tlio field dogs, is exeeediM..Iv staunch h ,'"'"' '''""*" ^^^"^ "^ - 7
feet arc not strong enougi. to^ ,U r^^^"'-'' »>»tin the Wesf,
g.'asses All sporting dog^take nai ^ ,::!;! f"!""'^ "^ ^''" -■-'
,.anKM.ut to „,ake then, perfect and Hi hi tl 1 '■"" '"'"^''"-^-'^
careful and com|)lete. "'"''"' ^lioir .'ducation must he
Thoy are, all of then., the n.ost i..telli,.ent f .
of .nstancx^s are recorded,!,, which ho hlW ^^"' '""' " """"'e'-
*" ->••'< lo'l^er, when h.aned to a I s J "" "'f '"^^^^-^ ''-- ."efused
:"-I-oki.,ghackinasto..ish.„c^.; ,:^^^^;^^ -"-;i«V-^
".effectual attempts to h.-ing down the li d .^ ."'''''■^^''•'■''^^•^'•'^ f«-
"-oaxn,gs. blandishments en- con.,nands ou'ld '^.7*'^' "^ ''""-' '"'^
.jre,,o,1ed i.. which a Pointer beca.rsr "'"" '"•••'^■- ^ case
shooting, as several tin.es to ha e t ,c HT'"'"' '"' '"'^ '"-^^•'^ '>ad
jnistakon. Ma..y of the Spa..ie ..';•''' /"'" '" ''^ "'-'"-• -t to be
;« only the well-bred Poi.'.ter a. d S ott .' i;''; ;'>^"^--'^lv wHl, but it
■~abl.', upon getting the sce..t c^".. ' i:?".*"""''"'^' ^'^"^ -
-^mai n,stinct of the Pointer was t , C '•'",'""■" '^"'" ^''^'^ ^ho
and then spring suddenly, and his „oinr '""^'""^'.v "p lo his gan...
aequiroci Uy education. Thi is d s, " f '? " "! "'"^'«-^'"" "f thi;^.al^;
Among the most interestiiur nf fi "' * .
"5 ? r t«>r I
Mr. Oi
)in who
.i! ..: 1
1030 THE AMEBIC AN FABMEIt's STOCK BOOK.
tells of a brace of Pointers standing an hour and a quarter without movin;r.
This, however, was exceeded by Clio, a dog belonging to aMr. Lee, who
stood with her hind legs upon a gate for more than two hours, with a nest
of partridges elose to her nose. She mu«t have seen them as she jumped
over tuc i2iii.w, auu uA-t -s.- »•' - . •,, r n\n tm
away. Mr. Lee went on. and, having other dogs, did not m.ss Ol.o to.
m
a long time ; at length he perceived she w '"^^
.H^ ;• u "^""^ '"™« "f them, bSn:/^'r"'"'''="Pd'"«t"'''ed the
stiff that she could not move .m/l ' '^''^" t^»»« relieved w«. 1
dogs H'^ gamekeeper having .„,;;t^^^ '" .'^ ^«»'-l with several othr
watch hy some accident ol.' "^"^ '"<^" t'^e kennel d.-n. 7u
-.. bu. w„„t *:,„''; „:™;;f.;;,7>'-c, .. fa.^"^^ ': /;;
and „„ ]„„ki„„ ,.„„,„, ^ ,,„;;Vfr'n"'' '''■■■'"'«'' very mch
^^- The Setter.
je,,-.ai„„d s..,,. a.f,:: "z i:",::;?"^- ""'■•"-'^' "»:
dark bay, „„d white, „r „],„ d,,)^ . "- ™ «• Tho „r,„i„„| „„,
;'"f' -jl- '.lack „,.,„,,„„ marks t1'". J"" ''"'''"' »* -
nd ; a„d importatio,,, 1,,^ the United gt' '.■"■""=" "'" '""O "> Iro^
the cla., both English and Irish. '"' "'■" f™" «'« vory best ^f
i lie Gordon Setter on v. i- ^
«"• i"«.« -.ead a,;w\;;;t„"Str;- j»^'--ie.. '" """<' .■■.- .ot so
olor should be quite bh.ek, or blacTwithf •"'■"'"''*'' S""-- The
ni. Points Of the English setter.
J HE ISkull The sl-nll K
«.' the prominence oft ' X" W br,!" '"''"'"' '" ■'-"• « '» with-
- — hetweeu the eriXr^^dldrr; :
The Nose— Thi° "l—nn J ^
I 'I
1032
TUB AMEUICAN lAUMIMl's STOCK HOOK.
from the inner corner of the eye to the end of the nose. Between the
point and the root of the nose there should be a slight depression— at all
«^ents there should be no fullness— and the eyebrows should rise sharply
from it. The nostrils must be wide apart, and large in the openings, ard
♦Ko f,n^ ahould bo moist and cool, though many a dog with cxci«i ticnal-y
good scenting powers has had a remarkably dry nose, amouLtingm scnie
cases to rou.iri„H.ss lil^, tl..,. nf i ^^^^
"- ^i-uld U. Ulnrk, or cl. .k ,;;^;:f::;""- '■' '"' betters tlu, end of the
whites, or le.„o„ and ^vhitos ,. , "'''^' ''"* i'» the very be t .» !
pardoned. The J..s .hol^d ' ^^^if '" "^^ ^^ith, and .a^i'l,^:
«r " P>g JHW," as the recedin.r (, ' /' ".•'"'" '" ''■"-^th, a - ^j ,J " '!?
possessor. "" '""<'' «»i-' is called, l,ein.ro-ro.,tlv '
F.,.e T. "•-'g'^atlya.rainst ts
J".AK8, Lips, axd Evrvs — i';h
' ' enough the skin is
^"OILDERS AND CiiKST — The «1. I .
libert,in.lldirections,withslo, n: i;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ".'f '^^^^^^ «''-"d display ..-eat
.down. The chest should be d f t 'h"''"" ''''^^^^^' ^'^^ ^"'-vs wel e
insists on the eontnirv fonn... ^''■■"' "'"'<'' thou-di Mr T ,, ,
- i;j.o .. of his .><.i.'x:r;r :;;■;; ^"--^> -^^J^i 'r ^
bis dogs iaave not succeeded at un fi ;"" '' ^" *'"^ ^"nn.tion tha
the I„tches of his breed, notably ci„n.tl ' 'n- "^'" '■"'""•'-^ ^ ^o.
were as narrow as any Setter bLde ^ "' "^"^'^ ^ ^'^^^« «««'
hat on this point Mr. Leveraek t, L::^ ) .'^^'^^^ ' -» quite satisfied
him, however, that the - ribs shonl " "'""-• ^ ^""y a-ree with
and great depth of the bac i "^^^^ ''jVp" -^I'-''.'^^ ''ohind the shlld l '
Back, Quarters, aki> StipJs -II '^^^•^'^^^'""^v demanded. '
to the extent of being ..roaehed'" or ".^i I!'"'", '' ^'^^''''^We, but not
generally tends to a slow up-and-down ".''^^"'-''"^'^^'d," a defeet which
^e ...art, to allow the hind l^t^t ^ ^ «!'«- -H bent, aild ^^
the gallop. « ^« b, ought forward with liberty in
Legs, Elbows, and Hocks Th„ i,
together, should be set straigiiT ll7"\^"^. ^''^^«' ^^'-J' generally .«
-ed leg is less objectionabre ha tte '': ' '""• " ^''^"^'""-^- " - i-
co fined by its close attachment tn\ ."^ X'^' '" ^^'"^''^ the elbow i«
cuiar. an,! fho K.„„ . ,. . ^"^ ^">s. The arm should be mus"
I. ^' :r
i I
•f '
iped,
'' -strong and broad knees, short
.-«as^-„_iu,^,_.
1034
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
pasterns, of which the size in point of bone should be as great as possi-
ble (a very important point), and their slope not exceeding a very slight
deviation from the straight line. Many good judges insist upon a per-
fectly upright pastern, like that of the Fox-hound ; but it must not be for-
gotten that the Setter has to stop himself suddenly when at full stretch
he catches scent, anu to do this with an upright and rigid pastern causes
a considerable strain on the ligaments, soon ending in "knuckling over ;"
hence a very slight bend is to be preferred. The hind legs should be
muscular, with plenty of bone, clean strong hocks, and hairy feet.
The Feet. — The feet should be carefully examined, as upon their capa-
bility of standing wear and tear depends the utility of the dog. A great
difference of opinion exists as to the comparative merits of the cat and
bare foot for standing work. Fox-hound masters invariably select that of
the cat, anrl, as they have bettpr opportunities than any other class of
instituting the necessary comparison, their selection may be accepted as
final. But, as Setters are specially req- ired to stand wet and heather, it
is imperatively necessary that there should be a 'ood growth of hair be-
tween the toes, and on this account a hare foot, well clothed with hair, as
it generally is, must be preferred to a cat foot, naked, as is often the case,
except on the upper surface.
The Tail. The flag is in appearance very characteristic ctf the breed,
although it sometimes happens that one or two puppies in a well-bred
litter exhibit a curl or other malformation, usually considered to be indic-
ative of a stain. It is often compared to a scimitar, but it resem-
bles it only in respect of its narrowness, the amount of curl in the
blade of this Turkish weapon V)eing far too great to make it the model of
the Setter's flag. Again, it has been compared to a comb ; but as combs
are usually straight, here again the simile fails, as the Setter's flag should
have a gentle sweep ; and the nearest resemblance to any familiar form is
to the scythe with its curve reversed. The feather must be composed of
straight, silky hairs, and beyond the root the less short hair on the flag
the better, especially towards the point, of which the bone should be fine,
and the feather tapering with it.
Symmetry and Quality.— In character the Setter should display a
great amount of "quality," a term which is difficult of explanation,
though fully appreciated by all experienced sportsmen. It means a com-
bination of symmetry, as understood by the artist, with the peculiar
attributes of the breed under examination, as interpreted by the sports-
man. Thus, a Setter possessed of such a frame and outline as to iliarm
an artist would be considered by the sportsman defective in "quality" if
he possessed a curly or harsh coat, or if he had a heavy head with pend-
ij«««Maw,a«;/4i.
)OK.
be as great as possi-
iceeding a very slight
jes insist upon a per-
butit must notbefor-
I' when at full stretch
d rigid pastern causes
in "knuckling over ;"
( hind legs should be
and hairy feet,
id, as upon their capa-
of the dog. A great
merits of the cat and
I variably select that of
an any other class of
in may be accepted as
lid wet and heather, it
od growth of hair be-
1 clothed with hair, as
id, as is often the case,
cteristic rff the breed,
)uppies in a well-bred
considered to be indic-
imitar, but it resem-
imount of curl in the
make it the model of
a comb ; but as combs
he Setter's flag should
to any familiar form is
r must be composed of
) short hair on the flag
he bone should be fine,
letter should display a
fficult of explanation,
men. Itmeansacom-
tist, with the peculiar
jrpreted by the sports-
md outline as to charm
jfective in "quality" if
heavy head with pend-
cnt BJoodhound-like jowl and tl ^^^^
«l^nnt «nd „H.re taking tothe cyT^ I " Z'^; ^— 'U outline is very
10 lows, in the order given • n\ ■n^ T '"- "o^generaHv clas«flH „
(2) orange a„d white freckled T ^' ''"'''^" "« "h'ue Helton ^'
orange, or lemon and white M^-"'" "^' "''''"^^ Bolton- /q
-ith sh-ght tan markir.' ;i;\'7 -dwhito,.^,) b lek'a d ,vh f"
(8) pure white- ^o^ i V ^^ ^^''^""^ and white- )7^ ,. ^^^ ^"'"te,
> -h.te, (<,) ,„„,, (,„^ ,.^^^_ ^^^^ r^dor^elloT""'*'"'
brow, being well raised, a"d Tl.?:'! to,"!," '"^ "'"o"". th« eye.
tte Pointer. "-"VM prominence a, marked a« in
Tra NosE.-This i, a trifle l„„„er „i,h ,
end; noatrils wide and open, with'^L ^""'' '"'''*• ""'i «qaare at the
^ i-s, JiARs ^ND Lips Tht> ^ i
.v»,d.d. Ears long enong,, to C\ ivUlH Vlf '""^ '^ " '» •»
the end of the nose, and, thonrf, „,,,.„ ;'" '"'f "-.feehoran inch of
ne er coming to a point , they should ,'et« "'"" '" ">" «="«"* dog,
«»<1 not approach! to the honnd's ";,"'"'"''''»'«" l>»ek
tLXdv -w""' ''""'"'°''" '° °°' '"""""'■ ™''^^"
^iL^oXlaek-lJ^r.'tlws e£'f"""^ '»« '"an either the
...honlders are long .„d slopin! . t, il? 7 "'! '"' ''°"'" "e'erthelJ ;
l»ck nbs are somewhat shorter th- „ h .TP' '"" ""'' "«« i "nd his
8»< slightly arched, and «, Xw 1 , 'v "=*M'«hren'. Loin
Cdt-S^^^^^^^^^ ,
--e that Of Palmerston, with ^Z-:::7^SZ^
HVM)
TlIK AMKUIC'AN FAUMEU's STOCK HOOK.
Tin-, LK(m.— LcgH vi-ry straight, with good hock, wcai-bcnt stitkh, ami
nuiscuiar l)iit not heavy haunches.
The Feet.— I'hc fi-cJ aie harc-likc, and moderately hairy between tlir
toes. e \ ■
Tin-. Tail.— The Hag is clothi-d witli u long, straiglit comb of huir,
never l)nshy Or emly, and this is beautifully displayed on the point.
The Coat.— This should be soinwhat coarser than that of the En '" '..
Setter, being midway between that and lli<« black-and-tan, wavy l)ut not
curlv,'an<l by no means long. Uoth hind and fore <egs are well feath-
ered,' l)ut not profusely, and tlu' ears are fui-ni.shed with feather t.. thr
same extent, with a slight wave, but no curl.
The Cou)K.— The color should be a rich blood red, withou. any trace
of black on the cars or along the back ; in many of the best strain>, how-
ever, a pale color or an (Xicas^onal tinge of black is shown. A little
whitL on the neck, breast, or toes, is by no means ()l)jectionablc, and
there is no doubt that the preponderance of white, so as to constitute
what is called "white and red," is met with in some good strains.
V. Training to Work.
The training of the Pointer and Setter is identical. They are quick to
learn, and slumld not be unduly punished, for it is only perse-eran.c and
earc in traininii that make the p«'rfect dog. Professional trainers are
apt to be brutai and too severe, therefore once the dog is fairly way-wi.se,
the owner had better linish the training himself. In shooting on tiic
prairies, but little trouble will l)e experienced, though to make the most
of'any do", tact and patience arc recpiired as well as experience. They
must be made to obey, and if they are stubborn and willful, aside from
natural hi<di si)irits, they must bo punished, and that always with the whip,
never with the ram-rod or irun . It does not pay to run the risk of l.rcalc-
m^ the gun in an insane attempt to break the d6g. Always use the same
words for any given command ; these as generally used are as follows : To
prevent breaking over a fence or barrier-" Ware fence ;" to cc-ase .Iims-
in-cats, hares, poultry, etc., -"Ware chase ;" to come to heel, and walk
quietly behind the master,-" To heel," or "Heel;" to run or course
forward,— " Hold up ;" to lie down,— " Down charge," or "Down;
to prevent taking food placed near, or to prevent running in on hirds,-
"Toho." If the dog is too full of spirits, a light cord twenty or thirty
feet long trailing behind him, will soon sober him.
VI. The English System of Training.
The tmluing of bird dogs, where tlie Helds are small, especially in Eng-
land, where manors must not be tresspassed on, is more difficult. Upon
OK.
wcll-bent stitk's, iiiul
sly hairy between the
might comb of hair,
?id on the point.
n thiit of tho En i' '.,
ud-tiin, wiivy l)ut not
■(! ii'irs arc well ft-ath-
d with foather to the
[h\, without any trace
he best strain>, liow-
c is sliown. A Httlc
IS objectionable, and
c, so as to constitute
! irood strains.
il. They are qiiidc to
only perse-erance and
ofessional trainers are
dojr is fairly way-wise,
. In shooting on ihc
ugh to make the most
I as experience. They
imd willfnl, aside from
t always with the whip,
1 run the risk of l)roak-
Always use the same
sed are as follows : To
fence;" to cease ihas-
come to heel, and walk
el ;" to run or course
harge," or " Down;"
rimning in on l)irds,—
it cord twenty or thirty
ning.
<mall, especially in Eng-
8 more difficult. Upon
«l'OHTtN„ ,„. ,,„.,„ „„^.^
this subject a '-mpetontKngli.|.,.„„,o^,^.,vs: ^,.,,,
education of the
Pointer, and of the Setter also, has only to be
carried up to the point at
|()3H THE AMRRICAN FARMKU'h HTOCK HOOK.
Which it W..S vonnn'\h.\ t<, ntop, for want of the gun ; uiul thut thcr« uro
8omo fow os.scMti«l.s in regard to which it requires fin.sh. Iho - ..wn-
clmr-e" is .lepeudent upon the rising of the bu-ds, and eun he Her ho
t.u..d.t at ,,airing-ti.ne ; but. however well ineulcated is too apt to be for-
gotU,n . and to bo lost sight of. in the anxiety t.. bag the game. 1 he om-
ter or Setter should not be used as a retriever ; another u)gi<hould he
specially set apart for that puri,ose. If this is not the ease the eha„ .os
are t.-n to one that the young dog is allowed to go to h.s Inrd. .fa runn.-r,
without waiting for his nu.ster's order. If this is done onee or tw.ce tin,
habit soon inereases, till at length both dogs rush at the. r Im-. , ... Ihe.r
anxiety to retrieve it. Tho "giUic" should have charge of the dogs at
this eritical moment, and he as .luietly as possible should keep thorn
eteadilv down. This is all he has to do at that n.oment. though he n.ay
well do that and mark at the same ti.ne. He may also lead the retrx-v.-r,
till he is steady enough to walk ,vt your heels. I lis grand use however .s
to keep the dogs dow,. whe.. the birds rise, a..d th.s he should do uudei
all circuinsta.ices.
Do-s do not require to mouth their gan.e as a.» cncourageme,it ; thoy
are quite satisfied if they see it fall, a..d will conti.uio the work as l.ug
as their st.-e..gth will allow, without touehh.g a feather. «y adhormg
strictly to this plan, all danger of their aequir...g th.s inexcusable fault .«
done away. If any dog is wanth.g i.i self-conHdence, bo caref..l .n f.,!-
lowin-himup,paygreatatte..tiontohis point, and take ca.-e to shoot
hirnrd, if pissLlI f or, at all events, to shoot at it In th.s way, t e
do<. finds that you esthnate hin. higher than he thought, a.ul he lea.-ns to
depend on his own powers, instead of followh.g a..other dog a,.d always
lookingoutfor" points." In grouse-shooting, thc-e .snot the an..oy;.ncc
o the constant hidges, which are so detrimental to he ro,.,ter ... he
pursuit of the partridge ; but there is a ...uch greater chancy of the dog
potterin.^ over a foot-seent, because the grouse runs so ...uch more tha..
the purfridge, and being feathered down the leg, h.s foot-sce..t ,s «o
""Tt^istereThat a good Setter shows his superior.ty, as he genorally
JL ou afoot.seLWterthanalWer;tho..ghIhaveseenPo... .
Tat would n.ake out anythh^g. The very highly-bred Pointer ofte.. has
no not o" of this ; he poh.ts as stiff as aChi.iese idolthe mo...ent^ e.>o,«.
uDou scent of any kind, and nothing will ...ovo him as lo..g as that .see t
o'nrues Such dogs are useless on .he moor, ^o-ot on y w^t ^
Vnnw that there is -ame somewhere, but also where it is. The essuit.^1
featur o ^P^^S i«. that he shall st<,p the mome.it he feels the. o^
and satisfy l'>mself that game is before him. As soon as he .s qu.to su^
and sausiy I iui»*^' b ^ ...... /i;a*„„ne- on bpincr assured
of this, ho should wa.i ..nm y.)u arc VTit...-:. ..„«tance, i.i-
ority, as he generally
crh 1 have seen roiiitere
(HI
Of Which, ho Should chuNv «,.„„ ,,i, , .,.,j^ ,. ,, ^'^•^•*
io.Uua quite Steady if ,., ,.,,,, ^,,,, f, h'. 's 5;^ ':?""'"^'' *''^'"«''«'-«
This 18 8«uK.tim<,.s ncvessarv if fl.n "^''^ ^"''" fnuu his nuistor
shooter must oft.u ,».,»! thcu. Ufol'ir;: .';;''. ''"'''"'' '•"""^"■•^' "'^ ^ho
men prefer walking rapidly up to the „ iT T ' '"""'' ^"'"'' «''«••*-
W.1I seldom, till they are b.Jn,e very ;, "f '"" "'•'"' "''' - t'.ey
r..se out of shot. Some dogs lourn to 1 vo ft 1- """'''' '"'^"'•" >'"" *"
and circumvent their game ; but this is 1 " ^""■" ' ""'' ^'^ '"""J
.3 scarcely to bo desired ; It is mueh be' t -^ ""' r'"'"''"'^^""'"^' ""^
before them, ordering him to drop to th • ouLT. ^"""" "'"" ^^'"
.^' ound the moment they rise
Vn. The Kn«iish RetrlGver
Retnevers proper are cross-bred d,..rs T- l^ v
cross between the Irish Water Spaniel and", J.M f"^"^ Rotriever is a
of the cross being to make then/r ul U^i:''"''.''' '"•^' *^'« "^ect
hares and largo birds, and to impart endur m n ."; '""''''^ fe"""« ^^^0
generally curly, but whether cuiled or s, ' k ^.'"'^ ''''''- '^''^OJ -re
beblaek.orblaok-and-tan.or black wi hi "^^ ^''« ^'"^'- «''ouId
cross with the Spaniel and short, flat -clt" 'i "t !"''"""^' ^'^'-- The
are said to make the best do-s Thr.v 'l ''"'' Newfoundland
80ft mouth strength to carry,"a„d are io^::::.;:':::^'''^ i"t«Higence. a
Mr. Cobbett. an English authoritv r? i ■^^^""•ners.
Ho should have a long^ead.trr^J etr?:.; r* ""''''-^ -"-« -
should be small, close to his head set 1 ^T '''' '"""*''• Hi. oars
His nose should bo large, his n^k ',::'/": '"'f ^''' ^''^'^ ^'^ «„ U.em!
his shoulders oblique and deep, ai..^ ~s ' '.. T '"7 '^""'' '" ^''' <!»««*.
loins, back, and hind quarters , ,,l of „ . "^ '""^ Powerful. His
hare will ho the maximum of w.igi, ].« tvUl hnv'^'r^""'' ' ^"'' ^^''''Sh a
to carry it a long distance, to get ,>ve . 1 " ""••">'' ^e may have
lus way through a strong .ove^ Z lei "V^'' '^' ''^ ^« ^^^
and muscular; his feet round and moderllv 1 «t'•"■'^^ straight,
arched. If he be require,! for vLt h I \ '^'' '''^^ ^'"^ ^^>^^ well
and close; but for gelral pu;osr^;t^^^^^^^ ^''"">" '-h<>^
ant. If black, he should be all b ek -t T Y' ^''""'""' ""^ '^'^""d"
s ould not go far up the leg, and should be '" fi"" '''':'!'' *h^' ^^^^^y
should be well feathered, moderately short „, I '''''"■ '^^'^ '^^^
feather should be decidedly heavy butLT ' ^ ''"'''^ ^^^y The
No Retriever deserves the W '•?".'" ^'^^ '^""'t"
shows unless his temper i. g>od To ; f'''"" ^ J"^^- «t dog
Retriever. He should be alfout 24 IZ^ a Ir f "f '"'^ "^ '^ ^-^5
'ong .0 the body, and fairly short on his 1 gs" ^ S^rotr'''^:
(!'■
1040 THE AMEIUCAN S'AKMER's BTOCK BOOK.
., .. Softer under the angle of the jaw. The Setter cros. is said t» t.e
riSttv^t^eLny diminishes the liking^
instances, the produce has a marked disiuclination to quest in thicker
tangled woodland.
)OK.
cr cross is said I,) i.e
3 water, and, in some
^'
;\
V\i"
tion to quest in tliick or
uoos.
There
1041
breed, of
ster.
I a.^:^™r^-;' "■-!;-«
'^ not considered a disqualifiVat
ite sijot in tiiu i
never, having curled
ion.
•reust ot either clasa
n
M
1
1042
THE AMERICAN FAKMEB 8 STOCK BOOK..
They are said to have sprung from a pair of Newfoundlands, secured
from a wrecked ship in 1807. Gov. Lloyd, of Maryland, into whose pos-
session the dog came, trained him carefully, and "Sailor," as he was
called, gave origin to the progeny known as the Sailor breed. The bitch
JOOK..
swfoundlands, secured
•yland, into whose po8-
It .1
'X'm
id "Sailor," as ho wfts
ailor breed. The bitch
also became famous «s a stauiioh .. , ■ ^^^^
As 8h„„,„g the tnu.ta.,ili,y a„d ,,„,„. "^ ^
lowing anocdote related l,v Mr Oni "'*"'S«"=<> "f the Betriever H.„ , ,
Sir Charles Ta,,l„r, „„| f„ffl ;„:"•'"" *'« -'"nging T hJwfi
cxtn.ordi„ar^. Sir Charle, „ „,/ , ™[» ">° -g-it/of' thi d„l Ta'
abontamile,t„fetchlhe,...„per ,;„ «"• """"'imM to the distanee !^
run towards the eorner whe3!h„ """''' """P' «' the keeDer^T
tell Tom that he «s tX r'"°" *°'''' °"'' ''^ *«"^^^^^^^^
would both be »„„„ ..„.';;'','"/'> out shooting. A^d tl ..*'
wouldnotdo,. tV jrd'efje :^;:X"- ,»■ «" t^e'lf ; "^l
."«de;eetedwa,. ,..„,,,„,,„,, „^,;*;l.,.oo,„^^
=" ""ago to sleen.
The Clumber Spaniel.
In England, where peculiarities of i i
t e hunting of game, the Clumber SpaSt' "'I ^ "'"^^'^ '^^^^e^ to ia
Th.s dog remains perfectly mute, ev^ Jn.r ^ ''"''"^^^ «^««t"-
n^ent bemg his silence, so that he becomes v. m^""'^' ^^^"^' ^'^ gret
old Enghsh Springer or Cock-flusher Thf r, '/" ""i^'-^^^d type of the
Blow m hunting, and easily gets throu Jh ^u'' '' ^»^^^«'«"« «tront
yel ow and white, or orange ^and whi J th" v'''"^'^- «'« -'- is pl'
va.I.ng color. He is larg^boned .wS ^tt". \f"^^^ ^^'"^^ ^'^^ P-
argc; the eye full and expressive; ^11' T' '^^ '^"^^ 5 the heacj
the ta.l fully feathered. ' '''"'^ '''"^ exceedingly thick, and
X.
The English Spaniel.
The old English Spaniel is one of f h« l . .
>ng when there is game, and Teal « ' "^ ^'''' ^'^s, never refus-
excellent, and his intelligence highf tut hTr «'« -- «
be kept under good subjection! A^a hunt'n " 'T'^^^' ""^ "^'^^^ *«
"""^'^^^^g'^^" now but little
^ • ,1' I
" t
1044 THE AMERICAN lAUMEU's STOCK BOOK.
nsed but he has been so highly hrcd, that he has become an exceedingly
bandsomo and companionable dog. especially the smaller a,>d hue breed
!!?ort^ere are twi varieties as there are of the Ir.sh ^Va cr-Span,el,
The mustratiou shows one of the most perfect specimens ot the breed.
XI. The Irish Water-Spaniel.
Irish Water-Spaniels are of two varieties. Those of the South of
Ireland, are uniformly of a pnre liver cohn- ; oars long andwcllfe th-
e^d sometimes two feet across from the point of one ear to he pomt of
Te ote- the hair consists of short, cx-isp cnrls ; the body long, strong
a^idlow ; the tail round, and carried slightly down, but stra.ght and .-.th-
'''^J^^it^::^^^^^^ have short ears, with but little feather
1 . nn the le<rs- tho coat is somewhat curled, and hvcr-col-
r^d Lwitrco^ s^^^^^^^^^^^ - much so, sometimes as to „..e
h m Ually 1 ver-colored and white. The pure liver-colorod dogs of tk
^mth bf I lland. are most highly prized, as are those havn.g a well-
Ltd top S: not straggling across, but coming down m a peak
OP the forehead.
Xn. The Springer.
The SDrin-»r, like the Clumber, U a stout, slow but heavy dog, mi \>
J .I'KLrd work. M»ny o, then, »-e ,nut. aud th,, u,co«^
,io„ wlt'h their aeute aud '^r^^;^i:^j:f;^^Z .^
temper and the ease with which thcj m-j be '■, J
•K.
come an exceedingly
laller and fine bre»'0
Tish Wiitcr-Spaniel.
nens of the breed.
;'hose of the South of
rs long und woll foath-
one ear to the point of
the body long, strong
1, but straight and with-
, witli but little feather
curled, and livor-col-
sonietimcs, as to make
ver-colored dogs of the
re those having a well-
•niing down in a peak
)W but heavy dog, and is
lute, and this, inconnec-
if smell, their tnutable
riaged, renders tht'in well
SPORTING OK FIELD DOGS
adapted to beating small coverts. On wibl . ^, .
brush or on tbo woodland ope„in<.s L ri ^"°^^^"^« «^ thick under-
partridges. ^ "' ^''^ ^'""^»^«r would be the best for
xni.
The Cocker Spaniel.
The term Cocker is generally used tn h •
except the Springer and Clumbe;, so the "..rf?" ''^'''^ ^^'^ Spaniel
Cocker is higher in the leg than either ZT"''"' '"""'"arable. The
active, and apt to be wild, but neverthl^^'^'""^T "' ^'"'"^^'•' "^"^^
when well broken. The colors are S^^ it ' T^"^ ^'- i" England
white being common, though lemon 2 '. "''"^'' ""^ ''^^^k-^nd-
and even black-and-tan are lomZritah'. """°'"^^' '''''' ^'-^.
NORTH IRISH WATEK-SfANlEL
68
jUiL^
CHAPTER IV.
WATCH DOOS.
., a.HW MASTIFF. in. THE BtTLL-DOO. IV. THE
t. HOC8E WATCH ^OQS.---U. ™l^^^^,j^^y, dOO. VI. THE ST. BERN AUD DOG.
BULL.^BKIER.-— V. TIlEjmWKOUNIH COLME. IX. THE SPANISH
;^^^zJZT^- "n^-Ovi.^-<>^.—^'- THE POMEHANIAN OB SPITZ
DOOrXII. THE GKBMAM SHEEP DOG.
I. House Watoh Dogps.
Dogs kept in or near the house, whose duty it is to guard property,
are knol as guard or watch dogs. As a rule, those are the veriest curs
ormixerbreeds, and of but little value for the purpose for which they
are kept M th; property to be guarded requires a large strong dog
that wU inspire fear, the Mastiff is undoubtedly the best ; but those of
lure breed are difficult to get, and, of course, no dog is a sufficient pro-
Eon ao^ainst professional thieves. When the care of children is a part
^rrd^ftv reauired. the Newfoundlands or St. Bernards are the best,
Ice thetVat-^^^^^^^ li- in this direction. If unswei^ing courage,
Sty,"efusal under any circumstances to make friends with strange.
hdemy, ""^^^ .. J . „iying the alarm ai:e what is required, the
::S ttr^^^o^^^^^^^^ of dogs. The Bull-dogproper
?^ nnvaVue whatever simply as a watch dog, but is useful as a cross ou
'^olintetUd rslin™^^ tenacity «f purpose.
For guar^^^^^^^^^^ l-^ds, and as aids in driving them from place to
place' 1 S^^^^^^^ dog and the Drover's dog, in their several vanet.es,
are all that could be desired.
H, The Mastiff.
This noble dog is of great antiquity in the British Islands Unfortu-
which nothing can tempt from his dutv^ a<ro-Conrad Ilcrcbatch
faune upon a theefe nor flew upon lus rnends ; vcr, w^km^ , - =
^VATCH ooos.
1047
i BULL-DOO. IV. THB
, THE ST. BEBNAKD DOG.
IE. IX. THE SPANISH
E POMERANIAN OB 8FITZ
is to guard property,
'se are the veriest curs
rpose for which they
a large, strong dog,
le best ; but those of
log is a sufficient pro-
re of children is a part
Jernards are the best,
[f unswerving courage,
friends with strangers,
I what is required, the
. The Bull-dog proper
t is useful as a cross oa
i tenacity of purpose,
ing them from place to
their several varieties,
itish Islands. Unfortu-
y», many of the so-called
' o-reat size. The true
thy, courageous, but not
vigilant ; a dog, withal,
ago— Conrad Hcrcbatch
ID curst, that he neither
,^ery waking ; no gadder
al)out, nor lavish of his mouth, barkin.. v.i^u .
it any matter though he be not swift forL I .'"'''' ' ''''^^'' '"^^eth
give warning to the cnemie." ThXl^ •' ^"* *" ^^'^' "^^ h"™« «nd
size and consequent cost of keeping LT?, '\u''T^ ^^ *^""- ''"°>«"^«
guards for the protection of pro^e f^ hav 'i "at "' ''^' "°'^'" ^^^^
I '^^J'Qive. in a measure, superseded their
MASTIFK AN!, l.r.OODMoiINl, VUQ^^
use. Still, their habit of silence *t-pn.ip.< fi
and crossed with the Bull-do- thev Lit ^ . ^ feroc.ons.
uii aop tney are often savage brutes. Hence,
1048 THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
every big brown dog niunt not bo taken for a Mastiff ; the illustratiou
shows the head and shoulders of a Mastiff crossed -vith a B loodhouud
Over forty years ago, as a boy, the writer used to hunt with such a dog
and a finely-bred Greyhound, and many a prairie-wolf and deer have we
carried home on the saddle as the result of the ehase. The Mast.ff was
quiet enough at home, never molesting strangers nor the farm stock, but
once aroused at the sight of game he was ungovernable. No game native
to Northern Illinois but he had killed, an eight-pronged buck, otter, w.ld
hogs, wolves innumerable, and a full-grown cat, being the trophies of li.s
individual prowess ; for the Greyhound was simply fleet enough to over-
take, but without the courage to attack, or even participate m the struggle.
Hare alone would he pick up, and these could seldom double on Inn. .
He seemed when coursing them to be rolling like a hoop; suddenly hus
head and W^ie neck would swerve to one side, the hare was seized, and
the trophy carried to the Mastiff to kill. As showing the tenacity and great
courage of this Mastiff, he killed, without help, a full-grown wildcat, of
the short-tailed species, after two successive struggles, one ,n the dense
thicket, where the cat broke from him. On the edge of a ravine the cat
attempted to enter a hole, but the dog was too quick f(,r hev ; seizing her
by the rump they both rolled to the bottom, and so fierce was the com-
niotion that it was impossible for me either to shoot or get near. At
len-th the Mastiff seized the cat by the back and then made short work
with her. She measured three feet eleven inches from the nose to the
tip of tail, the tail being seven inches in length. After the battle, the
Mastiff looked as if he had been dipped in blood, the claws of the cat
having scored him from end to end.
m. The Bull-Dog.
Whatever the British Bull-dog may have been in other days, he is now
valuable for only two purposes, viz: blind ferocity in fighting-if his
may be considered valuable-and for crossing upon other more tender-
mouthed dogs, to give them grip and holding qualities. Thus as before
observed, the cross upon the Terrier makes a most yaluab e dog^ The
Zstration shows the characteristics and form of the p. -o-bred Enghsh
Bull-dog perfectiy-suUen ferocity, combined with great muscular power^
The pohits of the true Bull-dog are summed up by a Sporting English
• authority, as follows: A Bull-dog cannot be too wide across the chest,
but his loins should bo gradually tapering ; with the barrel or ribs quite
round, a slight fall behind the shoulders, the spine well arched, and ns ng
Tntly to the stern, which should be full and thick, joined well to the
j^jj,, A „.iti, o downward tendency to the tail.
■^'utt't^Mtutmimmiimi
aiC^aHKaaMw^^,
;ifE; the illustration
th a Bloodhound,
lunt witli such u dog
If and deer have we
, The Mastiff was
the farm stock, hut
>le. No game native
red buck, otter, wild
ig the trophies of his
fleet enough to over-
cipate in the struggle.
iom double on liim.
hoop ; suddenly hia
bare was seized, and
the tenacity and great
uU-grown wildcat, of
les, one in the dense
ye of a ravine the cat
k for hex' ; seizing her
I fierce was the com-
oot or get near. At
den made short work
from the nose to the
A.fter the battle, the
the claws of the cat
1 other days, he is now
,y in fighting — if this
jou other more tender-
ities. Thus, as before
ist valuable dog. The
the pi Ho-bred English
I great muscular power.
) by a Sporting English
) wide across the chest,
the barrel or ribs quite
B well arched, and rising
thick, joined well to the
WATCH iiOOH.
The teil should be fairly Ion.. U . * ^^*^
Slightly curved towards the tip. The
t^>;viii]
curve known as a "ring Uiil," and
1050
THE AMERICAN FAltMKll's HTOCK BOOK.
that caAt. "screw tail" are both ol)jcctionablo, and U>h^c» tho vuhio of
th« do<r. The tail should always bo «et low on tho body, a.id bo carnod
^trai<rht, and never hanginj? down, which latter point is considorod a sigi,
of poor blood ; as also is the directly bony "rat tail." Tho h-s slu.ui.l
bo short and well bowed, as very straight logs, especially fore-legs, show
a want of strength. The elbows should project, and the Innd-legs .should
l,e rather longer in proportion than tho fore, so as to raise tho loins. Th..
hocks, or hamstrings, should be straight, and the stiH.-s, or jonus of tiie
hind U-s, not turned out. The toes of all the four feet should be even
and not allowed to turn out. All the toes should bo small, and well split
up, so that the Dog has a good iirni footing without the toes turiniifr
either in or out.
Tho coat should 1)0 fine and smooth. Its color is not of much conse-
quence, but it should be unmixed, either red or red-smut, fawn, or fawn^
emut, blue or blue-smut, or white. A little black is no deterioration.
lu weight, the Bull-dog may vary from 101b. (o 70 lb., but, whatever \m
(weight, he should bo muscular without being f^t ; strong without beuij,'
bulky : courageous without savage ferocity ; sagacious, open-eyed, loud-
tongued.and not too affectionate; for, as Mr. Mayhow says, the Bull-
dog^most given to show its fondness is least to ho depended on.
IV. The Bull-Terrier.
The perfect Bull-terrier has been defined as containing just so much
of tho Bull-dog cross, as to combine the full head, strong jaws, well de-
ENULISII UULL-TERBIEU.
veloped chest, powerful shoulders and thin tine tall of the Bull-dog, jrith
the light neck, active frame, strong loin and f ull hind-quaiters of the
WATCH D008.
i051
■ -til
I of tii« Buli-dog, with ^
ill hind-quiutcrs of the
Terrier. This .rjvos them
«l..j?s, wh.le .omewhut le.. I,|„od of the I .n " '^-'''""^^ "'"ko fighting
<-.i«'ly l«un, tricks, thut will f.tch uLf '^ ^"■"^"'■•' " ^"fe' that will
Spaniel, hunt ail day. and fig t t doT' "f' ""^' ^^"^-^ '"^0 a
cah„ courage. They arc obedient , t l""' '^' ^i^ -"- time with
gence coml.u.ed with affection, and wi f ten.pered. owing to intelli-
lln.s.s the English null-terrier; JtZl^^JX^'"''^''' "'"''' ^"^^ '»•
generations, k-aves but li,tlo to be des 'f T '"" ""^ "^^'^^'ti''" ^
will show his value either in the yard or b I ''V\ , '"'" ''°^' "'^ ""« that
."g all that ,.lass of p..Uacious aLnalTi e Ltlf 'i""'"" ^"^ '^-troy.
t.on represents one of the best of the breed ^ ' "'"'■ ^^^' '""^tra-
Ihe color most sought is pure whito , •
equally good dogs, however, nn.v be natVb T.T ''^''''"^ ^'th black ;
BIack-and-tanorself..oloreireLon^ ','.'"■; "' ^'"^" «'• '-i"dIo
he any projection of the under j w • ^ " f "•■';'"•• ''''-- -should not
.nd-quarters ; for until these entir; v ^it 1^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''''. -'"'' -■ weak
be contmued. • "'sappear, the Terrier cross should
As an instance of the intelligence .in,l ,
terr,er, the following from .Sir Walter S 1 n?''"^'"" "^ '"^^ B"""
wisest dog I ever had, was what is called 1. lu T '"*^'''««ting : .> The
h.m to understand a great n.any wor^ , 1"" '''''''■ ^ taught
the communication betwixt the 2 ' ^ ^'''^* ^^^"^ Po-fve tLt
greacly enlarged. Camp once bit " batr","" ""'■"''^''^ '"■'^'ht be
the family. I beat him, and ex, lin^ t ' "'"' ''""^'J"^ ''rca-l to
after which, to the last moment oft t """l'-' '" ''^ "^''"^ '
s.on to the story, i„ whatever voice otn.''"'""^ the least allu-
getting up and retiring into the darko«f "'"' "^^"tJ"»ed. without
appearance of distress^ The i^ v^ u J ^Tr ,"V'" •■"'^" ^^'^'^ "^-^
'The baker was not hurt after alf' (t 1 ^''' '"'^•" ^^«« ^^«1' P-d,' or
place, capered, barked, and rcjoi<.ed W T"'' ^'''^^ ^''>^' ^'^^ hkVmg.
-d of his life, to attend me wh t l^elk T '"f''^ ^""^'-^^ ^^e
return, and the servant used to tell 1,7 "'''^ *" ^" '''^' ^'"- ">/
hill, or through the moor,' and ^ h h t '^f: T ""'"^" '""" ^'^^
expiau. h.s meaning. Camp was never kmwn ?' ""'^ ^'^-^^"'-^ to
went out at the front to go up the hill '^"""' /o nustake him, l,ut either
--side. He certainMad^ tH:i:t::^:^ tf T " '''
't^Uj^e or spoken language."
V. The Newfoundland Dog.
There are three classes of Newfon„Hi a ^
hesidos the manv lon.-hoirod ^^''^^^''^^''^d ^"S^^ considered pure-
" ^ ^^ '' "'''"-^'•^■'■^ "-t pass for Newfoundlands
1052
THK AMERICAN FARMER' « STOCK BOOK.
among those ignorant of thia truly inugnificcnt breed. These arc : 1.
The true Newfoundhind. 2. The Largo Labrador. 3. The St. John ^
or smaller Labrador. ^, . ,, ,
The Lar<To Labrador, is more loosely built than the true Newfoundland,
and the coat is more or less mixed with white. The hair is longer, nmre
woolly, and curly. .
The St. John's Newfoundland is a dog seldom over 24 inches high, and
often Ics The head is proportionally larger; the ear fuller; (he ii.ck
larger, a,. d thn body much more con.pact ; the hair shorter, glossy uiui
not woolly. The color should be jot black. The limbs and feet of this
strain ar. most excellent. It is this dog, crossed with the Water Spaniel
that makes the best Retrievers.
The true Newfoundland is the perfect type of dog Intelhgeiuc and
BMgacity. combined with courage, affection and devotion to his master and
his friends. He has but one disability as a house dog ; if not ctiiofnllj
washed on. e a week with soap ayd water, and as carefully brusiied cvtij
day with a hard brush, the odor is most disagreeable. Thus aft- nded to,
the skin is kept perfectly dean and the objection is removed.
The characteristics of the true Newfoundland are graphically described
by a sur<n>ou of the English navy. Wo have owned a number ..f tlictn
bred pure, and will vouch for the accuracy of the descripti.m : The l.oud
of a Newfoundland is remarkably grand and full of character, and its
expression very benevolent. Across the eyes the skull is very broad. ;md
he has a largo brain. The forehead is frequently wrinkled ; the eyes are
small, but bright and intelligent; they are generally deeply set, hut
should not have a blood-shot appearance. The ears nuist be small,
smooth, set low, and hanging close ; tl.ey are very seldom set up, even
when the animal is excited. Nose and nostrils large ; muzzle long and
quite sn'ooth ; mouth capacious ; teeth level.
The neck is naturally short. It is well clothed with muscle, as are
the arms, legs, and fore-hand ; but there is a slackness about the loin,
which accounts for his slouching and somewhat slovenly carriage.
He is frequently short in his back ribs, and some of the largest dogi
have a tendency to weakness in the back.
The feet are long and strong, but the solo is not so thick as that of a
well-bred Pointer, nor are the toes so much arched as in the average of
huutin*' dogs. This peculiar structure of the foot is adaiitcd for his
sledge work on snow, and accounts for his power in the water, and has
given rise to the vulgar error that he is 'semipalmated.'
The shaggy-coated Newfoundland has a smooth face, but withm two
inches of The skull the coat suddenly elongates, and, except that he u>
yVATCU nous.
loan
I true NewfouiKllaiid,
hair is longer, more
ir 24 inches hi<rli, and
car fuller ; tlic ncrk
ir shorter, glossy und
ml)8 and feet of this
ith the Water Spaniel
dog Intelligence and
tion to his master and
Jog ; if not carefiillj
irefuUy brushed ovtij
e. Thus atli'uded to,
removed.
: griiphiouUy described
ed u number of thcni
cscription: Theiioud
of character, and its
iull is very broad, and
vrinkled ; the «>yes are
erally deeply sot, hut
cars nuist be sniidl,
ry seldom set up, even
irge ; muzzle long and
ed with muscle, as are
ckncss about the h)in,
venly carriage,
me of the largest dogi
ot so thick as that of a
ed as in the average of
oot is adapted for his
in the water, and hai
lied.'
h face, but within two
and, except that he i«
very cloun to tho angle of hi i, ^^'^^
line. His coat generally par^v.^./.^.t'^'^''^ ''"'''''''^ '" »''« ou^
tmued .o tho end of the tail, which h^u \ ""^ ""« I'^^ing is co„.
h.nd legs are closeiy-coated f 1 h ll" ?""' ""^ ^"'^- '^
uoarly us free of feather U8 a catT '^'^' ''"^ ^'« f««t all round
IS
are
The color is generallv hi t- ^
«ed characteristic of the^ruetled TheT."' ^ ''"""^' ''""' '^ ^ '«!-
"'' e""«' "Uitc 13 uoc consid'
^l i ia»-B u r„ ...aK„
1054 THE AMERICAN FARBIER'S STOCK BOOK.
In form he is colossal. He has been known to reach thirty-four
inches in height, and he is frequently to be found from twenty-e.ght to
tViirtv inches, or even more. • i • u
Sit the more intelligent dogs have the power of reason m a h„h
delee ttere isnodoubt. We once had a noble Newfound and who cu-
spid himself a kind of I'oUc-mongdogs. Hewou^^^
a crowd of fighting dogs and throw them r.ght and left, »»^^ i* ^1 y
a ciowa oi ^ = ° ^^owess in one afternoon accomphshmg tlio
iThoft^r"; do.^^ in^^^^^^ ^"- ,?"fV"
Tol'Zeik any childbeingperfectlysafe with him. K atta. ed
bv a person with a stick, ho invariably seized it, and kept it. A little ptt
JjxXL used to bother him unmercifully by ^^^^^^^^^^^
leapin- no in front of him to b>.r his progress. One day he started tor
he b^r to inquire into some fancied trouble there and the terr.er
Innov n" him as usual, he seized her and walking to the horse trough,
gave ^r a good ducking, notwithstanding her frantic shrieks for help.
!nd then setting her on her feet, pursued his way without further notice
Another Ncv:fc,undland also showed a true reasoning faculty . He used
to X ball with the children ; they throwing a soft ball into the uir it
was M. aim-generally successf«l-to catch it before it reached to
Zund One day a croquet ball of wood was thrown and he caught it to
fhe injury of his tLth. Never after that would he catch a IniU until it
l^vd struck the earth and rebounded. A favorite sport with the children
was t throw a slipper from an upper window, and get the dog to bring
u' ack up stairs, to do which he was obliged to pass en irely around the
house One day the lower window, in the side from which the slipper was
thn wn. was open. In rushing past he caught sight of it. stopped sud-
denly, leaped in. went through the house and so up stairs.
VI. The 9t. Bernard Dog.
The do.s of St. Bernard, an Alpine hospice, kept by the Monks of St.
Bernard Switzerland, have long been famous for their sagacity m tni k-
fnJ out benumbed travellers in the snow. They are trained to carry
•^,P ,v ovisions and clothing, on their life-saving expeditions. Traversing
Z^^^^^^^y^^^^^^^^'"'''''^ '"^ traveller, however
the «««7y 3 ; J j,^ the snow, and by a long, sonorous howl.
2y Uie Sk , He to a.ir assistance. If the traveller boah le
r , l!.Zv thL clothin- and provisions to be taken from thou- custody
the dogs allow the «'" »^' ^ ^ ^ „ ^aa become world-famous,
^^^'Z^l^^^^'^ '-ttle and collar about his n.k.is
"^t^llTti^Lln at Berne. The lives of forty persons are .said
to have been saved by this noble and sagacious dog.
■■.ft K
^^*SE«jrsiffciiaawfe'ijHistu^i^^^
OK.
o reach thirty-four
rom twenty-eight to
of reason in a high
foundland, who con-
B would wallt among
nd left, and if they
on accomplishing tlio
•d him. Usually hv.
th him. If attacked
kept it. A Uttle pet
wning upon him and
ne day ho started for
sre, and the terrier
to the horse trough,
itic shrieks for help,
ithout further notice.
ing faculty. He used
ft ball into the air, it
)efore it reached the
vn and he caught it to
le catch a ball until it
port with the children
i get the dog to bring
iss entirely around the
which the slipper was
;ht of it, stopped sud-
} stairs.
)t by the Monks of St.
their sagacity in track-
■ are trained to carry
tpeditions. Traversing
tl>e traveller, however
long, sonorous howl,
If the traveller 1)0 able,
iiken from their custody
become world-fiimous,
liar about his neck, is
forty persons arc said
>g-
WATCH U008.
The characteristics of the Sf n
majestic, and full of character • ^T^ f"*^ "' ^"""^"^ •" "^'"'^ ''^••^'«.
between them extending up the'sknll • ir' "^ ', ''*"^' ""^ '^'*'' '^ f""ow
and fleecy ; tail bushy and carried hl;JZ!2t": '' ""' ''''^' ^""-^"^
toes broad ; temper amiable ; tl,e counto...... '. ] . '"''"'"^ ""^ "'''^hed ,
ST. UEltNAUl. DOO.
from twenty-eight to thirty-one inches and fhn i ., .
sixfeet. There are two varieties, o' iZ I ed ^hf ot "^^
rough-ha.red variety i-s most souHit when of H '™"°"'- ^^^
lieved with some white. The smooth h/^"'' tawny brindle, ro-
JHndl^-and-white. a broad, ^::;^':^ ^^ red-and-white. or
dogs of purest breed. ^"^ ''°"*i distmguishing the
vn. Shepherd Dogs.
There are many so-called Shepjierd do-rs M
tainingan infusion of Spaniel blood, and'even 7"^?"^*'"' of dogs con-
to watch floc-ks and herds, and eve v 1^ u ''"^'' '""^^^ ''« '^^S^t
its individual and even locUbldT I ptT'^'V^'"^^^ "'« '^^^^ ^.^
the herdsman's favorite dog is t S:^^::;^'''^::^''':' '*^*««'
s.m ar to the Collic-that is, he should be ofle S. f T" ' ^"° '^
celebrated Spanish Shepherd dog possesses he s ^ , '"''' ' '^"^ *''«
-n. every way larger and stronge •"" IL om T" ^''r^^^^'''^^^'^' ^^^
wild animals. ° ' "^ ^"^ sometmies has to cope with
Vm. The Scotch CoUie.
The Shepherd do? is rpo-'ir^d *-, i
'f
• !|
1050 THE AMERICAN FABMER'8 STOCK BOOK.
driving, especiuUy in the cuse of sheep ; he nuist head off a wandering
sheep, and thus prevent it. going forward, never sczo ,t and force U
back.
" Honest and cardf ul , looking for no praise,
The Slicep-dog guards the lloek. C'ompanion, friend,
Protector, till in one ; a kindly word,
Or smile, is ample payment for his toils."'
The best color is black, with no white except on the throut and limbs;
black-and-tan is also regarded as valuable. In shape the body ,s elegantly
formed, and amply clothed with long, thick, woolly ha.r. Ihe egs and
feet are strong; the tail is long, gently curved, and bushy. L.ko Iho
English Sheep-dog, the Collie has one and often two dew claws on eac^
Und lee As house-dogs tkey are quite as valuable as they are in the field.
SCOTCH COLLIE.
A sinMo instance Bhowing the inherent instinct of the Collie must suf-
ficf It is recorded by Etirick Shepherd-thc poet Hogg-and relate*
to his d< ' Sirrah, and is as follows : On one occaston seven huuur. ^
Lbs br^kc up in an evening, and, scampering off in three d,v.su,ns,..«
t:^.em:!^v:ram.>ng the neighboring hiUs. f^^^^^^
^ J *i V fKwl.,r.ro f1 k of lambs ought not to be absent ti cm ineir
flofi " On our way home, however," says Mr. Hogg, we "i
It'oi 1.^^ at thAoUom of a deep ravine, and the ^ff^^
^standing in front of them, looking around for some rebef , but .t.lltrne
WATCH DOGS.
to his charffe Tho o,.. . ^^^"^
concluded That it wasl":; thrdi^!;'-^"' '''''' ^ «-^ -- ^ vie. wa
to manage until he ca.e to^tt o :r;'''' ''^^^^^ ^^^ ^- "IlbT:
our aston.sh„.e„t. when we discover dtlr^" T"'^'""" «"^ ^^^t 7^
flock was wanting 1 How he had got uli'hl ,, • ""' '^"'^ «^ ^^« who^
IS beyond my comprehension. Tire e Lt '"''?? '""^^^'^^ '" ^he dark
from m,dn,ght till the rising sun , and if Til T ^'^^ "°*'''«'>^ to himself
had been there to have assisted h m thev u' ^'^^^^^^^^^ "^ the forest
greater propriety." ''""' *^^^ ^""W not have effected it w^
IX. The Spanish Shepherd Dog.
InSpain, a larger, stronger, and sw.f* ^ .
mountain flocks. It is som^etimesl'I^fthe ^^^ 7"^''''^ "^ ^'^^ the
ble to cope with this animal, thou.'-' n fi't °' '"' '^ '« quite una-
-y. It ,s a clean. long-lin,bed al TrS' T'''' "'^^^ ^^^
o. of medmm length of hair and
SPANISH SHKPHERl. DOO,
somewhat wolfish in his wno, i
-d undoubtedly without'an;:!;;''^^^ "^-^'-'^ a true dog.
Setter type, a dog s„id oHgLlly to havl '^''"-'""•^'^king more of the
'"11 perfectly illustrate this dog '""'^ ^^""^ ^Pain. The cut
«*»*~.-iMiiWi»a«sVft-
1058
TlIE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
X. The Drover's Dog.
The Drover's dog is a modified Shepherd dog, larger, stouter, and gen-
erally of mixed breed, the Shepherd, however, largely predominating.
Newfoundlands are said to make an excellent drover's dog, but the> do
not stand the heat well. Any good-footed dog, that is tractable, and that
will stand the heat, is used in the United States, since their work lies
mostly in the summer season. For general purposes on the farm, espe-
cially when sheep are kept, the Collie is, to our mind, altogether l)est.
When they have been carefully trained, their sagacity, even under the
most trying circumstances is truly surprising, as the following well authen-
ticated performance of a female dog, belonging to a shepherd of Perth-
shire, Scotland, will show; "The man had bought for his master, at Fal-
kirk, four score of sheep, which he immediately despatched home under
the care of his dog alone, a dv^tance of seventeen miles, through a popu-
lous country. The poor animal when but a few miles on the road drop-
ped two whelps, but, faithful to her charge, she drove the sheep on a mile
or two farther, then allowing them to stop, retunied for her pups, which
she then carried about two miles in advance of the sheep. Leaving hev
pups here she returned for the sheep, and drove them on a few miles;
and this she continued to do, alternately carrying her young ones and
takin*' charge of the flock, till she reached home. The maimer of her
actin° on this trying occasion, was afterwards gathered by tue shepherd
from^various individuals who had observed these extraordinary proceed.
ings of the poor animal on the road. Although she brought every sheep
of the flock safely home, yet it is painful^ to add, that she did not sue-
ceed in bringing her offspring home alive."
Xt. The Pomeranian op Spits Dog.
In his native country, the Pomeranian dog is employed in the care of
sheep and in one respect, and that alone, he is superior to the Colhe.
He ha's no aptitude fof game ; unlike the Collie he is cowardly, but, at
the same time, snappish, and again, unlike the Collie, he has no head for
learning mere tricks. In the United States, under the name of Spitz dog,
they have been largely introduced hh pets. They are exceedingly cleanly
in their habits, and sweet in breath and body ; hence their popularity.
But they are never safe with children, ai.a their bite is thought to be
dangerous. They are also accounted to be particularly subject to rabies.
They have an exceedingly long, smooth, uniform coat of hair, and when
bred in perfection, should be prick-eared, pure white in color, and the tail
carried directly over the back.
«—**—- 1 11,4-
■«««<*«»1*4,««.,i»,riJ«K!m
"m^ II
^ATCH DOGS.
__ 1059
T,.. . ™' ^« Oenaan Sheep Dog
This IS a small-sized (loff respmU- .l
able, vivacious, affectionate, and i! said t.'""^''' '''"-^^ ^^i^' tVact.
As a pet dog. he is altogethir safer that 1 '""""'^ '» ^"'^ -"-"on
•""" '^og- ^^"° ^« "«'*r relation, the Pomei^
'1
gacity. even under the
Pi
CHAPTER V.
PET Ain.> TOY DOGS.
1. THEIR DIVERSIFIED CHARAOTEU. II. ', .IE BLACK-AND-TAN TEUUIER. lU. THE
SCOTCH-TERRIER. IV. THE YORKSHIRE-TERRIER. V. THK 8KYE-T1 T :1:KR.
VI THE MALTESE DOG. VIl. > HE ITALIAN «REYHOUNl>. VIII. TI;E
POODLE. IX. THE KING CHARLES 81 A?fIEL. X IHE SHOCK UOQ. XI.
THE LION DOG. XII. THE BARBET. .J'l. THE iUJ .' OQ.
I. Their Divorsifled Character.
Man .^ ingenuity and tact in the breeding of animals is re ^her.^ ;jo
fully ,yhown as in thi; breeding of toy dogs, unless it be in (he hvb<ii\~
in<» of pigeons, i:. t^.e 1) tier tl.e results aio seenin the divarsity ot form
and color of the pluaingr , In d.g' the most wonderful diversity in
shape, texture of hair, ^n^ color has been obtained, but most curious of
all is the dinmnitive b5;w to whicli they are bred. No better txerai)lificar
tion of this can be gi^-eii than a comparison between a Toy-tevtier weigh-
ing three or four pounds, and the huge Mastiff or NewfoundisMd weigh-
ing up to 180 pounds. So widely, also, do they diverge from the true dog
t>^e, that noDC save thvj anatomist would believe that they belong to the
same species.
n. The Blaok-and-tan Terrier.
The Black-and-tan is one of the most elegant of diminutive dogs.
Thos') intended for useful purposes are generally bred to weigh fifteen oi
sixteen pounds, but the toy varieties, perfect in every respect except size,
have been bred down to a. weight of three and a half pounds ; and five or
six pounds is not uncommon. The blood of the diminutive Italian Grey-
hound has been freely used in reducing the size of these dogs, and hence
the most of them require the heat of a fire in winter, as well as tiie i)ro-
tection of a blanket when out of doors, and covering at night. It is not
to be denied that they are the most beautiful of pets, very intelligent,
but timid to a degree.
We have one of medium size which can clearly make himself under-
stood with his dog talk. Full of amiable tricks and play, he is so sus-
picious of strangers that ho will not permit them tc come near him, nmcb
less touch him. He is not deficient in courage, boldly attacV. - strange
doers of larger size visiting the house, and even fastening pr- :;^ upon
rANTEUVUER. lU. THE
■V. THK 8KYE-T1 ! UIKR.
REYHOUNl.'. VIII. TI.'E
IHE SHOCK UOQ. XI.
} i'OO.
'•'■■'• AM' TOV ,„.,.,
them if they seek to u««r„ ),:,„, . ^0«
welcomed with ,. Z„! ' ' "''^ *'"*'■> '"■ Kv,.,v° i """« ""'"'«
>.om«„.tr„tive':ir'";i;;;;f;r -^^ -«- "^ .lorir:,'™""^
»u»l«idous, the not. i. i "''' " "'I'l' I'O hnird „„; i "'" """">
c..*i„ ;„:„ :^ ' ot:-;;' .';"°.;;"« -^ -„:,;; ^::*;*" «ou..<i.
a^<iuui„lan.e. Jocl^o i, , "'" ""' l'"f<''Hy .■ V f " ""
'"'■' '""■« -'■ "- m L::::,r2 ,:
Scotch Terriers are ..f ,„„„„ . ■ .
There ,8 a modified Skvp T« • -^
;^;i::/-^ - -- »- -~r;;;s^ --.h,
^e nairod, or tlie Dandy
Juelorkshire TernVr «^f
ceedindy fine do. wt, 'a . '"'''' ^''oken-haired Scotch •
bii"', 8ilverv nnH f 7 "^'^^'''^^'it shades of coin,- 1, * ' ^'"^ ""^
Jnerc is another Mii,. i„„ i- , , «^
*li i, exceedingly h .irs^l't ?' " ''"'-™»">J Terrier Tl
' "" ■' r'""' ''"'"'• »"« ""> best oJ , t 1 "' '■•■"■'="" *°'='«"'>.
'• -^ ttii. quite rare.
!;,!
rj\
"W H.'W
i
10(52
•niK A.MKKUAN FARMKU'S STOCK IJOOK.
V. The Skye-terrier.
Thia is one of the most fasliiouublo of Toy-tcrriera, and, when w«ll
bred 18 as unique as it is beautiful. The really tine dogs of this htiM.d,
are among the rarest of the dog kind. The cut of the Yorkshire Terrier,
TOBKSUIKE TERRlfcR.
f
not a good one, would l.e generilly accepted in the United States as rep-
resenting the breed. In fact, any Scotch Terrier with long hair, is passed
off for the true breed.
SHOBT-HAIREU SKYE-TEURIBB.
The short-haired variety, shown in the cut, is really one of the most
valuable of any Tenner extant, being sagacious, hardy, energetic and with
the courage of a Bloodhound ; and taking to the coldest water fearlessly
swit of srame. His color is mostly dark brown.
»"CT AND TOY noas.
1063
Triers, and, whtMi well
10 dogs of this l)rc(>d,
tho Yorkshire Terrier,
J United States as rep-
vith long hair, is passed
is really one of tho most
lardy, energetic and with
) coldest water fearlessly
rown.
-"• "'JUS.
The long-haired or net Stv„ • , *'""
I' f'i
|Qg4 TIIK AMERICAN KAUMKU's KTO( K JUIOK.
and of the feet. In a well-coated specimen the eyes are only t« 1»e
Tuold at, ard even the nose i« often obscured ; but generally they .re
Lch more or less visible on a close h^peeUon^
The eyes are keen, exprossivo small, and generally
ftkher black or brown, as are ' ;»alate. , ., ,
TheTars are of good U. -.u ul>out three indies long, clotlicd
thickly with hair, wirich .li..ald mingle with that o the face and neck,
fnd decidedly falling, h- aot quite close to the cheek, owmgto the Muan-
titv of hair by which they are surrounded. , , • ,
The shape of the head is not easily got at, but it is somewhat w.d.,
Jlo the neek is unusually long. The body, .l--^ V ^oo much coated to
rhowiteshape, and the form of the sho.).... and oacc nb. can only 1.
ascer^ined by handling, or by dipping the dog in water, when the « apo at
once become^ .pparent The fore legs are sometimes more or less 1 , u.dy,
bu theless tV better ; there are no dew claws, and the feet are not very
stron' havbu a tendency to 'flatness and thinness of the soles. a 1
r^Ind ii.d horizonU, ^'"t -^th a sweep, so that the tip is a 1. tie
be o V tL level of the back. Weight, from ten to eighteen poun.ls, the
bitches bcin<^ nearly as heavy as the dogs -perhaps about t wo pounds
'e m ^^^^^ mLt fancied are ..Iver gray with black tu-s, fawn w, h
'rk brown tip to the ears and tail, dark slaty blue (sbghtly gr..zlod.
but without a 'y absolute admixture of white .back and pure fawn-^ e
order we have named being in accordance w>th the value of each. TV-
hat should be long, straight, and shining, like that f /he t.l o the
horse, any appearan.o of silkiness, wooUiness, or curl to be :.o,ded,
ex pt^^^^^^^^^ 'he top of the head, where it has a .light tendency to s. ki-
ue f By Home fanciers the prick ear is preferred to he drop th
ris in which this poi,>t is .hown being strongcM- .he body, ad
haX Tn constitution and courage. The prick ear should st^.nd up well.
and terminate in a fine tuft of hair coming t^ a decide^! point.
'■n. Tli3 Maltes ^og. .
This elegant Toy-terrier is, when of full age (Ave years old), a com-
ple^ m ?of long si^'^y hai^ - aight and so thick that the oii^hncof t e
tX --ot be dILtinguished. The hair o, .he ears^. J. ^ a po.. •
appearance., The color is pure white, without staiu, and if th- .■ ..an,
tendency to curl the breed is impure.
VH. The Italie.^
, p as delicate as Ko is cleiiiily
Thiaiaonc of thentoste!eguitofh> ^ . ,
. X. a ,-c*ct .-ountorpart in n...,iatur.. of the be,t s,., ,™en.-f
the Bmooth Coumug Greyhound. Unfortu.mul.T, tdoj ai^ - ■--■■
ftrii
PKT AND Tor I>O0^
riilly of dark color,
1065
and susceptible to cold thiit tl
warmly clothed. Th.'j Lro „ot ZlwTl •"'* ""'^ ''^ '"*'" ^""^«d. but
-thor the, chase ralL.s an/, X'^,:^^^^^ coura,.. and i„ ^ara.
To win pn/c8, thcne do-s nmst s...; ^ , '"
.cteriHticH.. Head lo„. and firm • erltr "'"''." '« ^^o followin.^r char-
shouldcM^swo^«etback^.hostd..^,;.s 1^7 "'f """^''""- = "-k long;
'" -utifully fcrmod. not full ,> I; "!,.'" ";
'i" to uppcaranco, but withal u ""'"^ "'"'
arched foot ; back .Ii,h ly ^u ""^^^ '''''^ '^ '"-
ment of where the loin if t ,. , i ":"""^"""'-
cut away at the loin ill i ^'"^^^ ''"•'•^'^' ''"^
beautifi.ccpfr::;r:h:;:r;;;::t.rr
n.co square hips, with «no ste n. w I. ^"'^ ^
and .trong stiHos, all bei„., «|in, ' 7 V " '''
Pienty of strength, although ZX^ir^^^l^
Vm. The Poodle.
ITALIAN OREVHOUND.
The Poodle is „„o of the mo.st intere«tin.r .f . .
pecuhanty of its curly white coat a n d ^ "^1!'^* ^""'«' ^oth from the
acquire numberless interesting tricksM /T Y ""^ ^d^Pt'^tion to
- exhibited, the Poodle is sure to be'th: ^^d^eir^lT^^ i^
I^OODLE.
cate tricks. Its education is carriorJ \»r .i
-rttcHs this oould „,. be at^tLwri"?""','^ "^«^ =
-^v, th, i„„uie wa, uot superior l", other dogs7 ' "*"°°'* "'"'
'!
r+itii
■■* W
»A^^
mmmmmmm
1066
THE AMF.mCAN FARMEK'b BTIM^K IJOOK.
It used to ho tho fusliion to clip the hair close from tlio body, exc«|)t
the manoof the nock, a tuft on each foot, and on tho end o! tho tail, with
the idea that poor Poodle would thus he transformed into a miniature lion.
IX. The King Charles Spaniel.
Among Toy Spunicld two breeds are recognized— tho Blenheim and the
King Charles Spaniel, the latter being rather the larger and handsomer
of tho two. As house dogs, both are watchful, beaiuse timid, but
not readily silenced, since the;- m easily run under a sofa or other placo
inconvenient to be got at, where they continue their ycli)ing tothedis-
comtituro of would-be depredators.
They are both tender eyed dogs, that is, they s-iffor fr(»m watering at
the eyes, and the shorter the nose the greater is this disability.
The points of tli King Charles, are : Head roundand short ; ears long
and pendent, well cor ted, or what is termed "feathered ;" eyes largo and
prominent ; nose short with a deep stop— that is, well indented just at
the setting in of tho nose from t\ic forehead ; jaw undershot ; ncek short,
well coated; shoulders wide; fore-legs short and well feathered; feet
]on<r with good coat between each toe ; back compact and short ; loin
strong ; tail carried low, never hirlier than tho level of the back, with
plenty of feathers on it ; hind legs well feathered also : coat abundant,
silky, straight, and glossy ; the black pure and very tine ; where tanned.
rich mahogany color, free from white, a tan spot over each eye, lips tan,
and all under "arts, with legs and feet, deep rich tan.
Tho points .f the Blenheim vary but little from this except in color.
It is smaller, and the color is always a white ground with red or yellow
spots, with a well defined blazo of white between tho eyes. The ears,
also, are colored, and the whole of tho head except the nose and the white
mark up the forehead.
X. The Shook Dog.
This is a cross between the Danish Spaniel and the Poodle, a long
curly-haired, large-eyed, short-nosed little fellow, good as a vermin
hunter or as a pet.
XI. The Lion Dog.
This, again, is a cross-bred dog between tho Poodle and a small Span-
iel, and is strictly a toy dog. He is now scarcely known, since fashion
has decided in favor of other varieties as pets.
XII. The Barbet.
The Barbet is simply a diminutive Poodle, and of no possible value,
since it lacks tho intelligence of the Poodle and is not small enough to
render it valuable as a toy.
••KT A.V„ TOV ,H>08.
Ou • I ^^- The Pug Dog.
fellow, said to bo of CM ^'"" '" ^■■'^«'- "« a not Th*^ ' '"'^ ^'^
y arc, however. seJdom bred true
once
^tott DOO.
there, and hence low forehead. „„„„ ,
apt to crop out i„ .nunAird "'./'r' ""•" ^"'l"" "".a-fa" .„
THE PIJQ ooo.
*and „„,.|ed tail, eompact i„ ,„Z if- ™ ""'"•' "'«' '"""k ""•-
- -.. the i.„g „„„„ haVe ■.- VS"": ■■:,f;f "-• *ora
" ' ^^"" ^«gh ; ears smaU,
"71
(
,p
^mm"
-S|^M«^s««a«6,
1068
TUB AMERICAN FAKMEK's STOCK HOOK.
fine in quality, and dark, carried close to the head ; eyes very prominent,
almost us if they would leave tlie sockets, dark and lustrous ; nostrils
and nose well set back, with an indent or stop, but not so much as tht;
Bull-dog ; jaws level, with a dark muzzle and a black mole on each cheek,
with three hairs in each mole ; shoulders broad ; chest wide ; back
strong, well loined ; tail curled over on one side about half a turn more
than one curl ; legs straight ; feet flat ; color fawn, with all points black,
but devoid of smut in body-color; coat of fine quality, with a trace of
dark down the centre of back.
ii-'-M" >{ J^M ■ i 4
CHAPTEU VI.
MANAGBMENT
AJTO
TRAINING
OF DOGS.
TriB FKEDINO OK DOOS ,,
CLEANING V FnrmT~ ' '■''fKIK'ISK ,,,
TO CAKttV V Ii™",f "^^"^^ «"■ "EALTlI.HlvV l'"" "OHSINO OF DOO,
I- The Feeding of Doga.
Dogs, to be useful, must be w ii
idea that stinting the food makosi ^ll" "f ''^^'^ ^«^- ^ i« a mistaken
surd .dea that upupp^ must bo koponrr' '" "''" '^ *hat otherah!
jrous Thepupp^.^Hen^Zd' :,,'7^^"-k«h^
the addition Of a little suffur thmw; '"'""^ * ^^'^t of milk wifK
havooueeada,.amess^of^:nk, XL^^^^^
h .s three months old. Occasioi.allt | ' !f ^'?^ "'^'^^^ «""•-, until
out-meal or corn-meal, or some snJl bi^^f ^^./"•"^'^ thickened with
should carry him to the a-e nf ! '^ ^^e'l-fooked moat Th:
«hould be fed three times IX', "^ Z I^'l '"^"^'^^ ^^^^-i^ie ^
made by stirring the meal in sou^ of l!h ^'"^ '"* ^"''"-'"^al puddin^
amuse himself with. After Z i s "fonr'V;"r^'"^" "'^ *'« '> -
twice a day. upon the same diet or ii T "''^' ^''^ "««d »>« fed but
^blo. such as bread, biscuits, ctr^^^^'^^^ l! '^^'^ --I- W :«'
keep hun in good heart. Clear, f e wat'e ''''''" "' '"^"t ^vill
;; ^'^f'^^ -thin reach at all t ^ ^ tlr 7^'.'"'^'-^^'^*"-^'«' -^
ull meal given at night, if he be a ^uniin. doJ ° I "" ^""'^ «'^' «°«
be u house dog, will do. '"° '^^=' «*• '« the morning, if he
II. Bzeroise.
This is most important • th
tho older dog does not got it. 1^0^; ,^^1""' t ""'^"^ •^' ""^ '^
«ep.ng dogs chained constantly is brutaT n7h '''"" ''^" P'-^ "^
t^m sullen, savage, and ferocious a, d of ' '^'J'"-'^^' it -nakes
«tacb. The dog is an intelligent anim I "> "•^'^^"•"'"'^te in their
else he is „« better than a willbrute v; ?' ''""'' ''« *^«"tcd as such,
■n^ept chained ; and young do. k pt ch .1 ^^71'^ ''''' ''^^'""« " «"« dog
Ix^ome as stupid as tLr „"...£ '^^ "^"'"'^•^ ^^ '"^ke them sava^n. «n»f
lotiy
iii^
1070
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
m. The Housing of Dogs.
Every dog should have some place of his own in which to lie. It need not
be expensive, but it should be comfortable, and should be kept clean.
Every dog should have a good, well ventilated kennel and be taught that
this is his^home. Even the pet dog, should have his own particular bed
place, and be taught to lie there when at rest.
rv. Cleaning.
The house dog and all pet dogs should be regularly cleaned, as much
so as the horse. They should be brushed every day, and all long-hairod
dogs should be washed once a week. If they are lame, seek the cause.
Examine the feet, first of all, for thorns. In bad weather, the membranes
of the toes often get sore; if so, wash them with soap and water, and
apply veterinary co.smaline. If strict cleanliness were the rule, we should
hear less of the vexation of flei^s.
V^. Four Rules of Health.
Feed ret^ularly ; have plenty of clear, cool water always within reach,
for the dog to drink ; keep him perfectly clean ; and give him plenty of
exercise. °Thus you may be assured that you have done your whole duty
to the most sagacious, affectionate, and trusty of animals, companions to
man.
VI. Training.
Without training, a dog is like an uneducated man, comparatively of
little value. His instinct will of course serve him to good purpose, I)ut
the educated, as compared with the uneducated dog is pithily described
in the words of the poet Fields :
" Alike, yet different. The one a beast,
'llie other a sentient creature. "
It is an English maxim, and a good one, that "you cannot begin too
early to teach any kind of dog, obedience." It is the most important
part of any education and, once thoroughly learned, the rest is easy. In
England it is absolutely necessary that dogs should be obedient, and the
same is measurably true of our more sparsely settled country. In the
training of farm dogs, it is not difficult to teafch this habit of obe-
dience. It docs not take severe beating, for a "cowed" dog
is of but little account. In relation to training for field work, an
English authority lays down certain rules, which are sensible, and from
which we make extracts.
ing for field work, iin
li are sensible, and from
»^-OK.«». ,»„ ,„,,^,^^ ^^ ^
Take a stake fastened to . '^il^^'T' *° ''"^•
to the collar ; lead the do., to n ''"'■'*' ^''« «ther end nf ^u- u ■
^ound. Firstteach ^Z to ^oU "''''''' ^ ^'^'^^^^^^^^^
waving it over his head and H '' '" ^" ''»* «""nd pi.l . '"'? '^'
then throw it from voj : ,1. """^^"^« '-« totake t ,t"'"'' '^
P-.thro.T^r::.;!;:;;y;;^V-^^^^^^^^^
biscuits, etc • hiif u<^ u- . ^^ "'^ briiio' jt f,> „^ '""^ the
andif that be not ,uffl<,i,„( . ■ '» te doos „„t come, order him
WI.e„y„„.,e„utfor„„'";virr"^-
«.a, after g„f„g „ ,;„,, „",'''"', '"''"P " «'"™ °"k»ow„ ,o him
'" *""' ""> Slove. Graduall,. i„ero°L " ^^ """' ''y'^^^k'"? rout
..ore; b"t .7 he bring the ,„„4 ™;« ''.« d,st,.„ee to h„„amle o'
but wave h m back ao-ain tnr k i *' "" "from him and ,„„ ij.
^Hng anything. chas^Thi:;: '' '''"' ''' '^^^ ^'^^^^^if^^X^l
Press on hi. h- i^' "^^"^"^ *° °^"°P *° Hand.
"I^P" Th ^'"t?"'^^^'^'-^ «'Hl make him sit do
8a^ur..n^'":^"'^'"^"Pth«hnnd,reti eli/h ^""^'l' '"y'^^S to him.
saying, 'Drop, drop. " jf he dnp« ., ' ^""'' ^^ce towards him
e moves lead him back an X ^T ' '"T""' '■^^^'•'•^' '"-^ ^
t "•' ^^'^ '^ 8""' «nd. droppitTi "^,2'- '' '^^ ^"- 'fc -el , tie
off a cap alone, a^,d say, -GoLk ' T /''''' ^'"'"^^ "P » fflove fil
; ^"e dog be not afra£ ^Z^; .:;^ -^ him bHng^L ^'^
ton turn over a few rabbits, and drnoH T-''^"''^^ ""<'' ^e Hkes it
^h"t thorn, then send him for thl Z[ ''' ^'"^ '"-'« ""til you have
jcercsmg i„ this way constantly Tilt ' '"' ""'^ ''« J««nied by
ucb and water-fowl which are luitldT T" ""'^ "^^'^"^ "^ «"tohin^
«t ...0 advise beginners to use whip « j^h' ""'"' A^^' I" -ndusio^
touch the dog but yourself. * ' ''"'" '^^ ?"««*'>!«, and let no one
X. Training Dogs to the a,^
'-oreadilv teach onrnuniUobaTkanothe
I..
Tfh
i^'i'Uijr to
the field and hunted
on
dog's point,
gHme, he should know thirt
t^^wmmmmm^.
1072
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
■
««Toho" is the command, stop or halt, which we teach him after he has
become prompt in charging, using the check cord as in the first lessons.
Provide yourself with some morsels of food when the dog is hungry, and
having fastened the cord to his collar, as before, take him into an apart-
ment or yard, where no one can attract his.attention, and throw a piece
of the food where he can see it fall. He will naturally run for it. Let
him do so, but when he comes near to it pull the cord sharply and crv
out "Toho" in a loud tone. He will probably drop or charge, remem-
bcrinff the lesson you first taught him. This is what we desire so long
as he'stops. Continue this until the use of the cord is not required, and
he will halt to the verbal command, and at the same time keep him per-
fectly familiar with the down charge by signal, and to dropping to shot
if you have determined to teach it, and have begun it.
In order to encourage our young dog to quick movement, and to cul-
tivate in him a free and speedy gait, we should take him with us in our
rambles to the suburbs of the city, where there are open fields and plenty
of room. For atime keep the cord attached to his collar, and let it trail after
him as he moves about ; it will not impede him as much as might be ex-
pected, especially if you select a strong one, about as thick as an ordinary
lead pencil, and " point " the end with thread to keep it from fraying.
You will find that it will greatly add to the control you have to exercise
over him, and will have the effect of impressing him while he is at liberty,
that you are still master. On these walks, accustom your dog to the
sound of the whistle you intend using for him, summoning him from time
to time that he may become perfectly familiar with it. Practise him,
while you are out in the same lessons that you began at home, until every
lesson is obeyed promptly ; and when he charges, walk away with him,
each time extending the distance, insisting upon his remaining so until
ordered to hold up. .
No doubt he will notice, and perhaps show an eagerness to hunt, spar-
rows and other small birds you may come across in your walks, and prob-
ably point when he scents them, from natural instinct. This we do not
check, but rather encourage for a short time, as it will give a greater
desire for the chase, and when ready to be put on game, and once shown
to him, he will soon choose between the two, and readily distinguish the
Your walks should be more frequent the nearer you approach the
shooting season, when you shall want to go int<) the field, and coufarm
and put to use the lessons you have imparted to your dog.
XI. Obedience Imperative.
. . ., ,1 .,!i.._ i.^A :.,aiai-a ua wnhiivRfllreiidv stated.
In conciusiou, tns iiauioritj nx^-.^^u i:.-—,-, - ' '. , j
that to train any dog, it is imperative that you should begin early, and
"n^mthmMi,..*
lOOK.
each him after ho has
as in the first lessons,
he dog is hungry, and
ike him into an apart-
ion, and throw a piece
irally run for it. Let
cord sharply and crv
op or charge, remem-
^hat we desire so long
■d is not required, and
ne time keep him per-
nd to dropping to shot
lit.
novement, and to cul-
ie him with us in our
5 open fields and plenty
lar, and let it trail after
much as might be ex-
as thick as an ordinary
keep it from fraying.
1 you have to exercise
m while he is at liberty,
ustom your dog to the
nmoninghim from time
vith it. Practise him,
;an at home, until every
, walk away with him,
his remaining so until
igerness to hunt, spar-
a your walks, and prob-
iinct. This we do not
it will give a greater
1 game, and once shown
readily distinguish the
irer you approach the
the field, and confirm
'our dog.
J u i>y voice or action. Tbpro • •^°"'^ commando wl,«f u
less cruelty hnf f k« -j "^^'^^ 's no need fr.,. """us, whether
OTfthavfialreadv stated.
hould begin ear
ly, and
CHAPTER Vn
DISEASES OF DOGS.
T
I, INTROrUCTION. II. DISTEMPEIl. III. FITS AND IIRAIN DISEASES. IV.
DIABRIKEA AND DYSENTERY. V. CONSTIPATION. VI. INFLAMMATION 0»
THE BOWELS. VII. THROAT AND LUNG DISEASES. VIII. GOITRE. IX.
BABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA.
I. Introduotion.
Dogs are generally very healthy, I)ut when thoy becomo ill they arc usu-
ally very ill. Though hardy and rugged when in health, sickness makes
them very tender and sensitive ; but their pathology is well marked, and
their system responds readily to judicious treatment. A few pages de-
voted to their treatment and nursing when sick will doubtless prove iiitor-
esting and valuable to many of our readers, though the dimensions of
this work will not admit of a very e.\tended description of their various
diseases.
II. Distemper.
This is the bane of the canine. To him it is what children's diseases
are to the human family. All, or nearly all, must have it, and it is very
often fatal, especially among the finer breeds, in which the dogs are more
tender from extended in-and-in breeding. It is a specific blood poison,
contagious from one dog to another, and attended by high fever, as often-
times by many comfilications. It may arise spontaneously within the
body, the cause being obscure.
How to know it. — There is languor, loss of appetite, and redness of
the eyes ; the nose is hot and dry ; the urine is high colored ; bowels some-
times loose, and sometimes the reverse, with very offensive fujccs ; there
is disinclination to move ; the pulse is rapid, and breathing accelerated.
These symptoms continue about two days, when the eyes and nose bogin
to run, at first watery, and later purulent ; a cough sets in, and usually
pneumonia developes, with furred tongue and high fever, — often with
delirium and great weakness ; the eyes and nose becomo so gummed up
as to cause blindness and a change in the breathing, which is now not done
through the nose, as in health, but through the mouth, and is rti\nd and
painful. If the seat of the complication is in the bowels, there will be vio-
lent diarrhoea with black, offensive (sometimes bloody) fajces, .streaked
with coagulated mucus. If the skin is affected, there will bo pustules
107/1
;g»i niiawn t^naajtama,^
«««i*»#sai»»M.
'*****«iai»»«»ai«,*i4a
***«SS*i«»*»«,,
} BRAIN DISEASES. IV.
-VI. INFLAMMATION OV
VIII. GOITRE. IX.
)ocomo ill they arc usu-
[lealth, sickiicss makes
;y ia well inaiked, and
nt. A few pages de-
doubtless prove inter-
^h the dimensions of
ption of their various
bat children's diseases
have it, and it is very
hich the dogs are more
specific blood poison,
)y high fever, as often-
ntaneously within the
petite, and redness of
colored ; bowels somo-
offensivo fujees ; there
breathing accelerated.
10 eyes and nose begin
h seta in, and usuullj
gh fever, — often with
become so gummed up
, which is now not done
inuth, and is rapid and
wels, there will l)o vio-
oody) fajces, streaked
there will be i)ustule8
DISEASES OF D008.
on the inside of the thiol,. ^<^75
your hundll . " '" '"'"''• "i"> " do, re t '•""""'"' "f"""""
No. 1. „. -^ " ■
LoT ""''"« «<^«°ite root
jounce sweet spirits Of Xe
>i Ounce tincture of .r^,J '
J^OuueessKup:flf "-'
^^'^^er^tomake^ ounce's,
Give a toaspoonful every two ».
broad and n.ilk, etc. ^ *'"' '•°"^«- Feed on beef tea raw
If the bowels are affected, .ive a tan *— eggs,
-ci supplement it with the fono;:^''!""^"""^"' «^ ^^-p of buckthorn
No. 2. o^ *■
2 Drachms prepared chalk,
1 Drachm aromatic confection
^Oun ti„^.^,,^^^^ -ion.
3 Drachms gum arable,
W^- to make 8 ounces.
Or, ....tead, the ,„„„„i„g „,^^ r^j;'^"^ "-^ '"-e evacua,i„„r ^
No. « , „
1 Ounce laudanum,
1 Ounce spirits camphor,
J Ounce extract ginger,
i Ounce brandy,
1 Ounce tincture catechu,
•Mix.
''trirr:*'-:!:.;'*,!-'-'.- -». .«., ^.
= ■ o— ".« , oiiowiug iujection : ""^ ^"'°*'
1076
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
No. 4.
1 Ounce sulphuric ether,
1 Ounce laudanum,
3 Ounces water,
Mix.
Inject a teaspoonful into the rectum occasionully. If these do not
prove efficient, give a tablespoonf ul of castor oil and repeat No. 2, or giv«
the following :
No. 6.
}4 Grain nitrate of silver,
Bread crumb,
Make a pill.
Crive this night and morning. Feed on mutton broth thickened with
arrow-root, rice-water and a little port wine.
If the brain is affected, it will bo shown by delirium and fits, with a
desire for pressure on the head. Insert a soton across the back of tlio
neck and close to the poll, just beneath the skin, and smear turpentine on
the tape, to increase the 8upp"urative action. Apply ice poultices to the
head. Give No. 1, and, in additu)n, the following mixture :
No. 6.
6 Ounces elixir bromide of potassium,
3 Drachms tincture of gelgeininum,
Mix.
Give a teaspoonful every two hours, till the brain symptoms are abated ;
then drop off to three times a day, continuing for two more days.
When the fever is abated and the stage of exhaustion comes on, give
the following ;
^o. 7. 2 Ounces elixir callsaya. Iron and bismuth,
2 Ounces syrup of tolu,
SDrachms chlorate potash.
Water to make ounces.
Mix.
Give a tablespoonf ul every three or four hours, and feed on l)cof tea
thickened with arrow-root. Feed this four or five times a day, a little
at a time. Continue the quinine in two grain doses, morning and night.
Or, instead of the quinine, the following may be given :
No. 8.
2 Ounces compound tincture of bark,
14 Ounces decoction of yellow bark,
Mix.
Give three tablespoonf uls three times a day to a large dog. Mr. Ar-
nold Burses, of Hillsdale, Mi(;h., says this treatment will sometimes
revive dogs that to all appearances are dead ; so never give them up till
you are sure life i;^ extinct.
The diet of dif^temper patients should be diligently attended to.^ They
require very Uttle the tirst two or three days,— thai is, whiio Uio fever is
broth thickened with
"I8KA8E8 or DOGS.
high, and thoy should -ct no . .• . . ^^^"
enedw,tl.tho.samo,,„ayalsol.o.iv . ""^"^'^-'•""t : -nd port wine think
eg/? '>.-okcn into the -outh thmw ^^ .^"''•'''•^"' »* " time. A raw
bo..«ls are ..ot too loose. ^""' ^'"^-^ =' ^Juy i« excellent, if thi
Cleanl,„e.ss should l.o strictlv ol. .
«"dthoexorc.„e„tre„u.vedi ;t.r^^^ litte. given everv day
good vent.hUion. but avoid <irJ::^ :^;:[;;-;^^^- See that t.Lel^
etc.. «hould bo covered. Allow no 'v.m.- ""' "' ^"•^'^''"""d^. terriers
"^ ^'""P'^*^- ''"^'^^^ "-• «-P"sure until recoTory
^^itsareaco..onal^;e^o;^"^"'^^^^^•
of the ne.-ou,s systeu,. A Ht sh. !id Z"? '^^'" ''^^^ ^-""open^ent
good dog destroyed in consequcMu-o L ''' '"''^*'''^^» f'*'' ••"l>io.s: a„d a
t.- « ght provocation., such 1: ;^,^'^^,;-''7i—y and s^l^^
HowtoknDwthem.-Thero is H,.", .' "'l''-;"-^^'""' ovcr-oatin,.. etc
mouth, and deliriun. ; the do. f.il ! ' 'f ."^ ''"' J'"v.s, frothin..Tt thJ
""""teor so gets quiet; .Zy^^tT '^"'^ ^'"'-t'^- ""dV te 'a
around rather wildly, as thou,W. Zil 'T: ""' ■^''■"-« hin.self. | "ks
m,„utesisas well as over till a^^^"^ ^•"- ^"— "t, and in Ve
h..n more and n.oro, so that he n m I ""' ""• ^^^••^'■'' «t weakens
Bo^ there is not the slightest dang^ , ^ J^ ""^ ^'-^ -"--ti::
Brain diseases are rare, cvcent as . ,. "'• 'Attendant.
n-s^t .^ii^uries and external "^Z ^^ ^'^''^'^' '" ''^^^'"'-•' - - a
What to do.--Nothin<r cm Im h J
Atle.- hulf „„ ,,„„,. ,,e^i„ „„ ,^^ ,„;;„^^?;7»"<f al«o the i„j„cti„„ No, 4.
Xo 9 " *
2 Drachms bromide of potash
6 Ounces water, '
Mix.
rtwo. If .worms are suspected; Jl, ^" '; ^^'^ '""^ ^-t for a day
"'' W'fiiension on the Dart of iU^ \ ' . "^ vigorously. To anW
,4
1078
THE AMERICAN PAKMEU'rt STOCK BOOK.
IV. Diarrhoea and Dysentery.
DiiirrhoBfi sliould bo checked, .u it will run into dysentery. It is usually
caused by son.o iiritaut in iho bowels. Give a tablesponuful of ciis-ior oil,
and after ha.f an hour begin on No. 3 ; clun.ge the diet to mutt >u .soup
Hud ric-e, broad and Ix.iled milk, etc. If this does not checU it. -ive No. 2.
Its rumiing on into dysentery will bo known by the blood th.it is mixed
with the excretions, the great straining, and th- redness of the reotuin,
as also by the pain and anguish depicted on the countenance. (Jive u
dose of castor oil,— from one to two tablespoonfuls,— and also Nos. 2
and 3, with frequent injections of No. 4. If this treatment docs not
prove effective in a few hours, repeat the castor oil ; but mix with it a
tablcspoonful of olive oil, and give No. 5. Keep him perfectly quiet,
and feed on rice-water thickened with arrow-root : when better, give boiled
milk thickened with cracker.
V. Constipation.
Do«rs are frequently trou*ble3 with obstinate constipation, caused by a
too heavy meat diet with too little exercise. The fffices sometimes accu-
mulate in the bowels and become hardened like a stone, so that notliiug
short of an instrumental removal will do the least good.
Wliat to do.— Give a large dog half an ounce of castor oil, repeating
this in ten hours, if tb'> bowels have not moved. Give injections of soap
and water frequently 5' ' he.se means do not succclJ, try and find wlieie
i<).« : ting the finger in the rectum and by feeling
h, reached from behind break it up with uteiiue
.. reached, give the following:
the obstruction is, by
the belly, and if i' ■ ;^
forceps. If it canuoi
No. 10. 1 Drachm jalap,
1 Drachm ginger,
1 Drachm gentian,
Syrup, to make a pill.
Give as one dose, and continue the injections.
Prevention.- Feed on a mixed diet, table scraps, bits of softened
bread, milk, mush, vegetables and soup, and give plenty of exerci.se.
VI. Inflanunation ol the Bowels.
This occurs occasionally from eating acrid, caustic sulistanccs in the
food ; also, from poisons, or from lying too long on cold, icy ground.
There will Iw whining, uneasiness, frequent getting up and down, pam
upon pressure on the belly, high fever, rapid pulse, hurried breathing.
and constipation.
What to do.— Give half an ounce of castor oil, with a tablespooutui
of olive oil in it. Half an hour later, give the following :
No. 11.
I^WEAHKs OF U008.
>!i l>rachm li, i„r„ „,. ,
Mix.
1079
Give a taJ.lespooni 1.1 ,,,,.,
phia GYovx t|„.eo -. "'"f ''our. Givo from J. ♦^ ,
Dor- often ,. Id, „„,,, , °""- "O «<■•««.
w..Me -..,J::'t:s;.™,.-!''." ."-.-.■«. ,„voc„„.
['"•■urnoiiia.
"f <]uiiiiiie
iiar^ro fi.f„Q
"e following.
I^ taken. U. vo.^ «tart " vo^i ' ^^'^^^^
throo time, a day; but if it has :, ''"''""'"• ^''^'^^
Giveate«,p„„„,„|,|,„„„,__^
If the iuiiifs l„,„„,„o uffcclod .....i:,'
."d rupid, painful brc.l.u.g JZ^T ■', " "'°''- «''"-™i»" .o„.h
,7"" "'<"■ «"" ■•«I«t 11,0 applie,. ■ :, ^'' "" ">"■■. »|."..,.c. it „tf „,: 'h'
then c laiiwe to TSTo 7 /-. J -"'oii. 'Jive No. 1 t II fi.a <? . , "
.. c'^ni roi disteiiipor
P ., . . Vm. Qoitre.
iioitre 18 an en ar^empnt ^* ^i .,
>kB ««« of a „,„„•, «„_ „„^ f,,,,„ ",„"•''• I' ''"' '"■•■" know, to altain
l-».g ou the Windpipe. It .ayolL » ™ "'"■ "» '««thi, gL
«« a day with the f„l|„wi„g „,„,^^7 " °" °™ "both .idc. K„\ '(
No. 13.
2 Drachms iodide of potash,
a Ounces lard,
Mix.
Or, instead, paint once a day wifh r .
'«™ent it Win „s„a„, di^ppi™", ,r:'2 ;;', j;;;!;;'- Wi,h ..he,
"---dpoi.n,„t.d„oedin^o-,,,V'C:;ra:,'X"i°f
, i;
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No, 2)
A /•APPLIED IIVHGE Ir
^ 165.1 Lost Moln Street
'■S Rochester, New York M609 USA
= (716) 462 - OJOO - Phone
as (716) 288- 5989 - Fan
1080 THK AMEtllCAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
thou^rht, in some c.scs, to arise spontaneously in dogs cats, wolves .pel
foxe;, and in all cases is con.nnnicahle both to nuu, and an.mals l.y Inl-
ine them. The virus appears to lie in the .ahva and l.ronelnal n.un.s.
and it may l.o communicated by introducing dry sahva mto a wou.u'.
without any bite. The period of incul,ation is from three days to a y.ar
and it ha; been thought to developo after st.ll longer per.od.. Iho
usual period is from two to four weeks, rarely exceedmg fo.ty <lays
How to know it-It comes on gradually. The lirst thn,g not.ccd . a
nenCs uneasiness, and a n,elancholy look in the eyes, w.th a or of
pleading expression ; an unusual fondness for the master, nm.nfes^ed by
Lyin.. tl.e head on his knee, licking his hand, and lookn.g w.stftdly nUo
his f^^c.; and a quiet, subdued manner in these and other ac u.ns,
with n.arked loss of the usual playfulness. This changes to a w> d, ap-
prehensive expression of countenance, and an mchnatu.n to hu e^ and
Shrink out of .si.ht ; he n.ay be called out, but w.U seem o be fr.gh. oned
and run back ; if poked with a stick, he will snap at ,t ; he appears to 1„.
^i r drst^, mul will n>ake frequent and desperate atten.pt stc, dr.nk,
bu c lot swallow ; when fed, he may perhaps t=.ke the meat nUo ,s
luth, but is unable cither t<, chew or bolt it. The symptoms may de-
^elope fully in two more days, when he will becon.o dehnous and start
Tn Ttramp If shut up in a roon. he will walk round and round look
^:^.^on^y as tlough wishing to get out ; if out of doors he . ,11
walk ,ff, snapping, biting and gnawing whatever comes jn lus way, fre-
quntly lacerliing his mouth, so that the froth wluch hangs ron, In.
Ts is streaked with blood. From the start to the f.n.sh, he wdl so.no-
t mol howl n.ost disn.ally. There scenes to be paralyse of the 1 .kU,
causin.' the inability to swallow before mentioned ; the tongue gets black ;
ZZ^L jaw often drops, and the tongue protrudes ; and alth.mgh n, las
rvu-oxvsnJ ho will close the jaws enough to bite, ye -hen the ja. .
dropped ho cannot howl. This is distinctively called dumb madues.
T 10 v.npton.s all becon.e aggravated till death tcrnnnates the case.
Every bite is not necessarily fatal. After many b.tes rab.es docs not
ens^io at all, but whenever it does, death always follows. No person wi.o
irsbeel biUen should worry about it, for this very anx.ety always pro-
disnoses to the development of the disease. . , , u
Wh odo.-Whoncver bitten by a dog or any other annua whether
ral!!lo not cauterize thoroughly with nitrate of silver or ared hot .oa.
I I do. s rabid, the part should Vo cut out and then cautcr.zcc
W^n a dog acts suspiciously, chain him up, and bo very ca,.f
in Inludling hhn. till the nature of the ailment ,s detcrmn.ed. If .t
proves to be rabies, ho must of course be killed.
CHAPTEK Vlir.
w :■ ;
DISEASES OF DOGS-CONTITniED.
I. I'AKASITIC DISEASES OF THE DOG m m»v,...
V. -KINUWOHM— VI. .NTEsr.NALlvoUMS- -•"
V. ■UI^(JWOI{M VI. IXTF^^TiviT ; .„ '"■ FLEAS IV Mnv
UKMiT — yuu SUUKE.T -^V;'^';;^ "•■:--V"- ^OKMS IN T„E KIDN vs'i;^
KUACTUUES AND WOLNDS.iLxV'nwK'" .'''''' ''"'-•^'"'ONOIS TUMOKS. — ^
STETKICS, ETC XII. OIIOUEA -—."vrM '^^ * ^^^ ^"''' ""^MTIVE OUgans OB
POISONS AND TIIEIK ANTIbOTES "'• ^"^^^'^^3. xiV. PAKALYSIS.-Lxv:
• I. Parasitic Diseases of the Dog.
Tho do<r is very subject to parasitic fli>.o.,«,>=
of tl.e domestic ani.na s. Tl o ex,. 7 "'''/'^" *'""' '"'>^ °^'^«r
voiontly be considered unj^; U t "of Ar""'?- ^"""""^^ ^«"-
KingwornM^alsoaa externa, panll^ti^'.:! ^::ft' '"'f ^'T"
vegetable (instead of animal) or^^anism Intc', . ''•"''"'' "^ *
only intestinal worms, but alsi .:,.:•; tl^ k ZL^^^rirf '"^!"^«,r^
.tlioWt. Dogs are, of all animals, tbe nK;:^;j:,:«:^ir;:?ta^^
II. Mange.
Mange is caused by an acaru-s, a mite-like or.r.,ni n, fi . i
skin. The sarroptes burrow in the dee " 1 ^ ', '' V"'''"^^^"^ th«
hair follicles, giving rise to what is tlLnZ^^al^r' '" '''
and which forms the inveterate man-e ihTi I 7''""'"'* i"""ge,
persistent treatment. The :^r:i^a^':TTZ''T ""' '^"''
the milder forms of mange, and. ravi^im on ho t 7 '^ '' """"''""
scabs, are more easily founi and kmel. ' ""''"' ""' """"^' ^'^^
How to know it — Intense itchin<r, ineiti.ur ti.o n,,..f
sometimes apparently frantic scratch in" s I J ,1 '""?"' '^r'
dog will sit down and scratch till bare ^atcle a ^ off^ '' ^'S
one or both haunches, so as, in some oasc^ "e to c o f T "^
there Tbi.,ehing usually makes its ap;Z::: r^ 'Z H-Z
foiolcgs. around tho eyes, on the bo!lv in fl,« « i ' ^'"ons,
j.^i.o of the thighs; bu^e.^ .iz Ir^it ^i'p r;^^ ^
e,ng characterized by a reddish pin^ply eruption, Jith . ly P che^
etween ho p.mples. and by loss of hair. There is also . off^ .^ e
.sagreea-ble odor, which, in connecticm with the scratci.inJ and oi
han- exctes irrepressible disgust, that finds expression in^tl • X
al[us,o„.s to a - mangy do-.- As with • • ■ *'""'*'''
itch
1081
in human kind, it
■all
IS no
jQg2 THE ASIEUICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
disgrace to get it, but it is a great disgrace to keep it,-a disgra... to (1,.
doir's master at least.
Manire is principally spread by contagion ; nevertheless, poverty, .uu,-
ger and dirt unquestionably predispose to it.
THE ni.OODSUCKKK.
THE BIRD LOUSE.
What to do.— Wash the animal thoroughly with soap and wator. to
remove all scabs and scurf; when dry, rub well in to all 'iffected parts ihe
following ointment : ^
No. 14.
2 Ounces ssulplmr,
2 Ounces lard,
Mix.
Applv once a day, but the washing need not bo repeate^l unless mote
than four applications are required. In a case requiring prolonged tn.-t-
luent, repeat the washing every fourth day.
Or, if preferred, the following may be used :
j^Q 15. 1 Ounce oil of tar,
20 Ounces whole oil,
Mix.
Annlv once a day. Give fresh litter every day, and scald all rugs
and liml^ets that have been used. Wash the ken.iel with boiling ^.iter
Mid soap, and, when dry, sponge it over with the f^^'-.ving lot.on :
jjq 1(5 1 Ounce corrosive sublimate,
1 Gallon water,
Mix.
Specially obstinate cases will be apt to require specially faithful and
Dcrseverin- treatment. Internal remedies are of no account, ^o .hnnge
need be made iu the feeding, unless thedog isthin, in which case nieroaoe
his allowance. , , , . , . , ,
Red Manqe.-This is simply an irritation of the skm, wImcIi nmkos
wl"' hair aLn,e a red c<,]or, and gives vise to some scratclung. lor
this it will be sufficient to apply the following, once a day :
jjo_ 17, 1 Ounce oil of juniper,
7 Ounces glycerine.
Mix.
niSKASEs or no.,., continued. ^^gg
_. III. Fleas.
These worry all do-s more or k-s. i,„f ,1, ,
degree of i.ritatioa asinano-e ,,„] .,,' ,^ "^'^ ""* '"""^^"^^ the same
uro be.t got riu of b, p.„.- .J i.,:!; i:; ::;:;7';t """!'>^'^^'- T'^^^^
of the hair, and over carpets etc . ' '^""'" "'^" "'« ''""t'
No. 18.
1 Ounce oil of nniso,
10 OuiiRcs olive nil
Mix.
Rub well in, washing it off
six hours afterwards. Give
fresh iiine shavings to lie on.
Cats arc also trou1)lcd M'ith
fleas. The formidable speci-
men shown in the cut is, of
cnuise, greatly magnified.
IV'. Lice.
Lice that live on the do^
are of two kinds, viz: tlip
blood-sucker (/mma(oj)inm)
with narrow head and long, trunU-like snckincr tube ..n.HI )• ,,
(trichodecies) .y\th large, broad head and bith,! i .'v "'' ^''^
tul>.. They may be killed by .iftin.. ..<>o i . 1^"^;, i "V T- "" ''T'^'^S
ingtho dog with whale-oil, .Lhin. it off a c" 1^^^ l'""'' "" ''^ f"
washing him with a weak solution of tobacco ^1^ "^^™-. or by
V. Ringworm.
The presence of the lunijus-lilve vc<rclablc inr-.^Wn fi .
wor. will be easily recogni.d by th^ con •d:;;:^;"; it:;::^:;-';;:^^
more cpecally by an elevation of the skin in the form ;;'".*'*'""' '"^,*
spro;uls by the rin^ increasing, in size the si'i" K " ""- '''^''''^'
11 , "o "'■ "^'-' "ic Skin also beconini"- .sciK- ..11^7
rough, and soon the l..i. drops otf . The dog ke.ps up a !:;,.k "t.! of
scr. .nng, but only of the affected spots. Apply k, r. .^fZ '
with soap and water, and rnb it in well. ^ ' ^'' ''"'''""^'
VI. Intestinal Worms.
The Tapeworm.-This is a Hat-bodied worm n.ade up of se^^ments Tor
joints) from one-eighth to one-halfof an inchlon.r, joined end tT.T I
^v,th a well defined diviuon between then In len. 1 t ' f '^ '"'^
bch t,> one hundred feet. Its head, which ^^!t ;::':;;';:
urn. ed with cu-cular sucking discs, surrounded by one or rnZ .wso
fron. thu iuU end and, passmg out with the excrement, craulanumd on the
I:
1084
THK AMKKICAN lAUMEU's STOl K lH)OK.
^■ound or .rnvs., c.t-., ineanwliile dc-positi..- iho eggs. These are exce..-
fvc-ly nun.cn.us, estimatod to be about 2:.,()0U,U()0 lo eiu-h entire lap.^
worm H.'in- oaten with the food by the unwary victim, the egg., hatd,,
settin.r fn>e an ovoid, six-hooked embryo, whieli bores its way tlnougl. lli.
tissues till it reaches a location that ouits its fancy (or nature), and there
cncvsts itself. Here it remains quite inert, until eaten with the fle.h m
hiVh it is embedded, when a perfect tapeworm developes in the mtestmes
w
of th(! animal thus eating.
Ta-nia Echinov.ocem is a tapeworm of tlic dog, not e.Kceedmg ur.e
inch in lengh, which, in its cystic form, may exist in anv of the mternal
oi-ans of men and dogs. These cystic forms have the power to mult-
T*N
4NIA KCHINO<'OOCUS KILLED WITH KOGS. (CoUUoUl. 1
nlv indetinitelv, and sometimes with fatal results. Many of the l.ladder.
of water found in the internal organs of animals are cysts of the .chuioc
occus.
HEADS IN TOIK CYSTie FORM OF
TIIK KCIUNO(M><;CLS.
HEAD OK TUK T.KNIA II-
CU.MERINA.
The tasnia cucumerina has its larvte form in the dog-louse (ric/ndec
Th^tamiamarginataU got from sheep and pigs, and resembles ho
tema«otom of the sheep, but having the lirst row of hooks somewhat
HEAD OK Tit;NlA
MAUOINATA.
CYSTICKHCIS TKNNICOLLIS, (CYST
OF T.KNIA MAUOINATA.)
Bhorter. Its cystic form is known aa cysticercua tennicolUs, and is ofter
found in other'animals, both ruminants and omnivora.
not cxcc'cdiiijr ur.e
\G dog-louse tricliixlec-
1>..SEA,SKS oi- noos. CONT.NXKO. Jo,..
The tmnia sermla i.s u tomniMn t....
being c«,.n,-«. cerc^raU.r '^^''''^of herbivo.a, the cystic forn.
The cat has two taoowoi in^ hnt ,.r,. i
further Uy givi„g .„,!,. Jh 4 ,":;'?! '« '"« -*'-» .."ience .
Round worms.— The round M-orni .'^t^.;/, " "" "^^
«...o„„t „f Ja,„„.r„. S„,„„,i,„„, ,1,,.,, „;„ Jil, , ?• '""' ''" "8'™«
KOUNl) WOKAf OF DOGS.
NATLH\L SIZK.
ROUND WOUM OK TUE ('AT
NATIUAI, SIZK. '
man's fist, and not infrequentlv thov *.....ivi »i > •
TI,oy.„.„,r„,„t»„,„f.jH.,oL;™(5 ' '" ""■ •'*""""*•
The maw-worm— This is notiiiii<r hut -i *j«,..;
-™.n,-a„ u„«i,.„ti«. <i.,ig„„.i.,;; '';„!,:,;:"""'"• ■'"""■'» •■'"- •■■.-
Round worm of the cat. The <• if i,..c .. .. i
tlio human intestines. °** ^^ •^'''" I'lhabits
Symptoms of worms.— The general syniotoirs of wnrm.
ious appetite ; dry, staring coatj thinnest oZt T ^'^ ''' '"P™"
a desire to vomit, and ^omet^Z^^"'i;^'''^'''^'''^Sh,wlti,
..veis, di.rh.a, or its oppo^, :r!;::t:;T:;;;^ ;:;s::s^
ness. To these are sometimes added bloody passa-^es and • no l ™i
What to do. — For tapeworm, let tho Hnrr f.,.i- f j.
^°- ^'^' 20 Drops oil of mule shield fern,
1 Tablespooiiful olive oil.
Mix.
' I
iU
I
1080
TIIK AMKKICAN FARMKIl's STOCK ROOK.
Give as one dose. Exiiniino tlio oxcrotions carefully, to find the lu a-i
of the tapeworm, and if this doos not conic away, repeat the above afUr
two weeks. The above doses are for largo dogs. To .-,. lallcr ones g,v.
proportionately less, and less also to young dogs as compared with th
full
hii-c
grown .
For the round worm give the following powder every mornmg fo.- a
week, on an empty stomaeh, and follow the last dose with a dose of cas-
tor oil— two tablespoonf uls— with ten drops of turpentme in it :
fffy^ 20. 4 Grains santonine,
2 Grains sulpliuret of iron,
20 Grains sugar of milk,
rowder ami mix.
Give as one dose. Repeat the whole treatment at the end of three
weeks. ^^^ worms in the Kidneys and Heart.
Giant Stronqle— This worm (eustrongylus gigas) is found in the kid.
ney It is from one to three feet long, and half an inch in diameter,
and ia of a reddish pink color. After destroying the kidney,— htcially
eatin<r it up,— it attacks GUsson's capsule (covering the kidney), perfo-
rates°it, and falls out into the abdominal cavity, where it causes d.-atn
from inflammatory action in a short, time. . „ ^ ,
Fllaria imitls.— This is an exceedingly small worm occasionally found
in the heart, and causing death suddenly.
What to do.— For these two worms nothing can be done. If his are
troublesome, give No. 9 occasionally.
vm. Surleit.
Do-s that are kept in too close confinement, and are over-fed, suffer
inevitably from surfeit, shown by plethora, pimples on the skui Cc.
and sometimes by a mild form of fits or vertigo. G.vo one d.-aclnn of
jalap made into a pill with syrup ; reduce the feed, and give more . .m r-
^^^^' IX. Abscesses and Phlegmonous Tumors.
These occur frequently in weakly dogs that have been debilitated by
disease, especially by distemper, and sometimes as a consequence of an
impure state of the blood. The latter condition is common n, puppy-
' hood They usually come around the jaws and throat, sometimes as
large as a man', fist; they come to ahead and break, discharging a
blackish watery pns, run a few days, and heal up.
Whatt0d0.-They maybe hurried by poulticing, and opened when
soft. Inject the following lotion three times a day :
jf o^ 21. 2 Drachms of carbolio aeid,
1 Pint of water,
Mix.
at the end of three
where it causes dcatu
If <lH.iIi,,..i„g disease is the antooodn.f •
mg l)on-.I..,. uun-uiug and nio-l.,, for , H^k . '"■'""'•^^""*''^' t'ivo tin, follow-
No. 22. o p •
4(,r;miss:ili|„.||.,.,
'%?■'"•'"" "f '""Hn sugar
If, however, the dojr is in jroo.l iu-iw fl ,
this: - '"•^'<-tlM. ai.ovewiIl not snit. Give
No. 2:i.
1 'IVas,,„o„f„l,.,.ea,„ of tartar
1 Tmnblerf,.! ,.f water
Mix. '
Give two tablespoonfnis .voty ...orning.
ThoW f^ .^ ^^'^"t^es and Wounds.
1 no foot of dogs often get soro f •
ing grasses, or long continued exnosurn tn m'"'" "^ *'"*'""' '^"•' ■'•'•'"t'lt-
bo attended to at oneo. E^novo lirfJ.X ^ / :,T •'/ ""'''. ^^'^^ «''-ld
examuiation, and apply a poultice till all infl'^;^ J ' '"""^ '' ^"""^ upon
the part twice a day with the followin-. Jo io ^^T T " ^'^"" ' ^^'''' ^''^h^
vent his licking it) ; = "' (f^^»daging loosdy to pre-
^"" ""*• ^ O^'K-f snjrar „f jpad,
1 Pint of walnr,
Mix.
If the dog has been badly bitten ■iiid tl i •
and dross three times a day with No' 21 If h"^''"""' '""" "'' ^'''^ "■''""^'
as straight as possible, and do then u,) ii,st.„.prTl^'^ '"""''*""' ^''^ *''«'"
1^0 splints ,nust not be too heavy, bit s:^ pS^^'j^;"'^ ^•''">^-
the front and one buck and outside. Leave the.n on fol^'woeiir "" °"
XI. I'i^eases Of the Genitive Organs, Obstetrics, etc. ^'"
Of diseases under this head, ffonorrlm>.. ;« fi .
in the dog. fre,nently co.ning ^r^v^ ^i .^ l' "T "'^^" '^'^ -'^^
bo kno.-n by the nuUter se'en drip i ' Ztn T.' f T"' '' ^^'"
clinging to it. Syringe out the par f willf 1 ir'' "' T' ^' '"^'^ "••
with the following lotLn : ^ ^ '''^^''' '''"d afterwards
No. 24. 2 Dradiins sugar of lead,
>2' Pint of wat:er,
Mix.
Inject a little twice a day.
Following parturition, the bitch sometime^. h-.«, nff •
and prolonged as to produce a partial or ^^Z^L:^^:? Z "^"h^
orvagMia, when the parts may be .een nm rn.li, ""7'' "^ *''« ^"^b
c»u. not v., .sn, ...nago/ „ s^C':t%:::,::z:::z
.HI
ri
1088
THE AMEKICAN FAUMKU's KTOCIi HOOK.
the orgiin by pushing it in with the finger, and after injectnigrcciiu; No.
4, tic on a harnosH and i)andago over the parts. Keep tliese on for a d;.y or
two, or longer if necessary. If i'..t .seen till the parts have beeoino nidu-
rated and eold, bathe them with warm water, and after applying loti.m
No. 4, try and push them baek. If all efforts prove unavailing, thv\
may bo excised, by tving a eord around the parts close to the body and
then cutting off. Dress with recipe No. 21 three or four times a dtiy.
Durin.r parturition do not meddle too much. If, however, a puppy
should 1)0 too long in the passage,— half an hour or more,— give some a..-
sistance, but gently, so as not to injure either the bitch or puppy. Ivep
her warm, and feed on light, easily digested food, such as soup, nuish
and milk, etc. for a few days ; then if there are no signs of fever her diet
may bo made more hearty and al)undant. While giving milk, she should
have some eooked meat every day. Sometimes the appetite fails while
sucklin" the puppies, and then she runs down terril)ly. In this ease, feed
the puiM)ies on Ix.iled milk, and give the bitch recipe No. 22, for a few
days. The puppies may be put with the bitch three times a day for a
few minutes, but then removed, to avoid worrying her.
In case of swelling and soreness of a teat, or part of the udder, Lathe
it with warm water several times a day, and when dry rub well in the
following lotion :
No. 2."». 1 Ounce guiu cuinpUor,
4 Oiiiiees olive oil.
Mix.
If the puppies should all die, great care will bo required to keep down
the inflammation in the teats. Milk them two or three times a day, and
treat as above. The puppies should be weaned between the age of four
and six weeks. , . . , •
Do-rs may be castrated at any age or any time of year, but not during
extremes of weather. If done at aii early age, the dog will grow larger,
and is not likely to become fat and lazy, as is the case with old dogs thus
operated on. Bitches may bo spaye.l at any age, but six months is the
best age. It may be done cither through the right side or in the median
line in^the belly, a little back of the navel.
XII. Chorea.
The nervous system of dogs is very sensitive and easily deranged. The
most common trouble is chorea, which is a quick, nervous jorkmg of any
part, but most commonly of the head, neck and fore parts. Sometmies
only ono leg or a shoulder is affected, and sometimes the whole body.
It may be s^o bad as to make the dog utterly useless.
DISlaSKS OI- „oos. (ONTIN.-Ei,.
1089
after applying lot id
When thi.s coiiditi,,., is ((.rnin- „„ ;• i ,. • ,- i
and .XluMwis.. „.anif..st u-u-asinL, Luf .fl m' ! r"" """^'" '''"' ^" ^^'""^
painless, iind docs not ,iu„|, i„j„,,. ,i„,' ', , '"" '"''"""' '•'"•'>"'<• it is
cases. '"- ""' ^^''>'I:. <'.\tci»t in ('xtiiuiK"
It usually follows dohilitatiii- disoasos
reoovny f ,.o,., these diseases the d..;^.:uM Z ^ T""'"'' • '""•"'°
wll often prevent il ; In.t onee (levHone.l 1' • '"'" " """"' ^^•'''•■''
noweve... will ,. i., o-de.- at anv tin.e ' "i X''^^ '^^''^"^ ;, ^ .onie.
»i(M(| cnimlH sullici,.,,!,
Make ii jiin.
Give as one dose, and repeat niornin-. and n\,rUt f r ■
"".-, ■iini inirlit for a fortniirijf,
XIII. Tetanus or Lockjaw.
Tetanus is veiy rare in do-s, and il is w..|l fl .
i« ..«»„ .„„.^. ,.,.,. ,., ;4„„ :,.::,:;,::;t:x:,;::::„:r- "^ '^
XIV. Paralysis.
Thisis quite eomnion, and, liap|)ilv it vioM. .. v^ .
begins Uy a staggering gait in tl. .i ,1 .,:'!" "^ "' ^'•-^'--^- It
till the dog has no power overlluMn -, • ! ' S'-ou's rapidly w„r.se
the nu,ven.cnt of the f..re parts. ,!,,;'"; ^ I'"" ^'-- ^"•-'nd by
ti.nes results fro.n a had ^old. or f : / ^^ ^7^:^''' ^•"--
worms. Clip off the hair over the loin ■ T ^ '""''' '"" ^'■"'»
baek, along L spine : '■^' '"^ '''''"^^ ^'^ ^^I'^^ving to ,he
^'''- 2''- I f flfk lunar caustic,
1 'I'faspoonfiil of water
Mix.
Paint it on with a ea.uel's hair brush. Give intern.Ilv ..
vomica, as follows : "''"> '^ ^'""'''^^ "^ »ux
^°" ^^- 1 Drachm powdered nux vomica,
2 Dradiuis gentian,
2 Draclinis iodide of potash,
Sir>!!)le syrup to mix,
JJiKeao pilis.
Give quarter of a pill morning a,.d night for three d'lvs • iU ■
It to half a pill for three more d° vs • then to th, , f "'"''"''
like period, and finally a whole pUI.' T .en i tC:?""'""^ " Z^^'"' ^"-
con..n.o it at that tiU^efinite ac'tion o/!r l- ^l :^.;:,::f ^^y^^^;^
bo shown by rigidity of the nu.eles and stiff.tess cff th . '..y .'.7. ,
hour or an hour after taking the pill. If it is a lar-^e or il do.' '1
to increase the dose up to two pi,,.; then keep^l'^t ^i^^Hhl
sy.pto.ns above deseribed arc -.tieed., .These 'sympt:n:ri:lnyLt
lono
rilK AMKHICAN FAKMKK's STOCK IJOOK.
requiro tlic pill to he stoppod. In f,'iviiij; imytliiiij,' liu<,'or ihiiu tho amali.
o»t dose, grout euro should be tiikcii not to omit ii dose, since in that citic
the next doso might kill.
Kc'peat till! hlist.T on (iio buck, if noeessary. Feed on nourishing light
diet, keep hint clean, und keep the bowels open with oecusioniU doses of
castor oil. During recovery do not allow him to walk about too nmch, as
fatigue is injurious.
XV. Poisons and Their Antidotes.
When a dog has been poisoned, the lirst thing to be done is to give an
emetic, — a teaspoonful each of niiisturd and salts, in a little iuivcwann
water. If this does not vomit him in a minute, repeat it, and if it still docs
not act, give half a teaspconful of powdered blue vitriol in a little warm
water, or the same (piantity of sulphate of zinc ; then give a few swallows
of milk, or a raw <>gg, or a little olive oil. A tal)lespoonful of the lust
named may be given every five niiimtes, for half au hour ; also a few raw
eggs. These are to moderate the corrosives or otherwise destructive
action of the poison upon the tissues that line viio stomach and bowels.
For chemical antidotes, (to counteract the effect on the hlood, nervous
system, etc.), refer to the chai)ter on Poi.soiis, in the Horse dei)artmeiit,
(pages 4(55-471), regulating the dose to suit the animal. A dog of
average size requires about the same dose of everything as an adult man,
or about oue-twelfth of the dose for a horse.
OOK.
liuj^or xhiin th« sinalu
oso, siiico in thut cjim'
id on nounHliiiiu: linlil
til occusioniU {\osv* of
Ik about too much, us
3S.
1 \w done i.H to <;iv(> uii
ill a litti<( iiiUc\v;inn
it it, and if it still docs
/itriol ill a iittio warm
I'll give a few swalliiws
ilospooiifiil of till! last
hour ; also a few i uw
othorwiso dcstructivo
stoniacli and howcls.
on tlio blood, nervous
ho Ilorso departiiKiiil,
e animal. A dog of
hing as an adult man,
PART xir.
BEES.
HISTOHY AKD CHAIUCTEmSTrcS. Wmi BIKBC
BEES.
CHAi>TER I.
VARIETIES AWD
PECULIARITIES
OP BEES.
I. NATURAI, HISTORY OP BEEX
..-i:r----~-'~"'
honej bee haa been held in hi<rh esfeZ'' ^"'^ *"^"'' ^"^^^^^'^ ''«va..e tb«
bees have always been pn Jt ^l^^^'T'^ ^^.-^ -a ^.aJbaH ,
•mong more civilised people, for the tCst rtV'^'^' ^'^"^"-. -<J
tbcu-peoulmnties and habits, as wen as for M^ J '^ '" ''^^ ^^udy of
.rt.cle of food or luxury. ' ^""^ ^''« ^"'-^e of the houey as an
The honey bee belongs to the ordor ft
to the sub-order B^Jnopterl Th L^Tot' '''' '' *^"^ '"-*« ^ -d
sand-fl,es and ichneun^oa flies. The grot^f "•"'"'^^^ ^^P^' -ts.
bngue for toking liquid food, as well ^arstron'""''^ '"^^^^*« ''-''"S '^
b. .ng. The fanuly to whieh the honey beotf '"'7/'" ^'"^^'"^' -'^
all ...sect, which feed their young or lat^» 1 n n °' ^^^''^'">' "^«J»des
I..«oct8 of this family have broad hl^ ? ^''"'" ''""^ ''""^y-
ally thirteen-jointod i„\he maira' :, J Zr'^'"'' ^ ^«'-.-"-
J-'J'^^^^ ("-"'^^•*'-) very strong, oftentotllTrr'^'^' i„ the female;
e second Jaw. (.,.,,^^ „„,- o^; ^^," '^^^,^;.^^h;^''"^ (^^>«/.) long
the tongue, when not in use, gener it In , Z'^"'' "'•'•^" '""^^
nnder the head. The fer,,^ are ffo "^ ^ '' ^"''^ ""^'^ '«• twice
fed on hom^ and pollen; nnd^ S^;:!^"?'^ ^'•""^' "'-'^ -
noutor egg may be changed durin.. it 1 , ' '/'""^'^ ''^« '^^' «'--'t the
-™...y,«othattheferdleorn"t1,e f^^^^^^^^^ V^ -••'^"-. -l.en
The hiother bee is impre-mated b, 7 ^^ '"^ '' Pn.duccd.
eg., producing neuter LToT^: Z::^ '''' ^--"' -Vcars laying
according to a natural law not j!^t f ullv '"T'^f '''V""' ^''""^^'' P-^-'^'y
be not over one year, and the Lales I TlT^f' ''^'^ "-'ker b '
are
A»
1093
destroyed at the end
>uog
"f the first
'1 ;
1094
TUB AMERICAN FARMER* 8 STOCK BOOK.
summer's growth. This much must suffice, since the object is not tc
write a dissertation on the natural history of the honey bee, but simply to
give such information as will assist the practical farmer in keeping such
a number of swarms as his range will support, without seriously iutcrfcr-
ing with the ordinary labor of the faim.
There is a poetry lingering about the sul)ject of bees and bee-keeping,
that probably will never be eradicated from the human mind, a feeling
that has come down from the earliest antiquity, and fostered from gen-
eration to generation, among all peoples, especially so until the produc-
tion of other sweet substances became possible to man. Another reason,
and perhaps the key note to the poetiy of the subject, is the curious as
well as perfect economy of this interesting species, in all its details.
II. The Three Gtenders ol the Honey Bee.
We find these interesting insects living in colonies of many thousands,
apparently under an intelligent system of government, composed of tlneo
distinct classes. These are the female, or mother bee, the neuters, or
workers, and the males. The single female in a swarm has, for her sole
province, to lay the eggs from which the young are hatched ; the males
QUBEN BEE.
DRONE.
WORKEK.
or drones have no other duty save that of impregnating the single female
once, thus rendering her fertile for life ; the worker bees, whose gender
is neuter, gather all the food, prepare the Avax, build the cells, store the
honey, feed the young larvae bees, clean the hive, and perform all tho
labor.' These three classes of bees are represented by the cuts ; the out-
lines arc all enlarged, but retain the relative proportions each to the
others. Thus, tho young bee-keeper may readily distinguish each variety
of bee at sight. For the want of such object lessons we have known old
men who had, as farmers, kept bees all their lives, unable to distinguish
one from the other, and, in fact, who had never seen the mother bee at
all.
1095
lees and bee-keepin;];,
man mind, a feelinir
WOKKEU.
VARIETIES AND ply-t-t,.
II'^CtUAiaxiES OF BEES.
HI. Varieties Of the Honey Bee.
Uur domestic oeo beloiKra t., *i
Eastcn Ho.nispho..o, nono',.::^.^';^';f;^^^-> -d i« ^^ nativ. of the
globe until brought hero frouU.^vo it^T ' 'l'/'" ^^'-•-•" '-'f of the
they have taken kiudly to our dim,t ^^*';'"^''- ''"^ '^""^ i"tro,lu,,.d
whole of North Ameneawl,ere he ^i^,"" '^'•^ "--1»-U over tlu^
natural instinct of swanning enable I. "" V *"" ^^^^^'•«' «'"- their
-t.on. The varieties of tl^ hon!; b^ .r'^ "' ^^'^=^'^^ ^••'- ^o.est"
German bee, and the Italian, ,>r lIu^'u , 1 ,""" ''' "'^' ^^''^^k. or
were known as long ago as the time"of a -' "^ "'"■^'^^ ^'"-i^ties
Theso-.dledElaekb^sarenlrn^;';^^^^^
spenhe d.stn.et.on between the two va ie ios , ' ^"•^'y-Maek. The
made by Spmola, in 1805, who .ailed o .e t o P "" """''"'"^^^ "'''^ ^^^^^
L.gunan the „u„,o Italian bein. a s 1 v T"''' '"^^ ^''« "^^^^rtho
reason that the lirst well-known^mpo ^ ^^ l IT'"' ''^^^'^^ ^^ ^he
S ates was from Italy. In 1859, these"' R > '"" ^^ ^'"^ United
ultaneously into England and th^ United ^T, "'T ""^^^''^^d sim.
ncvt year an importation was made d re ^^ «-->nany, and-the
Italy, where they were systematically 1 ' t . , ^'"''^ ^^''^^''^ f''""'
d.sem.nated thn,ughout the Unitedkte 'an 0^. ""^ "'^^ '^""^'•'^"3'
Ihe German bees are pretty i *-'inada.
-silydisthiguished l>y the bri^.t'^n^J^'l^^^-^- ''}'^ ^^'^l-ns are
the brec^d IS pure at the base of the abdon o^' ''" '" ""'"^•^'- "'»«»
The Egyptian bees (fasciata or bandorn ,
low. They are s„,aller, n.ore slend J 'i^ , f 1'' '""^'^^ ^'^^ 3^e'-
-0 supposed to be the bee. ment^ed if ' 'T '"^ *'" '*^^
they gather no propolis ; they are a so cp r,xd t/'" ^"'^^ "^'''''^ ''^'^
cold well, and to be eross and more li- We . t .^ ''' '" ^''^"^' ^^^
man or Italian. Italian bees are ered ted "h ^^ '" '''^''' *''« G^^'
of any, a matter not difficult to acJm^ ll. ''', '"'."-^^ ^''•^ ''^^^ natured
since they are the oldest of tlu.roX^^ "J^dcr the laws of heredity.
Another variety of bees at f ^' ^J'>!"««tK-atcd In.-s. ^'
^--vhichisyellL.and:n^,XT:::;et'^";''f'^ ^^ ^''« ^^Prian
cty of Italians has recently been old i .., V!, ''"" ^^"''^•"- ^ vari-
Lairs; the probability is that all I ii u I '"""' ^'""^ ^^'^''' ^^''"to
individuals naturally a„,ong the T i ^ "'V "'' "'"^^ -hitc-haired
^egovinian. and the Krainer bees a.t .^'""'T •'. *'"' ""'^''' *'^« "-
those days of sharp practice the\^ ' '^"^^^'"'^^''^ ^'J fanciers. In
or's money on every hand. Our advice Tth ft r'""''"''' ^"' '''^' ^='"»-
- and Italian ; they are good enough ^1^^:^:^::^'^'' '^ ''^ «-
1096
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
rv. The So-Called Queen or Mother Bee.
The mother beo has no sovereign attributes, though the ancients callcl
her the Kin<r, and hence our name Queen, adopted since her true gondcr
became kno^vn. She is simply a perfectly developed female with ova-
ries occupying nearly the whole of her abdomen, which, as shown ui tiio
cut is of <rreat length ; and the spcrmatheca, capable of beuig comprcssoi)
at will, is capable, according to Lenckart, of containing 25,000,000 sper-
matozoa. Hence, the mother bee may lay fertile or infertile eggs at pleas-
ure She is longer than cither the drones or workers ; her wmgs are
shorter ; and although armed with a powerful sting, she seldom uses it.
It has been a mooted question, whether it be possible for the mother hoe
to be impregnated except while on the wing ; the probability is that she
can only be thus rendered fertile, the male losing his life with the
accomplishment of the act.
V. The Number ol Eggs Laid.
The encr^ with which the mother bee lays eggs is startling. It is her
«ole nrovinco to keep the colony populous, and since the life of the worker
Is short, her activity must be fully employed, during mild weather. She is
capable of laying from 2,000 to 3,000 eggs a day when necessary , and has
been known to lay six eggs in one minute. That mostcareful observer,
Berlepsch, says he had a queen that laid 3,021 eggs in twenty-four hours,
by actual count, and 57,000 eggs in twenty days; that this queen con-
tinued prolific for five years, and must have laid more than 1,300,000
egffs at a low average during this time. Other careful observers, notably
Dzlerzon, say queens may lay over 1,000,000 eggs.
VI. Drones or Male Bees.
The drones are the male bees, and their presence or absence often
seems to be determined by the necessities of the colony. It is prohal.le
that, if allowed, the drones would live as Umg as the worker bees ; hut
from May to November is the time when they are usually found in the
hives The usual number in a hive is from two hundred to three linn-
dred but less than half this number may safely l>c left by the beo keeper
to ensure the impregnation of the young queens at swarming time. Tlio
worker bees kill all remaining drones in tlu5 autumn, usually before hard
frosts occur. An unimprcgnated queen will lay eggs producing drones
only, but after fertilization can lay either worker eggs or those producing
male bees, apparently at will.
VII. Neuter or Worker Bees.
The worker bees arc nnde. ■ .,ped fomalo«, that is with abortive ovaries;
sometimes, though rarely, they become so far developed as to lay drone
VARIETIES AND iTrji,..
eggs. IIow this happens is not . . • * ^"^^
that they .a, have ^en,:.S;tr;:\f':r^-''' '^"^^'"' P-^-'>nity ia
queens^ This is the opinion of if,, 1 ^^^^ ^ -/'-' u-d in p.-odud, !
.on of Huber is, that, reared near" v 1 n^''^ ^^..^stroth, hut the opi.^
accdentall^. Thoy do not diffe ^:^^'^ J'-yroooived the sa.ne Cu
power of laying eggs as stated. The, 7' '''^ ''"''''' ^^^'^'t in t e
range from 1,500 to 4,0C0, an.l 't Zl ' /'" ^^•"'•'^^- ^ =^ ^--^'
ta,ned in every strong coh.,v of hec^ '' "'^"'" ''^«« "'-"Id l-e con-
The worker bees are pecun.„.lv ' " .-
labial^^/,. and Jaws are^ong .^^ to;"'' f"' ^'^^ ^'^'^ ' *'-' tongue
o h.p up their h,uid food. When fi le f" ""' ^'"'^^'''"«" ^'^^ - 'y
disengaged o its load by the inoh,sin' 1^7 '""°"^ '^ ^'«"l>Iod back, and
sucked into the honey ba<r Th. 1 ° f ^ ""'^ J'^^^'«' 'ind the lo-id U
the contents of the hL^bagt S H; f'^' ^ ^'"^-^ "^'^' '^
cells. The jaws are stron^^ with sx,^ '•'' T' ^''' «'""^' the honey
may cut comb, knead wax," uul pe.-f n tr'"' T"'"" -^»-"-^' - th!y
-ure. Their eyes are like those c^f"," f^«^ --'< intended by
a-jd hke those of the drones, reach tl end ^f' T ''' ^^'""^'^ -- >-'«-er
The three cuts on pagel094wilKshow the ill, ^'"^ body when at i4.
On the outside of the posterior lin.i ^''^^•''--"ec's perfectly.
donning what is called tL p!^ b^ ^^^^il^': ^°^^, ^^ '^ ^-n of hairs,
organs of the mouth, and carried back L tl o ^ ' '' ''^'"'^'''^'^ ''^ the
antenor legs is a notch covered by a ' f . '"": "'^«"-- '^^- On the
sting of the worker is strong, slmn, a^ / , "^ '' "^^^ "'«'! ^''own. Tho
which is curved. The g,an5\vh;:f :^^rt;"''"''^'^°^^''«^"-
p<...son sack ,s the size of a flax seed Tl , I ' '""" ^^^ ^""''1«. ^^»d tho
bnH>s. Hence the sting is not easi v wU 1 d. tf .W ''''"^' "''''™^^ ^^^
and hence the bee so stinging h,ses i^s 1 ^ • " f"';"'-^""/ inserted,
of the ahmentary canal are left in any te. ' d ^ '""° ""^ ^^ P"^tiou
trate, as the skin of the hand for irtant "''^''"^'^ '' '"^'^^ P««e..
^^- Varieties Of Honey.
Natural honey is the fluid nectar of fl
fications in the honey bag of tho bees .nd IT' ^\ ""^'^''ff^^s sUfe'lit modi-
ut retains tho flavor, a^d to a ce t i, . .r'tT "' ^''"'^^^^' ^'''-^'-^y'
from which it is gathered. Henc c '! ' '' "''^'"'^ "^ <''« Aowers
P ants, and aromatic flowers, product Z hlv t^'V^ """^ ^"'- ^l'^^''^^
distnc^s produce unwholesome honev frc^ L^ "^ '""^>'' ^^^'"« "ther
ers. Thus in ancient times, the h^y . he 0;" '?," 7 ^'"''^""""^^ ««-
Ida was famous for its excellence, ^^^.^t In :' Tr " ''T' "' ''"-'
Honey contains grape su^ar, m.nn., '» » n ""^ "'^'^ ''^''""'^d
tiie odor of thn fln„ *... .l . . . V ' fe"'"' »'""''" ' "
owers from which it
iuicilage.extracti
; i
r'
was taken, and a littl
vo n:attcr,
e wax, pollen
1098
THE AMERICAN FAUMEU'S STOCK HOOK.
■
^^^^^^^^^H^B
L
1
and ivcid. In fact, it is said that under the microscope, the pollen con-
tained has determined sonic of the flowers from which the honey \\us
taken. When first drawn from the comb the honey is quite fluid, but In
time candies, as it is termed, that is, the solid glucose separates fron. the
fluid parts, and is identical, chemically.with grape sugar; nevertheless the
solid aud fluid parts arc not essentially different. All honey tends to
crystalizc wilh age, and become yellow.
The adulterations of honey are various. That from glucose ("c,,!!!
sugar") is the most difficult of detection ; starch, chalk and other solids,
may be detected by heating the honey, whereupon these imi)urities will
settle to the bottom. Of late years the tilling of old ccmib with gluco>c
has been so largely practi( cd, that it is not safe to buy any but wl.iie
comb, capped "over. Hence pure comb, capped by the bees, commands
two or three times the price of strained honey.
IX. Wax and How It is Formed.
The wax used by bees in the formation of the cells is a solid, uiio-
tuous substance, secreted by the bees in pellets of an irregular pentagon
shape, on the under side of the abdomen ; it is in very thin scul.s,
ttecreted bvand moulded upon th.c membrane towards the body from the
wax-pockets. There are four wax-pockets on a side, and thus eight
scales may be secreted at a time.
Wax is a costly product for the bees, the production of one ounco of
wax requiring the consumption of about twenty ounces of honey.
feLence, modern insrenuity has invented a machine for pressing out tliin
scales of wax of the true hexagonal shape, although the natural combs
nro not true hcxa^'ons. The formation of the comb by bees is one of tlic
hiost interesting La wonderful things in nature. The walls of a new .ill
ore oidy 1-1 80th of an inch in thickness, and so formed as to c.mi'-iiie
the «m"at est possible strenirth with the least material, and the least cost
of space. The drone cells are about one-fifth larger than those of tiie
workers, the diameter of the worker cells averaging little moretlmnon.'-
fifth of an inch, while drone cells are a little more than one-fointli of ;ui
inch, or, according to Ream ur, respectively two and three-liftlis lines,
and three and one-third lines.
Comb, when first formed, h always transparent; when dark,itliiis
become so from b':ing used as brood comb, the color Ix'ir.g due 1o ti.o
cocoons left in the cells. When used solely for honey, they are (.fton
drawn out even to an inch in length. The capping of the brood-cells is
dark, porous, and convex, while the capping of those in which honey is
stored, is whito and concave.
Aside from aitific.-n] foodi„,r n
adopted and cannot bo advised rnK^f^'''''' "'''''"'' ^^^" ''•'^rdly be
beo-koeping a special business, io ^ ; !"' "' ;'^:- ^'^ ^o not nLe
m- bo specially considered i dee , "^ "^ honey-bean n. p,a„t.
wluchmay be profitably kept. It htfe. 17 '" '"""''^^ "^ ''-«»
flowers are a prolific source f o,n wl i. ^^^ ^ '"^'P^'^^^' 'bat garden
ever, is not the case. I„ ,,0 AW ; ^ .e^^f^ "^'^ ^'""^ = «"^'^ '--
honeyare, many of them, spicous, a Z^f 1 7'';"' P«''^""''>'« P'-'ific in
Of the clovers, the Alsike, theWh . .f f ^ " ""'" ''""' ^'"'^ »««•
for then- bee-feoding qualities. T L /a f , .'•"' "^"'''' ''"•« ^"'"'"^"t
as bee pasturage. ^^'^ »'^m«J '« of no value except
Boo-kooi)ors have been acouso,! r,^^
for this pmpose, much to the a-lv'::'::;' ^^7'"^ ^^'^ ^-"-"^ ^-^
denied that it has become larc^cly mXl / '''' ""^ '^ «^'""<'t be
li«l>odasa distinct industry. '^T^^^^^^^^^^ is estab-
whileredcloverisnotavailiblea ,1?'? '''?'" ^" '^""« '-^''^ -Tulr.
in blossom, after harvesting ttfirs^^^^i^^^^^^ ''" ^^^'^"^ ^-vt'. i
W.11 come fron. dandelion, The str "v , ^J ';, d f,' '"" ^''^^^■■^'^^' '""-
P ants, and the observing bee-keeper .us^ i ' "^'^ '"^^ ^^"'^'^'^ted
of bloon,, in estimating how manyl , n ^'"^Z'T^ ''>^*he prevalence
and May . ^ost trying time fJb : ' '" ifT, ,'''^ ^''T ^--g April
and the wnito sage are valuable in r.".lif ^^''^\""'^ '^»»« the sumae
cotton plant, a prolific sourc o ,.0 fr' ^''^ ^" ^^^ ^^-^^ the
dunngthis time,i„ various parts o the /o"; '" ""*" ''''''■' ''"^
milk weeds, and St. John's w.rt yield . T^'' "'"■^'^"•^' ™P«. the
July, corn is the great honey- Iro 1''' l] il^ T'' "' ''^="^^'- '°
Ai^ust and thence until frost luekw a is 1^ ?? ^'"' ^^'^^ ^ -
and durn,g the later season, the vast " y ^^ncfJ,' "" -f '"■"^"^«^'
t;i=^r:::.fr^^^^^^
abundance of bloo.i.,\be n^'^^' 'Tf-, ^bo latter furnish
swarms, or divide them, is when orch-nd !' "" '"''^^ *''"'' ^o change
The first trees to giJe bio >, in h ' """ '" '"" '''"""'•
pies, the aspens and^illow ' s'. ^oTlo'/ ""^ '"."' '"'" ^^"'^^ --
tree) is prolific in its bloom. C'iv s t rTT" " "' '"' ^'''•"-
crab-apple, and nearly all fruit trees a.^l bushes t".".; "' sJ '""'•'^■' ''^^^^«'
J"- we have the barberr,^ ^ra.e. wM. ' I, ,^' ^ '"^^ -'Nearly i„
duri
Ulir
■CI
.^", oaroerry, grape, white wood (tuli,
June the .ild plum, raspberry and blad'ber
?
s
s!im;!c, and
■ry ; July will givo
1100 THE AMERICAN farmer's 8TO0K BOOK.
bass wood, Virginia creeper and button bush. In the South all those
trees thrive in the hill regio.i ; many of them wo do not have m the W ost
among them the sour wood. In California the popper tree and
red gum, arc noted for late bloom. When there is plenty of the
plants wo have named, the bee-keeper need not fear but there will ho
an abundance of bloom of many species indigenous, but not mentioned
here.
CHAPTER ri.
THB OEHBIUI. MAMAQEMEUT OP BEES.
I. Hives.
Whatever the hive used tl,n ^m * i • ,
huiM, or any „f the3o devices to catcl, M . '''' '''■'"'""^•
cxiierinieutal bcc-koepor». I( co,i,l,-l,o„e. """■■">■. ^oavo those to
4,000 ouw„u,ow., s,i,u„o .,:: ti: tT „' ' riXe" t/^' °"r'
honey lato be contained in cans 2 Onn n i • ■ " ^^'^^ surplus
ann,Ie for the hive. In 1..^-!^ the " "" " ""' '''" ^^^" ^^'" ^^
hive should be closely jointed, and care-
fully put together.
In our opinion the Langstroth hive, or
some modification of this form is best, all
things considered, for the fanner Its
patent has now expired, and the cut we
give shows a hive that any carpenter can
make, or the several parts can now be
bought ready to be put together of any
one dealing, in bee-keepers, supplies,
packed for shipment. Its working parts
are easily adjusted; it is as near moth
proof and vermin proof as any hive— — ■ — r„*„KHivE.
*e. .ore than to ly oth "If L d„ TT'" "' 'T""""'"*'" '=
!as art within tho grasp of all '"'^"'''' "'° ''""«'"» "' «"« interest-
MOVABLE FRAME HIVE.
l','
11U2
Tllli AMKUKIAN KAHMKU'm STOCK HOOK.
square, mul, who., filial with comb, will contuiii about ii pound of honoy.
A numbor of thoiu placed side by Hide, and joined together,
will occupy the same 8paco in tho hive as the larger frame.
The email frames arc far more convenient for handling
than the larger ones, and by their use the honey can bo sold
in the frames in (piantities to suit retail buyers. Most of
the CaliforniM honey shipped eastward, comes in these small 8mai.l fuame.
frames just as the bees made it.
As before said, whatever tho hive let
it be simple ; and since none of tho
standard hives are now covered by
patents, a practical man ought to ho
able easily to judge what suits his idea
best. The cut will show one of tlic
MOVABLE FRAME FILLED WITH COMB, movablo frauics filled with a wiroti
comb foundation, and may al*o bo taken as sh.T.ing a movable frame
filled with comb.
n. Number of SwarmB Profitably kept on a Farm.
The great mistake made by farmers in bee keeping is, that they arc too
ea-r to increase the number of their swarms. When a few swanns are
kept the bees remain healthy and give plenty of suri.lus honey because
they find plenty of natural forage. Swarms, on the other hand, are ex-
tended until ten, twenty, fifty, and even more, arc working ; then c<..ne
r.crht crops of honey, disease, moth and other pests, and, at last, starva-
tion puts an end to the experiment. Artificial feeding and prccse care
may, indeed, prevent this; but tho far~.cr cannot spare the tune fnmi
his other duties, though tho specialist may. We have never be^enal..; to
keep more than twenty swarms, even on one of the best of feeding
erounds, without s,,eeial caro and feeding; and the greatest profit for
the least outlay has been from ten or twelve swarms; some locations
will not support more than half this number. Every farm range should
keep five or six swarms nicely. Our advice, therefore, is, mHler,stock
rather than overstock.
m. Swarming.
The proper time for bees to swarm is as early in the season as pos-
eible. If they have been properly wintered, that is, if they are stn)ng,
swarming will begin about the time apple trees arc in full bloom. Uw
old adage says,
" A fiwnrm in May, is wortli a load of hay ;
A Kwaiiii in Jiino, is v.nrtli a silver sroon;
A swarm in July, is not worth a fly."
THE OEXEUAL MAXAOF^MENT OK nKES.
This . will I„Mv..ll for .v,.rv f.,nn,.r .
'--n^" I'.'I.uloa.s, and l.av-; ,>,, " I'l ';'"""'';«•'; Tho early «warms
and I,oat cut off tho ho..y sijTZ ^ ^ "^ "^"'"'^ ^'" ^'•>' ««-'--'
inevitable. " ''''^'^^'' »''J <ii.ally s.ur.uMl.s <o Tho
IV- Hiving Now Swarms.
Ill working uhoiit hoes -it 'iiiv ti
must 1,0 no haste, sudden' nmloLnH 'o,'" /-T ''^'''''"'^'^ IH.n.ose. there
K- what causes stin^^ing. If ,,,., e sh '' "•''''^''".""•^ "^ "".V I^ind. This
part of your dn.^ ;,, wiri;:"^ l";;':/ '^ ^^^^ .'i-K-lin any
".. o^s you go al,out your work in an A;.; • 1,1 ' ^'"''■" ''^ '""" ^'anger,
unfortunate as to l,e .tnng, get ou of t 1 """""'■• ^^ ^'"'^ "'o so
possible ; the odor of the ^ti.^ Jul^r'Tr'''' "'"' '""^''^'^ -
protcetyourself againststingingi,. "^^ ;'';'" ->>-J. It i« well to
eku. gauntlets tied .ecurei; over t e e ff « ' """"''" ' '^'''"''"^ '^"«k.
tho bottom of tho pantaloons tio.J f . i , "^ '""^'
tops.thiekjooso.!iothi,!r; ' :t':;r'r*"'"
foot seeurity to oven tho^o whom bees dLm^'n'T
persons , and to those who fear beos.f ^ ''"^^'
A 1.0 veins simply a pie..e^'hl^^'';;;^7-^
to tio over tho head, as shown in t o a,; ^ , 'T!"'^
niaybofastonodbybeingtuelJua;!:;; :;'^;;^
coat, or tied about the collar ' ^ ^^"^
^i.ako them carefully t7i;^::t:::;-:'f^
can ; cover and plaoo it near where tLe otl ; L ^
enter. If tho greater part of the • , " ",? ' ' --
ground, drive them to tho ontranee bv ^' ' "" ^'''^
tho.n with something soft. Wh., tliev b;:";^. cll^r'""^, '""'"'"
unfl evon„,g, when they must be set where ," ' '''' " "'""'
swann has settled upon a lin.b so hL-h th-.t .> I r""""- ^^ ^''«
ladder, climb to it, tie a rope seeurolv to fir '',"". *" '"'"^'''"^ ''^^ ^
wish to sa,.. let the end pais over L ti II , '-'""^ ^^'''"'^ 3-"
ground. An assistant holds the n 1 ,.? '"^''T' -""^ ''-"^'^ ^o the
-opns to 1.0 severed, so it con.s : '^ ir;;:;' fr^ " • !""" "^ '^
"usly disturbing tho bees ; p,«, jt o-onth o •;;.; ." '"''"'"' "^'■'-
'nto the hivo, as before directed and iin I ^T""''' '"'^ "^"^ ''^^^
^'•t'-' mystei^Mn hiving .';;"',v;!;r'V''''^ *f - '^-t
and 1.0 ready, and you will Seldom lose a sw^m. '"'^ '' """■"""»•
»EK VEIL.
tllK AMKUICAN lAUMKn'H STOCK HOOK.
\\, nPVor knew ii HWiirm ('» KO directly aw.iy without cluHtcriiifr, tho
first time they <amo out. Il«»ut^ tho beiitiuir of tin pans, mid tiirowiiig
water, or Huiid aiiK.iig an issuing hU:irm is all iion.soiiHe. But if they rise
directly 14) a. » seem inclined to make off, a good da-sh of wut' r or hand
will ofien hrin^^ (hem down, probably on tho principle that they thiuk it
a bad day for Twarniing. Who swarm-catchcrs arc sometimes u.sed. A
iiiushel basket on a suitable 1. ndle is cxcelleut, whcu a swarm is to by
shaken down from a limb.
V. Taking the Honey.
Never undertake to work about a colony of bees unless you arc sure
they are tilled with honey, .it the first alnrm of any kind, tapping oa
tho hive, or smoking, their first impulse U to
fill themselves with honey, to bo ready for
any emerccncy. Once filled, which need not
take more than ftvo minutes, they aro <iuict,
and will not sting unless they aro hurt ; pro-
BELLOWS AND 8MOKINO Ti'BK. ^^^^ quictly tlicu to rcmovo tlio houcy, and
pay no attention to tho flying l.ees-if you do you will get stung. A good
form of smoker— very little smoking will do— is given \n tho cut. A few
whiffs from a smoker's pipe answers
very well. If any honey wished to be
icmoved, sticks, loosen it or (^ut through
uoNEY KNiFK. it with a thiu kuifc. Tho cut shows tho
best form of h<mey knife.
VI. Wintering Beea.
A -rood stand for bees is a simple shed, tight on the sides and facing
tho east ; tho roof should bo water-proof ; if then you have shutters for
tho front to bo put up in winter, to keep out drifting snow, you have a
«rood place both for summering and for wintering bees. Bees, of course,
may bo most economically wintered in a cold, dry, light, well-vent,lated
cellar -but this a.rain belongs to tho professional Apiarist, and wants luco
management. The healthiest and best place for the farmer to winter
bees Is in sueh a house as wo have mcntioiKd, furtbr • protectc . ^^.ln
cornstalks, or straw mats. The hives shouiu be placed withm twelve
inches of tho ground ; this is, also, the proper distance for summer. The
main thing in summer is to guard against extreme heat, and in winter
a-ainst driving storms, especially snow. Bees will stand extreme cold, if
^-■'^ • .,re healthy, and the hive contains thirty pounds of honey nx the
"m!U
rhey cannot stand wet, nor snow drifted among them in the
•aHlRH. MANAOE.MKNT Of
'-.rt.
11 05
'ted amonjr them in the
VIT. Implementi of Use.
In boo- keeping, a^ in ovory otii.r •,,.» » • ■
saving appliuDocs aro n. . r},./ v.,, [ , ,'" ""'>''"«<"'<» and labor-
bee veil, tho ,sm„ker aM<l the' l.onov k. 'i' '^ ^""'^' ^''"'' *''° '"^'^^ the
and where the honey is „ad r^^,^"'' r ''" ""^ '« neceHsu.v;
desonbed. the knife's dii;; " .X; "-able fnune... alread;
are hut very fo,v, so f-.r as Huecessf 1 . .""P'««^'^<'t8 „f uso
tho farmer. We have figured the mT ^'*-'*«"l""^' '« |)>-uti,ed by
«"-or. Therearecentrifniun.;..-: i''t^^
oxtractn.g honey fron> the .on.b, when it i. wa^d '
bo again returned to tho hive. A eut of . I
is given. This again belongs note tt ^7 "'
beo keeper than L tho farmer ^'''^ ''••«^««^'"»"'
Vm. A Motherless Swarm.
Sometimes, from one cause or anofhor. a colony of
bees h,8es tho queen or mother bee and hJ ,
from whieh to rear another ; or, hL !« " "" ''•^'^
cboosotodivido swarms. givin/Xer:;;^
.avoa..d return t.Ahei;:.:;i:;;::~^ ,, f -'"• ^
requisite warmth in the hive First U.Z '"'"''I' '" <''«
ono of tho frames to be inserted, the
nucleus s...r,n. cutting away the koU
ton, as shown in tho iUu^Oation. so
there simll be no danger of cmp, s.
6>on of the queen coll. Then cut a
piece containing a queen cell from ti.e
other frame, and fasten it tothcfran c
-see tho illustration, also showin-
other queen cells-and after putting
this ,u the nucleus hive, put in tho
other two frames and bees as directed.
wcll to know how in c rrt be ''^" '" ''^"'" ''''' 1'^""' ^"^ it is
.n unfortunate swrn " """"^^ '" '"""^'^ ^ ^--' -» to
('ENTUIFr(;Al, EX-
TUACT(>U.
Ii'
1
■
ti: .
■i
H
i ■■'■
i : ..i*
!■
ll.
■
■i' ' J
I
llOfi
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
IX. Fastening Empty Comb in Frames.
UTILIZING riECKS OF COMB.
On page 1102 is a cut of a wired comb foundation; any comb even
in pieces may be utilized by a little cut-
ting and fitting, and temporarily fastened
with wire or thin narrow strips tied top
and bottom as shown in the annexed tut,
until the bees secure it, which they will do
in a day or two.
X. Feeding Bees.
If a swarm, from lack of forage,
becomes insufficiently supplied with honey to carry them through tho
wintcr,or if it be found that they lack food In the early spring, they must
be fed The best thing is strained honey, of course ; the only other
admissible thing is granulated sugar made into a syrup of tho consist-
encv of honey. If the object be to stimulate bees to commence reavnig
brood early, a half pound to a pound of sugar a day, early in the spruig
and continued until bloom is plenty will be sufficient. If they are starv
in-, enough must be given to fully supply their wants and some to spare.
If°the bees require feeding in the fall, it should be given ni such quanti-
ties that they may begin the winter with fully thirty pounds of capped
honey per swarm. It Is best not to guess at the weight ; mark the weight
of every empty hive plainly on it before the bees are put m, and then
you may know'pretty nearly how much honey the swarm has by the sure
test of weii^hing.
We give two cuts, one of the feeding box invented by Mr. Shuck, the
shuck's bee feeuek.
other Professor Cook's combined division
board and feeding box. Any suitable ves-
vel that will hold honey, with a float on
top, pierced with holes, that tho bees can
feed through, will answer well enough, and
this may be placed in the upper chamber of the hive, secure from other
bees.
cook's division IIOAIU) AiNU
feeueh.
: BOOK.
Frames.
1107
idation ; any comb even
utilized by a little cut-
nd tcniporuriiy fastened
I narrow strips tied top
)wn in the annexed cut,
ire it, which they will do
'ceding Bees.
from lack of forage,
carry them througli the
e early spring, they must
f course ; the only other
a syrup of the consist-
>ecs to commence rciuing
a day, early in tlie spring
cicnt. If they are stiirv-
wants and some to spare.
1 bo given in such quaiiti
thirty pounds of ca[)ped
weight ; mark the weight
bees are put in, and then
ho swarm has by the .sure
rented by Mr, Shuck, the
e b
COOK'S DIVISION ItOAlUf AND
FEEDKli.
lie hive, secure from other
OENKBAL MANAUKMENT Or „eE8.
XI. Enemies of Bees
There are many enemies of bees, amon.. them tho
° ^^^"^ the mosquito hawk, or
3w^
^'^^
BEE MOTH.
devil's darning-needle, as it is some-
times called. The bee-killer (^1^7
us) is a two winged fly, ^vhich seizes
the bee and sucks its fluids. A Ta-
china fly has the rcDutafinn /.f i.,„-
. „ , "^t'"^'i'^'"» <»r laying "' ""^ i-akv^ in comb
.ts eggs in the bodies of bees occasionallv T
bees in their nets. Ants sometimes dLo^^^lT^ '"Zl^ ^^^^^^^^^^
ever, may bo provided against, as innv n.'! ' . " '•'^^«- These, how-
g bird.
^OUKOFTHEl.AUV^,NCO^^_
ever, may bo provided a<.ain;7. IS „n "'" '" '""" ^^^'^'^ '--
The woivst enemy to bcc^is the moth' which 'if'''''' ""'' *''" '''"« '"''^•
will soon ruin it entirely with the wel,3 anj 1 rv' ''''t." '"' ""^ ''''""»•
eggs in the minutest crack, and the youn-. find tie i.- ' • "°''' '"^'^ '''
where they soon destroy the swirmbv fir ^^"7 "ito the hive,
as they progress. Thei;. manir ^.! :;^:77;'""" -"> ^-i'" webs.'
titled "work of the larva) in comb." " '''"''" '" ^'^^ ^'"t en-
XII. poui Brood.
This fungous disease of bees, once it ^of<, .. f .i , , •
erally carries destruction with it It i^"n / ^'''"'^' '" '"' '^P'"'T. gen.
Germany, not only infected the heal hv h^ 'ff'^^'""' '' ^'^^'^""f^l^L "^
other insects also. The syniptoml fo .^ I 1 ^^ i "'^' ^'"' ^^'■■"' ^>"'
the brood becomes brown U ^Z Z^ '^^"^ i''^ ^'^ ^''« -'ony ;
of putrefaction. The spores are in Ltt ^ V'f ''' '''^ '""■" '"^^ "^'^^
feeding it to the young broc^ i^^^t S"!'^ "T"^''"^^ ^'"'^^"^
cessful in eradicating the diseas<. is as fc^iwl".. ^^ ^ '"^ '" ''« ^"«-
8 Grains salicylic aci.l,
8 Grains soda l)orax,
1 Ounce rain water.
Xm. Conclusion.
Kf-' .', :
n
r 1
1108
THE AMERICAN FABMEK'S STOCK BOOK.
the minutice of their care. What we have given is a guide to those who.
like the writer, may wish to keep a few swarms of bees.
The tryiiK^ time for bees iu the West is the extreme cold of our wm-
ters, and th°e droughts of summer. These must be guarded against.
The same care must be exercised with bees as with any other farm stock.
No farmer of sense would overstock his pasture ; do not, therefore, imag-
ine because bees have the power of flight that they can forage indefinitely.
They cannot. Their extreme power of flight is about three miles. Tlieir
most economical working range is, according to our observation when the
country was new, only about one-half mile. They must first find flowers
before they can get honey. Hence our advice, before increasing your
Bwarms largely, be sure those you already have are somewhat lazy.
It is not hard to tell if your neighbor's bees and your own arc overlap-
ping on the feeding grounds. Dust a little flour on a bee, after it has filled
Itself from a saucer of honey offered to it. See which way it flies, and
jf it flies away from home, ^e sure that either your neighbor is over-
Itocked, or else that you have not enough. Remember, however, that a
few heavy swarms are better than many weak ones. It is the honey you
are after, and not numbers of swarms. In handling bees, do so dtUiaei^
.itely and sagaciously, and you will not be stung. Do not make experi-
ments lar<rely in new hives, or in bee foods. Stick to a simple form of
hive, andl>ure sugar syrup as food. Keep no more swarms than can
easily forage to the full capacity of the hives. Take surplus honey as
Boon as it is ready, and keep plenty of empty boxes on hand for the honey
harvest But be very careful how you allow your cupidity to rob the
hives in the fall, lest bees may not have enough to amply carry them
throu-h the winter, and fully up to the time when flowers are plenty
K BOOK.
1 is a guide to those who,
of bees.
extreme cold of our win-
lust be guarded against,
ith any other farm stock,
; do not, therefore, imag-
,ey can forage indefinite!}-,
about three miles. Their
our observation when the
hey must first find flowers
3, before increasing your
are somewhat lazy,
and your own are ovcriap-
on a bee, after it has filled
e which way it flies, and
!r your neighbor is over-
eraember, however, that a
ones. It is the honey you
idling bees, do so d^'iiJC^
iw. Do not make experi-
Stick to a simple form of
o more swarms than can
Take surplus honey as
)0xes on hand for the honey
your cupidity to rob the
ugh to amply carry them
irhen flowers are plenty
Diagram showing thk CrZZ^ ~~^
\T RHITATAr '""""" I '
W5i
% vi n
GLOSSARY OP SCIENTmc AND OTHER TERM^ n.
WITH THEIR DEPiliSg"; ^^"^"^ ^^^'
^fiomfj.^Mw— Tho last or fourth sto.ivw.i. <• '^^
Abdomen-The portion of the ho'dv !^ • '"'"""'^'■"g ""'"'als.
the belly. . • •""''""■"? "'"^^omach and intestines;
^ft«.m«/ That which is not natural <,r regular
Abo"tton— riie casting of the vouncr i,. .
the proper time. ' "^ '" "" '">""^'"-'" m^^nnor. and before
Abrade, Abrasion— -To nih off to w
the surface of the skin, producin<. ^1^"'' " """*''*' "^ ''"^''""g "«
^6,i(^^_Q„ick, sudden; an abrmrt "turn
produce strangulation of the parts. "' "^^ '" '*^'' intestine may
Abscess— A swelling and its civitv ,.,.. * • •
containing pus. ^"^ c'>ntannng p»s or matter. A cavity
Abscission-Tho cutting away or removal of a part
^6.,or/>-Swallownig up, drinking in
Absorbent-ln anatomy, those Vessels which imhih.
laeteals or lymphatics. I„ medicine, ty '"b tL" T VT^ " ''^
nes,a etc., used to absorb acidity in th^ stom ' "^ ^''''' •"^-^-
Absorpiton—The taking up by the vessels of i\Jv a i
either natural or unn.lluml. as the strut o \ "^ "'^' '^"''^^'^"^^
^c«../a..oy.-a-Atrophy or wastin;:;X t^^
^cp;,/.a//.<«ma--An8emia, or lack of blood, in the brain
Jcce/em^c— Growing quicker or fister n. "^"^ '^'^'^•»-
Acid—^n»r Th„ In 1 f ' '''^ "" ''<^celerated pulse.
1 ;7 , "';, The last fermentation before the putrid
Amluhte—To make slightly sour •,. u-ifh i
eral acids. " ' ' '' '"^'^ ^""'""' ^'"^f-'-''^ or the min-
Acmdon — Increase, or growini? os -m o^^.* •
bone. " ^ " exostosis or unnatural growth of
4ce.J-Sto„y growths of the liver, resembling berries
^om/_Sharp, p,nge„t, biting, irritating, as the stron. acids
^""P— Severe, sharr). In diseases ihZ^ ^k- u "
contradistinction to chronic ' ^""'^ """ ^"'"^ ^" »" -»' '"
ItarTh' 'T "/ ' 'r ' "''"'' "•'^^"•■''> - -Ouired.
actual— Lhe production -* ■•- - ■•
ir
as
■on (actual cautery)
a caustic application
im immediate effect, as by th
7; in contradistinction to the effect of esch
e use of a hot
iirotics,
■0
1109
f» *
IIIU
1HK AMEiaCAN FAltMEU B STOCK HOOK.
I ■m
Acupressure — Arresting hemorrhage, us by means of a needle passed
twice tlirough a wounded substance at the side next the heart
Adamantine Substance — The enamel of the teeth.
Adenitis — Inflammation of a gland or glands.
Adermatrophia — Atrophy (wasting) of the skin.
Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing.
Adhesive — That which adheres, as certain plasters.
Adipose — Fatty matter ; belonging to fat.
Adolescence — The period between puberty (the age of procreation) and
the full development of the physical system.
Adult — The ago succeeding adolescence, and preceding old age.
Aerate — Mixing with air, as the blood in the lungs, by which it absorb*
oxygen.
uEdaia---Gen\ia\. organs.
Etiology — Relating to the doctrine or probable cause of a disease.
Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part.
Affinity — The attraction which causes particles of bodies to adhere and
form compounds. That which causes substances to cohere.
Affluence — Determination of the blood or of humors to a part.
Albuminuria — That condition in which the urine contains albumen and
an excess of urea, coagulal)le by means of nitric acid and heat.
Albumen — Substances, animal and vegetable, rejcmbling the white of
f
Aliment — Solid or liquid substance taken as food.
Alimentary Canal — The l)owels.
Alkali — Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as magnesia, •■oui.,
potasli, etc.
Alkaloid — A salitiable base existing in some vegetables, differing from
alkali in composition and general properties, and having nothing in
common except their basic properties. Brucia, emetia, morphia,
strychnia, etc., are alkaloids.
Alter — A term in common use for castration.
Alterative — A medicine changing the functions and condition of the
orinvns of the body.
Alum — Sulphate of alumina and potassa.
Alveoli — The sockets in the jaw bone in which the teeth are situated.
Amaurosis — Partial or total loss of vision from paralysis of the retina.
Amputation — The operation in surgery of cutting off a limb.
Ana;mia — Poverty of the blood as opposed to plethora. Too few red
corpuscles and two many white corpuscles in the blood.
Anasarca — Dropsical swellings as of the limbs, abdomen, chest, etc.
Anbury — A soft spongy tumor.
OLO,,.„. o, ,„^,,^_^,^^ ^^^^
ge of procreation) and
jediuji; old us>e.
iigs, by which it absorbs
icid, as magnesia, rouu.
!«;etables, differiiis; from
s and condition of the
Aneurmn^Dlhtatiou of ,„ ..,., ^^^^
artery; dilatation ,.f the hoa;'^ '"■"'""'"« '•' ^u.nor ; lesion of
^m/y«.-_SopanUion into pa ' re . • "
^:,f"'V'« --^ of disL i„;":T-^"^*''*'----^-.al elon^ents
t »« '>'»cly. The .cienco „f fc ' '^^''"''•''ting the different ."i .
^-;:r:The stiff ■ "•"^"^^'^-----e.r;^
fonn, ether, etc. ' "^' "^ -^r^.aUon and suffering n m
^«o./^.e-A medicine to all..v .■ ■ "^^'»«""^« ^'bW
.ln«.«aW._Deviatin. fn n L"'' ''"''"''^'^ P'"".
^^^«./^oppo.ed to',..ri^^!;:;;;'> ^r ^^^ «'• -'-
^«^afiro«m«-_Opposed in action "'"^'•
^« W_Before ; i„ front fllol?""^''''^'^'^'"^^ --^'^-.
^«^/^c/;,«-«^»c_Medicine to ,°V'"°^'^^n)iu-t.
^-^•^...--That which^ru ir^^^^^^^^^^
••o'nody to connteract the effe ! to ""^ "^"^'""'^ substances A
^«'^i'^''^''rf^-«-iMedicine to arreJt 1 "'""•
tm-«. '"'o tte substance „f „n„ „'"'"•
4*'-<,«-„«te_c„,„,„„ „„„.
for another dhoaso. ' '''"■""'"■"«« ""re is W i„o,.„i.„-
..,ne.,n„„n,. "'"' '"^ P-P«y «, .ate-, a., ,.,.., „„,
*</....,».^v..„.... . - '-'fon of the ]u„g,s, f,,„„ ^^^^^^
vision.
""'"'•'°" '" """i ■'•' the nutriU„„
Asphyz
Asth
Assi
m
1112
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
^.<»^ra(7a/M.s— Tho largest bone of the hock-joint, lying below the og
calois.
Astringent— That which causes contraction of the bowels or vital struc-
tures. Astringents are medicines which suppress discharges, as from
the bowels, blood, mucus.
Attenuate— To draw out, to make thin, reduce in size.
Atrophi/—W astms; of a part, as the muscles.
Atlas— Tho first bone of the neck or first cervical vertebra.
Atony — General weakness, want of tone.
Augment — To increase.
Auricle The external part of the eai ; also parts of the heart, one on
each side lesembling ears.
Auscultation— The act of listening to sounds given by different parts of
tho body when struck, especially to tho sounds produced by the func-
tional motions of tho lungs and heart by percussion.
Balk— To refuse to pull, or to refuse to go forward at command.
Bars— (Of the hoof.) The two ridges of horn, i.assing from tho heels
of the hoof toward the toe of the frog. (Of the mouth. ) The tnius-
verse ridges on the roof of the mouth of the horse.
5ase— Thc^lower part, as the base of the brain ; the foundation.
Beneath — Under a certain part.
Bicipital— Two headed, as bicips muscles, bicipital groove, etc.
Biliary—Behmgwg to or pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal con-
taining bile.
Biology— The doctrine of life, or of living bodies.
Bioplasm— The so called living or germinal self -propagating matter of
living beings.
Biped — Two footed.
Bolt— To swallow the food hurriedly without proper chewing.
5oZms— Medicines formed into a round or conduicical mass, for case in
administering, often termed a ball. The cylindrical shape is the
proper one.
2Joo<— Buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the other
in traveling.
Bots— The grub of the fly eqmu^ equi, when in the stomach of the
horse.
Bougie— An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other
passages.
Bounded — Parts lying about another, surrounded by.
Breeding-in-and-in— V>veeC:\v\g to close relations, in the same sal)-faniih ,
as the produce of the same sire but of different dams, or of the same
sire and dam.
rts of the heart, one on
self -propagating matter of
ua
GL088AHV OF SCIENTIFIC TKRMS.
Broxi/—\ term ofhMi ^)l^\\^>a t,, ., ,
especially to u f„r,n of anthru- ...•,. '.IT" "'', ''^ ^"^''' diseases of sheep,
Bronclna-T\.. fi...st two hZZZiT'"'-'^''- '"'^'■•
flnmmation of tl.o bronchi-. ^VMuI-p,,„, Bronchitis io an in-
t'^.arm« operation~To cut i.'to tl '. ^"^'•'•
when natural delivery cannot be aeco„;r, '.j'' ""^ "' ^'" '•^'^"™^»'
Cafcar.«««_Containiug li„,o, liu^e-like
Ca/6-M^«s_Auy hard, «„lid concretion founH i„
stone in the bladder, gall-stonereU '"'^ ^"^ "^ *'^" ''"^^'
^ay«aen^ Anything producing 'warmth.
talks, or Calkins— The heel of «h,. i,
vent .slipping. ^ '*'' ''"'"^'^-^'^^^ ^-''«» turned down to pre.
^fous-h,duvat\ou ; a hard deposit ; execs of l.n
Camel.backed~.nvimp.lnxvkei] '"">' '"'^"^''••
'"r "' ''''-''- ''^^ '"""--•^ --1. (throat), tympanic
"'olars of the jaw. ^'^''^'""^ '"^'«"'-« »"d the small
CaH^w— Eroding ulcers of the mouth ...;,., i <
sore which eat? or corroder ' ""' ""•''"^'"^ "'-''•«• Any
eaH«o«.io„e_The shank, or bone below fl.n i
-arpal or metatarsal bone of tllc'ht!;^ "" '""■'• ^'^^ -«*
C«H//mm— A coleopterous insect. The m«//>«,.;«, • . •
it is t„e active pri„c.ip,„ n, oH ,.,till: , r,?™ ' "°"*"'''
ea^,7/«ry_Hair-like; applied to the minute r.n.ifi f . .
vessels. '' 'anufications of the blood
Capped Hock-A swelling on the points of the h ' „f h.o 1
^.,..«. Cayenne pepper. The .mall. long eu p , ""•
Capsular Ziffaments-Ugamenis snrrounding^the j i u '
Cajmle—A membranous bag or sac
Carbon-Woody matter. Charcoal is in.pure car1)on ■ t) a- .
pure carbon. Carbonic acid is exnell df. ! V ^""'""^ '«
..eathing. Carbonic oxyde in ;;; bi:! t ^ '?/;• If! ^"f "^^ ^'
e...-The superior or «.,.«,..,«,, of ^ j^^n-;:; ' of the
Ca>i--^Ulceration of the substance of the bones.
.m
■ i
*
■'f ^^^^1
'i-
1
|H
.
r- ^^^^
!^H|
i^H
' J
IIH THE AMERICAN FAHMEIt's STOCK BOOK.
Carminativea—SVMmms, stimulant, aromatic- medicines, used in colic
and wind. , . , ., . ,
Carotid Canal— A canal in the temporal bone, through -.vhulithc carothi
artery, and also some nervous filaments pass.
Car<i%e— Gristle ; the substance covering the ends of bones, moving and
working upon each other.
Caseine—Tho nitrogcni/.cd constituent of milk. Blood fibrm and all.u-
m(M) is identical in composition.
Castrate— To geld, einascuhite, deprive of the testicles.
Catajihism-A poultice, either medicated or not. It sometimes takes
name from the special agent cn.ploycd, as mnaphm, a inustaid
poultice.
Catarrh— A cold attended with running of the nose.
Cataract— An opacity of the crystalinc lens of the eye, causing partial or
total blindness. ' , , ,
Cathartic— VurgAfwo medicine, used for freely open.ng Uie l)owcls.
Catheter— Au instrument used for drawing the water from the biaikler,
and for other purposes.
Caustic— Any burning agent, as potash, nitrate of silver. To cautonzo
is to bui-n, generally applied to the use of the hot n-on in disease, .
Cavity— A depression, as the cavity of a wound.
Cellular tissue— Vlw membrane or tissue which invests every fiber of tko
body, composed of minute cells comirunicating with each other, and
which servo as reservoirs of fat.
^e/j/m/jc— Pertaining to the head.
Cere?»ro?— Pertaining to the brain.
Cervical— Tho neck ; belonging to the neck.
Characteristic—A svmptom of character. Characterize, to distinjruish.
Chabjhcate—ConUiumvr iron. Any medicine of which iron forms a part.
C/ieHum/— Relating to chemistry.
Chemistry— Tho. science wliich invcstigatesthe composition of substances,
and the changes of constitution produced by their mutual action.
Chirurgical—Tic\ong\ng to surgical art.
Cholagoque—Mcdicmcs to increase the secretion of the bile.
Cholechloride—A medicine which increases the evacuation of the bile.
Chole, tho bile.
C/;onf?J-?7/.s— Inflammation of cartilage.
C//oj-o<V7i7/.s— Inilaminatioii of tho choroid coat of tho eye.
Chronic— A linjioring, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute stage.
A seated, permanent disease.
Chyle— Thi^. milky liquid, as tiikou from the food during digestion, and
prepared from the chyme, and ready to ))c absorbed by the lacteal
vessels before being i)oured forth into the h\oo>h
nff with oucli other, and
lucccediiij; the acute stage.
OL088AKV OF SflPVTi.r.^
'"• '**ItMIFIC Tr;UM«. ,,,,
Ohmc—T\u, food nuKlified and nre,,.,,..,! i ..
Cicatrirr-^Tho 8,ar \vft after tluX. i / ' '"''"" "'' ""^ «»"nia<h.
(7»>c«m.,m-W_Li„.it,.| ,' ^ '^ " ''"',^' ot a wound ,„■ „1,.„,,
their ha.ofronHl.esun-onn„/::;;:';^^ ""'"'"' '" ^""""•^ '^'^^"'"^ '^
Circulation — Tiio vii-il mfi, ., i '• /
ana „a,.,< ,„„i„ ,;;,';;:;';;;:; ::';,:'■,:;;; ;,;-.'»- h.,„„„ .,. .,..,,„.
CT:/<— A mark; divisi,,,, ; f„,,,,„. "'"^•
Clyster— hn\n\a niedjcinp injected int«, fl.„ i
Co/<^««OM— Connected ; adiierin- to.-d l.r ,• • i ■
CoUc-Xvnio pain in tho ahd ,t^^- . • >''""" *"-^^''^'-
prossion of tho vital powers. ' '^' '''•'''''•'^- ExtrcMnc de-
Colon — The larw^t of the intesifiima
ion of tho intestinal canal ' "" '""" "'•"'•"•'•^•' "'" '-'^-t divi.
C«.7/o» The act of copniation ; union of the sexe«
Go-^--^^^^^-^-Sy. Drowsiness produced by de'rs'sion of th , • .
other causes. ^ "^ prcss^ion of tho brain and
Co;nato«e— Constant propensity to sleep
Co»ce^J^•on_R,e„ndation by aetion of tho male.
Conditton-X healthy. se.-viceablo state of the system A f
tho muscular tissue. system, a firm state of
Co:ige7iital—.^orn with another • of fh« . i • ,
individual fron, birth. ' '" '"™' '"'"t'^- '^'■'""f^'i".^' to ,he
Co„rjesfion-Xn accumulation of clocr.vecl bloocJ 1„ fi
parts, as tho lun-s, brain, etc. ^''' ''"''"'•"' '"■ '" <he
Co«.,^,.V^ Drawing or binding together, as constriction of the .n '
of a part. mtiion ot the museica
Contaqions — A disease tb-it .«.,,, i
-tL oom.unic:;<:d, 'r ; L :irr:rr' "i ^"'"^^^' -'-^'^^
of tho body. ^ ^ ^'"''' ^^^ ''••^'^^•»- "'• omanationa
CoMorted—Yms^t^d, twisting, writhin- as tl.« }.,. i • •
result of disease. "' "^•'' '" J^'""' "^^ f^'""' the
Conlusion-X bruise ; a wound made by a blow or brui.e
Cowex-Havmg a rounded surface. The onno.ifo of
Co«c,.e./on-Adhoronco of parts natural; T ^ "'iTT'"- .
dcnsation oi flniUs or other substanceslto ^ "sob .l 'n^f ^' ^"°"
Con(/?/«en);_Substances nserl u. ;.». , • V »iatt-i.
Co«/«.,,._Runni r^o. u , U • "" "V"""''"' ^'" '''""■ "^ ^-^•
bccomo confluentr ^'""''" "' f'^'^^'"^^'' ^^'^^"^ ^'-7
litt.
1110
TIIK AMEKICAN KAIlMKIt's STOCK UOOK.
Co«A/hw<V//— Piii-t'* united 8o romplotely thut lliey i-umiot bo »i'i»!iratetl
witliout liiccrivtioii i>r fnutuic.
Cwtm/mT/t^— Rt'turninsr to lu-alth iiftor hitkiic.srt.
C(>nrolu(id—Rn\\i'i\ to-ffthcr or upon itsflf . Tlu) fcrohrum is convoluted.
Ti>o irroijuliir f(ildin!j;.s of tlit' intostini's luv convolutions.
Copioux—VU)utUn\, ai)uudunt, as a copious di.schafgo.
Core—Tho hard portion of purulent matter, us in boils.
Com— A diseased i)ortioii of the foot,— in the horse, between the Imr
and the (luarter, usually on the inside.
Coromt—T\w upper part of the hoof, just where it joins the skin.
Oorroitivc— Thai wliich cuts away, destroying the texture of the living
body.
CorrMf^aa'on— Contracting the skin into wrinkles.
Cnn(a—X rib. Costal : belonging to the ribs.
Counter Irntation—kn application to irritate one part to relieve pain in
aiutther. A blister or mustard poultice produces counter irritation.
Cow-zjox— Peculiar pustules upon the teats of cows, from which the viic.
cine matter is obtained, used to prevent contagion from small-pox, or
to mitigate the intensity of the disease.
Cranium— iha skull. Cranial : pertaining tt) the skull.
Cre»t The l)ack or upper part of the neck of the horse.
Crepitation— \\i\>\w^ to the noise made by the ends of fractured bones,
when they grate together. The sound produced by pressing together
cellular tissue in which air is contained.
Cribbing (o/Aor«es)— The act of seizing any hard substance, or pressing
thereon with the teeth, and gulping ; sometimes called wind sucking,
though the latter is not necessarily cribbing.
CrisiH—h\ disease, that point or period which determines a favorable or
unfavorable termination.
Crop — The craw or first stomach of a fowl.
Cvnor — The red colored portion of the blood.
Crupper — The buttocks of a horse.
Crtiral Pertaining to the legs, as the crural arteries and veins.
Crunt The hoof, so-called. The outside laminae of the hoof.
Crunta — A scab.
Cul-de-sac — A passage closed at one end.
Cu7ieiforvi—Vorn\cdi like a wedge. *
Curb A soft swelling, l)ecoming hard, situated on the back part of the
hind leg, just below the point of the hock.
Cuticle The epidermis or scurf skin. The skin is composed of the cutii
vrra, re.ta mucasum and cuticula.
Cutaneoux — Of the skin, as a cutanetms affection.
OLOH>f
determines a favorable or
^r MriENTUrc TKUMN.
^y^^ ^>^/^-.\ m,„hii 1,1,1,,,,,,,. '^^
'^Mt;:;;:!;rr *'■ """■"•"- .„ .,„„
i*yi..„<»,._,.,.,,f,,„. f,„,„ „,,„;::." -;"p....™t ,
f f ;"'■"'"-;''" ''"'■"""• "—o "■■ inferior
Miiiiiemnl—Am- salt «l,i..l. i 'lisoaso.
Uoiiulcput — Tluif wli!,.), „il -1
i).™-A .„„t , "■" : '" '"■"""■" "•'•'''""" -'f^'-
^«^^:!s,::;m;: tf -"'* --• "•« '•'»» - h,„ ,„..
Dmccafe— To make dry I.y heat
^'/'--'I<» extend or drive out" Th ' ii.-\'"''''''''''r' •'"""■■"•-^ '^^ ^""1.
^liff".sil.lo stimulant. "^'"'^'^ ""'-^ «"^^ <"• ^^I"-ead, a. a
%..v^/.«-_Tho «o,.uratic.n and diss.lvin.. of the f , • .
D'.ir<'sf.vo ointment has the power of 1 , "' '" *''^ ^^*'""=»'^h.
Dihfr-To oDen wir1« "i i-f!«()lvm,ir t.unors.
1 open wide, as dikition of the eve
ndatanou~.Tho expanding of a hodv T 'Vi. ,
vor-full^ess. ' ^ '*' ''"' ''^"'•^' -•^^''•'■-^' the blad-
Dibue— To make th
Diminution — A
II!,
a nu'd
f'ssening, or decreasing, as of
icine wiiii water, with oil, etc.
I i|
Ptiiii, etc.
.' 'if
m
1118
TlIE AMKKICAN FAUMEK'S STOCK DOOK.
Diploma— 1\. document granted by a legally chartered college, .showing
thiit the person named is entitled to practice his or her profession.
Disinfectant — An agent capable of neutralizing morbific effluvia, or llie
cause of infection.
Dislocation — Putting out of joint.
Disorf/anisation — A comi)U'te morbid change in, or even total destruction
of, the structure or texture of an organ.
Dissection — Exposing tiie different parts of a dead body, that their ar-
rangcment and .structure may bo studied.
Distorted — Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape.
Distend — To stretch out, or swell.
Diuresis— An extraordinary or abundant excretion of urine.
Diuretic — A luedicine to increase tlie flow of urine.
Doctor — In a common sense, applied to ii person legally qualified to piao
tico medicine. In its real sense, applying to various titles, as Ph. 1).,
Doctor of Philo.sophy; D. D., Doctor of Divinity; LL. D.. Doctor
of Laws.
Domestic — Relating or belonging to the home or farm.
2)onsa(?— Pertaining to the back. The dorsal column : the back-bone.
Drachm — The eighth part of an ounce.
Drastic — Powerfully acting medicines or poisons.
Drench — Licjuid medicine given by the mouth.
Drug Originally, a medicine in its simple form, but now applied td
medicines generally.
Duct A tube for conveying a fluid or the secretions of tiu' glands.
Duodcnu7n—'Y\w first portion of the small intestine, through which (lie
bile is poured.
Dura Mater— A fibrous, semi-transparent membrane, lining the cavitv (if
the cranium, and containing the brain, (of which it may \w consiiicmi
the outer membrane), and protecting the same by its thickness and
great resisting jjower.
i5?/sen<ery— Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intes-
tines, producing nuicous or bloody evacuations.
Dyspepsia — Serious derangement of the digestive functions.
Dysphagia— DW^evxWy of swallowing.
Dyspmea — Difliculty of breathing.
2)^.s.M,.ja— Painful and incomplete passage of urine.
EchoUcs rnrturients — Airenl.s ciiusing the contraction of the wnnih.
Eclozoon Parasites, as lice, infesting the surface of the body. KntoziKi:
parasites within the body.
Eczema— ^m-.iW pustules crowded together, not contagious, but producing
a smarting pain.
CK BOOK.
J morbific effluvia, or the
«r.ossAKv OK .c:,KXTir.o tehm..
form, but now applied td
retions of tlio gliimls.
estinc, thvougb whiili tlu;
)t contagious, but producing
Effluvia-Uovlna exhalations of the hcciv • ^ '''
and vcgetul.lo odors. ^ -^ ' '^"'"'^I'mcs applied to •uii,„.u
Efusion-.A flowing out. as of the b|„o.i .
tissues. '"""'l water or Iv,,.,,,,, ;„,,, ^^^
£ lection — Castin<>- out -ks oi/^^f
r.soml,li„g the log of an ollpha^t '' ''" ^'" ''""' - ^"largod.
Emasculation— Uomo\;x\ of tho .n..ln
^..^„_The i.„pregnated ^^^ZTT'T' ^''^*-^-"-
n.onced. ""' ^^ "'»•»' "^t''^- g-'owth has com-
E'nctu'^^ medicine given to produc-o vorniti,,.
EmoUicnts—A^ronu which Imve fj,,. „ f
Empiric-Ono whose skill is oxporhiiei;;.;; "''h """ "' '■'■'''•^'"-
Pcrience. ''"^'''' "' the result of im-ro ex-
Fnawie?— The hard outer coverin- of fl.« . -u
F«.y...J_Enclo.sed in a sac. "" ^' ''•^^^'
Enema — Medicines civon liv i'ii;„„«-
^n^enV-Belonging to the bowels! ' "' the result of over-feeding.
C„^fvv//.s— Inflammation of the bowels
^«/m>my»/_The sewing t().rothor of fl, r -i .
Epidemic-Dheaso that affects a lar.^e n n!,?' ' ''.'■-'■''"^^'"^'■"tcstines.
air. " ""'"'"■••' '''^ though carried in the
Epifjlotl,-,— The covering of the glottis A ..„
imnent food or liquids from entering t he w f '''"'^ Projection, to
£>*^ooft-c-Co..tagious disease -.(tieli';^ ^^"'<l-p>pe.
tin.o. Apnlied^. catarri:a ;;' t 2''"'' ""^'"'^ "' •'"■•^^ ^'^ one
^'/"/"'■-Belonging to the hor.c •"""^•"^"' ^vhuh sj.reads rapidly.
EriuiMion-Tho art of riding on horseback
Eniptxm-VimiAvs, blisters, rash e(,. i,,., "i •
Esopha,us-.TUo gullet, or tube o L; a^^T "" *"« «'-'•
stomach. """*'t '''"'l' conveys food to the
Essence— Tho properties or virtues ovf,...,.f i *
^mc««/c-To en,ptv or pass , / "' ^'■•"" "">' •^""'•^"""^e-
^«..^e„.-Erup(iou of ihe skin,';;;;;';;;': " ^""'■" "'^^'^•
Ernsion-CutUn^ out, or cutting off. anv part
Exconate-To tear or strip off the slin
••••oak tho skin in any n.anncr si,;,,'- "''"' ""='^ '"' '^'"•■"'^' ^ to
Excmncnt-U.taso nnuVr The dm.? ^"^' "' ""'^ '^^'•■'^' ^''"'••'^''^''^-^^
fo^.s-c..„ce--Unnatural or superfluous^growth.
: . J;
J''
i' I
1120
THE AMKIUCAX FARMER'S STOCK JiDOK.
Excreting — Throwing out from the body.
Excretion— nvi act of throwuig off effete matter from the animal sys-
tein ; that which is thus thrown off.
^a;/o/m«2on— Separation or scaling off of dead from living bone. Sepa-
ration of scales (laminse) from any substance.
Exhale — Breathing out, evaporating.
Exostosis — Unnatural growth or projection of bone.
^xofJic— Foreign. That which belongs naturally to another district than
our own.
Extensor-tendon — The tendons which stretch out the limbs.
Extirpation— T\w complete removal of a part by means of the knife.
Extravasate—To let out of the proper vessels, as blood, after the rupture
of a blood-vessel.
Extremities — The limbs.
Exudation— K sweating, or passing out of a liquid through the walls or
membranes containing it.
Exude — To discharge through the pores.
Facial — Pertaining to the face.
Ffjeces — The excrement.
Farcy— X disease of the lymphatics of the skin of the horse. Also, u
disease allied to glanders.
Fat— The well known animal substance, whose natural function it is to
protect the organs, maintain the temperature, and nourish in case of
need.
Febrifuge— \ medicine to lower the temperature of the body, and counter-
act fever.
Feculent— VovX or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the
tissues ; excrementitious matter.
Femur — The thigh bone proper.
JF'ermente^ion— Incipient decomposition of vegetable substances, from
souring.
Fester — To suppurate, and discharge corrupt matter.
Fetid — Having an offensive odor.
Fibrin— Au organic substance found in the blood, and composing a huse
part of the tissues of the body. Fibrous membrane : a monil)r:iiie
composed of fibres.
F'bula—ThG snniU or splinter bone of the leg. The outer bone of the
h-nd le«M)f the horse, etc., — much smaller than the tibia.
Filtration — Straining a licjuid to clarify it.
Fissure — An opening, a crack.
Fistula A do«>p, narrow ulcer, having a nnssairc leading to it.
i<Y5<u/oiw— Resembling a fistula, either in form or nature.
DK JK)OK.
tter from the animal svs-
iquid through the walls or
kin of the horse. Also, a
leg. The outer bone of ibe
than the tibia.
O.-OSSAUV OK sciENTinc TERMS. j^^
flanks-That ,,ar, of <ho hor^e hctwocM, tho f.l •. . •
Fla(nlent--An.,U>,X ,vith, or caused 1 vh "'''' ^^'^ ^""^ «tifl..
the stomach and intestines, a. flatulent 'oif "'''''"" "' ^"^ ^^^ ^^•'»<' '"
/'/ram— An iustruniont used for l)loo,lin.r fi .
Flcx-To bend, as the head, nook or nh "°'' ^""^^^^'*^' ^"i'"''^!'^-
/'/.xor-A musric whoso „tfiee it is tlZ^^ " ^'"'''' ^'^^'"" ^^^^ '"•'"•
extensor. "-"" '"^ P'n-t ; in opposition to
f /o;vV7— Red or scarlet like, from excess nf Ki , •
F.tus-T\.. ycung, vet nni;or„ "' """^ '" '' l'■"•'•
Fomentation-Th^ upplication of warnUh •u.A r ■ .
or poultice. "'^'' ■'"'' n»>'«ture, as with a liquid
Foramen.-A eavity pierced through and through
Forcep,-Loug pcmted pincers or ninpers
Fracture— Uie breaking of a bone,
/'nx'^iora— Exciting circulation by rubbin-
Fumigate-Tho aj.plication of snioko or v'u.or
Function— Tho office or duty of any n-irt of t\\ ^
Fu,ulament-TU. anus or ex'remily ^tl^ > ^ "'^^•, ,
Fungus^An unnatural gj-owth -esibling mr^^ionl'^ ^"' "' ''' '''''
G!fl//_The fluid coutanied in tho ffall-l)laddor ,.. .
tho bile secreted by the livor. ' "'"^^'^t'"?' Principally, of
Ganglion— A collection or bimch of nervp fiu«.
of a nerve, and resembling a knot ' ''"''"^ ''*' «>'l=^rgoment
Gangrene— The mortification or donfl, ^p
of its tissues. '*'' "^ ""^ P'^'-t "f the body, or of a.,y
^a..-Aa emanatio,», or invisible fluid, generated in the bodv
(?a,s-^nc— Pertaniing to tho stomach. ' *
G'a,<(<n7i«— Inflammation of the stomach.
Gelatine — Animal jolly
Gfcs/a/iore—Tho condition of prcrnancv <.r J.nin„ u
m 1 A i"^t5"'"'i'y» or oomjj with vniinfr
«a*._A„ „.c.odi„,„ c„„..i„„,, ai».„:„,„„r';^„„..,„e „„.,
*-™~ '™'"" '""" "" ""■^' ■ '■■ '»-■ »PP"e<. to „.,„
*'"""-''''" "■"■■■'"' "1""""S »' «"> 'op of el,8 ,vi„d,,i„e
-Feedi
on gram or seeds,
ri
f
I -li
sn
',i,i
! t
If if
FI
1122 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Granulate-To grow or develop in the form of grains, a8 new flesh in
the healing of wounda.
Gravel— OAimUnis matter found in the kidneys.
Qnivid—TliG state of being with young.
GuUet—Tlw oesophagus, or food pipe lending to the stomaeh.
Haggard— Worn down ; thin ; gliastly ; deathlike.
Haunch— That part of the body which lies between the last ribs and the
tlii'Mi. In the horse, the bony region of tlie hips.
^a;<;-'rhe process of the eye-soeket, which is thrown over the eye to
clear it of foreign substances,
//cema^— Relating to the blood.
Hoimalin—Tho coloring matter of the blood.
ITec^zc— A constitutional and remitting fever exhibited in consumption i
produced also by ulcers, sores, etc.
Helix— Tho outer circumference or ring of the external ear.
Hemorrhage-X discharge of blood from the vessels contaiiiing it.
/i^^aizc— Belonging to t!ie liver.
//e;)a<i7is— Inflammation of the liver.
Hc'paiized— Converted into a liver-like substance.
Herbivorous — Feeding on herbs.
Hereditary— Inhred from the parents, as disease, color, vices, and oth^
peculiarities.
Hermaphrodite— Possessing the attributes of both sexes, in a greater or
lesser degree ; being of, or including, both sexes. Said of animals.
plants or flowers. . „ . .
^e;.,„-a— Rupture, or soft tumor formed by the protrusion of any of th(.
viscera of the abdomen.
Hippopatholog!/—The science which treats of the diseases of horses ; tli«
leading branch of veterinary science.
Homogeneom— Being of the sumo kind or quality throughout.
//«('— Color.
Humor— kny fluid of the body, excepting the blood.
Humerus— nxe upper arm-bone ; upper bone of the fore-leg.
Hybrid— nxe offspring of two different species of animals, as of the hors«
and ass (the mule). , « ., ^ .,
Hydragogue-h. medicine which removes effused fluids from the system.
Hydrocephalus— Wilier in (dropsy of) the head.
Hygiene— Uio preservation of health and prevention of disease.
H>/pertrophy— Excessive growth,
//y^orfermic— Beneath the skin. U.ed principally of mcdicines-ae mo^
phia, etc— applied '>>' i»j'-"'*-'"'' ""'J-^^'' ^'le skin.
Hysterics— A nervous disability, mostly among females.
jxhibited in consumptiou j
lity throughout.
OLO«8AUy OK SCIEN-nriC TKla.«.
m
1123
Ileum— Tlui lower part of the .sn,ji|| ;„. .•
Lnj.-e,nai^on-:rko act of renderln.,, "«/:";,"■ '
/««.s.o«_Cuttiug into ; a cleaa cu" • cutH •'"'' J"'"-^'"'^"*.
f<''-"'«^J- ' '""'"="'^ '» -'^y operation per.
Incontinence-hvMlity to retain the n-itn....!
Induralion-Tho hardenin-. of • 't ; ' '^'^''"'^*'""«-
Indsors-Tho front teeth (ff the jaws " '^"'^' "^ ^^^«'''««-
/«>-//o«-Communicating disease l)v miasm .
eased body. '^ '"'•^•^'"^ «r ouiaaatious from a dis-
Inj!aenza-An cpidemie disease, causln.. .eneral do ■
Injusion-Luim^ produced by steepin-. ."'• . n ^"'''''''°' ^^'^^ f^'^«r.
without boiling. -^ ' ' -*" ""^"lublo substance in water
/«y..^a-Food taken into the stomach.
Inhalalion — A drawinf*- mfn fi > i
poisonous funics ° '° ' ^ ^""'^ ^ ^^« ^^-^thing of medicated or
/«y«.'^-To throw in artificially, as from a syri„„e
Injection-Lu^n,d medicine thrown into a n-fh f '
Inoculation-Th. production of disease bv v , "' "''''^'''' ''''^'*^-
communicated from one animal to -mothor '''' '"''""' ^'■""' '^ ''^'■^•
/n«/.«r/_Sense, as applied to animals
lnterjuraent-T\.. covering which invests the body ^the si • ^
Inane covcrmg any particular part of it ^ ' ^' "' ''' °^^'^-
/«^(/ms-to/— Between the ribs
/«J.r/m«y_The cutting of one foot or le-. with f h« n
Mer.uaent-ln fevers, a characteristic by'. / l" ^^^ .
or cease, returning at regular, or ne-irlv ,- , I''""-^ys™s intermit
Mcr.U,.s^^.. mi^te spaces blS^J^: ;;;;;,!"^;'-^f "
/fttes/»«e«-Tho bowels Tho ..r . P»i tides of a bojy.
to the anus. '' "^'^ '*''"""^^''>'--'' ^-Ji-gfrom the stomach
M«-;_To turn about or upside down
/«..>m^.,.._Strengthening n.edicines, or agents
/n,s-_lhe circular membrane of the eye float l ..
and perforated to form the pupil ° " ''' "1"'""« ^^"°>o^
/somem-Composed of the same ol'ementa in H..
chemically and physically different ''™" Proportions, but
Issue-~A running sore, urtificially oroduced and k.nf
n-ntation or morbid action in a nc:i.W.;:,,t^ "P''" ^" -'-«
Jaundice-K diseased condition resultiiJ f -^
liver, and characterized by .^-L " 1 7 ,^^''^'""^'"«"t of the
"vcs, skin and urine " ^ ^'' ""^ ''^^ y^'Howness of the
( .i EI
.Mi 3 a
1124
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
iji -.I.
m
Jejunum— That part of tho small intestines comprised between the duo.
dcnum and ileum.
Jet— Tho peculiar flow of blood from the arteries, in a spurtuig motion.
Jugal region— The region of the cheek-bone.
Jugular — Tho large vein of the neck.
Xa6««/— Belonging or relating to the lips.
Lacerate— To tear. A lacerated wound is a torn wound.
Lachrymal— VcrUmmxg to the tears. The lachrymal duct is the duct
leading from tho eye to the membrane of the nose.
Lactatim—nw act of giving suck, or time of suckling.
Lactiferous— Biinrhvr or conveying milk ; as, a lactiferous duct.
Lamella— X thin plate or scale of anything ; pertaining to the anatomy
of the hoof.
LamimVts— Founder ; a disease consisting of inflammation of the parts
between the pedal or coffin bono and the sensitive larainai.
Lancinating— Shavp, acute, shooting ; in a manner as if tearing ; thus,
a lancinating pain.
Languor— Wi'-dknosa, faintness, debility.
Laryngitis'— InilammniMn of tho larynx.
Larpix—Tho swell at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and extending
into the throat.
Lateral— At or to one side.
Laxative— A medicine which gently opens the bowels.
Xens— In oculary anatomy, a portion of the eye situated immediately
back of tho cornea.
Lesion— Dheasa of a structure ; any hurt or injury.
Levator— A general name for a muscle whose office it is to raise some
part, as the lip or eyelid.
Ligamenls— Tho bands of the joints binding them strongly togothor.
Ligature— SWk or flax thread, or any material suitable for tying uiteiies.
A bandage used in the operation of bleeding.
Liniment— A fluid medicine employed externally and with friction.
Liquefaction— The act or process of reducing a solid substance to a
liquid form.
Lithotomy— The operation of extracting stone from the bladder, by
cuttin"'.
Xrrer— The largest gland of the body, its office being to secrete the bile.
Lobe— A round projecting part of an organ.
Xocff/— Confined to a certain part or district.
Lotion- A fluid applied externally, usually by means of a cloth kept
constantly wet therewith.
wind- pipe, and extending
ione from the bliiddcr, l)y
5ce beinff to secrete the bile.
■ by means of a clotli kept
OI^OSSAKV „,. Sc.KNT.n,: ,,„
MS.
112.')
l.y thoir npp,.opna(o fluid.s. '"^''"" "^ *'"' i-"<^ --kJ ,n..v:,..n.rt,
Zm«6a^o--KhouniatiM„ «f the hnnh.,,. .. •
Zy,«y,_A transparent an.l ..c- T'"""
i",andponn.doutI,St.K;i:;:^ .; :'- «"'<'• The Huid contained
Xy;»y^«/.c.v_Tho vessels of a ,i„ .,1 1 .•
M..-a/.-Steepcd aln.ost to sl^^""" "'''^'';-^-' tb. iv,npb.
water previ..,s to dissection. ^'""""='^ «'-ki"g of' a p,,., ,„
3/fif/r?f/y— Disease or aihnent.
J/afo,_Pertaining to tbo cheek-l,o„e
Mala7irlers~An ulcerous condition r,n *i • •
M,/«.-a rnfeetious and noxious effl .^ f;:'^ f ^ ^^-''^ '^.-.
vogctal)lo matter. ''' *""" ^J^'^'uiposing animal or
MaIformafion~Bii6]y or unnatur-illv .i
i>/.%«a«^_Severe ; Ion. . dr^ory r^ "'" ^"™^^-
i^..»..A-Havin,a;udi;tl^'^.:?;::-- ,
^.«»«a,-y ^/«.d,_The glands which sc" ' "f 7"""-
i/an^/e-A contagious disease caused hvlu "'•
M....-The ..tty substance in^^' ^,^: j;;::-'] ^[^ --i in the skin.
}fasficatton-.Tho act of chewinn- the food ^'^'"''"'""^ '^""«'^-
3/a^«7a 7«e^/cff— A term includhi.r ..n „, ",• .
the euro of diseases. ° ' ""^^'^'"^^'^ ^>'- substances used in
Maxilla— The upper or lower jaw
Medias(znum~Tho partition formed bv the m..r .
>ng the chest into two lateral parts uT.oT r^ "^ *'^' P'^''"-"' ^i^id-
f^f --^-Consisting of, resembl .l, ' ZT'l"'' ''''"^'^
Memhrane.-X thin animal tissue, '^e th b^ '^ '"' ""''•'■'^^•
and other organs. '"" '"^«''"fc' "^ tlio brain, bones
¥en<a7— Relating to the mind or tn fi,„
3W«.,_The membrane wl-ri t L'sT"' "f '•^"'^^•
Mesacolon-X process of the pe tteum to V" "^V"^"^ *" *'^" ^I''"«-
#e.«..«.,/._The transference or rem"", of"^- "" '"'"' ''^ ='^^-J-^-
another, or s.u,h change as is succeeded by a Xtion''""' """ '"'"' *'*
J^'««««— Impalpable ffcrms thp «.^^ / -i solution.
vogc.able),Vodud4dTsr:se ' '"' "' Vniv.U.t^o.n (animal or
3//,f/7/_Tho diaphra^^m
«» morbid humors ; a faili„g. .; ,!,;„„ „,;''"'" °' °" ™°»f™' »t»to.
Motor — Ihat which "anof!" iv :- ti • t? ' "f^-
niotor muscles." ' ' '^ ''" '"■^"•""-"t "^' movement; as, the
71
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112(; THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Mucilaae-A. jelly-like fluid ; one of the proximate elemente of vego
U bt! nJJi in slipi-y elm ; the agent which l;»--to. J« j-nt.
Mul-Tho subHtunce secreted by the mucous membranes and effaced
Tpon tlu surfaces of the membranes, as the running of the nose m a
3^it-The organs of motion. The voluntary muscles constitute the
lonn meat, or flesh of animals. i • v
af!,::r;i;e.-l'".«» ...,.,„o.i„g the body „f . mu,cle, d«po.»d „, 0..
tinct bundles
Mneline-T\u'. fatty substance in nerve tissues.
JlfvtVw wyo«o<is-Inflammation of a muscle.
3f2/o^om2/-Dissection of the nmscles.
ArL«s_ V natural mark or blemish ; a buth-maik.
^Zla-Stupor from the influence of opium or other narcotic.
Ifarcotics-Dvugs whi. h allay pain and produce sleep.
^„.s„7_Pcrtaining to ihc noso.
Naturalia-The parts of generation.
i\ra««ea«^«-Medicines that sicken the stomach.
]ffavel—ThG umbilicus.
Xiecrosis-Doaih of a bone, or of a portion of bone.
ATpnAr/V/s— Inflammation of tht kidneys. ,, > ■ a
S«^--n,' « u»»,»tc,» which co„vcy» .e»sa.ion, to the bra,,, .nd
through the body.
iVeumto.»j/-Tho cutting o,- Jivisio,, of a nci-vo.
V :,:™«.e-To destroy the fee o,- «««';' -^''lla.
iVr/cmatfon-A quick „„d frequcut w,uk„,g of the eydld..
f ; r f t;:a;:.^;rlu.":t;;; buiW up ; strong. hea..hy food.
waste and promote growth.
OftmVy— Exceeding fatness.
oS;^!!::^ALatio„ i„ the appearance or function of a part ptcenf
oSl^mS;, Applied to diseases whose cause, ov successful tr»..
ment are not understood.
0„.fa- P^,i/«r7/— Relating to the eyes.
0«aVa--Violent toothache, usually from decay.
)<r of the noae iu a
the muscloB.
GLOSSAUr OF 8CIENTIFZC TERMS.
^■.W.7«a_Effusi<,n „f serous fluid i„to tl... ii ,
««ues, j)rocluci„^r
Oil-Flmd fatty or unctuous substuuces ,iH
0.1s are either fixed or volatile ; the fom ' T """'"' "'" ^•^-^'^■''^'J^-
paper. ^°""«i l«ave a greasy staiu on
0;«ra/Mw. —The caul. A fold of th >
.-..testines iu frout, and attached to tlirstr'V"'"'''''""' ''"''''^'^ '^-
Ommvorous-Auimah which eat all kh.ds „f f! , c
orous, m the general acceptation of the tern. ' ""' "'""'^-
Opacidj—Wui^t of transparency ; that nu.vl' . ,
which the r ,,,,.„t ,,J^^.^ J^^ ottir' '"'"" ''y ^"-t-' '''
0^<e.-ReIating to the sight, as the optic nerve ■ rol ,f . .
vision. ' '^"tive, lelatnig to the laws of
Orbit — In ocular anatomy, the hnnv ,.,..,t •
Or,an-T,o natural iZl^^l^Z:;! T"^ '''"^ '^^ ^^ '''''^'^'■
carried on. ^ ""^^ '' I^'""^'i-^s« or function u
Organic— Composed of, or pertainincr f«
pendent on, or resulting from "^i':; "^ "'"'" "'^ '^^ ^"^^tions ; d.
0.(/?c.-The mouth or entrance to Tny eaWty of the l.odv
On,j.n- rhe hegmning or starting point of Jthinr "'"
Os— The technical name for hone. ^
Os calcis— -The tip of the back.
Osseous— Bouy, or resemblin-r bone
Os cl.ocele-S<^oi^ hernia. Any tun.or of the hernia
0. .>c^^o« Changnig to bone. Bony formation
Os(algia—\\xm m one or some of the bones
Ostcosarcoma-X fleshy, cartilaginous mass, growing within ^
enlarging and sometimes fractuiin- it s'^^^'ng W'lhni a bone.
Ovarioto7ny-Thi, art or operation °of "removin-r fho • .
foniale animal ; spaying-analogous to TI^^J^Z.^^ *^«
Omnes-Th^ organs connected with the uterus tint", f •
tlK, ova (eggs) which, when impregnatec! pi: T^^^f ^"^« "«
Oi'Mfe-The impregnated germ or e-cr ^^"'•
Ox*W.e_The change formed by the action of oxy..en or -lir cont," •
oxygen, on any substance. The chan-i„. of fh^n . ^""tainmg
into red or arterial blood, in the L:? ' ''" '^"' ""' ^^"^"^ ^'^^
Oz<xna—G\^,ei, catarrh. ''
PafiM^wm— That which is proper for food.
Palate— ThQ roof of the mouth
^S!!'""-* r'l'"'...'"™P"'g ".ovement „£ the hoar., ft„,„ „,e„u,
cxckciuciiL or rroni disease. menuii
1128
TIIK AMERICAN FAUMEU's BTOCK HOOK.
Panacea— A supposed uiiivemil euro. A nu'dicino applicable to miiiiy
C11S(,'S.
PancnaH—Tho luirmw, tint ghind extending across the abdomen, bouk'-
times called the Kwcct-brcad.
Parali/sis—Xnafioction impairing or destroying the natural function, and
especially the voluntary movement, of a part ; in popular usage, the
Parotid— ^cnr the ear. Parotid gland : the largest of the salivary glands.
Paroxysm— In disease, a recurrence coming on after an intermii^Hion.
Chills and fever, for example, arc paroxysmal.
Par/urition— The act of bringing forth yo"ng.
Patella— Tho knee-pan.
Pathohffi/—Tho science which treats of the causes, nature, symptoms
and cure of diseases.
Pau7ich— The first stomach of ruminating animals.
Pectoral— Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. A medicine
adapted to relieve affections of the chest and lungs.
Pectin— The gelatinizing principle of certain fruits and vegetables.
Pelvis— Thiit part of the trunk bounding the abdomen, containing a part
of the intestines, and the internal urinary and genital organs.
Penis— The exterior male organ of urination, and of the passage of the
genicn.
Pepsin— A substance assisting digestion.
Pe^ijc—Promoting digestion ; relating to digestion.
Pericarditis— In^innmaiion of the pericardium.
Pericardizan-Tho serous membrane enclosing the heart.
Perichondrium— Tho membrane covering the cartilages.
Pericranium— Tho membrane lining the bones of the skull.
Perinceum—Tho space between the anus and the genital organs.
Periosteum— The fibrous membrane investing a bone.
Peritoneum— The serous membrane lining the cavity of tho abdomen.
Pen7onj7ts— Inflammation of tho peritoneum.
Permeate— To penetrate every part; of, and pass through without rupture
or sensible displacement. Water permeates sand ; light permeates glass
Pharynx— The opening or tube at the back part of tho mouth which
leads to tho stomach.
Phlebitis — Inflammation of a vein.
Phlehotomy— The operation or act of bleeding.
Phthisis — Consumption.
Physiology— The science which treats of the functions of the various
organs of a living body.
i<Ttho naturnl function, iiud
art; in popular usage, the
causes, nature, symptoms
he functions of the various
0L08«AUV OK HCIKNTrr,c TkhMS.
P,7tv<— A disease coM.si.stin.r of ..l,,-,.,,: r. ' ' ^'^
;>«ood.ve.e.si.„.Uiatel^:::: : ;r^;-- ^-" tun... ., ,,,
l.-sspau.. »'""=. and ati;enuod .vith nu.ro o^
1 lacen(a~Tho membrane (,,v,.ri„.r ,1.., v
birlh. ^ "'"•""""= i»l'^«woml.;tlK. after
Plcthora-X full J.ubit „f body • f,.ll r n .
/V.«m-The serouH n.en.brl' f ""^'■
covering the hn,gs..vhic.h it l„bHcaSs^m.i'"'"^:' ^'''' ^'-t' -d
P/.x-«.v_Any uni,.M of vessels, „erves „■ n ■^^■'■••''t'""«.
Pn.«;«.m«-Infla„,„,ati,.„ofthohu..* '""'■'"' <''^ f"»'n of „et work.
Poimn-Kny substanee. animal, ve..e?.ble
tornall, or t.Uon interna.ly/e:^!^' ^:^;';i;;;;;'' -'-■'-'..plied ex-
cnangos. Po,son.s are classided as irrita ' '" "''•'••"« '""-tful
cotie, and aoro-.sedati ve. ' "arootjc. sedative, aero.„ar-
Poll-evil-X clH-onie, suppurating ubscess c,„ t,
head, around tbe attach.nouts ^i tl.c'oerU , ' ''"""'' "^ '^- ''"'•««'»
Pol!Jpm-X tumor with narrmv b-i ''fe'^n'onts.
Po.^,«or^e«._Literally, ufter deaU.^ ' The'!' ""'""'' "'''''"^' ^'•"'^'»". ^to.
Pr«Z/.^o.erf_Prepared or fitted for^K^W h'''',''''''^'"" "^ =' ''*'•■''' ^'"dy.
predisposed to disease. l*^f«>'eluu.d ; ,„eli„,a to ; as, being
P/r;,Mce— Tlio cutaneous fold eoveri.ur f|,„ ,
Prolang- A llexih e, knobbed iZ^, " ^f" '""'"
aeh food or other substance which n v ' T TT^ "'''' ^he stom-
Proc...-Pronn-ncnce ; a projectim' ^Z ''"'^'''^' '" ^''« t'^'o'^t.
or projecting b(,ne. " ' ' ""'-^ P'-otubcrance, eminence
Prq/iwe— Abundant, plp-itifnl • ....
Proff»o«\ Thn .. . ^"^■'''*"' ' «^ 'I profuse disehar-e
froffuosis—rho act or art of jud<nn.r bv fi. ""
course of a,disease. ° ° ^ "'"^ symptoms the probable
Prolapsus «to.-Falli„g of the womb
f°^"f7r^'^*'-F''Jli»fe'ofthere<.tun;
Proud flesh-K fungous growth on an ulcer or ..
m a wound from excessive granulation <^^«'-cscence of tlesh
Puhnonari/ — Pertainiiur f« ^.. £<• .•
Pw/.a^/on A 1> f * ' "^^^t"'?' the lungs.
i>««,7_The b^ill nr ,.. I r ^ '""^'^'^ J»«trument.
Er^"^ ■"*'»" '-'"« "'^ power of ..porting «„„„, „„ .,,
I
' ' n
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.^.l ^i.j
1180
THE AMERICAN FAKMKR'S STOCK DOOK.
' V
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PuH—Tha mutter disc-h.irged from a tumor whcr. lunocd, or from Horcs.
Hoaltl.y r.us i.s yellowish white in color, and i=* always secreted m the
nroci'Srt of healing. . ..
Pufrcfaclion-The process of decomposition; state of corruption;
Py^lnil-llio. lower oriHcc of the stomach on its right side, through
which the food passes to the intestines.
Quack— \ pretender in medicine. A charlatan.
QualmiHh-?>\ck at the stomach ; suffering from nausea.
n„,v,,e„/_At rest. Showing no pain. Making no sound.
Quinor-\u ulcerous formation, resembling fistula, ms.de a horse s foot.
2JaftjV,,_Mii(lness ; hydrophobia. , • ,
^ac/n7.-,s-Inflaminatiou of the spine ; rickets. The latter word ,s pro!,-
ably a corrui)tion of rachitis.
J?am //•//- Branched ; running in various directions. _
Eandd-lUy\uS u rank, strong smell ; in a state of incipient putrefac
tion .
Ilaphe — A seam or suture.
Rash—Xn eruption of the skin.
Receptacle— Thi^t which receives or contains something else.
R^^/„,„__Tho hist intestine. The anal gut. , ^ , .
Rejlux-ln medicine, the return (,f the blood from the head, or from
towards the extremities to the heart.
Be/n>rfln<.s— Medicines or lotions to diminish heat.
Regurgitate— To throw or pour back ; to swallow again.
Relax—To abate ; to become more mild, or less rigorous.
Remittent— CeaHmg for a time, as a fever .r a pain.
Lro«.o.-The act or process of reproducing the young; breeding
Reilvent-X substance or medicine that will scatter mflammatory or
other tumors, and prevent their suppuration.
Re»»ira<io«— The act of breathing.
Respirator, murmur-Tho murmur which, when the ear or stethoscop
is applied to the chest, is heard in the lungs, and attending the act of
breathinij. . * xi •
Retention-A stopping or withholding, as retention of the urine
/ie<tna-The expansion of the optic nerve ,n the back part of the eye,
on which the imago is produced, in the act of seeing, or vision
Repulsion-l. physics, that power by which particles or bod.es arc made
to recede from each other.
Reunion-The union of parts separated by a wound or accident.
Rickets— k certain diseased state of the bones m csiildren.
i2t>'dt/y— Stiffness ; inflexil)ility.
"L08.SAUV ,„.. MIKNTTir. .,,„^,.
The latter word 18 i)i<
liinghonv—l^xmUmn, or fonnation f i
n.uJ paHtorn l,„„c <,f a ho,-.so's fcoT ""^ '""""'"' "" "'" '""'"'"'' ''one
Roaring— X diseaso or con^trictioa of tl... • , •
."g noiso in tI)o expulsion of tl,„ l„vatl. '"''''' l"-"'luc-in- „ ,,,an.
/?«»//««//oH-'rh„ act or lml.it of ,.h,.uin„\.
/?«/,^«r._Tho act of hrc-akin.- <„ \' ^^ "'" '"'^•
f-n. The co„.n.on nanlX h::.-. I""' '"" ^'"' «^"*- '-itin, th.r-
^..mA-Hdon,in. to t^i, ..:;:;:;:;'"' '""'"^'- "f- -^«-.
i^ahva- The secretion of the «ali varv ..lands i , •
'" H,o«,n-,a.id also keeps tho mouth an, V "'""^""' ^'"' f"«<i
^//.a./o« An excessive i^creUc," :" '; ri;;;.''''':'-
timc8 produce it in horses, or it mav l„. ur , ." '"' ''"' ^'""^
especially calomel. " ' ''""^"'^"^ 'W ^'crtain medicinoa.
f "^"'"''-F""" "f '>Inod. Ahonndincr with l,inn,l
8anguiniJieation-Tho proee.s of produ i . 1'.
^.«.V«,.^-Helating to the preserv i ' ",; t;;^ f ""! ^^^o.
-Sarcoma— A fleshy tumor. ' ^''"''"'" ^" health.
f 'rl^r'^" soak so full of liquid or fun.es ^S.t ,.
5ca6-The i.un-ustation on a sore A ve """'" '"" '"' ^old.
^cay.o.-rf Shaped like a boat, as the n, i la/L'T'^^' "' ^'"'^•
/9ca;jw/a_Tho shouldcr-hlade '
^c/..„,/c-Tho thick, 1,:, , ,vhite outer coat of the eye
^a«^,c«_Arhe„^ -- -uralgie affection of e^
■5.a. To burn with a hot iron : actual cautery ''
lower circulation. ' "ervous power, or
Seme,i-The male generative product secreted in fh„ i .■ ,
5.n//e--()ld, or belonging to old a^^e ''' ''''''•^^•
%..^causing :r i.ast^in^^:;;::^:r '^ ^^^^^^^ r---
faction. ^i^uustptK . arresting putre-
Semm-The yellowish, watery portion of tho hi a
coagulation. ^ ' "* ^^"^ ^'°"d remaining after
<Se<o«_An artificial passage made under the skin »
needle, and kept open with tape, sUl t '"li ' "71 "' ". '^^^^^
rawn in and is n.oved backwird and f nv u d H v I .' ''^ *'".^"^
tation. with a vin,^ f^ -p.'l,,-,-- • fl "■"^•>^' ^" '^f'^n UP irri-
"in the knee to the ankle.
M
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1132
THE AMERICAN PARMER 8 STOCK ROOK.
Sialoffogue — A medicine to promote the flow of saliva.
Sinus — An orifice or canal containing pus or matter.
Skin — Tlio covering of the body, and the organ of touch. It ts com-
posed of the scarf skin (^cuticle), the middle (re/a mucosum), and the
inner or true skin (derma).
Slink — To abort; to produce young before the natural time.
Slough (pronounctid sluff). — To fall away, separate from, us in disease,
or in mortilied parts.
Socket — ^Tho depression or process in wbich one organ works on anotlier.
Soporific — A medicine to induce sleep.
Spasm — A sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles ; a convulsion.
Spasmodic — Characterized by spasms, as cramping, fits, etc, ; recurring
ut intervals, as colic pains, etc.
Spavin — A swelling in or ne:jir some of the joints of a horse's leg. It
is of two kinds. Bone spavin is a bony growth (exostosis) in tlm
reo'iou of the hock. Bog spavin, incorrectly called blood spavin, i."
situated between the tibia and astragulus.
Spinal — Relating to the spine, or back-bone.
Splint — An excrescence in the shauk-bone of a horse. Splint-bone : om
of the bones of a horse's leg.
Spleen — A livid colored organ, the office of which is not yet well known.
Spontaneous — Occurring witiiout any apparent cause from without.
Sporadic — Separated, scattered ; occurring here and there, as sporadio
cases of disease.
Sterile — Barren. Not capable of producing young.
Sternum — The l)reast-l)one, situated in the fore part of the thorax.
Stimulants — Medicines to temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory
systems.
Stomachics — Agents to promote digestion.
Strangles — An eruptive fever attended with inflammation and suppura-
tion of the tissue of the ui)per part of the throat ; called in the L'liited
States, distemper.
Strangulated — Ciioked ; having the circulation stopped in any part.
Strangury — Stopping of a passage.
Stricture — Stoppage or obstruction of a passage of the body, by uicibid
or spasmodic actio;..
Stupor — A dull, sleepy, stupid condition. Loss of sensation.
Styptic — A powerful astringent for restrainmg or stopping bleeding.
Sudorific — That which will cause perspiration or sweating.
Suppuration — The process of forming pus or matter ; the result of in-
flammation in an aljscesa or wound.
or>;an works on another.
horse. Splint-bone : cme
«-OSS.ur OK «ciKNXZ..c- TKRM8.
1133
The seam or joj'it
8ufure~X stitch or fiLstciiin., ,>.. : • •
which tho diseased condition or abno m^l" t "* 7 """^ '"^"-> f^
soeondarily. to the others. '''''"" "^ ""« i-^ transmitl/^d
Symptom— Xny circu,n,stance observe,! f
form of disease, and servin, to ^t'l^TZ T""'""^ '" ^'^ --
any change occurring in tlu^ pro.n.ss o l\ " ""'"'•" ""^' --'^•
course and probable detennination '"""' '""^^^^^ of its
/5/ynot-m-A fltiid rescml,iing the Avhite nf
and articuhitions. which it^lnbricates ■ .d l" '"^•' '''"'*'^' '^^ '^'« i^i'H,.
^ Joint-oil, so culled. '"''^ ^'^''J^-^ '" '»^'al(hfnl conditi .„
jTtcjua— Literally, fillet or b-md Tl
T^^^^Tho cartilage towa.;is t^. ec;:;:f ';:^;; :::;?;^ ^'- ^"P«-or„
and firnmess. That part of the hunnn fon h ' ^'^"'"•' '^ «'"Pi'
and whose front is called the ini Tho I "'"'' ^''^" ''-' i"">.
'/•.nc/o^-The dense, fibrous stru i^-., ^y "^'^-J""'^ ''^ ''-^ l-rse.
which it is joined to a bone ^"'^ " "'"^^^''^ «"^'^ and m^
^';;l~^ 'if ««' «^ P'"fe' '-"t'-odnced into a wound
re«»2<y_Tho properly of bcin- thin mm ,... T
7>..^c^-Tho male gl^d oontah,?;^^ ^ • :n;;;M
Tetanus-X disease in which the nmscles of ' .
medically but persistently contraded l' '"^. •""^'"" '"•« «P^*
affected. When in the face it ^1 "'= '"'^'"'^ ''' ^''^' I''^*''*
7..,^.«^._That part of n J^.^! ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^;-;-
application of remedies for diseases TI . V • ' d'scovory an^
Thorax-Th. chest, or that par of t,| 'T ", '"' "'^' '"^'^"-■'-•
abdomen. ' ^ ^"^ "'^ ^"^^^ ''«twcen tho neck and
Thorough-pin—X bursal enlargement of 1 1...
I'rnk of a horse. ° ""^ *''" "PP^"" '"»J ''aok part of the
77,m,v/i_Ulceration of the cleft of fh„ f.
f^s:i:^-::zi£B "
'^ over tho
'/■fac/iea— Tho
wi
ndpipe.
L ,...
i.f
^i
EiiMS
1
Wt
I
M
m
I"^?]^?;
1
i
■1
Ik. .
1
1134 THE AMERICAN KAUMRU'S STOCK BOOK.
Tractile— Thai whioh iniiy Do drawn out.
Transfusion-Tho introducing of blood from one Imng being into
another. , ,,,,
Tread-Tvtimvmg upon, as the tread of one hoof upon the other. I he
part of the hoof resting on the ground.
Trichina spiralis-A minute entozoon (parasitic mite), which burrows
in the muscles, and which, before becoming encysted, sometimes cuusc-s
the death of the animal. They are principally generated in swiue,
fowls, rats and other omnivorous feeders.
Tuber— A rounded projection, especially of a bone.
Tubercle— K small tumor, as tubercles in the lungs.
Tumor-X swelling or enlargement, generally applied to those which are
permanent.
Tympanum— The drum of t,he ear.
Ulcer — A running sore.
j;;„a_The larger of the two bones of the arm.
j77<e„-or— Remoter ; yet to come ; last or final.
Umbilicus— The nii\e\. , •' t, *„
Ungulata-AmmaU having the toes (digits) enclosed in hoofs.
r»ict/brm— Curved or crooked, as a clam or the finger nail.
Tjreter-One of the two canals or ducts which convey the urme from the
kidneys to the bladder.
Urea-ihe principal characteristic constituent of urine. It is white,
transijarent and crystallizable.
Urinary— Pertaining to the urine.
Urine— The saline secretion of the kidneys.
Uterus—The womb. , x lu *
Vaqina-The canal, in female animals, from the vulva to the uterus.
Varicose veim-Ye\m, most commonly in the legs, which are permanently
dilated, knotted and irregular.
ra.c«Zar-Pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bod.es, as
the vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like,
compose the vascular system. Animal flesh is vascular.
Fencsec<ton— Letting blood by opening a vein.
FenoMS—Pcrtaining to the veins, or contained in the vein.
Ftnira?— Pertaining to the abdomen or belly. , , „. ,
y^.ntricose-X swelled appearance, making the object look bellied.
Vermu;M/or— Worm-lilvc in shape or appearance.
y,^„,if„ge^X medicine or agent to kill or expel worms.
Vertebra— A division or separate bone of the spinal column.
I or<ex— The top of the head
one living being into
f upon tlie other. The
pplied to those which are
closed in hoofs,
e finger nail.
OLOSSAUV or SCIENTlnc TERMS. j^g^
rer%o_Dizzuiess. An indication of plethora or f
of some disease. PJetHora, or, frequently, u symptom
re,s?c/e— A small blister. Any memhrnn
Feterinarian-Ono skilled in r,d 0"!' T'^^'
treatment of the diseases of th^ hoi . !h'"^ ^"'"^^^ ^'''^ ^^6
animals. ^"'^««' «attle and other domestic
Fe^enm^-Pertaining to the diseases of domestic .. • .
mont of the same ; connected with the duHr.^'"'''''' ^°<^ ^'^^*-
ViUi-Fine, small fibres. Villous abound T ^^' ^^^^narian.
inner mucous membrane of the stomach '"f.™™'""te fibres, as the
lous coat from its abounding .i^::^^:^;; ^^"^^ '^« ^'^
Virulent — Dannforous or m-ili^nnnf • "'''^ ndirs.
R,..-Contagious or ilfluoTmL^^; '' ""^^"^ '^'^ ^' ^ <^'---
Viscera— The organs contained in any cavitv of fi u ^
of the h. id, thorax and abdomen. ''^^' Pa''«cularly
Viscid— Sticky or tenacious, with -i o-lnf Jr,^
«»»-Tae act „. ,.„,t, :, ^lii^'t: :,i:rref •
'ton— The dissection of, or cutfino- infr. ]• •
..a.7e-Giving off y.por, or ^ing offfn ^l^'o'^''^" ™^'^-
r^/nemry-Plants, lotions, ointments, drucrs or othpr «.,k .
in the healing of wounds. " ^ substances useful
Vulva— The outer opening in female animals of ♦!.„ „
rane-To decrease, as in a fever. generative parts.
rarSfes—Small, hard tumors on the back of a hn.. *
the saddle. Tumors occasioned by the depoliUnlV ir "'"'*'''"" "^
gadfly in the backs of horses and c^ittle ° ''" '^"-^ "^ *^«
^ar<.-Spo„gy excrescences on various parts of the body
Wen-A distinctly defined tumor under the sk n lu ^* u .
encysted tumor. '""' '^'^^'^ ^"rtful. An
J^a«„y To utter the call of the horse. To nci^h
'Sr -^ dKstension of the synovial membranes of a horse's fetlock
^.7/.^ The bony crest of the shoulders, i„ a horse.
co„h»ed, incisod, punctured or p„i»„ed. °^ ""' "'°™* "^
IZt:^" """'"'""' """ '■°*°» "' "■" -«' '■"'"* o„. „, the
J rrocny, toamy, spumy ; as, yeasty pus or matter.
I I
■ t
t
1136
THE AMERICAN FABMEK'S STOCK BOOK.
Zeine — The gluten of maize.
Zo6%y— That part of natural history which treats of the structure,
habits, chissification and habitations of animals.
Zoon — An animal ; having animal life.
Zoc-omy — Dissection of the lower animal.
Zyaoma — ^The cheeli-bone.
Zy^oma^ic— Pertaining to the cheek-bone, or to the bony arch under
which the temporal muscle passes.
Zymotic— Caused by, or perrauiing to, fermentation ; as, a zymo^'o. dis-
ease, being one in which some morbific principle acts ou tb item
like a ferment.
treats of the structure,
s.
to the bony arch under
ition ; as, a zymo*'V, dis-
iiple acts on tb item
PART XIII.
THE AMERICAN TROTTER
NEW, POPULAR BREEDS OF POULTRY.
INCUBATORS AND BROODERS,
"HOG cholera;
FROM THK
LATEST EXPERIMENTS AND INVESTIGATIO
NS.
if
.' ■t\
ji «■
i;i
f-k
:J
'.j
M
m
nl
pli"
n
1
THE AMER^AN TROTTER
THE OHIOIN, HISE AND PKOGRKSS n.. ,...
SKETCHES OK THE MOST CI '^"'•'
SET OF THOTTINO STATISTI
JANUARY 1, 1887.
URESS OKTHr ami,i,.„
CHLEnKATEl. Umolin!^ JKOTT.No HoiiSE WITH ...
TI('<« AT «.. ""-""^S OF Tin.; Ti*i/.., '""'1 WITH SIIORI
The discoveries which have hpnnflf .
not an heen invent., b, ilZ^Z^;^;^^^^^-^^ ^he wo.U,, ,„,«
Away froH, the sn^oky city, „.k, the c as I .s' rV" '" ^'-'^-^ "ffi-.
factones ,n the fann yard and the .re t -a ' ^^^^""^ «%""«« „„d
covery also go hand in hand. The a^t^ioultu ; ''r''^'""^"^ «"^ ^is-
a diligent student of nature's laws, for o " il T,'' '•'"''"'"" ^^'"'"'J be
t.on has he any right to succeed. As the h.v ^ . '■'■ '"'""'"^^''t "Pplica-
steadily so the breeder, with rare patience e'^"" "' """^''^ ''« *""«
until he has added ^o the world's weiUt Ian a'h ?^''''^ ""^^ ''^'^^'''>P«
The creation of the American trottfer T ' n " 1 ! ^ "'^' ^"■^'«^-
..f the nineteenth century; it has given ns aZ ,'" ^'"'^'^^ ^''"'"Phs
added enormously to the nationid wea lUi T "" ""'"^""-"t and has
'>f this breed from the initial experiment to I '^''"'''^' ''"'^ I"-g'-^"«s
f--;i"ating study. Each step tel.ciies" labl ^^ '"'"' ''''^' ''^ '^ '"-t
student advances, the more clearly does he nil '"";"'' "'"' "« ^''^ '«'>"l
of nature's laws. The practical intell" o t "' '''T"''"''^ "'^'-4
.ecognized both the utility and beauty of /,?"""" '^"'•'^^''"^■" ^luiokly
t>'>"i"g gait. They clearly saw ti.iU , J f ' 'T "^ '^'"'"^ ^^ *''«
gait for all purposes, and all classes .ind !,' h " "^ «''«""tely useful
t^.' laws of selection and descent, ii ^ 1^1^''''' ""^'"'•''^''>n "^
l.as been lowered from 2 :30 to 2 -Osi and i ^".•^^'^■'"■^' ^''« time test
of 2 :00 is conceded by many able jud"" ^'^, ''•'»' V.'"^' ^'"»'"t' '-'ark
possibilities of the future. ^ ° *" '^' ""'"" ^''^^ 1^'gitimate
The attempt to form a new breed necessit-.fo •
meats, and many failures, before a ' if^^'^'^V •'""'^'^"^''^ "^ «^P«'-i-
early breeders availed themselv libo 1 IfTT ^ ''^"'''''- '^'-
•"•ed. From this source they ol.t in i ^V i ''^ "^ ^''^ ^''^'•""gh-
to look to other sources for t^;:^:::;::;;:^ :;::''' 'ir ^'"^ ^'^
nut. 1 ||(< OCjfriujjj
1139
J J 40 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
and natural gait being the gallop, the great and uUunato objc<t Jmn been
80 to in.prosl the trotting gait from generation to generation, as to pro-
duco c,l s f ron. whose nature, the desire to gallop shall have been erased
and which absolutely know ,.o other gait but the trot. A. he Lngb.
thoro Ubred was originally created by breeding the i.np..rted Arab w.th
na vonnu-e.,so the American trotter of the early days was produced
ZZ the thoroughbred and the native An>erican mare the subsequent
pZess and perfection of the race arising through jud.c.ous select,.,,.
and°crossing. Thus the great Hambletonian family traees througltho
p "e nal lino directly to the famous in.ported thoroughbred sta l.ou
f.Meren.er.'' The Mambrino Chief family in the same way goes back
to -ManTbrino." The Clay'^ find their paternal source in "Bashaw,
a' imported Barb, and though the origin of the Morgan famdy >s .n
doubt the balance of evidence is in favor of the thoroughbred.
The head of the Pilot family was of unknown breedmg ; he was a
French-Canadian, but through his son Pilot Jr.. and h.s granddaugh ers,
fhe d1 «s of Ma^d S. (2:oli), and Jay-Eye-See (2:10), h.s blood has
become one of the most formidable factors i.x the breedmg problem. As
the En<rlish disco..tinued the use of Arab blood as soon as the tho.-ough.
bred b^d a^umed a distb.ct and superior type to the breeds from when.
Tlld originated, so the breede.s of the trotter now find tl.a th.y
Obtain the%ighest results by cross-breeding the sons and daughters of
these leading families.
Rysdyk's Hambletonian.
When the late William M. Rysdyk purchased the Charlea Kent mnr.
^ml f..al at her side, for the .mail sum „f »125, he httle dreame.l 1,
ChnVnot only laid the foundation of his own fortunes, but that he had
•nthepel of tl- foal, the founder of the most celeb,,ted trolt.ng
an ly in the world. Yet such was the ease. He was placed m he „«i
It two year, old, and covered four n.ares, three of whom had oa . : on.
ffhesefoah under the name of Alexander's "Abdallah" .«m.
los as famous as his illustrious sire, bis daughter. Go dsnntl. J «J
fs Uirwrundoubtcdly the greatest campaigner the trottn,g rack ta
Iv^v ; en Hamblctouian's stud fee was advanced gradually but st,«l,l;
rlTzS to ».500 the season, and his stud services netted 1- o-- '
»300 000 Ho was foaled May .Wh, 1840, and d,ed .n Mar, ,, 8 6.
HmdZnrian was sired by Abdallah, he by Mambrino, and the 1.1 r
W C Me".en..or. His dam was the Charles Kent mare by ,„,p. Bell-
fLnd^^rtbe -ond dam. One Eye, by Bisho,^ "-^'Xc:
U
uUiiniito object baa been,
to generiition, as to pio-
op Hhall have boon erased,
lie trot. As the En<j;li.-li
g the imported Arab willi
early days was produced
icaii inaro, the subsequent
irough judicious selection
family traces through tlu'
■ted thoroughbred stallion
in the same way goes back
rnal source in "Bashaw,"
the Morgan family is in
he thoroughbred,
^nown breeding; he was a
•., and his granddaughters,
-See (2:10), his blood has
the breeding problem. As
)d as soon as the thorough-
to the breeds from whence
,rotter now find that they
the sons and daughters of
;ed tlie Charles Kent marc,
$125, he little dreamed that
!i fortunes, but that he had
le most celebrated trotting
He was placed in the stud
ree of whom had foals ; one
ider'a "Abdallah" became
3 daughter. Goldsmith Maid
aigner the trotting track has
sauced gradually but steadily
Brvices netted his owner over
and died in March, 1876.
)y Mambrino, and the latter
rlos Kent mare by imp. Bcll-
3ishop'3 Hambletonian ; and
ssengcr. He thus traces on
gray horse. Hamhlctonin.n
"""■' '^M'-:'"«AN TUOTTKR.
s.red forty „„in,al.nilhH,,.,„,,,„^, , ^'^^
-n Dexter (2:17^). is the hri^luost J" r';'/ "'^ J-^^'v ronownod
a. tost trotter of his time, and ;|.cm l.t ' , " '.^ — • Ho uas th
l"'ffaIo,N.^., on August lit!, is,;? \ '" '"' '••■'•'"'' of 2-ni „,
tnck and so ren.ai„.Ai|, sl^Z IT^^^^ '^"-I'ion r.^Jl^^
Goldsmith Maid, 2:14.
"It wa.s passed by
IutlI,ecrown,„g.|oryof II,,„„,,,„„.
<l-t of Ins sons and daughtera. Hi. ,,„ ;;;, J^ j^; iZ'^T^"'"'''^^ ""
nd
UYSUYK'S HAMBLETONIAN.
included that match rsttoL"ti[ "' '" '" ' '-'' '''^ ^"^ ^'■- ^
-ith Maid. Twelve of h s ;' ir''"^'";'« «"^ ""-^-.1 Gold-
f^-fo'-nuu-s, and nineteen of his d I,, "b ' Tl ''^"'^^'■^^^■" ^""'^^^
'';^t. Dictator is the sire of sixtee. I , ■"" '• ' '"""^"^'-^"'" '" ''^^
-^teen will be found Jay-Eye So o\ "T" ""'^"' ""^ '" ''-^'
■«the world, and Phallas ^2 1 4T 1. .^' " ^''^''^ trotting g.,,,i„„
Medina ran...., w„.. ...! l.^r.^"*^' '^'' ^'^''^"S ^ta!!iou Ki
"» langes well up with his broth
Uili
ers
m blood— he adds twent
H;
'I'py
y-eight
.
h/
! ii
"'tj
U42 THE AMRUICAN IAKMKH'h STCM^K 1K)()K.
,o th. 2:30 list, inHudin. Mnx.y C..hl>. tl... .rout st^Uic... wl.i.-h troti.-l
„,i,o to harness in 2:13i, and a n.ilo to polo with 1... half-Mste. Nh.
Modiu.n in 2:15f, whi.li i. still tho bo.t trotting team recor.!. Kl., .
^:^ r he bnlli^nt California rcpreBcntativ. of tlu, p.o.n.or tro„n.,
an.ilv has .cut eighteen duunpion trottors to tho front and as a .n, of
U.voi;,c-.lHp.odat an early ago, h- is tho ->ndor of tho ago In .lu-
nst of'thi/.on,arUahlo oigh.oon will ho foun : ^^ '>f '-;';;;-'^;-
„hl, rooord 2:21; Hinda Rom,, throo-yoar ol.l, 'vcord 2.19^, Anto-
vob. four-year old, record 2:19^; and Mau.a.utu, at the samo ng.,
2-10. So conlidont i Senator Loland Stanford (h.s owner) o h:s
superb qualities as a sire, that he has declared h.s eonv.efuu that Lle..-
Jloneerlill, before his career is closed, have lOO of Ins produce to ins
credit in tho 2 :3() list. , , , i ■•
Harnl.l has thirteen s.ms and daughters wh.ch have proved h.s
spced-transnr.lting power, an<l ho has tho further distu,gu.shed honor of
bein. tho sire of Maud S. (2:0H|), tho acknowledged queen o 1.
trott"n.r tra.-k. T.. George Wilkes, however, n.ust bo conceded tho
honor of being the greatest son of tho nughty Hamblotonum. lie was a
v.My sn.all coll and tho death of his dam necess.tated hnnbe.ng brought
UP by hand. He developed early, and though a small Ix.rse he soon
showxHl that he possessed high speed and tho best campa.gnu.g qua , .cs.
The era in which ho flourished was not fav<.rable to a very fast puhhc
,ecord The lar^o prizes of tho turf wero o.dy to bo ganged ,u n.ahhes,
,.d consequently .ho great object was to conc.d speed as f--asposs. lo
uotto expose it. In spite of this state of nffa.rs George W .Ike. I ft
he track for the stud with a roco..l of 2:22, and a reputat.o.i seco,.a to
„ ;t , ' of Lis time. His career in the stud has been one long sees
of triunn.hs; ho has passed and distanced tho other members of Ins own
t i a ul iith the Exception of tho great Blue Bu 1, .. record .s .n,...
r ai; superior to a..y other siro in tho st.ul book; a.ul w l.ca «.
cnider that the speed-produci.,g power of h.s sons and daug .e s far
er^edsthatof thcp.oduceof Blue Bull, his right to tho stud throve
must bo conceded. - ., » .a i; i ..,.,1
Ge<,r.ro Wilkes has tifty-two of his produce u, the 2:.. IN ami
eleve. Tf his sons are represctod in the sa.no roll <;^ho„or^v,lh ...nct..
.7o nK..s. The fastest son of Geo.-go Wilkes s Har.y ^^ .Ikes, 2:1 .
* " ni>letonia.. was the siro <.f forty 2:30 perf<,rmors; ho bus n.a.ty-
ni. 1 ich have sired four h.M.dred and twe.,ty-four, whuh .nnn
K n Us a.,d his daucdite,s to the nu.t.bor of thirty-seven ar. .vprc-
' ;' 1 f .'t V t . no performers. As tho student of the .i.neo
sented l)y to.U-MiH(^. i .,._ f^,,,,, 41,0 l,>r,Ilv hunk to
of heredity traces this g.and gencaiog.cal tree f.om li.e I , -
CK UOOK.
TUB AMEUICA.V TK„Tr|.:,t.
-e... n.n.full, ..ur tins fJZluu'u T^'' '"""-• "'-'. ' -
— vo Lis full p.....,,,., of :..''u :/';"" ^''« ---".m' :.
^-^■'fy <l"o .o mares ,>f tl.., Cay P i' '^ '" "-"••'.•l..ni,.„ „• ,, j^
^^"'' »'-•'• tlioy have hocM .nate.K ' "'"' ''""""'- Clnof fa.„ilio,s';
Ma,„..n„« Chief, the hea.foT'h" ""'"'
fa..ul,, „a. foaled i„ mi, hi« .W. Z'aI^^' '"'";"'"'*''" ^'-'^'-g
hy Ma.nbnno. Hi.s da,n was of UMkn ,'"""' ^ •'>''""^'--. an.l |.t
VKlual excellenee. Ma..,,,,,., f^hiof " u i w^^' '"^ "' «'^''^ '-"-
career .„ the «tud, ho <.nntnl,ut<.,i six ,.. iTl] ,^"''"" '-^ «l.<>rt
great ca.npa.g„er, Lady Tho.-n, ,.. „. , ' .' , V^' ''^t, i„oiudi„. „.e
to equmo fame, h,. would have f<,uud „o . . """" '"^ ""'y '-'a;...
«o„s aud daughters mauifest..,] a marvello,, l '." " """"'•^' '"'^ ''*«
trunHm.tt.ng ...pacity, which with e.eh s T '""'"'■''"=""<' '^P^'-J-
';"'' ;» <l-'"y »"d quautity. ,1,. ,",,, ,.;.;" '^.f '*■•'-''';•'' ^'^-velopod
Ju'-lneveuty-three standard 2:80 trotter I '""" ^''-'^ '"'^^ l"""-
-il '.o found Woodford AIa,.,bri„o ^ S u, ''•' "'"^ '"" ^>^ '"'...'.• tlu-.v
ist, ii.eluding the fanmu.s Paneoa.st ( 2 "2U {'.'•'", "^ ''"'"' "' ^''" ^••'i^^
G enview «aie for $28,000, the sW, "f J u, '';;,?"' '•''*' "^ ^''^' ^^''-'^t
at three years oM, the best record -it tl,..t '' "'"'•'•' «f -^- l!H
Mambrino Patehen. another In i I "^'V" " ''""^"^^'' '•"^•«-
^■•^ to his credit. He;,.s a ':;':::::' ^ 'r'--'' '--'''^ "-•^"■••"-
i- tl.o 2:30 list, and thirteen chn .Ih^! : ^ i" ';'' ''"^ --' twenty-eight
fonal sixteen to the roll. The fntelt ,, T "*'" '"""^J -' "^'^i-
Turner(2:,5i),byByerlyA i rl; ni'^^T"'"'''''''-^'"'-
i^^m) on the n.ater„al lino. Ash Id (. ^ ' "'^' "'^' ^">' ^^''"--
bnno Chief, is the sire of Blaek Cloud 2 I,' "T7 '^"" "' '^^••""-
«on Ks the sire of six in the list, includin.. Ci-oxiV^^ ^cn .' ^f'^' """"'^''•
hisdnughfrs have the distin^'uished ho.m, o T -^ '^' ''''''" •'""" "^
(2;i5). Phallas(2:l..) a.,d Wito.! rm)'"'"^'"^"'"^'^^^^^^^^^^
' lie daughters of Manil.rino PI. i,>p i> "
:« s "." <..."...• of .i,:",:^j '"'p^::„ ':;';;;"'f '^-i- '..ii »..«.« ..
■ "gtt t„ 1,0 p,,,ud „f ti,o (-,,„,. M«,„,ril chi'f ,.,„Ii;;."""'"" ""■'■ ''"
f:Ji
iJ
™'!
'h
•4 f
1144 TlIK AMKUICAN KAHMKK H «rOCK BOOK.
, . • . . ti.U, flows in tin. veins ..f m.u.y of tl>« »«aJ'"g
the race, n.ul its nch n-d t"^" «' ^ " j,,^„j,, „f u.e lac, was a m.n
hon.eB of the turf. A.ulrcw .I-l-«"; >« ^ "^.^^ ,,,, „.,,o of H.o groat
of Young Bashaw, out of a pacng ma . l>« ^^^^^ ^^_^,^^^j ^„^
Ke.nblo Jack..... Bl-k "-^'j.^'^^ ; L . en na.n.l. The da.n of
the cclebratod son f.o.n wh.oh tho f«'«"y ^.^ ,i,,a Cas,ius
Henry Clav was a pa..r of ""^nown po ^- • H- ^ ^^,.^,,,a...i„,
M. Clay No. 18 and ^^^ ' J;:';;; ,1, I., his roil <.f ho..or wm
speed has hen. ^»-^;t r';'." 2 23*?" e of the famous Lucy (2:181),
he f.>und Gc«.,o M. ^'^;^^^J^f^„, M. Patchen has . > his c.lit
and three other ^t-dard tto.s Gee ^^_^^^ ^.^ ^^^ ^ ,^ ^^^^^^^,^^^^^^
eleven sons wh.ch have tl>>' -V- x '< *!. ^^^^^j^^^^. ^,,,,^ ,^,^^ f„,, ,,,,.
have one each. ^^''''^l^\^^''^ ' ,. ' ' 1 21 sired the famous A.neri.au
resentatives; Cassius M. ^ ='y' ;" "^ ' U.ed Duran-., (2:231), ami
Girl(2:16i); ^-^^^'^^'''^'^y^^^;^^ a n..ble house has oigi.l
Hanv Clay (2:234) and th.sexcellent^^-
sons with eleven in the l.st, and s.x dau hu ^^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^_
The brightest j.wel in t; -- J'^f ^^^l ^,,,gbKr, the dan. of
^:^^iri^:^n.^^^^^
i;;:^/:S^.d;rsrrt::t^^^^^^^^^^^
highest speed results. ^^^ ^.^^^^
V I .a„ «f .u. known pedigree, but he ranks high
Pilot was a Canad.an horse of "" ^"^ his clbrated son Pilot, J>.
as a progenitor of extreme ^P^^' ^'^^i"",^' '^iJ^e to bis credit, but that
In the 2:30 list Pilot, Jr., has "'"« " J^'^.^^,,, ,„ieh he has exerted
by no means represents he ^^'l^TZZl^n^e of An.erica. I.
4<,„ the highest deve>p.^.pced^t^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^
the 2 :30 record he has six soi.s auu » ^^^^^ ^^^ j^^
the fastest of them is ^^'-/X'J^^rJ.g til name iHustvio.
sons and his daughters he depen^^ ^^ ^^ => ^^,^^^ ^^^^ ^.,.^ ,,,,,
Bayard is the sire of seve.. in the 2 .30 l.st ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^.^^^
dam of Jane R., w.th a '•«-!;' "^^f^^^ 2:18), Voltaire (2 :2.)i)
record of 2:26, has to h.scred.tGo.ss.p (pacer ) ^^^^^
Ldianapolis (2:21) -<;,^7J ':^:,:; ^S'^the lisL The sped
Roscoe and Woodburn P.lot h' vo « «o .^«1 n^eritorious, but they ar
pvoduci..g powers of the -^-^;^^;^-:^;,, aaughters.
overshadowed by the magn.ficentcapac.y =- ^^^^ ^^^ j^^^^^^
Miss Russell, his most famous ^-ght ' - ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^
.9.08*^. and Nutwood (2 :18|). He .s also jn ^ ^^^^ Yikin
l"ay:E;e:See (2:10). Mambrh.o G.lt (-.:20„ Noo^t.d (_ ,.
THK AMKKK AN Tli„TTKK.
1145
'g
(2:2()i), Naiml Que.',, (2 20U v .. "
'" !"« 2^^^; '-'• pii<.t. i.;. n.;^: '';:;;' i ^=^^i). «-. Hixtco„ ..,.0.
l.or».ne« of the trotting tra..^ "'""^ "^ »''^- '-uli„g ,„.,„,, „ J
,,,, Sluo Bull.
1 ho fjronlcst roiim.uu. ii, tin, a„„..| .
of tl.o .i,nv .1 UulUuui .M-n, HI,.,. n,„|' ^ Z! ! '''''T ^"'''''' '^ '''« hi^t'"y
M.greo (Ik, was hy a lio,se call..,] P,,, ",;';'" '""-. ^vi.l. an ol,s...,;
Young SdinOf.u. v.a.. ,.o .a« ...I. .n !'' """' '■"" ^^"-"' ''X
'':!'' ^'""'•'••"•^"""y.o -over ov«„ thocon. ' '"? ""^'•^"'^ »'"'t he
'" "'"••'- It Hc.n.s u-.,.os. • npossihie " "^^ •"""'"^^ -M-hloo,l...,
n.unU.ngsho8h<.ul(r.aveom.-r..M| „. t . '"''' ""f-'vo.al.l,, s.w-
«iros andl.y tho .v. ,.M ,., ,>,.,,. ,„ ,,Zl'\ '''•'"'^ """•"^' <'o.ting
;;;> ; whon. ho Wivl.leu M.. hu...,, ,. W I;; "' •■'■'"'" ^'"•"•-- ^ViikosT
U.lluvs ha,) all the ad. Ka.,.s of f : n ''T^'^'''^-'^ "'"t (n.o...J
rcconl to .•econunond hi,., to t:. )l'^f' '"'"■'""i^'. '"..I a g.-.^t
in Kentucky, where, as long a> \. ,, , , '■^""''■''•' '""' ^'-t ho stood
win. the host h,<..| an,l f..stost „:. , ,:„. ; l" ';"'^"- <'"'-' -'ch seaso..
I'-us .s|.eo.U,ans,ni.ting al.iliu- „f Hiu.. . '' ,'."'^' *'''''"'^' ^''- '"■'"v-l-
•"•igl't"os8. ^ '^'"'^ '^"" .^Innes out w:th eloclric
It is well within tho hounds of wi i
BIuo Bull onjoyod the adva-.ta... \Z .f;' '"'"'" " '"' '^"-V' that had
would have hoon tho p..e„,ier sL „V "'"" '^ '"^"^ I"'— d h.
«lHUghte,-s would have perpetuated his n wne Ti /' ^''"^ '''^ «'""» "'"'
eo.no. Had his intrinsic exc-eilonco as ; i. . ' T ^"' g^'"«'-''ti<.ns to
"t an early period in his career, the neroet.n'r 'T ."'"'"''^ "'ulcstoo,!
^.oc. n.aintaine<l ; as it is, in this .-o' rt^-di' f '^ 'Z ""^'" "'^^
rm. . George Wilkes. Rh.e Bull is thj .i,, J ^^^ ,^'' ''^''""<' '"'^ J^'-oat
at the head of which arc the cn-eatc.m i "^^r^^" ^-^'»l""'-fo.M.e,s,
(2:17*). Lena Swallow (2:1^;) ll^'^! 'g;^ f^' »■ (2:17^), Bessie
-i.s which have followed in I i o ttl t ^'^'"**- »« '"-two
D.'. F..'»k(2:27^).an.JP..o.upt , the !r' ,^;"=^' »^'"' »''« -e of
^2:2.;*). Blue Bull is also th s.'. o h ^'JT ^ -••''•) ""•' ''-"■^it
|;owland Gi..| (2:2.1 , Highla..d aL: (^-tr^ '^;!^' ^'^'" ^^^^^i)^
I>"t (2:28). Highland Maid (2-2oi/ n • . n " ^^ ' ^^ •■^^*>' J^""'«
f- enti..e sons of BIuo^ Bull i.^ f^^^^^^^^ -.lo to place the
Should it „,oet with even partia u ' cs H T ^'"''""^ ^'""^"-««-
timo i ,„ ,._ . 1"""'" success, the heio of Indi-P)-. .-U! ' ••
E!i>
114()
THE AMERICAN KAUMEH'h STOCK BOOK.
;j|:
.r^^ ,. "11
M
Minor Families.
In the minor families of the trotting horses of America may be men-
tioned American Star 14, who although he contril.utcd only f(.ur
aninnils to the 2:30 list, yet assisted most materially through his
d.iu.'hlers to increase and perpetuate trotting speed. Thirty-three ot
them arc the .lams of 2:30 performers, including Dexter C^-^'\)^
Driver (2:19^), Huntress f2:20|). Jay Gould (2:20^), Joe liunUer
(2-l9i), Nettie (2:18), Orange Girl (2 :20), Powers (2:21 ), Roh,.,t
McGregor (2: 17i), Artillery (2:21^) and Jim Jewel (2:ll»i). He .s
also Iho sire of six sons which have produced 2:30 performers. Bh.ck
Hawk, l.v Sherman Morgan, is another sire that, if he has n.,t fonn.le.]
a fami'lv,' has contributed largely to the speed aggregate of trottin
•r st;i-
tistic^
w»uv.. He has four in the 2 :30 list and he is the sire of eighteen s.ms
and dau<-hters which have produced twenty-live whoso names will also
he f<.und inscribed there. One of these sons, Ethan Allen, sued six
which trotted in 2:30, and nineteen of his sons sired sixty-two, and
eleven of his daughters twelve 2 :30 trotters; while in the third geneni-
ti„n a son of Ethan Allen, Daniel Lambert, has twenty-eight of Ins
sons and daughters on his roll of fame. Green's Bashaw, a son of V.r-
nol's Black Hawk, sired fifteen trotters which complied with the 2 :.}0
standard of the track. He is the siie of seven sons whose produce luiui-
ber tifteen in the 2:30 list, and his daughters are well lepresenled.
Governor Sprague (2:20^), by Rhode Island (2:23^), he by Whitehall,
was a great trotter, and at the age of five years he obtained a reeoni of
2 -20^, which at the time he made it and for years after was the fast-
est record at that age. During the short time he was in the stud he was the
sire of nine animals which have records of from 2: 18 to 2 :29i, and had
he not died in the early morning of his stud career it is reasonably pre-
sumtive that ho would have made the name of Sprague illustrious in the
ranks of the foremost trotting sires.
Columbus, Bellfounder, Knox, Morrill, Royal George, Blanco, Norman
and other sires of lesser marjnitude have coiitrii)uted their (piota to the
noble breed— a breed, which through tireless patience, careful selec-
tion, and a faithful application of the laws of heredity has risen superior
to the sources from whence it sprang, and has developed into a graiui
and distinct type, the most useful horse in the world— The Amkuican
Tkottkk.
In order to show in a brief and practical manner the progress ot the
breed, the reader will now be introduced to the first animal. Lady Suf-
foll- which trotted below 2 :30, and he will then be conducted through a
gh<.rt series of sketches of each of the great trotting horses wliicli have
T"": AMKHICAN T.tOTTK.t.
of Amoi-icii may be meii-
a contrilmted only four
1 materially through \m
r speed. Thirty-thioe of
'■hiding Doxtei- (2:17|),
lid (2:2()i), Joe BmiUcr
), PowiTs (2:21), Kolxrl
nx Jewel (2-l!»i). H." is
2:80 perfoiiners. Black
hat, if he has not foiuidccl
ao-(rfo(rate of trotting stii-
is the sire of eighteen sioiis
live whose names will also
IS, Ethan Allen, sired six
sons sired sixty-two, and
while in the third genora-
t, has twenty-eight of liis
sn's Bashaw, ii son of Vd-
ch complied with the 2 :30
1 sons whose produce num-
ters are well represented.
(2:23.i), he by Whitehall,
ars he obtained a record of
:)r years after was I lie fasl-
le was in the stud he was the
om 2:18 to 2 :29i, and had
career it is reasonably pre-
F Sprague illustrious in the
al George, Blanco, Norniiin
itril)Uted their (juota to the
ss patience, careful selec-
heredity has risen superior
as developed into a griiiui
the world— Thk Amkiucan
manner the progress of the
the first animal. Lady Siif-
hen be conducted throuj^h a
trotting horses wliioli have
i" thoir time been the monarehs of ,h . . ^^^^
T , ^ ^^'^yS^Solk, 2:281-2
,**
*■>«*'■
•MW -m
fiflii
* ' *x
IMl-OUTEU MKSSKNGKlt.
j "g Island,, n 1883, and was bred by L W I
Hersire was Engh.cor 2d. son of En-^Ler L ^^ •■'"""' ""^ ^''''^'^town.
d«'n was by Don Quixote, also a ton „f l^i ""'" M««««nffer. Her
was a dark iron-gray, whi^h in o d " ^^^^^^^^ '^*^^"»-'- I" -lor she
•>"n,ttIeif„„yover 15.1 high. S f w f n ""'^* ^'"^^- ^ho stood
with i.ovpprf,,! n,- , . , ®"<^ was well iiij.do u^~ ■- ., • -
' ' ""■"""'■ ""■'' — •»»-» and i...., f;;i;s:' t:2
■
■ I
■ll!
a
I ,48 THE AMEmCAN FARMER'S BTOCK BOOK.
track wa, at Beacon •';'7;'^;-','™ ■■:'," a,.oU„, l.ut two <lay» l:,tc,-
third and fourth heat» in 2 ^^'H, 2 ■ -;^ ^ ^^^ „ ,„„ ,„,
A, . ca,n„aigne,- o nnuvci J -';^-"- "■ f,,^-;^ ,J„., „,,,„ «,„,„
had no ^J-";^;;'^^jt:.J^^^ 1-,. .peed against nn.stof .„o
years, and dunng ">»' ?■= ^^ ^ -,„ „„„ b„,„l,.ed and Umly-
r:3:;;;"i;Uol,ni,cs.osad,ne7:4«i.I.,ii.,eU..^^
::: ::t ttrrifi;.,.. Au,an„ «--,...... .„, >««.
Lndy Suffolk died at Biidgepovt, Vt., o.i March 7th, 18o5.
Flora Temple, 2:19 3-4.
The pn>.n-essivc spirit of the trotting turf received a grand stimulus
wher2 krwa. passed, and every effort was now n.ade to ,nvadc the
7^'/ ' Oi, Father Time; 2:20 was now the hoped for goiil, and
triL va?ichtd good judges of that day Relieved that the ,...1
Hmt would be attainedrhow fallacious this idea was .s now app.re
l" uTnal destined to first accomplish the des.v. d feat was a
inc annu Kalamazoo, Mich., on )ctobcr 15tli, l.V)9.
kZt;: : «a foaied ;: m., and was bvcd by S Weici. of O,,.*
Flora len,|>l ^^^^^^^^^ |_^_. ^.^,^_ |,^^ |,^,. ,,^,„ „,, He
*^°- , . ; ' , t ,l,i n ho.-.c Her owner was a Mr. Tracy, wl,o at f....
danglaerof,u.A.I. h. She passed tlnonf-l, s.-voml
years old sold he. to '' " l^; '^^^^^^^^ .,'„^ g. Perrin, of New York, for
rr tr irriZl t ■: ,tn7^« hecan.e track-wise and deve,,,,,.
."to «» '-«-' ',""' ^" ;!,;::":: "t„r«!t'fn,g track was at the U„i...
course, L. 1., on »tim,ni , ^ ^ ^^^_^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^j^ ^,^,,,,1
tho surprise oi both h..rsemen ;inu the l-«
K BOOK.
lar iicck, and long ears,
rfolk, by the great pionc^M
•nial (k'l)ut on the troUiiig
20th, 1H38, when she was
Apollo, hut two chiys later
ill. Black Hawk and Sarali
,d 5:17. Her last victory
;ost()n Girl in the second,
.9.
nd great gameness she lisis
career lasted nearly tiftoen
n- speed against niostof the
in one hundred and thirty-
sight in addition to receiving
)ntests were two and tln-oc-
,lo heats. Her famous rec-
11 :15, Centreville, h. 1.,
[)i, Philadelphia, May ir)tli,
illc, L. I.,July 14th, 1S.17;
»}. J., July 12th, 1848, iind
, Y., September Gth, \Mi.
n-ch 7th, 1855.
3-4.
•f received a grand stiniiiliis
as now made to invade tlic
now the hoped for goal, uiid
t day believed that the x\n'M\
s idea was, is now a[)i)aienl.
the desi' d feat was Flora
ch., on )ctobcr 15th, 1?^')9.
bred by S. Welch of OiuMda
sire, but her dan> was the
was a Mr. Tracy, who at four
. She passed through several
E. Perrin, of Now York, for
ime track-wise and developed
lay.
ittnig track was at the Vnm)
e was a rank outsider, and to
!jii(. k!>i' wioi the secou<l, lliH''
and fourth lieats, in 2'5,') 2-')2 • 1
i" 2:52, and three otheri conipoied in'^l.T''!"''''" '"'" "^' ^''^ '^'^"^
but in 1852 she trotte<l in three m-^uZ ''''" ""' '" t-aining,
time made was 2 :3(i. In ISSsVnnl' '''"'''"" ^'^^'" ""• The l,e:t
seventeen races; defeat! nij such well .. ■■'"''"'*""' '''""''''''""-'^''""'nff
Douglas, Taeony, Green^I " , 7' "^-.-^V'-' ti."o, as Bh.ok
year she won nineteen races, a, t f i'i' '""f" ''''''^- ^" ^'"'t
Green Mountain Maid at t^wo-mli: ,^ ^ "^ o, ^" 'f ^* ^^e defeated
heats, three in five, for ,2,000, she won a a^lr^^r-,. '2 ^
KI.OHA iK.Ml'LK, 2:193.',
i'^.)i), ,)i and .)8 she contimu'd her career of vi.'in.v „. r
-'f'«y L,.„cct, T,,c,„,v. KM,,,,, All..,,. R„",,fM-::;;;,'A;;''' ''"«'''"■
(• ■
and (it her
s. In 185J> she achieved tl
i"ii, I'riiioefts,
10 ciownmg triumph of her jifo. ()
n
*-»%*^-«-.l«*8M,
iir)0
TIIK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK I»0()K.
iHiniH
October 15lh, nt Kaliimazoo. Mich., she mot the Califoi-nia trotter,
Princess, and Honest Anse ; the jjurse was $2,000, and she wou in
strai^lit heats in 2:32J, 2:22J and 2 :Ui| ; ciio Hrst half of the hist heat
was trotted in 1 :0!).
Tile time marked a new departure in the progress of (he trotter and
prepared the puhlic mind for still grander achievements' Flora Temple
long survived her fame, the time of her decease being December 2lst,
1877.
Dexter, 2:17 1-4.
The fight between time and science and breeding now became a stub
born one, and it was not till 1867 that the record was again lowered,
when the mighty Dexter fought the "man with the scythe" to a finish
and achieved a great victory. Dexter was foaled in 18o8 ; his sire was
Rysdyli's Hambletonian; his fii'st dam was Clara, by Seely's Ameiican
Star, and his second dam was the McKinstry mare, the dam of Shark,
2:27|. rte was the first horse to demonstrate the marvellous s|)eed-
possessing qualities of the Hambletonian-Star families. Dexter won his
first regular turf engagnient at the Fashion course, L, I., May 4th, 18G4 ;
he then met and defeated Stonewall Jackson, Lady Collins and General
Grant, in 2:33, 2:36 and 2:34f. In 18()5 he met the famous trotting
horse. General Butler, in a match for $2,000; he again won in straight
heats, time 2:2()|, 2 :2()i and 2:24^. On June 2nd, to saddle, he
met Stonewall Jackson in a race of three mile heats; the first heat was
wou by Stonewall Jackson in 8 :02i, Dexter winning the next two and
the race in 8:05 and 8: 09 J.
On September 7th of the same year he again met General Butler, the
race being trotted to saddle, and again the speedy son of Hambletonian
won in 2:2().J, 2:24^ and 2:22^. September 21st was a memorable day in
tntlting annals, for on that date he met and defeated General Butler and
that great trotter and still greater sire, George Wilkes: time, 2:2.')J,
2 -id^ and 2:25. On October lOth, for a purse of $(i,000, he trotted
against 2:19, and won in 2:18^. Two more victories over General
Butler completed the list of his triumphs for that year.
His career in 186G was one blaze of triinni)h. On June 15th he
defeated George W. Patchen; be ,t time, 2:27£. On July 2nd he won
a $2,000 purse from General Butler and Commodore Vanderl)iil ;
July 9th, at Suffolk Park, Philadelphia, for a purse of $2,000, he agaia
defeated George W. Patchen. Tea days later at the Fashion course, to
saddle, he trotted against General Butler and Toronto Chief, winning
the race in 2 :24J, 2 :19 and 2:22. During the year he won twenty-five
matches and races, defeating Rollo Golddust, Silas Rich, George W.
Patcheninul General I}„,|„, ,. , . ^'^^
-' i- won i.. the CO,:;,!;:;; r;t:' •'^"'"- ^^'-i>--.sS
He m.xt n.et the mloub,,.l,lo lllV'''' "'^ ^ ^^«^. 2:32 and 2 :28
•":' «^''«^S two of th.,n bdn.. t.t l"^, ^"■"'' ""^^ ''"f--"-' '-.• in five
-'«--4:51,Hnclthehc.ttla,t ; ''"^'^ ' ^''•'^ '-t ti.ne of the ,w >
all three n-ce.s. vitoige and nmn no- mil,. «.; •
Un August 14th lyo? i,
V "i' "'"'I' " took six j-,,,r, t„ „,.,„., , "■«'" '""' »l'ini"S ■nark
;» ";= «.m belie, „f „, „„„,■,■' I 7'» ;«i™i f,„„, u,, ,„,;;
li»>ks, ,>„te„t sulkies, „„d i,,„„.„„ '"■"■'' "' 'l>c».,. d.v, „f f.,'
e.nu,„.e„ tl,e „„e., „■„,„„;:"" ™ °* "' >■ g, l,„ „.f.:, '„ i ^
"" °"J7" «'<• !«"-f..l qui. I of „ ^e, ; "■"'""■' <" "'" l""»-.' .lay
"'"""■' ■"■" '""■■■" "• «■» "■■'->• *'".:.: 'ft: ;:;;;r !:::;.:^ '^"'»
Goldsmith Maid, 8:14.
» itli tlie exception of Occi.hu.f . • .
™ Se„.c,„ber I7t,., 1873 „ a o',:'"" '"r"' '" a"if"™ia in 2..„u
achieve.! her wonderful reeord of 2 .,4 , V,' ,"" ""'*'"'"■ M^'M
Ool,I»,„,th Maid «a, fo,,|„d in law ^"l""'"''"- 2"'l. 1874,
If, 1.0 bj- Hambleloni,,,,; |,e,. ',;'"' l''" ''J" Alexan.ler', Abdal-
Ha.. .lel„„ia„,, „ that „„ I,;,, :;;,;:,,;'■ ^''"""»" '. .'.« ».><■ of
be fa,„„„, „,d th„,.„„,,w„,.d, in,,, „e M "''" '""' "k <lii-ct ,„
1.0 standard,, Oold«„,i,h Mai,| J,' . 1 ■"«°'- ^'''''''''''J by all
."" "»S t.-k. Sl,„ „s ca„a„lo .,f ,e i.„*':"«°',' " "'"'•"" "' «■
..lo.n,Ublee„„,.a„„,sl.„„,;,,M J/™ « »'«^
►'"",ng track. Her f„|, ,-oc„,.d „ l,;^:,' ^ ""''"""""I -"l.-s of the
'..l..<ny rose i„ raeing q„„|i.,, ,,„i ,. " ™ " >^ "lb be t,.„,ti„g u-,ok .l,e
he really prove,! I„„.,e|f „, y, ' "* .'<" '" -My SOlh, I86S, t,,,,s
On that date, a. B„ff,.|„, .,,; ^ ,d IT, "l"' ''" '" »"J' ™».| y
*>C8t ti
ajc,
••^4^
jir,.2 THE AMEUICAN FAKMER'8 STOCK BOOK.
Butler and Araer.c: ... Gul, «"<lj' ^ - ^,„ f,,,„,, |io,UOO vur«e,
ut Buffalo, r.nd w.^ successfu .n ««^«" "fl " > ^^^ ,,,,, ^„,nrc. .uul
contest. sl.e .net su. !. hevoe. of the tn.ck a. ^^ ; ;J^ »-,^ f,,„.,.„,
Anioncau Girl, and had to vod.ce hoi u- o.d t . • ^^^^^^^^.^^^^
,ear, ^^^O, ag..n fou.d her ,n tl. .^^^^^ .^„, ,
of the most bnUiant -nuinpn*.
grand cash aggregate of «^8,500 i„vincibil-tj' ; ( "ly o-^e
The year of 1871 found her w.th * «";;"^;^^; j;,,,,,fourlee.. v.ctori.s
did she suffer defeat. &''« ^'^"••«^\''^'^'" ' '^' ,„. , J,, ,,.cord U. 2:17.
::,! <. September 6th, at MH-ukce^.^ H^-ed^ »- ^^; ^^ ^ ^,, ^^^,,.
'Z^::%"i:^:X engagement of the year, with one except.,..
anis!)iai i.h« «oaH>n with a record of ^ = ^<'^ ^^^^ t„ ,,« .f,,,
r iu7'i .ir.ia nil active one, and vi^n'ij a . , ,
The season of 187.i was an ct ^^^^^ American Girl, Lulu,
securely perched upon hei .ulky. a,„,...,„^ and Ji.n Irving, and
Cau.ors. Gloster. Judge ^^^^'^J'^^^^l,, ,ecord. The crowu-
aefeated then, without be.ng ^> ^ U,^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^,,.„^
ingachievementof her great caiee. was au. ^^^^ ^^^^^^
at^lystic P.rU, Boston. Mass. on ^P^-^' :1;eord which rcn.ain.ul
,uul all Previous records, and ^-^^« ;^.j,; '^.^a^,.,, August 3d. 1878.
at the l-a<l <>f the list nntP>^.^y^^^^^ ....,,..
During the same season ''« t'"" / '^.^^ Her season of 188:. was lui
a„ddefeatingthefastesttr<.^.o loda; ^^^^^.^^
uneventful one, but that of ^^X..M Clevcluul, on July 27lh, she
duels with the stalUon k.nii. ^'""o-^^' . j ^ , ^j.^ stallion winning the
won the first and second heats "' 2- ^^^'"^ ' ^^artford, on Septen.hov
next three in 2 -A^, 2 -AH ^^^^J^^^^J^ , Ls in 2 : l-H and 2:17,
7th, after Snn.gglerwunnug the h^stm^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^, ^^,,,^„j
ana trottmg a ^h-.nl h.U u.^ :^^^ ^ j; ,.^.,,,, ,,, ,., .„„ defe.
2-19|- During tue siasuu
was the one J<'^t mentioned ^^^^^ emL-d. although she
With the season of 1876 .ei a - ^ ,^,.^,,,i,a ,,,eer she trotted
trotted again as late as ^^'';J^^^ ..l\bitions. In these con,o.t.
in one hundred and forty-eight CCS an ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^, ^^^^ ^,f
«ho fotted four hundred and hft^-sxe ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^
which -.-e in 2:30 or better- H^ tt < ^ .^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^ ^^^„, ., ,,„,
Califot:.. . and every promment , ^^ ,,^,, ,,„a i.er nanu- will
.narvellous speed. She wa. the .1. •'-.l--
BOOK.
J,M»vgo P-i!tn»'V, Geneviil
<iiigiijj«!nenti'. . In Ui.'sc
,uc,y. GongP^«ln'^'"^'-''
) 2:l{>i. Tf'^o foli »•-.-■ iiiir
r bt'Uion Wild a suocossion
ireii engiij;einoiits, and !i
f i.ivincibn:ty ; < »ly «"hv
detvilt, fourleeii viotoric-,
iced h(ii' r^covd )<.• 2:17.
r, she look a trip t«> Cali-
t.ion of the Pacific sl(»i«-,
year, with ono exception,
victory seemed to l)o still
et American Girl, Lulu,
ui and Jim living, ami
. her record. Tlio crowu-
r the season of 1874, wlicu,
•^ 2ik1, sho passed lior own
., 11 record which remaitUMl
2:l3i,«n August 3d, IH'H.
won twenty races, meeting
Her season of IBH.") wnsiui
emorablehyherremarkahlL'
:^li.velind, on July 27th, slu'
1 7i, the stallion winning the
at Hartford, on Septeinhci'
,ndheatsin2:l.Haud-2:17.
the racoin2:l7i, 2:Hund
a races, and her only «lefoiit
he turf end.-d, although she
nparallcled career she troltt-d
rlibitions. In these contents
; three hundred and fifty of
;hs extended from ISIainc to
r>oursc was tliO scene of Iht
, ..opiUace. and her nan.e Nvill
THI-; A^riMJICW TUOTTK
1 U>A
g
*fe
t^, -'-'^
«■■■
1
'fll^^H
y
'^i^^^^fl
1 ■
^^^H^9
I
wrti
TIIK AMKUICAN I'AKMER K STOCK HOOK.
go ilown ill the annals of trotting 8[)ee(l aa not t)nly the greatest trotter
of the period, but as one of.ti^o gnindest of the age. Goldsmith Maid
died on Sopteml)er 24th, 1885, and tlio following lines were aptly written
on her decease: ,
IN MEMOKIAM.
She hiis gone to her grave, but we ne'r laii foigi't her,
The inui-Vfloiis Maul with ii inaik of "fourteen;"'
In the ranks of tlie llyiTs \ve"ll ne'er llnd ii lieiicr,
For a gainer iiud faster, there never was seen.
As we think of tlio traok ami read Its fnll story,
Her name and her fame siiall liave tlu! lli>t place.
llcr trots and lier trliitnpiis iiro hoi's, and it's glory;
SIio was Queen of the Turf and Queen of lier raee.
Some may smile and say that; others have beaten
Tlio records she niaile in tlie fights tliat are past,
But her's were no holiday battles, I leekoii,
Tliiy were genuine contests from (list to last.
Yes, we'll drink In remembrance, there ne'er was a better,
A faster and gamer there never was rimmi.
She iias left us forever, but we ne'er can forget her,
The marvelous Maid with a mark of " fourteen."
Ranis, 2:13 1-4.
Rafus, tho next time sni'pas'-.er, and the successor to Goldsmith Maid
on the trotting throne, was foaled in l.H()7, tl.o year in which the mighty
Dexter madoliis triumphal mark of 2:17^. He was got by Conkiin s
Abdallah, and his dam was Nancy Awful by Telegraph, and his second
dam was by Vermont Black Hawk. Under the skillful giiidanco of
John Splan, Rarns Uecaino a great ciunpaigner, and on August ;^(l,
1878, he passed iill previous records, trotting the fu'l mile in 2:13^.
Rarus won his first saddle race at Hornellsville, N. Y., on August 2!sl,
1874; ho had six coinp<!titois ; Bar!>ara Knox won (ho first licit, 2:17,
Rami winning the next three heats in 2:4t), 2:45^ and 2:!()J. On
0(!tober «tii iind 7tii of the same year at Prospect Park, he won a seven-
heat contest in a field of ton, winning the first, sixth and seventh heats in
2: 32 J, 2:30 and 2 :30f . He placed two more purses to his credit during
this season, in one of which he trotted in 2:28.J.
In 1875 ho clearly demonstrated tiitit ho wtis a i)henomenaliy fust
horse His first victory was at Sandusky, ()., on July 22nd, wlii.Ii lie
won in slow time. On July 30th, at Cleveland, for a ptirse of $.'.,.^00,
he defeated a strong field of seven in the fourlh, fifth and sixth luats in
2-24i, 2:23^ and 2:20^. At Rochester, N. Y., on August 12th and
14th forupursoof $4,500, ho won the first, third and fifth heals aiul
raceia2:23i, 2:2G and 2:22. On A'agust 21st, at Utica, N, V., he
ly tlio gix'iitest trotter
ige. G<)ld.siiiitli M^id
Ilea were aptly written
ilSt.
r was a better,
ior to Goldsmith Maid
■ar in whicli llio iiiiglitv
3 wan got by Coiiklin s
legrapli, and liis socoiul
10 skillful gnidanco of
r, ami on August Hd,
le fu 1 mile in 2 -Aii^.
N. Y., on August 21st.
)n the first heat, 2:17.
!:45| and 2:ltii. On
Park, he won a seven-
th and seventh heats in
rses to his credit during
s a phenomenally fust
a July 22nd, wliidi lie
for a })urse of $■>,')()(),
tiflh and sixth IkmIs in
, on August 12lh and
iird and fifth heats and
t, at Utioa, N. V',, ho
pl»ced ,, $4,000
■'IIK AMKKK
'\N TltOTTKK.
foni.C
2 --21, tuul two (I
2--21.h2.-22i„„,,
Purso to
"""•'"" Sep(omherI,st,h
'"'■'* credit in 2-
."e woiiilK, (irst
'•^' 2:2;i iukJ 2:2:i
'y« later ho won tl
"Kinev in 2
M II
•).)
ui-
'"* 1,0(10 im,
20|, 2.-i>;Vt,„„l
P'"-k, when he defoated K 1 '"■•"'•>■ ^'>' that ,
9. or. "^*taieu Kansas ( l.inf i . ■
■so in straight heat
s in
2:2
I" l«7f5fio won
i«as Chief and J„|,
ester, Uti.-a. P„u..|,k
nine engagements „f tl
.year was at i'.<..spt.ct
" "~4.^:24|and
kcr in 2:2
Cincinnati; tl
t'i'lieepsio, HartlonI
races
Clemei
'" total amount of )|
Sp
'<' fiisi class at,
iiuffalo, Koel,
''o defeatecj such .-el
itiiK
Adelaide, Sain 1
"I'aled |„„
"" purses bei
■ses
Judge Fullerton.Lucill
of 1«77
Purdy
on J
' Goidd
'"'•dy, H,„]
us
■ingfi,.|,|, Fh.Kuood Pari,
ng $23,,'500. J„ (1
""^•'•Gartiel.l.MayQneen;
•'^'•"'••. (ileal. Eastern.
as G
and
icse
UK
C
'" " match to
imuarv I4tli •■( g i
.' Ill II, at hail 1(
f' "lid SiniigglL.c. II
I'aiiciscd, Cai
I" opened the
»'i(l durin<«' tl
and 2:2(Ji:
•x'ing at Ro(
Golddiist jiiul (
of purso money m th
wagons f„, $10,000. ij
hy dcf
season
hester, N. V., a
'e Season 1
'«' won iiiMeleen i
'"' li'iHMvas 2:;jl,i, 2
>^"^' «Ui, 1«77, wh.Mi I
'""■"< 'S the best I
eating Sam
:27i
iiiic
"zettein2:17i,2:l7ia,„,
The
eso rac(
year 1878 was II
2:1(5.
s was over $40,000.
Th
i« defeat..,! Lucille
e aggregate aiii.nint
season on May 31
'0 crowniiKr
Cal
niatcl
on D
"*t. Id PiltsburH, p.
""" of his life. Ui
'ecem her 21st. M.
''-.and clo.sed it at San I
"pened the
l'e« against time. At Ihifial
!'>-*t of ins perform
against the record of Gold
«>, N. Y
iinees Were e.\liil,i(
'■iiieisecj.
ions or
third attempt he broke 11
8ea.son in 1879, and was tl
once retired him fmm th
•'"'th Maid f
'" "'eeonl, (n)tt
'■'I M)ld to R„1k.h u
e turf.
•'" A"g">^t .'id, he trolled
'"■ " l""'^" of $.'00, and at tl
,"'^'^!^=l^i. He made a short
'"»«■'• *■'"• $;i.'i,000, who at
le
^*- JuWen, 2:111.4.
;;-;...«p.n,..,,,,eri;;;:;;:r;^7^;;« ■■'".- ^'■■'
bl. Julien was foaled in I8(i9 l , ^'^'^0, to 2: 11^.
Hanihlelonian; his first dam was F 1''. « '''''''"■'' '"" "^ J^-^-'V''<'«
""" <'-" -- the Adams' mal.; J v" W '"« """'^ '-'"^•' '^ --
race on August 4lh, 1875, at PouHd-ee, v'\^ '^"''"" ^^'"" '"'« '"^t
P"<itors, inHuding Great eI nf 7 '' ^■^' '" ''^"' eleven eom-
'-''-'gtl-nexttW^Uth ' '; tt "'" '" "''^^ '"-t. St. Julie„
-J'"< ■-•u, 2:.io, 2:2(Jiand2-30|.
rii.
i< ,'(
l,-„; ilIK AMKllICAN KABMKK'h 8TOCK HOOK.
Ou Au<'u»t. 7lh la. uguia .net .».i defeat..! u Htrong Held, winning the
firs^Ue^ I an.l fo,.t,h boats in 2:26^, 2:28 and 2:2.^1. AtSpnngUcld
m1: on AU.U. 2UIU ho .on fi.st n.n.y in a ^^.'^^^I-- ^ «
a oihe...nri $3,000 imrs.; the c.ntest wus a keen one and la.l. .
lt.u'h «v: hi:, St Julien winning the h.t tluee and the race u.
2:224 2:2(;i and 2:27 ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ,^^^,^,^,,
At Hartf.n-d Conn., on A ^ ^^^^^^^.^^^ ^^^,^,_
hi stniight iK'uls, tune 2:^«i, ^.^'>i »"" '-^ '' .,i„ r,„mut
finder Dan Bryant, Queen, Voltaire. Sister, Cahnar and Luly Bonnu .
^U^Zolyof the^ear wa. <.n September 2nd a. t >-^- --^.^g,
vhen he a^ain defeate.l Sister, Great Eastern and Goldhndei n» 2^^ .
2 2"^ and 2-244. He only .q.peared onco in IHTG. wnnnng a $10,0U()
.^; : San Finciseo, cl, <.n Septen^.er 2nd, ^-^ ^f-^^' ^^^
slow tin,e. He was then given a rest <. ^I,;^-- ^ ^.I^d ^ o.^
wontW(» races, one in which he defeated Uiaves anu
ncrninst time, in which he trotted ill 2: 12|.
°T : fo 1- .... ycu-, imK l,B ncUicve,! Im g.-™i™t triumph. He w.n
H..,-,f...M,C ■.-A,,g»t27.l.,«h.u,f..v»l.u.-;fy«». « >^^^^^^
lit ,u,'.i*,i., 2:114. 1.. 1««1 '""l 1883 lu, - on ,,. oog..s.Mae,.l,
forniances or in campaigning merit.
J8v-Eye-See 2.10.
T.v Eve-feee WHS not the next in the line of succession, to Maud S.
or geldiiii, aiiu uiil roi one (la .im»^»
T-iv-Eve-See was foaled in 1»<^ , n*^ •'^ "* ^ ' t . ■i;,,),, 1,..
Lexi„g...... H» »., 1.. t «... ,, a ye», g f . 0. y U_^^ ^ ,^ ^^^ ^^^_^
Ca.....fB..-iu..W. J .. h .0 ,j,^ .,„,„.,.,,„,„„
„„ the tn.ltiiig truck »t ► •« '"^'^"''' I ooors ..ml .M..|..'.de.
,t„kc, meeting WuHi..g, B,.e...e, ^'^ "'j~ ;,.„;. t:':!, f....l,AI,
The r„ce ougJ,t -^ ^ :r:Z \,f .Cs^ wl...,-,,,g a,e «.,!, .n.
pntlotiged into a se>cn-ii«— --u
HOOK .
trong Held, winning the
2:2(1^. AtSpringti«l«l.
M,l)UO pui-sis doffalin-r
,„•, Goiafinder, Pet and
and 2:29. Three day >
I keen ono, and hisli
thiw and the nice in
imo amount he defeated
i, Great Ea.sletn, Golil-
linai- and L id y Bonni-i
id, at the same meeting,
nd Gcddtindcrin 2 -.2:^1,
lH7n, winning a $10,000
, from Dan. Voorliees in
>ar.sbut in 1879 he only
s and Nutwood, and one
•fttest triumph. Ho won
le match uirainst time ui
irseof ;|-^500, he trotted
hestei-, N. Y., on August
iio von six en<»a«rements,
uf. Although p. scsscd
tlian his pred<>ce8»ors (Pti
oni hi tlie number of per-
)f succession, to Maud S.
fastest record I -r a horse
d S.'s record (at tliat time
ulien.
Dictator, he l.y ILunhle-
second dam, Twilight i)y
or $50»' by the llon..l.C'.
. .'d. Ho made his debut
, 1882, in a four-year old
I, K^4. Geers and Adtlnide.
ye-See, but it was foolislily
>Seo winning the tiftli tmd
TfrK A (KRICAN TROrrKR.
1157
!■. n
IISS
TUB AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
1
j
1
1^
Hixth heats in 2:22J iind 2:23i, tliough thoie is little doubt that the pre-
vious heats were at his couimnnd. In the seventh heat, as the word was
given, ho made a very bad break, which lost him the luut Hiid race.
At the autumn meeting, in the same class, ho won oa-ily, taking tlio
first, third and fourth heats in 2:22J, 2:19 and 2: l!>, a performance,
which stampeil hin' is the greatest four-year old of the day, and also
gave bright proiuv o of the brilliant achievements which were yet to come.
Ho opened the season of 1883 at Louisville, Ky., by defeating Charlie
Ford in straight heats. His next pci formanco was at Morrisiana, N. Y.,
in a race for five-year olds, when ho distanced the field in the third
heati'^ 2:19|. In the same class, at Washington, he won in straight
heats in 2:19, 2: 19J and 2:23. At Ciiicago ho captured the same purse
in 2:29. 2:31 and 2:19. At Pittsburgh ho met the famous Majolica,
but in order to win he had to trot in 2:22i, 2:17 and 2 :17J.
At Cleveland the illustrious pitir fought the battle over again, .%-
Eye-See winning in
2:20i, 2:10 and 2:15^. At Buffalo he bollly
entered the class for six-year olds and under, and carried away the prize,
defeating Director and Clommie G., to whom ho conceded one year. At
Rochester ho trotted against time, 2:15, an.l defeated the «Mnan with the
scythe" in 2:14. At Hartford ho essayed to heat this record, but failed
by half a second. The week following, at Narragansett Park, he broke
i;,3 record, trotting in 2:10f. His last great engagement of the year
^as his match with St. Julien, at iieetwood Park, N. Y., on September
29th. The weather was bad and the track muddy, but the wonderful pony
defeated his great antagonist in straight heats in 2:20i, 2;18J and 2 :19.
On June 11th, 1884, he essayed to beat 2:10^, but was defeated, his
best time being 2 : 11^ ; but at Providence, R. I., on August 1st, for a purse
of $2,500, to beat 2:10J, he passed all previous records, and became the
absolute monarch of the turf. His time for the mile was 2 : 10. He only
retained the honor for one day, as at Cleveland, August 2nd, Maud S. trot-
ted in 2 :09|. At Buffalo, on August 8lh, ho trotted a mile in 2 : 10|. At
Belmont Park, Philadelphia, on August 15th, he trotted two heats in
2 • 11 and 2 : lOJ. He also trotted at Prospect Park, L. 1. ; Minneapolis,
Minn.; and Kalamazoo, Mich., but in neither case did he approach his
areat record. During the past two years he has been off tlio track, hut
his trainer and owner are both sanguine that he will again return to the
scene of his triumphs, and that he will yet further reduce his record, and
possibly pass the mark of Maud S., 2:08J.
Maud S., 2:08 3-4.
Maud S., the empress and queen of the track and the road, and the
most popular animal of the century, was foaled in 1874 ; she is by
Harold; fi,„tdum Mis. r „ II5»
MAUD 8., 2, -08^^'.
^•JO and 2-2H n.. t. ' ^"^ won in afrnlrri.f i ^ .
Tnni .• ^" Ju'y ?4Mi .,f r-k- ^^'^'*'o»t "eats n 2-25
iunket,n2:l.,,2:21iand2-m ''^^^''So, she met and defcattd
C ar hoFord won the L heat . 2 • 1 7 .f "f." ' '"'' "* «"ff«'". NY
Sr«7-.^^^^i.^.-l«|and2:!c;L;et :^^^^
"■ "^^ ^«'^««ter. N. y., o„ August lotfr *••''' ^^''''"'«"''d
° ' 12th, for a purse of $2,000,
" J-i. JU. .-ui^S&t^ „ ,^.,j
I
THE AMKBICAN FAKMKU'8 STOCK BOOK.
,.e U„aea a«„in. ..m. und »™ ■" -"^nt 1: 17' «"---'»
.he ha- 1-cM the soepfe to tl,e l"^""'™- . , „ „, »S,500, <,[,.
trotted against her o«n record of 2-Wi.'' d""" „„j 2,11. At
lU.,ooJuly23a,.hot.,tledtlu.el^at, u 2.2U^ ^^_^^^ ^^^^^^ .^
Bchnont Park, Philad.lplna, on J"'/ 29th, 8^ ^^^^ ^^.^^^^j
2,12.2:13la„a2:12J On A"|- ^**;;~„^^^ ,„ 2:10i. 81,0
"\^-z;tt';:::i: ::ir of ttra, .he «,.., „, the tr„* a„d
retired for toe ye.u i f.-ottiiit^ cait » the world.
undoubtedly the -^ ^^ ^^'^ ^ ct th,ft Maud S. had not re«ch»-l
The season of 1884 devcioi^)ea sensutional by her sale
her speed limit; her season was "-d t.U n^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^
from W. H. Vanderbilt,the railroad ^^'"S.to M ■ ^ Vanderbill
:: of 140.000. Speculating Norsemen had ^e-d M^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^
1100.000 for the mare, but he ''^\^;''2ZVeev, he therefore deter.
submitted to the ignominy of an hyP^^'^ ^^f ^^^^^^ ,,, to trot his
.i.>ed to offer her *<> f' Bonner^; V^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ,^,^^„.„
horses for money, ^^e offe - s^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ .^dtheothef
:^::^:t3r::i>;l^ -- '^^ owner famous throughout .e
^r Augu. .d .e -- :: --tf d r ^4:^:ttr
vious day Jay-Eye-See bad ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^.ve trotted in 2 .01.i. and quickly
short-lived triumph, as the maivelousm ^^ ^^^^^^^^^
regained her throne ^ "c. o>.je --t^^^^^^^^ ^^^,^,,^ , ,.,
speed limit had «"^; ^ , ;:":i;^; The contest occurred at Lex.-g-
another assault on 0''\*f -\^'" f^ ,,l presence of one of the ino.t
ton, Ky., on No.vember ^ ^' '^.J^^^^^^^
distinguished and f --^^^ '^ ^^''^rown recoid.^trotting the mile in
tra<.U. and again the mare cut d' vn he^ « .^ defeating her
2:09i. In 1885 f^^'^^^f^^^^^o., on Ju'y 30th. trotting the
own record, which she did at OcvUana. , .^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^^^. ,g
mile in 2:08^, which stands to-day the
'^t, .,-.nl< Siddall, oC PhUadelplda, recently o«o.«. t^^ 000 - -;
,he largct .■«",-—,:; :::i:iry' her aT .l,e further „„e .W
U,o int;.nat,on .hat - -->^"„,,, ,„/,^„i„ „„pe„r „,.on the turf.
""srch'rS irthen-arveUou, hi.tory of the famous annua. ,.1«*
%
THE AMEUICAN TUOTTKR.
1161
from Lady Suffolk to Maud S hnvp i,, m
reduced the record from 2:30* to 2- L TT "' ^"''^^-th'- jears,
year to year the power of the American Tl ?' demonstrated from
and carry tlie strongholds of Time ' '"<^«e««f"''y assault
THE STALLION KINGS.
With limited space it is only nossihl^ . . k • « .
speed fray which has been take.; by t'- '"^'^^^'^''^^ "* *''« P'""* i" the
gier made his memorable mile in 2 • 1 i T "'"^"""t^'y. «incc Smug-
tho record, so that it is possible to do b;.!; ^. "", '*''"''"' ^'''^ ^»''>ken
allotted. '^" •'"'*^'^'« to the subject in the space
Smuggler, 2:16 1-4.
Snmggler was foaled in 1866 ; he wis bv m
mus, out of a mare of unknown 1^17 hT"' "" "' I'""'^ ^"^
not a long one, and he appeared rather a."^ . ' T^'' ''" ^^^ *"'"^ ^^"«
a star of the first magnitude. O A 4 18tri87 7' ""''''''' *'""" "«
m a $4,000 purse at Sprin<rfield TU .? ' ' ''® "^"^ t^''^^* '""»«y
fifth heats in 2:27, 2:3 l^d 2 31 T/ "'"'"""J'" ^^"'"^' ^-"th and
again won from a good field i! 2:^«, t^^^Z t^ ""Tl; ^•'^^•' '^^
he... .tout an additional ^nk. winniV^l^i^^OO ^L^r^^^
.u^e^Z^c^rt; ~f ;;;;f- ^»'. J-. l^^O, he defeated
2:17 and 2:20. At CllVand O t T"' ^""'^' ''"'*« '" 2:17i,
smith Maid, Bodine,LucireGobn ', t^ ''"'' ''''' '^^ "'«* ^oll:
^4.000; Go'ldsmit^' ^^^Tt^l^f ''I'T'"'^' '" " '^"^^ "^
2:17i, Smuggler winning the,!!; t Jt/2"m ^tr'l'^^'''
On August 10th, at Rochester, for a 14 ) L ^' ^ * ""^ ^•■^^^•
Fullerton, Lucille, Golddust and b1,L i. 2 1 1 T'l/ fo"'"' ''"'"^
record of 2: 154. was made rt J.^lT^'A ' ^^' ^^ ^^ ""'' 2:19^. His
won the first heat n Mt i^e ^ ^' ' f '•'"' "" ^"»"^^ ^^^^' -'>- '-
nist, Goldsmith Maid -^^0 ' ,; r7>^:;f ^^"'\''f '''l ^-"^ antago-
Phallas, 2:13 3-4,
The greatest of all trottinjr stallions i« v.f ;„ .u_ .... .
career. He was foalpd in i«77 a , ''■; "" ' o*'g"t vigor «f }„8
foaled in 187^, and was bred by Major H. C. McDowell
1;
' 1,1
immi
M ■: i f
11C2 THE AMEEIC4N FABMER'S STOCK HOOK.
Siu'reco^d damb; Ericsson 1 third dam by Sir WiUiam. .ad fourth
^::'by^."".»'- ^-^^ ";- "•'-"rniT^'r :"o°sn;-dt
lineage is examined, ll.e leader realise., that bj all »'" •' /
Phaih. had a right to tio, Dictator, his -;«;■-' ''.'^ ^ Dh" or
ter<2,17i),ai,d is also the "'^ ."^ '^;X^t2M, or better.
(2:17), and thirteen ""'r /''"t'; tailed lie Wood .,t Mambrin,,
^^^t: Tzt r ^: :' «,i,red ,„,„ia..tio„ „>..
goes back to imp. D""»«'- exception of a halt mile heat race
«^«■■'''tr:l'°^d a^ hli e SL at the Chicago Fair ot
when four years old, and a pu „,„„t Cleveland, O., on JuiicHh,
1882 when he ...tte a »;'; - ;f *j:.:'„^„'7:„„J l,;.i, „„ .nffei-
1883, in the 2 :34 class. Inoex »on i 2-22i ami 2:18i; the
.nee, Phallas winning the nex "'7« ' ' f, f \^r|it:,,,,,UndI land
last heat being won in a ,« '.•>■ '7" ^^ Tc ic.™ ho cdcemed his char-
p .U be was defejae y J -J'-^rf^rS, „ the 2 :40 ela.s, and
:rted°LmT„V:2\.2:23and2:2U,a,,do„.uiy.O^^^^^^
rdi:i::h::tv:r^::ur^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
'o'lfAu^nst 1st, at Cleveland, he again lowered his ™o''l- D"q-™
unAUe,u , , , p. .J g ti,e nixt threem 2:15J, iJ.^iJ
"7f n^lt taal 1 iuti t won in slow time, there being n,,.,,-
t;^nliItrtoma.ehimtrot a.^w..a-^^^^^^^^
-:ir::;£t;r^^So;hi.fric.sa^dthe,-^
on' jIlTuth he met the three ^^::^Z:Z'^!^"^m
G. and F;-^2'' -Ikhi. h "'iS ;, to hi, work, and he „«
By ,h,» tinie the f utnie k 1 ^^^^^ ^^,^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^
the second lieat . 5f . ^,,^,^ ^_ ^„„„„, b„ „,l,t for th.
e„o 11. 2-18S; '"''.'"•"'"' ,„.j „„, „i,en and llie grand n.ilm.l, a.ll
great effort of his life. /^^ "' "^ "'^ ,^ ,,.„„, i,ie wiio with the s,.c.d
he knew what was expected of l""',;,*'l ; ^ , „,„ „„t,j i„ ^
and regularity of a steam engine. .1 '« 1"' ^' 1^' ^ „„ „„j
seconds ; this speed was evenly maintu.neo t„ „.■.. 1..'", »-- ■
K HOOK.
Betsy Trot wood, by Clark
r Sir WlUiiim, and fourth
d-producing power of this
y nil ilie huvs of heredity,
, is 11 full brother to Dex-
-See (2:10) and Director
»tted in 2:30 or better.
d the blood of Mfimbrino
(U<»hlned fomuhition whiih
lon of a half mile heat rate
)n at the Chicago Fair of
Cleveland, O., on June 5tli,
ind second heats on suffer-
J9i, 2:22J and 2:18J; the
At Fleetwood and Island
icago he redeemed his char-
ilaidein the 2:40 class, and
i on July ISth at the i-ame
he latter winning the first
it three in 2:16i, 2:20 and
ered his record. Duquosiio
mxt three in 2: 15 J, 2:21i
slow time, there being notli-
3 a most marvelous Bhowing.
lute class and finished it with
r quarters his friends coiifi-
)n the turf ho would easily
imperial purple which had
ler.
of his friends and the publio.
[,us mares, Catchfly, Clonuiiie
won the first heat in 2:19f.
up to his work, and ho won
on with the most consummate
hat he should be sent for the
Ml and the grand animal, as if
■rom the wive with the speed
irter pole was reached in 33}
i,- 4U« u..\f whii'h was na.s8«ii
■THE AMERICAN TKOTTER
weight of the vehicle and the drivel ' ^^""'•' '^''^ve to pull the full
show the highest possible .peed at hL """l^""'"" ^ould be able to
and though the effort is no'" L,f "" '"''• "^''^ ''''-' -- -nect,
been attained. It .nust be ^tZ^IT^''"''' ^'"^^ ^'^-''^'^ '-o
are only good at such ways of go!,,.. 1. 1 \*''' '''""''^^ ^^''' •"■•'^«
harness records-thus Westn.ont's veSl '"""' ""•'""«^' '•^g"'"'-
w.th running mate he in.s a record of to u'^T'"'^ " '■■'^^' ^^''"«
"••eg.ven. It has been erroneously Tt J.i t ^": ^•'"'- ^''^'^ ^'^'^^'-d^
did not carry his proper weigl.t ^1 e o . f '" "'' ^'''' '"■^^''"^« ^^
fashionable, have only happened at i tern '"'".'r"' '"' '^"""'=" ^een
become a regular part of Jhe progi; ;^'^' l"!' ""T """" '' «"^ "'»«
have been the most conspicuous,! da the . T^' "'' ''"' '"^^^—
est, the holders thereof being the civunn Z '"''"^'^ "''« *'»' fast-
give the reader an adequate idea of til 1 '' ''^'"''Ption of them will
rate of trotting or pacing speed! '""'" '' ^""-'"^' '^^ ^^ig'-st
H. B. Winship and Mate. 2:06.
H. B. Winship is a black 'reldin<r l,„ a.- .
he has a regular trotting record o^2 2()x . T' f"" "' ^'^"''^^ ^"'"''^rt;
mate he showed a much higher veloc'itv " n 7, ^''"^ ""'^^ ^ ''"""ing
Chicago, III., for a purse ^f $4 I e " "h" ^ '''' '"'"'^ ^'^'^ l^^^, at
defeated Frank and mate, the hater' I'm 'T'"^ "''"'^ '"^"^ ""^ ^e-
B. Winship ana mate winning t ex :? T ''f '"'^^ '" ^••^«' "•
2:10f and 2:093. Later on^Franr U ! ' ' "" "'" '" ''-''^^
and at Providence. R. I., « purse of * n '"'"'' ' '''''"^ ""^ 2:08J,
ship and nn.te to beat this "eeonl il ""' "^""^ ^" "• ^' ^in-
time took place on August I 1884 Tl '« ^f""' '^'""""'^ ''""*'''* "g''^'"st
in the astonishing time of 3(U ..comU '! i! V^""' ''"' «^'««mpli8hed
1 :01i. The three-quarter p^' j 1^ '" " ^ "f -« P'-d in
''^®''*°»ont and Mate, 2:01 3-4
Westmont. the famous pacer h-i^ „ ... .
fame will rest upon his greatest'.: '^ ""''"" '"^^"'•^ "^ 2: 13|, but hie
which took place on Julf 10 h V mrtl" W '•' «.^ ""'''' '•""'-" -*«•
cago. III. The public did n:,t ex ie^! '^'^"''''■'^'"'P-k' Chi-
watches marked 30* seconds as tl 1 . ^'>'"' ''P'^''^' '^"^ ^'^^» thB
^''«y .eali.ed that thev w!.l 1. , ..f ^"'^ l'"^ P"^^ <he quarter pole.
■' "^ "^^""'-••' P*^'i'"-ma„ce the like of which
fr rsi
1166
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
™k AMICRIcan tkottkk.
they might never see a-ai„ Tf.« • '"'^
as with even accelerated «,:o.l the AyinZ^^^T'. T *" ^^^^ ^eat
■n exactly one mixute. Like an .„ t ^ fl"' " "'" ^'""'-"""« f-le
top turn and at the three-quartc. pol he tb.f " n'"^ ^''^^^ '"""J ^^^
came down the stretch it looked for a nl n " "' 'ff ' '' '"• ^^ "'^^^
-g uaark of 2:00 would be parsed b t ^ \T '' ^^'•■■=''^ "-> «bin-
Westraont breaks, yet all p,evi„a; rejl "'""^'^^''^^ ^"'^ers and
pair pass under the wire in 2:01| aI I T' '"""P^ ""''''y "« the
Park, Pittsburg. Pa., Westn.o„t nd nmt ?. "'"' "' ^^« «°"-wood
•.ut only succeeded in obtaining itZTTZ:' *° '*'''' *'''« '--'J.
most brilliant career on the track wss .Id r f ' ^"^'"^"'' -^^^r J
aire Frank Sidduls, of Philadelphia P,,' '""""' """ *" ^'- "^il'ion-
F ' "'"''^ possession he still is
^. • The Pacing Horse.
The pacers of America have labored ..n,l
distinct breed, they have never 1^::^^^^^:;^'''''^^'-^'^^^^^^. ^^a
and road they were systematically i-niore? ^ ^.^^O'ears on the turf
declared to be unfashionable, it ^Stt ?, . ^ ^"'' '''' g«"«i-»"y
which came from pacing ancestors w e o ,d ' ""' "'"'^ "^ ^'"«d
.onable of our trotting .ires and dan s bn '"'"' "^ '''« ""'-^t ^-^fa-
astonished the worhl by trottin.. in 2 8. ""? r""' '"' ^^^■'"^ «• ^^'^
both with pacing crosses on the materni'l !^V ' , t^"^^'"^"^ '» 2:10.
hadpacedin2:ll|.andJohnsto:X^^^^
ness by pacing in 2:0<)f, that the hrij ^ '""' ^'*^*''''<'« '" ^ar-
value of the pacer a. a L fon Ua ^ tl """, ^^"'^" "'' ^" ^'^ ^"1'
speed. ''"'^'^'^'^ <^''«tor ,n breeding for extreme
That the gaits are closely allied does not admit nf ^ .
a pacer, stands at the h.ad of the 2:30 I "t wiU r «'" ^'"'^""'
a pacer, was the sire of Pilot. Jr., the si ^e cf T m''^' ^ "'^'''- ^''"^'
and of the dams of Maud S.. Jay E e Seo , ^ ''' ""^ ^"^"'^napolis.
the other hand, we have Ain o ^f It , ' "'' ^^'' ''■'' ^'■""«^-«- »«
«iro of We.tmont. the n^arUou: p \^^^^^^^
paced the track of the Chicago DrivL PaJk it'2^ U ' T""'^ ""'"''
undoubtedly accomplished it in 2-00 iZl no 1 • k ^ ^' ""'^ '"""'^ '''»'^«
tired in the home stretch. ^ '"' thoroughbred companion
.Tcnvett is another instance of & jrreat nacm. ^-k- k
;"■<' <•- king of the track. Johnstot fo^Ie Lt .7 "'"'"^^ ''^«^'
'•■"^ '» 2:30. Or r... p.cers it is -.1 o ♦, , .^"* ^ '''''''^' ^'''"'^
"'n>e to the J-..it. of ex r^l ^l "^ 'r''^ '"' '^'''' '''^"'- ^''"t they
"'Hi that in pro,or. .. to rn! e "t'^^^ ,"'"" *'"" ^''« *'•""-!
-for Of first:.a. perfor!::^::'" tI^ SX^T^^^ « ^'"i!"'^-
•■■"'" ■:edtiinj,,ic<.i- '!'(,«. ...1.1 M. ■ \. ■—•'•"- j"=-^it;u lu «ii.
• 'i'<iK.':ited tiif) pacer, Thoii'dj I
»e
avily handicapped he has boldly hurled
uas
the
in- ■
m I
i* 1;
■If
11(58
THE AMERICAN FARMEU's STOfK HOOK.
r-K nooK.
THE AMERICAN TRorTEB.
gauntlet into the arenii for the ^^^^
beon a long and obstinate ono ""r T" "'^ '''''^'^' ""'' t'louc^h the h-Hi u
mcts a , ,,nia„t vie„„'L :; ; : r^;;*;" . "r ..-.y :,:.;;;:, t:::
Until a trotter trots from wi.o f • '^ " "" "'« si^lo of the „.,.
absoU,te n.onarch of the trl^ 't;:';: '^^ ^"« ^->- Jo Sli
pale bef.>re the two great champion a"'^ •""" '''^""•.V "^ all pa "rs
career of each will amply sh<,w! ''"^ ^""^' "« "^ «'-t sketch of thi
Little Brown Ju.Jrtrr,'"'''^"^-^'
an illustrious sire. m. w^ .' i,';;; l"""^^ f -' ^^ '^ Patrician matron bv
of the day. He was foale<| o A , ' ^ ^ ^ ''' '««^""= ^u.f pa^e ^
was s.red by Tom Hal ; his fir.st d t ', ' ' "^ ^^^"-"fi^"^. TenL f he
second dan. was by John Eaton, a to.;. 'if, ''"'f ^"^ ''^ '^>' Clipper his
was sold for $27.50, and in Augu.st i^f' f, '" '^--y. 1876 he
be paltry sum of $45; his new own r broke 1 'f""?^ '"""'^ "^'^''^ ^or
h.m agam or $65. He now .nanife ,ed ', '"" *'\^''^' «-'^'«. but sold
make h,m famous. I„ the autumn of 87 , T'' "'"^'^ ^^^ -"» to
Alabama, and one at Nashville. Tennesse T h" ' '""'' '' Huntsvillc.
was bought by H. V. Ben.i.s. of Cluo^^i^Jl-^'] ''"'"^' "' '''' '"'
was at once commenced. He in,.,lo ^. ^ education for the tr-iH-
and the following year he 2 ^^ :^::;:'^ ^^^-t .a.on i:";;;^
be won the 2:25 class in 2:20, 2-2ra t 9 ,o. ^''' ^"»''''^^' Mich,
out his class in straight heats. * ' ^ ' *' ^^ Toledo he closed
The season of 1881 vvm nno 1^
D.C...ewon the 2:^Xt^:::;r;'T"''^^- ^^^-^i-gton,
2:231 He then went to PhiladeV. a ^ v" • '','" ' '''^ ^^ ^^* -^
2:21| and 2 :22. At Fort Wayn Ll t. " T '"^ ^'''"^ >» 2:24i,
i"g Bay Billy and Mattie HartJr At j^t o"'m '^/""'"'•""•'' "^^'^^
purse, defeating Buffalo Girl and Sila. P ,' 1 '" ''" ^'»» the 2:20
defeated Buffalo Girl i„ the I .f' sf " ^ "^ ^"^^ «''^-'-i- again
career till he came to Chicago, whent l-efn * > "'^ '"'^ ^^""J^'"^"'
r^.^^i^i. the three fastesrheatseV;:::'^^^^^^^^
At Buffalo he paced one heat in 2-131 ' aT P "^ '" "'""^ *''«>«•
field in straight heats in 2:15, 2-15aifd a-lfi „:'"''^f'" ^^ defeated his
ance was at Hartford, Conn., on August 24th .fh" T'^^'r^'-^P^'-f"™-
astest straight heats to harness, viz'l^nT 2 I" ?''"^^^'^ ^^^ t^''^^
lowing year he was sold to Commodore IvilVc ^'■'^^^^ ^^^ f«'-
117.500. The gallant geldin^^s t /one u ^'^ ^""'' ^•»°- f«^
his .nemorable three lfe«ts m-e s^ U tlVt":^
equine aspirants. ^'*^ "'^^ «^'"'ng "mrk to all
I. 'II
I
1170
THE AJfERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
i '1
PS
■ ,,
Johnston, 2:06 1-4.
Johnston is certainly the mostillustiiousmemberof the pacing fiimily;
he may aptly be called the Napoleon of the track ; his ancestry is obscure,
and he relies upon theunappioachedgrandeurof his own pei-foiraancesin
preference to the reflected light of a noble lineage. While his pedigree
is in doubt, the balance of evidence goes to show that he is a descendant
of John Bull, bv imp. John Bull, and that his dam was by Ned Forrest.
He was foaled on June 20th, 1877. When five years old he was placed in
the hands of that veteran of the ribbons, P. V. Johnston, to receive his turf
education. He had hardly received his preliminary lessons when his
trainer confidently declared that he was the fastest horse in the world,
and that he would make him trot in 2:30, or pace in 2 :15, within thirty
days.
For a horse without A record this was a bold prediction, but it was
warranted by the facts.* At the summer meeting of 1883, at Detroit, he
made his debut and won in straight heats. On July 4th, at East Saginaw,
he won again. At Kalamazoo he won with even greater ease, winning
the last heat in 2: 17^. At Cliieago, on July 15th, he acliieved a most phe-
nomenal victory; he won the first heat in 2:13, distancing the entire
field except Gurgle; in the second heathedistancied Gurgle in 2:15i, thus
winning the entire purse of |2,500, and the $500 extra for beating 2:20
in two heats. At the same meeting he tied the time of Little Brown
Jug, 2 : 11|. At the October meeting at Chicago he paced a mile against
time and beat the best record at that date ( Maud S., 2 : 1 OJ), accomplish-
ing his task in 2:10. He was then purchased by Com. Kittson for
$20,000, and passed into the hands of that skillful reinsman, John Splan,
and as the pacing king was barred in the free-for-all purses, his per-
formances were principally confined to assaults upon the dominion of
father time.
At Indianapolis, on June 21st, he opened the ball and over a poor half-
mile track, pacing thirty feet from the pole he made 2:27 and repeated
in 2:29. At Chicago, the scene of his greatest triumphs, on July the
12th, he attemped to beat his own record, but the weather and track
were not favorable. The preliminary heat was accomplished in 2:23|,
the second in 2: llj, and the third in 2 :121. In the free-for-all pacing
nice at Buffalo, under the new departure clause, he won the first heat
and first money in 2:12^, Billy S. taking second money in 2:14^,
and Fuller the third in 2 ; 17^. At Rochester he made a grand effort to
beat the man with the scythe, and again the state of the track was uiifa-
'Torsble. The opening heat was paced in 2 :20, and the two for blood
m 2:1U and 2:12*. The partisans of Richi)all, 2:12^, the little bald-
^HE AMERICAN TRorTER.
faced wonder, would nof h ■ ^'^^
stoii, contending that in an t!!??"""' "^ *'"' 'P<'«'' -^"Peiioritv of I k
At Milwaukee, o„ September lath • V •
LADY SUFFOLK. 2:26)^
2:17i, and in tiie next lieat t\o,i hi.
-cover an ordinary t^orp,^^^^^^^^ Thi^perform-
grand exhibition that awaited' t em at ChT ""' Norsemen for the
opening day of the Chicago fall mlthl tT" "" ^''''^'' ^^' '^-
heat the record. For once fickle f o tu ?« ^"^"T '''' '*^"'» ««"t *<>
ces conspired to secure success Thl L ' ""^ "" ^'^^ circumstan-
Nobrece disturbed the seTe 1 slyML'tr"' "■'^^' ""''' ''''^^''
hoi-se and driver were ea^er .n,ll;' „ J '^^^'^ ^!!!f «'"°«^h and elastic.
• """ '^^^-•'"".eu. iLe first heat marked
y- I
F'
m
if!
t 'TSj^H
■
i
'X
-;
^
I17t
TUB AMKRICAN KAKMKH'b MTOCK BOOK.
2:19^. At tho word f(»r the second heat the pacing cyclone shot from
the wire, and iippaiently witiiout an effoit reach* d llie quarter in 32 sec-
onds. With a fiictionless velocity as iai)id as .1 W!.r< l.'ceivinir, the half
was passed in 1 :03i, around tho upper turn this numnificei t flight of
speed was maintained, and at tiio three-quarter polo tlio timers marked
1 :35, and now for the first tim. the famous driver calls upon tho king to
regain his crown ; no voice is heard, naught but the lightning-like hont-
ing of the flying hoofs and Splan's finnl call. The crowd, as ho shoots
un'der tho wire, at last breaks the almost painful Rilenoe in a volley of
cheers, all previous records are left away in the r,9tance, and 2:06^
i^ hung out as a brilliant challenge to the aspirants of both the trotting
and pacing arenas.
At Lexington, on October 13th, he paced a mile in 2:08, accomplishing
the last half^in 1 :02. All t,hings considered this mile is almost equal to
his Chicago performance. In tiie opinion of those best able to judge,
Johnston has not yet reached his wpeed limit, and to saddle with .1 an
Murphy up 2:00 would not be only possible but probable. Johnston is
a beautiful bay with small star, 15 :3i high, gentle in disposition a con-
formation more like a thoroughbred than a pacer, game as s. pebhlo, in-
telligent and level-headed ; such, in short is the king of the turf. John-
ston" .-, since, for the most part, >><'en retired from active duties, but 88
he i . • ni recently bought by F. Siddals, of Philadeli hia, who intends
to vamr-.gn him, he may be expected again to electrify the turf world
with hf.5 phenomenal performances. In the meantime his record is ex-
ceptional, and stands away ahead of tuiy competitors.
The American Thoroughbred.
Unlike the trotter, the American thoroughbrefi ^ a strictly imported
article, either directly or from imported parents, ihe race in fi.ct being
identical with the English thoroughbred, which for over a century
has provided the world with representatives of this superb breed. The
English passion for horse racing had made it a national anmsement over
two centuries ago, and before that time the Arabian and the Barb had
been imported to its shores to cross upon the native mares. The native
stock had been previously improved by importations from Fiance and
Spain, and with this additional influx of warm blood, tie English t)egan
the foundation of that great breed of horses which at length attained to
such perfection as to absolutely limit the meaning of a word, and be
called j9area;6W?ence thoroughbred. As early as 1791 the English stud
book was commenced, and it has been published with unceasing regularity
to the present time. The American branch of the family has its stud
book, ttbiy edited by Col. S. i>. Bruce, of which there are four volumes,
IK BOOK.
THK AMEHICAN Tliu "
mid no niiimni h ... ,si,i..,,.,i a Sim
able t,n-o„g,. the «tu<. ••ooic V/. i '^ .: :'^::;'''";'-'^^ l-«ig.oo. tn J!
The ,.,.t winuor of tl.o English D..-,^ Di* a 1" '"" '^'^'^''^ "^ ^'^ >'-•
nnd n.-nyothcM- turf hemes quicUvfnr ;?.''''''"•'''''' ^^ ^''''''-i.'a,
wealthy colonists had in,,c.KoT;;;.:X rH" ^/"'' '" "'"'^ *''-' ^hc
prospered in the land of it,, nd.u°,ir.", ■""''''''''"''' ^^''^g'^^vn and
'-ursea of America fairly vie C ft 1 "":'"" '••'^'''-"'"« race
tl.o quality degenerated iy tn.I ll ! T"''" ^''« ^''-'f- Nor ha.
Parole and other good portornu..'. ;!!."' ""; '^'■"^••'^ ^^'^^ rri.>ross,
caps of tho English tnrf, and hUo, r.n ", "'"" ""^ I"'''"'l'"' tandi-
Dorby, the St. Leger and otluM- ffrcat t, l'""^"'"'' ''"" ^''*' ^'''^.'^i'^J'
the equally famous Foxhall won the Z n •' I- n"' ''" ''"' ^■""•-' 3'cnr
the two great autumn handicni).. the Can.! ' ' ^V ''' '" ^''■""^•^'. «''d
in England. Tho thorou^hbi^^d i/ a „ ^ ^^ "'^' ""^ *''« Cosarowitch,
gence, proportion and beauty, and crossed nn^" T!T!°'' ''"'"'""' '"*''"'-
riubi. roduce, the most beneficent osu,! A ' """^ "'"'""'•^ '"v-
table of the highest .,eed attained atTu d^etanceT' '" '" '"""'^ "
rJ
MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
1.25
2.2
(3.2
fa
3.6
4.0
1.4
1.6
^' APPLIED IIVMGE
165 J East Moin Street
(716) 482 - 0300 -Phone
(716) 2aa - 5989 -Fa,
1174
THK AMI'.KIf'AX KAKMKk S ST(jrK li()(!K.
RUNNING TABLE,
Being the fastest records at all distances up to four miles.
>ii;.K.s.
K
I
11 -1(!
f
'«]
i;5-i(i
]'4
1 ni. f
500 V. \
1.^8
1 1.,
2
2>,
'^4
Belle, age and weight uiikiiowu, Galveston, Tex., July 3, 1S80
Aisle, 4 yrs., Little Rock. Ark., April 25, 1882
Olitipu. 2 yi-s., 07 lbs.. Sural ogii. July 2,'). 1874
Jim Keuwick, 5 yrs., 115 lbs., Sau Franci.sco, November 3, 1SS3
Force, 5 yrs., 121 lbs., Louisville, September 24, 1883
Joe Cotton, 4 yrs., lOG lbs., Sheepslieail Bay. June 30, 1886
Rico, 4 yrs.. 90 Ib.s., Chicago (VV'ashiiigion Park), July 28, 1886
Telle Doe, 4 yrs., 106 >2 lbs.. Baltimore, November 3, 1886
Berty R., 6 yrs., 103 lbs., .San Francisco. November 25. 1886
Ten Broeck, 5yrs.. 110 lbs., Louisville, May 24, 1877
Jim Douglass, a, 122 lbs., Chicago (Washington Park), June 29. 1880.
Spalding. 4 yrs., 97 lbs., Chicago (Washington Park), July 1. 1886. .
Rosalie, 4 vrs. (catch-weight 80 lbs.'' Brighton Beach, Aug. 13, 1881.
i
Highllight, 4 yrs., 108 lbs.. Lexington. October 21, 1886
I
i Binnette, 5 yrs., 101 lbs., Chicago CWashington Park), July 12. 1886.
' La Hylphide, 4 yrs., 98 ll)s., Lexington. Octol)er 22, 1886
Dry Monopole, 4 yrs., 100 lbs., Brooklyn, N. Y., May 14. 1887
\ Bond Or, 4 yrs., 115 lbs., Saratoga. July 25, 1882
' L'ncas, 4 yrs., 107 lbs , Sheepsliead Bay. September 23, 1880
Luke Blackburn, 3 yrs., 102 lbs., Monmouth Park, August 17. 1880..
Jim Guest, 4 yrs , 98 Ib.s., Chicago (Washington Park), July 24, 1886.
i Exile, 4 yrs., 115 lbs., Sheepshead Bay, .September 11, 1886
Glidelia, 5 yrs., 116 lbs., S.aratoga. August 5. 1882
Enigma, 4 yrs., 90 lbs., Sheepshead Bay. September 15, 1885
i
I Ten Broeck, 4 yrs., 104 lbs., Louisville. May 21), 1877
Monitor, 4 yrs., 11011)s., Baltimore, October 20, 1880
'springbok, 5 yrs., 114 lbs.,
Pn-akness, a, 114 lbs.,
h
Sarat<)ga, July 29, 1875.
Aristides, 4 yrs., 104 lbs.. Lexington, May 13, 1876
Ten Broeck, 4 yrs., 104 lbs.. Lexington, September 10, 1876
Hubbard, 4 yrs., 107 lbs., Saratoga. August 9, 1873
Drake Carter, 4 yrs., 115 lbs., Sheepshead Bay, September 6. 1884. ..
Ten Broeck, 4 yrs., 101 Ihs., Louisville, September 27, 1870
Tn:i:
0:21%
0:36'.j
0:47?i
1 :00,'a
1:13
1 :39%
1:47>„
1 :53>4
•J:o:i,
2:07>s
J
1.,,
iui„
2:34
3:01
3:20
3 :••:',
3:.|4'-s
3:ntiiv,
■1:271;
■l;:iSi.j
."i:'J-l
.mor^
K llMOli.
up to foiu* miles.
., July 3, ISSO.
aveiuber 3, 1883
,1883
iie30, ISSO
). .luly 28, 1SS6
er3, 1886
ber25, 1886
1877
Park),, Tune 29. ISSO.
I'ark), Julyl.lSSG..
5e:idi, Aug. 13. ISSl.
n,lSS6
Park), July 12.1886.
22,1886
, May 14. 1887
ber23, 1S80
k, August 17, 1880..
Park), July 24,1886.
erll, 1880
2
liber I'l, 1885
1S77
ISSO
'IIIK AMKKKA.V TliOTTKl;.
TROTTING AND PACING TABLES
Being the best records un tn t ^^^®^'
oras up to January 1st, 1887.
THOTTlN«i.
1175
Distance.
I inilo by a nmre
Ki'ldiii). ."'■
■• Siilllloil
on a half mile track
I 111 ii i'a,.,u
.''•'^y^ayi'urling
*.Maii(l s
'Jay-lOyo-Sp,'
*;MiixeyC<)birt.
Kariis..
Man.l.s. (Ill „(1 heat)
Time.
tlireo-year-oldjliiiiila l{(,se
il'ati-uii
{ mile i.y a fo„r.ycar.oiaMa„.aniNf ""'"''*
'-'!'■--" " ':ii^.^.z^
^ •• ,f,"'".'>' ^\''tlier,s|,o„„
5 .. 'Huntress
10 ■• '-'"ly .Mack
■>o •' <'"iitn)ller
:r_<''"l>laiii .McGowaa
(Jlcvelanil, o
•>arra;.'aii,c'lt, I£. i
,^,arn.Kanseu, U. l'
I'lleilo, I)
V'licaffD.iii
Is:,';; J. ''""'•"■'■". (ai
I -'"^'iif-'tn,,, Kv ^'
"I'ltl lieat in a race.)
|l:c\iniri,,i,, k^.
I ,"■■'< '-Ipliia, I-a
"•"Mi'liia Pa
; lllCi.KO, III
i,',i;';.'ii"-'7 •;■"■''• "'kill
'/■iklaml, Cal
lln",*"''";V'^''"' '-''"■
""^lllll, .M;i>s
.Inly 30
An;,'. I
^tipt. ;«,
.July L'O,
I iiule ...
I!t»i:! heats'
» niilea
•i " .
;i "
,5 "
III "
20 "
l"(l|lcful
■■!"i>|icful ..
jticncralliutlcr
Hextcr..
lI'iiiiKfellow
il.iltleMac.
Molin .Stewart
J'Uontroller.
I-', 1 87s
TO WA(io.V.
<;'i'caK„,i||. ' _
Kasl,i„„ Ti-K.k'i I V '• -■ "■■'<
. Ka.m,,n T,!aci^',^7- ; ^I'n^- {::;«
■^'icranicnl,,, v\i\ ■ ■'• ""'■'
■ l^an I'ranciscd.Cai
"iiMou, M,i.<s
'^!iii ^l■anciscll;(■,,|
1 imie .
1 miles
3 "
]<jrcat Eastern
;<.c(iiw M. I'alcln.,,
iUulclmiaii .
UNDEIl SADDLE.
■•"cpl.-JI, |si;s
""■1. •::), |.s,;;j
•luiie .'til, isc!
■Mini JO, i,s7,s
~ <'^»-2Lj>.' .\n,'. ,.,J
'•V TKAMS.
4 :.-,u
, :, — "' "-AMS.
1 mile. Maud .S. and Miliii,. a, ,• *., _
liiiile. *-^V'J^cyCoblMnHlNmMcd,,nn r..„,u , ' ""'"'^ " ' "• ^ •'""-■IhU t„ amad
I utile .
. ■**■""« HU.VNINdMATE.
--=:.=r--r=:- - ' : I N.li rau'anse.t, |{. ,. i-Tni'Vl, |,sm4.
PACING.
IN' IIAUNK.SS.
Distance.
I mile
I " iiui r.ico .'..."
' " licst lliroo heats
■ miles (dead lieat)
Name.
I'lace.
I>ale.
T
'I'iinc.
I mile
/ohnston 'rblcnmi in '
> ccpy Ti.m 'I cmS ' f '^<-t- •■), IS<4
lattle Kn-wn Jus / rif,*; • 1 V-' ''"ly Sr, .s;.,
---— , • '^^1 ' ' • i'l, IiSt
TO WAGON. ~ "■
I swcetzeV: -; TTnv, (r.,Y„^v^v —
1 mile.
2 mjle.-i
I mile
I iiiilBovct
I James K. .:»olk.
U\DEU SAUDLK.
fHnfrald, N."v
I ''liiladcljdMi^l'a."
BY riuvs,
sTitiV,-
I Aug. j.isiisj
Miinejo, i«,-)0 I
:___^.:rOi!cfibSlh^
iliHu,- . W'"' hi;nk,.n„ mate. " -^
— : — — —_-___ •.■\ga2imttinieinnd not in a ru^. ~ '
•i'-.m;^
'■ li
1176
AMKRICAN FAKMEK 8 STOCK BOOK.
A LIST OF THE FASTEST TROTTING RECORDS
FROM 9^f)SU TO 2:20.
2:08 3-4.
Maud S., chestnut mare, 151 liajuls, foaled 1874, by Ilaiold, ho by
Hamblctoniaii, dam Miss Russell, by Pilot Jr. ; 2d dam Sally Russell, hy
Boston. Against lime. Cleveland, O., July ?0, 1885.
2:10.
Jay-Eyc-See, black gelding, 15J^ hands, foakd 1878, by Dictator, lio
by Hambletonian, dam Midnight, by Pilot Jr.; 2d dam Twilight, by
Providence, R. I., Aug. 1, 1884.
Lexington
Against time.
2:11 1-4.
St. Julien, bay gelding, 16 hands, foal»d 1809, by Volunteer, he 'ny
Hambletonian, dam Flora, by Coming's Harry Clay ; 2d dam by Napo-
leon. Against time. Hartford, Conn., Aug. 27, 1880.
2:13 1-4.
Maxy Cobb (dead), buy horse, 16 hands, foaled 1875, by Happy Me-
dium, he by Hambletc.nian, dam Lady Jenkins, by Prince Nebo.
Against time. Providence, R. I., Sept. 30, 1881.
Rarus, bay gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1867, by Conklin's Abdullah,
dam Nancy Awful, by Telegraph; 2d dam Lady Hunter, by Vermont
Black Hawk. Against time. Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1878.
2:13 3-4.
Phallas, bay horse, 16 hands, foaled 1877, by Dictator, he by Hamblp-
tonian, dam Betsy Trotwood, l)y Clark Chief; 2d dam by Ericsson.
Chicago, 111., J "v., 1884.
^:14.
Clingstone, bay ;»elding, 15J hands, foaled 1875, l)y Rysdyk, ho by
Hambletonian, dam Gretchen, by Chosroes; 2d C u Lady Fallis, !))■
Seely's American Star. Cleveland, O., July 28, 1882.
Goldsmith Maid (dead), bay mare, 15J hands, foaled 1857, by Alex-
ander's Al)dallah, he by Hambletonian, dam Lady Abdallah, by Abdal-
lah I. Against time, Boston, Mass., Sept. 9, 1874.
Trinket, bay mare, 15| hands, foaled 1875, by Princeps, he by Wood-
ford Mambrino, dam Ouida, by Hambl-etonian ; 2d dam by imp. Coiistci-
nation. Against time, Morrisania, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1881.
2:14 3i.
Harry Wilkes, bay gelding, 15J hands, foaled 1876, by Geo. Wilkes,
THK AMKKICAN T.'iOTTKU.
d 1876, by Geo. Wilkes,
dam Mollie Walker, I.v 0.n|..in xv i. ^^^^
Hopeful, ffi-jiy <r(.|,i:,,„. ^r~i , . '
1-ula, bay mare, 16 hands, foaled 18(5'^ i a.
the M„rso Horee, dam Kate Crod ! I ' ^^ ^'^'^'^^^^''^ Nor.nan, ],3 l.y
Buffalo, N. Y., An. 1,), Lsr" '^' ''^ """' "^^^^^^ ^'' ^'au, l,y Texas
^iajolica, bay "-eldiiKr i !■> i i
ta,„ Walto,.. P.'ovideucc'E'l';'^!;,,':^ i^s?. ■"" "''' ''•'■"'• ''^ Cup-
2:15 1-1.
Bcllo P buy m»re, 15} |,„„1|,, f„„|,,.
IlamMctoniun, d,mi Bello Haali,,,,, |,v Tl 1?,' ^ M"'*"'-!"'!". he by
Mm ci,i,.f. H,„.tf„,<,, c„„„.,s':;tVi;8 ■'""""' ^ '•' *"" "^ M"--
A...c,ica„ Sla,-. s„„i„ b„,„_ „,, '^ ; ';',''■"" .''""'^ D„„„, by Seely,
c.5;:;?t;'-7:::r-xr'fvB,,,„.,,.,,, „.
Aug. 81. 187G (b„»t stallion a^J.;, .?;'f4':''''''"''- "»'«"■•'. Oo„n.,
n. . 2:15 1-2.
Uemmie G., chestnut m'lro i<- i . .
A..erieaa Clay, dam Ned, by Berl ov'Tf', V ''''' '^ ^'^^'^^ '- ^Y
^";"<> Chief. Providence i J 's pt to 7s84"'"'^ '' '^'" "^ ^^^«-
Hattie Woodward, bay mare 5V' . I t'
'^e by fLunblelonian. dan>' /..eel ' -^^ '^r''' ''''' ''^ ^'--^-n.
Clay, also by St. La^renc . B.ff f m^ v"'"^ ^'"'' ^" "« ^'^ "enry'
Jeron,o Turner, buy horse H^ I , / '' ^^"""^' ^' 1««0-
O.t. 7, 1886. ' """ ^^^ ^ ^^''"S Abdullah. St. Louis, xMo
coSb:,r;:;i;;^;;::^::t'^''''i^^"' ^^ ^'•"- ^"-<"">' '^« ^^
-'diau). Cleveland*^0.;};;;;3|f /;;" '''^"' '" 'y «-^ ^^-^'« (Cu
O.I A
in. 1886. ^ ^ '>y Reconstruction. R.,hester, N. Y., Aug.
ij
J J 78 T"!' AMKKICAK rAUMEU'S STOCK BOOK.
Manzanit., bay maro, 15 hands, foaled 1882, by Electioneer, ho by
Hambletonian, dam Mayfl(,wer, by St. Chuf. Lex.ugton. Ky., Sept.
3.1«*^^' 2:18 1-4.
Anteco. bay horse, fo.alod 1S1% by Elortioneer, he by Ilambletonian.
dam Columbine, by A. W. Richmond; 2d dam Cohunbia, by uni,. Bon-
nie Scotland. San FrancLsco, Cal„ Oct. 24, 1884.
Edwin Thorne. chestnut gelding, Ifi hands, f<,aled 1873 by Thovndalo.
he by Alexander's Abdallah, dam Lady Lightfoot, by Ashland ; 2d d.n.
by a son of Black Hawk. Buffalo, N. Y., Ang 9, 1884.
Fanny Witherspoon. chestnut mare, 16 hands, foaled 1874, b> Al-
niont, ho bv Alexander's Abdallah, dam Lizzie V^ 'thers^K.on, by Gough s
Wacrnor ; 2d dam unknown. Chicago, 111., Oct. 3, 1884.
\"ucili; Golddnst. bay mave, 15.1 hands, ^^^ ^'^ ^^y ^l^^^^
by Vermont M..rgan, dam a pacing mare; said to be by Bald Hornet.
Kochester, N. y., Aug. 10, 1877 uA ^Hn bv Messen-or
Maud Messenger, bay mare, 15 hands, foaled 1877, by Messen._or
Chief, he by Abdallah Pilot, dam by Gentle Breeze. Hartford. Conn.,
^tl'ivt K^bay gelding, IH hands, foaled 1880, by King Wilkes he
by George Wi.lL%am\y Virginias he ''7 Lexington ; 2d dam by a
son of American Eclipse. Hartford, Conn., Sept 2 1886.
Wi son, bay gelding, 15f hands, foaled 1876, by George Wdkes, he
by HambletoniL. dam Miss Coons, by Clark Chief ; 2d dam by Amer-
can Clay. Cleveland, O., Aug. 1, 1883.
2:18 1-2.
American Girl (dead), bay mare. 16 hands, foaled 1862, by Amos' (^
M Chy Jr.. he by Cassius M. Clay, breeding of dam unknown. Island
^ t^W W g.^n^titnl^'foaled 1872, by Delmonico, he hy
Gu^y ^il^e^by Ham°b.otoL, dam Bl.k Boss, by Cox's Stump the
Dealer • 2d dam not traced. Utica. N. Y.. Aug. 22 1879.
"" J ro;e Eddy, b.y horse. 15^ hands, foaled ^^^^:^y^:^^^^Z
he by Volunteer, dam Fanny Mapes, by Alexander s Abdallah , 2d <l.na
he^l^clo. WUk^^damby JoEn Dillard ; 2d dam by Gill's VernK.t.
Cleveland, O., Aug. 2, 1884. ^^^ ^ ^
Charley Ford, gray gelding, 15i hands, foaled 1871 by MeKisson's
l^naney a w", b j => j^ . t., ._ tt.,,„i, h,.f>M!n"' of dam un-
Gray Ea^le, he by a son of \ermonc Black Hawk, bicrtu)^
known. ^Chicago, 111., July 23, 1880.
THK AMKUIOAX TKOTTKIl.
]i7r»
Occident, brown geldinc,, i, ,,„„,,,, f,,,^,^.^,
Ciau.e( a pace.), du.n a Mus,.n, „.,.... Sucrau.e„to:ad. X't 17. ixr"
2:17.
Director, black hor.so, 154 hiiiuN ffvilp.l is-7 u r^- .
liii. Cleveland, O., Aug. 1, 18S,3 "» ' J^ i>en. ri.ink-
Gloster (dead), bay fe^ldil.g, 17 "hands, foaled l^OH, by Volunteer !.«
hyHambleto„,a„,da.M Black Bess, by Stockbridge CIdef .J |.n ' v
MambnnoPayma..... Rochester, N. Y., Au- ]| ™ ' "^ ^'""> '»>
Manibrino Sparkle, bay mare, ir,4h,„Ki, f"l.wl'lS7« 'k Af . •
Chief Jr., he by Mambrino Chief, dan. i v Sou ^ \' Uamhruu>
U da. by Magna Charta. Clev^la:;; ^X ^o!' ISsJ""^''"" '"'^""'
2:17 1-4,
Arab, bay gelding, 1.^ hands, foaled 1878, by Arthurto,. ho i
i:'tt:;'^;.'';:/^«r ""■■'-■--'^'■- "..-.t:r'i;'K,,;;;:
Black Cloud, black horse, 16 hands foMlorliSTo u a •. w,. .
niot, Chicago, III., July 22, 1882 ^aiisn s
Cil^-rt; 's"7 ^'''1"°' '"^ '"■"'^' ^'"'^^^ ^«^«' '^y Hambletonian. dam
Cla.a, by Seeley's American Star; 2d dam the McKinstrv ma e
Agan.st tune, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 14, 18fi7. ^^^^'"^^'y >"'>'e.
Piedmont, chestnut horse, 16 hamls fo'ih-d 1S71 k ti , .
Alexanae... A,.,»N.,„. „,„„ ^,„,. y:,'^;':; ' ,;"^:,:;; 70 'ie ^^d
<l»m™dtobebyG,„yEagle. Cl,ic,,g„, m., .^ ,9, jg^, '^"'"f' ^^
bo-So, bay mare, lej haiiils, f„alod 1875, hv Genwe Will,., h. 1,
«7';'=';: ^*"'' ^'"'» '>"■• V K>iwi.. F,:,.it,;a3 ,';•,; 5;
Red Jacket. Hartford, Conn., Au<r 26 1881 '^'-^^ . "7
of Milage 1'26T'2d'l '""'? '"'^' ''''' '^ ^'"^ ^""' ^-" ^"« ^•-
M.la C, 2.26i; 2d dam unknown. Pittsburg, Pa., July 17, 1885.
2:17 1-2.
Pafoirn y^f"^ ^f '^'"f ' ^"-^^ by Patchen Vernon, he by George M.
PatchenJr damuntraced. San Jose. Cal., Sept. 30, 1886.
Bess.e chestnut mare, 16 hn.uls, f.,,ded 1876, by Blue Bull, dam by
Patrick Henry. Cleveland, O., July 29, 1886 . ^um b>
Charley Hilton, bay gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1879. by Louis Napo-
leo,,. he by Volunteer, dam a Morgan mare. Hartford, Conn., Sept.' 4.
J'y^'K^'^ftr^ 15J hands, foaled 1880, by Kentucky Prince Jr.,
he by Kentucky Prince, dam by American Clav. Rochester. N V
Aug. 12, i«86. " --, i- -.,
I .1
f
1180
THK AMKHICAN FAHMEKS STOCK BOOK.
Ncllio K., clR'stimt mare, foaled 1874, by Gen. McClellan Jr., he by
Gen. IMcClellan, dam by a son of Gen. McClellan. Stockton, Cal., Nov.
Robert McGregor (dead ), chestnut horse, foaled 1871, by Major Ldsal,
ho by Alexander'-s Abdallaii, dam by American Star; 2d dam by Young
Mcssen-'or Duroc. Fort Worth, Tex., Nov. 23, 1883.
Santa Glaus, bay horse, UAh hands, foaled 1874, by Strathmore, dam
Lady Thorno Jr., by Williams' Mambrino; 2d dam Kate, by HighlamI
Chief. Chicago, 111., July 10, 1881.
2:17 3-4.
Duqucsno, chestnut horse, 15^ hands, foaled 1875, by Tippoo Bashaw,
he by Doble's Black Bashaw, dam Wild Rose, by Hambletoman ; 2d
dam by a son of Abdallah I. Pittsburg, Pa., July 2C,, 1883.
Hannis, chestnut horse, 15 hands, foaled 1870, by Mambrino Pdot, he
by Mambrino Chief, dam Lady Stewart, a fast trotting mare pedigree
unknown. Hartford, Conn., Aug. 20, 1880.
Joe Davis, brown gelding, IG hands, foaled 1877, by Dr. Herr, he by
Mambrino Patchen, dam by Mambrino Pilot Jr., he by Mambrmo Chief.
Cleveland, O., July 31, 1885. ^ „ . ,
S-dly Benton, gray mare, 16 hands, foaled 1880, by Gen. Benton, dam
Sontag Mohawk, by Mohawk Chief; 2d dam Sontag Nelly, by Toronto
Sontag. Against time, San Francisco, Dec. 13, 1884.
2:18.
Adelaide, bay mare, 16 hands, f..aled 1878, by Milwaukee, he by
Hambletonian, dam Minnie B., by Bay Mambrino, he by Bay Chiet,son
of Mambrino Chief. Cleveland, O., July 28, 1885.
C F Clay, bay horse, foaled 1881, sired by Caliban, he by Mam-
brine, Pilot, dam Soprano, by lom Hal. St. Louis, »I^'-' O^'J-.^' '^''I;-
Dick Swiveler, bay gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1870, by Walkdl C b.ef,
ho by Hambletonian, dam Madam Swiveler, by a son of Henry Cliiy;
2d dam by Rattler. Utica, N. Y. Aug. 22, 1879.
Edwin Forrest, bay gelding, 16 bands, foaled 1871, by Brannock s
Ned. Forrest, dam Fanny Monday, by Smiling Tom ; 2d dam Sal Strick-
land, by Bertrand Jr. Utica, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1878.
Glen Miller, white horse, 16^ hands, foaled 1875, by White Line,
he by a horse captured in the Rebellion, dam by Alexander's Abdullah.
Chicao-o, 111., Ju'ic 17> 1885.
Credit Eastern, brown gelding, 17^ hands, foaled 1869, by Walkill
Chief he by Hambletonian, dam by Riley's Consternation; 2d d;im by
Fer"Json's'Kenlucky Hunter. Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1877,
THK.AMKIUCAN TKOTTKU. jj^j.
Judge Fnllcrton (dead), chestnut <rek|in^ 1 '.a i . .
Edward Everett, ho hv IH.nhlof • V"' ^ ^ ''""'^'' ^"••'''^*' l''^"^. by
July 28. 1875. ^ ^'•""''•^•t,.,„a,., da.n unknown. Clevehuul. O..
Kato Si)ruu;uo, brown iii'iro i^y i i ,. ■
i.e Uy Rhld A^Ld, ;:.:";:;;,. '^:; ;; :^' ^«^^. "y nov. Sprague.
by Gen. Gifford. IWhester, N. Y An / m I'S^ ' '^' ^''"" ^^'"'^"''
Netlio(dead), bay ,n a re IPM i f ' ^'
dan. l.y Seelv-^ A.iL 's^ .''::i";; ^"'"^ ''''- ^y Hambletoni„„.
H.>l.oko„,N.J.,Se,.t. 11,18;:;.' '^ ^''"" ""^ *'■'"-'• I^-cun Park,
Prince Arthur, bay ireldin<r ir-.i i i ^ .
Fearnaught. he by P^.n. gu! ^ Z'^l/^f ^^'''' ''^ '''^^^-"
29, 188(!. ° ' " ""^ ^''^^•'^J- Cleveland, O., July
Proleino (dead), brown ni'iiP iMi, i o ,
H»,vl<. E„.t S„gi„a„, J,i.,,,, .,„„„ I'il'j^";; '•' ''""■ '■>■ "I"".!.. Black
Red Cloud, bay "eldino' T"i3 1,.., i r ■ , !
by Moody's iavy £ o^ Ji't d n ' . ""' ''^ '''-''' '^^-'-^ '-
Aug. 7., 1874. ' •' '""^'"° ""t traced. Buffalo, N. Y-.
2:18 1-4.
Belle Hamlin, bay mare, l.'^,? hands f„.,io,i 1Q70 , tt ,.
J.-., ho „y Al,„o,„, .1„,„ by h! i. 'j ! , ; '^ '^T''"''^''"™'
iJilly IJutton, chestnut "•eldinjT ^^^^i li...wi * i , ,
tonianPrince,hebyHa.Sle';;;t;;lnL^:;/S
Providence, R. I., Juno 17, 1885. ' ' ^ ^ "'=' ' ^"S^"'
Catchfly, bay marc, l.'if hands, foaled 187fi bv A ? • • .
Hambletonian, dan. Cachuca, i; Ahm. 2 '',t " brS:"' F^ f'
Janesville, Wis.. June 21. 1884. ^ ^'"^ ^"S'''-
Kenilworth. bay geld" .-, U hands, foaled 1877 bv Wnn,U- i a.
dallah, ho by Woodford . t,.abrino, dan. by Wi 1 Ls L.l n; m
Y., Aug. 20, 1886. J v> uKe^ jjooth. Utica, N.
Lady Maud brown marc, 1.5i hands, foaled 1867, by Gen Knov h«
by Vermont Hero, dam Fanny, by Sabek.he by Lo<4/by m-nrv n'
2a dam not traced. Rochester.^. Y.. An., ll 1875 ^ ^ Hemy Clay;
Lady Thorne (dciul). bay mare. 16i hands,' foaled 1856, by Mam-
«" w-n ' ^""^ ^"""' '^^^ ''^ ^'"-■•-'» Eclipse; 2d dan by 7 ou
of Sir Wdliam. Providence, R. L, Oct. 8. 18(i9 ^
Lucy, bay mare, 15^ hands, foaled 1850. by Geo M p.,tcl.Pn h k
Cassiua M. Clay dam by May Day. he by' i^^i ' ^ ' ;> '^.^^
fighter, by ,mp. Expedition. Buffalo, N. Y., Aucr 9 1872
Midnight, black gelding. ISJ hands, foaled 187^2. bV Peacemaker he
1182
AMKIUCAN lAUMKIt's STOCK HOOK.
hy Iliimhl.'loniaii, dam l>y llio Drew horse; 2(1 dlmi by Witlioroll Mcs-
senj-cr Buffalo, N. Y., Aujr 3, 1H78.
Monmc Chief, brown lioisc, \r)i liaudM, foaled 1870, !»>- Jim Moiiioe.
he by Alexander's Al)dallah, dam by Bay Chief; 2d dam by Toroiil...
Chiciigo, III.,,Iuiy 21, 1H80.
Pickanl, bay geldinjr, 1(5 hands, foaled 187(,), by Alxlaiiah Pilot, he
by Alexander's Abd.dlah, dam by Bourbon Chief; 2d dam by Bertrand.
Hartford, Conn., Juno 20,1882.
Rosa Wilkes, bay mare, 15^ hands, foaled 1874, by George Wilkes,
dam by Mambrino Patchen; 2d dam Lady Stanhope. Cleveland, O.,
Jnlv 28, 1882.
2:18 1-2.
Bonita, i>ay mare, 15 hands, foaled 1879, by Electioneer, he by Ilam-
bletonian, dam May Fly, by St. Clair (pacer). Hartford, Conn., Sept.
1, 188(5.
Col. Lewis, gray gelding, 1(5 hands, foaled 1870, by Rifleman, he l))-
imp. Glen(!oe, dam unknown. San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 14, 1878.
Elvira, black mare, l.'Ji hands, foaled 1880, by Cuyler, he by Ham-
bletonian, dam Mary Mambrino, by Maml)rino Patchen ; 2d dam liy
Embry's Wagner. Against time. Cleveland, O., Sept 26, 1884.
J. B. Thomas, bay gelding, 15 hands, foaled 1874, by Sterling, he by
Patchen Boy, by Godfrey's Patchen, dam Lady Hooper, by Defiance;
2d dam untraced. Washington, D. C, July 6, 1883.
Moody, gray horse, by Swigert, ho by Alexander's Norman, dam by
McKeeson's Gray Eagle. Chicago, 111., Aug. 19, 1886.
Slow Go (dead), roan gelding, foaled 1866, by Young Sharatack.
he by Sharatack, he by a son of American Eclipse, dam unknown.
Cleveland, O., July 2, 1877.
Wm. H., bay gelding, 15J hands, foaled 1875, by Young Wilkes, lie
by George Wilkes, dam by Daniel Webster, he by Cassius M. Cliiy,
Chicago, °I1 1., July. 19, 1882.
2:18 3-4.
Cleora, black mare, 15.2^ hands, foaled 1875, by Menelaus, he In
Hambletonian, dam Thornleaf , by Mambrino Patchen; 2d dam Dandy,
by Engineer IL Chicago, 111., Sept. 22, 1882.
Felix, bay gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1875, by Nutwood, he by Bel-
mont, dam by Roe's Abdallah Chief. Pittsburg, Pa., July 6, 188(5.
Frank Landers, brown gelding, 153 hands, foaled 1875, by Saddling
Buck, he by Chad's Buck, dana a pacing mare. Chicago, III., July 14,
1884.
THK AMKKICA.V TliOTTKU.
Kilofoot, h;u nmro. If] |,.i,„Is f i ,, ^'*''*
untcer .la... VU.k, Uy M.,nU.; J v^^^^ ''':'>: ^-"'-"••'<. Lo hy V.,,.
Sept. 1.5, l8H(i. ^""t- My«tio l'a.k,l{,,s(on,Mas.s.,
Niitw()(Ml, chestnut l.oiso ivn. 1 r
0.-a..geI},.y, |,.,y„„|,,i,„, ,, • ^><'v. ^7, l,S7f).
Mich.,. July 22, 188(!. '"' ^<' ''•"'« u pacer. Detroit,
Patcheti, chcsttmt jjeldiiKr 1 ^ji i. , ,
C(...».. Aug. 28, 1880. " ' (hi'oedi.ig doubtful). Ilartfo.d,
. , , 2:19
Adele Gould, chestnut mai-'^ ni,.. I , .
by IIa.nl.ieto„ia,., da.r. E.noliu'e. by 1 ui. 'n'"l \T' ''^^ ''^y Gould, ho
adi.K Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 4, 18^2 ^ ^- ^"'^''^'"' 2<i cia.n by Sal-
All)eniarle, grav freldiii<r"ir:'i ,* ,
by se.or's B.aci/H::vi ";„'';;; :;/-'^V'''' 'y '^-' «-^-. ^^
Ha.tford, Co..„., Aug. 2.3, i87.S ' "'"' *^' '" ''>■ A-^-evv JackJo...
Alley bay goldi„g, i^ ,,,,„^,
Hambletou.Vu, dam by No^v Yo.-k Bh!^^ „ ^^' ''>' Voluutoe.-, ho by
Paymaster. Chicago, III., .;„,, 25 iSTo "''^' '*' ^''"» ^'^^ Mambrino
Boncsetter ^dea(^^ !»..„ 1, ,',
ho-, he by B..::!^;^, ;r :,,'-''- /oaled 1871, by Brooks'
2d dam untraced. Rocheso N Y A„ "^ f/'""^ ^"""I^ ^I.e Dealer;
Cozotte, black mare l^tu ',.''■ ^•'' ^^7^-
Bashaw. 1; by Y::g's?5;S;t;:Vlf' "^ ^'"'"^^'^'^ «'-k
Ym Aug. 9, 187fi. ' ^ -'^' ''*"" ^'y ^t'"-gazer. Rochester, N.
Edward, chestnut geldi.io- rflnv^^
1872, by Masterlode,L ; H '2;? ""'" ""^ ^-"O. 1« hands, foaled
P-videncc, R. I..s;pt! iJm '^ '''"" ^'^ ^o be by Bacchus.
Roodhouse's St. Lawrence. Rochest! ty ''t" '^ ^^«""'''' ''^^'^ ^y
Graves, chestnut geldin- TTlTo.f ^^ '^"'^ '^' ^^^I.
He by Guy Miller, hf by ^J t^^^f by Whipple's Hambletonian.
k-vn. Stockton. Cal!^ Sept 20 I879' " '^'"''"' ^'^^'^^''^^ ""-
"''' '""' ^""^ "'-^' ^« '--^ -'"^^ --. by .Odor's Cloud
1184
TIIK AMKItlCAN FAUMIMt'.S STOCK HOOK.
Mumhriiio, lio by ii son of Jju-kHon's Flying Cloud, dam Pop Corn-, LM
dam Niid to l)C by Kriipso. Hiiffalo, N. Y., Aug. (>, 1H«0.
Lena Swallow, bay mare, 1.^ Iiands, foaled 1H77, by WUw Hull, dii.n
by Sii- Aicliy Lijihtfoot. CliiiMgo, (11., Juno 17, LSBC).
Tui-kiT, olu-stnut gcld'n,!,', li» bauds foalod 1877, by Slratl-morc, 1m
by Ilanibletoiiian, dam Fanny, l>y Hol> Henry; "id dam by TucIum^
Gray Mcsst-ngi-r. Poiigldu'tMwie, N. Y., Juno 11, 188(5.
Minnit) R., bay iran , Itj hands, foaKul 1872, by J. i\ BrtH-kcniid--,
ho said to bo by Gray E;iglo, dam said to bo by Exchequer. CMiicago,
111., July 17, 1882. Pacing record, 2:lti4.
Wcdgewood, brown horao, l^J hands, foaled 1871, by Belmont, ho
by Alexander's Abdalhili, dam Woodbine, by Woodford, ho by a son of
Sir Archy. Hartford, Conn., Auu'. 28, 1880.
2:10 1-4
AMinc, brown mare, 1.')^ hands, foaled 1873, by Almont, da u Mother
Hubbard, l)y Johnson's Toronto ; 2d dam unknown. Hartford, Conn.,
Aim. 31, 1881.
Amelia C, bay marc, 15 hands, foaled 187»), by Dexter Bradford, ho
by Haml.letonian, dam by Volunteer. Providence, K. I., Juno 17, 1881!,
Bodine, bay gelding, 1(5 hands, foaled 18(55, by Volunteer, dam by
Coming's Harry Clay ; 2d dam unknown. East Saginaw, Mich., Juim
25, 1875.
ComoG (dead), bay gelding, foaled 1805, by Daniel Lambert, he by
Ethan Allen, dam by Hiawatha, ho by u s<ui of Vermonl Black Hawk.
Hartford, Conn., Aug. 27, 1877.
Croxio, bay mare, 16 hands, foaled 1872, by Clark Chief, ho by Mam-
brino Chief, dam by Young Priam ; 2d dam by Downing's Bay Messen-
ger. Buffiilo, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1878.
" Geo. Palmer (dead), !)ay gelding, 15^ hands, fouled 18fil, by Ames'
Bogus, ho by Ballard's Bogus, dam by Henry Clay. Providence, K. I.,
Oct. 8, 1809.
Iron Ago (dead), roan gelding, K? hands, foaled 1871, by Ji,lcs Jur.
genson, h'o by Gen. Knox, dam untraced. Providence, 11. I., Sept. 10,
1 ua 1
Joo Buidver, gray gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1874, by George Wilkes,
dam Lady Bunker, by Seely's American Star. Morrisania, N. Y., June
21, 1883.
Kceno Jim, roan gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1873, by Lookout, he by
Bourbon Chief, dam Laura Fair, by Morgan Rattler; 2d dam by a sen
of Kosciusko. Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1880.
CK MOOK.
ZUnu], (liim Pop Corn-, l'i|
.iig. ('), IHHO.
1H77, by IMiui Bull, tluiH
17, IHHO.
1 1877, l»y Slratl-moro, Ik
iry; 2<l tlmn by Tiicki'i-
I 11, 1880.
3, hy J. ('. Brcckciuidi.'!',
by Excheqiiur. CMiiciigo,
led 1871, by Bcbnont, Iio
Woodford, Iio by a noh of
}, by Altnont, da n MotlitT
iiiowa. Hartford, Conn.,
C), by Dexter Bradford, lin
eiice, K. L.tluno 17, 1881],
55, bv Volunteer, dam by
Kast Saginaw, Mich., .liuii'
by Daniel LaMil)ert, lie hy
of Verinont Black Hawk.
y Clark Chief, ho by M;im-
•y Downiiijr's Bay Messen-
ul9, fouled 1801, by Allies'
' Clay. Providence, li. I,,
foaled 1871, by Ji.les Jur-
'rovideiico, R. I., Sept. 10,
A 1874, by Georire Wilkes,
. Morrisania, N. Y.,Juiie
1 1873, by Lookout, he liy
Rattler; 2d dam liy a son
THK A.MKIMC
O
V(.|
M
■man, eheslimt n-,.|,Ii„^r, i,;^ ,
"hawk, lie hy h„u<r Maiul'l
W TItOTTKn,
'•""•s f-'alcd Is::,
ns.'i
by Hill's Black Hawk. C'l
il;i<'
H
.iwl
>•>, hv Kl
Ml", h(> Im
Parana, bay mare, i:,^ |,.„„']
"<•••'?-">. III... Inlv l,s IH
':"" ''>''«illv.M.C.acl;,,,.|
toiii;ui, I
r
nice
SI
'" by M,n„|„,„„ |.||,„^ ,,^_^^'jj
iJ<l dam by U„y,,I (;,,„,„,
'■""l«'d ISTl, hy :\f
II
l« "f Cav
kn
'•'•py .foe, blown jjcldJMir, l.li I
••". ClevehiM.I, ()., j„|/;5, ,^^.j
-••"1, Sept. H, IH.S!).
">''-. foaled I«7t; I
'y Miimhri,,,, 11:„„|,|„.
"^'^'. by Il.'imhh.tonian
HtScd
Spofford, black rjei.liii:;, n^ |
I'lL' 111).
dam hy Dispalch, he by H,ii;il,|
'••i'"ls foaled 1,S7!», |,v j^-
[ oiiiisr
"II dl. Rochester, N. V A
William Arthur, bay geldi,„r, i.^^
Clii.f. ho by Clark Chief, d"
188.').
'■•:"'i">i;2ddamWhit;-f,
. AiiMT. 12, ],s,s(;
tlOl
cnliuky IVinee,
. ><aid to ho hy
li.iiids.
["aie.ll,S78, |,y (^,„f,.,,
•*''"" "<'t faced, Clevcluiul'o
WiKon, brown horse, l.'i |)„,„|, f,
Vrale
•biiy 29.
(thodaiii of Albert 1<
July 22, 188(3.
'•^•"'".2:20i)|,y Hamhiet
■:'"''"' 1^70, hy G..„. W
ilk
es.
dam
Walnut, bay gelding, l.-ij |,,„„,,
*"'■■'"• Di'troit, Mich.
Haml)letoiiian, dam by M
Pittsburg, Pa., July 17^ ig^
ossenger Hamhlctoii
foaled 1.H7.'), I,y i,'|
nan;
"'•ida, h(
(1 dam hy Magiiol
'•y
lia.
2:19 1-a.
Ahbotsford, bay horso, foaled 1872 hv W
Mamhrino Chief, dam ColumI
greo unknown. San F
Antevolo, l)ro\vn I
la, by Y
■'•"dford Mamhrino, ho by
•■••incisco, Cal., Aug. 24, 188,3
«'"ng Columbus; 2d dam'« ped
A liiv O I t Linn *
""■•so, foaled 1881, hy Elect
toiiian,dam Columbine (d«m of Ante'eo^ rn'";"'; ''° ''^ "•""'''«■
Sac-iamei.to. Cal.. Sent If i«.. "*' ^"^^i)' »'y ^- W- Richmond
Sept. II, 1885.
Captain Emnion.s, chestnut geld
tinental, he by Bacon's Ethan Allei",'°d
'"'g.
153
Morgan; 2d dam by Stuht.iil. P
im the K
liaiids, foaled 1871, hv (
on-
Dawn, chestnut h
by Whipple'.s HambI
rovid
lorso, foaled 1881,
Mnmoiis maiv, |,y Ti<rcr
^•'•'•e, R.I.,. Juno 21, 1884. °
DcB,
lotonian. San F
sired by Nutwood, d
:iin Countess,
5a 1
'•""eis.'o, Cal., Aug. 2f5, 188(5
•y, bay gelding, 15^ hands, foalod 1879,' h; N
mont, damby Happy Medium :.<! ,,...^,.
ho Kv Belmont, da.n hy Happy Med...
2:18. Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1885
il D(
'" 1 2d dam tlio d
'speraiidum.
I'll of Nett
le.
ver, bay gelding, 15J hand., foalid 18(58
Seoly's Ame;ic;;;„ StiuV d m b 'wHj ''']' 'T ''"'""^^^'•' '^'"» ''^
Prosnect P...,.l. T. i A.. ' 'L^ ^^''^""•' ''« ''y Grey Messen<r,.;
■os|)ectPark,L. l.,Oot. 15, 1880
Flash, black nia
hy Sir Alfred, a I
?. 1884.
Hirer,
'•0. 15i hands, foaled 1877, by Bonesetter
I'orso of unknown breeding. At Cleveland
2: 19, dam
. O., Auir,
\\\
1180
THE AMEUICAN FAUMEIl's STOCK BOOK.
Foi-rest Patchon, brown goldiiis, l.'>^ hands, foaled 1874, by Kin,L'
Patdien, ho by a son of Geoigo M. Patrhon, dam by Flying Cloud, by
Vermont Black Hawk, Hartford, Conn., June 14, 1883.
Frank, bay gelding, l^JhandH, foaled 187G, by Abraham, he by Dan-
iel Lambert, dam by Green Mountain Boy. Hartford, Conn., June 10,
1885.
■ Hinda Rose, bay mare, 15^ hands, foaled 1880, by Electioneer, he by
Hambletonian, dam Beautiful Bells, by The Moor ; 2d dam Minnehaiia,
by Bald Chief. Lexington, Ky., Oct. 12, 1883.
Modoc, chestnut gelding, 1;')^ hands, foaled ISTf), by Aberdeen, he by
Alexander's Abdallah, dam not traced. My>tic IVnU, Boston, Mass.,
Sept. 18, 1883.
Moose, bay gelding, 1<; hands, foaled 18(50, by Washburn Horse, hi«
breeding untraced, dam the Morrissey mare, said to be by imp. Trustee.
Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1880.
Nellie R., chestnut nuire, foaled 1874, by Gen. McClellan Jr., he l)y
Gen. IklcClellan, dam by a son of Gen. McClellan. San Francisco, Cal.,
Aug. 24, 1883.
Patron, bay colt, 15^ hands, foaled 1882, by Pancoast, 2:21J, he l.v
Woodford Mambrino, 2:21J, dam Beatrice, by Cuyler; 2d dam l.y
Mambrino Patchen. Lexington, Ky., Oct. 19, 1885.
Romero, gray gelding, 15f hands, foaled 1877, by A. W. Richmoiul,
he by Blackbird, dam Gretchen, by Mambrino Pilot ; 2d dam by Faii-
ning's Canada Chief. Stockton, Cal., Sept. 22, 1882.
Thomas L. Young, chestnut gelding, 15^ hands, foaled 18(55, by
Well's Yellow Jacket (breeding unknown), tlam a pacing marc, said U>
be by Bald Hornet. Fleetwood Park, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1875.
Tony Newell, bay gelding, 15^ hands, foaled 1874, said to be by n
sou of Clark Chief. Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1883.
Troubadour, black gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1874, by Revenge, lie l.v
a son of Black Hawk, dam Illinois Maid, by a son of Vermont Ilainl.Ii'-
tonian. Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1881.
Von Arnim, bay horse, 16 hands, foaled 1874, by sentinel, In- In
Hambletonian, dauj Mary Short, by Blood's Black Hawk; 2d diuu by
Downing's Bay Messenger Rochester, Aug. 12,1882.
Will Cody, bay gelding, foaled 1873, by Blue Bull, dam said to be by
American Eclii)se. Chicago, 111., July 23, 1880.
2:19 3-4.
Adelaide, bay mare, 14| hands, foaled 1867, by Phil. Sheridan, li.^ by
Sam Houston, ho by a son of Vermont Hliick
0!!!1
Columbus dam by Sam Houston,
Hawk. Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1878.
)CK BOOK.
ds, foaled 1874, by Kinj:
diiin by Flying Cloud, by
lie 14, 1883.
I, by Abraham, he by Dan-
Haitfoid, Conn., June 10,
[880, by Electioneer, he by
kloor ; 2d dam Minnehaiia,
83.
[ 187,'), by Aberdeen, he by
'>lic I'.ii k, Boston, Mas^s.,
, by Washburn Horse, his
iaidto be by imp. Trustee.
Gen. MeClellan Jr., he by
3llan. San Francisco, Cal.,
l)y Pancoast, 2:21}, ho by
e, by Cuylor; 2d dani liy
J), 1885.
.877, by A. W. Richm.MuI.
no Pilot ; 2d dam by Faii-
22, 1882.
i3 hands, foaled 18()'), hy
lam a i)a(!ing marc, said {«
, Oct. 22, 1875.
led 1874, said to be by .i
. 15, 1883.
>i\ 1874, by Revenge, lie In
a son of Vermont Ilamlik'-
l 1874, by sentinel, lie by
i Black Hawk; 2d dan. by
r. 12, 1882.
ihio Bull, dam said to ho by
880.
67, by Phil. Sheridan, hv. Iiy
) by a son of Vermont Hlmk
'•"UK AMKiiir
ButtfMfl,. I,
'^N' TIfOTTI':
Tie... Wilkes, dam 'I
Sept. 18, 1884.
lam Tanzv. l,v n,... «r...
'^3'. by Geo. W
1X71>.
ilk
;cs.
I.y Y
<m
Cam
JMystic Park, n
1187
'"A Jim. |„. by
ors
Vermont Hero, d
1884.
Diiisy Dale, bay
Alexander's Abdall
(dead), black gold
'"■■^lon.Ma
.ss.
Ml!?,
nn's breed
ff'.'iled 1,S(U, l,y (
'"S "<>t tracod. I}„ff,i|
' '»y General Knox". Ik, |,
"""•«-"! l-ands. foaled 187.
N. Y.. A
"tf. 7.
Abdallah I. Cleveland, O
i''. dam Daisy, |
»y B
'»y Tliorned;
Deck Wright, I
'f"'y 27, 1880
;"''-'"^ VVashin^ton; 2d
lb'. I
le
(la I
Bluch
horse, he by a son of
Aug. fi, 1880.
Dr. Norman, bay ge.....^
he by Koeky Mountain Ch
O., Sept. 7, 1882
''V gelding, l;-i^ |,„„,
»>y
n by
!««•, dam by i\,„.(|, 15
f<>'lo<l 18G8, by the
Hi
iisdale
''ding, 15,? ha.Hi
'•'t<»". Buffalo, X. Y
'<'f, <lam by II
;«. foaled 1877, by Col
la toil
lonel M()(
)re.
Fl
lora
Temple (d(
Ev«Hi Kentucky Hunte
ad), b
(Scott's). Cleveland
Arab
!■, da
'an. Kalamazoo, Mich., Q
''y '»'"•«. M.? hands, f
'" Madam Tenijil
John S. Clark, chestn... ,.,
Jofferson, he by Toronto CI
Flying Tuckahoe. R„eh
Josephus, chestnut
•^- 15, 1859
"t gelding, 1,1 I,,,,,,,
ini*. said to 1
'aled 1845, |,y q
'ne-
'•y Spotted
"ef, dam lny IS
S foaled 187.'}, by Tl
««ter,N. y.,Angu.sti2
'\V Scott's Hi
1881.
'•logo; 2d d;
liomas
uu
by
» '» *-"c.-^iiiiii; gel(ijn<' 1 Ta I i >---'.
Bashaw, hoby Ver„oI^s Black Hawk .r.%^"''"' '"'''' ^y
Hartford, Conn., A
ug. 2(5, 1881.
ick Hawk, di
"« a Copporbott
Gr
"een's
liorse.
am N;
Pilot Knox, black ^I.,,...,.
bvRoscoe, by Pilot Jr., d.....
Gen. Knox. My..tic Park, B
Albert W., bay |
0111 mare (paoer).
, lie
I'^f hands, foaUvl 1S7'^ i r..
■^ ^"'"^y Knox.';' S.;7k!1'-'^ '"'^ '
•^ton, Mass., Sept. 30, 1885.
2:20.
'wortii, ho Iiy
Hanibletonian. dam by j',,]
Cul., Aug. 28, 18
;'y ''"••so, 15i hands, foaled
8().
'n Nelson. I
^«78. by Electi
loneer,
inn
'o W., chestnut
•y "np. Trustee. Nevada (
'•y
'ity.
(MeEwen's), ho by Almo„t,'d
'"•■»'-o, 15;^ hands, foaled 187
Om July 27, 1881
. (lam Mary M., I
v B
^*. '»y Almont Jr,
Ind
Bay Frank, bay gelding, 15*
uox, bv n Kon /,f \r _ , ,>,
"^«"'ger. Cleveland.
'>y
unci
I .s<.n of Vermont Black Hawk
'ands, foaled 1877, by T
SCO, Cal.. Aug, 15, 1883
dam by «(.,(c of M
oi-nado, lie I
line
Fv
Bollo Brasficid
'la.nbvB!ood'.B!ackHawi<. ■,':':;!; "I; 'f '^^'""'''•'"" ^^'-o'-istcr
'•y
)an
'''••'yn.are, l.'i^ bands, foaled 1
pple
Bt.ff
'lo, N. v., A
iiir.
5. 187i».
2d
1
Hyg THE AMEKICAN FAKMEU's STOCK BOOK.
Belle Echo, bay mnre, 15^ hands, foaled 1877, by Echo, ho \ lam-
bletonian, dam said to be l)y Belmont (California). Chicago, Ilk., July
10, 1884. , , u , 1
Elaine, bay mare, foaled 1874, by Messenger Duroc, he by Hamhle-
tonian, dam Green Mountain Maid, by Harry Clay. San Francisco, Cal.,
Nov. 13, 1880. ^, .. T> ..
Electric, bay gelding, l-H hands, foaled 1876, by Edward Everett,
dam l)y Jupiter. Hartford, Conn., Sept. 2, 1886.
Etta J<.nes, bay mare, 15^ Imnds, foaled 1870, by Parish's Pilot, d:.n.
said to be by Pilot Jr., also by Davy Crockett. Eochester, N. Y., Aug.
12 1879
Femmo Sole, brown mare, 15J hands, foaled 1881, by Princeps dan,
Duroc Maid, by Messenger Duroc ; 2d dam by Edward Everett. Ila.i-
ford. Conn., Sept. 2, 1886. , ^ ,,, . , ,
Fleety Golddust (dead), gray^mare, foaled 1868, by Golddust, he by
Vermont Morgan, dam by John Morgan ; 2d dam pacer, pedigree un-
traced. Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Sept. 4, 1874,
Frank, black gelding, foaled 1868, by Buel's Pathfinder he by a so,.
of Vermont Black Hawk, dam unknown. Poughkoepsie, N. Y., Aug.
^%lor<ro v., chestnut gelding, 16 hands, foaled 1875 by Masterlode, h.
by Hambletonian, dam by Magna Charta ; 2d dam by a son of Henry,
he by Sir Archy. Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1883.
Harry Roberts, bay gelding, 15i hands, foaled 1878. breeding un-
known. Cleveland, O., Sept, 18, 1886.
Humboldt, bay gelding, 16^ hands, foaled 1874, by Stocking Chief.
he by Clark Chief, dam by Parish's Pilot; 2d dam a saddle mare, breed-
ins untraced. Hartford, Conn., Aug. 23, 1881.
John H., bay gelding, 15 J hands, foaled 1866, by Blumburg s Bli.ck
Bashaw, dam by Morgan Hunter; 2d dam by Blucher. Hartford, Com..,
Aug. 23, 1878.
Little Fred., bay gelding, 15i hands, foaled 1867, by Eastman Morgan.
he by Hale's Green Mountain Morgan, dam by Simpson's Blackbird; 2d
dam'unknown. Cleveland, O., July 26, 1877.
Mambrino Gift (dead), chestnut horse, 16 hands, foaled 1«6(., hy
Mambrino Pilot, dam Waterwitch, by Pilot Jr. ; 2d dam by Kuikead's
8t. Lawrence. Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 13. 1874.
May Queen, bay mare, ISf hands, foaled 1868, by Alexander h Isor-
man, dam Jennie, by Crockett's Arabian, ho by imp. Arabian; 2(1 .lam
by old Davy Crockett. Utica, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1875.
K BOOK.
77, by Echo, he i 1am-
niii). Chictigo, lit., July
sr Diu-oc, he by Hiimblo-
lay. Sail Fnuicisco, Ciil.,
876, by Edwtud Everett.
886.
70, by Piirish's Pilot, chiiii
. Rochester, N. Y., Aii<r.
d 1881, by Princeps, di\m
J Edward Everett, lliirt-
1868, byGolddust, he by
dam pacer, pedigree uii-
, 1874,
I's Pathfinder, he by a son
'oughkoepsie, N. Y., Aug.
led 1875 by Masterlode, \w
d dam by a sou of Henry.
, 1883.
foaled 1878, breeding uii-
1 1874, by Stocking Chief.
\ dam a saddle mare, breed-
81.
L866, by Blumburg's Black
Blucher. Hartford, Conn..
i 1867, l)y Eastman Morgim,
by Simpson's Bhickbird; U
7.
16 hands, foaled 1866, by
Jr. ; 2d dam by Kinkeiul's
1874.
1868, by Alexander's Nor-
5 by imp. Arabian; 2d dam
17, 1875.
ton
A
le-
f
»in not
im
Nancy Hackett( dead) vu^n^ ^'^
>"!-. he by Aioxandor's M.^^^'V''^ ''^ ^^«-''^ Han.ble
|o..^.:,3i). Buffalo, ^.y!!^"^ "^^^^^^ -"« (^^a^!:
t.-d. D,..,.„i., Mi„b.;., ,;,;, '-- ».,;'*J IS74, ,, Br„„,„„,„, „„,„ ,
Orange Girl, bay mare 1 la i, , ?'
^^p^'^s^^s^^!::-' ^ -- ,„,,:,^
Pi<i8i,efo(Jea,l), black »o|,|i„„ ,',, , ,
la.n 0,00., Mountain Maid/l.^HlAyt';;! It' ',T ""''""S" I>'™c.
3,1877. y y^uy 1 oughkeepsie, N. Y Aii<r
Tom Rogers, black horse i-v? h., . . ' °"
dan, Ncl,^, pedigree not ...L^j ' ";:; t^J;:'-;' 1«'«. <-y Oeor^ WUt«,
o' ^''•' July 5, 1886.
d
23
'fl
NEW, POPULAR BREEDS OF POULTRY.
1. WYANDOTTE8.-
LAM08HANS.
-II. WHITK WYANDOTTES. III
_V. AMEKICAN JAVA3. VI. PEKIN UUCK8
WYANDOTTE BANTAMS.
I. Wyandottes.
The Wyandottes are one of the strictly American breeds and were
originally known as American Soabrights from tj^^"' Pff ''^^'^y ^^
marking When admitted to the American standard m 1883. they were
.iven tSe name Wyandotte. Their origin, so far as known, was a cross
between the Brahma and Hamburg. As now carefully bred, then- char-
acteristic markings are distinct ^nd constant The plumage is wh.te
and black, each feather having a white ground heavily laced with black
the tail being entirely black ; the plumage is in fact the wh.te and > a<.k
speckled of °the Hamburg with the black ta 1 of the Brahma^ The 1 gs
are yellow as are those of the Brahma, but bare like those of the Han>.
burg. They have the rose comb of the Hamburg, but not so large, at.d
in size they approach the Brahma. .
The birds feather early, are plump broilers when young, and reta.n
plumpness with age. They are yellow skinned, thrifty, hardy, and reach
a c^)acity for broiling eariy. In the adult birds the fea hers are wh.te.
bordered red with black, giving them a bright, even speckled appearane.
The hackle is penciled white and black, and the ta.l is quite black Ihe
e^cs are medium in size, of a dark buff color, and the laying qual. les of
the fowls are generally good, but as in the case of any variety, the de-
scendants of cioss-bred fowls will depend somewhat on care in selection.
The illustration represents highly bred fowls of this variety.
n. White Wyandottes.
Early in the breeding of the Wyandottes (1872) some pure ^vl.ite
chicks were observed in a clutch of the laced Wyandottes of Mr. Geo,
H Towle of New York State, as having the same characteristics of the
dark varie'ty. They were bred together until 1886. when they were ex-
hibited in Boston, Mass. This variety are reported to be P-Lfic ij-e-
and hardy; are pure white with yellow legs and skm, but yet (1880
they are not generally disseminated.
III. Wyandotte Bantams.
Whenever a new and well received breed is brought out, there are
always some who seek to got launey out of alleged variations. Ther*
•' 1190
)F POULTRY.
is brought out, tlure are
NKW, POPCLAR BUEELS OE PoCLTRr.
areBiintamsof many of 11,0 «i,i . ^^
!>y in-and-in b.eUing', J^^:^:::^ ^j'^'^ '^'^•^^ "^ m-oduced
m the autumn, ti.e gn.wth careful^ rduod "'f f "' ^•"^'-»« hutched
«eloctK.n and this continued for 'Lmfiol' '' f 1 '^"''"«"' ""^ ^^^ict
fixed. Lately Wyandotte Bantunn h 'J?' " "'' P-uHarities are
led astray just yet by those JC^^O^^^uT "^''""'- ^« ««^ ^e
starved fall chicks, bred by a ^r^tt^^'^''^^' , ^hey are half
""y near Chicago, imd Bantams only
WVANnoXTES.
in name, so we are informed bv one nf fi>„ 1 ^
the United States. ^ ^ "*' ^''^ authorities on poultry i„
IV. Langshans.
This new breed of poultry, at least in the United Stnt • .•
Its characteristics, and originating is itrlul u ^^'' " ^'^t'^^t in
N..rthern China, is one of the ^^11';"^^^^^ 1 '^""°^^«'''
name is "Yop" (sacred bird) from fllf ft •''''• ^" ^'''""» its
fiee to the Gods of the Chi 2e Th. 1 h i '' '' '' ^^'^''^^ '" «««"-
E-gland about 1872, and im^n J,t^ .^ ;:;^dl;" f ^ '"'^"^'"-^ '"*«
""^ ^•^ — a controversy a« to wiS if l^^ ^-^^^-^^
if'
5'!.
5^1
f' .'; , :
1192 THE AMERICAN lAKMKlt's STOCK BOOK.
question settled, it was admitted to tl.e Engrush standard Birds were
broth to the United States in 1878, and adn.ittod to the ^^^ff^^
1,1883 The excellence .>f the fowls soon attracted general attent.on.
They are showy, hand.ome, have the power of resi.tn,g d.sease remad -
My, nd are noted for their quietude and ability to stand eonfinen^ent.
LANOSHANS.
Thev uio great wh.te la.V«-«, a oj.amctoristic ..f A.iati. fowl,, a..l .ilk
,1,1 ca« a,e also good all Ihe year lay.,.. The luu. «.. g™ ^
and 2ood mollies i llio ilcli i» eousid«,o,l sup-a-ioi-. The ol... >^ «w
illSl ,»^ bla.k ;ith .bades of .ana,y oolor on tl,o head and ..,,..1,
^«"- '■<"•.•,,.,: „.,.;.„. cr i-ouL
TliV.
but carrying u fesv whi,o no.st f,.,,!,,.,.. .
mage. TLcse, however, enfirHv'.I,' 'i«^U"'ing tl,„i, ii,,,t ,,,.
Tl.e flesh is white, r so , i ^r'''",''" "' ^''" ""^""•" "'"'<•
Pl"-.e is dense r,U U::^.^:;:^^^^:; •'' '"" "'■'-^■- '^"''
w.nga.ul sickle., the feathers i.Uho l',, ' T ° ^'■"'" ^''"^■^ "" '-k,
The tail of the ooelc is hu^ge, wide" " V"^^ ''"""= ^■'-" --tiHalions;
side hanging, and h,ng sickle feathers l'", T'T'' "'"""'' ^^'"' g'"«^v
glossy; head sn.dl f,!- the size of t, : f , ''^ ^"". «<-i„g ancN,.!,;
evenly serrated; wattles and ear iXs Z ! "'"''^ ^7='''- ^t.nigh,, and
color and lightly feathered on the outer ' '"'' ' '''^^ '''"''^ ^''^^^
Let ween the toes pink. ' ''•^'' '"'"'"» "^ feet and web
There is no douht but the I i
useful of the Asiatic breeds, b.T u!v' n "'! "'""^' "'" """^ I'-actically
Black Cochin, a .ost exceli;,' Lw7., ^ ''"^^ -"f'-«l-« wi.h the
unscrupulous breeders for Lan-sh,ns * Tl '"' '"'^ ''>' «nn.e
1,000 miles from Cochin, Chi,;; The T T" "^ "" ^""fe^'^''''" - «
h^tve larger and better feathered' t-iils tlnT'^I.^nV''" """"^ "''^'^t' •'""'
considered .ore vigorous, J^t;'Z^ ^-^^ochins, and are
Tlio chf,.ks ore „„lod for ,- „ll f "'"" l'"""<'«-
«o,> to woight of the f„, : ' r;:"'',*"',";" "-'- ' <> ". pr„po,.-
flav<„.d tio»h. „o. haW„g te^ ,","'; "7" '"'I '"-". »"« "-Iv
T.e .,„.,,,tio„ ,.e, ox;,, ^:::: ;;;:,;;/::' ■I'.'.^'s.''-.-^.
V. American Javas.
BicknoU. a, large, ^.n.^.Id''^ ^ iV::' f,' n""''';-''^ "' "'•
and hardy. There are two v.,..;„f ; ' ' ' '••'casts, handsome
The difference is onriul";';^"*/'''^ ''"''' ''' ""'^'^- '""^^'^d-
legs yellow; shanks'f^l ^^ m fe r'"^ T "'"'•'^ '"'^ «'"^'^ '
cooked is said not to present the of n" f "^'- ^'''" "^■"^'' ^^^eu
breeds of fowls. ^ <'>'ject,onable dark color of some of the
VI. Pekiu Ducks.
s.™:rm3,'° s::':;:::,.:r: 'r^"-^ ^-»i- - ...o united
b-T d„ck, b„t they U t , '""'■ "?. '"■ """ "f "'« A.vl«»-
n..t.c„„«idercl,u|, ,.;, , " .T'T 't "";""""""■ ■''''" «'»" '»
Pl'k
nsaro hardy
and can he made t
Pet
o weigh, at foi.i- months old, about
V 1
,10.1 THE AMERICAS KAHJlTO'a STOCK BOOK.
twelve pound, the ,«.ir. The following .,. tho qualifloaiion, and points
m^'
PEKIN DOCKS.
a faint creuivy white.
INCUBATORS AND BROODERS.
ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION
I. THE ANTHjriTV OK AHTIFICIAr, INCIHATu.v
I. Tho Antiquity olArtlflcialHstolime
How long artificial int.,l,a(i„„ ,„„ |,„.„ „,,,„. °* .
kno,.„. Tliia ptiaciple ,va, k,„nv„ ia !.■.,, „ " ""' ''"'"'"">■
leg l.ccn |,faclic»,l „ C a I , rl, f ' """''' ''"""""'' ''?"■ >' '"'»
.a,„o general plan „as in n, i n °' 7"' T"" '"°"- '" """''' ""'
m are „„. .o e»,e„..al a, i e„,.' :"";"';'"""■' ""' "« "' "'""•I-
to time in Fiance and In the U ite S , !^-'"",.'""° """'» '""» '""«
cahation, bnt little nJ"r.,,v,f,nfT-,''^^
accomplice, fact. Tf, ; " . ^ 1^;^ VT'""' '';;""""- '""'™ "'■
hm licen nnnle in rendcin. LI!' ,^""'' "'""""' '""?««»
- oni, wit„in ti.e la^ tijc^ r^t ,:; .rt',;T'"'"^""'T''''•
n. Incubators vs. the Hen.
.n":in;r^::^r;;or:::;;;:^j;;:;;t:ff :;:"-■ »- •- --
weather tl.an the hen, and in v.rm , h V "'"''" '^'°' '" '"''^
will take ca..e of c4,.i';:ri:'r ^ in;:'^ '"'^r"""^-
properly controlled. The incubator d. n t I e 1 T"'"'i \"
chicks throngh the dew and dirt t/ 1 , '""'' "''"" ^''^
.i.-oo .an; hen. T.:i;::iu:';::t:Lr::^::;;:^-;r:;;;^
ZghTiu!'^ ^^^^' '''-' '- "" ^'^'-"^ ^'-'' «'- ^'-« i-C
One reason why the incubator should hatch nK)re eggs than the hen
, he eggs ,f gathered properly are known to be frc^h. They ca 1 J
tcs cd readdy from time to time, and infertile e^gs ren.oved tL p in
w tho t cju nng too n.uch attention. The operator must learn how to
'">• In fact, women take most kindlv to the work, and become enthusi-
ast
s Ml the c:i!
of the fluffy chicks
I-; ■•'
llfl,';
t 4
i
Hj,,; THE AMERICAN FABMEU'S STOCK HOOK.
III. When Chicks Bring Money.
.. The early hird'cutchos tho worm." Tl.o curly hutc.ed ..hick bringB
the money. You can hatch egg. iu th. incuhalor a. soon an tho ,.cn can
nnulo L lay. You cannot hatch egg. l>y the natural l>'-- - -
weather unless you have special facilities for 80 d..mg. By n cms of
Ten abator ami brooder, you can get little broilers into market by the
hue is safe to set a hen out of doors. To raise broilers by means of
bator and brooder reciuires con,puralively little room. V lagers
can do this even if they keep no hens, by contractmg for eggs from such
farmers' wives as raise good poultry. . , ., •
As iLt as one clutchts hatched you can put another lot ,nto the incu-
bator. You can hatch the eggs of any birds, -..eluding those o turkeys,
ducks and .eese. The time required for hatching the eggs of the vanous
spedes "f Eaniyard fowls will be found on page 9««. The money, how-
ever, is in chickens.
IV. Keep up with the Times,
What you want to do to be successful, is to study your incubator and
brooder until you are sure you understand the working perfectly. Prac-
tice with it without eggs until you are sure as to the regulation of c
temperature. An.ong other things, you must know how much wato o
use. and the colder the weather, the more hot water. Water nunt be
kept in the ventilator. It must be fresh when put u>, and be changed
'"^You'^must have a correct thermometer, and learn to use it The hont
should be as near 103 degrees Fahrenheit as possible until the last three
davs. then, not over 102 degrees. The extremes of temperature are
be'tween 9.5 and 105 degrees. A temperature of 108 degrees for u sho.t
time will not kill the life of the egg, nevertheless it should never he
allowed to get so high. , . ,, i • .u .
Keep the incubator where there are no odors, and when the ch cl en.
are hatched, let them remain in the incubator until they are dry before
removing them to the brooder. The heat of the brooder should never go
below 90 degrees.
V. Care While in the Brooder.
The brooder must have sufficient heat and plenty of f rosh air, and the
air must be warm. There are several good brooders as well as incul.a-
tors for sale iu the market. We illustrate an incubator-by a seru.s of
cuts-simple in its construction, perfect in its working, and that w.l h the
aid of the carpenter and tinman, can be made on the farm. Also a
brooder.
the brooder should never go
Chick, roquiro no foII"f,r,ir«' m"' '''^°'^-
The .ocond ly the food I. I ': r'T^"'""" '"""^ '""■'• '"''••'•-^•
"-.V 1.0 allowed. The four. h hv . ";""' T" '"'"" '""■•"' '""' ""''<
oatrm.al and cornmeal cooked toi^clhcr w ''''''• 1. '''.'*'"'' "'""' '""'^^ "^
until the chickens i,...Wn (o fc U T. r, ^'' T'"^- '•^"■'' «^" ♦'"- '^ <lav
the chicks are ten or t,.e.v/d;^ I;,, :';t 'i ^'""- ^'^-^ <'^'y- ^Vhen
cracked corn, gravel, fi,..,y powdered v^ ^^I'rr''"''''?"'' "'""^'
warcr where they can always tuke it Tl V "^ "'""'' "'"' •^'^'"»
potatoes, chopped onions, Lbha" or I'l ','"":', ''" '^''"'''^ '"••'^'-'
f..ud,andin Hon of insects .ive": « ;"•,'' ''"■'" '"'•^' "'' "'" '
them. Keep then, in sn.all iT.ts. F j vC"'":": "'^"^- '^" ""^ — '
and let the water always he pure. '"* '"">' '^'^ '^''1'* ^'^'"n.
w 1 K ^"' ^°^ *° Make an Incubator.
^^ e have been at some considerable trouble to l.v U.f
some practicable pla:i by which a con,.,. ■ ' ^'*'" ""' '"^''^^'"'^
on the .u.n, by means of th^ ^^ ^^^VV'';''^--- - '"-lo
pondence with Mr. P. ,1. Jaeobs, a .; t '■"""""• , ^" "•^■'•^-
authority on poulfrv, we h-arnod tin If • " '" ^"l •''^•'^"""''''><Ig<Hl
to the Farm and Ganlcn, c,f Phi, 1, " ^7^"^l'->-' ''-1 -ntril.uted
bators. but of broo.,ers as well A '. T'^; "' ""^ ""'>' '--
of the Farm arul Gara.n, iu u.hU ^ . i^V '• f"""'^ '" ^'^" ^^>'""-
to the cuts and descriptive m-ifro. f ' ''■'ok, we were welcome
offer was accepted wi^Lr ^ ':i:Z^ l^^';; '"^"'^""^- ^-
to lay before our readers the ,,„„ .'j '^'''•^ """' ^'"'^ »«">•« «''«l>lod
incubators an<. brooder^ patent!: a ot^^ir'^^Tr: "7 """■^' ^"^"'
i.i.nse.f of these upon investigation, but T^I h,w ^ nititrbmf
a common sense wav. It is s,i Fnii.r :m . . > '"» "'" "" tlu; l»il| m
nexed will be all thi ,s ^o i^ ' ^ e^l " ' T"' ''^ '^^^'^''^^^ -
is as follows: * "'''^' ^''^ whole quite intelligil.le, and
First get good boards, 1 i„ch thick and 1 foot
w.de ( nt them 4(5 inches long for your floor, and
have the floor 42 inch.s wide. Place fonr posts
wJnch are 24 inches high, at each conu-r ( figure 1 )'
n.arked A A A A, and two posts ( IJ B) i.^f.-.^t
the two front posts to be 18 inches hi.rh M'lke
posts of 2x3 strips and nail them securely to the
floor. Fasten the floor boards together by strips
underneath, using as many as preferred. The
four con
f IQ- 1. INNER BOX.
when finished, is 4 feet 1
•posts are lor your outer box. This I
. J
J
\ I
ong and 44 inches wide, outside
>ox.
provided it
IS
11»8
THE AMEHICAN KARMKK'h »T0<"K H<M)K.
raudo ..f boards ono inch thick. Including its top and floor, it is 20
inches hi'j;h. Naif on your Hido hoards. Lot rear and front ond hoardn
cover en(ls of nitlo hoanlH, After the tank is in, and tho t. . of liio inner
box is on, cover inner ho\ with sawdust, and nail down tho top of outer
box. Tongned and grooved board j sliould bo used for every part of tho
incu»)ator except tl>o floor, wiiieh sliould \w of heavy boards. All the
nicasuroments given here, however, mo for boards ono inch thich, but
three-quarter stuff may bo used if desired.
Inner box. This holds, or rather comprises, ventilator, egg-drawer,
and tank. It is 40 inches long and 32 inches wide, outside measurement,
and must hold a tunk .TOxSC. Tho side boards iu(; nailed to the posts
B i? (figure 1) and front boards of outer box, um\ fastened at the rear
FIGURE 2. INTERIOK OF INCUBATOR.
end i)y the rear oards being nailed to the ends of the side boards.
Cleats are put on end and sides (on the floor), to fasten tho inner box to
the floor. Nail tho bottoms of tho side and rear end boards to tho clciits.
To niak ' tno inner box, refer to figuere 2, which has portions of llio
outer and i^ni'-" ^ »\s^s torn nva". to show interior. A is the largo or
outer bo h i i tlu; inner box ; O G are strips 1 inch wide and I inch
thick, nailed to sides of inner box; D D me strips 1 inch wide and 1
inch thick nailed to sides of inner box. Tho strips C C, with iron rods,
half an inch thick (FFFF), hold and support tho tank. Let ends of
:..QP_ ,.,,,^3 extend a little into sides (.f inner box, to assist in supporting
the weight of water. The strips D D are to hold the egg drawer. E \i
FIG. !?, EGO IJRAWEB,
a tin tiibo, » t j.*, 5s in ,i;„„. * , „
Of 11.0 voptua,..,. to adn.it air. Q JJ^ '""■"^' f^'";-' ''' »''« '-"t I-.r
slinw tho Baw.iuHt in front, „, ,^, ^l^' '';"^^'^''''' '''••'t %'Un 2 ,I.,..h ,.0.
the «epan.,o pa... Fi..st ,; tl .^ I."' T : /^'^ ^^""-^' tai., n,.
wule. (tL« ..ie board, of ti.e inn. 'hoX:.: i,:':- 1:'*'^':;;"'' '' '-'-
^»'oxedoff.,vi,ici.i'e,u.i::;u;:j,:;";
'•"'-'« «"d Uo tho ..wdust. b
tube f ,;'''■''? '■"^- ^i^t''«tin
tuKf-.r l,oadrni..i.,„of„i,,,,^f^„.,.
mn. .oned r., no .du.t i.. t .
V t."to,,butp-u.,,ti..botto.„wc.|!
except tl rongh ,i„ t^,„._ ,j,,^^,
-ido of in<.ubnto... „,.d enters into vonHlato '"' "*'"' "' "'^ '•'""* ''^ «"'-
sC~!:;e?*'''r--?'--^-het...
thobox.d-o.;^::';:j::::;7>^'----e..,
(iniwei), and i.s 30 inches wj. le Three
movwhlo t.ays,each U inn o, deep
a.-ot,Uedincggd.-awo.-. N.vl strips
1 inch wide u>.d|of an incl thick
1 inch apa.t, tho length of tho eJ
diawor (l,„t not under boxod-.-ff p<"rt
ti()n)for the bottom. Mo.tic ends
of St rips in o}rg diawer, so as t. have
tho bottom smooth. Tack nnl, ^ ^f
bolt,,,,,, :! l.-„v,, ,„,„ |,,|° '."',"'" '''■""•°'-- »■''"' «lri|., to
™,,i„g ,.„,,„„..„, „„;, .:;:i " r ;:: ;:,':-'7- 1 ■-"' .-p'-..
...lo ,,f e,,g ,,„.wor, at front „„;, u. o.;;,! !,i, ^"' " ''"^ ='* "" ""'-
-b <!<>-eUiJio tho 6t<c^ boa.-ds . .f fho inno.. 1 XI -"^•^'^••0.
.»*.»e„ V a .nd„„ boa.,,, .oo„d i-itr^i.-HrL":::;, iTt ::::.:;:,':«
jii
1 Jpsts on tho
ontsjdo n. ca-
ll Hioludes
"I". 4. TANK.
: n
I
in
,:m»-i'Jf»'*iimmi.tt
1200
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
VUi. .").
INCIBATOR RKADY FOR THE
EG« UKAWKB.
bourd, 1 inch in diameter (so as to remove tank when necessary), whicii
leaves a small space in front of the sliding board to bo filled with saw-
dust. Have the tank tube in front
only long enough to extend through
the sawdust in front, and have your
faucet to screw into this tube, the
tube being threaded. The tube on
top of tank should be long enough to
extend through the tops of both boxes
(outer and inner, through the siiw-
dust), and should, therefore, be 7
inches high from top of tank, as is
seen at figure 5. When the incuba-
tor is ready, we have figure 5, which shows the sawdust packing in front,
by looking into the opening into which the egg drawer enters when iilUd
with eggs.
Fic'ure 6 shows the incubator as if cut in half lengthwise, and displays
all the positions. What
is meant by the "boxed-
off" portion in front, is
that portion filled with
sawdust in front. The
side boards of the inner
box are joined, on their
front ends, to the front
boards of the outer box,
being also nailed to the
two short middle posts.
Fill in between the boxes
with sawdust, and if saw-
dust is scarce, use chaff, oats, finely-cut hay (rammed down), or any-
thing that will answer, but sawdust
or chaff is best. In figure 6 A is tiic
tube on top, B the faucet in front,
G the opening for the egg drawer,
and D the tube to admit air into the
ventilator. This tin tube should he
as close to the bottom of the ven-
tilator as possible. When niMking
incubator, do liot forget to cut holes
tubes to come through, and then \--'My
FIO. 0. SECTIONAL VIEW OE INCUBATOR.
KIO. 7. INCUBATOR COMPLETE
for tubes of tank and al»i> for
around them.
au'
BOOK.
vhen necessary), which
1 to bo filled with saw-
tho tank tube in front
)ugh to extend through
i\ front, and have your
cw into this tube, the
ircaded. The tube on
lould be long enough to
;h the tops of bolh boxcss
uier, through the saw-
hould, therefore, be 7
From top of tank, as is
5. When the incub.i-
wdust packing in front,
rawer enters when fillod
engthwise, and displays
AC
VIKW OK INCUBATOK.
rammed down), or nny-
vill answer, but sawdust
3st. Ill figure 6 yl is the
, B the faucet in front,
ing for the egg drawer,
ibe to admit air into the
This tin tube should be
the bottom of the vcii-
ossiblo.
When ni:!king
o liot forget to cut holes
through, and tbon
'fy
INOUHATOKS AND H.iOOUKKS. , .,„
Each tray holds about 80 eg.s I.,,-,,:,., .
nes , making to.al number C j^ .' ' ' I":';">««"ously, the san.o as in ,
w.tl. ,onin, water, but never .di:':'; "'''• '''•''' «" ^'^ ^""k
^;- .-reases ,r.ssur. ; honce^:^. .t^r"; 'n '" ^"'^ -> ^«>I'. - it
Jruw off a gallon of water. Fi I i 48 u '! ^^ ^<' *"!> "^ the tube,
have heat up to 115 degrees bef , t^Z ^ ''"'"° ^-'^ '"' "-'
cool down the heat, d„ not one,, f l^ '"'^ '"• ^s the ojr.r.s will
^ould be ,03 degrJos. Z ^^ . ': ' i'^- ^"V' ""-. when the i:;"
f ^ «'-^ of the katch. It 1. belt o Z "T' "' l""'^"'"''' "«'''
earn ,t thoroughly. P,,,, incubato ]„ i;, ''' f"^" without eggs, to
^loes uot fall below 60 degrees. As ' 1 ' '■'•'.V^''^'" *''« to"'l»'n.ture
also eool off slowly. Sluruld the he-.t bo 2. "' ^T "'' '^''•"■'^'' " ""'
- too cool, y.,u ean raise or lowe ',.'•'" '^'''"^ "''' "•- ^''« -^^-
tI.enK rou can also stop „.. „, " ' ' ''T^ ".-'§ «'"all strips unr^r
of the ventilator wheneL- 3::: ,^ ^i;/"'- '" ^'^ f-nt openings
drawer will cool down so.ne. All th t is r •" ''^' '"•^' '^"^ '"' "'«
bucket or so of water onc<, ort^CtlT'^'f ''""' '^ ^" '"'*' '"-'^ '^
«t be careful about endeavorin^t let^;;; 7 "''-'^^ «'"' ''^ '"^''t,
'Iocs not nse for five hours after ilie •uV^ «»<Jdenly, as ,1,,. heat
TI.e cool air con.es fn,m th ve t n '"•'"' ''' "'■"^"- '^ -'''-'.
bottom of the ..„ drawer to the t! Tn';"^""^"- ""■"'^"' ^''•' '""^•"'
frequently, as it allows too „,„eh os^.'-m ^ "'"'""^ ^''" *^-?^ <'••■•'^^''''•
open when chicks are hatchi . T^" "^ '""'' ""'' ^' •^■'"■'■f"' -t to
-" ."oi«t«re at „ cri^'U £'''''^;r7'^^'''f ' ^ '^ -"-''- "H.eat
time are fa.al. Do n<>t c.bli.e'sito,^ /f " •'''^" "' ''" "'"^''^'^ '" ^''■•'t
cornctbj, as half the failures nre duo"f ""''''^''"'''''"^'•"'''""'^'''■'•^^wr./.s-
one in twenty is correct. Place the bu! ,"„f' h"'T' "'^"•""'""''^"•••^' ""^ "ot
t"l> <'f the eggs, that is, when th h '" ^ ^'^'"'r'"' '^'''' "'' " ^'-
w.th the upper end slightly raised ^ '^'^''''^/'''^v-n in the drawer,
but the bulb and eggs ^Z^^::^ ^Z^:^ '"^/'■-"•^ to rise.
the heat in the i«/6, „,„, „,,t in tlu H e T ' '^'"■'' '"■""''
"t regular i.tervals-six o'eloek.L • "" '--' t^'ce a day
rj> u<.t let them cool lower tl Vt:^'^^ "^'Tl "^ "'^"*-
of oggsfrom the end of the tr-.v ..u \T ■ '"''"' ''^ *"''"'- '^ '••»^'-
^-""'gthe eggs by rolling ,,^;7, ^ l;;^ ^''^ ';^ ^he other en<,.
only one row you can roll In uZZlX 'cw • ''' """"'"^
week, very little the second ...„> . I V ' "^ , ' "" "'"'^ture the first
•" " «^^t cup), i.. each tr;';,:: :i : ;:v"'' r: -' <«" ^-^ (piu..od
t'".V the thir.l wec.k. Do"not nnl i.. ''"'l *''*' '^'""^'^ '» ^='<'b
i^o not put n, sponges ,„„i| ^ou are about to shut
'if
\i 5
(Hi
1202 THK AMEIUCAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
up the drawer, after turning. Wet the 8i>onges by dipping in hot water.
After the first ten days the animal heat of the chicks will partially assist
in keepin<r the temperature. Be careful, as heat always drops when
chicks are"taken out. You can have a small glass door in front of egg
drawer, to observe thermometer, if desired. Always change position of
trays when eggs are turned, putting the front one at the rear.
IX. A Cheap Home-made Brooder.
We give an illustration of a brooder in use, figure 1, and seleet it be-
cause it is one of the best, being easily made, and at a low cost, and
because it has been tried and found to answer all purposes. By refering
to figure 1 it; will be seen that the
top is detachable, being lifted off
by the handle when desirable. Al-
though the lower part of the
brooder is above ground, yet, if
preferred, it can be sunk in the
ground, provided the holes (to
admit cold air to brooder, and
smoke from lamp to escape) are
left above the surface of the
ground. Space must be left to
admit of getting at the lamp if brooder is in the ground. Eithei a No.
2 burner lamp or a small kerosene oil stove may be used for heating the
brooder. Be careful to leave air holes at the bottom of the door, or the
lamp will smoke. Keep the brooder at a temperature of 90 degrees.
Figure 2 shows the lamp (or kerosene oil stove, if preferred) under a
sheet-iron tank. It heats the
tank, the smoke of the lamp pass-
in" out at four holes, placed at
each corner of the brooder, which
distributes the heat. The cold
air enters around the tank, and
is drawn right over it above the
lamp, as the cold air rushes in as
fast as the warm air rises. The
hot air rises through a tube in
the floor. It will be seen that
the smoke of the lamp does not
go into the brooder, and that the tube in the brooder extends through
f. .7 ., jj^^^ ^«;.. Tbo hi-nodor i« A vard square, but tho tank may
be smaller; the box containing lamp is ten inches deep, and the Hpac«
FIG. 1. THE BUOODEB IN POSITION.
FIG. 2. SECTIONAL VIEW.
:ipi
SECTIONAL VIEW.
FIG. 3. TANK, SHOWING HOW TO
CONSTRUCT IT.
INCUBATORS AND IIROODKKS. j .,03
between the top of the tank and wooden floor i, >, if • .
^moke holes of the lamp should
beat each corner, hut only two
cold ah holes are necessarv, and
thoy should be near the mi/re of
the si(Ze« of the brooder. Bear
i'JmiMdtheco/rfa/,.goos6e<j<,een
tlie tank and the M^ooden floor,
and gets heated.
X. How to Make the Brooder.
To make this brooder, cut six bo-nv1a i ;«„i- ^.i.- . ^
3 feet long, tongued and grov d so that u ^^ ' ' '"'^^ "''^' '^"^
by way of the tube on to^,, . ^rtub iTu ""v """"«"'^ ^^^^P*
inches high from the floor. These ^^ '" ''"*'"'*^'*' ""'^ ^J
boards ai-e your Jloor. On the
under side of this floor, at the
edges, nail strips all around (on
ends and sides), the strips beiiii,^ I
inch thick and IJ inches wide.
Then set your tank as shown in
cut. You will then have an air
space between the floor and tank
of half an inch. Be sure and cut
air holes to admit the coid air.
You may simply have onen Imloa ,,„
The hole^ „JLy be . C I , Z;;" r "'"'- " "'"'-'■
«" the lower box, and also make tl, com' , : „,, I"' °"" ""T """' «'
llie illustrnlion. coveung on top, as may bo seen by
Tins brooder i, an English method, and ,1,„„, .,„.t „p„.,,, onrrent, of
warm air have been in use for
many years for both hatching and
brooding. Figure 1 shows the
brooder with lamp and tank above
ground. Figure 2 shows a sec-
tional view of the same. Figure
4 shows the lower part of brooder
(rnftlnrroffi 1 T.- ""^'ei" gr"und, with trap door, for
g ng at he amp. Figure 5 shows the mother, which covers the chicks,
.!ju..r .»..-„, or legs, xhe tank .s from Lewis, the top from
Kinkin. while the mother is from Bell and others.
FIG. 4. LOWEK PART UNDER GROUND.
FIG. 5. THE MOTHER.
i
k
-i»— aw»»k„«««. ■
"HOG CHOLERA.
>f
PROM THE LATEST EXPERIMENTS AND INVESTIQAT^ONS.
^.,. «.«««« *>»m'MI.-n n. INVKSTIOATIONS IN SWINK PLAOUE
T TIIK VARIOUS FORMS ASSl Mf.l'.- !■• ■"•»■■.■ vnnsiT ani> Till.-
"?„. OONTAOIOrS OR INKKCT^^^^^^^^^^
• r"sw.N^-^vn oIloVsAiVJl^r^^^^^ scientific terms.— vin. con-
CLUSION.
Tn the body of this work the various contagious diseases of swine arc
treated of. Malignant diarrhcBU often carries away hirge numbers of
swine. It is sometimes called hog cholera. Inagencr>l way corn burned
nearly to u charcoal is a good corrective of diarrhoea. So ,s wood char-
coal, and also the slack .>f bituminous coal, or the soft coal itself. Fatal
diarrhoea is often the result of disorganization of the functions of the
liver, the flux not being the disease, but the result. To excite the liver
to action where this is suspected, for a hog weighing from a hundred to
a hundred and fifty pounds in ordinary stock condition, give 20 gnm.s
powdered mandrake, or from 10 to 20 grains of calomel, and repeat ;f
necessary. This will excite the liver to action.
In the first sta-es of diarrlura, where the discharges are copious an.!
,Hrk -ive 1 to 2 drachms of bi-carbonate of soda dissolved in milk, or if
the hog will eat, incorporate it in a warm bran mash. The liver remedy
mav aiso be given in the same way.
In cases of cholera, if subsequent to the flux constipation ensues, it
nuiy be met with do.es of 1 ounce of castor oil and 1 drachm of turpe,,-
tine. Or give one-half ounce doses of sulphate of soda in one-half pint
"^rther'e is difficult breathing and cough, give 1 to 2 grains of tartar
emetic and one-half drachm of saltpetre, two or three times a day, in
one-half pint of water, and rub the sides of the chest and throat w.th
^Tn'giving these forniuh« the farmer must use his judgment Follow
up the doses as may be required to produce the effect desired. Hiese
remedies will also be indicated in cases of malignant hog cholera.
I. The Various Forms Assumed.
When the later symptoms are yn-onounced, the disease will assun.e .lie
form<.f malignant epizootic catarrh, (see page 828), and the presnu,-
tic.s tlure given v.re to meet the symptoms as stated.
1204
>>
:ra.
INVESTIGAl^OWS.
DNS IN SWINK PLARUE.
10. TV. KHOST AN1> TIIK
THE DISEASE AS OBSEKVEU
TIFIC TEHM3. VIII. CON-
us diseases of swine iir<'
away large numbers of
o-euer"l way corn burned
rhoea. So is wood char-
le soft coal itself. Fata!
I of the functions of tlu'
lult. To excite the liver
"•liinff from a hundred lo
condition, give 20 gmiiis
of calomel, and repent if
scharges are copious and
da dissolved iu milk, or if
mash. The liver renio(iy
IX constipation ensues, it
and 1 drachm of turpen-
! of soda in one-half pint
3 1 to 2 grains of tartar
or three times a day, in
the chest and throat with
ic his judgment. Follow
he effect desired. Tliese
o-nant hog cholera.
umed.
iio disease will assume the
;o 828), and the prescrip-
i stated.
'^!i
I'^O CHOLERA.
1205
On page 829 a form „f intestin-.l !in„ u . .
name of ''Contagious Fever of Swhe ^?^'^''^T '' ^''''"^^^ ^'^ ""^'«^ ^he
be closely observed, that thev m,v h« ^7 '"^ .'"''*« ^'^^''^ stated should
Still another form of hrx. cbolZ „. , ^ ?' '"'^'"^^''""^ «« stated,
fatal, is a peculiar inflamma°tio„ of t,'.: ,!::: b'" 71 ""^"°"^"^ ""^
"IOU8 pneumo-entcritis. Ti.i.s is the l" " , '''^'^^' '^""^^n 'is conta-
destruction of swine, and which i\m aol "''''"'' '"'^ ''''""'''' '"'•'» wide
spent long time of the best i:^.^;:^;^:^ ^f ^ ""T' '''''' '-
to mvest.gate. The result (,f all this is Vi, """""^''^ "'"^ "^«n«y
any of th > fatal forms of c(,nta.r 1 ,«'""'" ^'"'''^ ^own with
better bo killed at once, and sentU. f L „""'' ''' ''"'" »'<^^"ti'">ed. had
deeply buried. When'a hogT^ „' LrrLr''^''"^.^""'^ '^ --•' -"
difficulty of administering i. one of I • J , "''''''"'« '" ^""^^' ^ho
proper effect. ° ^ *''' "^'«^ "^'^tacles to produce the
Disinfection.— The ruie^ for fii«;.,f 4.-
as given on pages 833 andy4 .t: ^o' uleT '' ""'""^ ^'^^^^^^^'
capable of being brought tlnro e. 7 ='""' '"'^ »"•«««"* or
There is no specific for the ;:::;? T ''"^^« "^ f-— t help,
this book. The cures claiu.ed f « > " "'f"' "^ '^'•- '"^'^ ^^ated in
swine not affected with nX^^,! ; "" "^ """''''^^^ ^P-'^^^ are of
valuable. Fully „« "u..::*o;rz;: t'::^',: rT^^'at'^T "-'' '-
receipts given in the descripti<,„s of 1 « over-d f fu ''' '^'^^
are the best known to veterinary science' """ "^ ''"^ ^'^^'^'^
lH. Investigations in Swine Plague.
Recognizing the importance of combattin<r tl.« vi,. i .
largo ,,o,lio„ of t|,e „„,.|,, „„d csnocHllv „!„! ''"■°' *°,'"'' y""'- A
»c,-e placed uuder .be .Ihccttn H ^00 : 77^ -»"■"-«»«•
of veterinary scieneo, U.uvorsilv „f Oil T. .\ ' -'"' f '"''»>■»
accarateknowlodge a, praotitij;,:r ^0 i,,,!' ^^:ZT r' "■'
various departmoiits of seieiioo Hi= „. °\,'-""'' ""•'Stisation in
(lK>gel,ole;.a)co.orsa„u of ','':"''::''""' ',".'" «-'■= l"»S-
in. Contagious, or Infectious Principle, Etc
F,„.fi.e.. .-^ t'- =n- r ""'.''"^V «""S:ested or inflamed parts.
-_....«., .. tn. .ni..ctious principle is introduced into the wound or a
I'i^
-, 4
1206
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK.
s
>
lesion with inttiimed, swelled, or congested bo id e is— for instance, in a
wound caused by ringing or castration, etc.— the morbid process is sure
to develop in the inflamed or congested borders of that wound. All this
is easily accounted for if the bacilli and their germs constitute the infec-
tious principle, and if the mode and manner in which they obstruct and
clog the capillary vessels is taken into consideration; but it is utterly
irreconcilable with the non-appearance of any local reaction after an
inoculation by means of a wound too slight to cause congestion, if the
infectious principle possesses the nature of a virus, or of a chemical
agency. , „.
' IV. Frost and the Virus.
Swine plague, until the last days of December, or until the ground
becomes covered with snow, and the weather exceedingly cold, was
spreading from farm to farm and from place to place, in the locality vis-
ited, but°as soon as the temperature began to remain below the freezing
point at noon as well as at night, it at once ceased to spread from one
farm or locality to another. At the same time, however, it was observed
that the very cold weather of the last days of December and the first
days of January did not materially interfere with the spreading of the
swine plague from one animal to another in all pens and hog lots in
which the°disease had previously made its appearance, and in which the
way of feeding and watering the animals was such as to allow a contain-
ination of tl.3°food and the water for drinking with the excreta of the
diseased hog, or in which the pigs and hogs still healthy had open
wounds, sores, or scratches, and had to sleep together with the diseased
hocr in the same place and on the same litter. Afterwards, when milder
weather hud set in, the spreading from one place to another very slowly
commenced again. (The cold indicated 20 degrees below zero.)
V. Measures of Preventive.
In relation to the spread of the disease and measures for prevention,
Dr. Detmers advises as follows:
The most effective means of prevention that can bo applied by the in-
dividual owners of swine consists, first, in promptly destroying and bury-
in<r sufficiently deep and out of the way the first animal or animals tiiut
show symotomsof swine plague, if the disease is just making its appear-
ance, and hi disinfecting the premises, or '" that is difficult, in removing
the herd at once to a non-infected place, or out of the roach of the infec-
tious principle. If possible the herd should bo taken to a piece of high
and dry ground, free from any straw and rubbish— if recently plowed, still
better— and should there receive clean food and no water except such as
is freshly drawn from a well. If this is complied with, and if all com-
V HOOK.
ijcrs — for instance, in n
10 morbid process is sure
of that wound. All this
jrnis constitute the infec-
wliich they obstruct and
ration; but it is utterly
' local reaction after an
cause congestion, if the
virus, or of a chemical
6.
ler, or until the ground
r exceedingly cold, was
I place, in the locality vis-
rcinain below the freezing
iused to spread from one
, however, it was observed
f December and the first
vith the spreading of the
all pens and hog lots in
aarance, and in which the
uch as to allow a contain-
er with the excreta of the
s still healthy had open
Offcther with the diseased
Afterwards, when milder
xce to another very slowly
frees below zero.)
ive.
measures for prevention,
; can bo applied by the in-
iptly destroying and biuy-
ir.st animal or animals that
is just making its appoar-
lat is difficult, in removing
t of the reach of the infcc-
)o taken to a piece of higli
ih— if recently plowed, still
id no water except such as
plied with, and if all coni-
llOa CIIOLKKA.
1207
munication whatever with anv rlian,. .^ i i
respect, which is a,.ol;^lJ^:;' ^^'^^^ T '' ^"^ "'^ '" ^-''^
pated, for instance, if one or .nm'; 1 , ''"'=''" '''""'^^ ''° ""'i^'i-
'.ofore the herd wa renmved .r'";'- V'^'";'' ''"^ ^^^"^ '"^-^ed
dWnking being or becon.i g L • tt tm ' e "^ 1'"^ '""' '' ''"'''' ^^^
exist, the danger may bo averted or '' V'^^'^^'ous p,incipIo should
administering three times a d.v 't., / , '7"'"^ '»»^''' ^'''"inished by
carbolic acid°(al,out 10 ZnZ'V^uJT '"'•'''-■-'=' -'ther some
weight) or Bome hyposulphite of si . /"* "'"'"^ ^'^ Pounds of live
pounds of live.weight), till all dan.o.ts';,i.!T"1'*' for every 100
swine plague has been allowed to'^JT '''"'^'l*'"''^"^- Second, where
where the presence of tho disease is ;;,''''"' ''?"''' '" the herd, or
have been taken sick or have die , >, " 1'''^""'" ''^''-'^ ^''"">'''«
best that can be done is to sena ao ' 1 .T T ^''""" ''"'^^•^«^' t'>«
diseased and suspected oner' op .; I'V ^ """-^ """"^'^ ^'•'^'" ''^
and tho doubtful ones by themselos t ^^ ""''""'' '^^ ''^"^'"^^'^^^
the animals in the way jus ^ , « • 7"''''' ^"^'"^^'^'^ «"J treat
vent any communicati^.n, 1 ro^o " ind'"'; ,"'" '""'' '" *'"^^^" *" P''-
parts of the herd. If o 1 ^^ u'T\ 'r^" ^''^ ^'"•^^« ^''^^^^^-^
.nake it a strict r^otoZj^:^^:J'',^l 'm'""'-^^^" '' "^"^^
those considered as doubtful, and • st o ' '''!^ '^=''^''^'-"""""s then to
reverse that rule, or go an.onVt 1 1 , I ^"''' ""^' '""^^^ »«^«'-
in the yard or pen <:cup- b^; :^^;''^^«^ '"^V'^^- '- l^as been
the herd should have its own ftt d-m ",; V ^n'''" ""''^ '"'"''"^ "^
with any of the others. The sen. H ' » ""' """' ''' ^""'="'*
jpect; even dogs and otl^^X ':;::: ^rt^r ''^ ^^^'^ '^
from tho diseased animals or f,v.m " ^ ''" 7 *''« >"fec;tious pnnciple
healthy hogs, and pigs. t:e,"iret?'"t, •!''"' '^'•^'";'^ '''
the sick hogs should not be used f u- e^ i;,r' "! H "\ '"''""^^
•ious principle may bo conveved I v H i ' ' ''""'" ^''' '"^'^^■
Last, but not least.'^it is ve " sson i'l h : t t"; "T /"""^ '^ ''""^'"^'■•
healthy portion of the herd be i!! I 1 fa .t ' T'l' '' ^'"
two miles. If such „po,ai,„„ ,i„m become absolutely ,.ecessu,y, the
^ >
fj i
1208
THE AMElilCAN FAKMER's BTOCK BOOK.
i
wounds must bo dressed lit least once a day with an effective disinfect-
ant, for instance, witli a solution of cuibolic acid or thymol, till a heal-
ing has been effected. (See disinfectants, page 883.)
Swine plague is very often connnunicatcd from licrd to herd and from
place to place by a careless, and, in some cases, even criminal contamina-
ticu of running streamlets, creeks and rivers with the excrements and
other excretions of diseased hogs and pigs, and with tlio carcasses and
parts of the carcasses of the dead animals. This source of the spreading
of the disease can be stopped only by declaring such contamination of
streamlets a nuisance and making the offense punishable by law. Allow-
ing swino affected with the i)laguo to have access to such streamlets
should 1)0 considered as constituting good evidence of such a contamiua-
' tion, as also the throwing of dead hogs, or parts of a carcass, into such
streamlets, creeks, or rivers.
VI. The Disease as Observed in Pwine.
Symptoms during ?(/e.— "The disease nuiy last from a few hours to
four weeks in fatal cases. Quito frequently animals will dio very sud-
denly and wif'^out warning. Some of these cases present the hemorrhagic
type of the disease very distinctly. In the nn.jority of cases which came
under our observation recently, the disease lasted from one to two weeks.
The most prominent symptoms aro those of great debility and capricious
appetite. In about one-half of the cases, diarrhav.i set in after three or
four days. The feces aro usually liquid, at times blood-stained. In
those cases where ulceration is extensive, diarrhoea is always present. The
rectal temperature is usually high but variable, ami not at all reliable as
a means of determining the intensity of the disease.
Lesions observed after dealJi .—T>hco]oriiiiou or reddening of the skin
is quite rare. When present, it is usually found about the genitals in
both sexes. The subcutaneous fatty tissue is frequently of a diffuse red-
ness and rarely studded with small extravasations.
The peritoneal cavity usually contains more or less straw colored scrum
in advanced cases. In those which die quite suddenly serous effusions
are absent. The coils of the intestine are now and then covered wit'.i a
few fibrinous, stringy coagula, indicating slight peritonitis. BcncMlh
the serous covering of the intestines extravasations of blood are (luitc
common in very acute cases. They aro most frequently encountered on
the large intestine throughout its entire length (.r limited to the ca'ouni.
Occasionally a few coils of the ilium are covel-ed with punctiform eccliy-
moses. They aro found now and then on the stomach. Only once did
we see large ecchymoses in the fatty tissue sorrounding the kidney.
The spleen i^ usnally eons.iderably swollen, dark, gorged with blood,
CK BOOK.
rtilh ail effective disinfect-
iicid or thymol, till a heal-
;e 883.)
loni lieid to herd niul from
s, even criminal coiitaminii-
i with the excrements and
and with the carcasses and
\m source of the spreading
•\\\f such contamination of
)unishal)lo by law. AIlow-
access to such streandcts
Icncc of such a contamina-
irts of a carcass, into such
in Pwrine.
y last from a few hours to
tnimals will die verj sud-
Hcs present the hemorrhagic
ijority of cases which canie
itcd from one tu two weeks.
rcat debility and capricious
>irhtt!ii set in after three or
t times blood-stained. In
loea is always present. Tlio
L', and not at all reliable as
isoaso,
in or reddening of the skin
)und about the genitals in
frequently of a diffuse red-
ions.
J or less straw colored serum
I suddenly serous effusions
)W and then covered wil'i a
light peritonitis. Beneath
sations of blood are quite
frequently encountered on
h or limited to the caicuni.
iT-ed with punctiform eccliy-
B stomach. Only once did
)rrounding the kidney.
K dark, gor<red with blood,
llO(> ClIOLKnA.
1209
and very friaidc ()i, it .
blood-rcl points' ape fvJ^^Zlwlu!^ ,'"1"''' '" ""^'^ ''^'''' ^'^i'^ed
t.|nes. Occasionally its surfaccri. 1; ,"•,1""'.'^"'' ^""" "^ '''''''
Iho kidneys are more or less cluu..cdP P''" ^" '•'""'"'' l>"t^'»'«^-
with a variable number of dark-iod pI , '"."'J''^'''^'^' <''^^ "^"'faco i,s dotted
-en the tips of the papiH.o may ^ I'T';'':''"'/ "'-•'''"''fe-sted ;
portion in some cases is tl.o soat of „ ! '^ '""• '^''^ "'••l'^^"'
section it is d<,ttcd with closely set Zu"'T "'" '"""""nation. On
ruli in a state of extreme eng,M.„emenl ''"""''' '"'"''"^'^ ^^' ='°'"«-
The heart is but slightly Jffocted Tl
or less distended with fluid J,, „, ",./ P^ncardiun. is always more
tifonn and larger extravasations ar^lTT^ '"''"'''" "^""'"^•' ''^ P""«-
the auricular appendages. mI ' ' ;" ; '"""'^'^ ^''« «'-''"<''"" of
endocardium of the ventricles The 1 1 7 ^^'^ ^'*""'' '"^^»'"'tl» the
with a dark coagulum and left nea.lv cl'n. " "' '^' '^ r"'«' ^^''^tended
Ihe lungs are in many cases no.-n,.,! 1 n •
protracted disease. We have sr;''"^'' '" ""^'^ "^ ^-'^l'-' ^^^ath and
lungs accompanied extensivelv ul " 17"! 'V'''"'^ '^""'"^'^^'^^ ^«""^'
number of acute, virulent case; the u ' """^^'"^^- I» « 'noderate
pale. Under the pleura, however I? J""' '" ^'"''''^'' "*""i^-<l «"J
dark-red color, which coiTespond to I . "l" ''"" "'"^" '"'^^'''^■^ "^ ^
tissuo not much more than o u"' t "i" H "'T "' •'""' '"^'^'^'^^^
are always found throughout the I , "t " "'''""• '^'^^^« ^"-'
dance. I„ the a.lvanced stages cLJT'" "^ r^''' "'" '''' "'"•"-
of the lungs may be eon.^lete iy t . 1'''^'; •'^"'"' r"^ '"'"^""^ ^"'"^
found but rarely, and may denend on I ' ^"'"''^'"'1 wo have
derstood. ^ * "^ "° circumstances not yet clearly u„.
The lymphatic glands are always more or loss ..ff , 1 ..
thorax as well as those of (he abdomen T f '' *'''*'' "^ ^^^
mesentary are very much fl, r , ' -'^'""^'' ''^ ^''« '•*"•* "f the
whitishMhemeckl^.ru t ;: ""V'""«"^"'' ->"led, re.l, and
f.-equently gorged .2 H^T T.::::;^:;:'!??' j ''' '"''-' '"°-
of the large ii. .i„e „,e usually ^ f^^ ^ 1^'' '^1^ " /'^ «-'«
are torn apart, the glands are In-ou-dit o vt v ' I ! i"! "'' """''
bodies, their dark bloo.l vo,] o. I . 'solated, bean-shaped
cent p^ler. tieslt ol J 7^^^^^^^^^^^^ •"■•••^-"y -th the adja-
.lan^tissue. On ^^^^ri.j^^:::^':::-:^:;::'-:^^
description applies equally well to the .dm.l! b H '
i-:
THE AMERICAN FAUMKUS STOCK «OOK.
1210
The i„to,tin,„ .n„. H o,-,.,, wily the »»' ;;'j;;:,;;:ra;:ir;:l"::";
In the .l...„acl, tho tm,du« ...■ ,n,»t dependent 1 "■'"";»*;', ^,^„,| |,,„„a.
,.„e„ l,h>ek„h in -..l".-. .lependin,- .,n he "I"-" ',, ,' ™, i,,„ f„„d.
Oee.,i;m,dly elot» ot hh,od ,ue found ...n ,ng a »' " ^ .,|„j„^
„,e„,.». The dnodennn, ,s ™ '^, « ' ;',;.,/Uenlpt f,o,„ pnthoh.sie..
a still greater immunity, iho ileum si seventy of the
cl,au,e''s which seem to be piopoit.oned to - ^^^ ;^'^,7;^; [,,, je-
lesions found in tho adjoining l.irge intestine, which
scribed." ^^^ GHossary ol Preceding Soientiflo Terms.
The seientific terms used in the foregoing in diseases as observed in
swiiie, are as follows : —
^Mr/cM?ar— Portiiining to the ear.
^ TU .M.nnuMicemcnt of the large intestine.
Ca^cum-Th. ^T'^'Zllor ye\\o^, spots from extravasation or eff«.
^ccAymoscs-- Livid, blacfe or yenow sput
sion of blood. . •_ i
Feces-T\m natural discharges of an animal.
Glomeruli-n.-^as. Tlacs of Slitherings
phSCSf " vein-,;he valved ve.e, e„nt.-,.h,« a t™«pa™
fluid).
sr::;^';!":;: >:^:"^«n, the .^..^^ ...^ ..ei. »
pe„dage» in IheU- l-M--- P™''"! ™„„th .erou, membrane inveati,
.he^tn ;: :f::t:";'re'::don,en and „,,.. «r .». „„ .
vi c» ntained in it, and of which it fj.nn, the .n.to^
ing the lungs. . , ^.
/?ec<aZ-The last portion of the intestines.
Sub-cutaneous— Under the skin.
VIII- Conclusions.
marized :
3CK HOOK.
""" '■: oi.,
1211
Swii.o plague is causod hv a siMTiH.. ,,., i
tiplying in 11.0 b,.dy of tl.odis.l.s.a a ., "''/,"' '"'""'^ g«nn) n,ul.
longs to (1,0 gonns l.a.-tcrinm (n fil.n,,.,., . "'"''"*'" l>'<'''-'f'lv l.o-
knowna.bel,,„gi„.tothov..;Hai;io riT "",^"."'^'" ""^ ^'^'^ '•"finitdy
having di.stin.t ,..;<... of n.o.i^n) '""=*'"'"' '"'^' '^'Purently
When introduced beneath tl.o skin this ba,.f„ • • .
•>it.s, guinoa-pigs. n.i, ., „„,, , ceHa .,!''''%" '""' "* ^'^'■^' '•«''-
tl'an ,..„l.aU„ that .attlo inoenia.-d l r"^" !"^"""' '^ '^ "">-
con.o down with u diseaso thai has been n, 7 i"""; '" "'''"" »''"-"^' »^"l
pneumonia, but it is not conununieated to ou!! ." ' ^'''^''f^''""'^ P'«'"..-
'''I to pigs when introduced with the fl , """""'■*■ '^ '^ "'^ '"-
ternal organs of swine which ha .1 en''" r''"' ^''^"^' ^^^'^ "» *''« --
It is worthy to bo re„K.nl,ercdtln ,1 . r T- •
Rouget, and in Germany as Kotl.l ,'uf . T'"" ' ""'''^'^ '" ^'™"^"« ««
paredavaccinejscausedbya^t :; l::;^''l''\
for this disease does not protect •!; ""'''"''''• '^'''" ^««'^i°c
tion of Pasteur's vaccine itort. "">"/'''"""• ''"" '"^-'-
introduction and spread of a i rTr '' '""^^"7'"'"^" ^'' ^"^'
country has not yet been den.on .a j' '■''"'" "' "'"^'' '" *'-
ins the intestines and their ap-
ortion of the thorax and invest-
l\
i ■" ■
INDEX.
Abdoinon, tnpplnir «,.„ •/.'''*!"■•
Abortion of iiiarc^ '''J>l>n».l.
'• '• tows....'.". '•>•■). !17
Abdiillub (niuUlon) p"
iM'""'-'''"^' "i"t.noi.u, etc. V.'.VsV,: ■/;.;,:,/•'"
Abuso of lioiscs /i/'"..-
Accidents ".".'.".'.."
'• i'oinnion.oica'ttl.
Action, lin|)(,i-tai;f(! of g,„„j
" ill trottinjr......
" fiiiiitHiti.. ■■
Age oflioivc, to tell, from" tee Ih'.'.
" mule do. j„
" cuttle do. {jo'
Abscess, opening an .'
" l!j«frotnni, after Jastnition
Abscesses in dosrs •■•uom
" inhoiVs....:::: '.',',';';
el -n. '" '^f''"''?Ie8 or distennxT.' '. '' ' <' 7
See Tumora, UtcevK Pi\t„i,. V • '
Acari, nasal amllMSiSr!':-. :^''''"''' -if^:;
..Se
'. II,',
'>I'IK.
• . . .
• •JIM
. :i;{i;
See
J)i»,ii>i,<ii_
* •
II 2
70
....
i:t!)
....
•i-zn
h..
.!tH
<("
...
k;,-,
....
->i;{
•tr.M
iitio
II.. .
ll:i
Aconite poisoning
Acorns, us a poison ...
" for hogs ■ " ■
After-birth, retention of, iVy"
After-pains, prolonged, of ^„u .'
ifrican (Jeese
Albmuiuuria in liorses
.,, " in cuttle....". .".'.■!■
Akierney cattle
Alfalfa, for cattle .'
Aloes poisoning .."..'
*"'"at.'ves
See
cow. ,
Altc
);t2
■ -Kjr,
• . J(i!)
• ■ 7r)i
• • 7.-) I
• • !I8-)
•• AiYA
■ • 73fc
• . 508
■ . (i3(i
• 4ti(i
Altering,.
Auianrosi.
.4inble
in the liorse.
iis u gait.
•••• ni
hce Ii,riprn,
See Cintnuiimg^
4r
American virsua EnglVsh handlinj;",Vf ^""^
1(!7
, T lis. 128
Ktieep raising. «-)!), 87,")
fondness for trotting run.s.j; 4
Shorthjjrns .. • " - '''^
Aiiiemia in caiUe, Vkv.k.
Anatomy of i|„. i,„,.,* 7m
;: '"'I'o'tanceoVk.Vowf,;,;;-'/,- i\
•• o[r':.::"'^""'-'-^"^-'i''S
:: ::[;;:-"" ""-;'omi.v;,uw,S
OfMlHM.l,"." «41
. ■■ of I,,.,,,', 848
An.i's(li,.|i|.s. 023
AncMiisni. i„ I,,;;;;.'. ^,m.
Aligns ,.,1111...... ;{85
^V''ki.'s..o,.k,.,,. ;■•,;;—;;;••• «oo
'" I'lotcct fi., , .• 293
Anodynes. ';:':•'"''' "••""""''•f..ring;::|^^
237
Antacids
Anthrax.... .'.'."."''
'• in swine.".'.'.'.'.
Alltlieliiinili,N
\\'''|''"".'^'l'"i^<'-I.saMd
•\Mll|l,-|lodic.s..
Antiseptics ....',"
Aiitls|)asnio(ii(..i,
Aperients
Aphtha, sinipi,., of';,;;!,';
• ''pizoolic, of ,.,,
Apoplexy in horses...
" in cattle
siilenic. 01
'" I'urturiciii,
!(>;
, etc
tl...
i'lithijix.
ill cows.
See li'nipeH.
•237
• . 701
n, 83a
■ . 237
■>, 10!H)
• . 2117
• . 237
. . 237
• . 237
• . 4.-)0
• . (J!)!)
• . 377
.. 701
■ 701
756
ro dis-
colts
^iieiican vx. EligVish' {r,;,;.;,;,'^',',',';;./"'
horthorns ,
'erefoTds
■' Galloways
■' Ayrshires
" Ilolsteins [',
" native hog '"
'' error in breeding's'w
breed."? of swine «„-.
merinos 8vV s-i
flieep husbandry ." . " sot
^^ breeds of fowls
■•"""""'ii poisoning
See tShoiihornn.
580, 581
.... (iOO
• . . . cm
■••• (!I0
■ • . . 7!»1
• . . 803
.34,
!)37
466
„ , tingiiish ....
jlKwiiir
;,' jn sheep
in poiilirv
Apotiiecanes- weij;i,f
Apparatus, veterinarv.';:
Arabian liois(> "
Vnbs J1"""M"^'^f'''^''^<-'-^'-'".
-viaos, as l)ree( (MX ,.t,. .,« 1
Aromatics I!.'.;.." "^ '""-se
Arsenic iMisonlii"-
Ascarides, or jun w;,n,;,,:
Artesian wcljs f„, |„,,,,ii
Ascites in l'(cnis.
Ass, the
■• wild .'.'.'.'.'.'"
" I'oitoii ""- 157
'• .breeding in Ai'ner'icaV. }^?
Astriiiirents ... 161
,• 237
Atroi)hy of muscles. ''"''' ■'''''"/"'■''■
of horseV ' ~- ■ - - - 31(5
.See
7i)5
836
807
!«)!)
479
472
128
134
128
...237
• • . 465
U'onna,
• ■ . (U3
• . . 7.50
157
1213
do.
lieart.
liver .
384
42]
1214
illK AMKRICAN FARMRK'S STOCK HOOK.
Paoe.
Spc Breeding hack.
874
OS!)
(ioa
0(1(5
l)<>inl>i •'O'^t *J12
ciinipari'd with Dutch cattle
for daiiv ••l''^7 f>'-2
UYA
Atavism
Atwixnl iiieriiiiis
Ayl('sl)m-y ilucUs
Ayrsliiiccattlc
" importations
Azotuiia
Bag Rpo Udder and Scratum.
liiu±, l)n)ki'ti, ill lioist's !120
" sprain of, in liorscs >'21
Bill-kill^', vii'o of ^"iJ;*
Badfjor homul, German Ht_o
Bud siiflit in liorscs See; 7';;/j'_.
" haliits in stal)li' ;j''>i
Bake of the many-plii's 7"-27
Bakcwcll and his ten rnles o27
Balkin....... '^-■''o^'i^'llw
Ball of medieiiic, ;|;|'Ji 47H
'.'.'.'. '.T.'.ynry
..See Jic.dpes.
152,778
■ .■ 287
'.)47
040
1000
,...0(10, ()7:J
" " giving,
Balling-iron
Balls
Bandages
" starch
Bantam fowls
" game
Barbet dog
Barns
822
8S:{
pictures from real life 205, 004
" oblong C(iO
" with wings '|£*'
" basement of 'j' I
«' model <;7l
" round and octagonal t" 2
" hog
*' sheep
See !!itahles.
Barnyard, amenities of ()'";<>
" fowls i»^4
Barrenness «i't' Stiriiaij.
Basement of model barn <)( 1
Bates, Thos., celebrated breeder... i):r,), 514
Batavian cattle J|l'j
Beagle, the • •• • l"'fi
Beef, value of different breeds for 517
" breeding for "SO, 531
«' points in inoducing 5;{2
" from the old Teeswaters 540
" cattle, the "touch"' for 552
" iioints illustrated [>'">4
" steers r». bulls for 50(J
" fat, with best combination (iO'>
" when to sell f<n- <>41
See f'atteniiKj, Foreimj, Hhortlionix, etc.
Bee-hives • • • •.- • ■ • | 'HI
Bee-keeping, poetry connected w't '••|l' i
u on the farm iioi, ii(i«
u imiilements useful in — 1105
Bee moth ; •. \]^]^
Bees, varieties and peculiarities, lU.M
" the three genders 1004
" Black or Qeriuiin 1005
" Italian or Ligurlan 1005
" Kgyptian 10'>'f>
" Cyprian 10"0
" Albinos 10»5
Paoe.
Bee*' w ax l^OS
'• i)lants,etc., that furnish food for 1009
" care and management 1101
" Hwannlng, 1102, 1105
•' how many to keep 1103, 1108
" liow to work about HOI?
" wintering 1104, 1108
" artiticial feeding HOti
" enemies of 1107
" foul brood in 1107
'• range and jiasturage 1108
Belladonna iioisoning 400
Bellfoiindcr, celebrated stallion .... i;$5, 14;$
Belly, tapping thi See Tupping.
Bellyache See tc/icund Jloven.
Berkshire hog 708, 811
Bigliead, or ostco sarcoma 318
Birds, anthrax in 703
Bishoping horses' teeth 08, 224
Bistouries 472
Bitch, gestation 1011
" partm'ition and care 10S7
Biting, vice of, in horses 227
Black leg, or anthrax 701
" quarter, do 701
" tongue, do 701
" Tlamburg fowls OICl
" Uorking " !'i«
'• duck, t'ayuga 001
" East India duck- ■•■ 00:<
" and tan terrier lOCO
Black-faced Highland or Scotch sheep- 8(i!>
Bladder, horse's, iiillaiiimatioii of 404
>' '• paralysis
'• " eversion
• ' " spasm of neck. . . •
" mare's, rupture
" horse's, stone in
" " " cutting for.
" intlammation, in cattle 7;!!)
" gravel, in cattle 7 10
" stone, ilo 710
•' tapping, of ox or bull 77K
" worm See Wurm.
Blankets, etc., for the horse \%
Bleeding, dangerous kinds of ICS
" horses I.")2
" cattle 77!)
!180
:ii)S
See FIcnn.
Blemishes, in the horse -'iX
Blenheim spaniel
Blindness in tlie liorse
4ori
4or.
4ori
40li
40!)
45(j
geese
of wounds, to stop.
Blisters
Blistering horses
Blood, buying liorses fm-,...
•' adapting the strain of
Kici;
-j-ji
Se(' Kifi.
See Ji'rcipis.
i,-);!
2IS
m
spavlii 273
ossiflc diathesis in 270
eaiKMM'ous diathesis in 33»
diseases in horses 387
" " " contagious.. 391
" conUiglou*, of catiU 693
" non-contagious, of cattle. 706
See Jirei'ding.
•K HOOK.
Taoe.
lOSW
■s,eto., Ihatfiiniislifood for 1090
and iiiaiia!j;eiiu'iil 1101
i„i„,r 1102,1105
lua.ry to k.'cp 1102,1108
to work uliiml 1 1015
I'litiK 1101,1108
cial Iccdins 110(1
lies of. ...r 1107
bnidd in 1107
and pastitrai^e IHW
1 ])oisoniii^ '100
■r,ot'l»'l)rat<'ds(allion....i:ir), 14:5
)ing till' Seo Tnppinij.
, See Colic luul Ilovnn.
hofi 708,811
)!• csti'o sarcoma 31 M
lirax ill 703
liorsns' teetli 08, 224
473
tatioii 1011
turition and care 10S7
:e of, in horses 227
or antiirax 701
rlor, do 701
i;nc, do 701
iibnrar fowls O^i-I
■kins " !'--^il
k, (,'ayuga Oi»l
,t India duck---- Oil:'
tan terrier 10i;i»
^d IlifrlilandorSeotehslieep. 8(li(
liorse's, iiitlaininatiou of 41)4
" j)aralysis 40.'i
" cversion 40."i
" spasm of neek 4()r>
mare's, rni)lure 401)
lorse's, stone in 4011
" " enttingfor 4ri(i
inllaiiiniation, in cattle 7:iii
gravel, in cattle 710
4one, do 7-10
Lapping, of ox or bull 77S
worm See Horn.
etc., for llie liorse VX,
, dangerous kinds of :!7S
liorses I''2
cattle 7711
geese I'^fl
of wounds, to stop :iii>i
See Fli ":ii.
s, in the horse --';
I spaniel ''"'''
s in tlie horse -'- '
See Ji'iciiiin.
ir liorses '''I
iiyiiig liorses for, 2IS
lai>ling the strain of ■-';'!
)avin. -'■'
^siflcdiathi'sisin -^Ij
luuierons diathesis in jWjj
iseuries in liorses 3s"
II " " coiitagiiiiis.. ;19)
•' eonUiglou*, of catlle p]
" non-contagious, of calilc. 71)li
See lireiding.
IN))KX.
1215
Pack.
•■lou
• • . ;fsr,
• • ir.if
• . 407
• • 7;ii»
;i.s,-,
Blood-hound
Blood-vessel, rupture
Blood-siiek
Bloody urine, in horses.
" ."'cattle.. ...".■,
miii-rain, or anthrax.
Blue disease, in foals
Boar, care, service, etc .,
Bog spavin '^''" '*''"• ''"','elc.
Boilplagtie, Siberian "ointVu^ax) ". ! " " " ' E',
Bol ing. vice of, in horses,. . ... i =
Bolton iJrey fowls
Bone spavin '.
Bones, broken
" diseases of.... ..
Broken knees, in horses,
back, do.
• • • ; '.m;
■ ••.Sec r.jxiviii.
• See Fruclnri'.
•\-- :tl7
■•^-•7,228, •>\){\
;!2i)
:i;i2
281
;i2;i
-'27, :mh
, :tr)4
■ee Fmclnrcn.
;!(.'{
. 718
• 7(10
1000
. ;i2.-)
:i4(!
.•ill
8(11
ribs, do.
" down, do.
" tail, ,io.
" wind, do.
teeth, do.
" bones
Bronchitis, in horses
" in cattle
" venninoiis
^ " in poultry ...'
Bronchocele. in horses
Broncho-pneumonia, in horse"
Boots, for inierfeiliig horses
Border Leicester sheep
Bottle, drenching s,'.,, /,,.,„ , . "■■
Bowels '. o, •. • V ■/ ■ ■. *'-
:: i"<'">"".ation;,f:-i;;;:S,S";^n
"ogs I()7,s
. 201
. o.-.i
. OiM
. mi
■ ;{7r)
. 7(il
■ 8i)8
KM\
807
1077
007
•••"l"), l(l(i, i()2
](>-)
•••180, 22:!, 4;to
• •••...(iDo, (ino
Breatlilng c,.,^7! Trnmin,,.
Breda fowls .'. '^^ " Hmnrutwn.
Breeding, artirtclai. I'M I ".'.'.. [I "nL*
general principles. ....".".'"■■ ui
heredity in .,,; .:],
of trotters ......]•{•(
colts, luinciples .'.'."" ^'^
back, or atavism ... 148, filO r,'n
variation in ..148 n-")!)
' to color and form .' im
sizeof sireanddnin in inn
in-aiid ' -•• i-v
Brace for broken knees
Brahma fowls
" d;iik... ".■.■.■.■.■;
" light, ;■■■
Brain, innamniation of. in horse.,
•'*»• in cattle'.
u '!"• '» ^'heep.
congestion of, in swine.
" li.Vdatidson, inslieep...
" diseases of, iudom....
Brazilian or Muscovy duck.
Breaking verms traiiiinir.
nwles V.
" halter, vice of..
" oxen
cross.
*n"ne 15,),
;t8, ir.o, r.2o, mn
150,510,521,52;!
520, 535
Breediii
Page.
li")8, IR!
I!rcc<l
'he mule
'''' I>'-Hcli,.arsia„",i:
poini
of ealllc .....".'."
laWSir,,v,.|„i„j^r./
"•••NiM.eitM'pi,,.,,,,...,. ■
tciiiis dcllned....
for hci'f " "
" niiili
" labor '.;.'.■.■■■'
'• Ix'cf and mi'lli..""
oarrei! heifers....
of swine
<l'>. errors VnV.'.sa'iMVKt.l
of sheep ••'"■•» ''I I, 81!)
imporianeeoin:,;,:,!;.::::::!^^
>f Owls. ,.hang,.s res „ '"*
"idmanagemiMiioff
01 liorses
'!"• puiilv,",fV
'"• Asl.iij,....
do. European
of cattle :. .. .
','"• piiritvof.
(Ill
do
of swine
of sheep [['/' ''}^>
Hocking various." .'.'.'.' 8,52
••"':!2, 576
••">I(i, 527
522
••"'28,5:!;!
5:1;!
5:!0
•5;il,55!>
631
• • • . 531
• • • . 700
. 812
!)14
s... !).■)!)
Jlome.
;n
-AQ
30
•See Cattle.
519
low
• ..Sei
value of ,iiff,.,.f.„;;_ ^^jy
symmetry important. 5(i9
do
;• "fr"i<'ke„s:.::vf.::"'^;:i|--,v«5a
:; !"■ ';"-".arke;:::'::^'j:j
do. do. ejr<r< ; i"
;: ;;[te-;;;;-H'>8;iu^i,-io4o;-ii;i2
Bremen geese '095
"'•idle, piilliii.r j,V. !**^0
Broiiz(M| turlPys.'. ^-•*
Broxy, or antlinix "^"
Bruises, stone, in hoi;;.-; V;,;;,-: '"}
408
See Ham.
050
532
554
. 573
049
•0.")4, 057
758
7(10
.... 777
778
Hiick.'... ..':.■;
Buff Cochin fowls
_Bull, for average farnV,;'. ::;..... ..M'^
•• hampering vicious... "'
" Iralninjr
" gonorrhoaof. ..''.'.""■
" for barren heifers!..
" castrating
" tapping bladder.'." .".'.".'."."
Bull-dogs .... ''^''" -"'■'''■'''■".'/. t'.-'ir ■ cVi^
" terriers.!".'.'.'. V^'^^
Bullers.... 1050
Butter and but(ei"mak'i„;;! '""'?!!:"
■' '"i'kiiiginKurope.....".'. ^1%
,". at the West !!!!!!«;;
5;!2
563
• 751,779
I 027, 628
025, 777
629
a bull.
'* a milch cow.
CiCsarianojieralion..
Calves, ear
^'■andf.Muling 023,
I 'I' I
lit
('!■ 'J.
«
•I
I
eastrati
ng.
prodt ill feeding
%-
1216
THK AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
1^ m
'.1
I'AdK.
... ((.")()
. . . 72!)
. ... 734
, . . . 76G
. ... 742
. . . . 373
,409
420
456
740
259
, 993
400
. 548
. ^)S1
.. 335
. 711
. 771
,. 428
.. 771
,. 711
. . 258
Calves, training
«• scours
»> hernia
" hoose or husk
Calving : ••■•■■,
Calculi in horse's bosvels • •
1! .. " bladder, kidneys, etc
" biliarj' (.gallstones)
" cutting to remove
'• in bladder of cattle
Calks, in liorse's foot
Call ducks
Calomel poisoning ;•""
Canada goose ' ■
Canadian pony , '
-^ trotters ^•^"
" iShorthorns
" llerefords
Cancer, or melanosis, in horses —
" of the bone in cattle
" bleeding of " "
Cancerous tumor inhorse's eye... .
14 .4 " eye of cattle
" ulcers in cattle
Canker of sole, inhorses • • • ■
Cannula "'»> ' '^-*' { i^
Canter, the ; ^ '
Cantharides poisoning .J"J
Capped elbows .•.■.•.■.V228, 282
C Milet '"^ ' '.'.'.'.'.'■••••• 282
CarbunculaV erysipelas, or anthrax.. . . 703
Carbuncle, or furunculus ;W"
Caries, or ulcerated bone ^^^
Carminatives no-
Carolina ducks • • "
Carriage floor in stables ^"°
Castimere goats. . . . • ...
Casting, directions for ^^ ^j^.i^j^,,,
455
for hernia '^f\
" troubles from 412
calves 625,777
bulls Ill
pigs oir
lambs «»»
/Ifg** ooV^S
inhorses.... ' oor,
spurious, lu horses ff->
Catarrh in horses *:?•
'> •' cattle • '•.:]
" malignant, in ealtle ■ • • 7i^
" to U^\ do. from rinderpest. • • • 090
" malignant e!)izootic in swine.. b2«
u or snumes, in swine •••••••••• «;"{
" malignant epizootic, in sheep. 890
" inpoultry V^
" " dogs '^.','^
Cathartics ,'-.,
Cathether ■':'•■::","'"'"
Cattle and horses, their pathology
i-nmpared -^f '»' "°V
u wild and semi- wild '*"^' ^m
"of England • • • »"•»
" ancient mention of 4J1, 010
" Texas
Castrating horses
(I
I'AOft.
Cattle, Devon f^>^
4. Hereford 490, 57S
" Durham or Short-horn 498, 638
" Irish ^
" Seotch ■-•••f.^
- Galloway "*"'=«,
" Swiss -nVp?;!
,. Dutch "^^^ ^^2
" llolstein 5"'^' ^J°
Jersey •'•'»
A l.loi-iiov "•J^'
Cataract,
Alderney
Guernsey
Sussex . . .
558
593
595
Glamorgan ''^'
Polled »XA
600
(i(t3, 613
. ... 603
613
613
614
. 503
504
.511,
613
513
" Angus
" dairy
" Ayrshire
" Friesian
>» Batavian
" Danish
" fossil • ■,••
' ■ early history of British »"^
" anatomy ""^
" head and teeth
" to tell age
" breeds, improvement of • • • • ■_•■• ?i!?
- breeding ' rTr
'• of the ( 'ampagnas •••■••••••,••■• °i?
• ' intluence of shelter and feed • • • • o21
" principal tyi)es of n;«o
" roots for • • ;, • ^f^
■' raising and feeding 623, 634
" pasturage of JiJJ*
" salting •• 638
" grazing and herding 04^
" humanity and care ^j»
" training and working Oi).j
" .Sturm's classification of ^;i;>
" shelter for
" ties
•' stables
" barns ,
" diseases and treatment, general
principles
'• plague ••
" common accidents of.
" operations on
'• recipes recapitulated .
Sec Cow, Dainj, i)i.sease.s, Mill>-, Ox, ctt.
Cautery, actual 270, 280, 4oO, 4r 2
for bite of dog, etc.
Cayuga black duck
(Centipedes, stings of. .._••■
Cerebro-spinal meningitis • .
Ceroma, hepatic, in horses
Certificate of soundness. f»'>
Charms for warts ineffectual •'•'^
(Jhase, dogs of the • » ' .
Chaining up dog« condemned l" •'
Charbon, or anthrax '"{
Cheddar cheese '
Cheese making ';,
•• factory, model .... = .. "' "
" Cheddar I^'
.' Cheshire ''H.i
Chesapeake Bay retriever.
663
668
068
669
08!)
690
672
77(i
780
.1080
991
471
•377,672
419
.1011
BOOK.
Pao».
,, 495, 580
Ird.V.V.V 4i)0,578
111 or Short-horu 4!)8, 538
500
, 500
vav ■.■.■.".■.*. 501,597
^'*y 502
'. 502,613
.in ■.■.".■.■. 502,018
;' 558
,,*eV ^^^
"ey 558
'f^^ 593
,^ 597
' .'■.;■.,■.■■. 000
(UW, 013
,;;.»;'.V.V.' «o3
in. CIS
'. "„ 013
. «14
503
history of British 504
..,.,-■ """
aiid teeth 511, 513
1 age 51a
Is, Tniprovement of • • • 516
Uiijr 1)10,527
> Cainpiignas • 516
iMice of slioltci- iiud feed. . . • 521
•ipal types of ^25
, for 530
iijr and feeding 02'5, 634
ig^?.?!;::;:::::::::::::"«38
iu<r and herding 642
unity and care t;*"
ling and working l;»''
ni's elassifleatiou of ^
terfor 003
Oon
}|* ;; 009
ases iijid treatinent, general
•inoiplea 0°;;
cue 0«0
iiuon aceidents of ^i-;
rations on. ..•••• ''^'
pes reoapit\dated • • • • 7«u
w, Dair'i, Dixeascs, Milk; Ox, etc.
lu'tual.:. 270,280,450 472
;or bite of dog, etc 10»»
lackdnek •l''\
•s, stings of • • • • "tfi
ipinal meningitis.... •••••577, ^>ii
lepaUc, in horses 4i.i
B of soundness ^'''J
:)r warts ineffectual f • *
gsoftlie • ] .,,
up dog« condemned l » |'
<u' antlirax '.''
cheese ^!:\
.along :i:
letorv; model......... ;;'
heddar ' .,
heshire _ f'
ike Bay retriever "'"
INDEX.
1217
Cheshire chpe.=!G., .
liog
Chest founder
" water in \
Chester wlii(e liogs ,
" cniiniy •>
Chickens, burn yard
" game".
" frizzled...
" runipless..
silky
rAOK.
083
SOi)
• 2.->l
t?ee Hiidruthiirar.
805
breeds 904
941
918
948
,"y , o 1(1
Asiatic breeds nri
breeds for market. . . .'.'.' ." " {i7,i
070
See Pimltni.
4'Jd,563
795
Chillingliam (wild) cattle
China hogs
'; " Poland....".". '.;;.. sn-
Chinese geese. White .' .' ,,«.',
" u Oriv
Chitt.agong fowls ....'.'.'.'/. ^j
ChloriH 1^-drate ^oe'An^vM^
poisoning .,.:.
Clilorofof m ."..... c, " ,,••,;•; • 4»>'
n, ,. . poisoning
Choking, in horse.."
■' " cattle ..
Cholagogues
irjholera, hog "
vJhordes, in horses ...
V.'horea, in dogs , ,,
Cirrhosis, hepatic, in horses;;".;:::;" ..m
Clacking or forging, in trotting ; -^h
(Cleveland Bav horse ^ 1,,
••827, 829,830,
407
;i5,s
772
2;{7
810
332
,,,. . >y liorse
</linical thermometer
Close breeding
Clot In horse's hearti
Clovers for cattle
" •' swine ;'
^, " " bees
Clumber spaniel
Clydesdale liorses
^ '' " half-bred..:::
Coach horses
Coarse wools ".'.'.;
Cob, or light liorse of all'woi'k.'
Cochin fowls
H4
092
See Sreedini/.
384
035
821
lOil!)
1013
102
220
113
Wool.
101
..See
Cock.
*••;:; 953, 9^„
*'»te OoO
^"f •.• 9,50
P'»'t''«Jse 950
" fighting. ■.".".".•.".^?!.^'"''-'''^"''' ^'"'' t^-
Cocker spaniels ini-
Cocked ankles ^to
Cold, or catarrh, in horses. : ::::::"""" -Af)
" " "cattle :::7]5
" " "swine fi'i^
„', " " "dog.s
Colic, spasmodic, in lior.ses. .
'■ flatulent
" how distinguished...:.
Collie, Scotch.....
Coloring butter '..'.[
Colts, care of young ; : :
" gentling and training . .
" putting to work....?..,
to subdue wild
72
1079
302
304
370
..1055, 10.-)8
C80
150
108
...171,172
172
Colts, to subdue vicious
" sore moiuh in
castrating
Comb, honey... '
Coininoi
Page.
173
355
• ; 455
See lloneij.
cona;u:r;r£rr'';!f:;-''''^--;^- m
C'onestoga lioiVe ,.'.•' ^■'""""s.... ]!,3
^'ongesUou of hmg.s, in hor«w' "" '
" kidneys, in lioi.^ies .
J, plethoric do.
"^ ""■'• do. ..:;■
tendency lo, in swine.
^ . of brain do
Conjunctivitis, In horses....;.. '
r.„„ ,." . in cattle :"■■
Constipation, in horses...
" cattle : : ; ■ ■
"dogs
<-ODsuininion, in ca7tle.
Cont.igious blc
Contr
Convi
Cooling lotions:
108
• ■ . . 349
• • . . 403
■ ■ • . 403
■... 418
• . . . 835
■ • . . 830
■ • • . 424
■••• 770
. . . 307
• • • 729
...1078
... 709
1002
chickens .,
Wood diseases of horse..".; ;wf
disea.ses of cattle (^q.^
^"'""'^'"- ■«ee/%^a,Hi".E£K
Coops for poultrv ^*^*'* Ri'cipes.
< ;<>pper sulpli:,ie poi"s"o"ni"n"g ■.".".; 4}!^
" tumors on >' » u ■"• ^jt
Corn, when and how to feed C2'7" fi' ?
as food, unfomuled fears . ' 030
t^L'onomical raising of...... rfA
'• for breeding .s\via7. «,?
Corns, in horses .?. :.:,• • ^.{^
cS:;^^':!'""-''«-'-"i"ir:.v':!^S
Cotswold sheep , Constipation.
^ '• standard "fo'r"::::: fi-«
Cough, ehroiiic, i„ horses ....;".;;" yoV f^
Cow o-nnri !"''""'''■' 9'y("'ndiseases of),
^ov. , good, described in verse 500
period of gestation 53^
" .Sr'"'''"''"'^'"/"'' ^'•^«
'• llev!^?''*^' P'^'-ti'-'"l«rl7'des;Hi;ed583
•■ luilch, training '
to break of kli''kin<',. ..
047»C58
to i)revent from :sMcking .".■."." I'"*^' C4S
to prevent from hookinS "cm
driving " y/n •^-r,
as woiWo" '-.•■• "^'^'"'•^
niillvin"
■ oil farm .
055
C58
when to feed milch : : : : : : : : 059
pox
705
•■■ diseases, etc., peculiar to: : ; . . ; , 742
(halving • '"
" «wi"g :::::::: 778
Cvnoho^ J.O I ^^^^ M/cing qualities, etc.
Ci acked heel, or scratches qo'i
( 'racKs i n hoc-f .>.V fy.
Cramps, in horses ^' tta
or ehordes 332
See Gutter.
u\
i
'U ■til
r 1,
jj
Cream, raising the.
a
12\S
THE AMEKICAN FAKMER'S STOCK BOOK.
i '?:
i
i
r;
i
!^
1
M
1^
Paok.
Creameries, model 676
" j)ateiit l^i*;
" iiianageinent of
Cribbing
Crib-biting
Creeps, liuni)
Creole fowls
Created diiclis
Ci'eve Cteiir fowls
Crop-bound
.223
078
437
,227
880
926
995
929
1000
178
228
385
404
739
Cross-breeding, term defined 534
See Breeding.
Croton oil poisoning 4(J7
Croup, or brouclutis, of poultry lOOO
Cnr do^s ^'^^'*
Curb iC Horses 223, 228, 27_4
Curb-bit. neeessary in training
" injuries from
Cutting, in liorses
Cyanosis, or '-blue disease"
Cystitis, in liorses
'• in cattle
Daehshund, the •,: • ;'^??o
Dairy cattle • • • • ^^'^■^ ^}'>
>• breeds for J^.^f
" stock, feeding iJ^^O
" buildings ^/_'>
Dairying very profitable Oji)
Dani'sli cattle J^}f
Deerhouiid • l[«"
Defects in the horse ■*23
Delivei-y ^^e Partnrilwn.
Demulcents ; ^|]J
Deodorizing not disinfecting »,«
Development, in breeding • • • 148
Devon cuttle ;••:}-;>' ro','
" and llercfords compared.. oi 9, 583
" points of 588
" parallel Vliorouglil)red horses... 591
for labor ' ■")87, 688, 592
592
593
079
400
237
307
for Ijeef
" to distinguish from Sussex
Devonshire mode of t)iitter mat<ing.'.
Diabetes insipidus, in horses
Diaphoretics
Diapiinagm, rupture of
Diarrlicea of horses obb
" " cattle <^''
" " calves "^'^^
" '.' nW% ^^^
" " pmiltry 1000
•" " don's 1078
Dieestive organs, diseases of, in horses 3.54
*u i' in cattle 723
Dipping sheep 888, 901
Discutienta ^-J^
Disease, heredity ;; : " I " oV," \Vn
" in the horse, general hints ajl, ^30
II It. *' outward signs.... 232
' " prompt treatment of 23i), 449
" detection 449
,»» iu cattle, symptoms 089
" do. general hints • • 089
" prevention very important 091, 8*27
Diseases, multiplied in domesticity. . . ' 37
" of horse's feet'. 240, 2o3
Page.
Diseases of horse's legs SC8, 282, 298
'• " *' bones 317
»' " " body 317
11 " " respiratory organs- 338
II " " mouth, stomach
and bowels 352
II " •' brain and nervous
system 37&
<i I' " ticart and veins. .. 383
II " " blood .....387
u i> *' " contagious.. . 394
II »' " urinary organs. ... 401
" peculiar to stallions 411
II '• " mares 411
" of horse"» liver 418
" '> •' eye 422
" parasitic, of horses , 430
" of cattle, contagious 093
i. •> •' blood, non-conta-
gious
>' " " respiratory organs
11 " " digestive organs.
II " " urinary organs..
u Ik " genitive organs. .
>* " " nervous system..
" " " slvin
u II " parasitic 70iJ
11 11 11 eye 770
malignant..' 827
contagious 827, 841
otlior diseases 835
895,900
11 1' geese 080
" " poultry 099
" dogs.. 703,1074,1081
See Operations, etc.
Dishing in trotting •„V" 1^?
Disinfectants 23(, »di
11 lotions, etc., as. . .See Jiecipes.
Disinfection, general directions. . . . • •_■ 833
Dislocation of stifle 296, 298
" of joints, in liorses 307
" " patella, in cattle 774
Distemper of horses See Strangles.
1' '• shee,* 896
1' " dogs 1074
700
715
723
730
74'i
701
701
" swine.
of sheep.
Diuretics . .
237
excessive use. See Urinary Organs.
See Hecipes.
Docking and nicking 458
" lambs 8Hi>
Dogs, history, characteristics, etc ... . 1007
'1 wild lOOJ
" varieties 1013, lOOO
" of the chase lOlS
" sporting or field 1029
" watch lOw
" shepherd JOoa
" drover's 10»»
" petandtoy. ......••;•• lOtj"
" manageme rt and training luw
" diseases 703,1074,1081
" anecdotes illustrating their sa-
gaeity. .1031, 1043, 1051, lOOli^l^jjC
" versus sheep ■"■■■■! -!r
" sheep torn by •;*
" dose for !"•"
3CK BOOK.
Page.
of horse'3 legs 2C8, 282, 298
" " bones 317
" body --air
" '• respiratory organs. 338
" " mouth, stomach
and bowels 352
" •' brain and nervons
system 37&
" " heart and veins.. . 383
" " blood ; 387
•i >' " contagious. .. 394
" " urinary organs.. .. 401
peculiar to stallions 411
'. " mares 411
of horse's liver 419
k . .1 eve 42ja
parasitic, of horses , 430
of cattle, contagious C93
.' blood, nou-(!onta-
gious 700
" " respiratory organs 715
■' *' digestive organs. .. 723
" >' urinary organs.... 730
" " genitive organs. ... 74!i
" " nervous system.. .. 701
" " skin 701
" " parasitic ....703
u II (>y e 770
" swine, malignant..' 827
" " contagious 827, 841
" " otlier diseases 835
of sheep. 895, 900
" geese ^^^
" poultry 99'>
u dogs.. 703,1074,1081
See Operations, etc.
■ in trotting 278
jtants 23( , 83^
lotions, etc., as. . .See Eacipes.
2tion, sreneral directions 833
tlou of stifle 290,298
of joints, inliorses 307
" patella, in cattle 774
per of horses See Stmnglen.
'• sheev ^^'^
" dogs 107^
ng , • *'^*
excessive use. See Urinary Organs.
See liecipes.
g and niclsing ^"^
lambs • °'li*
listory, cliaracteristics, etc — 10i)7
ivild 1"0I)
rarietles 1°^^' J!!';?
of the chase 101»
sporting or field lOi^
watch l"i?
shepherd lOw
drover's l"»°
pet and toy ■•••;•; ]^Z
manageme It and training 106^
diseases 703,1074,1081
anecdotes Illustrating their sa- ,.„
gacity . .1031, 1043, 1051, 1054, IM
ccrsus ancci) 't -f-
Bheep torn by JZ
dose for ^^^
INUK.X.
Dominique fowls . . .
Dorkings, White ." '
Silver-gray....'
Gray
Fawn-colored!
-^ ' Black
Dorset hog. Black
" 8hC(!p
Doses
Draft, training for.'
Drainage of stables .".'.' .'i.'
Drawing-knife •
Drenching, directions for."
T, , I'ottle
iJrenclies
Drenchiu-r, in horses'. '.'.'."
Dressing fowls...
Dribbling of the uri'ne.'.'"
Driving lioisns, light. .
" cows
" oxen
Drones
Dropsy, in horses'.'.*." "''■ '
:: • «ff'iiion'ss;mtun;:::::;;;:S
" total" ^'''' iludrocpphahis.
Drouglits, I)i'oviding';,;;a'i;,;t- • •'^'-'« ^l'"^«:f;
Di-over's dog, the. « '""''^ <i;i4
jf"^'<^« «ee n,Tdiw,[ Tiya, w,;//: ^'^I"'''
Pack.
938
92i
9:J4
924
925
920
•. 802
..See Mpdic.iiii'.'i.
]-(
441
■ • • • • 473
••••239,448,478
■•••• 473
■.•i^ee Hccipcs
-AV
••■ 970
• . bee Eiutrtnh
•••. 1J3
0J9, 7.-.;i
(iCl
1094. loiii;
3:u
J™M:c^r?^'""^'''^eatUe
'nn^t "lei'UH ior. . ,
\' soft shelled..'.'."
' /'f(lileen bet .'
I'fryjjtiiiii M-,,„s,.,
'•lepliunliasis .'
I'.lephant Icjr
JMnl,(ieiigi.c"e..!
■t'lnetics _' "
SS?!"?.?!'!'f^"";?« in cattle.
1219
Paoe.
... 099
... 970
• . • 1003
•..1096
. . . 98(1
• . . 301
• . . 302
• . 980
.. 237
English horse, history of
disuse of trottinjr
llerefords
hreeds of slicep* "
'■ " fowls...
turkeys
S''pyli()i,,),i..7.".'."
hloodlioinid.
721
• 479
'^ec Syrim/e,
121
141
. 583
1,870
. 92J
. 979
lOia
1021
.87
s3..en.oftrai„in.n-,a-,--;];^
l^:;;;^:"'i"sedgan,e%ui.s...
l^iicks, domestication, etc.
varieties, <!tc
" on the farm..
" caif!'!^'.^'*"""^''^^^
" wild '.'.'. '.'.'.•.■
Durham cattle .'..".".'
ox, the famous
..987,
■ 94 t
. 91.-,
987
9,S7
UHH
993
995
■n)s
• • 539
Duron hoo-s . ' ^hnrtlmrnt,.
Dnstbaiis Tu i;.;;s,;^;'bo;;;f; ^^•'' ;;:"
DSca^»^^'''^^--------:-)«s:iS
" £ia"^"'^-i-'^^;'"h::'!^1g
:: j-nportations..:. •'^'' <'18. i22
^ '"ce'iing in Holland.. ■;.".; .' '/
Dm 4, p" '"]'' of l",tter makin.;"'" =,
•Uiitch-Friesiaii cattle .T.. /'" J^j'!
Dysentery of horses ^^'^ ^"''''''' """'''■
" " cattle.::;::: '^^
... 1078
.... 301
.... 728
107
.... 737
.... 941
.... 993
.... 237
108, 52'l', 040
T, dogs
Dyspepsia, in horses.. '"
Dysuria, in horses...
SP"'>i>'a>ne fowls::::::
Ee^£'!^:^-''«'«lack....
Kelipse, celebrated' rae^'l'^.'se
KSir^--«f«^oek''
W-ma, or scabby ski'n.'.;
chronic
.428 771
..337, 704
704
retriever
'■ spaniel
" ))iill-,l„u....
" biill-tcnii.,-
Enteritis, inliorses.
,, '■ . " cuttle..
J'.ntropinin
Enuresis, in horde's'.'.'
••at II
^:S:^S:'i;rz:(:!''T^^^^
1039
1043
1048
•, 1051
See American.
370
732
J28, 771
407
■38
701
•...1077
.... 387
. • . ■ 099
.... 387
.... 408
• . . . 392
7(;4
703
831
008
Epilepsy in cattle
,, . '• or (its of doo-s"."
Epi/ootic of ]S72, the gre'a't'.
T, . ■ iiphtlia of cattle
Epizooty in horses..
I'^igot of lye
Erysipelas, in I'lol'sei .'.'.'.'.'.
:" " cattle....!!*
farbiuicfilar, or ant'h'i'a'x
orj)iieurno-onteriti.s, in
Kl;::::'-'''^''^''"''-''"-^Ji'5ef:5v,..„
Etii:uiAip;;.';;i;,;;--j-i;--;;;;Soi,8ii
-i!.lnei'. sulplinric. w a ^^"^
Evcrsionofb,adde,.;'i;;,;;>i:^f.^««^^
Ewe, care aiid l,re"e:i'i,')',; : ^'^^ V-l
• •^^•••'"t lambing.-. .:;:;:;;>;••; ^^
Exo^osis,SeeO^^,,„,,,„,^^,4ee,,S7,.^.
Expectorant's . ' -'lO
" objects in ,oV i-?
;• glass, in horses ^.P'.oJ
-;^;t.,.a,,,u-orsetlianbU;.;w::';|^ii
:' " i'>iiam;.d.'.'.'.'::;:: '^^iii
: ' '"v-r^ionuf...:::::----^;^'^"
^ ". eveisioi, of !:!42S'771
•;■ diseases of cattle.... *' ii^
extirpation of ... . '.Vi
4o6
I
1220
THE AMKUICii.^ FARMEK's STOCK BOOK.
Eyes, weak, in horses. .
" inuuii '• "
" blind " " ••
" while spot in eye.
" test ii)i' l».iii
sliiide foriiitlanied-.
Page.
-i-u
22 1
22t
2-2.")
42:i, 42,-), 427
42(!
" iullammation of , in sheep.
8J8
't^arcy 227,394
Fardlc-ljound '-^
Farmei'as aveteiinaiian 148, 411), 0;)1
" as breeder o,i'), 5.12, fu G
*• " stoeUnian 02:!, 0.14, CIO, G.')l
" •« beeUeeper 1102, 1105, liOS
" Slaek and lainierTlirilty CGI
Farm horse • ''•''•^i J^',^
" dneks on \\'-\'\i-l
a do;,'!! ^^^''^^ lO'O
" iniiuagenient 2')7
Farrowing _• ; • • ;,• • ^1*'
Fatteniu"; eatile ■')-<, ij-^J, yi\
" when to ee;ise, and si;ll u41
" assimilation of food ■■)2l\ G")l
" hogs ^";-^
■' poultry '''P
" geese. '"^^
See Feediii'J and Fordruj.
Faults in the horse 2'|t
Fawn-eolored l>(nUinf;s J2|)
Feathers of poultry, points etc JW
Febrifuges • ; • • • :,,• • \f.
Feeding horses i-Ot ^"•») ^-^
" siek animals 23()
14 n " speeial means 44S
" of cattle 02;i, C30, G:54, 0.51
>( it >' its iMtlncnee. . . .521, 504
II 14 " diet sliouid be
ehanged C'31
" of calves C23, G27, 029
BtoeUfor tlic b'Ueher 031
" evops to rai-e for 032
eeononiv of ''lull" 040, 0.:2
cows at milkinj? time 05i)
as lelated to shelter Cj4
pigs for profit 812, 824
and 3;ielterinff swine 81!)
stock infield 028,032,821
of sheep S80,881,8S4
" i)oullry 907
"dogs 1001)
" bees, iirtilUial HOO
14 " " natural lO:)!), 1108
See Faltming, Food, ete.
Feet, tender, in dogs • • • • -1087
See Foot.
J^i'errum sulphas poisoning 408
Fever, nmd, in horses -sO.)
44 lung, See Pr.eumoma.
" puerperal, in mares
44 44 44 (;(J\VS <■"
mixtures ' ^ee HrrJprs
Fever, splenic, of swine.
.4
(4
ii
t(
((
(t
it
41
tt
n
tl
44
410
contagious enteric, in cattle.
Texas, iir cattle
Spanish do. .....
splenic do
anthrax
contagious, of swine.
GOO
008
(!:)S
008
703
820
Page.
832
See Temperature.
Field dogs 102!)
'• •' traiinng 103(1, lOiO
" feeding of stock 028, 032, 821
Filaria oculi, or worm in the eye 427
Filing horse's broken teeth 353
Fine wooled slu^cp 873
" wools See Wool.
"Finishing"' a fat steer
Filing
Firing-iron
Fistula of parotid duet
" " withers
Fistulous sores, treatment.
041
See Cautirij.
472
320
■320
, 32S
»• " opening 450
Fits of dogs 1077
Flatulent colic 304
See Tapping.
Fleam 472
See Bleeding,
Fleas on dogs 1070, 10i>3
Fleece See Wool.
Flexions in training colts 170
Flies, poisonous, protection against. - 470
Flocking sheep 853
'•Flootling," of cows '53
Floor of stalls 200, 443
" " model barn C7l
Fluke, liver, in sluicp 90 1
Foal and Foaling See Colt and Mare.
Foals, "bine di^easc" in 385
Foods, relative value of different. .032, 035
" jierfeet. so-called 032
Foot and month disease 099
41 4. 44 44 (_o tell from
rinderpest.... 097
Foot rot, of sheep 902
Foot, horse's, strdctme 47, 50, GO
44 44 contraction of 228, 25;>
44 44 diseases of 2 10, 253, 293
'4 44 gravel in 257
44 14 fnictuvo of bono of .200
44 44 stone bruises of 201
" " care of in stable 20(!
" fold in, of sheep 903
" swollen, do 903
Forase and feeding plants C3(t
"" for bees...". 1090
Forceps, veterinary 472
Forcing beef cattle 027, O.K)
44 44 44 iuEngland 025
44 44 44 44 United States... 020
"Forging," in trotting 315
Fossil horses f'-'
" cattle ^O'l
•' swine '[Jl
Foul brood in bees 1107
Fold in fool of she'-p 903
Foul shealh, in liorses • • • 408
Founder, acute 227, 24.)
" chronic 2ul,3._)y
" che.-t, so-called 251
Fountains, drinking, for poultry. -908
ji'owls See Poultry and Chickens.
" -water, domestic 980, 987
Fox hounds 1022
BOOK.
Page.
of swiue yU2
See Temperature.
1029
iiiii'' io;i(i, 1070
;olsl«)ok 02S, U32, ^21
r ^voI•mill tlie eye 427
broken U'Clh 35jJ
leep *^7;J
See Woul.
fiitsiui-r (J41
Sue Cautery.
472
lid duct S20
eis •32(>
I, ti-catinent 328
opeiiiii;' 45!)
........? 1077
SO t
See Tapping.
472
See Jilwding.
1070,10^3
See Wool.
lining colts 170
IS, protection against. . 470
|) 853
)f cows 752
200,442
•1 barn C7l
11 plicep 'jot
iiig See Cult and Marc.
Ii,-ease"' in iJSS
a value of difi'ercnt. .032, 035
, fd-called 032
th disease 090
" to tell from
rinderpest.... 097
loep 903
structure 47, 50, 00
contraction of 228, 255
diseases of 210,253,293
gravel in 257
Iracttno of bone of • 200
stone bruises of 201
care of in stable 2G<«
of sliecp 903
, do. 903
edlng plants 030
PS..". 1099
linurv 472
cattle ■ 027,0.!t>
" in England 025
" " United States... 020
1 trotting 315
35
503
*. 7i)l
I bees 1107
if plwp 903
in horses 408
te 227,2-19
onic 251,359
i% so-called ••• 251
■inking, for ponltry 908
.... See PuuUrij und CItickens.
domestic 980,987
1022
INDEX.
1221
Fox ((MTJev
liiniting.
Pagk.
1027
Fraot„,-e of%^^ at h^;:;^^}- ::::/: '^
.. """■^,"f l">''se-8 Je.rs.... MS?
" horse's hip -^ .,V- gni
shoulder blade.... 2,s7
Fractures, kinds of. ..'.'...'.'
11 i'K'aseof cat'lie.'.
*' case of doss. .
Frames ill beo-liivea
French fowls [
Friesian catt 1(! '. ".
Frizzled fowls...
Frog, diseases of.
" canker of . .
" knife
Full blood, I
Fumigation
eiuuletined
32:5
...28.-,, 77:i
772
10}^;
.See J/iirs.
!t27
• 013,018
SCO Dutch Cattle.
■J,"-- 918
See Foot, Thruxh, etc
258
473
:r I
5;i4
Fungf,.s h,Tn,atod^''° '"'•"''"■'■«'^"« a"<'l xS
Furunculus or carbuucie ...'.' ill
Mb
(Jadlly and bots
" ox, and grub
to i)roteet stock agaiuVt!.'
• 432
,, ^ s'..mHn;rgn;?,::«?;"-; -lo
'Jag for cattle ? S'**^
'Jaits, the liorse-8 natural! '.'. \'-l
irallop, the ^>'
(Jallowa.v cattle ; " ", ' ' ' '
•falls, saddle.. '« t*^" ^ '-om An^n.s . . . . ooo
OaJlstones, in horses. .".■.■ i?i'
(lame c..„ r> rV 420
♦ fame fowls ....■" ' ^•'' ^^'"'ting, etc.
< Japes, in chickens .' .'.V. .^,i\
Crarden, value of ducks inV.V. '2":
Oarget »^t
OargJes '. i' " ' U • • '''""^
fjastritis, in the horie;::;;; ' ■^'''' ^'''ty-^^
ttelding « ' ' "A ''''"
Oeaitlveo,^ans, diseases,- in hoS^::!'^fi :
u .; '; " cattle... 742 1
Gentling of colt. " st°/^; '. ^9^'^
Geese, Istribution, varieties,' ftc' ."^i'o" 0^6
management ' . ^"' r°
^ " fattening ^'^0
Georgian fowls, White, '.'. T^.
German sheep doo-. ".^^o
Gesutior!'!':^^^^^^^'^-''/^-^'
Glamorgan cattle . i! i ! ^".'.^'"•'^> ^""•> «ff •
Glandeis ^95
Glass eye, iu ii'oree.V. '.'.".■.■.■.■. 'ooV !.?^
Glaucoma, in horses '■^"' ^7,^
G «ct, nasal, in liorses ^l
Glossary of poultry fanciers' tenns! : '. ?S
scientlflo terms, etc uo^
Goiiro, in horses..
„ " " dogs...
Gold Dust hSrses.
'•<>l(lsniiiJi:Mai(j.
Gonorrha-a, insialiio,",;;;;
<'Onng. to prcveni
<'rades, term deliiic(. .. "
■' ShoiT-honi ■_■
•lersev
ilerefoid .. ...
V -iMerinoand olher.'
Oram, feeding, to horsesl.
^^ as food for cattle...
" « '' " «^vine...
Granary, the, in slabl,...^"
Grass,, bo horse'srunft!:'::
<jM,v<es, (lie various...
^ '• .for the West....'"
travel, i„ Horse's foot
i ■ " sheep's " .'
i r^ " T. "'' J'f'iasis, in cim le
i Gray Dorking fo^v l.. . . ] "*'
I '■ <'lnna goose...
l^raziug and herding. .' .' .' .' .' ." '
-, '■ poisoning vhiip
Grease, in horse's leo"
I X"'''''V"'«'''''JhouMd.."..'.
; Gi-e.vhound, English '. ; ."
; '' Scotch .'.'.
; '■ Grecian '"
! '■ Persian '.\
Hussiau
Turkish. ...
Irish ■■■
^ . ;.' Italian '.'"
Gnnding food for stock ' " '
('rooming horses
Grubs "..'.."
Gruel, how to make.
Guarantee of snu,„i„e,s;VoVm of
should cover vices
Gneldre fowls....
Guenou's theory of milk niimii's' " "
Guernsey cattle.. . ■'"'•rrois..
Guinea fowls.
Gutta Serena, in horses '.'.
^•it tie, in lioi'ses .
'' ". " oxen... ..■.■.■;.■;.■
'■ twLst, ill liorses
Park.
325
1070
103
•••130, l.iS
...408,413
10.S7
0(8
534
51!)
500
580
87!/
]!)3
041
0:ii),
••••820,821
• • • • 907, 980
180
305
191
• • • • 037, 040
e;}8
2.57
903
740
024
984
042
409
•••227,30/
1020
1018
1020
1020
102]
1021
1021
1020, 1021
1004
4-10
••194,447
••See Gailtly.
193
210
404
930
502
558
921
4Ju
374
734
374
Glossitis
.:"?r f ,"'« "'""ger, clothl.iir. etc.
I' Angora
Cashmere ',".
724
. 471
■- 438
. 890
891
.891
n.-Ematuria, in horses...
Hair of cattle ...'.... ^^ 2, 739
Halter, good form"of ! .'.■.': Jj.*!
HanibleH;;^£;iH;,;;);:;;''l««:223;439
Hamburg fowls, charac-teristics'.'." ' ' or
,: jiaek ..::'?^,i
„ '■ Pciiciied iii
ITummond merinos Hz
Hampshire Down sheep. .' .' .' ." .' .' f^i
Harness, where tokeep':...;.:;;;:i;,3;g|
m
STOCK UOOK.
1222
THE AMEIUCAN FAKMEIl
Hog, sUelcton of
180
Harnesslnt!, directions lor ;;;:;;io27
Harrier, the . • • • • • iy4
Hay, feeding, to how-s . . .■■■■• _ _ ^^,^^ g^^
'■ " tie Clovers auAGrass^s^
Hay -loft, the ....■• •••••• ••■■;.■;;■..;.■ '. 896
Head, gv>ihs lu, o sheep • ggg
.. Bwelled . V, •■;; 38a
Heart, diseases of , Inhoises...
*^ u ' of dogs, worm in g^g
Heaves, In horses .'.'.'..... 303
Heels, cracked y,,e j?oo«.
Heifer, Jersey, scale olpolnta...... -fin
II milkiuK
Paoe.
841
Sec iS'icine.
,»,„ , .See Vidch Vnttle,
Holland cattle. . • ■ ■••;•• •^'^ . .U14 gUS, 021
u cattle-breedingUi..--ui*i .^,' ^^^
Uolsteln cattle . • ■ •••••■ ;.* ;.'.■. . ,".' 079
'• butter «mk.ng..--'^^^^^,^^^^,,^_
1097 ■
Honey ..••••■• • • • • • ]098
u adult'-rations 1098 1106
" comb •• ' ' 1104
i, t'lkin" Iro!U hives • •■
• i)o4
Hong Kong ge
from bad actu
220
milking
traininir ••
gp;
028
058
778
Hoof, injuries* from uau ..w._ ■• • - ^^^ ^^^^^
t* disease oi
Hooking, to prevent
Hoose, or husk, m c
allle
poisoning -.469 I
Hellebore, white, i-"- = - ^^ ]jl<','d'ng
Hemorrhage . • • •_ • ■ ; • •. " 753
it ° xiterme,of cows --yj 700
Hemp seed for CO ws .■.■.■.'.;.' 922
Hen, anatomy of ;i: ' ' " .'li, 905
u ' mating and management- ■
mating 1
spider.
.1003
See Chickens, etc.
4U
"■'.■.■."....529,012
045
Hepatitis, m horses
^ 534
Herds, how to start.^-^-^-^---^^^ ^^„,^^ tg.
, ,„ 140,522
) leredlty In animals 521 , 664
ti " cattle 247
it " man '. ^47
ii of disease ••••. .,276
ii osslflc diathesis; ■;;;.4;j(j, 578
Hereford cattle. •••••• \\'''''l'..[\..",'d, 683
u and Devons, comp.inu , ^^^
u importations of 1 i . 683
:: sk%t^Si-E"gi-^-"r33
a in cattle 734
» <■<■ calves 553
Hide of cattle. • ••••••• '[ 336
Hide-bound, in^^Sn^'anthrax.... 702
Hides, danger of hauaiina -qq
Highland cattle. . • ■■•••y:'\\ [ 808
""^ u sheep, whitc-f vceil • ^^^
„ " 'J^*"'''** . . . . . 157
Hlnny, the ■.'.■■.".'.'.'.'.*. 299
Hip lameness • • • • • .187 299
"Hipped," treatment of j^qj
^^r'KWw^rkB^ou;:::: -]}^i
u to take honey from • 474
Hobbles • • • • • • • • • ••••••; ; ; ; ". ;228,' 274, 28a
Hock, capped and curDy ' 274
u sickle or cow ■ • • ^^^^ j^^g^,
;..... 701. 792
Hog, wild. ..•• " 7ya, 793
"® " hunting .822
" pen 822
♦' barns .827,' 829, 830, 840 I
'» cholera °*"
048
786
909
909
llo;e,p;e^ioncdomestlc.uu,n..^
" in ancient hifctoij ^^
!::.^?t;f'9^u■a;;;^cour-^J^
foot,"stvuetnr J etc 47, 50, 00
Lad and neck, structure... 48,^0^0 0^^
.54, 00
.... 66
61
03
07
09
70
•• fore legs, structure of
» land legs, structure of
" iiuiscular structure :"",
u "boulder and back nmsdes of
>' hlnd-quartcrs
»i internal parts, names
u external parts, "-""f •.•,••■ ••
u good actlonof pnu.e value ..
.. characteristics s..u-ht < 2, Us so
>' eoodandbad ueau» ;■.',■".-,■ oi
a I od and bad fore-quar « s. . ,0, 81
u food and bad I'-'l'^-JI'^S ■^^' go
" PT^«'-S'Tf"^'^e;Son:"89
W teeth, names and structure. . ... 94
u to tell age by. teeth ^'^ ,^|,
" breeds and kiiulf • • ,.„
" climatic influences, etc ^.,^
»' thoroughbreds • • • •
,^ 41 American
u vicious or tricky, to subdue. . • •
" natural gaits . • . • • ■ • • • " ; ."
" general care in stable . . • • • •
u Sin^ intelligent handling..
»* proportions of :
» whit constitutes a go''<^ • ; ; • • ' •
u vices and defects, to detect...-
u faults and imperfections
:: SeJ^S;tofd(s;;^,;h\"iB:..,
pared " 4-,
" operations • • • • 4,3
u poisons and antidotes
» recipes recapitulated...- ■•••••
See Diseases, Vices, BreeUimj,
''^f-.^r.ing. Medicines, Recipes, ^
Horses, wild, .......2
" fossil •■••• ..J
»» Asiatic breeds of
128
174
177
l'J4
202
211
212
223
-m
. 22i
2;n
, 2Gt
et(
liOOK.
INUKX .
jn
of.
Taok.
841
St'c l<mne.
.SeeDM't-* Cdttle,
.0l.l,tiUl,G21
502,018
Ii7i>
tie.- ,. .
.tlo-breedingiii
.tile
1097
iit'^»'^''""=* .'loits'iioo
lib ••. 1104
^ , , 084
■se«i---; 648
to piOVCIlt.... „n„
husk, iu with ^"'^
or fooiliiif? poultry
it pioof '."'■' ?«q
Bhisunicaoiucstieatiou..... .5J
uieieiit history 36
909
909
ox
It, structure, etc
508
47, 50, 00
idanauccU,s^tructure...48,o0o8
ekss, structure of. &", «»
,dlegs,aructure of »-l; ^«
50, 06
00
iiscular structure ,••■■■/■■ r?
oulder.mlback muscle, of... 61
nd-quurters „-
ternal parts, names "'
Lternal parts, uauies-
>oa action of prime valuc.^..^..
09
70
72, 70, 80
. . 72
,;od ami "bad f«"-'>-fl»!"'t«"- -^1' f.
ood and bad hind-quarte s. -84, 8o
laraeteristics souj'ht,
,odaiHlbad beads.
ood and baa ninu- p^"'^-''- ■--' --
oints, as given by Herbert «0
°V ' .* " '• Xenopbon... 89
. „ „r.fi atrneture ^4
3eth,name8 and structure.
tell age by teeth ■-^;^^^
reeds and^KUHl^ ■ . -^^^ ••• ,jg
limatie influences, etc ^;,^
horoughbreds ; . • • • • -; •••;;;; j.^g
174
177
194
American.."
vicious or tricky, to subdue.
.e;u^;;\ care in stable
iidling.. 20-2
=^(;;; intelligent handling.. ^1^
nroportions of • • • • „|2
Uat constitutes a good- •■•••• ^^^
vices and defects, to detect.... 2 *
faults and imperfections f^-^
S^S;;tofd(s;;;u^;iAn;;::..g
ahoeinff and care of feet -"
Sc"ttle,theirpathologycon.-^^^
pared • 4,-,i
operations •_ • • • 4135
pV""''i!;V.'''°S::::;;::;.»
'^ S...t.-".-"(j nfedidnes, Jiecipes, eit.
58, wild, ■■■ 35
fossil •••••; ....36
Asiatic breeda of
Hoi-MKB, European
fast-walking ..
" farm
" of all work
" road
" trollillfr
" lunitii:^
" liglit Jiiviug..
coach .
Eiigli.sh.
nu'uig .
saddle
Pagb:.
:i(!
71
..1)9,219
99
■los.2i;{
109, i:i;t
109,217
11;!
.... li;t
.... lui
.179, 2l;i
2]ii
hmaanity iutreati'nL'i..".".'.'"" 1 ,u
I'l. 209, 2i:{, 218
219
how to buy.
" partly bred
" fat, not desirable
" t-are of, in stable 194 ' ^j-' l]^
Horse pox ' ' 7^'/.
Iloudan fowls '',', ,|';''
Kound, term defined ... ..." I'n'l
" Wolf, Irish
" Stag
*' Fox
" Blood
" liiiUger, German
" Otter
" Harrier .
" Beagle
" I''ox-terrier
.101«
1021
1021
1022
1024
I02(i
1027
1027
1027
-,- 1027
mouse watch dogs ^"'^ G>-<-!'hou>ul
" poultry.. \",iL'
iioven. : ;...:.:; %
" tnppiugpaunch lor. ...".'.'.■.".■.■.■.■ 777
Husk, or hoose, in cattle 7,1,;
Humanity to stock, and good care,
M uu , ".'^''' ««onomy . . . .l!)8, 521, 040
Hubback, the famous bull ... ^Y)
Hunter, or hunting hor.se 109 h'm
limiting wild hog." ; ; 71J2
*' call ducks in <)9-i
'• the hare 'lo^y
" with hoiuids
reminiscences.
Hybrids
1022
1048
See DiHjn,
150
Hydatids on the brain ' h!)?
Hydrocele in stallioiLs 411
Hvdrocepha'us in foetus '750
Uydropbobia in horses ' " ' -{iis
;; ;:^f"ie :;:;7;«
'^hePP 899
'dogs 1077,1079
precautions ]080
Hyurothorax in horses ;{-,i 4-,9
„ " "cattle 721 77(i
Hypertrophy of hoi-se's heart .' ain
„ ," " liver 4-)o
Hypodermic injections 17^
Hysteria, iu mares .■.'417
Icterus, in horses 420
Illmoi,s, hog production " 794
hiipaution of the rumen 725
[[ " " omasum.. 721;
Tm,, ., ." " bowels, in dogs 1078
Imperfections of the horse ? 224
In-and-in breeding,' .. ,.
I " . " of .s
Incontinence of urine..
Incubation of various fo
India. Ii(i;r of
Indian |)()nv '.'..'.
Indigestion' "".*.'.
Inllamniation of lungs.
" ■• tonsils
" •• hoi-se'E
stallioi
womb,
a
ovaries
udder
liver
iris
tongue
bowel.^
kidney
iiladde
udder
brain
eyes
the est
Inflammatory di.-eases
Imluenza, in horses....
Inguinal hernia, in hors
Injections
" liypodermic.
. , . See a
Inoculation forplenro-p
Insects, to protect from.
Instruments, veterinary
" obstetric.'.
Intelligence a valuable t
Interfering, in horses...
Intestines, diseases of, in
Intestinal worms
IntussuBceptioti
Inver.slon of eyelids
" *' womb, in c
" " il U Jj
Iowa, hog production..
Irish cattle
" grazier hog
" wolf-hound
" water spaniel
Iritis, in hor.ses,- ..,,,..
Italian ^•ey-hound
Itchy skin, or prurigo. .
See
THE AMEUICAN KARMEH's STOCK HOOK.
Paoe.
I5S, IfJI
dd Wusliliigtoii... 158
W7
420
;il!)
'gs «ll
ttM
1, '.»';rll)C(l.. 501,575
1 il^ilk r,7.\,v,n
'f points 571, 5711
irifii 558, 57(i
80!), 811
^es 28S
la 288
See Dialueatiun.
ned ;J28
1070
U 187,431)
I horses 22:i, 227
• L'owa 047, 05!)
tioiiof, in lioises.. . 401
" " Ciitlie ... 7:W
II of, in horses 40;i
vine 8;i!)
>gs 1080
)rsc8 4;ji
pays 108,440
.'... 705
■el lOGO
jorses 227,228. 21)0
21)2
' 472
744
...292,203,310
ock.
•bstructed 429
028
880
noo
885
885
88G
■ung 880, 907
"• 887
>f 907
/.310, 311,313,310
', from hidden cause. 311
254
255
205
299
ase 304
, Neurotomy, Corns,
Founder, Spavin, etc.
.227,240.251
era") .
e«.
lO. .
357
. 804
. 472
. 839
. 341
. 717
.1003
IS 1107
Block 697,008
237
408
r 1 . . PaOF,
Leghorn fowls. (jjg
" " White *037
Legs of horse, stiiu'ture 'm, 64, 06
;; •' '• dlseuse8..208, 282, 208, 443
'■ tendons cut 300
" " Devon eiittle syj)
" weakness of, in elilckens 1003
Leleesttir Klieep ^n^n
Leprosy, so-called, of nwine 840
Leiiconia, in the iiorse 429
lieiieorrhoea, in mares '..'. 415
" " eows 757
Liee on horses ^jjg
;: ;; '""•''■ •.'.".'.'.'707
7'"" 840
*"';''p 002
chickens 968, 1(H)3
.. / •'"ff'' lOSJ
Ligatures ., ,
Light in ntahles ^\
Lights, rising of, in swine 8"8
Lincoln sheep gjy^
Line crossing Bw.Bm'dmn.
I' """?"'•'' See liecip's.
f^'"". '•"»• ; 1000
Litlnasis, in cattle 74.3
Lithotomy, on horses 4r,f
Lithotrity, on horses. 455
Liver, diseases of. in horses 4I.J
" rtnke. In sheep
Lobelia, as a poison
Lockjaw, in horses
" " cattle
" " slieep
" " dogs
Long wooled sheep
T '' ^^""^« See Wool.
J^ot'?"« • , Sec lii-eipeB.
Lowland cattle 015, 616
Lung fever See Pneumonia.
worms In sheep JJ05
" diseases of dogs ]()79
^ See Pleuriny, etc.
Lungs, congestion of, in horses 349
" emphysema of, " cattle 721
Luzerne, for cattle (jgn
Lymphann:itis .' " .' 3Q1
Mad dog, bite not always fatal. . . .'.'.'.'1O8O
Maggots in sheep i)().(
Mahgnant catarrh in cattle .'.' 7];t
" to tell do. from rinderpest. . (m
P"*'tnle 702,703
sore ihroiit of swine 70')
" sore thront of cattle 7H
^1 epizootic catarrh of swine SiM
,, ," . " " " sheep 8li(i
Malprescntations of the foal 411
'• " calf 712
Maltese dogs |0(;4
Mammitis, in mares 4i(!
" ■" cows '.'. 7')H
Mandarin duck 905
Mange in horses 227* 4'i4
:: :: '='»?»'« ':...: im
" swine ft,);)
" " dogs. ,,,,, ■JpjOj
" red, in dogs i !.'.'."..'!.' ! .'1082
. 901
470
. ■-7il
.62
. 898
1089
858
r.K HOOK.
Paoe.
'Wis- im
" Whito 0;(7
rue, Htnictiirn 50, 54, ((6
" (llsHiisea . . 2(18, 282, 208, 443
'• tt'iidoiiM cut 300
von oiitrlo ■. 509
less of, ill L'hlckeiis 1003
'«'"l>;-- 859
(>-i'iillc(l, of Bwiiie 840
II lilt! liin-so 428
a, in iiiiiTOs 415
" I'owH 757
'f'' 433
,"'■ 707
'•"' 840
«'I> 1)02
L'kei'-s fiGH, 1(H)3
fs 1083
;• 474
'''''V, ; 44i
ijr ot, in swine 8C0
-i* m
'g Seo Breeding.
So<! Jlecipes,
■•••; ioo»i
cattle 743
on horses 45f
in horses. 45j
5es of. in Iioises 41;;
''«*<l'*''!|> fiOl
II poison 47^
horses ■■yit
C'"'l" V02
s''t'«P 808
,<'"*?« 1089
' s''«ep a5S
.See Wool.
' See liecipes.
tic 015,016
• ; See Piiewnimia.
>. in sheep !K)5
Hsotdogs 1079
See Pleurisy, ete.
»stion of, in horses 349
yseinaof, " cattle 721
t'iittle 036
»•■•■•■ 301
3 not always fatal 1080
l"ef-P-; 90;t
tarrh in cattle 7i;t
:,ell do. from rinderpest. . 09i!
't"'« 702, 701)
e throat of swine 702
B throdt of eattle 71 1
zootic catarrh of swine 82.-I
" " " sheep 8110
ons of the foal 411
'• " calf 742
10(i4
mares 41 (?
cows 7;,^
^ 9!)5
»es 227,4.'i4
le 7(iS
le 8;(()
'•••••' = - 10«1
dogs 1082
INDKX.
r, construction of . . . I^auk.
1225
(^nawiii^
'dood, how lo s(.|(".ct ■'■"
lervlce by siallion.." " "
featatloii
reatineiil .u.,.,- lo'a'li;,,;;,
o know 11 ii, f„;,| _ ^
okiiowlh.-f.mlln.MimV..
«diii« Htiill .... "
be • n
;lti. Jockbi-nkeii dV,,";/!.'."
artiiritioii df , , . ,
paying ■"■'
4,18
153, 218
••.. 153
..154
See lireeding, etc.
l!),t
1 how to make
r lioijs
tim. ;;•
■lationof Htiilji,,,',^.''.
and breediiijr c.^vls...'
vorin, so called .*.'.'.'.'.' .'
« In swine
•ingdnigs,ci,. ..;;;;■•
ties, veterinary
olassilleafion. e(e.!V)f"."." oi-
aosesaeeonlJM.rtoa.r,. ..hV -nH
Jord.)ir,s ,.
how often to give.. 2'{8 4"?
Prep.aring....*'., ^■^*'' fi^
II " , , , 4(8
and If vinir.. 2'to ji?
reei,,.sforh,,.?sorercapit '''^
"lilted • .„
reei|,,s for cattle reeapit'
^".l'it'"<J !.. 7sn
Plvnigdiirinn. stupor .' 757
f^, or Viuicenin'i,;,;;;;:::^^^ ^
Jitis eereliro-spliiul 1(77 7.3
''• ^"""■'^■"» 853. 8f4
Mixtures for conch *„,. Paoe.
'• blindness III I,,,,.;,'. ^24
*\f<'rjraii horse.... ^a
•Molli. 1),.,, l;)3
•Molher l)c<'.. 1107
Mouth, parrot, in IS-i''^"''^'^ ■■««<»
sore, >• i.
" "colts..::;::
Mud baths of swine
Mud teyer, in horses
Mule, tho .;
" "ii'i'iuity «)/.:::.■
loiig(!Vity of...:.'."
value for labor.... '
•lot vicious
breaUil'ff' '"'"•■'l*'''''-- -'^
M"n-ai!;:a|;;(;?i;i;,ii^;^.'."u:
Muselesof h„,.;,...."_";'•'^••••
ruptul•e of .'.':
,, atrophy "
Musovy duck
.wustaiig jiouies
•Mutton '•er.'<u.-<\voo\...
Muzzle of ca„le,appea,;;nee-iuai;;--g
355
•• •350,350
•...i5,-.. .340
See Tn-th.
820
308
157
158
102
loa
103
103
165
16P
701
fi(
••...3«
310
0951
117, llf)
853
. 247
237
119
340
43a
007
253
796
standard for
'ger (stallion) '
s, in uiares
" cows
•peritonitis in cows . ,
i-horn cattle
i-wooled slieep "
n-eediiig for '
roni Jerseys.,
nirror of cows
''eina
Joints
853
•134, 143
415
755
•... 755
378,580
855, 808
■ 531
•■•••• 5.5S
see Esmteheon.
505
610
sxtraordinary yields ei/ oi s
mnageinent of, in dairy. . .....' gf
Irying up as sysmptom 692
g, directions for. o,r,f> ^ri
kicking during 047 059 7)^1
g qualities, whence inherited' .' m
inrtueiices affecting. 564
" lostinDurhains..?. 524
„ crossing to improve. 5,59
tojuuge of.5C7, 575, 010
Tlawp ^"^^ Escutcheon.
*Se:, See Abortion.
S:;.c^;r'?.':!!v'^'"^''<'«ot.
>|firragaiisett pacers: : '.'.
Nasal gleet, in horses .....';
acarJ >» i>
Navel 111 of lambs...::,"
NavuMilur disease
Neapolitan swine
Neck, diseases ofIio,-se-;;:s;;"^;;i;
Xecrosis, or dead'^bon 'r.'.':!^"'"' ^^'"' t^A
Needles, siiro-icil 318
Nephritis, iirthVi;;;.;;::::; ^^?
'■ cattle ^"^
Nerval horse is unsound .'.". I^S
Nervous .system, diseuseioV, inbo i" " ; 3IJ
.; :: ;;7ttie..76i
Neurotomy dogs.. 1088
Neuter bees a''' i.V •,^"''' ^57
Newfoundland do.rs" *^*' ^^'"''"''' *«««•
New Oxfordshire '^h'.'ep; .WW ^^^
-Nicking, " in breeding ?5«
N'cking .and docking..':. ]^
Nitrate of potash polsonin^".; HI
SSg""' ^^"'•'"""■^-^^-•o" hoi'-se S!
Nostril, tumor inhorVe'.;"fVlse\".'.V.t^^' 338
„ . polypus in horse's ill
Nursing siek animals - - ! " " 236
Nux vomica poisoning.
Nymphe.mauia iu cows.
0!ik,pdfton
Object; lessons, their valuV.:
, 4IM
760
. 1:1,
'39iloS-
..iairu,;;ctgi:s^2
122(>
THE AMERICAN K\U.MKU'h STOCK HOOK.
Pi
Pa<ik.
Ocfllato ttirkrjr "^
Oi'fiilt xpiivlii ;' -
Ohio Slioiilioiri liiiiiorliitioii '»» I
" ]w'j nrodiu'liiiii .V'
01ntm..,us Soo/im/^.
Onmsiiiii, iinpii'-tlon •'' ',.'
Op.M.i.1); ail al)sr..s.s ^'J,
Open joint , ill lioi«i'« *°?
Opt'riiiloiison llio horno J-,
'•»attl. 'Vi
Ophthalmia, In hordes ;f ;'
' .. " i-attlp V.
». upocitlc, 111 hoMCS -jf-i
Himpl.S " " 4-jJ^
Opluiii i)oUoiiiii;; • 7 ';
oJittilh'alioii .•on-<litutlnj{ iui^ouu(l.u<.«. iM
hiMudltiiry KMKhMicy t ijl>
»' on lt;;^-<«)r folt^ »'"
Seo Spaeiii, SMe-bone, etc.
Osteophytes ^j
Ostuo porosis :j •
Osteo saiToina, In horses •>'•
«•='"!« /1\
OstrUh fowls ,";;■'
Otter-lL.und • ■ • '"^1
Outtlt, a«oo'l siirgU-al •'::'"..
"onl of joint • See DMocatum.
Ovaries, inllanunallon of, In mares. .. 4l|>
Overheatiiif? horsc:4, cautions
Over-reaching, in horses
Ox, fat, external parts
" tapping the bladder
u '''?''''i;;,;;mas::::':!i"'^587;o88,5M
«» »• the standard for o"-
.« u feeding the A;,V 'c !
» " training of «•'«''':'*
n tick
See Ca(«e, ^ec/, etc.
Oxen, matching ^^
" driving ^"
" gut tie In
Oxfortf-Down sheep
Oxfordshire sheep. New
38'2
220
511
77S
5:u
7;w
800
86.5
Pace, the, as a gait
Pneklngl.utter ••••
fowls fo.' market
178
680
971
p^jj,y See Paralysis.
Paralysis of horse's hind legs IWO
" In the horse •]»^
" of bladder, in horse 4Ui)
" " tongue of cattle t^*
" In eatth!
»' " sheep
" " poultry '
" '• dogs
Parasitic diseases of the hor
u '4 " cattle
702
89!)
1000
1089
, 430
, 700
u " •' swine 837,83!)
i4 I' " sheep 900
u " " dogs Wnl
Parotid gland, inflamed, in horses.... 325
" duct, fistula of ffi
Parrot mouUl, in heroes -^.J-;
Paitrldge Cochin fowls • "o"
I'lirturlent apoplexy of cows.....
'. to tell from puerperal I
Parturients
Parturition of mares ,■;•••••
" rupture of bladder In
• ' of cows
" nervous debility at. ..
• ' of swine
i' " sheep
" " dogs
Pastes ^•'^
Pastiuo and pasturing
" drlvlug to and from
Pasturing, i)rccautlons in
" «heep ■
Patella, dislocation of, lu cattle. . .
Patton Shorthorns •••
Paunch o^t
I'l-acocks
Pedigrees, facts about
'• Importance of
Pen, hog..... ••••
Penciled Hamburg fowls
Percherons and Norman- Perchoro
Percussion, as means of dlagiiosU
Piiraphimosls, In stallions
Peritonitis, lu horses
•> cattle
" metro, iucows
Persian greyhound
Pet dogs
Pharyngitis, in horses
Pheasants
Phimosis, In stallions
Phlebitis
Phrenltls, In the horse
'• " cattle
Phthisis pulmoiialls. In cattle. .
Picking and dressiii.' poultry .
Pigs, economy of full feeding
•' weaning
•- castrating
" uiiprotltab'.e towinti 1
" dlarrhoBa of young ........
8eo ffie
Pimply skin. In horse
Pinkeye, In hor-^cs
Pin worms In the liin>e
Pip In chlckcf.s u""a'A
Placenta .^ee Aft
Plague, cattle, (rinderpest) ...•••
.. Siberian boll (anthrax).^
Plains, herding on Western.. Sec »
" trees for "
Plethora, in cattle ..........
Plethoric congestion, in horses
Pleurisy, in horses
'I " cattle
Pleuro-pncuinonia, in horses. ......
.4 'i contagious, in ca
n "to distinguish li
rinderpest
Plow, training for • • • •
Plumage, jxtints explained
PIvmouth Kock f^wls ••••
Pnoiimo-enteriiis contagioiiSf of bw
Pneumonia, in me iiorso ^
INDEX.
ipoplpxy i>l cows
toll from pnoriwral f
of mtirt'H
iiiptinii of l)latl<lcr In
of l!OW«
lu'rvourtdoblllty lit...
of HWilK'
«' hIuh^P
" doirs
8co
1 piistmiii;;C
\\n<r to mill from
pi'i'fiiullaiw ill
Blu'op ••••
ilociiilon of, ill cuttle...
ji-thofiis
Set
facts iihout
inportaiu'e of
[ainbtivK fowls
s amlNonnaii-Perchero
I, urt iiicaiH of tliagnosU ■
)s1h, ill slallioiiH
,, ill horses
•' I'atllc
ini'iro, 111 cows
pylionml
Is, in horses
In stallions
ill the horse
" caltlo
)iiliiioiiiills. in cattle.,
ml dressiiif:; poultry.,
loiny of fulllceilins
iiiiiK
latiiiK
rotltable to winter
rhcjca of young ..•••• • • •
See tiu)
kin, in horse
, in horses
ii9 in the liorsi;
lattle, (rimlerpest)
Siberian boil (anthrax)..^
erdlng on Western. -Seo H
■ees for "
, in cattle
3 congestion, in horses
, in horses
" cattle
)ncumonla, in horses
" contagious, in ca
" to distinguish fi
rinderpest
ainingfor •
^, points explained
ih Kocli f'lwls
,-enterilis oontagiousf of b\v
mla, lutlie horse "^
« ... Paok.
Pncunionin In cattle 719
•' '• 8winn 8;i.'^
Pointers i(|>_>!)
" friibiltig um
Points of the horse KO. h!l
" '* '* cow ;,(W
" " " niiieheow 575
" «' heefeatlie TmI
" scale of, for .Short-liorn bull .... .Vii
" '• ' ' cow.... r..-,!)
" '• " for .Jersey eow ri7l
" of the 1 1( reford ttH'.i
.« .1 .4 ij,,v()n 5|^(j
♦• " " Sussex 5!)'!
" " " Oiilloway rm
" " " Avrshhi! (i<is. (',12
" " sheep s,-,(i
*' " '• fcr wool a-)l
" or standards for Bheep K'tH
" of poiillry <JM,\)--i
" '• Kiijjlish setter 10;n
•• "Irish " Km
" " genuine Skye tt-rrier 10(;:J
Poisoning, vegetable, of "lieep 8!KS
Poison Ivy or vine J70
'• oal£, or suiuaeh |7()
Poisons and poisoning AUT}
'• " '■ of dogs 1(1110
Poland China hogs S(i7, 81 1
" " diHiks fi»,-.
Polled cattle 5117
Poll-ev" a-i,
Polypi horse's nostril ;i39
I'omei 11 or Spitz dog in,">8
Ponies, vurioii < breeds of 117
Poodle dogs incri
Pools of water for stoclv (i.).|.
Porcelaiieous de|)osir onlioi^e'sleg.. . 311
Pork Interest, iinportniiee of 7!)4
" feeding for 821
" economy in raising 822.823
" measly 837
See (S'iCini;, etc.
Posture and movements, ns sviiiptoms (11)2
I'oultry, anthrax in ". 703
'• general fad s 913
" breeding and nianagenient.. 9.')i»
" points, etc 9i;o. !I72
" i nenbation <MM]
" houses, I'oops, etc !)(>!)
" feeding ' ()(;!»
" fattening, dressing, etc !t7l>
" iiKiiUeting !t71
" fanciers' terms 972
" diseases 999
Powd« i-s Sec Itcvipcs.
Pox, horst 400
*' cow 70.")
Prairies See Wi'st.
Prescriptions Se(> J{pdpi's.
Prevention of disease (!91 , 827, 834
Pricking and niekiiig 4.")9
" h()r-e".s foot by nails 247
" dog's " '• thorns, etc... 1087
Probang 358, 473
" substitute for 772
'^ - . , I . I .'liO
Probing and opening fistulafi
Prurigo, ill horses
P-ioriasi.i, in eiittlc
I'uerpei al fever, hi nmies
" "cows
. II; dogs
Pullet
See Cliii'/,'i'p.i an
Pulse of horse, how taken
" cattle, " "
Piimieeil flint 111 hor-es 2
Pups, weaiiiiig and feeding
'• c.'ire " t>
Piire-lircd, term dellned
Purgatives
See iSiiptrpun/atuin and J
"I'nrples"' (if swine....'
Pui puia lieiiionliiiglca in horses. . .
"cattle
Pus, or matter
*' to dl-itiiignish from svnovla. .
Pnsliile, inulignant ' 7
Py:einia, in cattle
Quarter cracks ■ '.
ill, or anthrax
I^iieen bee i^^.^, M«t
(inlddlng
•iiiietness a valuable charueterl.stie.
Quinsy In horses
" •' swine
Qiiittor !
R:il>ies Pee Ilijdn
Kaeeis, tr.aining
standard for
sore, sliius in young
Races, early. In Kngiand..
'• trotling. celeliraled records
Rack, ns a g:!it
Racks, feeding
Raising ilie cream Set
" stock See C<itt.h\ jS'io
Ram, care and service
]{ani()llissenient
Range, herding on the
" 10 prevent cattle stamiiedci-
Rarey met hod
Rat proof hopper for poultry
R'lt tail, of horses *.
"Rat t.'iils"' (elirouic eczema) ofca
Rattlesnake bites
Rearing, vice of
Recipes for horses, recaijlMilatioTi.
" " cattle.
Red mange in dogs
Red swine, .Tersey
" game-fowls
Red water in cattle
Refrigerants
Remedies Sea ik
" action of, in cattle
Rennets, how jirepared
Respiration, ns means of diagnosi
" of horses taking
" " cattle, "
Eespiratorj- organs, disr-:--"? of,
— -«. thehor.sc. .
THE AMERICAN FARSIEU'S STOCK BOOK.
Page.
iratory organs, diseases of,
in cuttle 715
4 " " dogs 1079
tionof after-birth by cows 751
n urine >^ee Dysunai
iver dogs 1088»1?3'J
Englislj
Ciiesapeake Bay
training
natisin in horses
1039
1041
1071
, 390
;{.,.
cattle .707
" " chlokens >y^^
broken, in iiorses 322
jierinos °?>rt
.•nest ^■'^
^V'-''^ . nor, 0--
one ■^"' j.'Ji
ig bulls ^"7
liogs °}A.
'■■orra, lu horses 4d&
" cattle 7^°
" dogs 108-*
of the lights, in swine 830
; -ers ^"o, Ma \
:-:g, in horses 225, 227, 341, 404
■X .y Marsh sheep 8u8
' ,cliicken y-;,**']'^
,. See Cock.
" of ho'"s 818
■or^cattle 530, C3«
(( swine * o^u, o^i
" sheep 869, 882
sheep «04
ot,of sheep »0i
ducks -f^
f fowls... 1001
or paunch ' f^
impaction of 7io
tapping, for hoven 777
Dtoniy, operation of < ' 7
mts, Btoniaclis of 72^
ition, suspension of "" ^A
issfowls • »48
g horses in England i^ji
training .^•__. 180
as a gait ^'^"'112
g away, vice of ••••;;' .
5, See Hernia.
of horse's muscles 317
«» '» stomach and Intes-
tines 365,367
. 1 " " heart 385
»< '• blood-vessel 385
of mare's bladder 400
' * horse's liver 421
greyhound 1021
lorse, forming
" standard for
)utting on the
rails •
of dogs, anecdotes illustrat
Ing. . . .1031, 1043, 1051, 1054
rnard dogs
imoDi as a poison ■
.f cattle
» butter •
cks ii» horse's hoof 22G
Page.
Scab, in swine ^39
'• " sheep "xl;
Scabby skin, or eczema ••••;•.•■• f.if.
"Scalawags." bad economy of raising G2.i
176
215
180
329
1050
1054
, 469
. 038
. C80
,244
357
971
473
1109
,473
500
, 869
1020
1058
1061
. 729
Scalded mouth, in horses.
Scalding and dressing poultiy
Scalpel
Scientifto terms, glossary."
Scissors, surgical
Scotch or Higliland cattle
n " " sheep
" greyhound
" collie 1055,
" terrier
Scours, in calves
Scratches
Scotal hernia, in stallions. .
Scrotum, dropsy of stallion's 411
" abscess, etc., in 41J
SealTrigbt Bantams 847
Sedatives ffj
Seedy toe, in horses .••••" * :," ' * "^^^
Selection, its importance in breeding
See Breeding, etc.
Selling a horse 209
" fat cattle 641
Septicaemia in cattle -^-^y 708
Seton .
, . .303, 447
333
.296,474
frog
255
nee'ille 473
" llxed 309
Setter dogs ." ". ! ! ! ! 1036
training.
.1031
" English
" Irisl. I'^^^'J?^?
" Gordon 1031
Sewing up wounds 308
" See Sutures,
Shanghai fowls 951
Shearing sheep 8«J
Sheath, foul, in horses. • • • • 408
Shed for sheltering cattle 605, 008
Sheep, history, etc 847
" anatomy °i°
" raising ''•'^
" standard for principal breeds . . 853
" varieties and breeds 858
statistics 875
breeding and care 878
feeding 880, 884
barns, etc 883
.... 887
.... 887
.... 888
» tagging......
" washing and shearing .....
" dipi)ing and smearing.^.. ,.
" diseases, etc 703, 895, M\)
<■<■ verminous bronchitis in 700
" torn by dogs 906
" dogs l'^=',»
" See Wool.
Sheltering cattle f^
.4 " its lull nence "ii
»i " "necessity Ml
" swine 819
" , sheep... .;.-;hW
Shepherd, duties ot ~'~\'^k
" and drover'sdogs l"*o
" dogs, Spanish 105J
^
BOOK.
Tage.
839
900
r eczema 337
bud economy of raising G23
I, in lioises 357
Ircssing poultry 971
I'land" cattle BOO
slieep 86!)
md 1020
1055,1058
; 1061
'es 729
303,447
in stallions 333
)sy of stallion's 411
;es8, etc., in 412
itams 947
237
horses 240
importance in breeding
See Breeding, et«.
e 209
ttle • 641
1 cattle 708
296,474
255
; 473
xed --aog
1031
lining 1036
li .f. 1031
.■ 1031,1035
„ 1031
oimds 308
See /Sutures,
,vls 951
ep 887
in horses 408
teriug cattle 605, 608
•y, etc 847
my 848
g.. 852
ardfor principal breeds.. 853
ties and breeds 858
tics 875
ling and care 878
„g. 880,884
t p^(i ,,., hHo
ng 887
ing and shearing. • 887
in2 and smearing 888
.ses, etc 703, 805, 900
linous bronchitis in 766
by dogs 906
■^ ..f. 1055
See Wuol,
;attle f^
" its influence "21
>» " necessity 6^1
wine 819
nd drover's dogs l"«
logs, Spanish 106J
INDEX.
Shepherd dogs, German io5<j
Shetland pony jjy
Shins, .sore, in young racers .'.'.".' 309
Shivermg, as a symptom 092
f^ockdog io(j„
Shoeing horse.s 230, 250, 204
interfering from bad 'AVi
" knife....? 473
Shoes, horse's, should be removed often 250
Shooting See Doys, Iluntinq, etc.
Short-horn cattle 324 gjg
" importations into United'
States .... 524, 540, 544, 548, .549
three loading strai^ns 5:25
" Canadian f,4^
" in West and North-west. . . 648
" a.s beef makers 543
" Pattou, so-called 54<)
" analysis, point by point. . 550
scale of points 534, 556
„. ^ , , . See Durham cattle.
Short- wooled sheep ygg
Shoulder lameness in horse 295
Shrinking (atrophy) of muscles 310
Shropshire Down sheep §70
Shying, vice of 220, 227
Sialogogues .'238
Siamese hog yog
Siberian boil plague, or anthrax. .... '. 702
Sick animals, feedingand nur.-iing, 236, 448
„. , , . , See Diseanes, etc.
hidc-bone in horse's foot 202
Sieve for stable use, advantages ]90
Sight, diseases, etc., affecting. See Eye, etc.
Silky fowls 919
Silver-gray Dorking fowls 924
Single-foot, as a gait 173
Sit-fitsts 329
Skeleton of horse 42 40
" " ox '509
" " ''og S41
" sheep 848
'' " hen 923
Skin, itchy, or prurigo 335
" scabby, or eczema 337, 704
" poisoning of 470
" diseases of cattle 704
" " '■ swine 839
„, „ , ^eii Parasitic diseases.
bkuU, fracture of horse's 323
Skye terriers ioc2
Sleepy staggers, in horses 3C1
^'jn'^'ng See Mortion.
blings to support horse 280, 474
Smearing sheep ggg
Smothenngof hogs, to prevent 817
Snake-bites, etc 471
Snullles, in swine 830
Softening of liver, in horses 421
Sole, canker of 258
„ .„ See also Foot.
Soponflcs 238
Sore shins in young racers 309
" throat in horses 341
" month " co!t^ ;;55^ 449
" " "horses 350^ 4.50
throat, mahgnaiit, of swine 702, 831
Sore throat, malignant, of cattle....
" coiniuou " "
" teats ■/■■■
*' feet in dogs ..'..".'.'
Sores, listulous treatment of'.".'. ".'.'."
'' suppurathig, of melanosis
crvsipeldiis, inhoiT.es
Soundness and unsoundness
•' fotmfor guarantoe of!!.!
Snnfi. 1 \*:'«'''n»"'i"'s ccrtiflcato ,
South, breeding fust horses at
" breeding jacks at
" value of mules "
" swine raising " ^'i
" Cotswold sheep " '.'.„
" goat husbandry "
Southdown sheep
Southwest, great herds of! ! ! ! '. '.'.'.'. '. '.
'• ninitations to herding . . .
swine raising at
" dogs in
Sow, breeding 812, 8K
farrowing
" gestation !"'.'.
a , , „ See Swine and
Spaniel, the
" Clumber
" Enjjlish .■'!,
" IriJli water
" Springer
" cockt^r ::
" King Charles .
Spanish horses in Enirland 12'
" jacks .". ;
" fever in cattle
fowls
" shepherd dog ,
Spasmodic colic in horses
«l"|y'n 223, 22t
cures, cautious
" blood
" bog
" bone
" occult !
Spaying mares
" cows and heifers
" bitches ,
Spiders, bite of
" hen
Spitz dog
Splenic fever in cattle , . , .
" " " swine
" apoplexy, or anthrax 70
Splhu in horses 223, 22!
Sponijes lor veterinary use '
Sporting dogs
" " training, 1030.
Sprains affectbi"? horse's leg, 278, 29:
" of horse^s shoulder
" " " hip
" " " back
" may cause atrophy
" to distinguish from paralvsis.
" In cattle .'....
" "shee[)
Springer spaniel
Spring-halt See /String
THE
AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
Page.
■le, care of horse's legs in 266, 447
vices, etc., in '■'.'. C68
""^ *See Bams.
,. ^7,442
.les, city • — •••• is-> 441
construction, etc \lVtlh
uianagenient !'>■*» ^»''
gmroundin.
188
1003
188
aco
cliickens roosting m ^'^^
■gers, ston.iu-li, in liorses p^
" in swine .^^;, ^
J8°"'btd ecoiioiny ■ of rliising .... 02.5
ng, profuse • " ' • ' „.,.,
lion, selecting Ihc, ...;•• ^-'-^^ ^-}
training for service. ••;•••■•]■?
diseases, ete.,pecul.ato..^..4U
dard 155
*•' fj*"^!'"", ^.260
lloor of ,0^ >,c>
construction of ^^'t^t
eh bandage
287
C92
k raising,
Ing coat, as a symptom »^^
m!ng, as icmed.al means 71b
food for stock •■••••• ,*Ty
ra workin"-...See Ox nixd Devon cattle.
'%lt !" -See Fomng, Feedinp, cXc
matching and traimng C06, 600
driving -.^
g".t-tie'" '. ■.'.■.■.■.*.■. 760 ,
llityin cows g^g
Bd "horse ; .' *
» " cramps often mis- '
taken for •••g«
'"^*"'* See also Jjsnpps.
gs of bees, wasps, etc. . . . • ■ • ■ • • • • ^^0
' rattlesnakes, centipe(h>3, eU_. 4<0
intelligence in- • • • • •»>^(i «^*
at the West... See i/,m?-
imi, liange, Went, etc-
king or swelling of legs. ;^"^
lacli, diseases of, in horse -^^
staggers, in Imrse . . . • ; '^V"
puim> forgivingmedicine... /.>_7
238
' See Calculi.
_ i;Vni^sinhorse-8foot...^^.^.J«l
ins .1(>7 ATM ,
ngles, or distemper '^•"■'ttl
ngulation or gnt-tie i^'^
;ture of horse's gulet •>»»
u u urethra Vo- -m
ig-halt 22,, .U2
ipping" in milking '|^»
clinia poisoning ^jg
:S'^i^'\i">dieh;c;duHng:::::7.7
"utk^l^.-.s-lnjeetions. .See n,ip.>,lemmc
dng, vice of, in cows ^^'i
oikhogs .""...,-•.;■•• «"^'"lii
•hate of copper poisoning 4o<
Page.
Sulpiiate of iron poisoning 468
Sulphur as a poison • • • .-q
Smnacli, or poisonous oak * '. . . 639
Summer feeding of cattle
" elielterfor " Xi„
" feeding of swine ••• |*^
Sunstroke of horses. . • ' „Qg
Superpurgation, in horses '--■■- ^°
Suppression of urine bee Jjy^u ^^^
Surfeit, in horses ^^gf.
" " dogs t",
Surgery, veterinary,^...; -g^^^-;^
Sussex cattle •• 505
.i inferior to Devons ••• "•'•'
Sutures, kinds and uses **'"' g-^S
i:™an.\-;;;;n;iing;;f-i);;^iikllOS
" motherless „,.;.
Sweat, cold, as a symptom ^■.;J
" blisters '!".*'.! 2'Ji>
Sweeny ; •;•••,■■■ 80;^
Swelled head, in slieci g^^.j
SwrilinJ"of hole's' legs, 301, 302, 305, 30}
u from dropsy Y:^.
ii " hernia ..• •. •*, ',
swine, hist.. ,^^J?^eteristics....al
" rah ' rVausiith „
" ^' ■ .Vpp.{inffV.'.V....803, 811
" e; - uieedmg ....nn
" care and ^^.j
'I ringing of '.','.'.'.'. m
'« rooting _. ....
» feeding and fattening ;,_'.'
it pens and barns for -''
•■ ■"3isr.r.'!.'.';'.*'.™,8«,»,!
" other diseases • • • • ; '
■ treating sick, hints 827, nm
rnminiints
oachics
e, or calculi.
s^.U»-«^--;;r!:°:^V....23i
ill cattle " «;1
i< >' swine " ^Jjg
Synovia unlike pus ',"..'...! 705
Syphon, teat ,','.'.448, 473
Syringe
. SS"
. :)'J3
Tagging sheep • • • •••••;• ' ; '. ". '
Tail" obli(iue or wry, in horses
I. brolu'u, in horses
" rat, of liorscs. .....■•••••• ••• ■
nicking and do<-king horsc'b.
Tanks of water for stock
Taneworm in horses.
i. " cattle .
14 " swine.
.1 •* dogs..
Tapi)iiig tlie chest.,
belly
•,!.U
458
044
....430
:g8
K17
1083
...4:.!). 776
...4110, "7
777
.' paunch f or hoven....---.li'
" bladder of ox or bull • • • . -;'
.170
TnranI ula stings -ng
i'eat syphon. . . . • • . • • • . • • ; "]\^]i
Teats, good, described, etc
_
K BOOK.
Page.
iron poisoning 468
a poison t^n
■ pois-onous oak *'"
adiiig of cattle ^^«
jlterfor " Son
"ding of swine |^^
of llOlSOS Q,.Q
;'';;';„tr.r.:::si;*.*
v<"'^'=« ;;.'.' .'lose.
(Ini'S
etennary, See JnsWt-
^, oil Li
tie ro-.
rior to Dcvous 'icn 77s
Inds and uses ;;;_.' 920
,;d"swaViuiiig oVbees 1102, llOS
lothevless ^f}';'
Id, as a symptom ^j!;J
steis .....', 2!)l>
Qiil
eud,iu8hcei ^^;]
of'horse's legs, 301, 302, 305, 30»
from dropsy ?••'
" hernia •.•;. mij
ist.:v ,-d cliaractenstics.... 7J1
ih-i-. ftatislics i;j,!
I"; ; 'i^ciidiiig' •••803, ^H
are and ^j^
ingingof \ ^^^
ooting " ; m,,
ceding and fattomng ;,,',.'
(ens and barns for . • • • -
•Sa^r:r!^^"!^"&,827,S41
!;y^i;:itlwlogi^'irii^ f ttle 752
ul, of disease in the horse, _
nreneral hints -; J
in cattle " ^4
" swine " gl
I unlike pus ^j,'.
: *''f^■.■.■.■.V.■.■.■.V.V•'.V.V.V.4lV, ITIi
8^7
e sheep •.■".■■ -mii
,li.iue or Nvry, in horses -:,!|
rolien, in liorses [-^^
^igSoeuingi^e's::::^^^
of \valcr for stock • ^.^^^
orni in horses .'^
" f-^^""' ...ins;!
. ,'• i^si ::...m::o
"s^lrSu?:::::::::: ^"^'iii
■' paunch f or hoven.-.-.'-li;,
» bladder of ox or hull-'- ',[.^^
tnliv stings " ^iV,
syphon.....-; ••••••• \', '.'.'.'. (iW
, good, dosenbed, etc
INDEX.
rAfii;.
7r>d
408, 538, 540
.03,335
04
..05,08
. 00,. '555
..t..j, 07
•■'S, 224
22(i, 355
Teats, Bore
Teeswater cattle
Teeth of foal
" " " and horse contrasted
" names, description, etc
'• causes modifying look of..
" to tell horse's nge from
" bishoped, to detect
diseases of horse's.317, 331, 330 354
" of ox , i-.io
" " hog ;'.."::;7')3
" " shiep 850
Temperature of horse, ho-,v taken '>S7
" " cattle, " " (;j)2
" of dairy room ^070
Tender feet in dogs joy;
Tendons .See Legs, Tenoloml/', etc.
Tenotomy ""Ji 401
Terrier, bull io46, 10.50
fox. ;|Q,)y
" black and tan 1000
" Scotch lofll
" Yorkshire jooi
», ;' S.kye 1062
Tetanus, m horses 378^ 4J9
" cattle
" " sheep
" " dogs
Thermometer, clinical
Thick wind, in horses
Things in the eye
Thoroughbred, tenn defined,
horses..
7G2
.... 898
....lOSO
002
.... 227
424, 771
. . . . 533
121
rru 'V . English, his superiority 120
Thorough pin go^ 373
Throat, diseases of liorse's .... See Vt w'-
tre, Parotid gland, Jiespiratory, etc.
sore, or laryngitis 341
" " malignant, of swine. 702, 831
"cattle 714
" common " " 7^7
diseases of dogs 1079
....227,228,253
Tlinish
"Thumps," in horses
l'ck,ox
" sheen
Tobacco plant, as a poison . . .'
1 oe, seedy, in horses
lorn eyelids..
3S0
.... 707
.... 002
.... 470
. ... 240
428, 771
by dog.s. Sheep .700
Tongue, laceration of horse's, 3,-,,'-,
'' inflammation of, in cattle .... 724
„ paralysis of " " .. 704
To°i«« ;.::238
Tonsils, inflamed !!!!:s^tS-
"Tou,h," the, in beef cattle. . .. . .r. 55^
Toulouse geese ,)j..,
Toy dogs inp^
liacheotomv dm "77
Trainers, professional.. .. .■.•.•.■.'.•;:._' {£
Traimng vc-xus breaking 35, lOG, 053
u ^'P'Jf. 108
ions .
stalli
fordiuft
for the plow...
for the saddle.
175
170
.170
176
«
..0
..6
.103.
Traiiiing to ti^ot in harness...
a. trotter
a racer
of cattle .'.'.',"
work ox
calf ■■■•
" bull ■.'.■/■■
" mileh cow....'.'.'.".".".'
' of rams
field dogs '"""
" . fiiiiu " ."."...
rransmission of qualities, i„ breed!
Treatment of sick lior..es, hints
Tricliina . . .'.'"!""''""*'*^ ""^ P'ompt..
Tiicky horse, to subdue .'.'.'.".'.'." ■■^'
fi'ochar tcr",'
Trotting, movement in".!; ."■"''*'
remarkable records in.'.'.'l'
''ibanioss, training for...
Iiorses ° If
„, , modern
Troughs feeding, for sheep
Tuberculosis, in cattle
1 lu-keys, brecnls, etc
" care of
" wild
Turkisli grevliouiid
1 uuior in false n().,tril of horse.'.".'."
' on scinhus cord
" in liorse's ej-e
Tumors, on horses
•' , " tlogs .'."."."." .".■.'.'.
. ^fiP Ab.w.^sos, Lism,;:,, Ihrnic
llirmps, danger from excessive use. .
" for sheep
I'urpentine, as a poison...
Twitch, the
Tj'mpanitis, or hoven .....
Udder, itiHamniation of, in mares.
!! . " " " cows...!!
veins. III cowM
" value of good
,Ti i. , ^''0, ifia-iiig qua
Ulceration of wounds
" " bones ■ ."""
" " tooth and jaw
" glanderous, to tell 305
Ulcers, probing ami opening
" cancerous, in cuttle'.
Umbilical hernia, in foii!<
„ ' calves ;;;
Unsoundness, guarantee against
" to detect...?... ....22.'{
" what coustitules
-, . . See Sound
Urremia, in cattle
Urethra, stricture of, in horses '..
Urinary organs of horse, diseases
• " " " cattle, "
•• theox
J{'''".e Si>e Vriiiari/ org
literine hemorrhage of cows
Uterus.. geej^,
....45!
!
Variation, in breeding
Variola, equine
..14S.
^w..M*.i:jfe-U., »«M-.^i.^^'j
/
THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK.
>la vaccinae ; " ' ' " "i ' ' '0^7
of horse, »^est, to take pulse 287
"cattle " ' " " ^^.^
URular, inflamed • ^^°
.nSamuwtion of horse's • • • • ^
nation of stables l^^-^' *^
ral hernia, '" >•"'•»'>= ^ '^
Wild cattle
i
in horses
cattle
734
238
. See Parasit' ' '"eases.
iont draft horse • J '';?
go, of poultry ^ am
5_.'.-:..„ fiu-mcr as 448, 44a
403
lifuges
line
nnarian, farmer as
his certificate
472
472
223
rinary medicines.
I' instruments, etc .
3 in the horse 'ty
» stable, etc. . . . • JL'
guarantee should cover -404
)U8 horse, to subdue »• ^'*
casagait 71, 141' 177
?n county hog^V.V.SeePoZand China.
s ou horses * * gg^
;ung sheep • „,«
due away of muscles • • • ■ oi"
' ^ or playing with, the g-ain.. ^439
J'ifcfc. : : : ; : .' ." .' " :k'^'^'ii'Jdroti:oraz
red, in cattle. qro qs7
fowls, domestic 1044
spaniel •••• ...
821
Paqb.
401,492
of England •■••503
" hogs...^. lilim
4' " hunting ' ali
" sheep I*'
» turkey ^^
:: ^^-:::::::::::::::':''--^^^
» dogs... ••••''°"''?>27
Wind, defective, as ynsouudness .27
ti .' examination for ; ™*
Wiiid"alls 2'2S, 2i.>4
Windpipe See Tracheotomy, etc.
Wind-sucking, vice of *2k
Wine measure, table of • • • • •*'"
Winter feeding of cattle «o»i
n " " calves
11 " " she'jp
' ' shelter for cattle • • • •
" care of hogs °"i
u " " bees '
Withers, fistulous •
Wolf and dog, similarities J
" Pran-ie oor'
" teeth "*■*"'
•» liound, Irish
'• dog, Spanish
Womb, rnflammatlon of, In mares
I, 4» " " cows i-'_0
" inversion of, in cows 753
u II " " bitches I0s7
Wood duct, domesticated 9-|5
Wool, divisions of *:!|
" fine and coarse °^
" versus mutton ''"^
" in herding regions.
bees
swine °^^
^ht'^p ;;;:.■.■;;.■ .v.'ioos
nlng'l .■.■.'.■ See CoKs, Calves, Pigs, etc.
vlug (so called) vice of ^^j
ed," or lymphangitis. *>ui
rhts used m compounding drugs. 479
'h Mountain sheep °"°
.8 in cattle '^
t, Short-horns m VsV 5fi5
Herefords " 038
grasses for „Sn
great herds of °^^
Ihelterlng cattle at o^»
dairying at • „,,
favorite breeds of swine 8|i
swine raising at • • • • °^f
sheep " " • ^^^^l^
Cots wold sheep at °"^
^goatraisi,.gat.._._.._.._....;^^.;-;^«^
stllng. In horses 227,341
lite bristle" of Bwine
te-faeed :RIountaia sheep.
I ite Georgian game fowls. .
Co(;liin fowls """
Dorking " •■ "-**
Chinene geeso
duck, common
" statistic
875
per sheep, in different countries 8;»
preserving sample
shearing
887
88 (
832
808
945
956
982
991
ilte8,"tho Seeie«corrfta;a
i horses ""'yii
asses
Work ox"f.V.'.'.".V.V.V.V.See (te and Steer.
< ' cow used for .••••• '/;• J
Worker bees .1094,109
W^orm In horse's eye ttl
» bladder in swuie. . • e^'
II " " sheep »•;;
Worms may cause lockjaw ■!< |
" in the horse J^
" ' » cattle, causing boose < w
" swine «^;
» sheep... •• ^^
" liver of sheep. ^^
"lungs" "
" » t,ii^en8'wind-pipe(gapos)10M
» " kilneys iind heart of dog><. • 1086
■' See Ti(p<ii-on}'^
Wounds, treatment, in horses
(( »' " cattle '••'
u " " dogs
«« tetanus from —
n of stallion's penis- • . • ■
See Sutures
(I
773
1087
.3/8
,413
etii.
nVfillows.' in horses. •
4^0
Yoke oxen, matching and traiuing.G56, «8«
" " driving ■■■•^\
Yorkshire hogs • \.m
" terrier ; '
IC BOOK.
jI England.
Pagb.
, 401,492
503
7Ul,7Jta
miting ".^^'.^.'S?
; '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..... 915
' 986
, '.V 087,995
///. 1009,1011
ictlve, as unsoundness *]27
•' examination for 404
228,2i.>4
......... .See Tracheotomy, etc.
;ing, vice of 'J^t't
sure, table of •••• ■*'"
ding of cattle Oi5»,
" " calves
" " she'3p
Iter for cattle • • • ■
•e of hogs *>^''
" bees '
istulous
dog, similarities J
■*° .'.'...!...*'.'.'. .'.220.
id, Irish
Spanish
flammation of, in mares
4« k' " cows >•''>
version of, in cows 7^3
" " " bitches i"^'
-k, domesticated •'iJS
risions of °'.'|
3 and coarse 7.' '
SM8 mutton ^-■
tigt,ic« ' ''
: sheep, in different countries 87|i
jserving samples ^^-i
r"^:::::::::::::::::::::::s*r
^ See Ox and .S'(p<^) ,
1 horse's eye
ladder in swine. . •
" " 8heep_
nay cause locltjaw
a tlie horse
« cattle, causing hoose. . .
' swine
" sheep
I' liver of sheep.
4-27
837
89 r
4311
7Gii
83!l
001
904
"limes" " ^^
" chi^ens' wind-pipe (gaP'^'*)|^
" Id^e'ys iiiid heart of dog^.-1086
' See r<(/i'i'-'j™>
1, treatment, in horses li'J
" "cattle /'/
" " dogs 1"*'
tetanus from ^{°
of stallion's penis •*"
SeoSutHres.eto
)V8.' in horses .••.••• •„•;,; f„X
sen, matching and tiaimng.uuo, ^:
;' drtving ••;•;;;
''"ar;.v:-.v.v.v.-..v......i*i
i