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TRAIN- HOW TO BUY AI^D HOW TO SELt POINTS OF nnivrTr--nT^ -" ". ™. ,....„.:: ,™°,t^^^^'^ ANIMALS, AMERICAN FARMER ^AND STOCK OWNER. £ditor "M AND v...*„ Edi„, ..A,„„,„. „„f;: "• BAKER, V. S., ss'iciation, ic., i&c. WITH OVER 700 APPROPRIATE ENGRAVINGS. BEST MROPHEDO I'UBLISHERS, 'l"0K0.\"l'O. VVIVVirivLvi . v>i.N>El'j!,G AM, .MONTREAL 1888. BIDtTOTOfQUE if* 3* Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year ISSl, by X. D. THOMPSON & CO., lu the Office of tlie Librarian of Cougrees, at Wasbiugton, D. C. CoPTRioHT, 1884, BY N. D. Thompson & Co. c^\' f4/ m ^^^^■4,^1^ /^^-^-^^ In pros( pride. In and the fi education a volume c dcpartraen and fulnes stMentifie ai teachiniif ni and use of The mod schools, ha approi)riatc pie teachin definiteness versed in a aient of doi the valuabh many featui in its teachi is nothing s With the row in scop« try, there it coveriiij; the compilations thus impose (he farmer a The full ii out, are sucli as a work of especially co Impressed availahiUty f work — one tl study and coi dustry of sto -is respect full PUBLISPIERS' PKEFACE. pndc L, authorslup, ,t represent., the unremitting labor of many years edt " .V^" '^'7- " '^"'" '^""' ^™^'^'^''' ^-^P---' -"^ though education in the le of it« sul.jeets. They believe that in it they pres.Mit a volume ot everyday, practical value, unequalled in the literature of this department of study. The completeness and sc<,pe, careful arrang<-me„ and fulness of illustration, make it unic.ue of its kind. Of L ^ ^c^tific and l.teraiy merit, it is needless to speak. The simplicit^'iu and use of the ordinary fanner and stock owner, are equally apparent. Th modern method of ''Object-teaching," so popular in our higher schools, has been utilized to an extent never before eqiT^iled. Itsstriku jr^rn^eness .ill not fail to impress and instruct.' In addition o Z pie teachings oy y^ord, it instructs through the nje as well, and with a defin. eness m both respects that will enable any one to become well versed ma practical knowledge of the value, use, care, disease and trla" rnent of domestic animals. la addition to this important requisite, and to the va uable Charts illustrating the ages of horses' and cattle, it c .lu^s many features peculiar to itself. It is withal so concise, original and an in xts eachings that in point of excellence and comprehensiveness, there W ri! '"" "■ '" '' '™""= ^'"^"^^" aj^ricultural publications. \\ ith the exception of a few reprints of English books which are nar- row m scope and design poorly applying to the necessities of this coun- try, there is „o a similar work of reputable, competent authorship, covering the subjects embraced. Those of special pretentions are mer ccmpilations by non-professionals, who assume professional titles, and thus impose upon the credulity, and trifle with the valuable interest, of the farmer and stock owner. it,ie8i«, or onfr,. J"'' W,"; "" f"" ""^ -arrangement, the careful .ystem through- out. are such that any fact in its contents can be readily found so tha as a work of ready reference, as well as general study, ft will be found especially convenient as well as reliable Impressed with the belief that it fills the all import^tnt requirement of ava^aM,, for ready and unerring use. and that it I a thorou-Jlily^^^^^^^^ work-one that will serve the farmer as a valuable hand-bo'ok.'S f" study and constant reference, aijd which will enable 1,:,., t„ JrnZ ^ dustry of stock breeding, raising, buying and selling to gLatrprofi^^^^ 18 respectfully submitted with the confident hope of^ppr^al 'I "•■■""•'■ "i"tinr-ii M n AUTHORS' PREFACE. This work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy Ameri- can farmer and stock ovvner. It is .somewhat remarkable that in this book-makn)g age there is no well authenticated, ^vy..stematic work acces- sible to the farmer in which the known facts and principles of the art of iraprovmg and breeding domestic animals, and of the causes, symptoms prevention and cure of diseases, are presented in convenient form for study and reference. Yet such is the fact, notwithsbmding the paramc.unt im- portance of live stock to the farmer, and the wonderful pro-ress that has been made m its improvement. The present effort to supply this want has been made in response to frequent solicitation, and especially sug- gested by oft repeated inquiries, received as journalists, for such a woSc covering safely the ground occupied by this volume. The importance of the subject cannot well be overestimated when we consult statistics givincr the millions of dollars invested in live stock, in this great country'' and It becomes especially important, when we consider that the bulk of this immense value i. distributed among those of minor wealth, as the farmer and small stock owner, who have no access to educated veterinary practitioners, and who arc not fully informed as to the practical principles applicable to the most successful and profitable breeding, trainin- and general care of domestic animals. In this volume the effort is m.°do to furnish such facts in systematic form, thus enabling the farmer every where to turn the business of stock raising to more profitable account Long experience and observation leads to the belief that a curefully ar^ ranged and classified work giving the facts in the art of broedin/und general care of live stock, derived from the experience of the pnrctical and most successful stock men, will be of incalculable benefit to every owii-r of domeslic animals. ^ In the following pages the value of kind treatment has been ur<.ed with marked frequency and the fact is mentioned with no apologcic' iiitli^ It IS urged as a pohcy both humane and profitable. What can bo done to nnprove the condition and advance the comfort of these true friends of humanly .s m the interest of conomy. There is a much needed reform mtho breeding, <.are and treatment of domestic animals, and the en- deavor Ks here made to direct the way and point out i,s advanta J. In treating of the various breeds of live stock, it has been the purpose to give tne special characteristics, wi.h tj,e excellences and JZ7n each, ec purpose effort m nmoh nc jects wit avoid th or class ^ rcct stat( such boo The ai of abilitj mal of tl: general a ceptible ( proper in istics of i for which and adapt the powei unsoundm work has form, botl reader a a horse, cow The age value and i and Cattle I of the tec instruction ascertain wi od, Thovi informatioi fects, instri detail, the i The finl)j the value of which it has productive r In this, as cated as tlu tions uhd fij economy in AUTHORS- I'RKI-ACK. pXo::.'tfhr;rtLr ,'"'"' ""-"f -r-" -■" -- -"' '■-x««t' e Jrt ...de to S;,r„:"^^i S;^^^^^^ ;™«f -^ a- ho,.est ».uch „ecded i„f„.-„,„ti„„ ,v„, LXle rZlTZ^I^^'tT^'' ■ ™' jorts with unerring iud.rmont Th,r. 1,... i ! " ''"'■■"'' "'^ avoid tho too c„,„r„;,„ eCl o^^adTo atinrtl":,""*""';""^' '""■"°'° '» or d;,3., of brooder, at tl,„ .v,. '""""■"'"S ""> "'"'"is of any one breed root statement T,;,,' tld'o Id ";'°"'""' ""■ '" ™""'"'-«°" to eor- .ueh book,, b„. be,: ::;:;i:J,;trer '""'^'"''' "-■ '™""'°" '■■ The authors have long been impressed with th. „i ^ • of ability to judge ucurutely of h "iL" f a hort """'f "'"' inal of the farm as -ilso of if- , Z 1 ^' ''"'''' ""^ ^^her ani- genenUappea;:;^:^!:!^ nri^I^r" "' ^^^^"^"^^' ^^"- ceptible of alm,,st exact L td r 7 Mr T"'"; ^'' ^'"^ '^ «"^- proper i„formatiouou,I.to^^^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' *'^-«' -'^"^ isties of a horse or co.^ aud :;:!:hrrirb?st'XT:d ;i'r--^-- for which it is wanted Not nnU . .i a^-'Pted to the purpose .nd ada,.tabi,i., tor;,,e.t^::!;::\: r;riLi 't^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ the power „f the intelligent observer to detec V ! l, '„ , , ^^'° n,«onndnes,, by the sanTe analytie „b, « e , A '"^'■'•"«™» "i work has bee,, to give tl,i, inf.L„ti, ,:^: ;|,t rel ""'"r "V'-'' ton., both by written w„,-d and i"ustr„tio,, J t^ „ ^ » ;;';';'';;:'^': reader a good judge of tl,o v,due and quaMeatio,"s ,„ L 7 """"'S"'" ho„e, eow or otl,er d„,ne»lie aui.nal '"•"■"""'»■ >" to apeak, of „„y »ndC,,tt,edepart„e„t;, iltt S I u'r; d'SrX'"";/'',''' ''"°"'" of tho teeth at tl,o various „,„, "■"'''.'',""'"«"'"iStl,e fo,-,„ation instrnetion „„ win':,,::,: ly"^: ^.T ?,Z ttZi;''"'', "^'"""""°" "■'>' -certain with ahn„,tpe,-feeta,LraeV he a' eL the, " " "'■"■™''''"' «» od Thevalueo, thi, knowledge ca,?;"^::! t Zl" Z'Th"- ;^:::^:^:;z:rs:;:Sgrs::~^^ economy h, building, derived f^,,^ u,::!'^::^.:'^:::,:::. /jj** liMUtiMmmmaBm ( l: AUTHOKS PREFACE. the primitive shelter of the prairies, thirty-five years iigo, to the present clabonite and costly barn, are deemed of interest and value. In the veterinary departments special effort has been made to give the causes producing disease, so that knowing tiie cause the disease may be obviated. Prevcntio'.i is lietter tlian cure, and this fact is emphasized throughout tlie volume. Equal care has been observed in describing and giving symptoms, so that the reader may, with as unerring certainty us possible, know tiie nature of tlie disease, and hence what to do. When the services of a skilled veterinary surgeon are refjuired it has been candidly advised, and care has been taken to distinguish between popular treatment and that requiring scientific and skillful management. In prescribing remedies, the effort has been to give those witliin the reach of the farmer — such as he can procure, prepare and easily adminis- ter. In like maimer, unfamiliar weirds and technical phrases have been avoided as far as possible, consistent with scientific accuracy of statement. Clearness and conciseness of expression have been carefully consulted, and, to further conduce to a correct understanding, an elabomte glossary is appended thoroughly explanatory of the meaning of every word in the book not familiar to every day life. In the attainment of clearness, the generous and prodigal lil)erality of the Publishers in illustrating, by accurate, well executed and striking engrav- ings, every department and chapter of the work, deserves special mention. As aiding and strengthening the enforcement of fact, this feature, nude at enormous outlay, is of a practical value impossible to exaggerate. In conclusion, tlic hojjc is indulged tliat the farmer and stock raiser who will attentively read these pages, and reduce to practice tlic sugges- tions therein given, will find such increase of success, profit and pleasure in his noble calling as to justify his good opinion and unqualified endorse- ment. If so, the authors" purpose in writing this Ijook will have been aQCom[)jished. THE AUTIIOliii. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. THE HORSE.-HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTER. ISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. HIS ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. Connected with Man from the Earliest Historical Period.-I. The Horse In Anrip i Hist«ry.-U. The Horse in Civilizatiou.-UI. Preserving Breeds in P. ritt i v The Wild Horse of To-day.-V. Fo.«il ilorses.-V Sr™ "/' S^""; ' J'AGB. nt European Horses—VHI. Artificial Broedi'iig and D7sLe"""''' "^ ^"''" ^" lating to Breeding.— X. In-Breeding of Horses —XI Characteristics.-xn. A Careful Study Necessary.^XHI. Xb^ut "obie'cTre's- IX. Opinions R!h>,-Vr. Thp Valiie of Mules forLabor." The Breeding of Mules 157 Vn. Mules are not Vicious.— VIH. TABLE OF cor 'NTS. XIII CIIAPTEK XL now TO TKAIN A HORSK. Page. I. The Old System and the New ir rri,„ . I.I. Difference Bct.S:;.;::ir;,t:;:rr ingtoLead.-VI. ToMakea ColtCon.e o Yo"f~Vn !:"•«* Lessons.- V. Learn- -VIIL Flexions.-rx. The ProperZe fo^Worl v n'""' '" ^"'""^ ^''^"'^'«- -XI. TIeAge for Real Work -XrilW.n^.r "''™es.sing and Driving, ling a Vi..i„„s Cok.-xiV S. bdn L r '^'"^ ''^^"'^ Colt.-Xiri. Hand- a Stallion for Service.Svi ^2: Y,';"""^ ^ IJ^^-^T Horse.-X V. Training Plow Team.-XVrir. For Hn^rS «^n "^f ^ "" H°^- *« "ave a Good Gait.-XX. Training to T ot''in H^.^ ^ XXI r"-"'''''- ''''' ^'^^^^ To Train a Racer.-XXin. Saddling -SwnLn^:"ng"'.' .'^'!^."7™ CHAPTER XII. STABLES ANn OTHEK SHKLTEK -xiji. A Good Supply „, „r,„.,._3,,,, ct;.„S ;„?«:,■„;;:'.'. ":.".'; i!"!!™:; ,,, 186 chaptp:r XIII. I FEEI>irQ, WATEU.no an,, GKOOMINO. me Good that a Sieve Will Dn rr it ^ ,-, , ^ Feed.-V. Condir,;l'^-v"- 1^;^^^ 7m\''''''"*"^«-'--^^- ^^''t Gn,el.-VIir. The Quantity Of Li. y.^ediv'^T^I"- "''^ ^'^ ^^^''^ ing.-KI. When to GroonK-XII GeneT rJ, ,", !!f ''"'^^'™'"--^- ^-'O"'"- Other Clothing _ "l^"" "' ^^''^^'^ Care.-XIU. Blankets and jgn CHAPTER XIV. f Th« T? HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSE. I. The Economy of Humane Treatment Tr n„ 7 Thrift and Unthrift Contr-.sted IV 7 u '""" ^'°''*' *" "^^ Things.-in. Kindness.-V. Why ...e I^r e' kTJI,.?^^^^^^^^^ -• '^'"'^t and Know an Intelligent 3Ia8,er.-Vn l^ctlrol , ^ .. ''°"^^'"^°'--^- How to Man Will Have a Willing Team "jx The »r "? r n'' '^''^-Vm. The Kind to Use One's Means. . . .!.::..; . . „ ;. . ^ ^""'^ Fellow's" Cruelty .-X. How jgo CHAPTER XV. T * "°^ """^ "^'^ ^NI) SELL A noRSJT I. Accurate Knowledge Nocessarv IT n., . r.u of Soundne3s.-IV. Know wii^t ^on n""^ ?^""K "°'^'^«-ni- A Guarantee Ilorse.-VI. Description I rX'^Zvu^iTro- ?" ^^^P-tions of the VIII. Models for nuyin- IX Th.R , Constltiites a Good Horse.- Roadster,-XI. Saddle HorseV-xTi A^'if "'"^ Z*" '^''""'"^ Form.-X. The for BIood.-XIV. Choosir«;7Rv\. J '*■'" "^ ^"«" Forn,.-XJn. Buying XVI. How to Detect Csfud net -X^^^^^^ ^'^^''^ "- «talllo^. - -XVlrt. What Is nnso.„.jn..l' ^I?; i^^ "-S^'ne Faults and Imperfections. %»' XIT TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART ir. DISEASES OF THE HORSE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. S, ; CHAPTER I. symptoms and oeneual teeatment. Paob. I. Introduction. — 11. Outward Manifestations of Disease.— III. Symptoms of Internal Diseases.— IV. Importance of Prompt Treatment.— V. Know Wliat You are Treating.— VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. — VII. Explanation of Terms Used.— VIII. Graduation of Doses.— IX. How Often to Give Medicines. -X. Forms of Medicines, and How to Administer 231 CHAPTER II. FEET OF THE HOItSE AND THEIR DISEASES. I. Corns.— n. Quittor.— HI. Quarter and Sand Cracks.-IV. Seedy Toe.— V. Prick- ing from Nails. — VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis.— VH. Chronic Founder or Laminitis.— VHI. Pumiced Feet 240 CHAPTER III. FEET OP THF- HOBSR AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Thrush.— n. Navicular Disease. — III. Contraction of the Foot.— IV. Gravel. — V. Canker.— VI. Calks.— VII. Fracture of the Bone of the Foot.— VHI. Stone Bruises.— IX. Side Bone 263 CHAPTER IV. SHOEING AND CAKE OF THE FEET. L Wliat a Shoer can do.— H. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. — HI. Where the Bearing Should Rest.— IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them.— V. Care of the Feet in the Stable.— VI. The Floor of the Stall 264 CHAPTER V. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. I. Bone Spavin.— II. Bt^ Spavin.— DLI. Occult Spavin.— IV. Blood opavin.— V. Thoroughpin.— VI. Curb.— VH. Ring Bone.— VIH. Splint.— IX. Sprain of Back Tendons of the Fore Legs.- X. Broken Down 208 CHAPTER VI. LEGS OF THE HOR.SE, THEIR ACCIDENTS .\ND DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Capuiet or Capped Hock and Elbow.— II, Frat tures.— lU. Open Joint.— IV. Broken Knees.-V. Knee Sprung.— VI. Cocked An des.—VII. Wlndgalls.—VIII. Shoulder Lameness and Sv/eeny.— IX. Cramp of t\ e Muscles of the Thighs 282 CHAPTER VII. LEGS OF THE HORSt,,, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND (DISEASES, CONTINUED. 1. Stifled.— II. Hip Lameness and Hipped.— in. StocklMg.— IV. Elepliantiasis or Lymphangitis.- V. Scratches or Crackecl IleeK— VI= lirease.- VI!. Mud Fever. SIR QE. 231 240 253 264 208 i82 TABLE OF CONTENTS, --vm. Para„cnlu,„rCarbunclo._IX. DIslocallou.-x. Wound, _X[ So™ CHAPTER VIII. BODY or THE IIOKSE, IT8 EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES Saddle Galls.-XIX.SiIkstsi-Xx'^^I I" v^^rT*^. '''^^'^ Vein.-XVni. XXVn. Itchy Skin.— XXVni. Melanosis iTYnr ^ %> 7 laU.— Eczema Meianosis.-XXEK. Hide Bound.— XXX. 317 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OP THE KESI'IKATORY ORGANS L Tumor in the False Nostri».-ir. Polypus-in. Catarrh.-IV Na«al Gleet V CHAPTER X. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OE THE ALIMENTARY CANAL Teeth-Ache, Decay, Tiling- Wolf Teeth.— II. T^ -VII. Gastritis.— vm !.— XI. Flatulent Colic -XIV. Diarrhoea and SuperpurgatTjr^ XV^rr"""! '"•~"^^- C«"«"patlon. XVU. Peritouiti8.-XVui CaS X^ T\ ^''"''T-~^^'- Enteritis.- A V iu. uaicuu.— XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM MouUi-IV. Lampas.-V.°Phary"nJtJs'""A^"^,.'^°L"^"' Laceration.-in. Sore StomachStaggers-IX DysiS xll ^"°'";:2fT^"- «a«tritis.-Vin. -Xn. Rup£e Of «!f«t^rarh!ln;-Ls' ""^^^ Flatulent Colic, Phrenltis, or Inflammation of the Brain. -H Cerehrn <5n!n„i itr . _.o CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OK THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. "^"Z nr^t^';!!^!:!!--:^^: ^!^'^^ementof theHeart.-m. Atrophy ^.^ ^^^r^^- ^"<^-atio« Of the Ilea^.-V. Fatty Degeneration of "th; is or iel.- XII. Thumps bitis, or Inflammation of a Vein.-XII Thn.nna Aneurism.-XI. Phle- CHAPTER XIII. <}ENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. I. Influenza — Kplzootv "Pint Vtm " n T5 tlBm.-IV.t,.eeLs.-r;'|ryVl2: . ^"^-'^H-oirhagica.-Iil. Rheuma m. Sun- 387 .f**" XVI TABLE OF ('ONTRNT3. Page. f J CHAPTER XIV. CONTAGIOCS Kl.OOl) DISEASES. 1. Glanders and Farcy.— II. Strangles.— IJI. Kabiea or Hydrophobia. — IV. Hone Pox or Equine Variola ,». . 394 CHAPTER XV. DISEASES OF THE ITKINAUY ORGANS. T. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — II. Congestion of the Kidneys. — m. Cystitis, or Inflammation of tlie Bladder. — IV. Paralysis of the Bladder. — V. Eversion of the Bladder.— VI. Spa.sm of the Neck of the Bladder.— VII. Rup- ture of the Bladder —VIII. Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling.— IX. Hiwraa- tiiria, or Bloody Urine. — X. Suppression of the Urine, or Dysuria.- XI. Drib- bling of the Urine, or Enuresis.- XII. Strictme of the Urethra.— XIII. Gonor- rhoea.- -XIV. Foul Sheath.— XV. Urinary Calculi 401 CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. ' Of the Male :— I. Inflammation of tiie Testicles.— II. Hydrocele, or Dropsy of the Scrotum. -lU. Evil Kesults of C.i.xtriition.-IV. Wonuds of the Penis.— V. Gon- orrhoea.— VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis. — VII. Masturbation. Of the Female :— VIII. Parturition.— IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb.— X. Inflammation of the Ovaries.— XI. Lcui'orrhcea.- XII. Puerperal Fever.— Xni. Mammitis.— XIV Hysteria.— XV. Abortion 411 CHAP'J'ER XVII. DISEASES OK TIIE LIVER. I. Congestion of the Liver.— H. Hepatitis, nr Inflammation of the Liver (Acute or Chronic) .—III. Ceioma, or Fatty Degeiieratiou.- FV^. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous Degeneration.— V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows —VI. Biliary Calculi, or GaU- Stones.— VII. Hypertrophy.- VIII. Atrophy.— IX. Softening, or KamoUisse- ment, with Rupture 4jg CHAPTER XVIII. DISEASES OP TIIE EYE. I. Specific Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindness.- II. Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunc- tivitis.- III. Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye.— IV. Glaucoma.— V. Iritis. —VI. Leucoma.— VII. Cataract.— VIII. Filaria Oculi, or Worm in the Eye.— IX. Entropium.— X. Ectropium.— XI. Torn Eyelids.— XU. Cancerous Tumor In the Eye.— Xni. Obstruction of the Lachiymal Duct 422 CHAPTER XIX. PARASITIC DISEASES OF TIIE HORSE. L Intestinal Worms.— H. Bots.— HI. Lice.— IV. Mange.— V. Ringworm 430 CHAPTER XX. VICES IN THE STABLE. I. Cribbing.— H. Wind Sucking.— III. Gnawing the Manger, Clothing, etc.— IV. Kicking while Eating Grain.— V. Wasting the Grain.— \7. Pulling Back, and Breaking the Halter. — VII. Balking ^-^. ,= , = = ... = ....» 439 CO] Nee 8to. Glv !• Anses ing.. —13 Ing.- Abd( Spaj Tenc L Exami See t< Seller I. General Qraziz Whatli Applia Medicii —VI. £ Heasur JKeoapltulatI Page. TABLE OF CONTEim. zvn 401 418 CHAPTER XXI. ^^^■* COHSTBtJCnow AMD MANAGEMENT OF START ,-« . I. Necessity for Stables n m JV ' '"''^™ ^° °^°«'™=- 8toc..-y;?rCa;T^i mTTXi^^^'Z'^- ^--^'ng and Watering Giving Medicines-VI. Detection o;Dlsei? ^'''»'««'>'^ directions fof 441 CHAPTER XXII. OPERATIONS. L Anaesthetics, and How to T»BA T»,»„. n ^ i^g;-V. Casan^-vrclTar;::°vn^TX^-°^^^^^^^^^ «"«»«- -rX. Lithoton.y.-X. Litliotritv ^t\^''"'P*"°° ''^ ^Ji^ Eye.-VIU. Firing. ^g.-Xm. opening an AbscttS^ tZ^'Z"?.- '''*""°« ""<» ^-^- Abdomen.-XV. Pridjinir-XVT p!.\,- ^^ ^ ""^ ^**^«*' *n«l Tapping the Spaying.-XVin. Sut^r^ef^-JK Snf n"' « ^"^ "^ Fistulll^ Tenotomy.-XXI. Tracheotomy^ .". ._ ^ '^^ ^^"^ *°'- Flatulence.-XX. 461 CHAPTER XXIII see to, for^Hi^ ctn^S Condi^?;;!".- ^^* ^"^^ ^^^'^^'^^ Should SeUer's Guarantee Should CovS^vlces.^^^^ Certiflcate.-iv. The 483 CHAPTER XXIV. TOISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. CHAPTER XXV. L WhatT H. ^^""""^N'^' APPARATUS, AND MEDICmES. Medicines and Do8e8.-V.^^^len a^ S^iTn^*^ *' Outflt.-IV. Veterinary CHAPTER XXVI. RECIPES FOR THE H0R8E. Beoapltulation of Bedpeg in Part n 9 47a 486 \ ,.....„,-..:..^.n-r-«tm..»»Br.;iK^-»iT.» xvni TABLE OF CONTENTS. %w i I PART III. CATTLE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTXB. Paco. L Wild and Semi-wild Herds.— II. The First Chroniclers and Breeders of Cattle.— ni. The Original Type.— IV. Undomesticated Herds of Europe and Asia.— V. Spanish- American Breeds.— VI. Th<5 Dovons.- VH. The Herefords.— VHI. The Durham or Teesw.iter Breed.— IX. Irish Cattle.— X. Scotch and Highland Cattle. —XI. Swiss Cattle— Xn. Dutch Cattle.— XIH. Fossil CatUe.- XIV. The Wild Cattle of England— XV. Native Districts of some Breeds 4B1 CHAPTER II. STRUCTURE OF THE OX. 1. Comparative Description.— JI. A Good Cow Described In Verse. — HI. Skeleton of the Ox.— IV. Analysing the Uead.— V. External Parts of a Fat Ox.— VI. Teeth of the Ox.— Vn. A^ of Cattle Told by the Chart. 608 CHAPTER III. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. L— Ancient and Modem Breeding.— II. Cattle of the Campagnas.— HI. Pioneers ol Improved Stock.— IV. Illustrations of Noted English Breeds. — V. Do Not At- tempt to Form a Breed.— VI. How a Breed is Formed.— VII. Breeding for Cer- tain Uses.— VIII. Variation in Type.— IX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in Line.— X. Altering the Character by Crossing.— XI. influence of Shelter and Feeding.— XII. Heredity in Cattle.— XIII. Hereditary Influence of Parents.— XIV. Atavism.— XV. Peculiarities of Ancestors Perpetuated.— XVI. How the Short-Horns were Bred up.— XVH. Short-Horns Dui-ing the Last Fifty Years.— XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains.-XIX. The Three Principal Types of Cattle.. BIG CHAPTER IV. Cat —a Boi —X Shoi XX — Tl XXI xx: L. A Fast IV. 1 —VII tical I xir. XIV. iess' C Jersey XX. 1 Estim. Practi( I. The Vail fords F lea V vm. 1 Herefor WorkO: Herefon Diatribu THE BREEDIN(} OF CATTLE. L Early Systems of Breeding.— II. Bakewell's Ten Kules.— III. What the Breeder Must Know.— IV. Compare Results.— V. The Assimilation of Food.— VI. The Breeder Must be a Good Farmer.— VII. Breeding for Beef.— VIII. Breeding for Milk.— IX. Breeding for Labor.— X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk.— XI. Some Facta About Beef.— XII. Value of Sires in Different Herds.- XIH. Know Waat You Breed for.— XTV. Definition of Terms.— XV. How to Start a Herd.— XVI. How the Herd will Grade.— XVII. Taking a Line Cross.— XVHI. Some Speci- mens of Close Breeding.— XIX. The Gestation of Cows BV CHAPTER V. SHORT-HORN CATTLE. J. Short-Horn Breeds.— H. The Old Teeswaters.- IH. Origin of Modern Shorts Horns.- IV. WhatMade Them Famous. —V. TheBuUHubback.— VI. Beef From «jf stflrs,— vn. Rhort.=Horr,s ; ..jrtrt y? 1 1 1 _ 'Ti.rt riy«n*- rk**5n f rrs- portaUOD.— IX. Kentucky and Other Importatious.~X. Importatioa of Bates I. Antiquity Ural Grni v. Their acterlstio Devon Or XIIT. In Cattle.—] XVIII. T i- Polled Cattl ITio Limbf America.- Angus Co\ TABLE OF CONT- WTS. XIX Short arid Straight—XXI 'l-ho t . ^T^^^' '^'^e Body.-XX Thl t XXm^ThcBao."stra,Snd2:ai-xSr^^"- ^'^« '" the cXs - Jijl^«"^h -XXVI. The Hide -™r V^,'''"'' Barrel-Shaped.-SV XXIX. Beef Points Illustrated -XxVV . ^"^ ""»''• -XXVIII. The Col^ XXXI. Scale of Points toTs'ortS^^cllT!. .'.'"'"'^ '"' ^^-^'H-" bSsI CHAPTER VI IV- The Jenej„JTo- • ®^'^— XH. The Hereford a« « ^I'S.l"'^ °* To-day in England.-IvT^";: "?"" **' ^« Hereford._XV ^l Distribution in the Southist and fL wS ."'.^"*.'"^^«^« ftaiseixm CHAPTER VHI. I- Antiquity of the Devons -H ThoT "'^^ ™= «^««^- "ralGrazing Grounds ;f th; Devons-^v'^TT"''^ ^'"^» Cattle.-m Nat V. The r Deceiving Appearance!!.^ JV JV k g ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ Devons acteristica.— vm Th„ t»~. I . ^*'''"« of the Devon —Vrr xr *T? Devon Tow vr' « ^^gs of the Devon.-EX ThI n , Rotable Char- i^evon»..ow — XI. Mr. AUpn'a Tioo.! ^ he Body and Tail y rm. Xm. In the First Class tBelr-xlTw^'f'; '''^^ "^^ Active a^dH^di^^ ^n~^- '!''>« Sussex Color Ixvn" D^fi^'' fV''^ ^^^"-'-X V I^S'el XVm. IT^e Sussex COW.-XIX. Gfam^g^^^St ;"^ ^^^^'f ^ CFIAPTER IX. I. Polled Cattle in General.-n Thloa^ir '^"''• IHo Limbs and Head.-v ^h^o.?""''!*:*?^^-^'^- Points of the non„^.... ^. America.-VUI PnH„,i a " ''^'"- ^^^- 'I'^« Color.-VII ThT/^ ,^'"^"^ ' ' AngusCows^MiLtl^".^";.^^-^- Color of tif Po^e^^I -^i" l-he Angus Compared with the GaUoway^!'"^.' 597 638 4 *, 668 678 686 TABLit »►■ onrrnvm, Paok. CHAPJ Lb >. DAIBY OA'rTX>K— THE AYItHlLiRfit. I. The Antiquity of Ay rshirfl ' atlkic.— II. Ayrshire Ancestry.— in. Tlie Ayrsliiro aa • Milker.— IV. Qiuilily *»f lU«i SliHc. Y- Mr. Yoimtt'sOiniiion.— VI. Quality cf the Flesh.— VII. The Ayrnldifc,- m tnerun -VIU. Ayrshire 1' ints Eighty Years Ago.— IX. The Ayrshire ot r..-«iay — X. Pointsof A/rshiro Caitlf.— XI. Escut- cheon or Milk Mirror.— XIl. '11,„ J''.>«fH RiimmcdUp.— XIII. The Body.— X J V. The Skin.— XV. Milk Points.—W 1. fbe ^ad.— XVII. The Neck, Body ji ' Limhs.— XVni. Importance of Good Teats. -XTX. Color, Style and tonditiou. 608 CHAPTER XI. DAIRY CATTLE — THE DUTCH BREEDS. I. Antiquity of Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Race.— II. Friesian and Batavlan Cattle.— III. Dutch Cattle Older than those of Ilolstein.— FV. Establishment of Regular Cattle Markets.— V. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland.— VI. Facta about Dutch Cattle.— VII. Varieties Described.— VTII. Races of Dutch Cattle. —IX. Dr. George May's Testimony.— X. Breeds of North and 3outh Hol- land and AVest Friesland.— XI. Their Color and Form.— XII. Yields of Milk.— XIII. Feeding Qualitie.'j — XTV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed.— XV. The Earliest Imi)ortations.— XVI. The Leroy Importation.— XVII. The Chenery Im- portation.— XVIIL What Trof. RobcrU Says. XTX. Measurements Adopted for Dutch Friesian Cattle.- XX. How to Select Dairy Cows 6U CFIAPTER XII. tjK EAr- ' "^G AND ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF CATTLE. [. tmportance of Proper • re while Young.— II. Difference between Good and Bad Care.- III. The Starv-d Calves at Gruss.—IV. Tlie Other Side.— V. Good Win- ter Keeping for Cal\ >.— VI. When and How to Castrate.— VH. Young Beef.— VTII. Heavy Steers.— IX. Full Feeding and Early Maturity.— X. Economy In Feeding.- XI. The True Policy with Young Stock.— XH. Feeding the Young Cal"e3.— XIII. Feed Grass and Oata Early.— XIV. Where the Profit Comes In. —XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor.— XVI. Reaching Results.— XVII. Wlien and How to Feed. — XVHI. Out-Door Feeding Where Corn is Cheap. — XTX. A Good Condiment.- XX. So-called Perfect Foods eas CHAPTER XIII. PA9TOKAOE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT. I. Study the Conditions. — H. Provide ;> ;,'i',iii8t Droughts. — IH. Kinds of Feed to Raise.— rV. Pasture the Poor Man's »Vealth. — V. The Valuable Clovers. — VI. Alfalfa or Luzerne.— Vir. Clovers Not Generally Valuable.— VIII. Forage and Feeding Plants. — IX. Grass Is the Most Valuable.— X. Grasses of Special Value. —XI. The Coming Grasses for the West.— XU. The Time to Pasture.— XIIT. Feeding in Winter. — XIV. Watering. — XV. Feeding in Summer. — XVI. Econ- omy of Full Summer and V/intcr Feeding.— XVII. Summing Up.— XVIH. Fin- iBhing a Steer.— XEX. When to Sell 634 CHAPTER XIV. HERDING ANl M^AZIMO. f. Great Herds of the Southwe-st, — H. I.o.ijse.'»frf>;i '< '-i" "IN^srlect. — HI. Cattle do not Wander Far.— rV. Three Things Necus-:.'; \ ii .rdh ^ — V. How to Raise Wa teci A M( Kin( vice: the] ilati. Trea TheD sary.- Wliat —VII erly.- XUI. A Sun TheEco Relate( Sometli Framec The Ba Wings.- XVI. B Summei A Profltal How the eries. — 'V —IX. B Color Bi Package ?lvM-se.-.- jjiiMjin^^tiiatais TABLE OF CONTENTS. OE. Water._VI. Tanks and Pools for Stock -Vir rr tection against Storms niock.— vil. Have the Pool Deep.—viII, chaptp:ii XV. THE HUMANE MANAOKMENT XXI Paob. Pro- 642 603 A 3Ie..c.M Man i3 Merciful to lUs B..;" llT w?!." ''"''" K.na„ess.-Iir. How to Manage a KKker TV -. f *"""*"'''« ^^^ ^^^e and vices to Prevent Goring.-VI Di vV„. . , / ^ « ^''-^^ent Sucklng.-V. De- CHAl'TKR XVr. "^"^ t::.,„nu and working of cattle The Difference between T .inln- ..n,i « , . ''^^^^^ B-y-in. TwoWav.ofDoti"-i?"1'"n"- ^'•«'> ^^e Whip is ^3 Wiinf n„ri„ ... "'"o It.— IV. Advantages of Tr raugI.t._VI. Training the Calf. "Vll 646 r A.lvantages of Training Young.-v. SIS m Wliat an Ox should -VIU. Training a ^ull._K. Tr'alalnl"l:^y^Tn'''"■~'"^^■ '^''^i^ing tolead. XOI. How to TriUn Steers.-Xiy Tr.ln t.. ""^^^ *« Manage a Kicking Cow A Summing Up.-XVl. A Sailor al'a TealnsJer!".'. "''"'' "^'^ "'' Younglxv. CHAPTER XVI r. r rn,„ TT SHELTER FOR CATTLl" ^tltdTsVelte?!!.^-^^^^^^^^ P„„, 8omethingthat.ilirarK: Lur^^^^^^ "'-to ."^^ZTyl Framed Shed with Loft.-IX Ca ?> -n. "t "''P ""'^ '^^""^ Shed.-VIir A The Basement and Other Fltrs^^^iii"!"^^; ^T '"'■ ^'^'•'«- ^-"xi Wmgs^Xiy. A Model Barn Boset^-t.^xvi^^f-"--^"- ^ ^-" -ith XVI. Bound and Octagonal Barns -XVTTRi-,w.'"°'" **' ^^''el Barn.- Summer Shelter . , ''*"''*' *<"" ^^^ End Desircd.-XVIII. CIIAFrEK XVIII. ^ T AT> . "*'«"NO ANI> DAIRY BUILDINGS 1. A Profitable Industry — n On, 1^ • .^ How the Factory iTfium -V ^"7,^''*^""'"-"'- Th« Daily Buildln.^ -rv erl^.-m DrfvingoffAnlI;/olr'!.-;^^^^^^^^^^ Patent^C^a^" -IX, Butter Making hi Europe -X n„, ^ temperature of the Dairy Iloom Color B..tter.-.XII.''saltrn" -^ •„^''T?."«*=^ '» 'he West.-XI. Ho^ * 633 to 675. 34 ^/fur XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART IV. DISEASES OF CATTLE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM; CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CUIIE. THEIR CHAPTER I. general principlhs. Paob L Importance of this Department of Practice— If. Pathology of Cattlo and of the Ilorso Compared.— I ri. AoLionof Itemedieain Cattle.- IV. The only Safe Prin- ciples for Slost Cattle Owners.— V. Faralli.arize Yourself with tlio Phenomena of Health. — VI. The Piilae, Kespiration and Temperature. — VII. Other Special Signs of Disease 089 CHAPTER ir. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. I. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia.— II. Rinderpest or Cattle Plague.— III. Texaa Fever, Spanish or Splenic Fovcr.~IV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and Mouth Disease, or Epizootic Aphtiia.—V. Anthrax.— VI. Variola Vaecinoo or Cow-Pox. 693 CHAPTER III. NON-CONTAGIOUS BLOOU DISEASES. I. Plethora.— n. Anaemia. — III. Kheumatism.— IV. UiJEmia.— V. Septicsemia and Pyajmia. — ^VI. Tuberculosis and Phthisis Pulmonalls. — VII. Cancerous Ulcers an 1 Osteo Sarcoma.— VIII. Purpura llicmorrhaglca.— IX. Asthenic ILoimaturia, orRod Water iu Cattlo.— X. Malignant Catarrh.— XI. Malignant Sore Tliroat... 706 CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OK THE KESPIUATOUY ORGANS. I. Simple Catarrh or Cold. — II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Throat. — III. Bron- chitis.— IV. Pneumonia.~V. Pleurisy.— VI. llydrotliorax.— VII. Empliysema of the Lungs 716 CHAPTER V. DISEASES OK THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. I. Glossitis, or luflammatiou of tiie Tongue; and Paralysis of the Tongue— II. lloven, or Tympanitis.— III. Impaction of tlio Rumen, or Maw-Round.— IV. Impaction of tlio Omasum, or Fanlle-Bouiid.—V. Dyspepsia.— VI. Constipation. —VII. Diarrhuia, or Scours.— V III. Dysentery.— IX. Enteritis.- X. Peritonitis. —XI. Hernia.— XII. Strangulation, or (Jul -Tie 738 CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OK TIIE UKINARV ORGANS. L Nephritis, or luflammution of tlic Kidneys.— 1 1. Retention of the Trine, or Dysurla. —III. Incontinence of I'riue, or Kiiuresls.— IV. Albumlnuiia, or Albuminous Urine.— V. Ilicmaturia, or Bloody Urine.— VI. Cystitis, or Inllatninalion of Uia BluUder.— VU. Lithlasis, or Gravel.— VIII. Calculi 736 TABLE OP CONTENTS. xxm CHAPTER VII. ^'^°^- •ISBASE3 OF THE ORGANS OF GEKBHATION. L. Malpresentations, etc., la Parturition _Tr t>„^i j , . tion of tl.o Aftor-birth.-!^ Abo a:;fa„r ^"^'"^ After-pains.-III. Eeten- of the Womb.-Vni. PunrDPral Vn.n^ ^'''"f-^n- Metntis, or luflammation Apoplexy.-X. LcucorL^or Wh tes' ^^^^^'-I'^^-itonitis.-IX. Parturient Mamo^atioa of the UdJe^-S L^^f Te!r"^"-#"- ,*'-^-™'"^. - Sterility " ii-ats.— XIV. Nyinphoinaiiia and 742 CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE NEUVOCS SYSTEM. L Phrenitls, or Inflammation Of the Brain —rr An„,,i^ rr, ^ Paralysi8.-V.rretanug-Vr TiLfZ \t , ^P°P'e^— HI. Epllepsy.-iy. atPakurltion..:.^" .:r :..^;'^;'''''' "y'l^«P"obia.-Vn. N-ervous Debility 761 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE SKIN £. Simple Eezema.-n. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis.-III. Erysipelas ,^ CHAPTER X. PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. £. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis') — rr Ti.„ n i., . viB,.-m. Lieo.-rV. Tapeworm.-^.^ Ma%:.!:!vnL:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OP THE ETE. I. Ophthalmia or ConjunctivltLs.— 11. Funn-,,, n-rrmf^rino «, „ Tom Eyellds.-IV. Inversion an.l i v": r • f i t' °'" ^'««d^ng Cancer.-UL BtancesintheEye.... T.!. ^'^^'-■'^■^"'» "^ "'« Eyclids.-V. Foreign Sub- 770 CHAPTER XII. ACCIDENTS, ETC. f. Choking.— ir. Fracturca.— ni. Woundn _rv r.i . ., Wens _ ounas.-i V. Dl.slooations.— V. Sprains.— VI. 77S CHAPTER XOI. OPEHATIONS. I. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Bellv — Tr av.. .i . Kumon (l-aunch) for ilovcLV iSl.oto. J.-V'Tra^I^f yl^V -VII. Tapping the Bladdor of the Ox or Bull -Vli ™''"°n--yi- hpaylng. IX. C:B«arianOporation.-X. Bleedmir Sutures and Bandage.,.- ^ 776 (niAPTER XIV. UKCIPES KOIt CATTM',. Bsoapitutahon of Recipi*^ U; P«-f rv ' 780 11 if i ■m I I) I V i| -r-r XXIV TABLE OF COKTENT8. PART V. SWINE— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. Rule AVati CHAPTER I. histokr and statistics of swine. Paok. . Origin and Antiquity of tiie Hog.— U. Tlie Native American Species.- III. Swine of Europe, Asia and Africa.— IV. The Wild Hogs of Europe V. Teeth of the Hog.— V[. Brought to America by Columbus.— VII. Three Great Swine Pro- ducing States.— VIII. Importance of the Pork Interest 701 CHAPTER II. BREEDS OF SWINE. Sires Of Improved Breeds.— II. Chinese Swine lU. Neapolitan Swine.— IV. The Hog of India.— V. English Breeds— the Berlishire.— VI. The Essex VII. The Black Dorset.— VIII. The Suffolk.— IX. Tlie Yorkshire.— X. Lancashire Breeds XI. American Breeds.— XII. The Chester WTilte.- XIH. The Poland-China.— XIV. The Cheshires.— XV. Jersey Red Swine XVI. Duroc Swine XVH. Summary of Breeds 'j^ CHAPTER III THE BREEDINO AND CARE OF HOGS. Practical Value of Improved Breeds.— 11. Care in Selection.— HI. Age of Breed- ing Swine.— IV. How to Select Breeding Auimals.—V. Form and Feeding Qual- ities.— VI. TheCareof Breeding Stock. —VII. Farrowing.— VIII. Weaning the Pigs.— IX. Castration.- X. Gestation of Sows.— XI. Necessity of Good Care.— XU. Ringing a Hog CH.APTER IV. TOE FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF 8WINE. Feed the Breeders for Health.-II. 'llie Proper Food for Swine.— HI. Summer Feeding for Pork.-IV. Gra.sses and Clovers.-V. Roots.-VI. Grain the Main Reliance. -VII. Feeding in the Fields.-Vni. Gleaning in the Fields and After Cattle.-IX. Value of Mast for Hogs.-X. Hog-feeding in tlio South.— XI Feeding in Close Pens.-XII. Hog Binns.-XIII. TIk! Bc.^t Form of Hog Barn" -XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs.-XV. Economy of Full Feeding from Birth 812 81» PART VI. DISEASES OF SWINE.-IIOVV TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. I. Inllam Quins of the Measl: —X. ; Leproi SHEE B] MALIGNANT AND KIMDEMIC DISEASKS. L The Prevention of Dlsease.-ir. Malignant Epizootic Catarrh.-IIL Cont^gioua Fever of Swine.-n^. Contagious I'n..umo..Eutorltl8.-V. Splenic Fev^Tr Native O Sheep.- Points o Value ol -X. R, Breeds.- Wooled 1 I. Long-Woo rV. Leic, ITia Oxf( White-fa( XI. Ilainj Otiier Brc -XVII. . XIX. Th( Wool per I I. Constant Wa ~IV. Cou| tt Record i i'asturago * TABLE OF CONTENTS, Miiligiiant Anthrax — V7 *.,.« t> Rules for DislnfectioniCDfffllT;:^"^"^'^'- Malignant Diseases.-Vn Watch Syn^ptonas Early, Jv.f^llfZues!!'!'.^:'!]'::'' "^ Swlne.-K xx\ Page. CHAPTER II. I r „ ''^^ COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE I. Inilammatory Diseases —it p owine. Quinsy, or Inflammation of ^he Sf 'Vv'' i""""""''"^" <>* the Lnngs.-m Meiisles and Trichina—VUr. Trichi .a 1 ^ ~ " *^''*'"''*' ">' Stiullles -vri -X. Parasites of the Sl o«..- w„i,'':,'j s;;:,: :::;i';."r-^'''- '■■"■"•»"« -X. Regions Adapted to Sheen vr p"? "'''""S"^^^lffi''-''"i Breeds Breeds.-XII. Standard torlZZ^^'J''''''' "' ^^''''«"«"ce of (he Pri.iai Wooled Sheep.-xiV. ^tanda^r^f:!: J^ J^:;™-^"!; ^^nd-l f„.. .nX' CHAPTER II. VARIETIES OF 8UEEP AND Tiii.,o .. t- Long-Wooled English Sheep ir t ^ , ^'"^"-"^^«'«T,cs. Ih'j Oxford-Downs— Vllf xn i ,, *^'- ^^•^*' ^Oxfordshire Hlicon vir VVhite.fa..ed Mon^^^in Si i-p'^x 'Vm'I f'^V'''"''' «-'ti«h B Z~Tx XI. "an.p,shire.Downs.Jxu.\si^;p.1 ';'"''"' "''^"'""''' «•• «'^«'^-" «1 e, - Other Breeds of Great Britain -xT'oX^^^ South-Downs. J:^' V -X-yil An,eriean Merinos.-XVm l" a T'T V" ^'^'"«-^Vooied SiTeep." MX. The Rich Merinos.-XX. A.ont^een .'r '""\ "'^""»°"" Merinos.- Wool per Sheen — yyii q ^»""'|[ Mneep in (;eneral XXr 'n,,. a I oneop—xxil. Summary of British Breeds. . . ... Average 847 CHAPTER III. , n . nni-Ki)iN , ^ Rea Ga.nea.-rv. DucI.-WrngeJ G.S s -V ' wiro""' .«™-«--ted Game Ba„tams._vn. Otl,er Bant^, s -Vm The So^r ^.r^"""""^-^^- Japanese Bantams.-X. Friz/led PowU yV" J Scabnght Bantam.-IX. Fowls ""* Fowls.-XI. Rumpless Fowls.-XU. Silk- 941 951 CHAPTER IV. ASIATIC FOWLS. '• '^ool^Z.t^f^Zlfc^'- f-^^-'---ni. Light Brahmas.-IV CHAPTER V. BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY -XI. General Management o7rowi? XiT p.. "'"''*'°r ' ^'^"""^ ^''''^^ Poultry Houses and Coops -XIV fLTr ^'T' *^°"'^ 'or Fowls.-XIII. Breeds for Market.-XVL B^'d; fo F.^rT^'r'' n ''"^ ''"■"''^'"■^•-^• Killing and Dressing Fowls.-XlV PuSr V^ ""^ ''' ^''"''»•-^^"• Glossary of Terms ufed by I>ouU.y\n^lers "^ " '"'"'^""^ '" ^'^''^'^t-XX. 959 CHAPTER VI. THE TURKEY, AND ITS VARIETIES. I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey — TT Tlin t».„ ., «, Common Tnrkey.-rv. The Oo^nated T^l . T'^""'^"'' '^'"'^^^ The Varieties._vri.^rhe Care of Cke;8 . . .7;7. ! .""."f ''^ Turkeys.-VI. Rare CHAPTER VII. GEESE AND THEIR VARIETIES. •• "80 976 CHAPTER VHI. VARIETIES OP I)OME.STIC DUCKS. Ducks on the Farm.— If. Ducks.— IV Ducks.— VII, -X. Other and Rare 'Ducks".:.. V.V; "'''^•' '^'*«^^"""»i>''«k«.-rX. Call Ducks. Bl.arm._II. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm -DT a„, k . Rouen Dueks.-V. The C^o.nn.on White Duck.-v7 r;,^J ';^"T 'J~^^e«- ^'"- "-■'l^-t India D,.cks.!i^SV^!:? 987 xxviri TABLE OP CONTENTS. PART X. DISEASES OF POULTRY.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIB CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. THE CAKE ANI> iTlEATMENT OF SICK FOWLS, ■TV- • . Pagi Division of Diseases into Groups.— II. Apoplexy.— III. Vertigo.— rv. Paralysis. —V. Ciop-Bound.— Vr. Diarrha^a.— Vlf. Catarrh.— VIII. Bronchitis.— EX. Roup.-X. Gapes.-xr. Pip,— XH. Consumption.- XIII, Ina.immation of the Egg Passage.-XTV. Leg Weakness. -XV. Rlieumatism.— XVI. Poultry 999 Lousiness. PART XI. DOGS,— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. L CHAPTER I. UOGS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. Something of Dog History.— U. Zoological Classification of Dogs.— HI. So-called Wild Dogs. -IV. The Dog as a Companion of Man.-V. Characteristics of the Genus Canis.-VI. Gestation of the Dog.— Vll. Peculianties of Dogs —VIII ITie Principal Varieties of Dogs.— IX. Their Diversified Character loor CHAPTER II. DOGS OK THE CHASE. Hounds.-n. The English Grey hound. -IIL The Rough Scotch Greyhound or Deer-hoiind.-IV, The Grecian Grcyhound.-V. Hie Persian Greyhound —VI The Russian Greyhound.— VII. The Tiirliish Greyhound.- VIIL The Irish AVolf hound.-IX, The Stag-hound.-X, The Kox-hound—XI. The Blood-hound -Xn, The Dachshuud.-XIII. Other Hounds. -XIV. The Fox-terrier '10I8 CHAPTER HI. SPORTING OR KIELI) DOGS. The Point«r.-II. The Scttcr.-III. Points of the Engli.4i Setter.-IV. Points of the Irish Setter.-V. Training to Worli.-VI. 'i'ho English System of Training —VII. rhoEngli.«hRetricver.-VIII. Tlio (licsaijealvc Bay Retriever -IX The Clumber Spaniel.-X. Tlie English Spaniel.-XL The IrLsh Water Spaniel - XII, The Springer.— XI! I. The Coclicr Spaniel ,\ jQ^g CHAPTER IV. House Watch Dogs.- -II rier.— V. The Newfoundland Dog. Dogs.— VIII Drover's Dog..,. WATCH DOGS, The Mastiff, -III. Tlie Bnll-dog.-IV. Tlic Bull-ter- VII. oliepherd -VI. The St. Bernard Do-r HI. The Scotch Collie -IX. The Spanish SheplKird Dog -X The Dog.-XL The Pomeranian or Spitz Dog.-XIL The German Sheen Shoej) 1040 Their I Terrlei Dog.- Spanie The Pi L The Feei —V, I RetrJev Obediei I. Introduct Dysente and Lull 1. Parasitic worm.— Surfeit.- —XI, D Tetanus.- BEES,- TIO L Natural His ties of till Number c Bees.— VI Adapted t( I. Hives.— H. : Hiving Nc' plcments in Frames. XIII. Com OLOSSABT OP I The American Illustration New, Popular ] lucabators and "Hog Cholera"' , TABLE OF CONTKNTS XXIX CHAPTER V. ^*°«- r rn, . T.. ^^'^ ^^° TOY DOGS. I. Their Diversified Character.-rr. Tho t*i„m, „„.,.. ^ . Tlie Scotch I Maltese Tlie Pug Dog . . . : .:;:.7. r"".~"';. . ;""' '^""' Oog.-xn. The Ba,-bef.-XirL CHAPTER VI. ^""^ T TT,,^ ^. '^''^■^AGEMENT AND TItAINING OP D0Q3 „„. 1009 CHAPTER VH. DISEASES OF DOGS. 1. introduction.— n. Distemnpr rrr t?v - ^ ana Lung Di.eases.-vm. Goitret^Sir C^o^hS-""' '^'^^^ CHAPTER vnr. , „ . DISEASES OF DOGS— CONTINUED " i. Parasitic Diseases Of the Dog.-n. Man-e m pi ' r,, worm.-VI. lutestiualWoinis vrr il • ^^•^•'^«— IV. Lice.-V. Ring. 8urfeit.-IX. Abscesses IrPhi^ZionlTuno. v 'T" ^"^ Heart.-Vlfl. -XL Diseases of the Genitive oCnsOhl. fractures and Wounds. Tetanus.-xrv. Paral.sis.-XV^Sr rZll'^i^S^: . ^^.^^^ lUo| PART XII. BEES. HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH DIREC TIONS FOR THEIR SUCCESSFUL MANAGOT CHAPTER I. r V f , XT. VAUIETIES AND PECULIARITIES OP BEES. ^nr^::;;Z;;:^^'lj;^-^;;S^o^"'enone3-Bee.-in. VaHe- Bees-VIIL Varieties of Iloney.-IX. Wax and Iow~^M„ P '"'"' ""' "^"'^'^ Adapted to the Production of Honey . . . . ! '' Formed.-X. Plants • 1003 CHAPTER II. "IE GENEUAI, M4NA '•Hog Cholera" ' 1100 1204 ill i'l« t I- TXX THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. Our Dumb Friends . TiiE .Stabi-k-yakd. . . Among the Cat-ile. CHROMO-LITHOORAPHS. Pag«. .(Frontispiece). 30 488 Paob, Swine 7SS AIIKEI*-IIUN •••••••••••••••• ■••• ••••• 844 Domestic Fowxs 910 ENGRAVINGS. Pao«. Hon. Jonathan Periam 4 A. H. Baker, V. 8. 5 Skeleton shown against outline of horse 42 Bones of hintlcr parts 44 Skeleton of horse 4g Sectioniil view of the bones of the foot. 4" Vertieul section of lower log and foot. . 47 Front and back view of bones of foot. . -18 Bones of head and neck 49 Bones and muscles of the fore legs 51 Bones of the knee 62 Bones and articulations of the foot.... 53 Bones of the hook 55 Horse's head, open to view 56 The muscles in walking 67 Mnscles of the head and neck 59 Muscles of shoulder and adjacent parts 62 Bear side view of the muscular covering 64 Mnscles of the hi nd quarters Co Longitudinal section of horse 68 External parts of the horse 09 Movement in walldng 71 Front view of heads— good 74 Side and front view of Tieads— bad 75 Fore quarters, showing a good shoulder 77 Front view of fore quarters— bad 78 Front view— good breast and limbs 79 Side view of f<)re quarters— bad 82 Good hind quaiters 83 Side view of hind quarters— bad 86 Back view of bind quarters— good 87 Back view of bad hind quarters 88 Section of horse's grinder 95 A good horse for light work 100 "Gold Dust" 7 101 Clydesdale stallion 103 Modern Nonnan-Percheron horse 105 Norman-Percheron mare 107 A light hunting horse no A heavier hunting horse m A fine trotter In light harness 112 An English coach horse, heavy draft. . 114 A Cleveland Bay 115 Shei land ponies ns Amonoanihoroughbred of to-day.... 127 An Arabian of the desert 129 Young Clydesdales 1 30 "Shales" ^35 A trotting horse of to-day 137 Goldsmith Maid 139 Movement in trotting 140 "Dervish" \}^ A Poitou ass ,,', J59 A high-class Kentucky mule 160 Young Spanish iennet ]C1 Peicherou mare and mule foal 163 Old stylo Derbyshire curt horses 164 Wintering in the woods ](j5 A gnml inrrrt for a halter ]09 An unnatural position of the head 178 Paok. Head carried naturally 178 Device to cure the habit of pulling. . . . 181 A device to cure the habit of kicking.. 187 Xornian-P'Virit^ron horse in action... 195 Cn«rliy and improvidence 200 Kindness and good sense exemplified. 201 Ar average farm team 203 An unprolitablo method of feeding.... 204 The shelter of the provident man 205 An improvident man's barn 205 An unthrifty home 205 A kind man's team 206 A cruel man's team 206 A "good fellow's" barn 207 His door-yard gate 207 His field gate 207 Scale of measurements (for horse) ... . 211 A model form for a racer 214 A fine roailster 216 Good form of a siiddle horse 216 A horse of good form and action 217 Half-bred Clydesdale, front view 219 Half-bred Clydesdale, rear view 220 Blind horse in motion— exaggerated... 225 I Outward exhibition of some diseases. . 233 Manner of giving a drench to a horse. 239 Sole of a foot showing new corn 240 Sole of a loot showing corn 241 A quittor 242 Aquittor, laterstage 242 Quarter crack 244 False quarter 244 Quarter crack, pared and shod 245 Quarter crack, p.ired, dressed, etc 245 Closing a hoof crack 245 False quarter, pared and shod 246 Sand crack, pared, etc 246 Sand crack, dressed and bandaged... 246 Seedy toe 246 Diagram of shoe 247 View of afoot 247 Pricking from nails 247 The solo of a foot 248 Foot with a weak solo 249 Position taken in acute founder 250 Soaking the feet of foundered horse. . . 250 The movement of a foundered horse.. 251 A deformed hoof 252 Diagram illustrating neurotomy 255 Shoe left on too long 256 A low heeled, flatfoot 257 A strong, upright, high heeled foot... 257 Canker of the sole 2.58 ( 'ankor of the frog , 258 Calks or treads on the coronet 259 Diagram of foot 261 Bottom of foot 261 Diagram of a foot 262 Tiie I'lanip on, to prevent slipping.... 2as A plain shoe ,,, 20Q Veins of tl Crib-bitim Resting wi Bone spav Feeling foi Position of Position of Hock joint Enlargeme Diagram ill Sickle or cc Diagram ill Foot of a h( Diagram ill Splints of a Dishing on Flexor tend Capped hoc An unusutill flings lor a Baker's brae Where joint Broken knee Broken knet Windgalls . . Windgall.s— < Device for a Ah; ed ho Discovering 1 Cracked hoe First symptoi First stage of Second stage Grapes Stitching witl A bad case of Enlarged kne Aeood form Aiikle boots it Caries Bony tumor. . Partial paralv Test lor spniii A hoi-se dying Mad from inf Goitre or bron Enlargement t Fistulous with Poll evil durin Poll evil in its Inllamed ingul Inflamed jugul A horso afllu'ti Crow-bait— eff Head covert>d \ Showing signs Predisposed to Melanosis Diagram show Face of horse. . Forceps Polypus A horse's head Lymphatic glar Nose-bag. . . . . . A horse with tb Nasal gleet. . . . Effect of larynjj ILLUSTRATIONS. K'^re*''«»^'^"^«^^ighest XXXI Page. 207 ^rosition of foot in spavin. . Enlargement of hock joint'. '.'.'.'.'. m fSfl h!>r*!""« '•-g»>o--- •.'■••.• s Dh-iCTaui illustrating spiint^'. ! ! ." ! ! ! .' .' ! ' HIS Splints of a serioualiAd ,„ Dishing on a trot ^-1 Flexor tendons of fore legs. .,.'.'."" i:^ Capped hook ^ ^l^ 208 209 209 271 J Horso with pneumonia. ...::; ?f5 Position assumed in pneumonia ^l Bad pos tion of head f„r heaves Ill Thf^ r'th hydrothorax. . . . . ; f^? i he act of coughinsr • . o^^ A seton in the throat of ahors4 l-i A horse with tr.otliaehe. . . ^2^, A horse quiddiug ??4 Parrot mouth. . .7. 3a5 Sore Z:^!:?"" ""^-^ bit: ::::::: l^ ifv"''y by ttie bit... !!;;;; ^se Misuse of the curb ;; |^6 hcalded mouth *^"8 Burning for lampas .!.'.'.' .' H Lampasiron .. 3o7 Choking 357 Tlie low choke with"flatliience vl second stao'e of Rn'iarrw>,ii„ ,, ''"^ Thi..ri „t., " . spasmodic colic aaa Ihlrd stiige of spasmodic colic i^ Horse dyfiig of flatulent col?e q^ Trochar anH cannula . . . . . ? ^'^^ Attitude indicating abdominis VnVn'rv* ' Nose strained upward. '""'" '"J"^- A horse with chronic dyscr'-erv.i An unusuallv large cappedhock! |p9 \V here joint oilis ::.; ^88 Broken knee-probing '. " ' " oon Broken knee-opening .^H^ Windgalls *' -"^ Windgalis-dissected'." '.■.■.■.;;•: Ej First symptom of grease! '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.V IZ First stage of conflTmed grease gS Grpes.''?f.?!*^'^""™«3ffrea8e.:::: aSt Stitchingwithatei^d s^tonn^edi^:: •; S A bad case of string-halt ■„ oVX AStrr'"™«P««^^ «"*•••••• 3^3 Cartel!'.''.*!'.''.'!.!?!"""*'^ ''^^^•' • • • • • * • • • 3I4 Bony tumor ... i i 317 Partial p.aralysis of the hind Ycgs.*.'.' " ' 320 Test for spndn of the back. . . ;f qo? A hoi^e dying from abscess In braiA " " S9^ Mad from inflammatioa of the b^ahi: §1 Goitre or bronchocele oii Enlargement threatening fistula '. ^9« Fis Hious wither8-woi-8f8tS..v : :: S S° } *^'} f'"''"e the first sUige. . . so? Poll evil in its secondary stage . . ' ' ?28 Inflamed jugular vein ......?.. ... " qor A lioi'so alllicted with sui-feit -nn Crow-bait-effcct of dropsy. .. . s^? Head covered with warts. q,1 Showing si^ng of prurigo "tit Predisposed to melanosis r^ Melanosis „;!" 365 366 367 367 370 Forceps "38 A horse's head with cold Q-in fc-Eag.°.?!'^".^.?f.!^""''" '^'°'''--' f^ A horse with tha «i,~x!.l Vii-j -^-" i -^ Nasal gleetT.":. .?'**^"=*"^"^ ^« Effect of laiyngitifl . ..". :;:;:::.*:::::: m ES;i!"^!??':"g"»>^«mi-iiniu;y:j^i' ■^""fj'er test for enteritis .V. '.'.'.'. HI A horse mad from brain disease Ill How tetanus limits motion. '.V.'.'. Hf Abscess in the brain 379 Unsteady gait of partial paralysis qs? A horse wfth Influenza. . . . .J oil Purpura <>°^ Glandei-s, first stage".". '.'.'.'..'. 390 Glanders ^ 395 Examination for glaiideiV.".".". ".".'.*. onr G anders, advanced stage. B^ Glanders, last stage. . . f . . . . E^ a^h"*?" ''' glanderous lung.. ! ." :;; " ' ' " B^ A bad case of strangles. ...... ^Z Countenance of a hSrso with rabies" " ^00 Destructive impulse of hydrophobia"" -^W Wmple ophthalmia ." flf Manner of opening the eye. . ". ! '. ". ! ! ! " ' lol Eye affected by serena. ...... iH Manner of 8hii(Jino.j5, }.„r— '- A irequeiit result of lniperfec?^'ion" * 427 Obstruction of lachrymal duct. Ill Spreading the mange . . . . ... g ^1 ■($' 4 XXXII THE AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK HOOK. PitGB. Appearance of colt having worms A,>1 Kubbiugnose — syiiiptoin of worms... 4M Pcutastoma tocnoldus 4,i'2 Tlie gadfly 432 A bot 4;i2 The giidlly, at various stages 4;J2 Bots fastened to tlio stomai'li 4;!;i Hen louse of the horse 4.!:! Goniodes stylifer of tlie turkey 4;!:! Hoematopinus of horse and ass 43 1 Trichodectes or bird louse of the hoi-se 434 DerraatofOi)hagus equi 434 Dcritiatoeoptes equi 434 Mange mite (niagnilicd) 435 Sarcoptes equi 43.5 Xest for mange 435 Bingworm 436 Cribbing 437 Gnawing the manger 438 Playing with the grain 439 Points of the leg 442 Injured tendons 442 Osteophytes on the.pastem bones "443 Diseased hock joint 443 Lazy man's way of cleaning the legs. . 444 The proper way 445 The old way of giving a ball 446 Scratches 447 Showing the veins of the foot 447 Exostosis of the coftln bone 447 The proper way to give a ball 448 Feeding a horse with tetanus 449 A sick horse 449 Aphtha 450 Many-tailed bandage 452 Raising the vein before bleeding 452 Striking the fleam with blood-stick. . . 452 Catching the blood 454 A hook when blistered 4.54 Extirpation of the eye • 456 Opening the abscess of strangles 459 Opening the skin in tapping chest 459 Water flowing from the chest 459 Uninterrupted suture 460 Quilled suture 460 Perfoi-ming tracheotomy 461 Structures met with in tracheotomy. .. 461 One test for roaring 464 Gastro-enteritis 466 Drastic poisoning 467 Centra] American ox 493 Devon bull of fifty years ago 493 Cherokee and Texan cattle 494 Hereford cow and calf of 20 years ago. 497 Durham or IVcswater bull and cow.. . 499 Skeleton of tn^ ox 509 Outline of fat bullocks 510 Vertical section of the head 510 Section of head of ox 511 Short-horn ox in prime condition .... 51 2 Short-born cow in outline 618 Short-born bull of 1840 541 Short-horn cow, Kosamond 542 Yearling Short-horn bull 543 Short-horn cow 545 A Shf)rt-horn bull 546 A young Shoit-hom cow 517 Points of Short-horn bull 554 Pag*. .fersey bull 660 Jersey bull, heifer and calf 501 Great milk mirror on Ilolstein cow. . . . 560 Milk mirrors of Jersey cows 568 •Jersey heifer 570 .Jersey cow 570 Model Jersey cow, illustrated 673 Jersey bull, Perfection 574 Improved Hereford bull 582 Devon working steer 587 Improved Devon cow 591 A Sussex cow 594 Glamorgan bull and cow 595 Model Ilolstein heifer 596 A Galloway bull 599 Polled Angus cow 601 Model A)-rshire cow 604 Ayrshire bull and cow 607 Young Ilolstein bull 620 Ilolstein cow and calf 622 Badly wintered calf 624 ■Well wintered 624 Kesult of bad handling 647 llesult of good handling 647 To prevent a cow from Idcking 647 To prevent sucking 648 To prevent hooking §43 Harness to prevent sucking 649 A better form of harness 049 Hampering a vicious buU 649 Ahappy family 650 The pasture of P'araier "Well-to-do. ... 651 Under the whip, a broken team 654 By the power of kindness, trained ox. . 654 The good old way 655 One way of ringing a bull 657 Device for holding the pall 659 Manner of holding the pail , 659 A shiftless farmer's barn 664 Primitive shelter 665 Farmer Thrifty '3 shelter 665 Farmer Goodenough's barn yard 666 A slack farmer's shelter 667 Main floor of barn 670 A model basement ; 671 Main floor of laeding bam *. 672 Box stalls for fattening show cattle. . . 672 Plan of creamery and cheese factory. . G77 Pleuro-pneumonia 694 Rinderpest 697 Foot and mouth disease 700 Epizootic Aphtha 700 Carbunciilar erysipelas 702 Gloss anthrax or black tongue 703 The teat syjihon 705 Tuliercular ulcer on the prirotid gland 711 Osteo sircoma of the lower jaw. 711 Osteosun-omaof the npi)erjaw 711 Bad effects of excessive use of caustic 711 Swelling of javvs, etc., in purpura 712 ^talignant calanli, last stjige 713 Malignant sore throat 714 A|)plication of steam to the nostrils. . . 715 Nose-bag for steaming 716 Laryngitis or sore tlu-oat 717 Acute pleurisy .,,., 720 Emphysema of the lungs 722 The stomach of ruminants 723 Troi liar ai Paraly-is n Ox sufferiii Wooden g:i Balling iroi •Showing w Tapping th Seeming w Uiimeu exp < ^alf siiftVrii Truss for ui Ox with infl UreMial can; Jointed hooi Srraiglit hoo vJoucealed k •''iist nialpic •Second mal] Third inalijn fourth nialp tifth malpre Sixth malpr^ Seventh nial, ■Kightl. nia.') Ninth nia![)« HydrocephuK Ascites, or dr Uterine h(»rno Inversion of t To prevent iir Twist^ed roiie. Using tlie stoi; Parturient apr Method of hui; Chronic eczem Ox gadfly (oisi Gnib of gadllj Ox louse....,: Calf louse Bird louse Appearance of Ox tick Head of ta|>ewr uroc sow.. .. Tr<)cli,iraii(l ti Tappinlthr.-nm",::'!'..''''''-''''"-- 0;Ufsnff.rlng'i^.^^;,~ ;:'">• i Ox wi, h inilunin.ati<.n of oili,i ••,:;.• " !■ Sfi!ii-;litli()oii .'.' " Ooriccalod knife ' ^'il•»!l; i'ialj>re.s»>Hta(io,;.";::;; i IfiiKl inalpresentaiion i" fourth inalpresentation .' i] «iwK '»=\'J"e«entation l\ Sixth inalpr. ,s,Mifation I] fTJiT """i"-^'--*entadon ;:; I;^ |&:"::;;S":::::---- L terine IieinoirJuim. ' '•" Inversion of the a\ oilib.' .' Z'? Metlio,! of supportfng "the ud(i;; i'A\' ChroMK! eczetaa, or "?at tkils" iJw Ox ga.lfly (u,,stru8 bovis) . l^ Gnibof ssidtlv ......'' 706 Ox louse....,: 7«6 Calflou.se .' W Bird louse.... "W dx'sr " ■" " '»»■■■"»&• «„• K s Fungus h.x.inatodes . ^^^ laam -tailed bandage ii„ \rett.H"7' "' "'*^ ''''fell''- ••••".■.■ m MakS l'le"i';r-'"''"«.'^ reeurrence;:: 774 cS:l.se^,?.":!^^-'.«'^southw;;i:: ('hinese boar. . . ' Neapolitan boar and ^ow.' .' ! .' I £g^aa.H, Kssex cross::::::::::: ^ Berkshire sow, breedei-: : I K.ssex boar and i)i«-. . . >* I'-ssex sow 8 Black Dors(!t sow * Nhort-faced Lancashire ho's^s o ■ hester White hoffs... ^ ^' 'oland-China boar. ... *>'< hnpr-oved Cheshire.. ::::: ""vl 725 A prairie ranger -V liackwoods ho--... i«<'ad<;?theta.nias;;iiun;::::::"-- <-.VMK.,.r,.u.s celiulosa Adult int,.s(i,,alrn,.|,inaspi;;ii;'"' ;JIiiseIe trichina encysted. "^"""*--- h ei)hannnis d.-ntatlis or laVd woriu l^iistrongylus gigas ''"" ^^orni, Hiematopimis ........ Skeleton of theh...^..." skeietonof Lcic..s,7.rsh;.ep:::: ^l^lll of a polled sheep... He,»l of sheep, vertical se; ion:"" l^xten ;r i,,„nts of .«heep .... iJi vision of wool ' standard Merino ewe. Leicester ram Leicester ewes and lambs'. Group of cotswold '-■} Wliitc liorUiiig fOi-U '■*2*i liiiiy Dorkiiij^s il2ilS Creve C'31 Black llanilnn-is i»32 Golden penciled lliiniltnij;s Ki'A Silver penciled llanil)ni«;s !KU .Standard White ],e<,'lioins SKIC White Leghorns U3" Doniiniqne fowl 038 Ostrich fowls 039 Plvnionth lioeks iWO A pair of Bantams 040 EarlDerl)y (Jaine 043 Brow n-hreasted Red Game 043 Duck-wing Game fowls 044 W^hite Georgian Games. Barren, fnll feathered. . Seabright Bantam Japanese Bantam coek.. Japanese Btmlam pullet Rumi)less fowls Pair of silky fowl; 04r> !»4G !I47 iJ4.S !)48 i)40 050 1 )ark and light Brahinas 0.')2 White Cochin fowls 0.")3 Buff Cochin cock 0.54 Buff Cochin hen 055 Partridge Cochins 0.57 Feeding the i)igcons 058 Points of poultry illustrated 0.50 Points of th(! head of cock 060 Outer and inner wing plumage i)(iL Points of the fow 1 0(i2 Showing points 0(i3 Ideal shaiie of fowl 004 Protecting her 1)rood 005 Foraging for themselves 007 A good form of fountain > 908 A perfect feeding hopijcr Oliit A stool feeding hopper 009 Bronze tinkeys 070 The couimon turkey 077 Yoinig ocellated turkey hen 078 Emixh'n G"ese 081 Toulouse geese 082 White China geese 983 Iloiig Kong geese 084 African goose 085 Standard Toulouse goose 980 Ayfesbury and Koueu ducks 088 Aylesbury drake 089 Rouen ducks 090 Common white duck OI'l Cavuga black ducks 992 Black East India ducks 903 Gray Call diu;ks 993 White Call d::cks 994 Arctic Avuter-fo\vl 995 Pa'.c (Jape worm 1002 The Gas«'ouv hound IIHW Pair of Greyhonnds 101 J J'ointcr anil Seller 1013 Head of Bloodhound 1014 'iiie I)almation or Coach dog 1015 Small Skve terrier 1015 S' . Hiilieit hound 1016 English (Jrcvhounds 1010 English FoxIIounds 1023 The true Blooilhoimd 1025 The Dachshund Fox-terrier .1028 The I'oinler, coursing 1030 An Irish Setter 10;W Grouse-shooting on the prairies 1037 English Hetrieyer 1040 Chesapeake Bay IJclriever 1*11 Clumber Spaniel (English) 1042 English Spaniel 1044 Norlh-lrish AVatcr Si>aniel 1045 JIastiff and Bloodhound cross 1347 English Bull-dog 1049 English Bull-terrier 1050 The Newfoundland dog 1053 St. Bernard dog 1055 Scotch Collie 10.5'! Spanish Sheplierd dog 1057 Yoikshire terrier 1062 Short-haired Skye terrier 1002 Skye terrier, prick eared 1063 Italian Greyhound 1005 Poodle . . . ■. 1065 Lion dog 1007 The Pug dog 1067 The blood-sucker 1082 The bird louse 1082 ThJi cat flea 108;j Twuia Echinococcus filled with eggs. 108-1 Heads of the echinoeoceus 1084 Head of the taMiia cucumerina 1084 Cvsticercus Tennicollis 1084 Head of the TaMiia Marginata 1084 (Jommou round \vorm of dogs 1085 Koiind worm of the cat, natural size 1085 Queen bee 1094 Drone 1094 Worker bee 1094 Movable frame hive 1101 Movable frame tilled with comb 1102 Small frame 1102 Bee veil 1103 Bellows and smoking tube 1104 Honey knife 1104 Centrifugal extractor 1105 Furnishing a queen cell -1105 Utilizing i)ieces of comb 1106 Shuck's bee feeder 1106 C()ok"s division board and feeder 1100 Bee moth 1107 Work of the Larvsc in comb 1107 Chart showing Teeth of Horse at all Ages (40 illustrations) Chart sho^ving Teeth of Cattle at various Ages (14 Illustrations). .opposite paijc 98 " " 514 m m \i lit 14 15 15 ir> lit 25 ■Hi 2S ;«) i-i 1>7 40 41 42 44 45 47 4!> 50 ):t 35 ">« ir 32 152 s;j [>5 35 87 37 « ^2 34 35 35 W W. )1 )2 )2 W )4 M W )5 M\ Hi )C )7 )7 1 HISTORY, 3 Kff^j7^ivi-^;yriv!,-5iir.^^^.T^'Si,^-f;,:'i'"fE."* PART I. .11 THE HORSE. HISTORY, xMAT^AGEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. OONiraCTED \\ IN ANOIEI BREEDS IN VI. HORSE ANI> DISEA HORSES STUDY NEC The perio extends so fa is made by w native teirito Asia, there is over, that thi wild, soonest In none of in a wild stati of tl»e centau imagniation o: .•-»Jg and partly Oorse to use. oabjceted tho known in a civ no reeord is m Henoo wo infe duced from sr earliest ou rec( The first ree( Joseph in Eiryf At tho time of in war. The ( horses in war, | been confined o Coming down horses quite uni hegan to coloniz K-^i *SB.n^'-'i^^rT=af-'^"'.-'.^»!aS-^-''-'^v"^.ii';'^ 'rHE_HORSE. CHA1>TER I. HIS AMOIBWT AHD MODEBH HISTOKr. ^Id, .o„„e,t multi,,li„,'„t„ vnlt herd, "' ""' '"^'""'"« ^o'"'- •ns ami purtly civilized fo,., wl„, l„„i • . ' / ^ ^-'^ """'« ™'<"'Pri»- ..Hjecu,d tho „„,,., »n;^ir„;:,!i7't ;;;'",„:"■ t t^'r- "^^ Henoc wo infer that t „ 1, L„ "• „1^ """°.™" 'T W, earlie* maateS. duoed fro,,, -omeother 'C rv T,,to tl,n T "5 ^^P""^' «, intro- eartatou reeord except ttoYf «,,., """'""'""" "' """ '"'"'• "•« ,,,, . '• '*»«<'"« In AnotentHLtory. At the time of the V.KoiJ mZllX '"'"'!""', '"«"' "■I'joctcd to harnes,. hor«„ i„ „„r. ,artlcula,.i;,, Z !: 'f ,,,.ri''';7'''' "' '"" ""' "' W™co„fi„cdo„ly,„,hc„»„„f hS, ' ""^ """" •" ''"™ .oi^n to co,„„i.„ the .„rt,,;t,,7, -e :;.::;;;;Zv:r \jr ^^^^^^ « ' •-! j!) 34 THE AMKinr.VN rAUMP:R".S STOCK HOOK. couutiv of the liorse really was matters little, except as an interesting fact, whctlior in Asia, or on the soil of Africa, to which his near relations, the Zebra and Quagga, are certainly indigenous. Jt is certain, however, that ill Media and Persia, and the fertilo plains of Thessaly and Thrace, on tli(! givat meadows of the Danube, in tlie Ukraine, on the banks of the I)nu'i)er and the Don , and other of the great grazinggrounds of Europe and Asia, the horse found congenial soil and early became semi-wild. So, after the conquest of America, transplanted here, he became semi- wild, and soon occupied vast tracts on both sides of the tropics, in count- less herds. n. The Horso in Civilization. In extending civilization the horse has alwaj's occupied a place next to man, carrying him quickly and safely on long journeys, aiding him to explore new regions, or bearing him beyond the reach of savage foes. In the earlier stages of civilization, oxen tilled the fields, while shee[> funiishcd clothing and food, until latterly the labors of tillage have been almost entirely transferred to the quicker and more intelligent horse. Among the nations which flourished between ancient and modern times, the Arabs £>eem to have regarded the horse with the greatest esteem and kindliness. Among no vet [)le were more care and attention bestowed in his breeding, and nowhere else was the horse so made the companion of man. Hence in no othc country, from the seventh to the seventeenth century after Christ v/ero horses found combining such high intelligence, with great speed and lasting endurance in travel. The Arabs were thus enabled to fui'nish t'le infusion of blood that has resulted in the English and American thoroughbred, that has stamped its measure of value upon nearly vVi the more highl '^ prized of the modern sub-families of horses. Yet neither the English horse, nor the American liorse, nor indeed the so-called wild horses of America, retain any characteristic of an abori- ginal breed. They are, all of them, purely artificial in their breeding, or tlie descendants of horses artificially bred. III. Preserving Breeds in Purity. As amoid by pr Equator. The fossil r< remains, have and of such e: the elephant, r mammoth and were entii-cly d of nun king (Ik sion of g(>()I()oi, carrying to tot a quontly, up to 1 THE HOKSK, M.S OIMOIX, KTC. 35 ^^^^^:,:Z:^:T:^'';^'' -p.,oa.o.v.nts, ..her than law of '>™tofo.o „ Zrt "t -U. r 7' '^,'""-'-' -th.r than th. acquiescence of J:„..li.sh horses • .,,..1 ?i . , *'''"P'''* ""^ .stul.born -ore to be general!; ac k^Xig^d "" "'""^ '' ^""'"'^ '""- -^^ ... , ^- The Wild Horses of To-day. Ut the so-called Avild horses of th,. vn..;^ W the Hutho.itv of Mun..> 1 J. or t e T TT''' "' ^'"" '^'"•'''' -- great herds, in the oountrP of t^l^l f, rr';!' -ild horses exist h. great desert of Sahara, and in a] t rV ." southward of the Upper Al,y..i„i,, ,,,e e he e ! I WW V"'"^''"^ to Nubia and and partially wooded countries ' "''"-'^^-~^d' gn.ssy plains, ho';r t:::;^:':;^:^^^ Sibena. vast droves of wild by ^.0 Tartars, both in iC' I! 1 ^f ^^/'-J^t;'" ^^'^ ^'-^ited herds se,ni-wild. These Tartar horses ^l^^d tl :;" ""• """^''^^^ cavalry steeds turned loose in 1(M7 .,f i ! " "'''-'" t" the and in the Falkland Islands^^ ^^ ;;:;;r:;;f f^^' ^'^ Canada, sustain then.selves in that condition. 1 ;'',''''?"'"'' "'"' '"' from the donunion of Man, and gone wi |, t , f '-•- released and Jamaica. The .m-at ivuuuZ 7 ' " ^•"""' '" f%ti America. North and 5 ^ o^ J u'l ' ^ ^-"^^^ ^''"'" "^ ^-'^-I ^il, and also in Mexico ' Vxts r dif ""' ". .''"'^^ *''^' ^'^'"'"••^' "^ «''- po..ion of the great ^J:^U.f^Z^:::^;'--'-^ - *'- -»ther„ droves of wild horses, the nro^c ito s^^ ' / ^ Spanish conquerors of these ccCTm T "''' '''''''''"'»' ^'•'"» the "un,b<.rs. it the presen d 1 1 "v T'° ""'"'""' '"^" •••""'^'«- ehumed by proprietJirs ^l^e^ pe^ ™ '^^ ^'-t are not Equator. * 1 --""ips m souie isolated regions near the V. Fossil Horses. 1 he fossil remains of horses are n,.( ,.... • » remains, have also b-vn fo.n.d in (Jr « •? •'" /^'T'"''' '^^'"''^'^ f"««i' and of such extren.e nntU^'y^'^^^ the elephant, rhinoceros, tiler'., l' ^^^ -;'>tenq,oraneous with nmmm<>t Innu. other sin.;,a;f:^'i^^^^;^^^^^^^^^ were entirely different from (he aninni " ."''"■^'^ ' "-- "^ ""imals of nnnking the lapse of ages int::':;; ;'2:: i;::;/;;: J''!^ ;;"^' ^^-'^^^^ .uontiy, up to the advent of\na::;:::r;;t::p^^^^^^^^^ ^ '*»' 1'^ umm an THK AMEUICAN I'AIiMKU'S STOCK HOOK. VI. Horses ot Asia. Aside from the modern breeds of Europe which will be treated of separ^ ately, the Arabian is the most celebrated and undoubtedly combines more good qualities than any other Asiatic breed. In India there are many horses of more or less repute, the most valu- able of which is said to be the Turco, a cross between the Turcoman, a breed of South Tartary, and the Persian horse. It seems to be a fine animal, as it is said to be utately in movement as it is beautiful in form, and tractable in disposition. With the exception of the Turcoman, or horse of South Tartary, the Tartar and Calmuck horses are small, and ill shaj)ed. They have the reputation, like our Indian ponies, of being able to i)crform long journeys under heavy burdens, while subsisting avy draft. Belgium and Holland also have breeds of horses large, strong and well-formed. Tho Flemish horses were at one time much valued in England for draft and heavy coach horses, and they undoubtedly form one of the principal elo- mcnts in the pedigree of some of the more celebrated of the English horses. The Hungarian horses are 3U[)posed to have the same gen«'ral origin with the German horsi^s. They are however lighter, more active, sho'.v more spirit and better action, which is probably duo to a more recent infusion of oriental blood. Italy has not as good horses now as formerly. Some of them however are large, handsome, spirited animals, which do good service in carriugu harness. ' use of mul careful bre cially for ; sprightly ai Norway, whi(;h run h are active a trouble in b hi IcehuK up a scanty attributed 1) and they lia Thus it is tho result ol dwarfed tliei larger than t go South to middle n-gio well as tho ti ther southwa as wo reach t "e call j)()iiy enduring boti The horses justly so, for (reatnient, in possess the durance, and breeding was i the lines of tl wo find transit " Tl), Then Tho \ Spriii It is Mcll kiK to disease It produce diseas animals iiio l^s.. of the horso is ' '-"-^^^ •«i^«^^^gS?IS!f:^:S^v^2^'' THE HOKSK, Ills OKIGIX, KTC, 3- hun,e«.s. The same may l.o said of tho horses of Sn-tin 'Pi u«o of mules, both under the saddh H • . • '"" «>nimon careful breeding in horse tlu i' %.; f "'' ''^ ""' ^""^'"'''^^ *« cially for saddle us, :ZlZT n a T^ '^^^^ uprightly and do..ile' '"" ''"'^' ^'^'^"^"^'^ ^-'> being elegant. wi^ZhStnd ;:r:::;;i XS.r "^:? -- attributed l)oth to the Swpdi.l, ]. ' , ", "'^''- ' ''^'"" "'''g''» is «nd the, „„vo p,,i„:^„r«::::: ::";:" "' "- """"""^ '*--- .IwarMtlK.vl,,,.,,,,,;,,,,.! " ,!; „f H '"""■'■7'' 8° N""!' »'" ...o« largo,- tl,a„ il,„ ,„...t , . 1 1" ."'7 L"? '■"""• '"" '""«. i' -"7. -veil ,„ tho floeu4 1 T' , u' ""^ "'° '"'»"■" "'"J '"-"o»t, a, «o call ,,„„j..ho,.,o.. Tho.v arc n,odon,,oirLrLi f ,V'"'"°* endunug bottom. ' ' ^^^ "^ tJie most The horses of Arabia have been celebntod in ,.n , Justly «o, for tho reason that owi,..^ ,t^ref ,1 / '""'^''■" *""'^' ^'^'^ featnient, in eonneetiou with thlm t el 1"^'^^ ""^ '^'' '^'"'^««* |>ossesH the perfection of f "•.?,' *'""''""«' *'""^ -"»« *« ;'-anee. and 'almos. l^^JZ^::::' ^JT^T^ ""' '''" '•reeding was understood and apnreei^ted bv tl, '! ""*^ ''''"*'«° tl'« lines of the first Ivrie ,Jt f I- '''!"'""'"*' ''^ ^^'^'^"^^d '>y wo «nd transited f^' 1.u:;oi::^.t rX^^"^"^^- ^-' ^^^^^^ ll«.vl,l„,„t,|„.,,.|„„. x„, ,,,„„ Sprt..S« („,,„ III,. ,■„.„.,„, ,,,g|„.., ,,„,,„,„ |,,^, .. fM*" 38 TIIK AMKKK'AN lAltMKU S S'KH K ISOOK. ! ■' upon man, oven for the water he drinks. Unfortunately lie is too often dependent upon ignorant and brutal "helpers" who, the moment tho cjo of tho master is turned, shirk their duty and the animal suffers. Hence tho absolute necessity that all largo stables should possess in tho person of tho foreman a competent head, and one whoso sympathies arc with tho helpless au'Mials under his eharje. Such a, person will not only earn his wages full\', but will save largely to tho owner every year by his constant watchfulness and <'are. Artificial breeding also gives rise to u num- ber of diseases, peculiar in themselves, and Avhich may only be guai-ded against by intelligent care. Among the most serious of these are abortion, and all that class of diseases incident to animals kept in confinement in large numbers, and which, with other diseases of domestic animals, will be treated of separately in ajipropriate departments of this Avork. IX. Opinions Relating to Breeding. In trachig the history of horses, and all that relates to their care and treatment, avo shall find various opinions relating to breeding. The sys- tems of in-and-in-l)reeding, and cross-breeding, each have intelligent and successful advocates. In-and-in-lireeding may bo defined as bein"' the breeding together for generations, of closely related members of a :■ urn- ily of animals. For fixing a breed and for perpetuating tho sjjocial ex- cellences sought, there is no doul)tof the soundness of the practice. It is in this way and by careful selection of ])arents that all new breeds are established and fixed. What distinguishes the successful from tho un- successful l)reeder, is the knowing, or not knowing, just how to select, how long to breed in, and in departing from tho rule, so to select the new sire, that there may be no violent change of characteristics. For it is a well established fact that long-continued in-breeding reduces tho constitutional vigor of the animal while it is fixing excellencies for per- petuation. I?akewell, Collins, Bates, Webb, and m.-iny other emi- nent breeders of modern times, have been most successful in this direc- tion, Avith cattle and sheep. The modern breeds of swine, also, owe their chief excellencies to this system, though in them it is modified by more frequent infusions of far related blood, since swine are peculiarly liable to dcgenei-ation of the vital forces, scrofula, and other diseases, supposed to be due to loo close inter-breeding of near relations. X. In-Breeding of Horses. In horses, in-and-in-breeding lias never been practiced to the same ex- tent as with cattle. 1'he horse is 1)red chiefly for his muscular powers and endurance. To this is reiiuired to be added, beauty of form, and as supplementary (o speed and endurance, great lung pctwer and constitu- tional vigor. Hence, wlu'n a sirn possesses these nierits in jvn eniine't degree, Ii this vigoi ment of i sires as si ing earefi produce tl Intellig< absence oi count in ject to aiiA from weak bone diseai reditary cl looked to. by careful gle ])urposc reditary iu^ young anini the age foi- hors(!S are n owing to hu parted l)v tl To most carefully St u with the ana organs, the Again, the < from this a 1 and th(! barre appai'atus. ] may be elearl be the index 1 rately estinnit carefully stud Object less figures, have c in Mioderu edu THR irORNK, HIS ()li,(;iv, kit degree, I.oi. eagerly sought far and .id T,, „.. . .- this vigor of constitution! combined w H ..n '''"'*"'" "^ '^^''' ment of the foal i.s soui^ht Heine fll' '""'" ^"'' *''^ ^«^'«''>1>- «ires as «hall endow thci. foalfwih t^l^^^^^^^^^ ''"''^'' *" '^''^^"^ ^^> «"''' i"^— fui only that the ca.t i Tir'-T"' <^l^--acterisucs, be- P^oduce decided alterations of ^2:1^;^^:;;^:' "^ "^'^^^ XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics. count in selecting sires If tUo l.r " •; ^ "" ''« ^'I'^'a into ac- ject to any here.litarv disability .< "f-"' '"'''""' '^'^'^ '^«'-^" ««'>- f-n weak lungs, or^has :ho;:^\;; ;-::;;t;^:^^^^^ ''''-'' '"''^^ brn^e disease, such an animal should be di!^,^ j ^"^, "' r"" '" ^^'"^• reditary characteristic of sm.,.;..) f "."'""'"^^d. Intelligence is a hc- lookedto. Hereagainwti^ ;,,;;:",•:'"■•' '^"""'^ ''« --^""v by careful trainingr Tlii^is e pe;^, " •'"''V; '""^ '" ^^'^='^^">' "'— ^ gle].uriK>se, as shepherd dornoin;^^ '" ^'"^^''^ '""^^ f- '^ «"" reditaiy instinct IkLi,.^"^^. ! ^ ^l^^'^^^^' ^^f-crs, etc. The he- young animal takes to it^ s =^^^^^ t^^^^^^^^^ in them, that the the age for .vguiar training i reach ^ b- """ '""*""' "'^' ''^"f«- horses are noted for their Tvonde f i L n '"""•"'' ^■^^•'*'^'" ''''^^'^^ «f owing to hundreds of y uT f c fr f , 'T'"' "'^ ""^^ '^'^ '''■''''' '^"--' pa.od by the master, iho is 4:-;;;:;;;;^^^^^^^^^ Xn. A Careful study Necessary. „, -.7 «DuoB8Bry. with tiK, „„..„lv, ,„. I,„nv„tur I ''"","■'■ "" ""'" ''» '""""" apparatus. From the h....,! fi> • ^ n- ^'^''^' '""S« 'i»d digestive bo the index t^, the u.J^lr^^^;;'^!'''' '^"V"' *'" '^''"^'^ -•" rately estimated from a p.: r:; i' ^'t ^: r^'";!^ f 7 '"'^ "" ^^""- carefully study the succ-cinling c^'ipterf ""^^ ¥ one who Mill Xin. About Object Lessons. Object lessons, the delineation of a snbionf K , . figures, have come to be regarded IZ ^ h' 'L "''' P''*" ""^ in modern education. Thev bri..., f. .i!! „ .. l""' "nporiant factors ling is, and Ihey bnn^ to the eye exactly what a th r^ 40 THK AMKRICAN KAI!.MKK\s STOCK BOOK. its precise location. Hence, there bus been prepared for this work the most accurate illustrations of every subject upon which it treats. In connection with this, the plainest descriptions and explanations aro given, avoiding, as much as possible, technical scientific terms. These, when used, are explained, so far as possible, and should bo learned by refer- ence to the glossary, since, now-a-days, they are coming to be more and more used in every-day life, and in all languages, where used, raeiui ex- actly one and the same thing. If the latter part of this chapter has been somewhat discursive, it seemed necessary to a fair understanding of what is to be said in the succeeding ones. In the next chapter Ave take up the horse in the rela- tion of the bones to the body. Its scientific name is Anatomy — short enough and comprehensive. '• FRAME TON MAN A Trp I', Tt.'; HJ A clost the aninia '>reeds, re the case o fully mac solidity ai; large, hea digestive c ')f man. naal is inte vice requii road-drlvin With refer of the first Without a [ be accurate parts, to wl be definitely Hence we the muscles minute but i ordinary obs animal froir oarefuiiy sti ful anatomis of the aninia For these hi livnig horse, of the musci to make the 1 CHAPTER II. ILLtrSTRATma T^ ^^^.,0^ OP THK HORSE. '• "^^r "^^""^ """^ INDEX OF VAIIF „ TK. HIND I.I„B«. ^"•- "ONK. AM. MU.CT.ES ^fF-^^FUONT LmBS:!!?^- I. ^BTame Work tho Index Of Value the :.z:^ zz!:t: r tr. ^^^ ---v ...a p.,.o,o^ ., '>reed«. rears, or buys hem w h /^ "T T '^ «-^>^ P--" who the ouse of the horse it is ospecHllt P'"*^' ^''""^ ^^'^' «-»«• In fu% nmde, since, i„ the r^. 7^^ ''V'' study he care- «ohd.ty and fineness of bone a fir , ,, . ^'^"'"^ P'^^'^' constituting arge healthy lungs, and th; 1^ ^^f ^ ""^r ^-^'"P'-nt! d^est,ve organs. Jies the real value of .. """""' "otivity of the '>f 'nun. The owner or purchale l!t ^ T"'' "''^^"^ ^'^ ^'^^ -''vants mal is intended for, andihouldSerh Ltn "^^^ vice required, whether it be fo» «,' ' Pf"' "'^''"^"'^ *" the ser- road-driving, light or heavy daff.rT,^^^ '"' *'"**'"«' ^anng. With reference to these scwerll .'s I th / ' " '"""^ ^^'^^^ "tilitj of the first importance, sin^ t s ^ i , .""^ '*'"''"'" " " *'- »'"»-n« Without a knowledge .f the bone t f " "P"" ^^"^'^ ^" ^»«« - huilt. be accurate:y determined. th ric i t!' ^ " "' *'^' "'"^^"- -"-t parts, to which they .ro attached -md " ;;""»«-'tio" with the several he definitely understood. ' ^ ^«P««>«"y their action on the limbs n. IttMter the Details Of the Skeleton Hence we must first master the details of thT the nauscles may bo studied, and from thL I '"^' ''''"«'"••«• ^«^ minute but important action of tl^ severl, T^"^ '''''^ understand the ordinary observer will be altogether mi od ^;?;' V''^"''' ^^^''« ^^^^ =""'»a' from his outward .rnpeaL co i "'''"^ "^« ^^1»« «^ '^n ^•arcfuliy studied the physicTn'r ^ ™«^*^mentB. he who has f"l anatomist will quick ynd ""^IT ""''^ '^' «^« of a care of the animal from the r fati^'oT j'^ T'"'^^^"' ^^« ^-« -lue For these habits of accuratrob er^lrr'n '""'' "" "'"^ -^^h-"' I'Ving horse, the true charactc, of tllT ""'" '^'"^''^ ^«*«^t. i„ the of the nmscular system, which .-overs 2 '"""*,""' "'' ^^^^^^'''^"^ ..makethobo.^«truoLu.. plain t;f^L:l:tTJ^- ^' ^^'^^^ 4^ *^*'^*^* 't IS here shown by tqrtBq.rT^J* T. i|'?'?ffWT"*aF "-" 48 THK AMKItlCAN KAUMKU K STOCK HOOK. diagrams or object ifssons, since this is the most graphir, and at the same time the most aocuratc, nu'th;)d of presenting information of tma kind. To make our object lesson still more easy we give in the engraving, not only the frame-work, bnt this resting on or shown against a back groiuid illustrating the outer form and contour of the ho rse. Tlie skelet 1 — Cianiuni, a — Dorsal V vertebra-, or of the riann lying betweei of the tail. 7— The Kibs, hone, i) — S< Pelvis, the ca with those of the Ilium at — The hind lii Thus we ha as they appeal next proceed t The Head a the skull and 1 which may afl the general en tween the shaj bne are dividei seven bones ; t Lunil)ar v«'rtel Dorsals, 7nake number, and ti bnc in the aniii The Ribs.—' transverse ])i'oc their outHne an are true rilis, ai hone and to th ing. Thus the the horseman, attached to the side, the union i cert, giving p!a; The Sternuir t'omposod of sij ted into a wiiigh TUB ANATOMV Of TIIK JI0R8E, 43 vertehnv, Di- those of tl.o ImIm 1 , .. '""''""" "'i'^'^- 4— Lumbju "f .1... .,,.. , ,„ 5^" :;";■;'/ ° ''■'»" '■■'-■•■'''I'" "PiK-rouge bone. 9-Scapula, m- shouldor 1 0,^ ) Tl f ??• "l "'' ""' ^""'^* S:;::;?:?t^i]:':,;:;^,-Tr^r^^^^ "-- tl.elli.un at th' ^.s . 'V ''"T'f ^^' ^''" ■^-"-» "t the top. ni. DiviBions of the Several Parts , iin^ MaoK, 01 j^or.sjil, ei<>'iitf><>ii • -iiirj fi^„ T 1 Do.-»„l», make a total of t.v,.„lv-f.„„- Tl,.. ^ , ' •''"*" iiumLci-, and tl,,. C-iud,! tift.J ' "''"' '■^■"""™ "i'" Ave in 1..™ in ti.o ,„,h,",l • '""'""-' " «™"" ""''' "f ««y-™>e verte. «.o tm„ ,-il,s. and a,-,. ,,„ ,,2 ""'"''•""""■ *-"•" orcigl.t of them ing. Thu. the .in^ ! V ' ' 'ir;::;,:'',"' "'°"'r""-"- the horseman. The rennini ,.. • ! !"', ' " '"" ' ""I"'"""' t" attached ,o the hfeast ,: ^l' l' Z::^tt^ "'"■ '''"'■" "■'' ""' «e, the union te.n.inatin, 'in ,he sZ V ' " iTfteWr '"I '■'■' """ «ert, givins play „„t onlv to the lu„„. |,„t ,, ' to „,, '" ™"" The Slernum.-The Stennun,, o,', ,, , te „ : T"™- . composed of «i. bone,, hut in the fnll ^!:^'::Z!'^^::Z"r'°' " ted ,n,o . .,n,,e pieee, 'n.e font of this ^.^V.^^: , "X,;",; ■:Mf( i I »^«^giayiiiaStoS«ss4i&K« 44 THK AMKKICAN KAKMEK's STOCK BOOK. keeled and its upper part projects so as to be plainly outlined in what is called the point of the breast, that part which the lower portion of the collar just covers. The Hinder Limbs— The Hinder Limbs are the propelling power of all animals, and especially so in the horse. Hence the haunches are strong and the uppei portion is pow- erfully developed in muscle, and the lower correspondingly so in ten- dons. The illustration will give a perfect view, and the explanation the proper names of the parts. The names and reference to the letters and figures are as follows: a, Sacrum; 1), Ilium; c. Ischium. These bones constitute the Pelvis, as seen at a, d, c, and b, b. The other bones are : e. Femur ; f , Patella ; g, Tibia; h. Fibula; i, Tarsus; j, Metatarsus; k, Digit. The figures 1, 2, 3, refer to the Phalanges of the foot, con'esponding to the toes in man. The Haunch or Pelvis— The Pel- vis is made up of six bones, three on --ach side, all firmly united into one. The Ilium is strongly attached to the Sacral vertebrse, and may be called the keystone of the pelvic arch, while the lateral prolongations of the Ilium produce the prominences just above and in front of the hind-quarters. The Ischium or hip-bone is a backward continuation of the Ilium, and bears an enlargement which projects on each side a little below the tail. The pubis is a single bone and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with them, and composing the upper surface of the lower part of the pelvis. rv. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse. The anatomy or bony structure of the horse is not so widely ailfercnt from that of man as at first sight it would seem to be. Indeed, it was ^:^..^yf.,.j.<| ipr Aristotle in the dav3 of the ancient Greeks that the horse, though a hoofed, and apparently a single-toed animal, actually has the CUT 2.— HONKS (»K IIIMIKIC I'AUTS. rudiment the foot a And whej horse and parts of i portions c allel lines ing, thou< proper, as of the bon Aria (Humei Fore anil Wrist (Carpi Hand (Metac Knuckles Finger Thigh (Femui Knee Leg Anlde (Tarsus Heel Foot (Metatarf Ball of Foot Toe This is qu ative anaton the skeleton study is intfi understand t The bones The parts of Vertebra; B the bone whi or those form luges joining the Humerus, bones of the This is the lai lying behind t the chest ; M, 4 t^:m .'jjjiail^l-r^tL'-'^^^ THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSK. And when a parallel is onoriV, ' dTf . ''^^''^hich the animal travels, horse and those of mL thJe i Vrj'"' '"'" ^'^'^^^'^ ^'^^ ^oes of the parts of the skoletorrselTco ^^^^^^^^^^ '''S' '' ''' ^ '''' ^''^^ portions of the limbs of the horse Indnf '"'' ^'^ **^" ^'ff^*^"* allel lines, so the reader ma^ at a Wane" h" ^™ '^'^""■" P^ ing, though called by different names 4 5"'' '^"'"^ correspond- proper.asgiveninthe'^cut pir 46 wl'sh; T. ''"'^ *" ^'^^ ^'^^^^t^" of the bones mentioned in thXrse P'-^cise location of eaeh MAN. Arm (Jlumenis) corresponds to the Fore arm .i ^^ Wrist (Carpus) Hand (Metacarpus) ♦' Knuckles a Finger i. it it MAN. Thigh (Femur) corresponds to the Knee n ^^ I-eg Ankle (Tarsus) Heel Foot (Metatarsus) Ball of Foot Toe ii Front liimbs. HORSK. - - Lower bone of shoulder. - - Arm. - - Knee. ■ - !;«'». cannon and splint bones. - - Fetlock. - - Pasterns. Hi»d Limbs. HORSE. - - Upper bone of thiijh - - Stifle joint. - - Thigh. - - Hock. - - Point of hock. ■ - I'eg. - - Fetlock. Pastern and foot. Thi'a • v i-j* ^»H«irn and foot. .ho .koloto, ;!:ill show t pro;' 7.1:^^^^ ■' "™"^ '™- Thi, .tudyis interesting, .^d Z^uZZ ^ ^°^''''^»^^''- Tbo understand tl.e„„L„„;,lS~:;;|;»'M« -/"ne to M, ^' -'^naly^ing the Skeleton. Vortebn., BB, Dorsal Vort^brr C l!, T "«""■»"" A, Cervical .1.0 bone which for„. the ^^r.^^lf'^^ZZ'^cJ "' t™"" or those forming the fciil ; KF Rll,» • r r ., ' .,' ^^"^yg""' bones, lago. joining the\.nd, of the ribs H S-'e S°ct ."""'T'' "■■ "«'■""«- .ho H„„„rus, or the upper part oi he L Z KK tTj''''' ' '' bones of the fore le^s boIn«r th^ u ^ ' ' ^^^ ^*^"' or outer This is the la-xerof he twlTo es Xr ""' ""'"^ '" "■" ""«• lying behind the ,.„,.,.,. .„.._:?' . *'" "PP"-- P"rt of the fore le» the chest , M.The K^eTcC^Zr^TWri''''' '"""' *" ""• '"""^ P'"^ °°' • ' v-arpu.;. This ,, composed of 8 bones, vij , t* 5 (1 % ^g xiIK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK »OOK. 1, Scaphoid, or boat .Uaped bone ; 2, Semilunar, or •'-;"^^^°«;' resembling the geometncal figure of that name , », i l Cut 3.— Thb Skeleton. eembling a trapezoid ; G, the great bone of the knee, (Os Magnum) ; 7, riooishaped bone, (Unciform bone) ; 8, the pea-shaped bone, (pis- ifor bone) NN. the big bone of the fore leg. «- c^.oa bone or large metacrpul; O, Splint bone, or small metacarpal; PP. Sessaa.o.d bones-two small bones in the substance of the tendons, where the fore leg is joined to the ankle ; QQ, Phalange.. These are : 1 the upper pastern bone; 2, lower pastern bone; 3, the hrst bono in the leg, o. pedis), inside the hoof, the coffin bone, and the navicular or sh.p-shaped bone, not marked here. The Hinder Part8.-Coming to the hinder parts, 11 shows the pelvis. This is formed by : 1, the Ilium or flank bone ; 2, the Pubis or fore part of one of the bone, of the pelvi. ; 3. the Ischiun.. or lander and lower part of the hip bone. S, the Fenmr or thigh bone ; T, the Patella or L.,,1 ,,^^,,p, ,«vPrin- the stifle i.m.t : U, tlie Tibia or the large, long bono between the hock and the stifle joint ; V. the small, long bono behmd and attache ing small b lus or uppe num. the ia sized wedir< shaped bon« or front boi Small Metal tarsal. The Hea^ jaw, (Super illn) ; 4. boil cheek, (Mali bones or ^idc of the hindei rjmal gland bones ; 1 1 , P organs of het We will no' of the foot, o anatomy of tl bones, as they Ci Vs^KTICAi, HKnTION Lku anu THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 4, 1- or upper b„„„ on:>\:x j,U :i.t°l?;-v ''i v'- '"^ ^*"="- num, the iarscst wed^o-sh'mod !.!,„ J *r. " ' '' Cuneiform JW- shaped b„„,. ; „A„e sJlVor-euJ: t^ed Cfx" V"""^*' "^''^^■ or front l,one of the hind le^ betn-,.r« i , ' ^'"'S'' Mctoto^l S„.all Metataraal or ,„,»„ l:S;JTZZ Z^ ""' '"f? '°'"' ^ ^ • tarsal. "^*^ "'"^ ^*^g' >» icar of Large Meta,. ia^';^:':!;;:^^::^ j;n, C^ ^' the uppe, ilia) ; 4, bo..e in front of the nosMl ^ .1 , ''' •""^'' ^^"t^'-!"'' ^^^^x- cheek. (Malar bone) 1 tLT"^ V ^n '"'"^ ' '''*''« P-""»-t bones or sides an.i 1 er par of Z ?^^^^ ^/ "'"'^'^ ^^«"«) ' 7' ^^"nctal of the hinder part of 'the'C if' ^T"^ ^ '' ^^^^^'^al, or hone rymal gland and duct; 10, Sqmtm' ,s n '77 ''""^. Enclosing the laoh- I'ones; 11. Petrous or hard j^ Jtl^ a "^ '"77 ""^ '''' *^'"l'"-» organs of hearing. ' t'"" ^^"U'oral bones, inclosing the . VI. The Foot. We will now enter upon a more oritioa) . . *• . ^^ *• of the foot, one of the most inmomnt ■. !"" „s. tern hone (Os Suffra- fe:'"'^) c one of tl.o HKcnoN.Kv.TTS' fes.sauioid hones- d '^"''' "onksoi-tue .a:.;r':'>''';''i/"'*"''>""™:naviou. .,H™r.erf,,ra„,orpe„et„,tinJe'n!^,,f: o yn , A, /., Capsular li.rument nr --••••aneous elastic hag surrouZ;^^ ;;"" ;,'\^':"""'^J'»".t;m, pastern joint • ^^ -«-Jou.t;o. horn, crust of hoof ;^; fi < it KKTiCAL HkctiON ok THK LOWEB i.Ku ANu Foot. fmf 48 TIIK AMKIUCAN KAKMKR'S STOCK IJOOK. CrT 6. ;,, horny sole ; q, the frog ; r, sc-usihlo lamiuiB ; t, the sensil)lc frog ; u, the cush- ion ; V, the navicuUu- joint . The next fig- ures show front and rear views of the })ones of the foot, c, c, Coffin bone; d, Sessamoid bone ; b, b. Small pastern a, The large pastern. Front and hack view ok tub bone of the foot. vn. The Head and Nook. Coming again to the head and neck we are prepared readily to under- stand their atanomy. The names given to the several p.u-ts are as fol- lows : a, frontal bone ; h, parietal ; o, occipital ; d, temporal ; e malar ;/, lachrymal ; r/, nasal ; h, superior n.axillary ; V, pre-maxil ary ; ^- in er.or t^;Wlaries' (U>wer Jaw) ; /, orbit. The bones of the ^^^^^^^^^^^^ tabnv) are named ; 1, atlas ; 2, dentata ; 3, tlnrd ; 4, fourth ; o, fif h . 6 sixth ; 7, seventh. Of the bones of the neck, the atlas is a rmg-sln.ped bone with broad lateral projections. It a.liculates w.th the skull, and has great freedom of motion on tho next bono ( dentata ) . On the art u- ulBtionof these two vertebrae, principally depends the power of turmng the head The remaining bones of the nock resemble each other closely, and have various small processes for insertion of the ligaments and mus- cles, and upon their flexibility depends the power of flexmg and arch- in"" the neck. ' , The Head —The ]>ones of the head may be divided mto two groups ; the cranial and facial. The cranial bones include all those which cover or inclose the brain, and are mostly in pairs, or are on what is called the mesial line of the skull, but may, for convenience, be spoken of as smgle bones. The bone of the forehead (frontal bone) «, forms tho space between the ev's and extends to the toi* of the head with a narrowing outline. It therefore occupies the most central part of the head and is important as from its shape and surface it gives space for the brains. In succeeding cuts the facial expression of horses will be given, showing the different grades of intelligence in horses ; the broad and ample forehead indicat- ing iutelligence and high I)rceding. The parietal bone, ft, extends back from the frontal to the poll, and has a rid're or crest of great stn-ngth and firmness along its upper sur- . '^. , ■•I. £ .... ......i. o;,i,. onvoi'iixr iiiul nrotoetinflf the fare, .^loping down iiRc » i""^ "*» xsAx^u r-?-.' , • "v-.n-j, j — ^r brain. joins tho extrem II t^mirmm THE ANATOMY OP THK HORSE. bead, »„dfr,„„i,,'p™H: ;>,';:; 77''«"'» ""-"I" -i.* "f .he part o( the akull. It i, art Iwc , , ^ ""''" ""»" '"y """er 6 2 CUT 7.-SHOWI.N.i HONKS <,K , IIKAI> AMI NKCK. dH ""'«- " -^ " ■• ^"". '"'" *'•" "»*«>•"»• l>a'fs of (he o«r, an^ \. ..-^^^ "»^-« ".lu u ii(;n()\v lor Uki Hrtiniliitinn .^f *\ i . " iiv,>i- join, the extremity of tho f o ta • T'' ^''^'' ""^ '" ^'•""t y fictul. (ont.nu.ng forward, it unites with 50 THE AMEllII-AN KARMEit'S STOCK BOOK. the cWok-Wnc (nuUar), ,;, ..uking up tl.o zygomatic arch «"<» '»™'« Z:V'or/; ';t-^' W» "*r,aee ..a cove.,,, the „.e™- bone, (7, one or i i J- (superior maxillary), h, occupies r* „ ''LX; ana\tir aU°'.h;Udi„g teeth (.K,,a,.») and the the 5.de < t tt. pro-maxillaiy, i, unites with the two tat :f ^t^lLeXarrhe nipped. (Inei- teeth) «;.^ -.«-,l»^— -* of the nose. The lo^er ,^ con..^ t^^^LT^;.! i„,e,w .-' l--^^^'^, „^ 1. : ^^dyloiu proeeL) articulates with rr loIuIeTtL! haie of the zygomatic atel;, forming the h,nge the '™'P»™ " • . „,„^,,, The second process (cronoid) npon -b'A *" »k"^« 1»; j;j j^^ ,„,, ,„d of the large temporal :nli:*:.^™n th;:::ietaT ho„e, andm„vesthe jaw in the act of °'m'™ arc two smaU hones in th, lower part of the cranium, under the pari rrdlled the Spheuoid, and the Ethmoid, wh,ch connect the principal hones of the skull, but are not vis.hle externally. Vin Bones and MuMlea of the Front Limb.. Comin./a.«in to the liu.hs.we represent in cut 8 on the next page, for the sTl^of °m.pariso„, both the hones and muscle, of the front hmbs side ly"t° 1-e i^ will serve as a convenient object lesson at one v,ew Bones -A-Radius. B-Polnt of Ulna. C-Knee (Carpus). l-Ses- amoTd! behind the fetlocks. G-Upper and Lower Pasten,s. H-Cofflu Bone. I— Navicular. mso\es-h- Extensor carpi radialu, i-Extensordyttamm Ion- aT i-Extensor dir,itarumhrevwr. h-Mductor palhcrs longus. ef l.E.tLal fiexor. ,n/-Middle flexor. ./-Internal flexor. ^ D »«* ♦»,«» Arm —The upper portion of the fore leg in the horse is can: el tliunilthl^^n^espondinghoneisthefore Inthe hor e t consi ts of two hones, the radius A and the ulna B, and -xtends fr, ni 1 e elbow to the knee. The ulna is situated behind, and. to some ex n Ihove the radius, there being a considerable projection received bet n the heads of the lower bone of the shoulder (elbow), ornung Tp well lever, into which are inserted the muscles for extending he JZ The ulna continuing downwards, terminates in a point behind the middle of the radius. ' _ Bones of the Knee.-Cut 9 on page 52 shows in detail the vanous bones of the knee = Fi- 1 , the left leff. outer side : Fig. 2. a front view. Ihe position and actimi of ihe knee, render it especially liable to shocks and 'ia»i»Wi™*«*a«l!"Ji»SBlS»B!KW*t»a THE ANATOMY OB' THE HOK8B. 51 jars, or strains. Hence it is protected by being formed of a number of bones, strongly united by Dgaraents, each bone being- protected by car- tilage, and resting on a semi-fluid cushion, so that any shock may be dis- tributed over the whol-^ number of distinct bones. The names of the bones are as follows : a, Radius ; J, Pisiform ; c, Cuneiform ; d, Lunare • e, Scaphoides ; /, Magnum ; h. Unciform ; r, Cannon ; j, Splint. These two latter are called Metacarpals. Fig. 1. Clt 8.— Bonks anu Muscles of thk Foke Legs. By reference to cut 9 on page 52, the uiruugoment and shape of the several bones will be readily understood. A large, flat knee is essential in the horse, smco it not only carries plenty of integument, but allows free play to this portion of the leg. Fig. 1 shows the knee flexed and P- 2 tiio knee at rest. "^ 4* i( f^fF^ 52 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK. The true carpal bones aio seven in number. Six of these are placed in two rows, each containing three bones in front of the joint, while the seventh, the pisiform, (Trapezium), is placed behind them, forming the point of insertion for some of the muscles of the arni. It also aids in protecting the tendons running down behind the leg. Fig. 1. Fio. 2. CUT 0.— SnOWINO BONES OK THE KNEE. Bones of the Leg. — Between the knee and the fetlock are three bones, the shank (cannon) and two splint bones, as shown in cut 8, page 51, Fig. 1. D. Those form the leg, the corresponding part in man being the metacarpus. The cannon bone articulates at its upper extremi- ty with the lower row of the bones of th« knee and below with the upper pastern of the fetlock joint. It has scarcely any muscle, those parts not covered by tendons, as well as the parts so covered bcin" envel- oped directly by the skin. The log bone is nearly straight, rounded in front and flattened or slightly concave behind. The splint bones, slender bones attached to the cannon to strcngtl •• 't, diminish to a point before thev reach ■-ViJ-J >- '^■-■rV,,t,3f-mU!t»fimmS^-l^lllll-'!f.t«i3-~-~^ TIIK ANATOMY OF TIIK IIOKSK. '^^ i'- 4-, The names of tL:Z^:ZZlo\Z7^ S^koo. «oid8 ; c, fetlock joint ; d, upper pasTeVn • 'I' T""""' °' '^""''^ ' *' fin bone ; ^, navicular bone. The u L !nd i ' " ^''''''' ' •^' <^«f- oonsiderable motion one on the otler to al 17^1 P"'*"""'^' ^' ^' ^^ve The toe is fonned bv the coffin bono m7' '""' '' '^ '^'^"^ ^^k. m by the horny hoo>. Hence it fonJJ '' «""-""»d«d and covered Another small bone, the nav Ltr 1 , ' r.'' '."^""^" junction of th« oo^„ «--^ ''"""'fl''l'««belnndand partlv wifhJn fu„ inclosed by thehoof " '""" ^'"''*«™- ^''^^ ^he Wn bonT.-tt J fwr 54 THE AMERICAN FARMEH'S STOCK BOOK. IX. The Hind Limbs. The bones of the limbs terminating and inclosed within the body of the horse, as well as the whole of the front limbs have been carefully illustrated and described. Many persons suppose, if they understand something of the anatomy of one limb, that they understand them all. This is a mistake, for while there are points m common, there are many differences. Hence the necessity of illustrating every part fully m order that the reader mav get a full comprehension of every part. 1 urther on we -ive a cut showing the bones of the hock joint and portions of the bones above and below. In the illustration, page 44, the anatomy of the entire limb may be studied. .,.,7. n Anatomy of the Hind LImbs.-Tho great bone of the thigh (femur) which articulates with the upper bone (ilium), which in turn is joined to the back, is very strong, stout and short for its bulk. It is ako further strengthened by large projections (trochanters), placed m the^din- tion of the length, or longitudinally, for the attachment of important mus- cles. The upper extremity of the femur has a rounded head on the inner side, fitting into, and articulating with, » horny cup (acetabulum) formed at the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the lo>;«r end are two prominences fitting into depressions in the true bone of the thigh (the lower part of which is shown in the preceding illustration) and in front of which is placed the knee cap (patella), making what is called the stifle joint, which, anatomically, cori-esponds to the knee m man. The thi-h bone is made up of two parts, the tibia, or bone proper and a small bone at the top (fibula), which reaches down the bone for about one-third its length. It is attached to the large bone by cartilage, and corresponds to the small bone (ulna) in the shoulder of the horse. The next illustration shows the bones of the hock. Figure 1 , back view, inner side ; figure 2, front view, outer side. , .v. « , , t n Bones of the Hook.-The names of the bones of the Hock (larsus) as shown in cut 11 are : a, Tibia; b, Os Calcis ; c. Astragalus ; rf,C«- noides ; e, Naviculare ; /, Outer Cuneifonn ; h, Splint ; ^, Cannon, (shank ^"^The hock is as important as it is complicated. It corresponds to the ankle and heel in man, and is a prime factor in the means of progressn.n. Like the knee of the horse, it consists of small bones, interposed between the upper bone. Tibia, and the Cannon bone below. These are six m number, as given above. The projecting bone at the back, the heel bone, (Os Calcis), is moved by tendons arising from muscles in the lower part of the limb. • ^i, ^ j One of the Main Sprlngs.-The principal one of these IS the tendo- Achiilis. In all fast animals it is much developed, since an merease „i 'i TIIK ANATOMY OF THK HORSE. 55 the length of this lever adds forro tn fl remembered that progression is sin^v a 1 ''''''"^' ^"'' '' "^"^^ be Fio. 1. Wl^t Fio. 2. CPT ll.-BONKS OF THE HOCK to be especially 4died. ThTekeL^^'^K ". '^'"^'^^"'"^ P'^^^^ ^^^^ires this is developed. "°" '^ '^' frame-work upon whiJh all 'iff #■ 1 , 1 . 1 i n CHA11ER III. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AWD INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OP THE HORSE. I. THE ECONOMY OP TUB MUSCLAR COVEUINO. II. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND HECK. HI. MC8CLE9 OP TUP 8HOi:LUKIl AND BACK. IV. MrSCLES OP THK HINDER PART*^. V. MUSCLES OF THE FOHE LIMB8. VI. MUSCLES OP THE LEO AND FOOT. VII. STUDYING THE STRUCTURE. VIII. INTERNAL ECOMOMY OF Till: HORSE. IX. EXTERNAL PARTS OP THE HORSE. I. The Eoonomy of the Muscular Covering. While, as already stated, the 'H)ae3 are the fraine-\V( k of the animal, the covering of the bones, viz : the sinews, muscles, nerves, meml)ranes, etc., are really what constitute the motive power of the aniraiU. With the nerves and membranes we shall have little to do ; their study will not be necessary to a correct understanding of the value of a horse to the farmer, breeder, or buyer. The bony and muscular development being perfect, and the digestive apparatus, the viscera, and all that pertains there- to, being healthy, the ner\ cs and inenihranes may be taken for granted as being in good order. We therefore pmceed at once to a consideration of the more important organs which constitute the working parts of the horse. This we have most carefully illustrated on the next page by a cut, show- ing the entire figure of the horse with the principal muscles laid bare. They need not be referred I • hero, since they will be named further on in considering the illustrations of the several parts. The engraving is considered necessary, as showing the connection of the parts, one Avith another, as the animal appears in walking. A Vertical Sootion of the Head.— A section of the head may here be studied to advantage, as showing not only the bony and muscular struc- ture, but the brain and ganglia as well. In the study of this lisrure we find at a, the frontul bono, showing the cavity or channel, (^sinus) beneath ; b, the wall bone {parietal) coverijig the brain; c, the nose (^nasal) bone; d, the bone (occipital) at the back of the head ; e, e, the first bone of the neck, (atlas) showing the spinal mar- row in the center ; f, the eieTe-'ike (ethmoid) bone through which ttu nerve, (ol/actbr;/) giving the sense of smell i>asses ; g, the wedge-vihe hone, (sphenoid). This, with the ethmoid bone, supports the base of the brain. At k, Ixtween C iirnl D is shown part of the lower, {max- 56 Cut 1. Horse's Head, Open to View itlary) jav immerals : l)rain (cer dulla oblon row itself. c r bones) in the f( brane of the nos nosfn'lH • O n (epiglottis ;) F, 1 T„K KCONOMV OP THK M„rUL.„ r„VE„,v„. „ 0S THE AMERICAX FARMER S STOCK HOOK. Economy of the Head. — ^^'c' luivc heretofore spoken of the bones of the liead being in ]iairs. So also are the various organs of the body as a rule, namely : the ears, eyes, nostrils, lips, the lobes of the lungs, the valves of the heart, the kidnej's, etc. Thus the two frontal bunes (a) make up the forward part of the head. The wall bones (b) cover the outer lobes of the largo portion of the brain. The occipital bone (d) is strong and solid, and at its back contains the spinal marrow, and some nerves and arteries which pass from the brain ; at the point where it is jointed to the lirst bone of the neck it is rounded and smoothed to make the articulation perfect. The 8])henoid bone (g) forms the inferior and central part of the skull (cranium). Near the bones of the face (facial bones), are sinuses or channels, that are named from the bones which they pierce or channel. The bones of the head are of two kinds, the soft and scaly, (sqtiamotis) , and the hard, (petrous), hones. The temporal bones are lii (>!ii'. fur'>« if inurnr..! n.wi i.....! ^j „-i-m the third nuiscio, a narrow strii), descends at the back of tho cheek, and turns thu car outward. The nent ai; Mus( importfj expansii 4 an index, ic t<'ni|)cr of tl "f those. I opens the lif the whole of TJio njujB/.] pression in ft S'^ THE ECONOMY OF THE MTrsritT.^ ' i HE MUSCULAR COVERING. 59 Muscles of the Nose and i in. tu * -P»os,„n a„a c„„t^„„„^, '';f»-«i°' n^IC ih^^t^t ope,,;.;,; H ,"i';"^,::™;ri:.t rr "^- '-» "-^u rr: ■ rvp^m m THE AMERICAN FARSfEU'S STOCK BOOK. into two parts to permit the passage of tlie side dilator of the nostril (/), one branch passing straight to the corners of the mouth : its use being to raise it. The other branch expanding under tlie side dilator, not only assists in dilating the nostril, but also in lifting the upper lip. The under lip is drawn back bythe narrow muscle (i), Avhich is inserted into the Up below the angle of the mouth. Passing along the side of the jaw, it disappears under the masseter or cheek muscle («). Muscles of the Neck. — One of the principal muscles of the neck rises from the transverse processes of the first four or five dorsal vertebra, page 42 (3), and also from the five lower bones of the neck (2), same page. The fibers from these two points, uniting form one large nmscle, which, in fact, makes up the principal lower part of the neck, and which, diminishing in size as it passes towards the head, terminates in a tendon inserted in the (occipital) bone covering the back of the head. See i)age 49 (c). Immediately above is the muscle splenim (k,) page 59. It is used for raising the head. This muscle arises from the entire length of a strong and elastic ligament (ligamentum nuchr), having its origin from the back of the occipital bone, to Avhich it is attached immediately below the crest. At first cord-like, it passes over the first joint of the neck and adheres strongly to the second bone of the neck, on which the principal weight of the head is thrown ; it thence proceeds backward un to its termination on the elevated spinous processes of the bones of the withers. Thus the withers have to support the entire weight of the head and neck, when held in their usual position. To return to the spleyiiu,'*. It is inserted directly into all the bones of the neck except the first, but having with this and the temporal bone, a sep- arate and distinct connection. To its form and development, the nniscu- larity and beauty of the neck are chiefly due. The thick crest and mas- sive neck of the stallion, is principally due to its great development. If overloaded Avith cellular tissue or fat, the neck will bo clumsy. These facts cannot be too carefully borne in mind, for whatever the condition or breed of the horse it is this muscle which gives character to the neck. Behind the sphniii-i, and extending along the upper margin of the necik, is a muscle (levator anguli scapulae) (/). Inserted in the back of the head, and attached to the first four bones of the neck and to the great ligament, it descends to the shoulder, out of sight. Its action is reciprocal on the neck and shoulder, u(<()rding as o'^o or the other may be fixcil at the time. Muscles of the Front of the Neck.— On page 59(tig. 2, m. ) inunediatoly below the head at its junction with thet\V('«'n the r l)et\ve(>n them explaining the ■ 1«MK il r\l'lJ I 1M ll « mM.i.» B lAimit, THE ECONOMY OK THE MUSCUhAK COVKUINO. 61 the tongue, which it retracts ; dcsceudiiLr alo„.r tho fmnf rf ,i the shoulder, it is for the greater ^yJotTtl !'^ """'' *" J^xtending from the back of the head and upper nart of f 1. alowg the front of tlie shoulder, to the ton of f h« / ' , "'''''' tang held „,, l,y i„ „„,, ,„„„„. ,„„„,„,_ ,^ ^^ ,;°P *™- J lu, h d from wlml, tl.o ln„,or humeri niis,., ,|,„ »h„„H,.,. |,,„ ,, ., , '"'" r»v,„.... THE AMBKICA.N rAKMEU's STOCK BOOK. Tho muscle, trapezius, previously noticed rises from the ligaments of the neck, and the princ^ipiil bones of the withers?, terminating in a pointed ehapo on a prominent part of the shoulder blade, and is at x. CUT 4.— 8UOWIMJ .MfJSri.ES OK SUOULUKK AN1> AD.IArKST I'AKTS. The muscle occupying the outer surface of the shoulder blade (scap- ula,) on the front sid. thii larire 'jectoral nsuscle (iH'i'toralis tn(ijov) i*\xoyfu shows all tho names and re "g'uin'x::.;';;;:,-*,'.;:':: ■ ". """'^ '"- -^^ '--'"^ ^-^ of the limb. * • "' ■" '" ""'"•■'■ "" «™" and r..„„1.r a.lio,, bring the f,,,„. „„„ Zn, p n f!^™ S '"""'t *"" '"■"■■ T'"" -• t^ bono of the shoulder (/.I^., ;,"''/'''' '", " """ "•'"' ">" I"-"-- .ho„lde,.,thc.v„rei„,LTi A-h/pIfj'T "l" ''"™- '"•"<• "'the •vhich bend the arm unw,.*^, ,'/ , , "'? ""'""■'• '''!'» "'"'"les ai.n„,t entire,, ,..e,ey;;:i::,:;';;:":;;;:;i:''» "'""'' """"-'• "'"* paJe'o/:r:s„di::t:,i te':.f ,!: "r 't'-- ■'-"• •'-»" »■" " nnd U „t the • , T. Z^^f^^^^V^ '""-"' -« "" l-g- bone, „„d ribs, „„d ■„ empIoveS T„ ,1 .1 f '"™'''"''' "' "'o back and ■„ ..earing and kiel^i^f '^^^'b 1^ fvhtl " ""' "'"' ''""*"• i> that part whieh is covered bv Z" . H "'""^"™"""«ai-c.-t Iheaurfaee iMistinctIv apparent :;rl'l"rc,r'- ""' ""«'°" <" ''• however. rv. Muscles of the Hinder Parts. Tho muscles shown in cut 4 nr,. . ^ v' . on page U. ^^^^"^ ^*" *'^'"''«d in the illustration The Muscles of the Hind Quarters —The ilin«f .„f sho.vs all the promi.ient muscles „ffL . , '""'*'^''t'«» "» I'af?e 65 namosandreferencesare r I l''^''lr"''"■^ '"' '""• '^'-- medim; n. Triceps femoris ■ o «!!.' ''^'"'"""' "*' »^«<^« on page 57) ; „ ^tZ;^,;; f ^f ^ ^-^ f^^rano.., (.ho.n nemii: z. Flexor metaLn. ^''^^"*«'' ' »'' ^^»'«'' i^er?«. ; y, Gr^,^^^,. The Muscles Described.— The muscles of thn u; a strongly n.arked, and the situatlo^. nf Tl "* ^'"'"^'^ '"■^' «'««% rooognized. With then, wil ^"^ -- ^^ '" ''" '"^'^^ with tho n,otion of the hinder 1 n 1 A, o .7'"'''"'^ ^" "'' "'»"«^*«d muscles on the front and outlr pa L of Z '' ", ""«f ^"'"'"•-'"t of the tE VIEW OK TilK MUSCULAR COVERING. The Three Headed IVJi^sole.-When the horse is in motion a conspic- uous muscle of the hind-(ii.atter is the three headed muscle of the thigh (tHeepsfemorl.s), shown at n. This is really three muscles in one, each having a .onunon origin and unfled together. It comes from several of the bones of the spine, including some at the root of the tail, and from various parts of the ha.iuch bone. It curves downwards and forwards, dividincr i„t„ three heads. These are inserted broadly into the upper part of^the lower bone of the thigh behind the knee {stifle joint). Its acti.)n straightens the leg, and it has great power in carrying the animal fonvard, for while the glutei muscles bend the leg before it takes tli„ spring, the triceps, acting in opposition, forces the leg straight and lifts ■he body forward The hind.T margin of this muscle may bo seen in all , 11 1 i- •^i- r.-ztv- f ^h'" UiiHno\i. lint it IB nrominent in racing horses, paniiici lu ihc oatiuic ■d .s -i and trottiu tion. Parallel on pages 5 bones of ti thigh, fom emu'S the i A ii other hauni i), aw quarter is pyge 57, ai At the oute down and sec muscultis faar the forward r) two laycirs of THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCUX^ 4;tfVHKINO. €S' and trotting ho«es, when proper exercise has brought them into eondi- Parallel with the triceps a.id immediately behind it is the bicen, ^hown on pages 7, 4 and 65, at o. Springing from the sacrum Shffi^ bones of tl,e t.,1, .t descend, to the inner side of the lo.er bom of tt S''X ^"^^ ''-' ''^'- «^ ''' '--' -^ -- - ^^ Another fi,3Kor of the leg, forming the inner rear border of the haun. .. and unitm^ . ,. the mesial line with its fellow muscle of the other CUT (i— ftnoWIN.i MI«- '' <» Vn. studying the Structure, horseman tfw'nr.f 7"''"" "^ '^ '"di^yensuble for ever, nerve,, ga„gli„ „„d vLejrwM, ' '"""'■''"'• "'*'""'' "'»<'°"'' ease,. The horslln ! ,'^' '""'»"''-'' "'"• "'" '•'"■» "' -The stifle. 17-The wiuts T, > i ''-'"'" ^^-t**' 2fJ-The hip. 21_Tlxe croup 22 Th 7 ' ^"'-'^'^^ '«''»• The thigh or Raskin 25'^ . * 23-The quarter. 24- 27-Th: hock. 2^,^"!'::^^^^^^^^^^ JV7"^ P'''"^"^ the hot^ 30-Th,, large pastern. aH^he sLh 1 ''^^^ ''-'^^« ^«tlock. 33-The hoof. 34-The k.t l ' T" ^'■■"^'"'»- ^^--he coronet, fetlock. 37-Tho-heel. 38-The ll^j! 1 ?""" 1 '"''^ '^^ '^''--Tbe «r" 40-Theho«f. ^h« l«rge pastern. ay_The small paai^ If I k ' ) i^ !" iHi CHAPTER IV. OUTWARD APPBARAWCE OP THE HORSE AS rNDICATINO VALUE. I. ACTION TllK K111.ST IlKyiriSITK OK A <1001) IKJUSK. 11. KA.x T WALKING HOKSES. III. IIOIISKS KOK IIIFFKRKNT KINUS OK WORK. IV. THE JIEAl) ILLU8TKA- TEI> OlITWAKDLY. V. TllK KODV AND LIMBS. VI. 1«AI» FOKEQUAKTEKS. VII. THE H< l)V A3 SEEN FHOM TIIF, KKONT. VIII. WHAT A ('lUTICAL HORSK- MAN SAID. IX. FHONT VIEW, SllOWlN(J BAD FOKEQUAKTEKS. X. THE HIN- DKK PARTS ILtUSTRATED. XI. THE I'KOl'ELMNO I'OWEK. XII. WHAT THE ANCIENTS KNEW OF HOIUES. XIII. WHAT ONE NEED NOT EXPECT. I. Action the First Requisite of a Qood Horse. A hor.sc, like every other farm uniiiiul, is to bo bou ^ with a view to the use for whicli he is intended. The buyer must therefore know what he wants the uniinal for ; if for sU)W draft a very different frame will bo required from that needed when fast work is to be done ; and yet the general symmetry of the animal inu.st be looked to in every ease. Fur- ther on the various breeds Anil be illustrat. 1. The present chapter will deal simply Mith the outward eonfonnatio'js, .showing good and bad forms, just as the jji-eceding chapters have illustrated the bony stmcture and the nmseular development. Action is of course the first requisite whatcM'r use the horse is intended for, and fiust walking is the ground- work ui)on which to build al' other action. We give on the next page an illustration of a horse, as seen in a fsist walking gait. Action in General. — Oood a<-tior. can never be gotten out of a lazy, lubberly horse. c animal must have sj)irit and ambition, whatever thi; breed. Action is of only two fonns : smooth, safe, low action, and high, showy, or parade action. The ^'itter is never admissiM(>, except when the horse is intended only for slow and parade, or for a certain class (»f carriage horses, or for slow driving or riding in parks or other places of i)ubli(! re-sort. It is unsafe, unless the animal be intelligent and naturall}' sure-footed ; for a high stepping dolt is generally bad-tempered, and as unsafe as he is ungainly. When slow-and-safe and fast-and-.safe action are conil>ined in the .'s fast, l)nt thic is in spite of such action, and not on account of it. They are never admissible, either in fine harness or under the saddle. 70 Hi ft t"! S( H a OITTWAKO M'VKAU.\SCK or THK lIonsE. 71 T,,„ ,, "• *■•«* Walking Horse.. n 18 sclJom one sees a horse th-it «iii n ^ mile, an hour in regular 1.2.i.4 tt J"''' ^""' ""^ "^ ^alf or five g^ven n, tins d.upter may eaHiJy Ih, t«u..ht to dn it .u die or in harness. Some horses mav hn , . V ' '"*'''''" ""^«^" t^^' '^^' but they are rar^. A« a rule f^^ 1 * f' *^ ^*^^^ '^"^ '^•'^■^ «" hour. *„„* ^i.l._ . - '^ " ^"" ' ^'•"t-walkinff horses may bo f«-,-' - - t^ f f!' 72 THK AMERICAN FAKMKU S STOCK BOOK. and they will roll in galloping. It is for tiiis reason that we give the illustrations, showing the perfect conformation for porfeet action. A horse that is good at all gaits, is a horse perfect in his conformation. Hence, a perfectly-formed horse will well repay careful training, for such a one will bring a largo price for tlio tinuf and labor spent upon his edu- cation ; or if it be a mare that is to be kept for show, and later for breed- ing, the labor of training will not hav<( been thrown away. m. Horses tor Difierent Kinds of Work. Speed and bottom, which indicate the superior bone and muscle of good breeding, combined with great lung and heart power, whatever the breed, are what is desired in a horse. The nearer the animal comes to the llustrations given, the better will he be for general utility, and measurably so whatever the labor desired. The horse for heavy draft will be coarser, more stocky, heavier in the bone, not so flexible in the limbs, more upright in the shoulder, longer-haired, and perhaps with less courage. Occasionally, how'^^ ^h« than the average horse should posse" « '^"' "'^"^^ '^«« ^'^'^''^cter position. The profile is c-urved Jv 1 „ « "'^'' ""^ " ^^"'^' «"'ky ^^ "^'cbrows areeruei. It is a face that never go wilh H '7 ""^ '"^^«'* ^'^^'^ <- o ride, except in the hands of o.^wh T ,!. i ' H "'*' *" '"^^' «"'^''^'' "■"i "t the san.e tin.e, always M.tch ul V fi ^ '"^^^^ ''"'''^'' ?^ '"'"-If. ost practice! horsn.uan .:.!-.." '' "'^"^« dangerous, oven to fh„ They will run their 'Mnuck-'at anv'w,7""''' "'''' P«»'«hment avail: '^^ 74 TUK AMEUICAN FARMKR 8 STOCK BOOK. BUNi AMi> rBONT VIEW OF liKAiis— (looo. (See £xp]aiuitlon.) OKTWAUD ArPEAKAXCB OP THE HOI18E. 7S «n>K AM. KHONT VM,„. OK „KA,.M -BAD. (See Kxpliiiiutiou.) QMli 7e THK AMEllTCAN FAKMEU'w STOCK BOOK. V. Body and Limbs. The figure given on page 77 shows ti side view of the head, neck, shoulder, and fore limbs, as they should be seen in a pei-fectly formed animal. On page 82 are side views of the fore quarters of hoi-ses, even down to those which easily becoiie distoitcd from hibor or use. In the perfectly formed horse, the heck is muscular and line at the top, where it joins the head. There is no useless Hesh, though Avhere it joins the shoulder it is full and yet tine in proportion. The shoulder is deep, ob- lique or slanting. The shoulder-blade is high, giving stabihty to, and at the same time fully supporting, the withers. The breast is prominent, but narrowing to the point where the legs leave the body. The arm is long, muscular, and tapering to the knee. The joints are large, but firm and compact. The fetlocks are long but flexible. The hoofs are rather large, and arc round, deep, tough, and sound. It i.J tin* shoulder of a sad- dle horse, of speed, bottom and endurance, that is seen in the cut. Few horses, even of the highest class, possess this p(a-fcct ideal conforma- tion. For the harness, the shoulder may be less obli UOO.. BHEAbT A«i>li*n»«. .SeeJi-pjHnadvn, 79 -»^^a|(iff^ :'■ ). 80 THK AMRRIOAV FAUMKU's STOCK HOOK. Tho left hand lovvcr figure e^diihit. a shouldc- tolerably well I'l^ced but the limbs are set lo„ far under, and the patterns are too Btraigh . so that the animal appears to stand on his toes, and there .s a general lack of muscle and sinew. » i i. 1 1 The lower right hand figure will convey a good idea of what old age, .],use, hard wo!k and want of care will bring to ether of the three parrs of sh;ulders and lin.bs just noticed. Abuse and ^H-usage nngh rum the living representative of the perfect figure on page 77, but the hmbs would renuiin comparatively sound to the last. Vn. The Body as Seen from the Front. In the iUustmtion on page 79, tho neck and shoulders are oval or egg- sh ped. The chest seems narrow rather than broad, but this is because the muscular development about the breast bone is ample and full. Ob.ene how grandly the muscle above the arm swells out. and what mag- nificent muscularity the a.™ presents with the two great thews runnmg down to the knee. The joints arc large and ample, as they should be, but also firn.. The hoofs are tough and hard Look carefully at the white space between the limbs running from the hoofs upwards. See how thi neck, gradually rising from the chest shows strength and a perfect proportron of one pad to the other. The jomts are compact and Lnded! to meet the articulating shank and fetlock bones. Tlie s aunch stron. If hrdoo n tst "d n -'d distinctly alike on each or sinews, nng-bones and splints in front • ..,,.1 f "'^'''"^^' ^"J^red back bog spavin, curb or thorough "h h^.^ ' t^ L s. T 'P""' ''°^' "•• page 8;i, showing good hi^dCrtors tb. V. "^' ''' ^" *'^^ ^^nre, other blemishes If thVf ,t i ''" '' "«'^*^' '^ ^'^^ f'-om side and fro^Vie v . d Tr\ ^ • "'"" f """ "" ^ '' -^^ ^9 p.-osent the appeZ^^ l^l^ :^ t/^^'^^;; ^^ ^^^^^ '' l-.g time to find his n.ate. '^ ^ " ^''''^ *" ^"»t a Look Well to the Limbs.-Study carefully Avhetbov fl outline of the hock ioinf^ ...... . i ""-^ whether the pasterns or ine to find if t^^ h I ; J^^ " '""'^ P-pendicular or angular. Exanx- above the point o'f tZ ;r ^ IIT "'"T ^' proU,..ran.. just iittle danger of curb, or of a terden^'lcro' Av^d '''"' TV' horse, viz: ahorse with the hocks d™ in Tt '^'''^^^^^^ sczious malfonnation, for such an anit • n i '! "" ""^'''""'^ '"'^ s<::-.iddling horse. He mav e I, ' ''" '''"''• ^« »'>t buy a in hi. nnn .nent;. ^t^JZ^l:';" '" T 'f ' '"^ "'^^^^ ^^^ apart, though s<.„.etimes a ho I j Tf '""' ^^/'^t'?'"" ^" ^«^^ -'^« fore do not bnv a straddlin" eolt , f " T" "^ *'"' ^^^«^t- 'J^^ere- Irfl l.a,„l side, «„,.. It i» , u, r tL . » ? ° °"° "" "'" "W"^ 1 Me left hand lower fi i ^t in.. i,..if-i,„,,. "^ Tir. ,: "i"'" " ''"'■r""""'''i"""». "<■"" »t„„d •V" '"-I aU dav i,fM:,f:,!:L;;,'r°*"''' "■ "- ■> ^-l- V>^n^. 'Ilii. iijrl.t l.mci- %i,ro i,,,, „„t ^ j ,,uarter Tl,„ i- i . «.;; ;...cllv |,la,-,.d, a„d ,:,„ |„,»i,i„„ i» ,,,mnn.d ""'"• ''°""'™"-' '.rta..k;:.:,ad ;;,::■, °^''""'' -""«• *'° <'- ''«-« ".-», 86 THK AMKIWCAN K>I!M'..|{'s STOCK F.OOK, quarters .slioulc ;in' Mcrfec'th- si SIDE MA(;K VI liiir swell to the i iHusculiir f'trnial (tibia) eaiiiioL wc oiTWAiii) ai'i-i:ai;a\(i.: or thk uoksk. §7 The Quarter from Cahlnd.-Looking at tlie lun.so from l>ohiud, the qua,to.s .should ho full „ud squaro. This will bo tho case if the gracUi. an. oorfeetly .shaped. Tho .irnuilis uro tho nmsclo.s which givo tho pecu- HACK viFAV o,.- mNi.-.,,iAi{ri.;K.s-,u.o... ^.Sco Exphumtio... ) liar Hweli to tho inside of the thifeh, and an- dosoribod ia tho chapter on ruuscular f.nnatu.n. Tho outside n.UHcloof the ^reat bone of tho W ino^a; cannot well ho ,o<,la,.g,, .,„, fho tendons, connocting with £ 88 TIIK AMEKUAX FAKMKU's STOCK I'.CIOK. IJACK VIHW OK ItAII IIIND-QllAKTEUS. (ScO Exitllllllltloil.') Strong, linn, ^ should also be horso is flat-fc with a hoiso o Jf , in nioviii straight forwa as squirely an( as illustrated ii pay for a good mare do not fe disappoint you As tho conv >i>i, showing 1 figures should straddling, or i That the aui and that their extract from a thousand years accurate advice ancient Greek v liut he was a sc size. Hero is ^ "We will wr horses. It is i l»y the construci no very clear e nwessary first ti fine may ho tho in a M'ar horso tl feet hut bo bad to look to the 1 tiio horn thick i Nor will it bo wt nght, both befo hoofs keep tho fi ecjual pressure oi handy-legged me can bo known I OirWAUl) AI'I'KAkAXCK OF THK HOKSK. 39 hock, Hhould he krp and plainly yisiblo. The hooks should be lai^e strong, hrn, well knit, snu,oth and free frc.n. blennsh. The fe lo£ should also he huge hut round and tinn, and the hoofs stron'/ If ho horso ,.s flat-footed he is weak hoofed, and this defect should neve. 1 with a horse ot strong hone and n.usole ^ 8ti.iiglit tonNaul, without t.irnu.g or straddling, and if they are s. t down as Illustrated m the several good figures, it is a horse to buy, if you want to pay for a good one, or to keep, if you already possess 1 im."^ K i be^ mare do not fear to ],reed her to the best »ires I the land. She vi I not roken colt one must ud'e 1.V the construction, since, if he have never been backed he will afford no very dear evidences of his spirit. Of his bodv, then, we say iUs .oessary hrs to examine the feet, for, as in a hous^, it matters ncffchow fine may be the superstructure, if there be not sufficient foundations ^ m a war horso there is no utility, no, not if ho have all other poiTt 1^ .t but be badly footed. But in examining the feet, it i beC Zl > look to the horny po,.ion of the hoofs, for those 'horses wl h^ave the horn tluck are far superior in their feet to those whic-h have it tZ^ Nor w. 1 . 1. well if one fail next to observe whether the holfs bo u" nght, both .ef,>re and behind, or low and ilat to the ground ; for \Jh Imofs keep the frog at a distanc-o from the earth, while the flat tread with o,ual pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case wi h Imndy-legged men. And 8imon justly observes thnf woll-footc-^ b - - , c«n be known hy their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a'cymbal 90 THE AMEBICAX KARMBH S STOi^K HOOK. 1? when it strikes the solid earth. But having hogim from below, let us a-sceud to the other parts of the body. It is needful, then, th.at the parts above the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too erect, like those of the goat; for legs of this kind, being stiff and inflexible, are apt to jar the rider, and are more liable to inflannnation. The l)onefi must not, however, be too low and springy, for in that case the fetlocks are liable to be abraded and wounded if the horse be galloped over clods or stones. The bones of the shank (cannon bones) should be thick, for these are the columns which support the body ; l)ut they should not have the veins and flesh thick likewise. For if they have, wiien the horse shall be galloped over difficult ground they will necessarily be filled with blood, and will become varicose, so that the shanks will be thickened, and the skin be distended and relaxed from the bone ; and, when this is the case, it often follows that the back sinew gives way and renders the horre lame. But if the horse, when in action, bends his knees flexibly at a walk, you may judge that he will have his legs flexible when in full career; for all horses as they increase in years increase in the flexibility of the knee. And flexible goers are esteemed highly, and with justice, for such horses are much less liable to blunder or stumble than those which have rigid, unbending joints. But if the arms, below the shoulder-blades, be thick and muscular they ajipear stronger and handsomer, as is the case also with a man. The breast also should be broad, as well for beauty as strength, and because it causes a handsomer action of the fore legs, which do not then interfere, but are carried well apart. " Again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizon- tally from the chest ; but, li«ve that of a game cock, should be upright toward the chest and slack toward the flexure ; and the head being long should have a small and narrow jaw-bone, so that the neck shall be in front of the rider, and that the eye shall look down at what is before the feet. A horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently away, even if he be very high-spirited, for horses do not attempt to rtni away by bringing in, but by throwing out their heads and necks. It is also very necessary to observe whether the mouth be fine and hard on I)oth sides, or on one or the other. For horses which have not both jaws equally sensitive are likely to be too hard-mouthed on one side or the other. And it is better that a horse should have pnmiinent than hollovf eyes, for such an one will see to a greater distance. And widely opened nostrils are far better for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect ; for when one stallion is enraged against another, oi if he become angry wiiile being ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier the crest, and the smaller the ours, ti>« OUTHARD .PI-KARAyCK Or THK ITOnsK. y^ more horsc-likc and Jmnd M,mc is the head rendor^H u, ^ . give the rider a surer seat a„d nmH 'J'^'^^^^d ; while lofty withere body and shoulders. '^"^"'^ " ^'•'"•^'- ^'"--^'"n ^^tween the th:1ftt^^;;i?•:::;:;^^7'^"l-V"^^ P-easunterto,ook upo« the ho.e easier t';i:::i:^:^^-t:e:rok'^ '"'^' ^^"^- and the shorter and ),roader tholni,. ^ ''''''P '" condition ; his fore-quarters and Xt hi hi' 1 ' -""" '' ' "'" "" '''"'' ''''' points, moreover, eaui:'^: ^wt^rt:!;!'" '" ^^f " ■7'^^- lar-e, at once injures the 'im,o.,r..7J "»"^1'«'' 5 which, if it be weakerandlessnani'elhl Th?" V 'r """"'^ ^"'^ ^«»^--'' h™ order to cc,n..spo; '^th t sid r^r'T" ''^'""'^ ^'« ^''-d «"^ fl««'>jin firm and solid t^ won 11'!^ .t"'' "f ' ^'''"'' *^'^^'^ ^« -^^'-'^^ would !.e the peedieT BuMf t f n \" ''^' ^'^""^^' ^'"^ ^'^'^ '^«-« under the tail by a bro id ^ viH "•" ''^^'^ '"' ^'"""^''^^ -P-'-'^ted cloinghewillha^v api ::;d r ''""' ''^ ^'^ respects, be the bette'r In t"e n A S Tf T'.""""' ""' ^^'"'' '" ^" who, Mhen they desire to r i!e anvH. f '^ ''' '' *" ^'^ ^''^ "' "^«»' -ddiingtheij'ie,,n:w:i:s!;T^:;r^i^^^^^ ^* ^ Xm. What One Need Not Expect mimal may „1,,„, |,y the- vun,. st„,l,, nitoHigcncc „f a„ horse i. goLali; i,o„ , ^ d ,■. 2 ..'d Z ' ■""""'"""• ^ '■" f....;.;d ,„.. the ^„,„„e o, P.: ■;;r.;i::i„"';;7t;;;z:"'" "- "- «-o must not expect a l,oi-so l„ l,e „ "f i " °'"' ""'' """*• .»,.te,l for ,v.l, t f t " !,r ; "™"T '"" '' *'«• ""I"™ '« i» 11.0 horse ,„av li l,,; L T kV "fa" ^ " '°",'" "" "■'"• """ "™ .<»d horse is^the l,e"t A m rof I ''"■■p""™! work, tl,e medium- .l'.f., oxee„t the haulh:^ oM , vy tr^s Hft "''' ""^ °'-*--.v l.lOO-pouiid horse is suit ,hh. fo, ,k , •^''"°«"--'"J-"-lialfhand. bright and eorres ,„ d iy t " i ! '-'t ' !' '""-'"'" ''""" '«" '" ,..i.e a. wel, h. si'agle r do ' If' Z '""!' "',T' '' ""' *' ««it«hlo for ooaehes a,„ „,. *> xteen.h,„,d l,or«e» are also and heavy earrmges, while the lighter animals will d> TIIK AMERICAN' FAKMEIl S STOCK HOOK. serve as double teams for road driving. If thoy are good ones, free from vice, well-matched, and perfectly trained, do not J»o afraid to ask a good round price for them. But do not expect to get a largo price for a cheai) horse, nor need you expect to buy a perfect horse for a low price. Ho may, however, be cheap at any price yom- purse may afford. In buying, keep constantly in view what you want the animal for, but do not l)uy an_^ horse because lie happens to strike your uneducated fancy. You cer taiiiiy will not do so, if you have carefully studied the preceding chapters. H ii:* m fllAl-l'Kl! V. THE HOESB.8 TEETH^ HOW TO TELI. HIS AOB. I. TIIK DKNTAL PORMI'r A THE foal's TKKTII ' ' .,, V" ^'"^ '"••^Krii auk TIIK TKrn- Twrir-v « ^- The Dental Formula. i« for tl,„ male. Th» marc ),.„ 1 u,,i i! * ?' "'*"« '"rty m a". Thi« »• - - " '-.!.. Th,.«„ »; , ! 't^-kn'T f '" ,'""'' '"" "■■*• iujr. •" •" ^'"' *'» tlevolop in tbo geld- II. The Teeth are the True Index of Age give .-i clear iiidic.-ition of the unin...l'u if''' '^ "''"^'' cli^iracd to They ,nav l.o, and in faft i. h ^ U^. ^^f f—- "'1 f'^Huciou. ^y the tooth; and to the du Ited ev tT "^ " '''"'^'"" ^'^ ^'^^^^ the age accurately up to ei.htve"rrtn.lT' T"" •'"■« «"fli^i«"t to tell for an practical purposes. "AC irti'Tl^f^^ the teeth are con.sta!,tly under ", I, "? '"'' '^^'^^^'^ ""^^^ death. studies the changing LoZ^:^^; J^::' ^^ ^ 1'-- ^^'^^^^"^ the age cither of the c<,lt or horse TI o V. ' 7 "''^^^ately determine tion, but to some extent the tushes or holT;i''"''"t '}'' «hief indicu- valuable assistun^-o, since they n.ny corr ^ « ' * k "^ '^'' ^'"'"^*'^« ^^° the incisors. To assist in this stufvl!' ?" "t'?"°'^°r'^te. ^I^^t is seeuiu ing, from accurate drawing tlt^^^^^^ ''^" ^^^P^-' « «h«rt show- colt-hood up to the age or ^!::;t^i:^'^ «/ f^ teeth from ;;>nipany,ng explanations, will enable any p riou oi i't n ' "'''^' '^' ''• to age of a horse, even though he havener" fon^'^^'"? '" ^""^^^ of false marks on the teeth i« cuUed frouf. ^^' "' *^« "^^J^'ng v""t<'d the practice. ' ""^ ^^'^ "^« "^ the rascal who in- ni.ThePoal'9 Teeth. «t age four «„,„,! „i|,„„.„'°.;7„^i/"[°™ '«" »" iroo month. <|0 ~ --o~'"''^'« • aJiU 9i TlIK AMKKICAN FAHMKK'h HTOCK HOOK.. attho age of eight or nine mouths the four corner nippers are se.Mi. At this ago the colt has all his teeth, upper and lower. They are the foal's teeth and are changed by tiie tifth or .sixth year for the permanent or horse's teolh. As befon* stated, the three front double pairs of grinders are seen at birth, and are aflenvards ihanged. The fourth double ])air, those Keen from the eighth to liie ninth niontli, are tlie first that ren.iain stationary, and are found in the moutli of every year-old colt. The tiflli double pair (iifth four), appear in the second year, while the sixth doul)le pair generally come in the fourth or early in the tifth year. These three double pairs of hack teeth remain unchanged, as also do the tushes or hook teeth. The tushes do not aiipear at a lixe/S Hiiallv Im! not more than liulf !in inch ill Icnirth, and tlio hreadfh UcHTcases .,. ahout the .sa.nc prcportion. ThcM-o in this differcuo, how- ever, .>o ween tlio teeth of the f.al and these of the horse. The til nes.s H,H, hreadth <.f the foal's teeth are <.onstantly decreasing fron he grnuhn. surface or enanieled part toward the rootf while the Teeth f h horse decrease hy eontra.t.on. The .rinding surface of a nipper, which has no heen used, .s three tin,es as broad as it is thick, and il hallowed ft n the top downward, the hollow havinjr two sharp edges inciosin-. it T^.s h.> ow is call^ the n.ark. In the c..ter of this ,.k thr^^el t seen. 1 his ,s u tube coninx-ncing at the end of the root, and contains bo nerve, which must not he confounded with the mark. The ma^k is ho outer depression. lying next to the shaq, edges. The in.ier cavitv is a funnel shaped socket of enamel, a hard shell. Around this, and in- side the outer .hell is a thic-k fluid, whi.-h remains as long as the tooth retainssensibility, but becomes by derrees a gray matter. Fi-^ure « o the chart, will illustrate this. ' ^ ' Again, the outer e). They occupy the entrance to the mouth, and each six are in the form of an arch. These teeth are divided into thr H! pairs in each jaw. The four central ones, two in each jaw, are called "nipping teeth," or nippers. The two outside teeth in each jaw are "corner teeth," and those between the corner teeth and the nippers are called middle teeth. It is the attrition of the upper surface of these teeth on each other in eating that causes wear, and thus enables us to judge with tolerable ac(!uracy of the age of the horse, — usually to a cer- tainty up to eight or nine years ; quite closely up to fourteen or fifteen years, and approxinuitely up to the age of twenty-live or thirty years. The nippers (iHcimrn) of the upper jaw are broader and thicker than those of the lower jaw. The tushes (caniHes) are placed singly, one in each side of the upper and lower jaws, between the corner teeth and the grinders, but nearer the corner teeth of the upper than of the .'ower jaw, so that they never conu^ in contact with each other. The age at which a horse attains the full number of teeth is from four-and-a-half to five years. He is then, in horseman's phrase, said to have a "full mouth." From this time onward the inore a i)ermanent incisor loses in length by wear, the more it loses in Avidth, and the nearer the worn surface approaches the root, becoming narrower and thicker in appearance. Another fact is worth remembering; as the horse advances in ago the gums recede, so that a smaller portion of the teeth is covered. Hence the reason that the teeth become narrower and thicker Avith ago. It is from being uncovered ; and hence again, aged ttu-th an; longer in their visible portions than those of youngei- horses. V. Allowanoes to be Mcule. Larffo horses have luriyer teeth thuu Hinsil! ones. 'VUp. nilcsi erjven 'ire for horses of medium size. S«nne horses have harder bones than others, THK HORSK-H TEKTH. AND „0VV TO TKLI. H,8 A(JK. yj oeeu spoken of. Some l.iced.. of horses develoi, more slowly thai, others i>pan.sh horses develop slowly. Again, a false system of e^ "1 wi , mature an animal sooner than if he were fed in the^.rdi Lu v w J ° Bu aaunals wh.oh develop slowly generally live longer than Lue ' which develop qa.ekly, so that in the end, the years of Service, '.^i/f^^ the- eeth. are about the same. The slowly-developed horise is,°h fwcve Oder 1.3. perhaps one or two years than would ippoar fr.,n hi leoTh' In hke „.anner, the ago of a nude is difficult to determine with ex c- less' hough .t may be determined closely enough ; and a nude of'" 1^; t^t^h :r ' ^^'' ' '' '- ""^ '-" --'^-^'' - --y ye- o^- VI. Study The Chart. Nine men in ten, hi examining the teeth to ascertain the a.re, will look .nod and f,,r tins reason, the dealer or person who wishes to deceive usually conhnes his operations to tan.pering with the inci. s of ." ower jaw. Agam, the teeth of the lower jaw show wear, and ehun'e the,r appearance more surely than those of th. .,,,«, ja^. He ce Ta studymg the teeth for age, both jaws should be ...dked at, and Z a careful study of the chart will be of the drst in^portance. I. IttTto th.s matter, Youatt says : .^Stabled horses have the mark so r won. out than those at grass, and a crib-biter may deceive the best judJl I one or two year.s." While it is true, that a horse kept on dry'ha; a J dj gra.„ wdl do so, it is a fact well known that horses fidt^l gntty pas ures or sandy pastures, where they are obliged to bite dote to the grouml, w.ll wear their teeth very nm..h faster tlnuroth.u-s. It Zu d no be d.ftcult, e.ther, to detect a conHnne.l crib-biter. The teeth wilL n..t only be worn fnm. grasping the object in the act, but the ed" s a^o :::r,:;;:;;:r"""-'"^^"'-^' --nppingoif oft,, teeth mX In relation to tampering with the teeth, by HIing, burnin-. etc it oug^not to decen-e any one. ITpon this subjc,, ^'ouatt sav: ^Di honest dealers have been said to resort to a method of proiono long. ' « tHf t of nllw IIOII tll<* 3UI1 I1U- irt. is ihe lod in ice ho on 18- he ^v, he ire he es id ut h, or ill U is •II Ml III •e if ' -'^^^ <■'!! Twenty Years. tZf *?' ^""^^^ J^^' «''owmg the ph at twenty jears. "'"g me Sixteen Years. Uiewofalowerjawat sixteen !>o Jon years, i^ ^T/tfi8^*jftWii=l*^i- , l^xa^k •**»"» IMP nut •• w. Of nil work, (if good stylo^l^i^k;,,, .n«rr V uf rirtortal Cyrlnp^diit of L.tT<> jntork for pxplniiallan~] lit Urms, aiMl further faetn conccrnlnK the Ak"* ••( HorMM. J ■ I';. iicr edges o» : '. > middle teeth is worn, ui.^; ■ into contact. Fig. 9. Two AND O The lower jaw at two and a hoi pers are just pushing through thi corner teeth not yet shed (foal t« surface. Fig. 7. A. The horse incisors of the lower jaw as seen from the outside, with the outsr surface arched towards the bony blade of the socket. Th« hook teeth are now seen for the first time. Explanation: — a, a, the nippers; 6,6, the middle teeth; c, c, the cornpr teeth ; ii, . , the hook teeth ; e, d, the line from d to « shows the position of the cavity in the outer partition of the mark ; ojo, o, o, the furrows which distinguish the horse's teeth from tic colt's teeth ; m, m, the joots of the hooks. Fig. 3. Half Year. he jiiw of a foal at six months old. a, a, the ) midiUe teeth ; r, c, the corner teeth. The incisoi leetf' of the lower jaw, from the inside of the moutli. a, n, the nippers, showing wear of the upper and outer edge ; &, b, the middle tacth, showing wear on the outer edge whio the inner edge remains uninjured ; c, c, the corner tcoihi d, e, e, c, the dotted lines, maik tlio divisions between the cioyn of the t«oth and the gir.ns ; JC, IC, the hook teeth nbout tDiiish through the giimn ; m, m, m, m, the root« Fig. lO. Three and At three and a half years the h ance shown in this figure. The i just pushing through, and the ni edge. The corner teeth (foal tec At four and a half years the f lower jaw. Tlie nippers show outer edge of middle teeth is v corner teeth of the horse are jus for Accurately Telling the Age from Six Months maitonl Fig. 9. Two AND One-Half Years. The lower jaw at two and a half years old. The horse nip- srs are just pushing through tht; gums, whUe the middle and )rner teeth not yet shed (foal teeth) present a smooth, worn irface. Fig. lO. Three and One-Hali* Years. At three and a half years the lower jaw presents the appear- nce shown in this figure. The middle teeth (horse teeth) are list pushing through, and the nippers show wear on the outer dge. The corner teeth (foal teetli) are worn down blunt. At four and a half years the foal teeth are all gone flrom the ower jaw. The nippers show wear on both edges, and the »uter edge of middle teeth is worn. The hook teeth and iorner teeth of tlie horse are juHt appearing. ODBTSIS -I^E3E3a?:iEZ. Fig. 15. Six Years. Ill the lower jaw at six years old the nippers are worn down even wiih the middle teeth, which latter still have a cfi\ ity. The inner edge of the corner teeth is also even with the outer one. Fig. 20. Ten Year! In the upper jaw at ten years the mark inl down. The mark in the corner teeth is still via Fig. 16. Seven Years. The lower jaw at seven years is here represented. The pointed ends of the hook teeth have become more rounded, nre worn away somewhat. Both edges of the corner teeth arn worn to a smooth surface, with a small cavity between them. Tlio middle teeth have lost their cavity and sliow an even surface all the way across. Fig. 21. Eleven Ye; In the upper jaw at eleven years old the ms is worn down even with the edges. Fig. 22. iwelve Y Sljowiiig the lower jiiw at twelve years olil. or nearly so — as thick as Ihey are broad. The ting round, and tlie corner teeth are gaining parison witli tlioir bretultli. from Six Months to Twenty- Nine Years. re Torn down even sivity. The inner fcr one. |ted. The pointed B(l, are worn away are worn to a The middle teeth the way ac-ross. Fig. 20. Ten Years. In the upper Jaw at ten years the mark in middle teeth is worn down. The mark in the comer teeth is still visible. Fig. 26. Fifteen Years. The nippers of the upper jaw become round at fifteen years old. Fig. 21. Eleven Years. In the upper jaw at eleven years old the mark of the comer teeth is worn down even with the edges. Fig. 22. Twelve Years. Showing the lower jaw at twelve years old. The nip|)crR aii >uii(l lower jaw that is twelve lines too long, as shown by the distrain. It has grown up a line each year, but, owing to its posilion too far forward in the mouth, it has not worn down proportionally. The mark indicates eight years, but we must add twelve for the extra lines — which gives twenty years as tiie true age of the horse. Fig. 42. Twenty Years. Showing an inside view of the lower jaw at twenty years when the teeth are twelve lines too long. The mark and the friction surface only show eight years' wear. Fig. 43. Twenty Years. Her* the superfluous length of the same teeth is removed, and we have an inside view of the lower jaw, showing the_ Fig. 3. Half Year. he jaw of a foal at six months old. tliei' place.s. Fig. 7. B. The incisor teeth of the lower jaw, from the inside of the mouth, o, «, the nippers, showing wc.ir of the upper and outer edge ; h, 6, the middle teeth, showing wear on the outer edge while the inner edge remains uninjured; e, c, the corner teeih ; d, e, c, e, the dotted lines, mark the divisions between the ciown of the teeth and the gums ; IC, K, the hook teeth about lOjHiBh through the gums ; m, m, m, m, the roots of teeth not filed out with bony substance. A I upper in the various stages of development and wear from throe years to twen*y-ff)ur years. / is the nipper Just pusliing thro' at three years old ; from 1 to 2 is its breadth, from 8 to 4 its thickness. // is the«ame tooth at six years, the crown worn off 4 inch, the breadth decreasing and the thickness increasing, so that tlie surface takes more of an oval form. Ill is the tooth at twelve years old, the surface nearly round, and the breadth and thickness nearly the same. At eighteen years old the sur- face bcc'umcs triangular, as shown at IV. At twenty-four years the tooth is Just the re- verse of what it was at three years, and the breadth is oidy half the thickness. — See V. Tlie larger figure D shows an incisor of a full-grown horse, split lengthwise, d, a,/, the outer raised edge ; a, o, the fun- nel-shaped ca\ ity of the tooth ; k, (ho hollow body of the tooth ; m, the root not >ct filled. Fig. 8. B. C. Trie larg;- ugufcs B arid C rcprxjscnt Bide views of a lioreiu Inciso'" in which the root c, c, is twice aa thick as the upper e i. mil figures on the right and left at 6 and c k V P a foal's tooth. Fig. 11. Four and One- At four and a half years the foal tee lower jaw. The nippers show wear < outer edge of middle teeth ia worn. corner teeth of the horse are just appei Fig. 12. Five Yi A side view of the lower jaw at five y Fig. 13. Five Yi A front view of the lower j.iw at five Fig. 14. Five Y The lower jaw at five years — an iiisid* WO'rii uuwii uu bolii eitges unlit i,iie ma outer edge only of the middle teeth sho edge of the corner teeth is Just begin The full-grown hook teeth do not show '■'i-^m "iG. 11. Four and one-Half Years. }ur and a half years the foal teeth are all gone fW>m the |aw. The nippers show wear on both edges, and the edge of middle teeth ia worn. The hook teeth and teeth of the horse are just appearing. Fig. 22. Twelve Yeaf Sliowing the lower jtiw at twelve years old. Thk or nearly so — as thick as thoy are broad. The ni| ling round, and tlie corner teeth are gaining ii parison with their breadth. Fig. 17. Eight Years. At eight years old the teeth of the lower jaw, forward of the hooks, are all equally 'vorn, and only a trace of t'le n^n* is s«en in tlie corner teeth. The edges of the hook teeth are worn down almtist half. Fig. 12. Five Years. de view of the lower jaw at five years old. Fig. 13. Five Years. ont view of the lower j.iw at five years old is here given. Fig. 23. Twelve Yeaf In the upper jaw at twelve years the indentaj has become larger and more plainly visible, increased in size. Fig. 14. Five Years, lower jaw at five years — an i aside view. The nippers are uwa oil iMilh edges iinlil iiie mark is nearly gone. The dge only of the middle teetli shows wear, while the cater t the corner teeth is just beginning to be worn a little, il-grown hook teeth do not tihovr any wear whatever. Fig. 18. Nine Years. The upper jaw at nine years old is shown in the above figure. The mark in the comer teeth is comparatively deep and clearly defined ; the mark is still visible in the middle teeth ; but it has almost entirely disappeared from the nippers, and the inner edge is worn down. Fig. 19. Nine Years. The upper jaw at nine years old- usually seen in the corner to Ah. -a side view, d, the indentation Fig. 24. Thirteen Ye/ The nippers and middle teeth of the lower old are almost perfectly round. Their breadth a| same. The corner teeth are not yet round, but i The hook teeth are now blunt. Fig. 25, Fourteen YeJ The corner teeth of lower jaw have now becoi CARS. »w, forward of the hooks, t!'.e jtgak. IB seen in the are worn down almust the above figure. The pep and clearly defined ; at it has almost entirely ledge is worn down. Fig. 22. Twelve Years. Showing the lowor jaw at twelve years old. 'JIu- nippers are rouml or nearly so— as thick as they are broad. The middle teetli are gti- ting round, and the corner teeth are gaining in thickness by com- parison with their breadOi. Fig, 28. Seventeen Years. The comer teeth of the upper jaw become round at seven leen yoai-s oUl. Fig. 23. Twelve Years. In the upper jaw at twelve years the indental?!- has 'ecome larger and more plainly visible, d, increased in size. I X Qpmer tooth, the indentation Th l)roa( Fig. 29. Eighteen Years. The nippers in the lower jaw are triangidar at eighteen years old. Th< twice /=ii=u>. Fig. 30. Nineteen Years. The middle teeth of the lower jaw are also triangular at nineteen years old. The thick i Fig. 24. Thirteen Years. Tlie nippers and middle teeth of the lower jaw at thirteen years old are almost perfectly round. Their breadth and thickness are tiie same. The comer teeth are not yet ronnd, but are fast becoming so. The hook teeth are now blunt. Fig. 31. Twenty Yea^s. In the lower jaw at twenty years old ttte corner l)ecome triangular. teeth have Fig. 25. Fourteen Years. The comer teeth of lower jaw have nv.w 1)ecome round. Fig. 32. Twen+y-One Years. The nippers of the upper jawlsre now triangular. Tho ue twi Uliu wo umytj nil iiiniuo y»s»T vx uiv •\#»t«.» j"-"? N Years. l)ecoinc round at seven ^y< Fig. 36. Twenty-Five Years. The middle (eeth of the lower jaw are now twice as thick as Itroad. Years. triangular at eigliteen EiG. 37. Twenty-Six Years. The corner teeth of the lower jaw at twenty-six years are twice as thick aa Uiey are broad. Years. are also triangular nt Fig. 38. Twenty-Seven Years. The nippers of the upper jaw have now beocnne twice as thick as they are broad. 'EA'^S. ttte corner teeth have Fig. 39. Twenty-Eight Years. The middle t . th of the upper jaw are twice as thick as they are hroail. ! Years. triangular. Fio. 40. Twenty-Nine Ye bs, Tho comer teeth of the upper jaw at twrnts iw ■ viars old M» twice as thick as they are broad. Fig. 43. Twenty Years. Hwe the superfluous length of the same teeth is removed, and we have au insitle view of the lower jaw, showing the natural wear of a twenlj'-year-old mouth. Fig. 44^ Twenty Years. Tliis gives an outside view of the lower jaw, showing the teeth in their proper length at twenty j-ears. Fig. 45. Sixteen Years. Here we have an outside view of a lower jaw at sixteen years, showing teeth ten lines too long. Fig. 46. Sixteen Years, This is an inside view of the same javf in which the mark indicates six yeais, but, iis tho teeth are ten linos too long, thr. true ago is sixteen years. iv> D6 ' on by of the inner upp^r oevar ...i-i. ^ .STOCK BOOK. f r t f r ceeding May. Yet practical ij , ►„. but only to those who rear horses for the tnrf. 7 n^ CHAPTER VI. BREEDS OP HORSES AMD THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. I. 1NFLITENCE8 OF COUNTKT AND CI IMATV „ ^..„ CLYDESDALE HOUSE. lV.THKl^OK^j^^~:^nn^l^^: ^*«" ""KSJ^ '"• TIIK TO-DAY VI. THE Vr^^ZTZ'^^or^^^,'^^^''!^^^;—-''- THE PERCHEKON OF HORSES IX. HINTING HOUSES —-V^y,!;.""'"'^'' ^"I- TROTTING HORSES XII. THE CLKvTlAND ^v — '^ [, ''"!::'^" "«'«*-« XI. COACH DRAFT HORSE XV. THE NAURAGANSETT 1-ACER """'• '"""' ^^HMONT I. Influences ol Country and Climate. Every country of the earth has a breed or breeds of horses each with ita pecuhar characteristics ; and the horses r.f A«i.. "."^''•'V,^''<^*» ^^'th Amerina have .,.„■ „„i,«, ;, diff J:'",; „* ^flr,',, rZ ',""' manmhabitantsof these gr,.„d divWo,,. „, the g'^^Z B a ',: catafe, resul n,g from loon, !„,„«„„,, „, „,i„^,„,„_ j„ ™t,lv ot^ theho^c ha, others which are due to the treat.nout and t aiS t; teo at the hands of his masters, since from a lon» coarse of artifi .i„M !, m^ehimdegene^te-h^IintS^^^^^^^^ tnat or the horses found runnlno' wilfi «ri. n , . """'"i lo If V 1 ^"uiiu I mining miIcI wiioro they have increiispil sm,! diirtreir'"" '"dv-t'- --"«-"•.-"-. doZS::' xne norse in the latter condition has already been suffitionfl,. », r i m the tirst chapter. In the present chapti- le pnt ^ t ^^ ^i T^^^ the more important breeds of civilization nr thr. lu V , - celebrity for their valuable aualitil ' '"" *'"' ''"" "''^^''-^^ II. The Farm Horse. is c„p,o,ca in the pn.dirof'-ihar.S'trirhfrfn:,:;!;'"- s! The Horse of All W«rk.-Thcfarni horse should essentially be a horse of all work, of good „vlc and action, „nd of about :200 poulds Ce'^^^ A ) / 100 TriK AMKKK^AN FAUMKK.S stock MOOK, pagi' 7!> f hind quiii Light F plare on ; 'ill from 950 to l(i cob, a square-Ij 'Such a horse is "^'lould Movor l)o f&ia»^ page 7!» float viow, aiitl i.u.rn «-^ .• i hind ,,„«orswiN ;,,,,,, ,:,/:':; tt:;,t:'"" '"" " '-'"■-..' from 950 to llijo ijuuucls s„..|. , i. Such a horse i. ,Jre,o„ted T M ** J!' "'° ""''^'° "'«" »" "sW to* ' • '"■ *«*■"« - " i«b„ro,., p,.aotic„. .„,d „„;„;; ■|1 |F ,t tWt*" ■ 7 f 108 THR AMKBICAN FARM Kit's 8TOCK UOOK happily gone out of fashion. The Morgans, or rather their rmsfiP« when bred up to the weight hist mentioned . make udmuublo huisus of this claws. The Gold Dust Horses of Kentucky.— The Gold Dust Ilors.s which wore on.nnatod by l.,e..ding fn,.n Morgan stallions on good fhrnou-W- bred .nares. and carefully selecting for generation.s, make admix-able lil^ht farm horses H.gh-strung, elegant, fast-going, staunch, and able f.,r all light work on the farm, either for the saddle or harness, as li.j.t dnvmg buggy horses in single harness, or for the light carriage iu double Harness, they are most excellent animals. m. The Clydesdale Horse. Another class of horses that may be made .profitable o;. the breeding farm are what are known as draft horses proper. In the United tiUtJ the best representatives of this class are the Clydesdales and the Nornnn ' Percherons. -The Clydesdales are an English-Scotch breed of .rel; power, bone and substance, and are capable of drawing immense loads In Canada there are many excellent representatives of this breed, an.l The VV(.st of Scotland has long been famous for its excellent dra'ft hor^ ses. The.r ongin is probably due in part to the blood of Flemish mares though but little IS authentically known of their ancestry. Whateve,' their origin may be. it is certain that they have made Scotland famous for !^ r!^; rr**; :""u ""•''' ^^ *'•" excellence of the draft horses of the North of Lnglaiul where the Clydesdale originated, is due to an infu- sion of this Scottish blood. In England those heavy horses are useful to farmers in working their tough clay soils. In the United States, especi- ally ,n the M est and South, the alluvial nature of the soil does not re- quire such strength of team in plowing ; but the vast amount of haulin.^ to be done in and near cities, where the railroad and steamer t-:.ffi.. of the country centres, will always cause a demand for large, able-bodied draft horses. ' "»»ib Points of the Clyde8dale.-The jaw is broad and strong, and the muz- zle, though neither well developed nor fine, is provided with lar^e nostrils <.apable of n.ng widely dilated. The eye, though mild, shows eoura.., and vigor. I he forehead is broad between the eyes, and ca,.acious. The cars are rather long, and by their intelligent motion indicate uetivity. The head is well set on the ne.-k, and the neck, as it shells to Iho shoul- der. 18 massive with gi-eat devolopment of muscle on top. The shoul- der is tolerably oblique, fully so f.n- a draft horse. The breast 18 full broad and strong The h-g is l„„g f,.o,„ the arm to the knee, and «ho.t f..,.ni the knee 1o the f..tlo..k. The forearn. is amply provided with &\ I' '"*•"' ^"A«>" TKWHTIC8. 103 ffikSftkiiif*^ i 104 THK AMKRICAV KARMEK S .STOflK ROOK. / / niusclo. The knees are large iind l)ouy, iuid from the knee to the fo,tl,)ok, iind from the hoek down, the liml) is covert'd with h)ng luiir ; iit the fet- loek the hair becomes thick and sliaggy. 'I'he hack and body of the Clydesdale can hardly bo called s^Mnmetrical, yet the barrel is round, with the ribs extending wcill back toward tin? hip. The quarters are broad and low, with muscular thighs and large, cl(>!in, broad, well-developed hocks. The lower limbs are flat, as they Avill be in any horse well developed in muscle and tcuidons. The hoofs, large, tough, wide, are joined to ob- lique jjasterns. The characti'ristie color of the Clydesdale is brown with white marks. The height is about sixteen and a half hands ; and both in walking and trotting there is a maji.'sty about their raovements, showing the ])owcr that nerves their action. rV". The Norman-Percheron Horse. Norman-Percheron horses arc now generally divided into two classes : the Norman, a heavy, musculai-, closely-l)uilt animal of great bone and muscle, weighing sometimes 2,5J()() to 2,300 pounds, and the Perchcron, a lighter, cleaner l)uilt and more active animal, attaining a weight uj* to 1,800 pounds. Both these strains of Norman blood an; among the best, of draft stock ever introchuiid into Am«a'ica. They are superior in some respects to the famous Conestoga horse of Pennsylvania, now [)rac- tically extinct. Much has been written about these excellent animals, both by partisans and by those who have investigated their historv with a view to arrive at the real facts in relation to their ancestrv. On the one hand it !■< contended that they arose from a cross of the Araliiaii upon th(i heavy native horses of Normandy ; and tin; defeat of the Sara- cens by Charles Martel, in which great munl)crs of their adniiral)Ie cav- alry horses fell into the hands of the French, is cited in support of this view. Many of these Haracen horses, it is said, were brought to Nor- mandy ai lood which resulted in the present admiral)le breed. The old Norman war horses were lu'avy, liony, slow, but strong, and capable of «'iiduriiig much hard- ship. They wen; admirably adapted for their day, since thev were capa- ble of carrying a knight in his heavy armor. Again, it is asserted that the Norman horse is descended from a nice then peculiar to Brittainy, and used fordraft, rather than fin- war. Another writer asserts that the Perchcron is descended fi-om a remote cross between the Andalusian, mix<'d with the Morocco barb, and again (rossed upon tlie Norman, because, it is saiidded spirit, a(,tion, spcod und botton. Whatovor ,„-,v ho fl. f . to the. on^„, both the .a,...,,,., ., ,,, Nonr s.!::;;: :::zz s=v::xr=xvt:;-sj^^^^^^^^^ j^^i^M .Ji^ail lOH THK AMERICAN KAKMKR's STOCK BOOK. loads-iit a fair rato of speed. A pair of the lighter Percho horses (called ill FniiH-e Diligence horses, from their use in drawing the coaches of this name) are cai)al)le of going at a speed of seven or eight miles an hour. These horses may now by regarded as having become a fixed race, cap- able of reproducing itself i)erfectly, unchanged, and without deterioration through generations, when pure sires are bred to pure dams. Bred to inferior marcs, the stallion marks his impress Avonderfully upon the pro- geny, and tha pure mares also transmit their characteristics in the same wonderful manner. V. The Peroheron ol To-Day. The Percheron makes a capital cross u[)ou any of the large, roonn mares of this country. When the Percheron is bred to this kind of dams, the pi-ogeny M'iH possess great size, and Avill partake essentially of the qualities of the sire. If this progeny is again bred to a pure sire, the result is a three-(iuarters-l)red Iiorse that is but little inferior to the Per- cheron in all that constitutes jjower and capability f(n- work. The Percheron is not what would be called a fast horse. He is not suited for pleasure driving, and yet he is capable of making long jour- neys at a si)eed fully equal to that of horses of more pretentions to speed. An instance is given where 58 miles out and 58 miles back Avas accomplished by a Percheron horse, in two days, the traveling time out being four hours and two minutes, while in returning the time was four hours, one minute and a half ; and this Avithout being urged with the whip. Again, a horse of this breed was driven 55 3-5 miles over a hillv and difficult road in four hours and twenty-four minutes, without distres,. to the animal. In outward appearance the Peroheron presents a head that is not loni- sessing immense tendons. The hoofs are hard, sound, free from disease ; but the Percheron is somewhat inclined to bo Hat-footcd. The hei.rht is from fifteen to sixteen hands, though many excellent specimens of tlio breed are somewhat under fifteen hands, esjjecially the lighten- Percjieron propter. The same description will apply to the Norman prop(!r, except that ho is larger and somewhat (;oarser. Their general color is gray, nuniing from iron-gray to the handsomest dappled gray. So difficult is it to draw the dividing lino between the Norman and the Perrher.-ii, that the eaitor of the rerdieron-Norman stud book seemed undecided just what, and Avhat not, to admit into the stud book. Hence (he plan wai crosses, so fai ■If I, fm W% uiaies imported fr or NoriuaM-Perche Ijted of giving a full account of the brcodincr ..nd obt.unable. and admitting to registry al, Jho^. ^ thii plan was adopted of giving a crosses, so far as % 1' i ! , 'i'''|i''4liiliHfcv,;i!i|i ii;)'';, il.Mi t il'll I'll, |Jl Jl, 11 ii '"'fiifi'ii l!l!lli;fj|«]iii: 11 II, ili'l'mun' ifi I ■iikiiiLii ? 'sis •". ill .^lllll oT&'c::,''™"' " ''"■■'■"^™" ^^■'"™"- p-i— No™,, 108 "THK -AMKRICAX lAKMKIi's STOCK BOOK. ;il / VI. The Conestoga Horse. It is unfortuuaU' that the Conestoga, on o of the very best of Ameri- «an horses for dnift, for all work in fact on tlie road or on the farm, shoulil liave been allowed to become extinct. Strong and able in evcrv respect, a handsome, quick-stepping animal, and as honest as an ox at 'a dead pull, the Conestoga horse possessed qualities which entitled his breed to iJcr[)etuation. His original home was the Conestoga Valley, of Pennsylvania, and hence the name. This valley was originally settled bv Germans, avIio undoubtedly brought Avith them the heavy German and Danish horses of their native land. Under the ample feed and genial climate of the Conestoga Valley, these foreign horses were, by careful selection, and an occasional dash of the staunch thorough blood of those days, developed into a race of horses ranging from sixteen to seventeen hands in height, weighing from 12.')() to l.-iOO pounds, and proving to 1),. junong the most valuable horses ever known for drawing great loads over hill and mountain. A cross of the Cleveland Bay upon large, round- barrelled, roomy mares might again result in something likelhis horso. The experiment would be well worth the trial by breeders, who have tJic will and the years before them to originate" a l)rcod of horses, that would be capable of doing any work, from deep plowing, to wagoning and heavy carriage work. Though the Conestoga is no longer bred in purity, there areyet many mares in Pennsylvania descended from this stock, 'vhich if crossed with the Cleveland Bay, as Ave have known }iim, Avould, the breed being carefully jicrserved in, produce a stock of horses possessing most of the valuable qualities of the Conestoga. There are many such horses, in the pastures of Oliio and Pennsylvania. They are high lieaded, rather long in the limbs, not quite good in the barrel ; but, if bred as Ave hav.. described the outcome Avould be most satisfactory. The Cleveland Hav is no'^ leaily a draft animal, but is most excellent as a horse of all work, and will he descrilied fui-thei- on. VII. Road Horses. Many jiersons get their ideas of what a carriage horse, and especially u driving horse, should be, from English books, and from travelers wlio have visited that country. So far as action for show, in harness and the •addle, arc concerned, they are admirable models, omitting their docked tails, which, are happily going out of fashion there ; and Avhich, in this country of generally dry roads and stinging insects, are not to be toler- ated at all. The model English roadster is a horse in high condition for service, not overloaded with fat, but in a condition of muscular strength and ability that would be difficult to better. A Jiorse for similar rond service should bo If) to 1/) 1-2 hands high, of good style, and well-nuis- oled throughout. If he be half to thr«>e (luarters-bred from iiccepted ■■> ''^MHmi>i''' %m i iim$.v^« f( m'm^.*'» *^^^ BUKKUS OK HOK.KS AX,> r„K.K r.M.urTRK.ST.C.. ,09 trotting fuinilic., «o n.uch tho hotter. lu f-u-t ;„ Hw. t^ v , - im for .nany years boon the ruh. in E„. „ ,' ' .. """' '^''''''' ^^ \i , * - iiiiinicd ^vitli thorouirh h hxul <,„.u , ^i *«>" "■'«- >..o „„d ,„1 ' „t' :: :t: ; ':;• "i"^ ' ■"'■- •" l«.t stylo 1,0 »h„„la hm.^ utlTli 1 ■'' '""' '""'' """""• " '" ''>■«-• ^ H ' ."-t -.0 n,,. „:;,',;;, :,,' ;':,:.";;;:,','''v"""""f""'- "^^ chaiactoiisti.- only of liijil, l>,-,.,.di,i„ »l"l"S)'. "oivous ,icti„u VHI. Trotting Horses. "The trottiii:^; r;:", ?'.'■■»"- i^. kinn:s of the turf. If a f roffor l..., . ''<^<"l-aiid-hariie.s8 i« <-rIooked. If lu. i^ ^;^ ; ' r ?:"7' ^'"''f ^- '-'^ of «tyIo in hin. brin,a good price as a 21 v r Cfl^f i ''' V''"'^^^ ^^'" speeci. A trotter which lucks b^th s y uf," t'/"' ^'"^^'"'^ ^'''-^ mere hack. •^''' ■'"'^ •''P^«^ d^'gt'nerates into a IX. Hunting Horses. iiig liorse must be well-br -d able fn^r..li . '" ''»''^ ''"»*- "'■*"| » '"'.teos d,-,:„l: 'Z" ;' x:"' "";' •" I""" '"■'" y ""•"'■■.v.f".-dc,.,-„„d ln,,i,-i„ w„|vo,„, ,1 • '""'■ " "'"""tl' 'K I vy „.,.isi,„ i„ . ,.;,r™,;t,:„"^ '''■"""' "'■""■lo of -.■,.- «ml..r.,„.|,,.„„difi„„„„.oes,,H - - , ^ "■'■"""' "l'*iHo», and ;-'«' "1.."^ of .. ..o.-«o,"ir;,;i^r ,";;;;; "Sy f":,""""- '"'■"■■'»>■ I"'!"".!;. Ilo ,V,„d.l 1,0 d, ,„„s i„ ,1, , . .■' """ "'"'■'• »"<• to '"'""'-'r" ' "'-"■-■^i'"HM;:'l:;";::::;;fS- -f- no TICK A.MERICAX !• AUMEU S STOCK BOOK. ¥ is f:ir l»otter-l>rcd und li<;htcr tliaii those which men now iii middle ago i'odc in youth, though a tiuve-y fanuly .vho were ,n at the death of n.any a deer and prairie wolf, before fences obstructed the chase m Northern Illinois. A Heavier Hunting Horse.-Thc next illustration shows a heavier hunluig horse for the saddle. M-hen sne..,! .u-.l bo**^->.« "— -i^-i-r r, . n horse of good style and action, capable of long and high speed under 118 THK AMKKICAN KAKMKB'S STOCK BOOK. BKKEl),' the weight of a man of 180 pounds — and heavier men should never hunt. Such a horso should be capable of great speed wIkmi called on. a M H H O able, and wiling to take jiiiy leap a .sensible man would put him at. and sure-footed to a higli dcigrcc. To this end, every hunting horse should have large lungs and heart, the best possible form, hard, firm l)ones, strong tendons, aoc oblique shouldered have what is eallc,l and combine in iii.> will leave any cold- for the horses wo h of highly bred anti hunting horse is nc never be harnessed move easily in harn for the saddle, and The light driving twelve miles an hou; and action. Such h in parks and pleasu are the rule. They son, or, at most, tw go rapidly over road Here, again, we pi fection of stylo and not when going in tl of i)osition for fast It will be observed trained under a curb though under the sad The carriage horse light driving horse be uni- weight carriage, speed than those used horse of 1050 to 110 carriage. For the coj rather long limbs, if ] but he must not bo 8 required, and withoi difficult roads. The shows a long-limbed, ] from 16 to 17 hands h class of horses can acq HKEEOS OP HOK8E8 AND TIIKIH CHARACTERISTICS. Hg Strong tendons, und jri-cat muscular powor ITo sl.m.U K„ i i^ oblique shoulderod .nd fotlocked, ^ikZll!^^^ j^ cle.„ 3. onned. have what i.s calic 1 , double loin ho ^v\U. ™'''- "' '" 'addition, he move easdy in harness, and especially under a load, would .0 ' nfit him for the saddle, and for the huntingfiold. X. Light Driving Horses. The light drivmg horse i not required to have high speed • eiffht to and action. Such horses are much sought, for driving on smooth roads ^tl ;:: P^;:;----^^;-?- style ..d luxurious sZuXg^ are the rule. They are also valuable for any service when only one Der son, or at most, two light ones, are to be carried, since thJy Jll o£n go rapidly over roads with one person where heavier horses would labt Here. agam. we present an English type which shows a hoi-se the per' fection of style and action, in movement. Sometimes they are fist bu; not when gomg in the form shown in the illustration. The headt out XI. Coaoh Horses. The carriage horse bears to the coach horse the same relation that th. light dnvmg horse bears to the roadster. Horses foTtho itht ^ u.n-woight caiTiage. should be handsome in ^'^e a^ of Ht speed than those used for the co..,.h ,». 1 Y "^^^^ ""^ o^ better «.m«ge. For the .oac.h, a „,„r„ .„.,dy „„i,„„| i " „„!> ,," T" n*» long Itab., tf i„ i, „a„„„„ „/,„,„„;J -» »^ „/;S*! tat ho nmst not bo defioioi.t iu mu«.ul,u- „„wo,- siaoo „"«. -^ ^ .■i»»« of h„«»„„„ a«,„i. t„o ,ig„ .to,;„i„, ,„..ii::„'„:r4i-; 114 TIIK AMr;ItK;AX FAUMKK'h STOCK HOOK. eldpiiy ladies and ^t-iitlonu'ii, who s(H'k to coiiipcnsate in thi.s way for tli»> speed they so liked in th(Mr A'ounjror di>ys. How to breed such horses is partially stated in dcscrihing the Concstoga hors(>. Another wa\ would be to breed staunch, nniscular and handsome thoroughbreds upon mares of large size, round barreled, and of good form. horses, good and s about as ensilv as 1 XII. The Cleveland Bay. We come next to a class (»f horses always held in the highest esteem for their many valuable (jualilics. It is a horse that is now bred to a de- gree of perfection that leaves little to l)e desired in all thatgo('s to con- Btiiutc s! •- ' ' xd ai)ility to perform any labor that may be requir- ed, excei .nest drudgery. The Cleveland Bays are good carriage thorough blood with e nntely they are yet ran iithi the West, I "hey hav iiiark:il)le for their pure ;i5 BREEDS OF HOIiSKS AM) Tlll.||. r...... horses, good and stout wajron or dI.^w l.ru.^.. . i .1 tliorouji:!! blood with t'xcoiU'iit h\v,> ....-i ^-^ • :-.. n., „,. ,.. ™ i:r nli^lrr ■;;:! ;!s: :i:r IKi TIIK AMEKICAX KAKMKIt's HTtM'K HOOK. /orehcad with white, Tho illustration shows ono of tho most pt^rfect of the ohiss, a l)iook manes, tails and legs. "They are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent cai)- abilities for draught, and good endunuic«>, so long as they are not pushed beyond their speed, which may be estimated at from six to eight miles an hour, on a trot, or from ten to twelve— the latter quit ■ the maximum ^)n a gallop, under almost any « ''ight. "The larger and more sh(»wy of these animals, of tho tallest and heaviest type, were the favorite coach horses of tluMrday ;tho more si)rT and lightly-built, of equal height, were the liunters, in tho days when the fox was hunted by his drag, unkcimeled, and run half a dozen horn's or nmre, lieforo he was either earthed, or worn out and woriicd to death. Then the shorter, lower, and more closely rib1>ed-ui> w.-n- the stepH and gradations, has settled down ; /'''7^'^' ^'^c''. "ftcr sovoral out a.. Yorkshire, ani .„ore tr 1 a. the n rdL'^'^' :"""""" ^^"-^''>- hor.se, and riding „r driving horse ,f the f '""L'"' "^ *'»' *'''™- was the stinti4 o^lC be:^^ Z^ZTi: 'l^'"-^"^" ^^'^'' '^-ds. horses, .ith a view to the proge^^ Xwn^ TtT 1 ^"^ ^'^--^hbred in the last resort, stuge^oaeh ho L ^ .fslv 'T' ^'^^^^ ^•""^«' "^ The n>ost pron.ising of these half bn^d .' ^ ""f" *"""^'^' '°'^«hi"e«*. n.ares, of the sa.e^.pe uit; t^lt^I^r' Vld t^^^ "^ ^'^"""^ ' ^"'^ improved English carriage horse of fifty CeasLt ''"' ^^'"^"'^^ ^''^ " T''« ""^t «tep was the putting of hSred fi ii . u out of Cleveland Bay , mires u seeond^^ * u ' ^^^ ^'^''roughbreds their progeny to become the hL'e^^^^t^^^^^^^^^^^ thoroughbred stallions; wore lowered into the carriage hore^ and t HT' ""^ ''"^'■'- ^^^iiers had been the getters of canl ..rhljs wo "?"''-^?^ ^*!^"-'-' ^hioh the new, improved carl-horse!'' ^^''"''"^ '"^'^ ^^e sires of Thus it will be seen that we' have good Huthorifv f. this .plendid anin.al. Canada has of LlT i ""*■ "''^ -i^» «* tinely-bred and fi-oly-matchedc'L^Vw^^^^^^^ -l«'-ated .or ■ty of some Canadian breeders, in .;^.!Z Z^ll'/ n"" '" n""^ sn-PK. - ^*^'""'^ J^"J stallions for Xrn. Ponies. Ponies are much sontrlif ,^f \ * ^r pony carriages. ^^1; Jl^ ^^^ «-'« riding, and have all been called into re,uiitrwSttl T'' '"'' ^^^^^''^"^ smaller Mustangs of Texas a' . used Ses L!" "' "^' ^''""^' *^« ."•o.wild. intractable, and often vicio r T. r,"""' *''" ^^"-^^^''g^ 'HHoming extinct, and Canadian ponies are' also 1 '" ^'""'' '' ^""^ -attor. many of then,, are really L„d ol "''^f ""'"g «^''"'-- These 'o,uteen hands high, hanlv, li t Jc^ T" ''— >f thirt- . a to -"•Hgeand botton.. The- are si h "\'""' ^'^'^^'"''^ "^■'^^^ f not abused. Shetland ^J^s '^S' '"\ /^^^-^b' tnutabl^ but they are ambitious little fellows, and cann!''''. """ '^"«^'''' srood uaee. wnth u f«r„i„^, ,..,.._ ,,, '" »<^»n>l>«r alontreasilv nf « ....»,;,, .,.„„.■,; :.:;;;,7„/;,r l::;^ 'nwf,,;;- .^f ";;"!"■ , ""' '■''"- animal. It is claimed that 118 xlZli AMBUICAX 1 AHMKK's STOCK VOOll. no true Shetland can be more than eleven hands high, and sonic of those in the extreme northern isles of Tell and tJnst do not exceed seven and lis jTood uii iiniii I _ I .-. .iitii!;iij;ii UIC gniBlleHt of iwnit'H, tliiy ure the most ptTfect in fonn, round and closolv HKKEUH OF „0»8E, A»B TBEIR OHAaACTERISTICe. 1,., in tho West aro uiidoubtodlv „f H.„ . ■"""'•. ^"° '"<""'" l'"""" 'oiind T...y arc p„r„. ijfZdwS Nola e^Zf "' "T ^""■."''»" ''""•^• bred in a half wild slate by tUo Mam „72 f™ l.igl. o.n.s ponies and would ^^X:^.^:;^::!^:^ *•- Xrv. The Vermont Draft Horse. ,/:zx rt: ::::'. ::;;rin "r """'r""- """""-• "-^'--^ he«vi,.r animaLs. The Vermont ,lr,ft . „"""™"' <^'>''''»<'"lo "nd oHicr 1,200 pounds : of fine ,u i^, ct "JXj Td """" '""" '•'"' '" hne crest s, fiiijablo of dmwino- Im..,,,, i i a. ■" » '""st-iuiu , v itii i;. .i,e days p,Ldi„g :;::z„'n7,, itoit^f t ^ i-^^ '-'■; aie-tncU, Id .I;:;!!;' ft: dTr;,::::::-,;':- •■■ "'*,""-'• i. .0 be hoped that we n,ay H„u, hf th, ct atd Iv Id !"""■ " "• -"«"' "■ """I "' "11 work, both for saddle I' U,^ "'" "°"'"' XV. The Narragansett Pacer. ..id';: ir!:;:i;i;;:te;i,rs;:,:'riV'', T-'- -"-• •■"" '"»' ^^ ^.;«.»t:La'\:!::rrrrrzv:s;.?rr^^ !n« -r tnilj jrait was a puco of the rnoHt norfn,.* o.wi • ^ -;"-'" '• .ion. They a,, reputed to have beer. e';:?;:i:^|,rEir S'e" 120 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S 8TOCK BOOK. . them forty miles a day for many days in succession without experiencing excessive fatigue. That they were horses of great bottom, and some- times of extraordinary speed, is undoubtedly true. The Colonial divine. Dr. McSparren, in his "America Dissected," speaking of the horses of Virginia, says : " There were plenty of a small sort of horses — the best in the world, like the little Scotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary journey to ride from sixty to seventy miles in a day. I have often, but on larger pacing horses, rode fifty, nay, sixty, miles a day, even hero in New England, where the roads are rough, stony and uneven." Again, speaking of the Narragansett pacer particularly, as an animal for export, he says : " They are remarkable for swift pacing ; and I have seen some of them pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal less than three." The good doctor probably did not hold a timing-watch on them. The story, however,. is fully as credible as that other story oi Vlying Childers having run a mile in a minute. Ding ime- ine, 8 of best lary but o in ain, ort, ime ieal itch BNGLISH 1 in. THE CBnSAUE HORSE Ih EREDS.— T.io Eng not 'itire r V , but Araoian, Bj the last uiid ing tho last speed and ei the chase ; keep alive tl blood that < stock of hoi horses, becai but this fact animals. Ai these indisjit tion. It is ti vailed duririfl breeds and g breeding. A ue in any of ceptiiig our d horse of Eng yond tho Chri Henry Will II()rs(} of Ann lisli horno so c do licftor Ihai r^' ""^ «^«» t'x- n. Herbert's HiBtory ot the EngUsh Horse. Hoary William Herbert, in his admirable and voluminous work on the '''■■•' ""•"'"■"- ■""■"*>"' -;*"™- -<«"«•'-"' .■i.ei:;hu«l',;'.:h!: 122 THE AMERICAN FAKHEK's 8TQCK BOOK. acquired great experience in their use is equally certain. In the ancient Hritish language Rhediad is the word for a race — rheder, to run — and rhedec/a, a race. All these spring from the Gaulish rheda, a chariot. Here, then, is a direct evidence that horses were introduced from Gaul, and that chariot-races were established at a very early period.' "This evidence" says Mr. Herbert "is not to my mind direct or con- clusive, as to the fact of the introdu(;tion of the horse from Gaul ; al- though it is so, as to tha antiquity of chariot-racing in both countries, and to the non-Roman descent or introduction of the British or Gaulish animal. As the blood, the religion and the language of the Britons were cognate, if not identical, with those of some, at least, of the Gallic tribes, it is no more certain that the Gallic Rheda is the theme of the British rheder, than tl at it is derived therefrom. It does, however, in a great degree prove that the Gallic and British horses were identical, and de- scended not from any breed transmitted through Greece and Italy, but from one brought inland to the northward of the Alps ; perhaps by those Gauls, who ravaged Upper Greece and Northern Italy, almost before the existence of authentic history ; perhaps by their original ancestors ; at all events, of antique Thracian or Thessalic descent, and, therefore, of re- mote but direct oriental race, in all probability again improved by a later desert cross, derived from the Numidian cavalry of the Carthaginian Barcas, long previous to liie Ctesarian campaigns in Gaul or the invasions of the sacred island of the Druids. This, however, is of small imme- diate moment, and is more curious and interesting to the scholar and the antiquary, than to the horseman or horsebreeder. "From the different kinds of vehicles, noticed by the Latin writers, it would appear that the ancient Britons had horses trained to different purposes, as well domestic as warlike, "It is well observed by Youatt, in his larger work on the horse, that from the cumbrous structure of the car, and the fury with which it was driven, and from the badness or non-existence of roads, they must have bOen both active artd powerful in an extraordinary degree. 'Caisar,' hv adds, though without stating his authority, 'thought th(!in so valuable, that ho carried many of them to Rome ; and the British horses \v«'ro, fcir a considerable period afterwards, in great rci|ue»t in various parts of the Roman empire.' " produucd .1 maikod effect on tl.o .1,....,. f * ', ^* ^^'^^ *''^'^ importatiou - before, no historian in thll'':uu'" ""''^''^ ^"■^'«^' b"*^ h^. of either i.nprove,„r d: dSti^^^'^^^' '" ^'"^ *" '^^-^ ^'^ ^^ co:z?;:;;;;:;tr^:;;;;:';^^^^^^^^ in 930, A. D., a l^iXZ^ZZZ^"" '^77'''' "^^ ^'^ ^-^' ^o^ roign many Spanish horses wer pTXd ^i^" ?""" . "^ ^'''^'■^*'*°'« English, even at that early nerL f / ""'" ^'''^ •^'''^''•^ "^ *»»« dor that th.ir Jcscenda t ^h uw', .^ "''''T *^ ''"^'- ^^ ^'^ "" -°^'- world. Shortly hefor^ he t i " ^''1""^ *^" ^"^«* ''"^-^ "> the ^hillings, a ,nar^ or eo,t at tte„ ^ irl: o^^tr ^'-^^ "' ^'^^^^ at tweaty-four penee-theso pri<^..s in "Se o tLl "^ T""' * ""'" negligently lost-and a ^.n ,t a pound ^„*'^'"^. ''7^' f ^^royed or employed i„ u.Tieull„r,. T , i i . *■■"' "'""■'' "' ''"'■■"■» I'ein- i..g frequently „„ )„J„,„;.k. D i,, ,ho C^^ T'™" ''^''PP™'" Bnl „f SI,rcW8l,ury, n„..er d,. n,r,? *^°"'!"<'""-'' "1?" Ilio then l.o«e. to hi, e».„te of r,™i ,„tl Thl / T* " ""'"'••"• °' '''P'""* culo,i»d .,y OinUdu, CandZL ,»d D^JtlrT 'r "'"° i' "''""'^ I. «o havo an a,,.o,u.t of l|,„ (ir,t A,..,|, '": ' " "'° "'''«'' "' "'■"■'y A«d, J'«, ,vi,h „lv ,1 .Me ;• 7 ^ '■""""•'• '» ""> '''■™'' "f St. ni,.„,y, however. i-Iih ,:',;;:' '■''"'"'''' """ " '""-""mU. „,tate. ..-ted. or a, ,o .hat «hi„:.:,; t,!:: ,7,2' -"'" •"' "'- - --M-.e.n,ofh„,,:::'i^^^^^ I u^l^uy wpeaking, very recent times, 124 THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOQK. no heed has been given to the statistics of agricuituro or animal improve- ment, and little mention niado of such matters, beyond a casual and pass- ing notice, even l)y the Itest historians. III. The First Iiondon Raoe-Course. " ' The Englisli,' proceeds the work from which I quote, 'had now,' — that is to say in tiie reign of Henry I. — 'become sensible of the value and breed of their horses ; and in the twelfth century a regular race-course had been established in London, this being no other than Smithfield, which was at once horse-nuirket and race-course. Fitz Stephen, who lived at that period, gives the following account of the contests between the palfreys of the day. 'When a race is to be rini l)y horses, which in their kind are strortg and Heet, a shout is raised, and common horses are ordered to withdraw from out the way. Two jockeys then, or sometimes three, as the match may be made, in-epare themselves for the contest, such as are used to ride, and know how to manage tlieir horses with judg- ment, the grand point being to prevent a competitor from getting before them. The horses on their part are Tiot Avithout eiiuilation. They tremble, and are impatient and continually in motion. At last the signal once given, they hurry along M'ith unremittitig velocity ; the jockeys inspired with the thoughts of applause and the hopes of victory, clappincr spurs to their willing steeds, brandishing their whips and cheering them with their cries.' rv. Horses taken to England by Crusaders. ' •' It IS stated by Mr. Youatt, although, singularly enough, he main- tains that the crusaders did not introduce eastern horses, that Richard I. did import two from Cyprus, which he observes were of eastern origin. The statement is made on the faith of an old metrical Romance, which is tliat entitled by the name of the monarch whose feats it celebrated, usually supposed to be of the time of Edward T., and contained in Ellis's Metrical Romances. The lines are curious, as they indicate a full ac- quaintance with various animals, natives of tlu! East, and more particu- larly with the especial qualities of the oriental horse, his speed and suro- footedness. " These horses were uamtMl Favell and Lyard — ' fii the world WHS not their pet destrt'rc, Steed 'rabyte, no eauiayl, niiit ran so swift hmms fail. For a thousand pounds of fyold, Should not that out! be sold.' Destrere, is the old spelling of the word iJvHtricr. in Nonnan Fron.<'!u derived from the barbarous. Middle Age J^atin, Z>ca'//Y?r?M.'«'• »"<> g»m gest, in the Miowing «""f r^lu^f rjt Ttf' ' f"""" '"""- hol'^Z-'atll7;:^„Ci'ir.T°''°° *" "" -P-en.e„tof gin of our dmught-horrHe' chM "° "" ""•'' '°*''""' '»' «■« "H- bund„d chosen°tallior^„ . L,e „f' ""''°** '"™'''' ""or^s'-^ne -^itwaseven in the tl: :'f"t.r Zu^h td PH^ k"""" "^"^ most approved cavalry trooper-, and „;I^ , . " Eugont^the fact stock fr„„ thcsl tha^he w M eeT. ta^T" '° """"^ "" crown-lands, and as fines for the vZolTl , * ""' "' "^n* '»■■ was both numerous and ercclen • rl. T- «'' l"'-^'-''! »tud ward II. purchased thirt; Ta hLs^nd *""^ V'" """""'"'■ «"- "Edward the III. devoted one Zl^ l' """"^ "■■""ght-horscs. Spanish horses ; and of leh rportZldT '" "" T"^" """*■' the English, or rather mingled ir,Tfh„„ \'""^''"> *«» addition to tio„ was made to the ki„g,°„f Fn^J^ tdVn ?'' """' '°™'" "Wie- the troop. When they L s ,fe y a rXod IZ" ^1"' '"'"-"-"-i""' to pul«l that they had co^ the „ofa"h „' IT/T •!!"'' " ™ '"'»- -hilling, and eight pence per horse. c,u. i , v t J^ 'I """"* ^'"^ •illy pounds of our monev Tl,l- J "' ™1m U, one hundred and Tlie precise meaning rthlennstn'"'^ '"T """"'"^ ^O"-"- light and speedy hoL, i,, oZ,i „ t J°— .*«■•. It might U- were li,e,ally used for the p^lJ^T^:/ rLilg ."""''°''"'' "- *"'""' ">'" '"•'*« H"" to the Ttae. o, Henry vm. „^ ,^ , l»r authoiity f„U„„s the history of the horse in !!■„ , .. " ™gn of Hem^ vnr.. who compcJied .ht dr„e«of ff'l-.^ IH\ THE AMERICAN KAKMKK 8 STOCK ROOK. h(»r>>i(M, aiul reiiderod cornpulsorv the iniiiiittMitiiico of so great a ni'inber i>f full sized mares and stalliuiis, in evca-y deer park, and in every rural parish of the realm, that the reign of this monarch was marked by a decided increase in the breeding of powerful, well formed animals. It appears that the King even rf)de a race liimself, for it is stated, by Mis-s Strickland, that the King rode a-Maying, with Katherine and the royal bride, Mary, widow cf Louis XII., of France, and the bride of Charles Brandon. The amusements of the day, says Miss Stnckland, were brought to a <;li)se b>' the King and his brother-in-law, the Duke of Suf- folk, riding races on great coursers, which were like the Flemish breed of dray horses. During the reign of Henry VIII., an annual race was run at Ch«!ster, the prize being a wooden ball, handsomely embellished, for which, in l.')4(), a silver bell, called St. George's bell, was substituted. Hence the phrase, " Bear the bell," in allusion to one who has come off victorious in a contest. In the reign of James I. races were merely matches against time, trials of speed and bottom for long and " cruel distances." From the time of James I. the history of the English race-horse, and of English racing, may be said fairly to begin, thdugh no existing pedigrees are traced back to that time. But, though pedigrees bo not directly traced to great antiquity, enough has been given of the history of English hors '• 0?S .■•*.: ■|-\V-» v^mi'^ 'imm^r '"^f ?! ^ TnOROlTOUBKED IIORSRs. liu ■jljP 'i»mmiiiin™pi,„, , 130 THK AMEKICAN FAKMKR's STOCK BOOK. " The E '»ut t'omriK of lofty 8t ears uro lf)i coei}'mg\y t romurkablc " Thp St iiif(M-ior to 1 " Tho Mi or the Sc(!al Andaludaii "A foiirt possess no S •' The Fri aiid untrustv the best of 1 " The Nej. • to bo at least assert that th very high ia i The Dgelft known to be 1 mals of these country. Other writei attribute nana reconcile th(» s miliy agreed i diverse names, certain breed f speak of an irii cull the Atteeh come the Kadis rcseinblanee to I for the genuine ants (if Noino ^,}^ Kailhaii. The I tribes. The Ar J»yHanvl.«MK.r, !,,,,,,,„„ ™*i„ br«3d f,u„„„. „„a „;„ ;l* « r w r "■'';"' """ '■'""- " «|>04.k „f „„ i„f„,,v„- „„.„, |i,n„ „,J , " " ■ »'■"«'■■■< "f tl..- I»l„.,- ..„« -»o tl,.. K„di.„,.i. „ .„„ „, i,„i;:c ",,^1"' , '" " ."''•' ""'" ■ •'•!» n'«iMnW„i,TO to til., t™., I,|„,„|, „„j |,,.i„„ ■ '■;. V"^«">«nf; „„,„., i,,,;,,,^ , «' • TI,o I,.., .,f , J,, ,.„,t ;. ' , r, '''•^,™'' '--''l-i o,- tnl..». Tl,., Ami,, tl„,„„,|vt.. „ J" , " !" '''"'"""">• ""■! A,,..™, !r:".!if ."".""• '" ' ' "- .vH«„„ ,;:!*: r:"L"°. •:"•*!»"• .■' » 13jf THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK ROOK. finely-formed, enduring, fleet, rather araall-sized horses of great vivacity and intelligence, hut for speed, hottom and physical development decidedly inferior to our thoroughbreds. Yet, though not as swift as the English or A-nerican thoroughbred, the Arabian is one of the best of horses? And while we could hardly gain any advantage from a fresh infusion of this blood, the Arabian is king on his native deserts, and no other horse could there fill his place. Ho is pecuUarly adapted to the wants of the people and to the topography of that barren country. So good a horse is he to-day that English residents an India pay from $700 to $1,000 for the best that are offered for sale ; and it is well known that the best horses of the desert are iiovrr .sold at any price. The illustration, page 129, shows the best form of the Arabian, as they are found in their native deserts. As showing the wonderful variations in breeds, we present an illustra- tion on page 164, as an object lesson of the immense Derbyshire cart horse of England, now comparatively rare. In the United States they are not considered valuable, having been superseded by the more modern and valuable Clydesdales and Norman-Percherons. A comparison with the Arabian will fully convey our meaning as between the delicately bred and nervous Arabian and the stolid and elephantine cart horse. I. THE BREED III. 1 GOLDSMIT USE OF Tl STKAltlS The prod II a distinct hi view to devel in the horse, profession ne to know the i The Morga many to be ii hoped that tli essary to devc however, disa] of the turf hr breeding ; and blood of thorf Ethan Allen. gans, w;is u go Flora Temple, 2: 4:.'; 2: 3!),, ed for that ajr,. tweii(y years a« trotters, but wi couiiJry g4>nor mal.H to bo redii nige foi j)ossoH Development has been entire "iii'ii.il of a sepi «f Cinadian or Stales of luixei '»'«'«'W.iehther;:r,t:b11:td'""'-'" The Mopgan8.-Twentv years uo-o fi.« f *.- "''*'" '""ed. many to 1,0 ,„ost Htronpen"n;~IJ:/7'"^' '°™" "^ ^^-- ammnl of a sepamte and disHnet b ee f /T"^ ^'"''"' "« '^ ""t «" ^f C.um,lian or Nonnan-Fren.-h o of tiitir sire. The best of them were good for a tliree-minulo g:!<; • l the roiid, before a buggy ; for ener- gy, docility, speed and tii«le,sh endurance, while drawing the load of a horse, they have seldom been equaled among animals of their size. But it is our purpose more especially to notice the famous trotters of the last twenty years. Gold \innith Maid and Abdallah. — Among the galaxy of wonderful per- formers, iiono surpass Goldsmith Maid. This reraarkalde mare was foaled in 1 ^57. Her sire was Edsall's Hambletoiiian, and her dam a mare by old Abdallil'. Abdallah was aHambletonian. In 1802 he became the property of R. A. Alexander, the cclebraledKentucky breeder of th(n-ouwli- breds, and was thereafter known as Alexander's Abdallah. Early in 18fi5, this Abdallah, together with several other valuable horses, amoui; them Bay Chief, a son of Mambrino Chi«'f, was seized by Gu<>rillas. Shorth after, in an attack ujxin the guerillas by Federal soldiers, Abdal- lah fell into the hands of one of the attacking jjarly, who refused to "-ive him up. This magnificent stallion, unshod and wbolly out of condition for hard service, M-as nevei-theiess ridden day after day, over the roughest and hilliest road, until at last, completely exhausted, he was turned loose on the wayside.and died of pneumonia. Abdallah as a Sire. — To show what might have come of this iiorse, had ho lived, it is oiily iifi'rssary to iijcjiiinn Nornc-if his oifspring and to liotf :^ mJi '!. /; I «. what Ihey huvo <|oin Ullil .. fi,,^U.i - -a • " iuitijir rucora Major Edsall, who u AB nojtemi. 137 r,.',f. ''r^'".":" *"'"• . *'™' ■« «<"*".!«, Maid »,th a r«»rt „,,.,. . ISS TIIK AMKKICAN > K BOOK. with sons iniikiu"' records in from * I i . Piici eig Abciallah , the getter of exoellont roadsters, was another of his sons, as was Belmont, th6 sire of horses going the mile in 2 : 28 ito 2 : 30. Again, there is Thorn- dale, a compact and muscular stallion, great lycclebrutod, not only for his own great speed, hut for the Excellent trotting qualities of his offspring. In 187(), after serving eight years ni the stud, ho made tivo mile heats in 2 : 22| ; 2 : 22J : 2 : 32^ ; 2 ; 20 ; 2 : 25. Anotiicr renuirkablo son of Alexander's Abdullah, is Almont. His offspring are yet yoinig to the track, but Pied- mont, at four years old, trotted in 2 : 8(U. V. What Gtoldsmith Maid Was Like. The likeness of Goldsmith Maid shows her appearance, when in trot- ting condition, and will be studied with interest as an accurate view of the proportions of this most famous and one of the best bred of the Queens of the trotting course. She was fifteen hands and one inch in height, and seems rather delicately made m a superficial examination of her form. Yet the quality of her make-up is in every respect superb. An accurate and capable ^^'Titer says of her: "Her head and neck are very clean and blood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ; middle piece tolerably deep at the girth, but so light at the waist as to give her a tucked-up ajjpearance, and one would say a lack of constitution, but foi the abundant evidence to the contrary ; loin and coiq)Iinggood ; quarters of the greyhound order — broad and sinewy ; her limbs are clean, fine- boned and wiry ; feet rather small, but of good quality. She is high mettled and takes an abundan<'o of Avork without flinching. In her high- est trotting form, drawn to an edge, she is almost deer-like in appear- ance, and when scoring for a stait and alive to the emergencies of the race, with her great Hashing eye and dilated nostril, she is a perfect pic- ture of animation and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and sweei)- ing, and she is, in the hands of a driver a(;quainted with her i)eculiai-ities, a peifect piece of machineiy. She seldom makes an out-and-out break, but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing nothing in either case. Aside I'rom the distinction of having trotted the fastest mile on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest three consecu- tive heats ever Mon in a race, which renders any con»ments upon her staying qualities unnecessary." The time of Goldsmith Maid has been beaten several times since 1877, but this detracts nothing from hei wonderful pei-formance. She con- tinued on the tuif until past twenty years old, and after completing that age she closed her public career with the year 1H77 by trotting, during that year, forty-one heats hi 2 : 30 or better, and making a time record of necessary stride. It is AllOLT Ti:OTTIN(J KOIWKS. I'M •2:Uh. Hi- the ag... ' ' "''^ '""^ ^"' ^'"•^'••'- «'- the nmrvel of VI. The Movement in Trotting. A trotter, c8i)eciully if he fro fast inust o-n U^..} i fore and bohind. u.ul ^ith «. t- Ir " ^ ''"'* square, both be- p.' . It I I AJAAdtt 140 THK AMKUIC.W I'AU.MKi: S STOCK HOOK. has been cjiIUmI bv.s()iiu^thcHlii) >t time for 2 mile h «^ 27, 8:41, 8:56. ( in 18 : 52. !0 ABOUT TUOTTIXO HORSES Straight out. Thotr«tisanatur.iWr.,if .* wl.e,. going at eusv .peed o rt^io h '/T ''^ T' '^"^ ^ ^'^^y^ "^ed action - the result of hn«edi„;„::;:;L7"^ '"' ^^^ ^^^ ^-tting Th..M, r ,. ,^- ^"^«°*theTrottingPaoulty. That (1,0 K„gl,,shl,l„od-horse has lost tho fmff . extent. i,s not hccuu.se it was never in t , Ho . , /? '"'""^ '" '' ^'"^^^ allowod to be exercised in the Ira nln< A f' '. ''"'" '* ^^'"^ »«^*'r ,aIlop fast or far. without sf^Tc t fnin. 1 ' "'^ 'r" '""'"^ ^°"'^^ «-•• bc.tadvantagoun,e.theg^thal Te to h:"^" ^^ ^''" ^'''^^ *" *>- .t IS a peculiarity of this gait that the < rnfJ T "^ "" ^""'^''^'^^ -^"^ ^.do. arrives^ at his hestruntil'r is :r S ^;::'o;:"^^'^^ ^•"""^^' will apply to fast walking horses Thev ^"7^*'"^ *''^- The same rule walk f-^t, and there is no^,eter prep rLnf ]u ^^-''^^ trained to this preliminary training in walking ' ' ''^"'"^ ^°^«« than .,,. , , '^'™- ^ ^^^O'-d of Sixty Years. and the growth of speed. For th? fit ^ ' "^ "^ ^'•"^^'"g J^"r«««' -?i>m/o/.^. Tme.. They have been sel f, "''' ^"^'^'^^ *« P«rter« their interest to the readers of Ihis^ork' "'*' '^^"'"^ ^^^^''--^ *<> In 1824, A. M. Giles tn.fted his horse" 98 mH • «cvea seconds. The sameyear TopX^tld i7 '7? ^""'' '"'^ ^''y to trot tlu, . „,iles in harness for $T 0(^a " , ^;,^'*'^''"^'^'-« "^'^t<^'^«d Topgallant .,v 40 yards, in H minut .' 42 seconds ^" "^^ "^^ ™ ^^ iod 12 mdes the road i„ 39 minutes The " aI. ^'^^^''"'^"t «'«" trot- ' minutes. 40 seconds. The TroTdwell ^ ^ /'"^ ''""^''" ^''^ * »>''« and Boston I3I„. otted 18 mi 1^^^ tHo ' T ""^ '"^'•^^^ ported to hav.. .en the -t horse Ztro/., Boston Blue is re- it having been uono i„ \, th .t it w I I '' ""^' "' '^'"^^ ^"'""^es ; mure in 1824 had reduccu ,ne f l.e o 2 sT V .T '''''' '''' ^'''^^'^^ 2:40 hor.se was considered extraorc^nat «« also w ""^ r"*^''^^' « of going on the .oad in ;J nn-nutes. ' ""'^ ^^''^^ ^^^P^ble in 1827, oiitheHuntino-Porlf Aoc„ • i.- driver w.„ two ,,.,„ at^.!:' :trSr^"''Tt™''*'''''»' ^^^^ ' Iho thinl l„«t time „„ record. dL cht f ";;,•, '*," "' * '"' »"" « ^ 1". .n,odi*„e.to7..32J.a„d L,uly S„S l!, Z^ """■"'>""''<' «>" '""■'" 'he Lonsr Ishuid foursc I m, I . «k , , m,l» trotting race, i„«: 23 tho tirst Vcat and s T^"?""" "' ° "'■■»«- W,4,„„e for 2 mile heal, that vcor J,, J' 0?. 'I>° »«<^o„d. The « ".8:41, «:5«. On lon^dSo^^w;!!'.- .i: ■/".' ""'-• ^ - ^«. '•« i5 : 02. - ' aetuinpjisiied six mile^ ^H :^K 142 THK AMEIiHAX KARMEU 8 HTOCK BOOK. Ill 1h;34 Edwin Forrest, us vet uii unentered horse, trotted his mile in 2:31^, }»eiiting Sully Miller. The course wm 1 mile und lOyurds in length. In 1H35 Dutchumn made four miles, ui^er the saddle, in 11 : 10 and 10: 51, and Dolly, by Messenger, out of u thorou «"^ fo a nervous constitution that reproduced iT" f T'"'''' ^'•^""«' ""'ted most wenderf Id degree. '^''''^ '" ^""^ descendants, in a I» relation to the descendants of the nr. v t."g Mood. M II. T. Helm, i^ h \v::r' r "' ''" ^'"'"^ ''^ *^^^ ■ Trotnngno,..,s," savs of the trottW h"!: J/ !"?"•«" ^-..i.^«i#- CHAPTER IX. THE BREEOnra AND ILEARmfG OF COLTS. I. IMPORTANCK OF ACCURATE KNOWLEnUE. II. BREED FROM MATURE ANIMALS III. NO PROFIT IN INFERIOR HORSES. IV. HEREDITY IN ANIMALS V PFfi LIAR ORGANIC STRUCTURE. VI. HEREDITY OF DISEASE. VII AVATISW oi» BREEDINO BACK.-BREED TO NONE BUT THE BEST VIII. VARIATION AND DKVFr OPMENT. IX. TRANSMISSION OF QUALITIES. X. TUB IMPRESS OF COLOR ANlI FORM XI. RELATION OF SIZE iN SIRE AND DAM XII. BREED ONLY FRO , PURE SIRES. XIII. THE BEST ARK CHEAPEST IN THE END. XIV SKI FCTw.v OF STALLION AND MARE. XV. SERVICE OP THE STALLION. XVI. 'th-! pVr I, OP GESTATION — TREATMENT. XVII. TREATMENT AFTER FOALING —XVI, now TO KNOW IF A ;iARE IS IN FOAL. XIX. HOW TO KNOW THE FOALINOTIMK XX. THE FOALING STALL. XXI. ABORTION, OH SLINKING THE FOSTUS — Xxii HOW TO RAISE A COLT. ^lu.i. xxu. I. Importance of Aoourate Kaowledge. Tho breeding and raising of farai stock la one of the most interestin<' branches of agricultural art, and it is one requiring judgment and at" curate knowledge in a high degree. In the preceding chapters m'c have therefore, carefully gone over tho ground covered by what pertains to the anatomy and phy-ical condition of the horse, to tho end that any intelligent person may become so thoroughly master of the subjeot that ho may not only know what constitutes a good horse, but may also decide with tolerable accuracy as to tho ago and constitutional vigor of an animal, and bo familiar with tho characteristics of tho principal breeds. Know what You Breed For.— A horse should be bred with a view solely to the labor ho is to perform. Tho first thing for the breeder to do, therefore, is to decide what ho wants with the horse. If tho animal is intended for tho turf, there is but one course to pursue ; breed only (o horses of the most approved pedigree, for tho distance, whether it ho one, two, three, or four miles. It is well known that but a moiety of the colts, even of the best blood, ever arrive at high eminence. So manv are tho contingencies to bo met, and so many the risks to bo taken, (lutf our advice is. Do not undertake the breeding of this kind of stock, un- less you are amply able to provide all tho varied requirements, includiii-r the most perfect stables, and a training track. Above all, do not waslr money on the so-called thoroughbreds, that travel country distric^ts, ox- pccting to breed high-priced horses from common mares. You would le quite as likdy to bo struck by lightning as to succeed in getting aiiv- thin-botfcr, from such parents, than a (juarfer nag for a scrub ra.-e. So with trotting horses, do not expect to get a crack trotter unless the blf..i,l of trotting thoroughbreds is strong in tho veins of sire and dam. Nor can you get a fine carriage drivisig hor?e from some weedy, dancing, 144 high head blood is n tained in rather thii If you is a laudal this case, tho charac Maturitj to get tho 1 believo the volopmcnt of too carl too young, get tho higi vclopment i from immai that tho sire and after tli work, excel after tho sei to tho etablt train tho one smooth in m proper blood : to own, tho si require ; you : mures considoi will rarely bo settled district caste thorough tho breeding o THE „KK«D,No AXn „«^h,^„ ^^: ^^^^^ ^^^ tained ia the preceding chantelLdb^^ "ft ''"^ '"'•^'"">' ^^^^^^ '« «on. rather tbu. seek to n,a\e a'brld vourLTf " '*"'' '^^"^^^ ^"^P^-^- If you desire to breed up from tb„ sf^ I i.s a laudable one. provided you wl I h ^"".'^'^-^^^ '"^ve. the object this ca«e, breed frL the tsLrv . ""'^ ^"^ ^^•"«^^' "««• In the charaeteristics you seek to pe^Tatr """^ '''"'' '''^^'^ ^°'°b'°« Maturity in breedi!: iT-fT""'^ ^"^^• veloj„„ent and la.k of constitutional vit to h ' "'""'^ T"' "' '^■ of too early and fast M'ork, and also nf i?. i . ^" ''"'"'*' '" P'^rt. too young, or after they w re brok d2 J ° """ ^"""^« ^^''''« :^«t get the highest exellenco in the Iff "" ''''^'''' «» <''« t»rf. To velopn.nt in the parents! ^:^;::;^ Z ""1 ''^^^ ^"^ ^""^^'-^^ ^- fronx i,nn>aturo or l,roken down an n T .f"'^ ^ '""'"''' '^ ^'^« ^^^eed that the sire be given plenty of exorc ; j:;;"*'"':""^"''^""^ requisite is. and after that, and un il the next s'as .1 '^ " '"''^"" "^ ««^-^'«« 5 work, except for a period of rest wi h J '''"•'^' '"^ '^'""^'^ '•-'' -'>«tant after the service season. The nmre ,,].. /"'! ,"" *'"" ^"■"'' """"^Jiatelv .0 the ...„ ., .,„,„,„ , ,„ ,,jr;t\tr;;;:\::\ ■:!'-- --^-^ ThnI, * , ^' ^°^°^**» Inferior Horsea. Iho bestand purest stock, well ad-mh.H ♦ n the cheapest. This is u f uniunent! ,^. • ? '" '"^ '"""''^t' '« 'always view. Itcosts no nun-e to foe^ I ;'^''\'" ''" '^'^^^^ stock, than it does to feed. shelter\nd ^nn' /" fT'"'^ ^"^^e for good cost of good anin,als is. of .ourse. ,no e but f .•".'""'* ''''"^'- ^he first for which you expect to get ad^ t" ; u',^^^^ ^"7""' '--^^^.-d good stock than it does to raise I'fe L 1 "k n "" "'"'•" '" ^'^'^^ tnun the one than the other. After vou .. J "" """■^' *« ^^ and smooth in nu,ven.ent, of undoubtLr ? '"""'""'^ '^'" ^*^"'''''^' «tock. ;-.- blood for the hU^orilti^^^^ ->". -^ of th^ to own. the sire, you need not fear o ,,av i. , r'"' "'^^""""^ "^^^'d -l"i.-o ; you may. „,oreover. HaMy J l' th^ "^ '" "'"' ^^'""^ «« ^'ou mures considerable distances to nrcw-.v. .. "*° ''''P«"«« "^ sending your will rarely bo necessary u^Z^I^^^' ''f-''"' ""• '^^"■«' ^owcLr settled districts, there arc p e tf^i Z "' "'*^ '•'"'•' '" "» -»" caste thoroughbreds. «nH t--" -" f ""'-' ""^^''^^ ^^ the hi^hp,f- - breeding of high-cos. -^^.^-^It ^L tll^^ L^T ^ U6 THE AIVrERICAX FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. breeder can afford to keep the sires tit his own expense or by co-operation, or in partnership, with, others. Taking it for granted that the reader accepts, as true, the foregoinj; propositions, ^^-o will next inquire into some points that should be borne in mind by everj-- one who hopes to win success as a breeder, whether fron-i the stand-point of profit or with a view to the pleasure of doing .^ thing well rv. Heredity in Animals. We have dwelt with some emphasis upon the importance of breedin"' from sound, vigorous parents ; for like produces like, and the rule is constant even in the case of phenomenal animals. Extraordinary devel- opment is by no means the result of chance, though it may be the bring- ing out in an extraordinary degree, of qualities that have been dormant, perhaps for generations, for the' want of what breeders caM nicking. By "nicking" is meant the development of dormant traits through tho union of a sire and dam of peculiar qualities, of the most excellent traits perfectly blended together, and confefring vigor of constitution, soundness and fineness of bone, along with great muscular development, good digestion and excellence of the respiratory organs, and of the nen-- ous system, and nerve force. With these, an animal must be good ; and how to have them good is the object of this work. Let us now see what goes to mak.-i up that quality called hereditv, which is carried in tho breeding of an animal. Charles Darwin has writ- ten voluminously and conclusively on this Sc^bject, as have many others. Dr. Miles, late professor of Agriculture in the j>I'chigan State Agricultu- ral College, in a treatise on the laws of development and heredity, in rela- tion to the improvement and breeding of domestic animals, has collectod and arranged much valuable matter bearing upon this subject; mid he, cites heredity of normal characteristics, atavism, variation, the relative influence of parents, influence of previous impregnations, and various Other matters, as being well worth tho study of tho breeder. Tho 1? )sition Ave have assumed is, therefore, founded upon correct and long- t mtinued observation by the most eminent minds of this and other a<>-os ; for more than a glimmering of tho laws of heredity was had oven bv the ancients. In classic times there were families of athletes among the Greeks ; and tho extract already given from Xenophon shows that h(> no less understood what a horse should be, than ho did how to conduct tli(> memorable retreat of the ten thousand, and to fight successful battles. Later researches by Galton have shown that the best wrestlers and oars- men belong to a small number of families in whir-h strength and skill have become hereditary. The most successtui of our trotting horses me TUK BREEDING iND «EA1„M OF COLTS. ,47 hor.0. Eclipse bcgae 334, JOamZlZTZ. ^"7! '"""'"' mission of 8tronr ctj^inrsr. ~ — c tniivir^, ana thun 148 THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. The predisposition most to be guarded iignimt in horses, is hereditaiy disability in the bone, sincM-, viscera, and especially in the sight. Defec- tive eight leads to shying, fright and consequent unnianageability, and is therefore dangerous in the extreme, Vn. Atavism or Breeding Back. In breeding, if an abnormal characteristic appears in any of the youn<^ and this is found to be valuable, it should bo sedulously preserved and fostered. What is called broodhig back or throwing back, may occur after the lapse of many years. The occasional appearance of horns in Galloway cattle IS a case in point. Mr. Darwin mentions the occurrence in two of a litter of Essex pigs, of marks of a Berkshire cross, that had laindormanl for twenty-eight years. The reproduction of a peculiarity of an ancestor near or remote, whether of form, color, mental trait or predisposition to disease, is termed atavism. It is a valuable trait when good qualities arc thrown, and they are likely to be, if the good qualities" are inherent It 13 to I)e guarded against, if the «,ualities transmitted are bad. Hence we have laid it down as a rule : Breed to none but the best. Vm. Variation and Development. Variation is among the rarest of the occurrences that the breeder over encounters. It is in fact not susceptible of proof that distinct and well- marked variation of a race is jjossible. Its occurrence is probably due to the throwing back to some long dormant quality of a remote ancestor MS lid animals do not change ; among them one is like the others If tran.sported,thc-ymay be dwarfed in size, and acquireamore abundantcov- ering of hair, while their stomachs and other organs may become modi- fica to suit the changed conditions in a rigorous climate, oi-, with warmth and abundant food they may be increased in size and general develop, ment. But this is not what we understand by variation, which Is not some sudden change in the species. Variation is rather the departure of thenidividual from the well-known traitsof his species or family, and is due a« already stated, to avatism or breeding back to some ancient ancestor and to some remote cross or mingling of blood. Species may acquire certain traits by development, but the process is gradual, and when once attained the traits niay be perpetuated. This development is most gradual in horses, somewhat qul«.ker in cattle, yet faster in sheep, and still more so in swine. Horses breed but once a year, mature the most slowly of all firm animals, and rarely produce more than one young at a birth C-ttlo mature faster, breed younger and frequently produce twins. Sheep ma- t«ro still faster, and often produce two or m(,re at a birth, while swine mature rapidly, breed young, and produce many at a birth. THE BREEDING AND KEAKINO OF COLT8. 149 IX. Transmission of Qualities. In breeding, there are two nninf- fr. k * i . relation to tht t^smi^i™ of't ^qua itic, „, IT °T'f' '""• "■ rule the *e „, p„„ blood. ^o.,ZX :i'^uXLZl^2- ^/ which we mean a mare of m\xJ,l hi^ i .. ^'^'^ °'<^oa«a mare, by resembling himself thi: ho mare SomJlf , "^ 't ""'"^ ^*^""='^ pressing their characteristics Zn'tho .T '' '^'^ P^^^'" "^ ^'"- A fact that is still more s rikinH .h . ^ '^"7 '' '' ^•^'"^'•k-ble degree. >>ringing young ren^X: ;' f L*:; f " Tl^^^'^ ^''^ ^'^ ^-"'ty of If a mare possesses this nocnn.;-f , • ^« ^ «Pecics of atavism, blood should never be sZt^'^,^ 7^^ i^ of pure then she should be served by a siZf L r "•'"'• " °^ '"^^ ^''"^'^ sion of blood, and possessin: t le^l^^^^^^^ ^^ ^" ^''« ^'•^»«-- Agai.., the oftener a fem-de ?s « rv "n ! "'' ""^"^"^ '" *•'« ^"^1- be the likeness of t^ e„v to Z ' ""? ""' ''^" ^^'•""»- ^'» . . progeny to tlie sire, as a rule • imrl f».« ,.fi xi. s-ro IS changed, the greater will bo the danger of vari'a^^i. ,1 ^' Hence, the absolute importance of broedi„r: y^'^t'""^" th" progeny. .0^ ».iu .,e .„„.. a,,', .„o.r;;::::::;:f,;\ ::,:::::•::■: ttiT/ and, hence, ajrain, the hnperative necossilv fr,.,t """"™'-' "-'flMfed ! e.,peoially„„oof p„„ li„L„„, i, ^C' t^,', «f , ''"- '--K ananima of known nuritvr.f M«^ i i . / ' ""^ ""'>" <^o th.tis, having the l^^Z^^:^' ^^ ^V^^ in the same line, impressed with the f.lood of every sire w H L. .' u , ^ ^ '" *''" ^""^ .>ut the first impre. is stronger Z^l^^^l^^ t ^ t ^^ * e.s.ary here to go into a demonstration of these fac?s Th » established that they nv.y bo taken for gnu^fed '^ '" '' ^'" X. The Impress of Color and Form. J^';s::^::,i::;:!— ::r-:;^-- Ne. forehcKirhut too much 1^70 ho.dV '«'"*»■ «'"1 by a «„r in the ing»" are the W del JI ^ " Celri "''; ",""" ■'™""° "'«''- "lor,, a» the cn.y in the PercL™, 1. , ^'"'* '""'° ''"^tori^tio «..d l,.a,* in the Kn.Hi h c!rt .t™ AdL", "■:?": '" "■" ' Vlesdalee, thoy may he , if other. ulT^.' ? *""'"' ""''"■■■'• ■"'""«"' ™i 4 »re due to zi^.T: .z ::!; -r^ rr -"- •- .:iTr„: tittt ::7='t trr^ ;» ^" -- outward form and color to a .L. Ziti'.'"' ''•.''' ""'"-^^^^^ physical fom to a oorrospoudlnr de-sr;/^* t'"", '"''/"f *" '''" '"°«'' «»«<« eeponain,, ,ie. s.^r,. Jf the sire be of the purest ^4 150 THE AMKRICA.V FAUMEK's STOCK BOOK. hneage, h.s .mprcss, uU tluough, will l,o tho stronger, and if the mare be tho purest, her characteristics will predominate. In breedin- up to -i higher standard, be sure, therefore, that tho sire is of tho pures^t and thi most strongly marked characteristics, as to impress of blood. XI. Relation of Size in Sire and Dam. In the production of full-formed, vigorous and synmietrieal animals if It IS desired to inci^easc the size, the mare should be relatively lar-er th' ni the horse. But if tho size is correct, according to the breed, select sir,. and dam of relative size ; that is, select a sire proportionately lar-erth,,, the dam, according to the breed. In Devon and Hereford cattle fi,,- example, the cows are smaller than the bulls, wherein they contrast wi,h the Short-Horns, where the relative size between male and female cor responds more nearly with the relative size of horse and mare Abo, ,. all, never make the mistake of attempting to breed-up the size by usi„. overgrown males. Such an experiment must always end in dis.i.t,.,- ,^ many farmers have found by breeding small mares, which they happ.'n to have, to some coarse, large-boned horse, vyith tho idea of .rettin '™.™ or coi™. J-. breed to lino with indivi 111 object is to breed-up, to ZnaTZ^ ZT' ^'f''' '''^''^'^' ^' the charactenstifs with a view to their n ' /^- !'"'^"« ^'^^ain points and llijaiT,iagigmHiB8B=» '''' "" out cmss, or hrecd to lir.e. a.s the .aso n.ayT^^ -^iiikliW ^Ix're .fa„.ina. strength of constitution m d nof "'"'""'•^ ''"1^"«^«' ; -a..ten.ti,.s arc re„„red. orossi, j ";,;;l"t.^:-''''':':^'--^ constant f''' '- l"'retoforo stnted. must not hn .Wl ^■^' j """='"'^' l''"u^Wi violent ^"^ ""^^ -'-ou can tiud. havil^Z ::^ni^,i^rt^«-^-'^lesto " a always to th^ point that the. «)»« 152 THE AMERICAN FAKMEK's S' JCK BOOK. female must not be bred to a male widely different from herself. Good b'rt:' fi^'^T"""^' r^^'* "^^^^ "« '^^^^^« staunch thorout breds to refine, and to give style, symmetry and speed to the foals -t. Perchorous, or Clydesdales, to increase the size and strength f^tdra ! tho Cleveland Bay, to beget handsome, able horses for the farmt'd Ar As illustrating our meaning, if the reader will turn to tho portrait of Gold Dust, a horse of mixed blood, got by Vermont Morgan, ou of ! btX^n '"'° ^'""•^""'^^T^' '^ -" -- to show a reLltX I bieedn g. Ihe progeny partakes more of the thorou.^h than of ft nnxcd blood. The' cut of Shales, a half-bred horse foaled i'lnX^ early m tho century, and noted during his whole life as a most wonder' fultrotter shows the result of a thoroughbred sire, with a danx of mitd hncago Here the preponderance is in favor of the thoroughbred i-e' The cut of Dervsh shows an example of pure breeding, and m-obablv „f close, or at least line, breeding. He was a little bay A;ab, of'^g eat ^l andhneness, rennu-kableforhis darting, square trot ; that iMor o v ! lll^tl '' '"' «tr.=ghtenh.g the kne.1 before the foo't touched i,;! Vrn. The Best are Cheapest in the End. The highly-bred trotters of to-day, those quite or nearly thorough bred show the value of breeding in line, that is, we repeat, ioZ^ together of animals of close descent, or those havin.; charaeL i^t !. ' common. Many of our best thoroughbred racers shoVe:^^: and-m breedmg, and, as a rule, those bred in the same line of descent a"' jnore mnform m their qualities, than those which have been pnl-od " he un.on of many sul>-families of the same original blood. The £ t,on to close in-and-in breeding is, that, if persisted in, it will ulti m 1 result m weakening the constitution, while' at tho same^ ^ To estabhsh a breed it must be closely followed, departing from (h? ut only .vhen undue delicacy of constitutional vigor is feared. In tt S tate, gregarious animals, such as horses and cattle, breed in and -li f two orthree generations, or until the strongest males become ^ , Lj w th age, or are obliged to succumb to younger and more vigorous^e ^'hich ,s m accordance with the principle of the survival of the ^ / and may be called a modification of in-and-in breed inJ !lt^^^^^^^^^^^^ breeduigtoline. The same rule would be a sound on^ if Id^ Oireful «.lect.on, „ the artificial breeding of domestic In n"l' hlv^ keeping mm.ndl hat in sheep, and especially in swine, the rut^mj I be so closely followed. But in all this, remember constant y ^ THE BnEEDINO AND KEARIVO OF COWS. ^53 best are always cheapest in the end Tf ,a ♦ must bo considered ; but. bo ho rich or poor^if f '^" ^'''^^'"^ ?""« busmess to b.oed to an ill-fonned mulo Laaso ietXa; """^"'""^ Ti , .. ^^' ^^^°"°^°' Stallion and Mare. The selection of the stallion, whilo it will d.,. . • the colts are intended for. should Iwa^^ "/„?r,"^ '''T^'^y "P^'^ ^^at Ho should bo of full modium-sizo ioT'tl-o bt ^^f '''''' '' "^ ^'»^- characteristics wo have proviousirHt 7d ' '"^ '^'''^"'^ P""^'^-^ ">« should bo masculine in eyoryLr ^^u n "7'!!^ ^^ '"^J- Ho strength, firo and courage of then J; X T ^'f '"guishing beauty. in|.ale Tl. outco.: w.ll ^st a'Xo^^'^' '' '' ^-i-o-loo^I young. The marc, whatever he. st' ZjZ '"" '"''^ *" ^^'^ Her beauty needs to bo feminn.. Tu^t as th^^^^^^ ,7"" '' "'^ P"'"^' masculine. She should carry more muscle t flo I H ''''l'""^ "'"^^ ^« more rounded in outline, but bo finer in h'l, ^ f " ^''" ^^"'•««' b« ncr in mane and tail than the stallion Her Ifr 1" , '""''' ""^ t'^^'^" flcetness. her firo that of docile pLn;inessan H "" ''""'^ '" *^^^ ^^ bltion to perform. She should LvVa ,":''"' ^""'"^^ *^"' «^ «'»- horse, and her barrel should bo rather roSer . ,'' "'''"'''"' *'^'^'^ t^" m.-lking qualities should of course bo Jod f T'' '""^">'- Her great measure, the future usefulness of the colt."^"'' '^'^'"'^'' ^" * XV. Servioe of the Stallion. Tlio mare may be served just as sIip ,'« ^ • * . M after her greatest passion of heat las Zf, " T.'t ' '"' '^*^' servce ,s early in tho morning. After being s^'^od ietl ' ' ""'"" ^°'' or, ,f she seem fretful, walk her slowly abo^t.rcaflr"""" ^""*' urn her into a pasture that she may amuse h rT f ! ^'"'" """"*«-^' in a pasture where there is other stock A Z u ^^ ^'''''' ' '^"<= ""t horse on tho eighth or ninth day after 'fo^i.T .?"'"^ ''"^^«'^« the i»g ; upon a second refuel, try .or a^b ™ H t f™""' ''"J' '■>"»«- .-he Ihca rof „,c, she ,„aj. be fair.' ZZZ , ? "', ''"■'' """ «"" ^ « '»-. tl- ">a,-e should ho kept aw f™„ t " 'T'' '""'• ^''°™ "» cstatcdgoldtags : fromridc^l L, or l,„ '"/'""•""' = from badly togono testielo in the h™,„ %1 ° .'." ','.°""»'.'"l«*«Hy goMed. and 1„.,„J h».. men once the ttaV ^rGThl!:; °".t,f "" °"'" '"™" '^"own, and servico given, tho t'. t sr n;."^ i«f rr- r < i. <»i 154 THK AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. mare should l)o returned to the Ixuho as rocommendod, so that the time ma>- not ruu over when the mure should rcfeivo the horse. Forty-four weeks being the usual time the maro goes witii foal, if the service of the .taU hon is delayed it will bring the birth of the next foal too late, perhaps, i„ the next year ; and, possibly one your may have to be intermitted in breed, mg. jrVT. The Period of Oestation. Gestation, the carrying of the young, continues, on uu avera^^e, eleven months or forty-four weeks. This period may, however, according t„ the observations of Mr. Youatt, be diminished by fiv, weeks, orexteiulcd by six weeks. Thus it will be seen that there is .1 variation of nearly eleven weeks, or nearly three months. M. Fessicr, a French observer counting 582 mares, tinds the longest period 419 days, the shortest '>.S7 days and the average IVM days. In an observation by M. Gayot on twenty-live mares,the average w.i.s 343 days, the longest period .')(i7 daVsand the shortest period .'?24 days. Small mares, as a rule, go a shorter time than large ones, and a mare is apt to carry a horse colt longer than one which is a female. The observations of M. Fessier may be taken as the most conclusive, since they were extended over a period of fortv years. Treatment During Gestation.— The mare should not be worked innno diately after being served. Once quieted, it is proper that she have ordi- nary work uutd within about three months of the time of foalin.^ After this she may do light work, not fast work, with benefit to herseTf and the foal. Care, however, must ', taken that she do not slip ,n strain hers.lf nor fall down. ' Xvii.. "^fsvntment Alter Foaling. After foaling, and until tu., olt is a month old, the mare should do no work. In fact, no valuable maro should do any work, certainly not more than enough for exercise, until the colt bedns to eat irrass and -min freely. There are more colts dwai-fed, and mares injured, by the'^il'mi being worked hard while sucklingthc colt, than at any other time, and l.v all other means whatever. She is then weak, liable to become overheated and any disability experienced by the mare will surely be participaicd in by the foal. XVin. How to Kdow ii a Mare is in Poal. As already stated, if the marc refuse th<. horso upon the third trial on the twenty-first day after service, she may bo considered to be ith foal. Between these trials, however, if the maro be not gravid, or in foal, the lips of the vacina will ho moi«<^ i...;„i,* and -^ • f. • • •• appearance, touchec wil will he dry before was ( the belly wil movements 1 mare at rest fore-finger c From one to liH and sw the three wee ai)pearance is the spinal ext will I)e more 1 fill, and two c a gummy sub 'iVhat<\ cr tl mare cannot g and Awl'-litter entirely to hen ical aN>istance the size of the sud(l(>n fright , s all, the germs ai The jjreventio ])lenty of fresh i strain or acute d what difficult to about a concurrei taikc-i to pa-Vent THB IU.KKDIXO ..VO KKAB.xa OK COI.TS. 155 appearance, aud with a fresh droi. of fl. • i ... . touches .ill i,.,,i„„ t, ,,t;„77 '2 f '^ "t the louver part, which hoing will he dry „„d of a dirt. L , ^^?''^'"'' ""'•^''^^ «f tl,. v,. ^ before was elcar fluid, wdfl.o d ik an l"! "^ '"'"'"' ^^''"« "'« ^r- , the hclly will lH.,M„ t<. Bwell. a,;, at the end 0^;! 4'^ *'" '"'^'^ "" '' movements of the fc«tus „.ay bo seen by ..al 'in! " f"'' """^'^ ^'^^ mare at rest a,.,' pressing „,,8har,>lv in f^fl f' "' '^^ «t""d"'fe' the Xrx. HowtoKnowthePoalinirTimo .he apinal cx.c,„i„„, „, though L ", ■ f '° «"'. '"" ™ ' ' -d" of "ill 1.0 mom and moro m>^^„tZlh, ■ ""I'"™""? "« 1 This «U, „„d ,w„ days. goncrX t „";r:„ S'lT''"- .^'' '^ -« MM * ., . ^^' ^® Coaling StaU. ' ■ uaT''> cr the place provided for fo-il" man, cannot get her limbs roii.rh tho"£ ! '"''^ '"^ '" *'"&'''*^ ^^at the and ...I).littered .vith short, fine straw an7 1'"' '' ''''"'^ ""' ^'^^ -ilrelytoherself. exeeptin those e^^^^^^^^^ should be left leal as...tance in foaling. This howLr ^ ,? '""-^^ "^^^ '"^^han- r^ .. . "^^^ Abortion, or SUnkinjr the Pn^i From the t me when num- bers m the South, and this branch of husbandry will undoubtedly a-iin assume more than its original importance. ; for the agri,-ullural interests of tliat section are steadily growing, and a (H)nstaut improvem,.nt is noted in the (piahty and numbers of the live stock. What the jaeks should b.> may be sec, in th(. illustration <.f a Poitou ass a modificatioi. of the best form of tl... Spanish jack, on pa-e If,!. m..l that of the best form of the mule in the <.ut on page ]«0, showing the manner of triiiuning, (roaching) the mane and tail. The eut of a Spanish jennet g,iven above will also <-onyey an a<-curate idea of the best form of jennet. mg 162 TIIR AMKRICAN :"AKMKI{ S STOCK BOOK. V. Longevity ol the Mule. The longevity of tlie mule is proverbial, it was a conimoii saying dur- ing the civil war that "mules never died;" they might sometimes lio knocked over hy a shot, l)ut if one ever died a natural death the army wags refused to (credit or record the fact. Pliny gives an account of one, taken from Grecian history, that was eighty years old ; and though past labor, followed others, that were carrying materials to build the temple of Minerva at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them ; which so pleased the people, that they ordered ho should have free egress to tho grain market. Dr. Keos mentions two that were seventy years old in Bnglaiid. Mr. P. S. Skinner says, "I saw myself, in the West Indies, a mule perform his task in a cane mill, that his owner assured me was forty years old ;" and adds, writing nearly twenty years ago, "I now own a marc mule twenty-five years old, that I have had iu constant work twenty-one years, and can discover no diminution of her powers ; she has within a year jjast often taken upwards 'of a ton weight in a wagon to Boston, a distance of more than five miles. A gentleman in my neighborhood has owned a very largo mule about fourteen years, that cannot be less tiian twenty-eight years old. Ho inform«!d me, a few day since, that he could not perceive the least failure in him, and would not exchange him for any farm horse in tho country. And I am just informed, from a source enti- tled to perfect confidence, that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent agriculturist, near Centervillc, on the ciistern shore of Maryland, owmsh mule that is thirty-five years old, as capable of lalxir as at any former period." VI. Value ol Mules for Labor. It is beyond dispute that mules will (continue to lal)or for at least dou- ble the period of tho usofuhuiss of the horse. They endun; extreme heat better, but are pinched with cold. It is a mistake to suppose that the nmle will snl)sist on far less food than the horse. In pi-oportion to size, they re(iuire about the samd in their use. In summer, when a horso would seek the shade, we have seen mules lie prone in the sun and enjoy the heat. For ordinary farm labor and all teaming purposes, mules become more and more valuaide as we go south of 40 degrees. As wo ASSKS AM) MlLK.s. 163 pioceud north they l)ecome less and less serviceable, and few are found in use nor... of 45 degrees. Vn. Mules are not Vicious. It is generally supposed that the mule is naturally vicious. This is a mistake. He is resentful and never forgets an injury ; and if subjected to a long course of ill usage ho at length becomes vicious. On the other hand, no animal is more susceptible to kindness, or will exert himself more strenuously for a kind master. Nevertheless, the mule must have a mas- ter, one firm and yet kind. The mule, as some of our readers probably know, has a most perfect means of ofPens,>and defense, namelv, his heels PERCUEltON MARK AN1» .Mll.K KOAI.. These he knows how to use to far better purpose than does the horse. I hey are not used, however, except under the impulse of fear or reven-^e If kuidly used the mule is at once amialdc, tractable and willin.^ to per- form any due amount of labor. On the contrary, if ill used he becomes sullen, vicious and often balky in the extreme. Vni. The Breeding of Mules. In the breeding of mules, as of all other a.u.nals, attention must be paid to the use for which they are intended. If f„r {.ackiug in the moun- tHuis, small, compact mules, such as are bred from small, fine Spanish ■aiif.ifcii>.tf..rtf,» 164 THK AMKUIfAN FARMKR.s STOCK HOOK. jacks, arc rcciuirc on Southern plan lirod from mart'c Millies for till! rou Tlicso aro served ulion Avcll inatclu man's and of llu; ; |in'('ediiif,'ilia|)tcr made ooniplctciv ; they may l)e broken i'niiiir tliem, uiid hit off vvitliout much tj ihey are four years tion is simihir to tha iilcntic.il witli the at ■^hoAvs a roomv Pei-c of luules as wiulerei A8SK.S AM) \HXK8. !«;") jacks a e re.,u,r.d. I l.^sc, are at on... aj,nlc. and .uro-footcd. F,.r work oa SoutluM-n plantat.ons .„...li»,n-si„Hl muh-s an, n.ost sought. Tl.o.o v inulcsforthoroadand foihravv l,.-m,in.- I r,. , '""ncuing ri , .. '"•'».> ••.iiiiiii;;, larirc, vooinv iiiarcs arc used I eso arc s.rv.d w„h 11... iar...sl ja..k>, and at tin., varsold .■ I. Id ■nan. and oftl.., .....I. ...ts .....dd ,. p.,,.,.^ ,„,. „,,1^ :! ^ i.n.mhM^n .a,>...... Tl.. col.s should •- l.andl.. r "'"■ "■ ""■>■ '"-'y '■•■ ""' *" f"'" -• 1 .1 to,, ,« ,,„„,,. ,„ ,i,„t „r ,,,„ I,,,,,,., ,„„, „,„ ,.„,„ ,i„.i,. „ ; ,*.,.,..al w,H, the aUvicc f,„. „,„t „„i,„,„. Tl,„ illu*,.,i„„"„ " ^ 6 *o,,.., ,,„„„, ,v,.,.i„.,,„, ,„„,.„ ,„„, „„„„ f,„„. ^„„^.„ ,, , |"f ;,'^; ot mules as wiutcivd lu mild <-liMnites. "^ ^ CHAI»TEK XI. HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. I. TUKOLD8Y3TKM AND TIIK NEW II. TIIK AMKRKAM WAY BETTER THAN THE FN QLI8U III. DIKKEKENCE HETWEEN BUEAKINCJ ANUTKAININ.K— -IV. FiaSMKn' SONS. V. LEAHNINOTOI.EAI. VI. TO MAKE A COI.TCOMETO YOU. VIl' l'l.T 80N3I>(80I'NI>8I(»NAI,S. VI.I. KI.EXION.S. IX. THE PKOPER A A 8 TAI.l.lON KOK SEKVICK —XVI TKAININOKOU DKAFT. XVII. HOW TO HAVE A (iOOI) PLOW TEAM YVII rORMINO A()OOI» .SADDLE HORSE. XIX. THE DIKFEKENT GAITS. ^XX TIIA w ma TO TUOT IN HARNESS. XXI. FOKMINO A TROTTER. XXII. TO 't«AIV i KACEU. XXIII. MADDLI.NO. XXIV. HAUNESSINO. I. The Old System and the Wew. Und(>r tho oW system of truining, mi animal was subauod by main fono. Wliat ho learned was acquired under the impulse of fear. Under the new system, an animal is taught to depend upon and trust his master, by convincing him that he will not bo injured. Under the old system, tho whip and spur, and "terrible voice," were tlio moans used to drive' and force him up to, and beyond, an object that might bo terrifying to a yoim seem to think that horses have ,ut tw^ n„.uLse.s_to eat and to injure. In America, colts are the pets of Z oysof the family, and, while running with the nmre, thev become ub,tuat,ed to a I the sights and noises of the farm. They nev^- JZZ now the.r real strength as a resisting power against man ; that power TV, : *" Hccordingly insisted, as the result of experience that the edncation of aninuds should begin at a verv earlv agerwh 7 he 1.0W.U- o res.stan<. ,s snndl. For, if once an animal finds tha the ^uZ nor n,temgence of the n.aster is „,ore than a nmtch for brute force kbd ness and careful lessons will thenceforth easily complete the edu iio: o all farm animals, and especially that of the young hot.,.. m. Difference Between Breaking and Training Thedifference between -breaking" and training mustalready be appan nt to the reader. The aim of the first is il subdue, a.fd for^ a promptly resorted to as the readiest means to this end. The eon pan^ tively-weak but intelligently directed brute-force of the master wfl^ .ourse, generally win, and the animal, broken in spirit, becomes a^auW a on, perfornnng through fear what he cannot avoid by r "s tie ^ those cases where the superior force of the animal winsf he is thencefor ward VU..OUS and tricky, and passes fron. one master oLothrun«r won, out m the struggle, he either ruins himself or becomeslhedrudt* of some reckless and brutal teamster. ^ Training, on the other hand.. consists in teaching the younc^ animal to know that, whde the master must be obeyed promptly and impli tTy ^e . tru y an indulgent master, requiring nothing but what is ne'e sf^ to Biwwmri •(•#' 1(5« THK AilKKlCAN KARMKlt\s STOCK IJOOK. No horse broken by muin-streiigth .md brute-force is quite siife for a woman to ride or drive, unless she be a complete horsewoman. The more wilful of them are never safe for any Avonian to drive. A horse carcifully trained, however, is always safe foraAvonian to drive, if she Ik not especially nervous, atid has accustomed hc^rsclf to the guidauco of horses ; the oidy exceptions l)eing such animals as by defective orpmiza- tions are naturally vicious, cowardly, timid from inij)erfect sii>lil, or tainted with insanity. These defects have already been mentioned iu the chaptcjr on breeding, Hnd«'r the head of heredity. IV. First Iiessona. As before stut(;d, the first lesson to be imparted is that of reliance on the will of the master. This lesson in obedience should be g\\ni at weaning time, or MJicn the colt is fust haltered to bo stabled. If it has been haltercjd, as recommended, when <]uite young, there Avill be no resist- ance. If this has not been done, the colt must bo driven into a confined space where it cannot escape. Take the halter in both hands, and keep holding it to the coit until it will touch it with the nose. Do not hurry. The important thing here is to show the animal that there is nothing dan- gerous about a halt(M-. When the colt c(>ases f o fear, place the halt(>r on the head <]uickly, and fasten it. If it show no serious fear, tie it up at once. If it seems frightened, allow it to wear the halter a lil tie time before tying up. When you fasten it, do so securely, for at soino time or other it will try to break away. AVhen this occurs, halter and strap should bo strong enough to resist ev(>ry effort. When it ceases to pull, it is thoroughly halter-wise, so far as standing (piictly is conecrniMl. It will have ceased forever to pull at the halter simply to free itself. V. Learning To Lead. The next lesson before the colt is learnijig to hjad. You should have a small yard, into Avhich you can take the colt. Provide yourself wi( ha light switch, and also with a lino about ten feet long, to be tied to the end of the halter. Let the colt play around in a circle, if it chooses, for » time. Approach him gently, take the halter by the nose-band with the left hand, while holding the switch in the right Iiand. If the coK rear, Kuppoil yourself with the right hand, by grasping the top of tlu; neck to keep the colt down. Use no undue violence. Do not strike it. AVhen it gets through floundering, it will thereafter be (juiet. Next take the halter in the right hand, and bid the colt go on. If it refuse, tap it under the belly with t\ui switch, until it moves. If it rears agani, a^rain subdue it. So continue until it moves forward. Then talk VI. To Make a Colt Come to You. Have a long flexible whii). Place yourself just .so far ahead of the colt that you can easily toudi him Iji the flank, and then bid him -come here " at the same time pulling on tho halter. If he will not come, tap him m the flank, or on the fore legs, and so continue until he obeys. If he pulls back, checkhim, and continue touching him until he comes up. Then pet him and give him a small taste of sugar, or something he likes. Continue 111 tins way until ho comes readily at the word. The colt will not always become perfect under the first or second lesson . Perseverance will accom- plish each and every other lesson more easily than if violence were used. Vn. Lessons in Sound Signals. ^- We have shown that the first lessons are to accustom the colt to prompt obedience to the will of the trainer, as expressed by the voice or signals. The voice, however, nmst be the chief reliance. The sic^nal by sound, should precede the signal by sign , or the check by the strap or rein • and should always precede the tap of the w' •',, when the whip is necessary! A child IS taught to speak through . . power of imitation. Kit never heard spoken language, it would never learn to articulate speech. So, the same word should always be used, to induce the perform- ance by the colt of a certain act, as : Whoa ! Back ! Go on ! Come here \ When this has been accomplished, and the colt has been taught to stand atrc«t, tolead quietly or to circle about the tutor, at the end of the rem, he should next be taught to follow the master about the yardwith- out leading, first with the halter strap in the hand, the tutor backing as the eolt follows, and afterwards with the strap over the neck of the colt The preliminary lesson in backing may be taught, by taking the colt by the head, standing in front of him, and using the word "back " at the same time, pressing in the proper direction, and tapping it on the breast, if necessary. After a time the animal will back promptly and continuously at the word. This lesson, and all others of flexions, must be taught with the bridle and bit, since to back easily and properly, the head must be raised. In all first lessons the form of the halter is ini])ortaut. Wo give that of a good one, which will not hurt the colt unless he pulls strongly on it. Uiion ceasing, the halter will let up of itself. When r.ncethe animal is taught to stand quietly, an ordinary halter may be used. t 1 1 I j ^IL ^|f ! ' . i\ : *" i "-;,! isk A GOOD hOKH rO« A IIALTKR. stp 170 Tim AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. Vm. Flexions. That tlie colt may be able pioii)i)tl.v to tuin in any direction, what are called flexions should be practiced. The mor«! simple of these are, nisnig the head high, putting it down close to the ground and then rais- mg It, turnmg the head to the right or the left side, with the nose close to the body, but obliquely to it, etc. B^ull instruction in these flexions need not be perfected until the animal is two or three years old ; and, in fact, but little of this exercise is actually necessary, except with the^'ad- dle horse. "For saddle horses, flexions are especially important, since the object of them is to render the head, neck, body and limbs supple and capa- ble of varied action . A curb-bit is necessary to their proper performance, and hence only preliminary and simple lessons should be given the colt,' for the curb should not be used until the animal is nearly ready for work.' At the proper age, put on a bridle with a curb-bit, taking care that it fits properly in every part. Between the |L-hain and jaw, the finger should sfip easily, and the bit should just touch the upper part of the lips, and that only in the slightest manner. Stand in front of the horse, take the off or right rein with the right hand about six inches from the branch of the bit, and the near or left rein with the left hand, at about half the dis- tance from the branch. Draw the right hand to the body, and press with the left, so as to turn the bit in the mouth. If the horse backs, follow him up, pressing steadily until he lowers his head, and flexes his jaw. Then slip the left hand along the rein until it is opposite the ri^ht hand and press the head to the breast, holding it curbed perpendicuTarly but obliquely to the right, until the horse will maintain the position himself. Then flex the jaw to the left by a reverse action to that above given. Teach the horse to raise his head high and perpendicularly, by taking each rein, six inches from the branch, and raising, and pressing slightly back. Teach him to lower the head by a contrary action. Next teach him to sway the head to the right and to the left, to raise and lower the head alternately, by means that will readily suggest themselves. Tt will surprise you to find how soon the average horse will understand. In all this, use no undue violence, and above all bear in mind that a curb-bit is a pow;erful lever, and must be carefully handled. When (he animal is perfect in these flexions, tiike the reins in the left hand, near the branches of the bit ; and standing close by and facing the shoulder, holding the head fairly ui), and to you, induce the animal to move his hind feet, in a circle from you, the fore feet remaining stationary, as a pivot. This lesson perfect, make him stand firm l)ehind, and move his fore parts from you in a circle. There are many other flexions taught in the menage ; but the foregoing are sufficient for a saddle horse or light HOW TO TKAIN A HORSE. 171 ing hon,e and tlv. •> tre not necessary unless the animal be intended . this kind of work, or for racing or trotting. Remember one thing. u h only one lesson at a time. ^ ^ gain, lot us repeat the caution, never to use undue violence, and L ^T T'' "'''' 'P^'^^ ^'''^' ^^ i'^'^ '^' r-'^^' or act upon wZr r";' ^'""^«"i-*-totrain.„otbreakthe wilh .17' ^\Z ""f ''•^*^"^« ^'^« ^'^h, and performs it, reward it wth somethmg It hkes. and let it rest; a bit of carrot, or su^^ar for instance, goes a gi-eat way with a young horse. IX. The Proper Age for Work. The preliminary training may go forward from the time the colt is six months old unt, the age of two years is reached. It will by this time be qujte submissive to the will of the trainer, and without fear. A paT with light s irrup-leathers attached, may be put on. and the colt be allowed to play about the yard with it, at the end of the rem. A well- fitting bridle may be put on, with keys attached to the center of the bit. with which the colt may amuse itself. When the colt is one year od and over, the crupper-strap may be put on. and the little animal may 1)6 reined loosely to the top of the pad. Later, the side reins may ^ put on. and the head gradually drought into position. ^ The colt, if stabled, should be regularly cleaned. His feet should hfi raised and the hoofs lightly tapped wifh a hammer. He hould ^ taughtto lead, walk and trot, beside the trainer. THus at the age o twc years if well-grown. he will be ready to be trained to light work^ or T^^ used to be put, "broken to harness." ' Ji^tnf ^.^ ''"•'' of treatment we have laid down, he will have learner he u e of the reins,_to go back, or forward, and to turn to the right or fol o7h" ' "f ''r° '"''' '^ "'" ""''' «""«^-- '^- himself, and no fear of h^ master. In nine cases out of ten. if the colt has been aught to lead beside a well trained team, and used to the rattlin" Z H^gon, he will go off pretty much like an old horse, except for hi^ super- abundant life, the first time ho is harnessed, loijnis super- X. Harnessing and Driving. Two years is the best age for putting the colt to light work. He has bettor teeth then than at throe years old. and has arrived at the per^ when careful driving will assist to spread and develop the frame The CO t will, of course, first have been taught to allow himself to be hanu^ssed and unharnessed kindly. Put the harness on cTefullvlH h.tch him up beside a well-trained horse, usually on the offlid^ ^ start the team ; then, if he plunge, bo nnp Ho no !f i.^hi-f - In ^lo-tree of the old horse, so that ho can pull aU^lio tfd ^fZ:^ I ■a $1 ^.^^UUi'ii,, "H* 172 TIIK AMKIfKAN lAIi.MKK-S .ST.KK HOOK. and bid them go. If the c.lt pluniro and mir koon th» .» i u motion, and talk to the colt. f he show to'> mu -h t ^^^ T cuts of the whip wi„ bring hi. to i^: iz ^;^::z\:^:^: once, and repeat if noeossniM. n-i.:. i- • i- i ""'"""^ n'^stiike bi , pcai ir necessaij. llus diseiplnie, administered with n... hit;*"!,;;:;"""' "■"-' "•^■'*"- """•« -"^-'-y- -S::; 3C[. The Age for Real Work. Having performed light work, when from Uvn t.. iU. U the CO... huvo ret du'ri,,, th„ 'twel™,,^ "h 1 I^'et ZrVo L"""; to giow. At live years they may l,e put U, real work, ,„d thev will f , go o„ getting better and wiSer, unfil they are ei..ht wa^ „ 7 , 1 age a h„r.e»h„„ld be kindand Without fe/r„l:;"':i::t^^^^^ fit for a,jy „„e to drive, who ean hold the reins, and L jud^ent e^ to keep fmm running against obstacles. ^memenougl, _fhtr-'tii;-r-re:i'7^^^ w i^derrtrdrtr - -' - -"°'^- "-^^^ XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt. The narrative of how the writer oiiee «iihrl.wwi j tenable to the Will, a pairo, ^M:;,^^:^^^:;^:''^ had never even been haltered, may prove interestin^r Vh« n^u l^l'^'^ purchased from a p<...on who wa.f ^ eapit^r^la ^ t^^^^^ believed in never handling a colt until four vears old «n^ tK— tainly better than imperfect handling. Thrtwo were 7X1 1 \r ^nto a close stall. From the outsid'e of the ^Z'Z^^ 1^1 which no violence was used, but. on the contrary, soothing wTdsi, cavesson halters, such as are shown in .ssible Our horseman friend superintended onr^l^ f Tot: The col s were allowed to find their way each into so, arate ya ds Tho men picked up the ends of the rope, and the struggle bean The masters' part was simply to direct the nrovements of the men and talk, each to his own colt. In ten minutes the reirino- ^ i • ' one colt was over, and in less than Hfteermi;;::;::^^::^::^;^^ other had cease hausted, allowe^ himself to be g( Standing a sh and a cord attac ends of the ropi the knee after e' fear the master, other, came fom dog. They were led bitted, and their t was ridden, and i They were brokei bits, accustomed 1 submissive to the could not be quiet Some colts are r resented in one of fortunately have oi halter him and get less than twenty fe himself, proceed to ing manner. Hav< on him ; also fasten cingle, with a strap around the fetlock. around the arm, and with a similar loop, under the surcingle, the bridle by both re rears to free himself, cingle, and when he gles, press his head f and he will fall over still, the horse shoulc he should be allowed must be gone over ag This is essentially I cept under extraordi 13 HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. ^^^ Other had ceased; in less than fm hausted, allowed the hand of tL7ZrT't" ^^ '^ '^' ^«>*«' «- himself to be gently fondled. "" ^^^''''^ "" ^^« ^ose, and Standing a short distance beforo fh« « u -., and a cord attached to the rinrof the tl^^ ^.' '''^•'^'' "^'^ '" ^-^ ends of the rope, but slack I LI f h! u ' ^^ """" '*"* ^"^ing the the knee after e^ery word, tiJh tt 'dTf tr\'°'"^^'' ^^PP^^^^^ "" fear the .aster, only the assistantVa'd soo^ ^T ^'^ '''''' ''' °«^ ot^, ca.e forward promptly, and withtnThot^rid ^Lltkf I bitid^^^^^^^^ sturVitiL^r k'^^ ^^ -- TOS ridden, and in ten days thev wp.-« i ™'' ^ ^««k each of them They were broken. durii/tL ^LT ? trT'- ^^^''^^ ^"^ <^™- bits, accustomed to various odd 72^ and . "f ""''^^ ^^^^^ ^-^- submissivo to the voice and will of the 1 .^^ ^"'^ ^'^" ^«"*J«red could not be quieted by a worT ' '''^'" '^''^^^ f«ar that Xm. Handling a Vicious Colt. Some colts are naturally vicious Tha h a xt ' resented in one of the illustrations given t^h cJT^ Z^""^^^ '"^P" ortunately have one, get him into aldose ^^^^^^^ ?.'• '' ^^ »- halter him and get him in the vnr-A ' ^*^° ^'"^ securely in less than twenty'f eef at Ze^enr'^^Z^LZT 'f ^'^^^--/not himself, proceed to make him lie down This l^^f '^ "°^ '""^^^'^^ mg manner. Have ready a stron- br'idl. , *r" '^''"'' ^" ^^« ^""ow. on him ; also fasten aromfd the efrac^r^ v! ! ""''"'^*' ^"^ ?"* ^^ cingle, Hith a strap for the fore leTha^r f'"'" ^ «""^ P^^^^^^ sur- around the fetlock. Raise the le.. "buckVe f h! 7 .'^ u '^''" ^^•"^' *'ght around the arm. and you have him :; he canno'f^^^^^ mth a similar loop, but no buckle, ar"urtt "ff f^f f ' ''^"^^^ ^^''^l' under the surcingle, taking the end in Z .• u. , f'"""^ ' ^''''' ^^e end the bridle by both reins ; cLt oif the ham^ "^' ^^"^ *'" ^^^^*^-'^«P« rearstofreehimself,pulUightthe LthTS"^"'^"^ ^ e;ngle, and when he comes down it C^l b':^ "reT""' "'^'^^ *^« «"- gles, press his head from you, by puZl tL i ^. ^"'"'- ^« ^^^ «trug. and ho will fall over on fhe ide."^ Wh!n t "" '''' ""'' '" "^«^' still the horse should be fondled, th^ straust.f" 7 "^''"'^' ^"^ ^-« he should be allowed to rise. If 'not eiZl 17 ^ '"^ '^'^" '^ ^'™«' must be gone over again. ^"'^ ""^'^^^^d' tli« «ame thing This is essentially Mr. Rarev's nlan Tf ^ cept und«r o^—v-^;-^ • "®®** "^^er be rPQort^-^ *,-^ — I; I m> j 1^ !■ ' ' if: *# 174 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. b^,a accustomed to handling horses, and understand the movements neo essary in overcoming vicious and rearing animals ™°^««^«"t« nee Another plan is to hopple the horse and throw him down but th. we have described is the best and most successful It T' u "!" attempted, however, except in a yard soTo^l^yltTa^^Z ' soft material that the animal will not hurt itself in Lhng " XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. No person who is not well assured of his own power should h„v„ thmg to do with a vicious horse, especiallv if the Zma] V ^'"''^' some physical infirmity, s«ch as'par'tial ^:li^2^^T'^ the horse has been made trickv bv a nrpvim,. +• a ^^^^' ^^^' ^^ » not .o bad. Go into the s Jie wLt hTh "a ZZll ii "" firm voice. P„t . stro„g ,„affle bridle o„ b m, at irby the biT ": 1 :rr^ir:bo,Ji^bt::^T,;;s^^^^^^^ :^z-r^br:b^^~-i-£S over the fleshy part of the le^. If he rear, cut him over the fore et -never, however, giving more than one stroke at a time ° When he bacJ.:, take him into a small, close yard, and make him nh you. comi.^ forward, backing, or standing, as you order If t^ show. >n3of temper, or unruliness, proc^^d to make hTm 1 e do J"'" before directed. But a horse that has been in the hli nf t V"' own way .^th a previous master, is thereafL Lit ta^^f a^J'.lt drive, except him who h. . become his conqueror ^ ' In making a horse Ue down, never use undue violence On., fi strapsarefastened. you Lave him completely in youTpowI; Let hf struggle; it will do him good. You have simnlvT Z^ /^«t him • f™. b„rti„„o„ a.d A tbe propltlrr?^ ^^^^^i^L^' -'» otb^r?™. l^l-^T ''°™' ""'' "J"'"'- ''"'» l-™ " t-uffalo robe, or an, other object he dislikes ; touch him with it, and let him ton^h it „°.I , ^ «ose^ When be at length smells at it, let Hm sat fy bimaUt J'n not hurt him At the flrst attempt at putting him doZ, f, t » J^ advantage, let b,m rise and then try again. When, however, Z I e him m your power and quiet, soothe him: pass ;onr hand Zcalcd v over his body ; breathe in hi, nostril, ; open hi, mouth ; geutWr* hU ear, and nose, and let him ta,te of something he likes ThulbT , ,i ' judgment, knowing your own power and ability to manage an a„im» S m„,t VICIOUS can be ,ubdued to your will, if „„t to that ^f other div.r HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. For the reason Z'. T^^- ''*^°" '°'^-- nocessar^thathisactual traininJ^ li Jr! ,^ .^^^^^"g' ^t is absolute y .ust.b.«tab,ed. unless a pa.ture1;';^:id^ hI day. The ordinary training to lialter anH .k 7*^ ^« ^^J run every fomard, to back, to stand.to go kbl " / .k' ^^^•''^«' ^^^^ning to go jnay bo proceeded witU mu'ch rsin^'::^^'''' "'^ ^"^ ^ ^^-t tioii to these exercises, he should fT + ! ^"^ ^^^^'^ «olt. In add! descnbe the figure eight, to kneel, to sitnnK i, ''"''* ^^ command, to to come as suddenly down at the wo^f " "T""''* «"^ *« rear and -I"-ed he should be exercised in them fr "f ^^^^« '«««««« being -.eins^ntlyto .s master at ^^ ^^T^L::^^:^ It will take time all f hJo k ^ i. to keeper about as' th„„gt\'':'^tra'T'' '"' "'" ■""""»'°°-' "-Wn* «tu.Ue„s„„ „, service fs at IZWm' ''"^'"^'' '" '■■'°- ^t™ thf '° ""'"•* '"iu-mly mares. *" »™ ""-y an accident, whl ». used sharply and strongTy L ^„bd„e ^^''T ™» ""'P ■»" "C •"onth open, strike him suddlnYv T^ "°- " •"> ""■>■« «t you ,nth »", ™t bta across tbe for^trTL'Tr"'^ "■" »- « he ^ bHttriSraTbe^jr b'-r'-^^'"- -- ""- onoe ^., istinc. a word o, co™ Jd ^bTre- *7 r"""' ^ "PaS b.^' iJie horse and master shnnU -. the strongest brut^ore t.^^^^l-; ^-P- «t the sametime I, once thoroughly trained, never"! ht"."^ '"''^"^" ^^^^ a staTi'on fj ^^.room, and one of calm fo^g^ 'LT ^' ^ ^^^"^"^'^ -^^^^^^ be either aoused or spoiled. And du2 .k ^^'^ ''^'"^^'e an animal to !""> to be ndden from one Btat",„ 7n ^ 1 ''"'**" "'^^'^i^^e. neve^lW another horse, eve. when ta^g ^ .aX ^ • ''' ^''""'^ ^« ^«S bethorough. outof the season !fseS '"'''"'' This exercise sho^d a month's duration immedl.tel i ' ^"""^P* *°r a Pe^orl .* r— - ~ '^^'•> "^^'- tfe season. Durin.rfh«^ "^ ■L/unng the season. 1 'I* ^1 Id .H 17(5 THE AMERICAN yARMER's STOCK BOOK. If tho exercise must be sufficient to keep the muscular condition well un and the digestive organs in perfect order. Thus only canyon expect 1« have the most perfect colts as the produce of your sire. XVI. Training lor Draft. A horse to be used safely for draft, requires less training than any other He has but one thing to learn ; viz : to exert his strength to 'the best advantage when occasion requires. To accomplish this, he should be daily exercised at a dead pull, being careful always not to overload until he has acquired his maximum strength, which will not bo until the age of eight or nine years is reached. Training to the Wagon.— The wagon-horse should be trained to trot steadily with a light load, and to walk fast with a medium load He must turn readily to the right and left, and describe short circles ; he should also be taught to stop suddenly, by throwing himself in the breechincs so as to hold a wagon steady in going down hill, and last, but not^c'ist important, he should be taught to back all that he can draw forward. XVn. How to Have a Oood Plow Team. A plow team should be thoroughly under control. The animals should be trained to the v ord, fully as much as to the rein, and taught to obey promptly the slightest signal. They must be evenly mat<;hed for strength and agility ; for a fast, fresh horse, and a slow, dull one together, are bad enough anywhere, but worst of all at the plow AVith fluchateam, no plowman can do good work, and without good plowin- we need not expect good crops. The team should be taught to move forvyird without crowding together or pulling apart; at the end of ihe furrow the horse describing the l*. suddenly without danger of 1^2 ' \ ^'i'""^** ^"''^ '^«" *« -^-1 plished by a turn of tie hind let L, ""^7 J""'' '^"^^ '^ — just after the impulse is partiall"^^^^^^ /^^^^ '?"- - *b« -' and A saddle-horse should nl^n kI . u/ ^""'^''''^ movement, in motion ; and under Ihat.e;'^^^^^^^ '^}^^'^^^ ^oot, while manner in which a personXn Js he I V 'l"^" '^ ^^"S'^* ^^°"^ ^^e of another person. The horse's L„^ lead,ng foot in catching the step line by pressure on the br^Terl^:^^^^ ^^^^^^'^^^ -^ o^ foot of the rider. This will throw thA^^ I'J Pressure of the opposite line of progression someZ a^Ts done af ? 1"°"^ ^"* '' *^« -^-^ liar movement of the limbs thdrmotln' "V '^"^^' '^"^ t^en by a pecu- leading with the right foreie^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^"«' ^^^^6 horse is heel turn the croup to the leff ^7 ^^ ^ ^^^ "S*^*' ^-^^^ ^ith the forgotten. ^ ' ^'^*' ^"'^ "^^^ ^^^*«- Once learned, it is never XIX. The Different Gaits. Galloping i, perforLodl^l 2% !, 1'°"' °' ""' "Ik- more nearl^ ailltanelswllLet '"7' ..'k' ''"''' ""' ""■"'^' "» .0 that when the horse ia ™l^at Tpeed t, "'' '"' ''™"''" "'°™' in 1-2 time. Then the miS°:^'>!^t 1 '°°™'"""' '' W«"tly tail straight bnt. The gaT L tSv f """""■ ^* '«'»<' "-d exhausts the animal. ^ ^"' """"^^i™ of leaps, and soon «.o'r::hi:rtrhSdt rdTdrr'' t'"" ■« ^^"•'»='- -^ "■• Thus when an animal aeonires the dt "''f "'™"" ""■'"^ *« body. »de cantor, if he « handsITa ^ M oZ^'e "' *^'";.™'>"'. P™-n. menu, he i, almost priceless tL „! °*'"^^"»'™»l»"ding accomplish- ingthe horse in to get h Lad wein 7'°.".! """"•"■ '' »""="" ''/-^i»- pace required. Thus tte s oter heles''r "" "'"'"''"''"« ''™ '" '"« * To teach this, the spur itSr.rtTithS::^ "'" "'"" 4';rfrtrh'L:t-:r- . - -^-p <, fasC and i, «. - f «« 178 THE AMRKICAX FAUMEK'S STOCK BOOR. I/I Besides these, and other artificial modifications of the gallop, the pace and Its modifications, aro the only other gaits which a horse may ho tau.ri,, . for leaping, wheeling, rearing and springing forward or from side to S.l,. aro all forms of the gallop. The amble is sometimes classed as a modili.,! pace. It IS, m reality, a slow gallop, easy and smooth, and, like any other saddle gait, must ho taught under the curb. The true pacing horse lifts the fore and hind feet simultaneously on . Side, first on one side and then the other. Like running at speed i't 18 performed in 1-2 time. The rack is a modified pace. Instead of two feet being lifted simultjineously on the one side and then the other, the feet are lifted in 1-2.3^ time, but not regularly as in the walk. Single-foot, again, is a trained rack. Some horses tiikc to it easily and in fact almost naturally, just as some horses take to pacing natuV- ally. But it often takes time to instruct the horse therein, though once acquired, it is not soon forgotten. '^ No written instructions can be given for adapting all these gaits, except each general rules as are laid down for rendering the -.Mnrnal amenal)lo to training. Once, by practice, you have imparted the gait, be sure to give the animal a kind word, and a rewarding caress. XX. Training to Trot in Harness. If a horse have the trotting instinct, all that is necessaiy in order to develop it is perseverance and training. The head should be carried toler- ably high, but not unnaturally so. The conformation of the horse must be studied, (see Chapter IV), and to assist the reader further, two cuts are given, one showing a horse's head, strained unnaturally an., unduly AN UNNATUKAL POSITION. j.^^^ ^^«„,^^ NATITBALLY. by the bearing rein, the other showing the head drawn up naturally with the bit. In the one case the head is strained up by both check rein and curb, while in the other it is simply held in proper position by the curb There is no objection to the use of the check rein if it be not improp- erly used. It serves to keep the horse in shape under a slack rein, and from putting his head to the ground, when standing at rest A matter in relation to driving in light harness, under the curb, may h^re be worth relating. Wo once trained a pair of fine roadster mlt., t^ drive together was thirty yr .t them, and thu^ to 1)0 nonsense, teams that cou] seemed to be g had never been wore amenable form, but it re( gant was this th driving for plea single light-driv you may drive t All that is req enough. The ti few i)erson8 gain is in a horse, ma ter, grooming ar bring his muscleg in each exercise, ing into a run. ' he will forget the off his feet, he cu ing the bit ; that i horse change his 1 to make him trot him steady and u] The real work ii stride, by means ceed tiie first or pc full trotting powei until he is eleven c With running ho be trained into per be attended to, so 1 Thi? part of the trs required is to keep ing, grooming and ( by daily speeding t] HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 179 to 1.0 „,„.e„,c, and tl,o «r»t wo f„S„cl too" t It ^th " !;°" teams that could „„t.f„„t them on the road ■ ZTt^,\- ." '"T '"^ .eemed to be going „„„„ a slu-k vZ No^ ZX^IH"'^ ", T"*'- "'"y had never heceallousedhy the .awing „ \| '•'" ; ^ h '"' '";;';"" wore amenaWo to the slightest si-n L, f.,eV .1, " , ' "'"' "'"J' fonn, but it required deUea.e h fdii„, to' 'ir^HoTn, "b '" '"'"'"'' gant was this than the "g'lau^" stvll a,l„ ,„ . """'' """■" "''^ driving for pleasure on the road T. 7 °° """"^ """■'»"» "''™ ainglolight^riving hltJ^ tlj S l^'^^d rn"'/"'"' °? ,ou raay drive them handsomely under the InaS; ' ' " """ """' XXI. Forming a Trotter. All that ia required in a horse for trottin^' '^^ g««« ing the bit; that is by pulling him a Iktle out of"?' '^"'"' '^ ^'^"-^■ horse change his leadino- fnof Tf . ^ '"'''' ''^ ^" "'=^J^''»g a to make him trottst ^The puH ToTT7 l'^^^''^" P"" ^- ha^^d him steady and up to his ga7 "'^ '' '^^' ^'^""^^ ^o keep -S X Z^::,?^:^ pl:tr 'r^' -^ ^lengthening his c^ed the first or second yTarwrhTcoir'!; 1" """ "^' "^P^^^ ^^ «"- full trotting power, until'^hTis IvL or "ei^ht vl" "u" ^^""^^ ^^ ^^ until he is eleven or twelve HeZ thi 1^ ^ ""^^^ ""''^ "^^^^ ^^^t eive. Hence, the large pnces the fast ones brinir XXn. To Train a Baoer. With running hors-^s, as with saddle horses it i« «. be trained into perfect obedience ; and Tr 1 s on" ^^^^ ^'^ ^ be attended to, so that their limbs «„^ ^'^^ /^«««°8 i» flexions must also Thi. part of the training TaL ™ een tt m ""'^ ^'^ ""^'^^^^ «"PP^«- required is to keep them hTeffe t '^^^^^ accomplished, all that is ing, grooming anlexerds" ^ rX 3"tf '"' '^ ^'^^^ '^'^- hv da.lv «,.p4i— -^ -.- I '■ ^^^^^ ^ increase their «f^^p . -V -.- di.^ ..cu., cxtenamg the trial from time to time untifthe^' 1 ' T ■MiiMki im THE AMK8ICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. M'i »u. po ^ ttt four, fivo or six yeara of aoe. T\e raimug of c-«lte to run faat races It two years old. is severely to NevTrth i '" • ' *'' '"^"" usefulness of the an.Ll is to beconTdefe ^nnnTiru""^ " ' " found, .ofitablo by breeders and traine Ht W.1 no doubt be practiced. The tr.iMingof rurmin<. horses 1 -« i, training of trotte.-. Is a fine art. YettheVneralTrincteT'w^^ given, „.ay be und. .ood by all. A diet of oats aThTy^he L; ! .t;M. le earn, and daily work upo- a proper course, under The eve of „ U.MJ^,ent master, are the things necessary to get the speed ouTof In bred horses; and no other than properlyLed^nimals'sholever b trained for great speed. It is not in them. ^' The horse being in motion, the rider throws nearly all his weiaht in ^k atirrups steadying hin.self with his knees and thighl 1 he "Zj J th! body IS thrown back end the loin arched so as noV t^ !, ^^ too far forward. The trainer must knoJhow to rde Sh " ""T ease to the horse, and to assist the movenjentbyleryn^^^^^^^ thus, the leg, from the knee, will be s7ightly%hrrrbrk '" t'hTh' st^ffonrng the leg, the rider's center of height may be eat'ly oha^^^^^^^ without lus ceasing to bear firmly in the stirrups ^ ^'^' These directions are for riders or jockeys of medium weight T • u. ones r.de with longer stirrups, supporting'themselvesZrM^^ The best race-nders scarcely, if at all. touch the Li of the S' This gives a good command of the horse h.,f ,'« ««i , \ ■ ^' si-o^ it .„„„ .i.e, „„e .he rider, xtr™ poZ'f hTwetr^r^ ::'X hCci"'"^ ■"- - -•''' ^""<'- - -y^^ '^" z XXm. Saddling. tz^^::: z:i:7tx ^^X^J^ :r"i r t length from the head-piece to the Wt Tfofe IZ *' "^ thegirth,. Theyn,ay„eedt,ghteniogat[h::hor - "™'^^'°'° Ji~sj.v Harnessing. In harnessing a horse it is also necessnrv thai- +u «, a,. .„t heavier tha„ oeea.o„ r:;:r t tr Kr'^ HOW TO TRAIN A HOBflH. 181 part of the collar and neck for the handT'; '"'T ^^ «» ^he We. it is a breast , -liar, «eo that tk d'a^^K ! '" '"^''^ '^'^'^ »>«t^een. If breast. For hght work, a horsl ll^^::' " ,"' '^" ^'"'^^ P'-« on t^e heavy work, but whatevl-r the ork th ^•^^^^-""'"g co"ar thaa f ,r horse and not the horse to fit the colla '7u "''^ ^^ "^*^« *« ^'<^ the a badly fitting l,arnes8. So mava man wj'.h n'"''' '"''^' '"'^^«'*' ^^^k in case, it is at the cost of muchCmfoT ", / "''' *^°'- ^^^^ '" -t^- but another way of saying, a lossof Ine^ " "' ^^"^^ ^ ^"^' ''^^ - I*ulllng at the Halter hUter put on the colt should be strong u P''«^«"ti«" 5 the first «BV,CE TO CUKE THE HABIT OP PULUNO A strong bitting harness pnri * * • pull will „„„e „„ the iaw One 'ffof ',, " '"""'" "'"8'-' °' '"-^ •biiity to break loose, and the Dm-t.,^ f ""''*■*' ""» "' W, i„. pull thereafter. Pmiahment ,vJl be euoh that he wUl „ot *# m ifi CHAPTER XII. STABLES AND OTHER SHELTER. I. THE ECONOMY OF COMPORT II. HOW TO BUILD STARi ir«i tit «,tt»„^ HARNESS.— IV. TEMPERATURE AN^ VENTILAT,ONf-^V "^E ArI^NOFM^^^^^^ • STALLS VI. CONSTRUCTION OP MANGERS AND RACK8\^vf^^ THE HAV^vf STRAW loft; VIII. AN ECONOMICAL GRANARY.— IX THE WACOw Avl^^^'* I. The Eoonomy of Comlort. In building a stable, or other structure for housing animals, however rough It may be, the economy of comfort should be as carefully studied as though the building were intended for the family. Even the wealthiest do not always do this. Everything may be elegant and costly, and yet there is often less real comfort and economy, in the arrangement of their stables and barns, than is found in the poor man's buildings which, thou