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BEAUGHEMIN & VALOIS, BOOKSELLERS AND PUINTERS, «37 4 239, St. Paul Street, '' 8 fi 2 S ( 8 [ 1 . PREFACE. \ The Tuird Book of Heading Lessons, of whicli a new edition is now presented to the public i)y the Christian Brothers, will be found to correspond in tnatler and arrangement with the foregoing parts of the series. In its adaptation to the analytic, or explanatory mode of ins- truction, as well as in the order, variety, and graduated scale of the lessons, it will be found, not only to harmo- nize with the educational system of the Inslitute from wdiich it emanates, but to exhibit its peculiar features. In the short sketches of History, Geography, and Science, which are scattered throughout the work, the compilers have endeavored to select whatever was most picturesque and striking, for the purpose of exciling the interest of the youthful mind, by the charms of truth, and presenting the wonders of nature in so strong a light, as to render the marvels of liclion tame and feeble in com- parison. In order to accommodate the length of the ex- tracts to the capacity of the class of readers for whom the Third Book is designed, and to allbrd the teachers an op- portunity of practical illustration, it has been considered expedient to render the lessons as short as the nature of the subjects would admit. By the miscellaneous charac- ter of the arrangement, an opportunity is afforded of training the pupil to habits, not only of observation, but of reflection ; the lirst, by a reference to living objects, or to the scenes arid characters of real life ; the second, by the impressive appeals of religious truth, which, apart ^m If' } '. Vl if /'I m from their moral crfocts, possess a paramount influence in giving a rcllecting tone to the mind. As the tacts of rehgion have rurnished at all times the best refutation of its adversaries, it has heen considered judicious, occasion- ally to vary its didactic lessons with hrief extracts from the history of the Christian Church. ; Among the moral and religious pieces in prose and poetry, the pupils of the Christian Schools will recognize the elfusions of one whose voice once sup[»lied the lessons now furnished hy his writings, and whose living example impressed the moral which his memory must illustrate for the future. The look of attention and the tone of he- nevolence, in which these lessons were conveyed, will indeed he missed j hut his spirit will still speak to the hearts of those over whom he bent with more than parental solicitude. In recalling the memory of one who, for their sakes, forsook not only the first circle of litterary distinction, but the more endearing one of kindred and of home, it will not fail also to convey the salutary truth, that the highest attainments of the scholar may be still further exalted and ennobled by religion ; that the lustre of genius never appears to such advantage as through the veil of humility ; and that the moral beauty of virtue itself acquires an additional charm, when exercised in the cause of charity. CUVIER. h . li CONTENTS. PAGS Rules for Rejulini? nnd Rocilation 10 Introductory Lesson on Heading 11 The English Language liiair 280 Prefixes, Alilxes, and Roots of words 878 MORAL AND RELIGIOUS LESSONS. tmportance of Early Habits Mnssillon 13 Chi'istian Fortitude Veith 26 Adlierence to Truth L'Ecole des Moeura 35 Vhe Fallen Leaf Anon 39 First C(»nimunion Studenmnier 41 IloUandtide G. Griffin 55 The Join-ney to Bethlehem Dr. Wiseman 57 Respect for Old Age Adtlison 68 The Zealous Child Lettres Edifinnten 79 lluniility, the Foundation of Patience ..... liutler 92 Providential Delivera.ice Pcre Geranih 101 Forgiveness of liijwries Mnnzoni 113 Death of a Young friend G. Griffin 118 St. Bridget Moore 131 The flower everlasting G, Griffin 148 Modesty and Humility Mnnzoni 161 The Cross of Ihi' South Humboldt Hi The Duties of School-boys Hollin 183 The Seven Churches G. Griffin 203 Influence of Religion on the Tyrolose Alison 222 Prayer ' Massillon 245 Excellence and Uses of the Eye G. Griffin 250 The Everlasting Church Edinburgh Review 302 Death of the Christian Chateaubriand 307 StIENCE. Of the Fixed Stars Joyce 85 Influence of Heat on the Creation Amot \\i On Light W. 153 Properties of matter Id. 180 (Ueam Navigation Id. 219 *^iL m V n .'.*] '^=^i r tf PAGE On the Laws of Motion Joj/c? 229 Laws of Motion ^coiitimicd) Id. 233 The Diving Jk'll Cyclopedia 235 Gravity or Attraction Arnott 248 Architecture Cyclopedia 260 CHURCH HISTORY. ' ] riio Life of our Lord DOllinger 70 The f.ile of our Lord (continued) Id. Id Kstahlishment of the Church Id. 104 Chiiritianity in Britain Lingnrd lOG Destruction of Jerusalem DOllinger 121 Virtues of the Early Christians Reeve 146 The Emperor Constantine DOllinger 165 Final Destruction of the Temple Bercastcl 190 GEOGRAPHY The Wall of China Synith's Wonders 17 The Banks of the Savannah Dr. England 25 Ice Islands and Icebergs of Spitzbergen .... Goldsmith 28 Remarkable Lakes Smith's Wonders 50 Natural Divisions of the Earth C 5. 141 Europe C. B. 157 Asia C. B. 176 The Lakes of Killarney Clarke's Wo}iders 185 Africa C. B. 190 Glendalough W^akeman 205 America C. B. 215 The North Cape Anon 239 Oceanica Multe Brun 253 The Giant's Causeway ....... Clarke's Wonders 264 Guadaloupe Dr. England 270 Figure of the Earth C. B. 274 Norwegian Winter Inglis 286 Solar System C. B. 291 African Deserts 1 Clarke's Wonders 296 NATURAL HISTORY. Animal Sagacity Smith's Wonders 15 The Cork-Tree # Mayo 18 The Leopard and Panther Aikman 22 The Locust . Id. 30 The CoHee-Tree . . , Vegetable Productions 33 The Tiger Aikman 46 Indian-Rubber, and Sponge , . . Mayo 51 The Cassique Waterton 64 The Vampire Id. 87 M J rAr,(.: The NVaddinp-Trpo A^'/Z/vv ICthfnnfr.i 9; Tilt' lly|ii»r)|int,'uriiis \il{iiuiv loy TIio ll;il»it;ili(tii of M(i|t>s Sun'/lif \i.\ l-'orci^ii (liirraiils — T-iiii.triiuh'. — Siillroii — ("-;iiii|)li(»r . . Mm/n |-2.i The I';i|iynis ('i\hi'irl LiUrnv>i \\\\\ Till' Ht'imloor IJhrnrn nf Enirrtinninii Knowli'ihi*' 1 i ;i The II;il»il;itioii of lieos SmrUii' ItiT M.inmialia Ciiricr ^jotj Various Uses of Trees and Plants .... I'opu/nr I'hi/nMoiihi/ i>o'j Birds Curii-r -2-it» Fislios ('i/i'/n/K't//(f "I'M Reptiles (nr/rr -i(;s Insects Ci/clopcilifi t'll POI'TICAL IJ-SSONS. Arpfumonts for the Love of God G. GnfJ'iit, 23 Loss ill Delays SontliHwIl :ii The Moniiii;; Lark Thointo/i ;i;J The Captive Lark Ijtnnn 44 The Traveller at the Source of the Nile . . . J//-.v. Hi-nmns 53 Hymn of the City liri/oNi !)U The Deserted Milage Gold^'mitk (iO The Drowning Fly \itnii. 07 Hymn to the blessed Virgin Kahla 78 Providence Filirjija 78 Time and Eternity G, Grijfia 84 Vision of IJaltassar U\jmn 97 Switzerland GoliUnnlli 103 Hymn of a child at waking Lmnartine 113 Come not, Lord, in Terrors Maura 117 The Three Crows Bymm 1-27 Stages of Life Hill 129 The Dying Christian to his Soul Pope 140 Ave Maria ....'. Scott 140 Devotion, a Vision G. Gri//'in 150 The Banvan-Tree Moore 153 The Rainbow 161 To the Cuckoo Lof/an 104 The Annunciatior. ...» Mrs. Hemnns 163 The Cross of the South Mrs. Hemnns 1 7 4 The Sister of Mercy % W. 173 Innisfallen ] . . . Moore 188 Nature's Miracles Cowper 193 Chance Croly 196 The Choice of Friends G. Griffin 219 To my Mother H.K. White 224 The Crucifixion , . Anon. 223 kTheFire-Fly Rogers 225 m m f-i 8 PACK Tliere is a Jov of heavenly birth Af. S. 438 To thfi blcRscil Virgin G.Gtiffin 241 Prayer , Anon. 247 Who is thy Neighbor? Anon 255 Sonnet II. K. White 250 Jcphte 8 Dauphter M. S. 273 Occupations of Dees Shnkspenre 274 Green Uiver liri/nnt 283 Mercy Shakspenre 285 A Comparison Cowper 288 The Honsebuiider Khemnitzer 295 Remorse Filicnja 295 The Flying Fish Moore 304 Destruction of .lerusalem Hijvon 305 Pi!i/ir 874 " 10 ill ii;; II t; RULKS FOR READING AND RECITATION. 1. Give the letters their proper sounds. * 2. Pronounce the vowels, a, -J-e, ?; o, u, clearly, giving to each its proper quantity. 3. Pronounce the iicjuids, I, m, n, r, with considerahle force. 4. Distinguish every accented letter or syllahle hy a peculiar stress oi' voice. ^ t). Head audibly and distinctly, and with a deliberation suited to the subject. G. Pause sut'liciently at each point, hut not so long as to break that connection which one part of a sentence has with another. 7. The meaning of a sentence is often elucidated by pausing where noui; of the usual marks could be inserted. 8. Give every sentence, and member of a sentence, tliat inflection of voice, which tends to improve either t!ie sound or the sense. U. Whilst monotones, judiciously introduced, have a powerful ellect in diversifying delivery, children should he guarded against their too frequent use. 10. Every emphatical word nmst be marked with a force corresponding with the importance of the subject. 11. At the beginning of the subject, the pitch of the voice should be low, but audible. To this rule there are some exceptions in poetry, and even in prose lii. At the commencement of a new paragraph, divi- sion, or subdivision, of a discourse, the voice may be lowe/ed, and allowed gradually to swelL 13. In reading or discoursing on sacred, or religious subjects, let gravity and solemnity be observed. * The consonants, r/, g, s, t, x, and the vowel c, unless accented, are silent, when terminatinf? French words. "f The vowel «, in Latin, is sonaded like a in at, and never re- ceives the English sound of that letter, as heard in ale. In the Ex- planatory Headintjs prefixed to the following lessons, when the accent (') is placed immediately after a vowel, as in pu'pil, it de- notes that the vowel has its long sound ; but when the accent is placed immediately after a consonant, as in pun '?>/<, it indicates that the sound of the vowel is short. In both cases, the syllable so marked is the emphatic one. In monosyllables, the long vowel sound is indicated by ( — ) over the vowel,— as, fate ; and the short sound by (^) over the vowel j as, /'o^ \\ 11 INTRODUCTORY LESSON. -t ON READING. Good reading is an imitation of correct and elegant speaiving. Reading difl'ers from speaking in this, that in the hitter, ^^e express ourown ideas, in our own hinguage ; in the former, wa express the ideas of others, in theirs. A reader shoidd endeavor to seize the meaning of his author, and make his opinions and sentimc^nts his own, and so to read as to infuse them into the minds and hearts of his hearers. For this end, he should attend to six tlungs ; namely, — pronunciation, punctuation, accent, emphasis, the proper modulation of his voice, and, lastly, to the time with which he reads. By pronwwiation is meant — the giving to every word and syllahle the sound which accords with the most polite usage of the language. A slight, mincing pronunciation of the accented vowels, an indistinct pronunciation of the unaccented ones, a slurring of tiie tinal consonants, and the omission of /"and (/ in of and and, are faults which should he carefullv avoided. The heautv of pronvmciation. depends on the correct sound and judicious prolongation of the vowels ; its distinctness, on the exact and firm expression of the consonants. Ry punctuation is meant — a due regard to the pauses which the sense or heauty of a passage may require. To connect words which are naturally sepai'ated, or to sepa- rate those which are naturally connected, may materially alter the sense of what is read. Every word or phrase conveying a distinct idea requires a pause. The length of the pauses must depend on the nature of the suhjeci ; hut generally, the length given to one, determines the length of the others. The reader's judgment must here he exercised, that he may use such pauses as will mark most accurately the sense or beauty of the passage he is reading. Accent is a stress of the voice laid on particular sylla- bles and words ; depending on ordinary custom when laid on syllables and on their relative importance when laid I y i K ■ isfi ill I'lii I |:^ ■ h on words. Nouns, adjectives, principal verbs, adverbs — 'when not merely connective, 4en^onslF^tive and interrog- ative pronouns, interjections, and words put in opposition to eacn other, are accented : all others are unaccented. Qu?i!ifying words, and those which, in each passage, limit the spnse, should receive the more forcible, or prin^ary accent; and words of minor irtiportance, the less torcible, or secondary accent. i ' Emphasis is a peculiar expression given to words or members of sentences, which we desire particularly to dis- tinguish, and usually,if not always, suggests some contrast. It is often placed on unaccented words, and may be ex- pressed by a higher or lower tone of the voice, by a pause, or by some peculiarity in the manner of the reader. A misplaced emphasis annuls or materially alters the sense of a passage. The well-known example, "Do you ride to town to-day ?" is, by altering the emphasis, susceptible of at kast four different meanings. Modulation of the Voice. — The middle pitch, or ordi- nary speaking tone of the voice, is that which should mopt usually be chosen. As a general rule, the reader should suit his tone or pitch to the size of the room in which he reads, or to the distance at which he is to be heard. As he proceeds, his tones should swell, and ani- mation increase with the increasing importance of his subject. Time. — A lifeless, drawlingAianner of reading is always wearisome and;,disagreeable ; ^ut the more ordinary fault of young persons is precipitancy. Against the latter, therefore, they should be especially cautioned, as, having once grown habitual, it is more diiiicult to be corrected. A reader should adapt his manner to the nature of his subject, avoiding every appearance of constraint and affec- tation on the one hand, and of bashful timidity on the other. Thus, he will please instruct his hearers, and improve his ordinary manner of speaking, by the habit of correctness he will have thus acquired. i THIRD BOOK Of READING LESSONS. lis h { § 1. LESSON I.. IMPORTANCE OF EARLY HABITS. Corrup'tion, n., wickedness. F.* corruption, iromrupfum, L., and this, probably, from rumpo, I break or destroy. Char'acters, n., the persons with their assemblage of qualities. L. and G. character, from charasso, G., I stamp, I cut, &c. Uxcha'ngeable, f a,, fixed, immutable. F. changer, to turn, — of doubtful etymology. Felicity, n., happiness. F. felicity, from felix, L., happy. Misfor'tune, n., calamity. F. infortune, from fors, L., chance. ENGotJR'AGED, V., cherished. F. e/«-coM;'a^, /'., t'>[)io(l. F, (h'xouorir, to luicuver, tu disclose. Kty- niolo^y (lispiitt'd. F. nmust'ment, {vomiuHsn^ I... a song, Amusemi.nt, //., diversion. a innse. Distinction, n., diU'eivnce or [ihu-'c oiU. Impa'tiknti.v, (i(L, eajirerly. AwAiTLNc;. pf., t'xpeeliiiLi'. F. (listi)tdion, from si///;/ no, I,,, 1 pnl L. inipafieiis, from potior, 1 siitfer. (Jer. wac/ik'/i, to watch or wait. Cub, /t., till' vdim^^ of a lion, fox or bear. The term is probiihly from I., c/if/n, I lie dnwn. hccausc tlie cuh does not go (jiit of its den for prey, as the elder animals do. CoxTENT'Ebi.v, Off., ill a well-|ile.ise(l or satislied manner, 1. con- tcideniente, IVoni tcmto, L., I hold, possess, or enjoy. Benefactor, n., he that coni'ers a benetit. F. bienfaiteur, from benefacio, L., bene, well, and f'ncio, 1 do. (For signification of e.r, np, or ad, (lis, on, Ac. ; and of -ent, -ly, -meat, Ac, see the Lists of Prefixes and Aftixes, pages ;577-8.) \. A Seaman helonginp: to the wood party of a ship upon the AtVicaii coast, l)y some means t'ound himself alone. He, however, continued to use the axe in felling a large tree, when a large lioness approached him. 2. The man, at the moment, gave himself up as lost ; but very soon after, he began to perceive that the man- ner and expression of the animal were mild, and even mournful, and that he had no danger to ai)prehend from her. She (irst looked at hini, and then behind her, and upwards into the trees, then went a few paces from him uponthepath by which she had come ; and then returned, and went again ; and acted much as a dog would, that wished you to follow him. 3. The seaman yielded to her obvious desire, and she led him some little dlstauce, till, near the fool of a tall ■1 ■t/i iC ill! 16 tree, she stopporl and looked up, with plaintive cries, into its l)raii(:li('s. Tlie sailor, thus directed, looked into the tree, aiiif., carried. L. condudus, from duco, I lead. {Co/f, p. 393j. Bastion, n., a bulwark. F. hnsfion, from hatir, to build, probably from hnsis. G., a foot ; and hence base, that on which any thing rests. Compi'ti.d, pt., estimated. L. computatus, from pulo, I reckon, I lop oil'. Mate'uials, /<.,the substances of which things arc made. L. malcria, from mater, mother. ly i. This stupendous wall, which extends jicross the nortlierii boundary of the Chinese empire, is the great- est masterpiece of industry, genius, and perseverance. It is conducted over the summits of high mountains, several of which have an elevation of not less than 5i:2.") feet, (nearly a mile,) across deep valleys, and over wide rivers, by means of arches. In many parts it is doubled ar treblec^, to command important passes ; and, at the distance of nearly every hundred yards, is a tower or massive bastion. Its extent is computed at 1500 miles ; but in some parts, where less danger is apprehended, it is not equally strong or complete, and, towards the north- west, consists merely of a strong rampart of earth. Near Koopekoo, it is twenty-tive feet in height, an"> f.-i Smitu's Wonders. <> » If LESSON IV. THE CORK-TREE. H Longitu'dinal, ft., running in the longest direction. I. longitudinak, from lo/Kju.'i, I.., long, or long extent. Incis'ion, 91., a cnt inwards. F. tnci.s'ion, fvom ci'do, li., I cut. Curv'ed, a., bent, inflected. L. cuvDu.t, from curvo, 1 turn, 1 bend. Exportation, //., the act of carrying out to other countries. F. exporfatio/i, fi'om povlo, L., I carry. Prin"cif»al, fi., cliief. 1$. pruicipai, from pn'/iccps, L., first, chief. Elastic'ity, /I., a power in some bodies of springing back, when bent or stretched, to their original position. F. elnsticitt', fi'oin chuno, fi., I repel. Inserted, pt., placed in other things. L. inseiius, from sevo, \ join, I knit. Ten'dency, n., natural aptness. I. tendenza, from tcndo, L., I ainj, I stretch. Aperture, n., an opening. L. apertio, from nperio, I open. IJuoYANT, r?., floating. D. boe>/e, V.houee, a buoy, from hois, wood. (For signification oi ex,in, -ity, -eucij, ic, see p. 3)3-4). 1. Cork is the hark of a kind of oak, growing chiefly in Spain. When it is to he removed from the tree, a longitudinal slit is cut, at the extremities of which, inci- sions are made round the trunk ; it can then he stripped oir with great ease, by means of a curved knife, with a handle at both ends. When the hark is taken from the tree, it is piled uj) in a ditch or pond, and heavy stones art' placed upon it, in order to flatten it. After being dried, it is slightly burned or ch;irred, and then packed for ex- portation. One principal use of cork is to stop bottles, i'or^ which purpose it is fitted by its elasticity. A piece 49 rai'fi^^r largor tlian tlio nock of tlio bottlo l)oint: insorlod, thu tendcMK y it lias to rcsuiiu; its loniicr sliaptr cansi's it coiiiplctt'ly to fill lip tlu' apiM'turc, and cxcIikIc the air. Its hiiovaiit oJVcL't ill watoi', arising' IVnm its liirliliicss, rtnidcrs it useful to those who arc Icaniiiiu^ to swim ; for the same reason, it is employed in the constriictioii of life-hoats, and lor the lloats of lishinii nets. The Spaniards make lam|)-hlack of it. The men employed in cutting and preparing it for sale, arc called cnrhrtiffers. f* Mayo. -♦««- LESSON V. WHANG, THE MILLER. /■ Avaricious (-rish'-), n., covetous. F. avaricwux, from nreo, L., i desire or covet. EA'(iKUNKss, n., koemioss of desire. V. nifjrenv, from aci'r, L., sharp. A. S. I'H'jifiii, to incite to. l''Hr(;\i.'rrv, //., t>coiiomy. V. ft'urjnlitr^ from fi'itf/i, L., thrifty. LvTKRVAi,, //., time between assignable points. I^. i/ifer-i'fii/ion, a space between the slakes Uxed in the rallntn or wnil of a camp. CoNTKMPLATE, L\, to p^azc upon. I. and L. co/itc/np/nrf, — co/i, and ie/nplu/n, fi'om toncnos, G., a place cut oil', a sanctuary ; a-; such were so seated as to be exposed to public view. AF'Fi.n'>'CE, /((., wealth ; al)undance. F. affluence, ivom fluo, L.,\ flow. Mat'tock, //.,a pickaxe or delving tool. A.S. meottuc, — meos, moss, and ioijen, to tear up. Cir'cumstaxce, /^, incident. F. circom^tnnce, from sislo, L., I stand. Tran- PORTS, //., raptures. F. transports, ivom porlo, L., 1 carry, to carry l)eyond. Unueumi NED. f)t., excavated under. D. onder-mynen, probably from L. tn.i .are 'ob.j, to draw or lead. (For siijuilicHtion of -ness, -itij, inter, con, circum, and trans, see from p. 377 to p. 379. y 1. Whang, the miller, was naturally avaricious ; no- body loved money better than he, or more respected those who had it. When people would talk of a rich man in company, Whang would say, "1 know him very well ; m m- li 20 he and I liavo been \ou^ acquainted ; he and I are inti- mate." ]U\[ '][' ever a poor man was mentioned, he had not liie K^'jst lvno\vied^^» of the man : he mi«:!jt he very well tor anudit he knew ; hut he \vas not t'ond of makiujif many acquaintances,- and loved to choose his company. 2. Wlianp:, however, with all his eajyerness for riches, was |)oor. He had n(>thin«r hut the protits of his mill to su|>|)ort him ; hut tiiou^Mi these were small, they were certain : while it stood and went, he was sure of eating ; and his frui^ali'v was su('h, that Ik; everv day laid some money by, which he would at intervals count and con- template with m ich satisfaction. Yet still his acquisitions were not equal to his desires ; he only found himself above want, whereas he desired to be possessed of affluence. .'). One day, as he was indultfinf^ these wishes, he was informed that a neij-hbor of his had found a pan of money under ground, having dreamed of it three nights running before. These tidings were daggers to the heart of poor Whang. "Here am I," says he, "toiling and moiling from morning till night for a few paltry farthings ; while neighbor Thanks only goes quietly to bed, and dreams himself into thousands before morning. Oh ! that I could dream like. him ! With what pleasure would I dig round the pan ! how slyly would 1 carry it home ! not even my wife should see me : and then, oh ! the pleasure of thrusting one's hand into a heap of gold up to the elbow !" 4. Such reflections only served to make the miller unhappy : he discontinued his former assiduity ; he was quite disgusted with small gains, and his customers began to forsake him. Every day he repeated the wish, and every night laid himself down in order to dream. For- tune, that was for a long time unkind, at last, however, seemed to smile on his distresses, and indulged him with the wisbed-for vision. He dreamed, that under a certain part of the foundation of his mill there was concealed a monstrous pan of gold and diamonds, buried deep in the ground, and covered with a large flat stone. 21 ling of ?gan 5. He concealed his good luck from every person, as is usual in money-dreams, in order to liave the vision repeated the two succeeding nights, hy which he should be certain of its truth. His wishes in this also were ans- wered ; he still dreamed of the same pan of money in tin; very same place. 0. Now, therefore, it was past a douht : so gc^lting up ^early the third morning, he repaired alone, with a mat- tock in his hand, to the mill, and began to uiid.rniine that part of the wall which the vision directed. The first omen of success that he met was a broken ring ; digging still deeper, he turned up a house-tile, cpiite new iind entire. At last, after mucli digging, he e;ime to a broad flat stone, but then so large, that it was beyond mini's strength to remove it. *' Here !" cried he in raptures to himself; " here it is ; under this stone there is room for a very large pan of diamonds indeed. 1 must e'en go home to my wife, and tell her the whole allair, and get her to assist me in turning it up.'* 7. Away, therefore, he goes, and acquaints his wife with every circumstance of their good fortune. Her raptures on this occasion may easily be imagined : she flew round his neck and embraced him in an ecstasy of joy ; but these transports, however, did not allay their eagerness to know the exact sum ; returning, therefore, together to the same place where Whang had been dig- ging, there they found — not, indeed, the e\i)ected treasure — but the mill, their only support, undermined and fallen. Goldsmith . ii i M'l ,if: J 'I 4 rPi 22 - A't. LESSON VI. THE LEOPARD AND PANTHER. M .f! *i r.Enp'Ann, n.,.a spoftofl boast of prry. F. idnpnrd , L. Icopnrdux ; — fHirilus, froin pnrad, I Id)., to si'parate. Sim. (IKS fslic/j, //., a class of nature. L. species (any thing seen), Iron I s/wcin, I see. i 1 MiANCK, /<.,l)oaiity without grnntleur. F. dk^f/nnce, from elegans,' 1,.. hrindsoino. IV IHNKSS, /<., livelinoss. I., viracitns^—mvo (from i/o, G.) I live. liiiN ii.UKNCE, //., a concourso. V. confluence, from /lucre, L., to lltiW. Amtklope, n., a variety of the gazelle, an animal partaking of the nature of the goat and deer, said to have received its name from the extreme beauty of its eyes. G. nnllios, ailovver, or any thing beautiful, and ops, the eye. Naturamst, //., one ac(|uaintcd with the system of natural and ma- terial being. F. naturntiste, from nascor, L., I am born. Opin'ion, //., notion. F. opinion, from opinor, L., I think. Predominate, v., to prevail. F. prddominer, from dominare, L., to rule. Independent, a., exclusive. F. inddpendant, not hanging from, ivom pendere, L., to hang. (For signification of -ence, -ist, proe, in, and -cnt, see pages 377-8.) 1. The Leopard is an inhabitant of the woods of Africa and southern Asia. The usual len'^th of his bodv is lliree feet, of his tail two feet three inches, and his hcij^ht some- what more than two feet. He is distinguished from all other species by his gracefulness and elegance ; by the vividness of his coloring, yellow on the upper parts, white on the breast, belly, and inside of the limbs; and by the beauty of his markings, which consist of numerous rows of large rose-like spots passing along the sides, each formed of the ,confluence of several smaller black spots, into an irregular circle, inclosing a fawn-colored centre ; his whiskers are long and white. His prey consists of antelopes, hares, and monkeys, which last he pursues up the trees. When famished, he will attack, but by stealth, the human race. He may be tamed, but can never be entirely trusted. A female leopard, in the Tower, 1829, allowed herself to be patted by her keepers, but discovered 23 » .• a strange propensity for snatching umbrellas, parasols, hats, niutTs, and other articles of dress, and tearing them in pieces, to the gn il astonishment of the plundered visitors. The male was sullen and savage. 2. The Panther is classed with ihe leopard ; hut as yel it is not decided hy n.itnralist , whether it is to be consi- dcn;d a distinct species, or only .i larger variety of the same, though the former opinion appears to predominate. The panther is found chielly, if not solely, in Africa ; is more than six feet in len^Mh, independent of the tail, which is about three. Major Denham killed one that measured more than ten. He is spotted like the leopard, but the colors of his skin are not so brilliant. His habits are similar to those of the tiger. Airman's Animal Kingdom. -♦♦♦- 4 • LESSON VII. ARGUMENTS FOR THE LOVE OF GOD DERIVED FROM CREATION. 1. And ask ye why he claims our love ? answer, all ye winds of even, answer, all ye lights above, That watch in yonder dark'ning heaven ; Thou earth, in vernal radiance gay As when his angels first array'd thee, And thou, deep-tongued ocean, say Why man should love the mind that made thee. 2. There's not a flower that decks the >ale, There's not a beam that lights the mountain, There's not a shrub that scents the gale. There's not a wind that stirs the fountain, i If" I ^^.. f If il 24 There's ndi d htl6 iMi f)ftirij§ m 1*6^, There's no! a leAf siroUnd ufe lyiiig, Biit in its use* or beauty shows True love to iis, and love undying. 3. For in the past, ere tinie be^an, Ere first the new made sun ascended, Or light illumed the \Vorld^ and man Arose amid the order splendid ; Even then, for thee, that bounteous Mind, Unask'd, amid the wide creation. In far futurity design'd Thy dwelling fast and lasting station. 4. And seek we arguments of love, And ask we who he is that claims it ? Mark yonder sun that rolls above, Obedient to liie will that aims it ; Go watch, when treads the silent moon Her maiden path o'er earth and ocean, Or see you host at starry noon Roll onward with majestic motion 5. Are these not lovely ? Look a^ain. Count every hue that clothes the valley, Each grain that gilds the autumn plain, Each song that wakes the vernal alley. All that in fruit or flower is found To win the taste, or charm the vision, All — all that sight, or scent, or sound, Or feeling hath of joy elysian ; 6. That calm that lulls the noontide hour, The mind repose of power appalling, The rain that feeds each op'ning flower. Like mercys tear-drops sweetly falling ; Those show what our Creator was. While man preserved his early duty. What still to those, his later laws Who keep, in all their stainless beauty. G. Gmm, 25 LESSON VIII. THE BANKS OF THE SAVANNAH. Ai'mosphere, n., the mass-of air siirroundinf:^ our plobe. F. otmos- pfirre, from atmos, G., breath, va})or, and sphaira, a sphere, or globe. Botan'ical, fi., herby ; relating to plants. V. botanique, from botan^, G., an herb, from bosh-n, I feed. VAniETY, «., diversity. F. carii'ti', from variu.-i, !.., dilTerent. Sri'C'iMEN, n., a sample ; a part nf any tiling exhibited that the rest may be known. L. sprcime/i, from .^-/ifao, 1 see. Intermingled, pt., mixed between. A.S. inf Ibcse, ivvcet- » most , rich- )n, and ics are 'cay'.ng lit ui^on nst the see ibc l)urning ncr, tlie s hlend- ind the ,LATSD. a house, m crux, a (who were iere called bfirhoroa, irn and G, \uno, fi^otr. IlfTTMiDA'TiON, n., the act of intimidating. F. intimidntion, from timcre, L., to fcar. Alter'nately, fi(/., in reciprocal succession. L. nlterne, from nller, L., the other. Per'seci;ted, a., harassed. L. persecutiis, from sc/iior, 1 follow, I pnrsue. Martyrdom, fi., the death of a martyr. L. martyrvim, from martyr, L. and G., a witness. Ob'stinacy, n., persistency. L. ohstinntio, from sti/io, I fix. 1. JoRAM Macata, a noble Christian of Japan, being condemned to death on account of his reli^non, l)ade a last and mournful farewell to his wife, his children, and his domestics, and exhorted them to seek their safety in llijjfht. As soon as he was alone, he prostrated himself beforc^a^igure of his crucilied Lord, and there continued in fervcntsprayer. Evening approached, and with it came t\|ta hiTHdred armed men to execute the sentence of his d^«nh. Th^^'cnme thus prepared, as they expected to e, L., 1 injiuv, 1 hnrt. LAT'iirDE, H., a parliciil;ir degree reckoned from the equator. F. latitude, from l(itu:^\ L., broad. Inacckss'ible, f/.,iiot to l)e arrived at. F. and S. inaccessible, from ctv/o, L., 1 yield place or passage; I go. Precip'itatk, ?'., to fall violently. L. prfecipito,! fall headlong, from capid, the head. 1. The iiaini; ol ?re-islnn(Is is given l)y sailors to a great quaritily of ice collected into one huge mass, and lloating upon llie seas near or within the polar circles. Many of these are lo be met with on the coast of Spitz- bergen, to the great danger of the shipping employed in the Greenland lisherv. In the midst of these tremendous masses, navigators have been arrested in their career and frozen to death. The forms assumed by the ice in this chilling climate are pleasing to the most incurious eye. 2. The surface of that which is congealed from the sea-water, is flat, even, hard, and opaque, resembling white sugar, and incapable of being slidden on. The greater pieces, or fields, are many leagues in length ; the lesser, are the meadows of the seals, on which, at times, those animals frolic bv hundreds. 3. The approximation of two great fields produces a most singular phenomenon ; they force smaller pieces out of the water, and add them to their own surface, till at length, the whole forms an aggregate of tremendous height. They float in the sea like so many rugged moun- tains, and are sometimes five or six hundred yards thick, the far greater part of which is concealed beneath the water. Those which remain in this frozen climate receive continual growth ; others are by degrees wafted into southern latitudes, and melt gradually by the heat of the sun, till they waste away and disappear in the bound- less element. 4. The collision of the great fields of ice in high Jati- ',y* 1 ,.'5' k.:fjHatioHj from verjen, L., I (piicken. Obi.it'ekate, y., to eHace. I. and I,, ohlibn-nre, hy hVA out, frou) litlerti, L., a letter. (NNox'iors, ft., free from mischievoi s effects. I., in-noxiu.^', from noct'ij, I hurt. U^pal'atable, o., nauseous, — from jjalatum, L., the palate or rool of the mouth, — the taste. (For signification oi ob, e, in, un, -able, dc, see p. 377.) 1. TftE locust I?, that (losti'uctivo iiisoct wliosn ravajxes are proverbial — whose a[)|)i'oa('li, IVoiii tho iMiiimiei'ahh! iir vi'iads that coinnose their sifiiadroi^s, is aiiiioiim-iMl i iti prophetic lan^^ua^a^, as a day of (hiikiiess and j^looiniiiess — a dav of clouds and oi' thick darknc ^^ am 1 N\l lose desolatin": march is thus described The iane them." Tiie visitation of a few minutes destrovs the husbaiidman'y hope of the year, and a famnie is al\Na\s the inevital)le consequence. In tiie tro[)icnl climates, liowever, tiieir presence is not attended with siich lamentabh' conse- quences as in the south of Eurojje. Tliere the pov»ef of vegetation is so rapid and strong, that a cojupiuativeiy short interval only is required to rej)air tiie damage; but in Europe, a yeai' at least is recpiisite to obilterale their footsteps. Sometimes a strong \\ind brings deliverance from the pest, and the shores of the Mediterranean liave been covered for miles with their dead carcasses; but even then they are not inno\iou>, for t!ie stench arising from their pulreiaclioa is apt to occasion contagious diseases. 2. The locust is about three inches long, and has two feelers; each an inclj in length ; the uj>pei' wings are brown, witli small dusky spots ; the under side pni'plc. The natives of the country wliere they most frcijuently appear, roast and eat thejn, and in some cases pickle and preserve them, as a smnll, wretched s;ij)stifiiie for the better provisions thev have deslroved. Tliei'e ai'e reckoned upwards of two hundred species, of which several are m H m^ '■\i .in :ls^ t: •; f 32 used ])) tlio nativos of Africa and India as ordinary food, and are said not to be unpalatable. LESSON XII. » LOSS IN DELAYS. fs 1. SnuN delays, tbey breed remorse ; Take (by time, wbilc time is lent tbce ; Crecpinp: snails bavc weakest force, — Fly tlieir fault, lest tbou repent thee : Good is best, wlien soonest wrought, Ling'ring labors come to naught. 2. Hoist up sail while gale doth last, Tide and wind stay no man's pleasure ; Seek not time, when time is past, Sober speed is wisdom's leisure : After-wits arc dearly bought, Let the fore-wit guide thy thought. 3. Time wears all his locks before. Take, then, hold upon his forehead : When he Hies, he turns no more ; And behind his scalp is naked : Works adjourn'd have many stays, Long demurs brjng new delays. 4. Seek thy salve while sore is green, Fester'd wounds ask deeper lancing; After-cures are seldom seen, Often sought, scarce ever chancing : In the rising stifle ill. Lest it grow against thy will. 5. Drops do pierce the stubborn flint, Not by force, but often falling ', a Custom kills with feeble dint, More by use than strength prevailing; Single sands have little weight, Many make ;i drowning freight. G. Tender twigs arc bent with ease, ' Age c ; and is from qualis, of what sort. Univer'sal, a., general. F. universel, from unu-^, I.., one, and verto, 1 turn. Mor'tified, pt., vexed. L. mortificatus, from mors, death. Sjncer'ity, «., candor, ingenuousness. F. siiiceriti;, fi-oi^ c*"/v/, L., and this from kerns, G., wax. Svie-ccra is applied to honey freed or cleansed from the mixture of wax. Afternoon, ?i., the time from mid-day to evening. A.S. rff/ternon, non is from norms, I,., ninth. SiMPLic'iTY, n., [here ineanS) silliness. L. simpUcitos, — 9i ie-plico., means without fold. Plico, L.,I fold;, from pleko, G., I plait. t I I X 3C (jKNF.nos'fTY, ;j., the quality of being g(»nerous. L. fjeinerositas, from fjpnvs, Kind. C f-crt'sh'-), //., rashness. I-', iutfi.wnitio/i, from crrno, li., Ii'diii hn'int, (i., I sec, sift, jnd^^t', Ac. KiDK. I i.(»i s, ^/., hiughahle, conttMuptihle. L. ridiaulus, from nV/fo, 1 laiii^di. 1. TiiK (liiclicss of Lon^Minvillo, wlioso p:r('nt (nialitios nicrilcd I'or licr universal cshnMii, Ix'iiij;: iiiialjle lo ohtaiii IVom Louis \ IV. a favor wliicli ilic pai'liciilarly i'('(|u«'sI(mI, w as so sciisilily Fnorlilied, as to Icl tali sonic ('\|H'('ssioris of se lainily he resided, by his candor and strict re^'ard to Irulh. A \iolent (jiiarrel occurred in the house of this nobleman, whicii was carrie able to decide; with justice, be ass<'mbled all his people, and obli^'ev a most solemn oat on the Ciospels, to declare; the whnsumed by an internal heat, which often terminates in convulsions and death. The carcasses of the dead exhibit symptoms of immediate putrefaction, similar to what is observed to take place on bodies deprived of life by thunder, or the efifect of ele tricily. 3. When this pestilence visits towns or villages, the inhabitants shut themselves up, the streets are deserted, >«-».- 99 and the silence of the night everywhere reigns. Trav- ellers in fhe desert sometimes find a crevice in the rocks; but, if remote from shelter, thev nmst abide the dreadful consequences. The only means of escaping from these destructive blasts, is, to lie Hat on the ground until they pass over, as they always move at a certain heiglit in the atmosphere. Instinct teaches even animals to bow down their heads, and bury their nostrils in the sand. The danger is most imminent when thev blow in s(jualls, which raise up clouds of sand in sucli (juantilies, that it becomes impossible to see to the distance of a few yards. In these cases, the traveller generally lies down on the lee side of his camel ; but as the desert is soon blow n up to the level of its bodv, both are obli<:ed freouently to rise and replace themselves in a new position, in order to avoid being entirely covered. In many instances, how- ever, from weariness, faintness, or slee|)iness, occasioned by the great heat, and often from a feeling of despair, both men and animals remain on the ground, and in twenty minutes they are buried under a load of sand. Caravans are sometimes swallowed up ; and whole armies have perished miserably in these inhospitable deserts. 'Cabinet Library. -♦♦♦- LESSON XVI. THE FALLEN LEAF. Inadvf.r'tently, ad., heedlessly, from L. verto, I turn. Memento, «.,any object calculated to awaken memory. L. memento ^ from memini, I remember. Resume', v., to recommence. L. resumere, from sumo, I take. Ag'itated, v., disquietedj(15th line;; put in motion (33rd line). L. agitatus, from ago, 1 do or drive; and this from ago, G., I lead. Contaact'ed, pt., formed. L. contractus, from traho, 1 draw. 1 ! \ i 1 , 1 > < ■ 1 li f '•[ I i i! I 40 Ven'erable, a., ancient. F. and S. venerable, from venero, L., I rev- erence, I honor. Desola'tion, n., dreariness. F. desolation. I and L. desolare, to make solitary and desert. Enjoyment, n., fruition. F. cnjouement, irova joie, ]ov. Fo'iJAGK, n.f leaves. L. foliatio, from pimllon, G., a leaf. Prospku'ity, n., good fortune. F prosperiU , from prosper, L., suc- cessful, and that from (G.) pros, to, and pliero, I hear or carry. 1 . ^' The fallen loaf ! " Again and again I repeated this sentence to myself, when, after traversing the avenue for some time, I had inadvertently stept into a heap of these mementoes of the departing year. This trivial incident hroke in upon a gay and buoyant train of thought; and, as. for a single moment I stood fixed on the spot, the words of the prophet fell with a deep and painful meaning upon my heart. 2. I resumed my walk, and would have resumed with pleasure the train of thought that had been broken, but in vain ; and when I again reached the place where the fallen leaves were collected, I made a longer pause. With how loud a voice did they speak of the end of all things ! how forcibly remind me that those busy projects, which at that moment agitated my heart, would, like them, fade, and be carried away in the tide of life ! 3. The leaves fade away, and leave the parent stem desolate : but, in a few short months, they will bud and bloom again : other leaves, as gay as those were, will supply their place, and clothe the forest with as bright a green. And is it not so with the heart? We are separated from tho^e who are now most dear to us, or they fade away in the tomb ; new interests are excited, new friend- ships contracted, and every former image is effaced and forgotten. 4. My eye now rested on the venerable pile of building before me : it seemed but as yesterday since the master of that stately mansion'stood at the gate to welcome my arrival; and now, where was he? — Gone — and for ever I The accents of his voice were never again to be heard ; my eye was to behold him no more. 41 h*s 5. As these thoughts | assed through my mind, a slight breeze for a moment agitated the naked branches : it helped to complete the work of desolation, and several of the still remaining leaves were wafted to my feet. How indiscriminately were here mingled the pride of the forest, the majestic oak, the trembling aspen, the graceful poplar, with all the tribe of inferior shrubs ! Here lay all that remained of their once-gay foliage — one undis- tinguishable mass of decay ; with no mark to point out to which they had originally belonged. And shall not death, the great Icvelli^, reduce us to the same state of equality? The great, the noble, the learned, the beautiful, when they lay down their heads in the grave — what are they more than the mean, the lowly, and the worthless ? They leave a name behind them for a short time, and then how soonfare the best beloved fororotten ! b'.' 6. Feelings such as these must have been felt thousands; and whilst they serve to temper the enjoyment of prosperity, they contribute also to smooth the rugged path of life, and calm the sufferings of tbe wounded spirit. Since, whether one day has been bright or cloudy, spring and summer must, ere long, give place to autumn ; and then comes the winter, when, we, too, must fade as the leaf. .—»-.. — .-,....... - ANONYMOUS. BIBLIOTHilQUE DE 297Alil9S?r itmnitsRAiTiiviii:.^ FIRST COMMUNION. Commu'nion, n., tho receiving of the Blessed Eucharist. F. commu- nion, from munus, L.. a gift. Catechumens, n., persons who are yet in the first rudimei^j^ol M ki.» m ' ■ ■ 'if ltu,.'*'i n r-. I - i !■ Mi I .ii ;' la 11: 42 Chrislinnity. F. rnUchnmhie/i, from (G.) kntn, on or concerning, ami i:ch<'n, 1 sound. IlATioNAf. (rash' un al), a., ai^roeablc to reason. F. rationel, from ralioy L., anil this from ridus, p. pt. cArevi, to think. Baptis'mal, a., of or pertaining to baptism. F. haptismal, from bapio, (]., I wash. Gongri;(;a'tion, /i., an assembly met to worship God in public. F. co/Kji'd/ntivn, from fjrc.i:, a tlock. Mon'astf.uy, n., a house of religious retirement. G. monasterion, from mo.ios, alone; — s'flience also monnchos, a monk. Sbclu'sio.n, n., separation; from L. .-ieclndeve, to slmt in, to confine, — se, and cbnulo, 1 shut. Devo'tion, ;/., [)iety. F. di'n'otion; from vottun, L., from voveo, I vow, 1 pray. Demeanor (de ine'-nur), n., behavior: — derivation uncertain. Accom'i»axif.d, ;j^, joined. F. accornpagner, to attend: of disputed origin. 1. On the Sunday, ^^hich we call White Sundav, tliose cliildrcn are solemnly admitted to their first Com- munion, whose childhood is drawing towards its close, and who are approaching Ihe period of youth. White Sanday, (Low Sunday,) is this day called, hecause in the first ages ci' the Church, the catecliumens, who were haptized on Holy Saturday, put on, on thatday, assigns of innocence, white garments, and wore them until the Sunday after Easter. To this, the Introit, on this Sunday, alludes in the following words, from the First Epistle of St. Peter : '* As new-horn hahes, desire the rational milk without guile, that tl 'reby you may grow unto solvation." This is the reason why, on Low Sunday, the children are not only admitted for the first time to the table of their Lord, but are made solemnly to renew their baptismal vows ia the presence of the whole community. 2. What an all-important, beautiful, and never-to-be- forgotten day is this, thou knowest, dear youth, too well from thine emu experience, to render it necessary for me to draw your attention to the subject, and if I now refer to it, it is to excite in our mutual breasts a reminiscence of early feelings ; for our w hole life should be a continu- atiou of the Sunday of our first Communion. ^ 43 3. For a long period prior to this event, has the pas- tor prepared the youth for this twofold solemnity. In some places, as at Home, the children spend the last ten days in a monastery allotted for the purpose, in order that, livinjj^ there in seclusion from the world, from their parents and relatives, they may devote themselves to me- ditation, and to serious preparation for the solemn event that is to occur. 4. At last arrives the expected day. Early, the church- bell gives the signal. The children assemble in the school-house ; and thence, each sex apart, they proceed nnder the superintendence of their teachers to the church. This is a highlv allecting spectacle : the boys are clothed alike; so are tlie girls; the latter being mostly clad in white dresses, simple, beautiful and modest. But the most beautiful and touching of the whole is, the expression of devotion in their countenances ; the piety manifested in their gait, look, and demeanor. As they approach the church, their delicate infantine voices pour forth a hymn ; and as they enter singing, the organ strikes up its sweetest notes, accompanied by a chorus, of the clearest, but, withal, the tenderest harmony, like an angelic salutation from above. Then the com- munity joins in saJuting the young members, now admrt- ted into its bosom. At the altar, the priest stands await- ing them, robed in a long white vestment, and wearing his stole. He, also, salutes them with amiable dignity, and, after they have formed themselves round the altar, he calls their attention, in words, few, but persuasive and strong, to the important action whicli they are about to solemnize. Studenmaier. I ■ *i •If lij 'i ■J 1 ^■r.(|. !■' '■■1-. 'C t 44 I .1 LESSON XVIII. SONG OF THE CAPTIVE LARK. i. Tliis rnorrv morn — tlic sun hath shed •J His lifj^ht uj)oii the mountain-head. The f^^olden dews are sparkling now On lieath and hill, on flower and hough ; And many a haj>py song is heard From every gay rejoicing hird : But never more, alas! shall I Soar up and sing in yonder sky. 2. Through these harsh wires I glimpse in vain The ray that once awoke my strain ; In pain, while coop'd, I fret and pine, My useless wings their strength decline. Sad is my late to see the stars Pass one hv one before mv bars ; And know, when dawn returneth, I No more may sing in yonder sky. -3. Oh, harharous you, who still can bear This mournful doom to bide me share — To see me droop and sadden on, With wishful eye, from dawn to dawn ; Beating my little breast in woe, 'Gainst these dread wires that vex me so, And my glad passage still deny To soar and sing in yonder sky ! 4. Oh, let me fly — fly up once more I How^ would my wmg delighted soar ! What rapture would my song declare, Pour'd out upon the sunny air ! Oh, let me hence depart ! in vain I try to breathe one gladsome strain : In this dark den, I pine, I die ; Oh, let me fly to yonder sky I Logan. 45 1.ESS0N XIX. CHURCH OF OUR LADY, NEAR BOLOGNA. ConiN TiiiAN, n., the fourth of the live orders of architecture,— from, Corinlh, formerly one of the most distinguished cities of ancient Greece— now a village. Dome, n., a hemispherical arch; a cupola. F. dome, from domoa, G., a house. Sakc'tuary, w., a sacred asylum ; a holy place. L. sanduavium, from simetus, holy. I'ldiTico, n., a piazza or covered walk. h. portmis, from porta, a gate. Pecu'niary, «., consisting of money. I^. pecnninnm, hnm perurnn, money, — and that from pecm, a sheep. IJi fure the invention of coin, so many sheep were given as the price of articles purchased, and prohahly after its invention each piece was called a sheep, and may have been stamped with a sheep upon it. Mo.n'ument, n., a memorial. L. monumentwn, from mnnere, to remind. Modern, a., now living. F. moderne, from rnodo, L., now, just now. Unpar'alleled, a., unequalled; from paro, G.. by the side of, and allelon, each other. Fertil'ity, n., fruitfulness. F. fertilite, from ferre, L., to bear. Adja'cent, a., bordering upon. F. adjacent, from Jacere, L., to bo near. 1. Tnis church stands on a high hill, about five miles from Bologna. It is in the form of a Greek cross, of the Corinthian order, and crowned with a dame. As the people of Bologna have a peculiar devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and crowds flock from all quarters to visit this, her sanctuary ; for their accommodation, in all seasons and every kind of weather, a portico has been carried from the gates of the city up the hill to the very entrance of the temple, or rather to the s(juare before it. This immense huilding was raised hy the voluntary contribu- tions of persons of every class in Bologna; the richer erected one or more arches, according to tlieir means; the middling classes fave their pecuniary aid in propor- tion; and the poorest insisted on contributing their labor to the grand undertaking. It is, in reality, a most noble ■m m m 46 incmiimcnt of public piety and alone sufficient to prove, tlial (lie spirit and maprnificence ot the ancient Roman? still animate tin; modern Italians. 2. The church is of a line and well-proportioned form, rich in marhles, hut overloaded, as we imagined, with ornaments. It is needless to add, that from such an ele- valion, the view is hcautiful ; lost on oni? side in tiie wind- ings of the fieighhoring Apennines, and extending on the olher ov(!r a plain of immense extent, and unparalleled [)()pula(ion and fertility. One circumslance struck us particularly, wh.ile on the hill. It was the end of March ; the sky was cle; r, and the weather warm, nearly as it may he on ahright day in England in the month of May ; so warm in short, as to render the shade not only [)leasing but desiral)le ; yet, in various parts of the hill, and near the church, the snow lay deep, and in vast masses, still likely to resist, for some time, the increasing warmth ol the season ; so great is the, influence of such mountain^ as the Alps and Apennines on the climate of the adjacen* countries. Eustace. LESSON XX. THE TIGER. (, s t ii L Ti'ger, n., a fierce beast of the leonine kind, so named on accoiin* of its swiftness. L. in/ris, vvliich in the Medians' language sig- nifies an arrow. Hag'gard, a., wild, strange. F. hnrjavd, nniarned, from vaffus, L. wandering ; or hfif/or (Heh.), a stranger. Insa'tiable, a., greedy beyond measure. F. insntinbh^ from satisy L., enough. El'epiiant, n.y the largest of all land animals. F. ddphant, L. and G. eicphas, a word received from the Tyrians. Riunoc'eros, 71., a beast in the East Indies, armed with a horn on the nose. F. and L. rhinnceros, G. rhinokeros, — rA?/j, the nose, and kerns, a horn. Progeny (prod' je-ne), n., brood. L. progenies, from gigno, I beget. Li'oNEss, n., a she lion. F. lionne. Lion is said to be derived from hlewan, A.S., to roar. 1 (" prove, Dinam I'orm, I, with lui elc- c wind- on the •alloled nek us March ; ly as it it'May; pleasing 11(1 near ses, still \rmth oi ounlain^ adjaccn* STAGE. i m accoun* iguagc sig- V (Iff us, L. [from satis, \ant, L. and a horn on |i, the nose, \no, I beget, lerived froni 47 iNVADrn. «., one who ontors with hostility into the possession of .■iiK'tlicr. S. inrasi'ir. I-, ini'ddcrc, to go in : — r(uh), \ go. hvKTKRATF., 7. , ohsliriato, ;le 'i>-rout,('(l. L. t//rr(fr/i(u^\ grown old ; ri'liK. old. III!) i;ors, '/., frightful. V . Indni.v, |»('rli;i|ts ffum lujddn, A.S., to Inde ;— being sin.h as one wonid hide from. I. Tin: form of (lie l)odv nsuallv corrcshoiids wilh (lie naliire and disposilion ot Ihis animal. The IJLrei' willi a IkkIv loo long, with limbs loo sliorl, wilh a head irneov- (M'cti, and wilh eves ghaslly and haggai'd, has no charac- l(>risli(S hill (hose of *he basest and most insaliable ci'indly. I'or insliiict he has tiolhing but a imiform rage, a biind liirv ; so blind, indeed, so ■mdislingnishing, ijial he IVe- (|iieiilly devours his own progi'uy, and if she (dlered lo (leleiid tlicm, he tears in pieces the dam herself. ^. The liger is found in Malabar, in Siiun, in Heiigal, and in ail Ihe "onnlries whi( h aiH* inhabited by the rle- phanl and rhinoceros. D(dlon, in his travels, assures iis, thai there is no eonntry in Indi.i in which tigers so much abound as Malabar, that there Ihe sjtecies are numerous, but that the largest of all is that which Ihe l*orlugiiese call Ihe royal tiger, which is very rare, and is as lar^^c as a horse. 3. The species of the tiger has always been much rarer and much less generally dill'used than that of Ihe lion. Like the lioness, however, the tigress produces four or live young ones at a birth. From her nature she is tierce at all times ; but when surrou:ided with her infant pro- geny, and in the smallest danger of losing them, her rage and fury become extravagant. To oppose ihe daring in- vaders of her den, she pursues the spoiler with an enmity the most inveterate ; and he, contented 'o lose a part in order to save a part, is frequently obliged to drop one of the cubs. With this she immediately returns to her den, and again pursues him ; he then drops another ; and by the time she has returned with tliat, he generally es- capes with the remainder. Should her young be torn from her entirely, with hideous cries she expressed her agony^ 'M ^'y i^^ ■/.■ i*s ' 48 licr despair, and follows the captor to tlii! vorv town or ship in Nvliicii he may have taken refut?e, and dares liim, as it were, to come forth. Airman's Animal Kingdom. 1,1 i . M LESSON XXI. OF THE ORIGINAL INIIARITANTS, GOVERNMENT, LAWS, ETC., OF IRELAND. Scythians, ??., the nrifjinal inhabitants of the countries N. of the Caspian and Euxine seas and the adjnrent [larts of Europe. Sctjthfi', from Sci/lhia, — sometimes called Stinnntin. Tar'a, n., the ])lace in Met th where the convocation of the States- general of Ireland assembled trierniially, thence called Temora. Ir. Taray/i ; sometimes called tca/j/i-mor, the j^n'eat, house. Heued'itary, a., falling to one as heir. L. haircditariu.s^ from hijcres, an heir. Bre'iion, n., one invested with judicial authoritv : *"rom brehiv, Ir., a judge. E'ra, ?<., a series of years beginning from some known epoch. L. lera ; of uncertain etymology. Restrict'ed, pt., confined, limited. L. restridum, from stridus, tied or bound. Fostering, n., nursing : from fodrian, A.S,, to feed or nourish. Antiquity (an-tik'-kwe-te), n., great age. L. ant^'qiiitas : — antiqum or anb'nus, ancient, is from aide, before. Appendages, n., things added to otlier thi.igs not necessary to their essence. L. appendices, from pendeo, I hang. Bel'fries, w., the places where bells are hung : from bell-an, A.S., to bellow. 1. There are many accounts of tlie origin of the ear- liest inhahitants of Irehuid ; tlie most probable belief is, tliat Ireland was peopled by a colony of Phtienicians, a branch of the ^'•rcat nation of the Scythians. Ireland was anciently divided into live kinuvloms : Ulstiir, Leinster, C()Dnaug:ht, Munster, and Meath, each of wfiich was governed by its own prince ; but the king of Meath was also paramount sovereign of all Ireland, and held his court at the palace of Tara. These kingdoms descended not from father to son by heieditary right ; the succefesion i\vn or ;s him, iDOM. LAWS, N. of th<' [ Europe. il Teiticra. ise. 'jM.s', from trehiv, Ir., k>oc'h. L. n stridiis, lourish. —antiquus iry to their //-on, A.S., the ear- belief is, nicians, a eland was Leiuster, lich was leath was held his descended uccefesiou 40 '' was rc^nlaled by the law of Tiun'sfr//; — a law wbicli irs- triclcd the ri^Mit of succession to the I'ainily of llie prince! or cbief; but any member of Ibe i'amily mi^-^bt be elected successor as well as (be eldest son. Tnnisl was tlie title borne by the elected successor, during- the life of tlie rei^Miin^' prince or cbief. The Tanist sb(tuld be a kriij:bf, lull twenty-live years old; bis li^ui'e should be tall, noble, and free from blemish; be sbouM, mort;- over, prove his pedi^q'ee tVom the Milesians, so called from Miiesiiis, a celebrated hero of the Scytbic race, who, with his sons, and a lar^^' colony, coming direct- ly from Spain, settled in Irebuid several centuries Ix^- fore our era. 2. The ancient law of Ireland was called Ibe /irohon Lafv, the most sin|j:ular feafui'e of which was, the almost total al»sence of capit.d punishment. Murder was punished by a money line, called an cn'r. The oirice of Brehon was hereditary, — beiuLr, lil\e all other threat ollices in those days, restricted lo certaifi fami- lies. A custom prevailed in those limes which still exists in ome dej^ree; namely, the custom of fnstcriny. The children of the chiefs and ntd)les were always suckled by the wives of the tenants. The liid^ thus formed was considered as strong- as the tie of actual relationship: nay, foster-bi'others and foster-sisters often loved each other better than if they had been the children of the sanu! parents. Another custom was that of gossipprcrf. The chiefs and nobles fre- quently became godfathers to the children of their vassals and dependants. One good etfect of these ancient customs was, that they helped, in some degree, to connect different classes in the bonds of affection with each other. 3. There are many remains of early Irish buildings; of these, the most remarkable are lifty-lwo round towers of high antiquity, upon the origin and purpose of which the learned are much divided. Mr. l*elrie holds, thiit the round towers were built by Irish CJirislians at different periods between the 6th and I2lh centuries^ as appendages I' 11 ■'f.'l , r r I f \j ! \ 50 10 their ecclesiastical rslablislimpnts, as holfiies and church castles for proteclioii in tiiiio of (laiiucr. lie grounds ttiis oj)iiiioii upon sokm* \cr\ iinportiiiil f'.uis. The first is, that the; loNvt.'rs )tcccr are Ibiiiid uncoMneclod with ancient churches; tlie next is, tiiat ihe arciiilec- tural features of the towers are foniid in the original chur- ches with which they are connected, where such n^rnain; ind finally, that Christian enihleiiis are on several oi'iUcm, ind olh(M's exliihit a style of ai'chilecture universally ac knowledged to belong' to Christian times, while all have some architectural points not seen in any known pagan remains in Ireland. (Altered from O.N. Daunt's Cat. of I. His. & Dub. Rev.) 1.ESS0N XXII. REMARKABLE LAKES. i Portugal, n., the tancient Lusitariia, and most westerly kinffdom of the European continent. The name is said to bo from Porto Calle, tlie port Galle, a town formerly on the Douro. Ridge, //., a rough extended line raised above the adjoining surface. A.S.hrt/cge, from hra-c-a/i, to reach, to extend. Unfath'omable, a., not to be sounded by a line. A.S. /"ceMm, a measure of six feet, from fcHlimian, to embrace with each hand extended. Subterraneous, «., lying under or below the surface of the earth. L. subterra/ieus, — .iuh, and terra, the earth. Confirji'ed, pt., strengthened by new evidence. L. confirmntus, from firmus, strong, and that from hiermos, G., connected. Occa'sionally, ad., occurring or falling out incidentally. ¥. par occasion, from cadere, L., to fall. Extraor dinar Y, «., out of, or more than, what is common. F. extraordinaire, from ordo, L., I arrange. Rum'bling, a., a term applied to a hoarse, confused, continual sound. Ger. runiepln, to rattle, from hrci'tnen, A S., to make a noise. Absorb', v., to swallow up, L. absorbere, from -mrbeo, I suck in. Pet'rifv, v., to change to elone. F. pdtrifier, from petra^ L., a etoflCj and fieri, to cause to be, 1 Des m Ooz -9 C( H Lai 9 T '|l Fl.Al ■« ft 1 riEi i> 51 cs and IM-. lu- ll far Is. inncfletl irrliitoc- \\[\\ cIku-- remain ; ot'lhoin, I'salW ac- : all 1»avo m\ pagan )uh. Rev.) >rlY kingdom e from Porfo 0. iiiing surface. V.S. foethniy a ith each hand of the earth. . confinnatus, nnected. •allv. F. par w common. F- |sed, continual S., to make a heo, I suck in. i. On the top of a ridge of mountains in Portugal, calird h\'itn'll(i, there are two lakes of great extent and depth, cs[)eeiallv one of them, which is said to he un- fatnomahh'. What is rhiedy remarkahh* in them is, tliat they are cahn when the sea is so, and rough when that is stormy. II is, therefore, pi'ohahle, tliat lliey have a suhlerraneons comunmicatiim with the ocean; and this seems to he eonlirmed hy the pieces of shi|)s tiu^y occasion- ally tlirow up though almost forty mifes distant from the sea. There is another extraordinary lake in this country, which, hefore a storm, is said to make a frightful rumhling noise, that nav he heard at the dist;mce of several miles. And we are also told of a pool or fountain, called /'I'frcncias, ahout twenty-four miles from Coimhra, that ahsorhs not only wooti, hut even (he lightest hodies thrown into it, such as cork, straws, feathers, &c., which sink to the hottom, and are seen no more. To these we may add a remarkahh; spring near Estremos, which petrilies wood, or rather incvusts it with a case of stone: tut the most surprising circumstance is, that it throws up water enough in summer to turn several mills, whereas in winter it is perfectly dry. Smith's WoNDERr>. LESSON xxm. INDIAN-RUBBER AND SPONGE. DESCRrBED, pt., represented. L. descn'ptus, from sa'ibo, I write. Ooze, v., to tlow or issue forth gently. Ooze is said to be a corruption oi caiix, F., waters. La'yer, n., that which is spread over a surface. I. letto, layer. The Ger. lagen, is equivalent to the L. ponere, to put, or lay. Flam'beaux (-hose), «,, lighted torches. F. flambeaux^ from L, flamma, a flame. Flex'ible, a., ductile, bendable, F. flexibk^ from flecio^ L., I beation of chirurgeou, one who porfonis manual operations in the art of healing. G. chc'irour(/os,—c/teir, the hand, and eryon, work. Chem'ist, n., a professor of chemistry. F. cltitnistc. probably from chymn, G., from cheyein, to pour, in reftTcnco to one who pours or mixes metals; or from kaniai, Ar., to conceal. Impreg'nated, pt., saturated. F. iinpn'yne, from pneynans, L., (praoyena/is), full of, teeming with. Sheathed, />/., covered or protected : from A.S. sceodia/i, to sepa- rate or seclude ; consequently, to protect, Ac. 1. Indian-rubber is the hardened juice of a tree wliich grows in South America. It is called the ayringc-tree, and is described as attainin*;a very prreat liei^lif, beiiiir, at the same lime, perfectly straij^iit, and h;ivinf,' no branches except on the top, \vhich is but small, covering no more than a circumference of ten feet. Its leaves are green on the upper part, and white benealh. The seeds are three in nund)er, and contained in a [)od, ';niisisfing of three cells, and in each of them there is a kernel, which, being stript and hoiled in water, produces a thick oil or fat, an- swering the purposes of butter in the cookery of that coun- try. 2. The Indians make incisions through the bark of this tree, chiefly in wet weather; a milky juice oozes out, which is spread over moulds of clay ; when the lirst hiyer is dry, a second is put over it ; this operation is repeated till the indian-rubber is of the thickness recpiired, After this, it is placed over burnin^^ vegetables, the smoke of which hardens and darkens it. The natives apply it to various purposes; for water-proof boots, for bottles, and also for flambeaux, which give a very brilliant light, and burn for a great lengiit of time. The principal uses to which indian-rubber is applied here, are, the ell'acing of black-lead marks, for water-|)roof shoes, for balls, flexible lubes, syringes, and other instruments used by surgeons and chemists. Cloth of all kinds may be made to resist water, if impregnated with the fresh juice of the syringe- 53 troo. The boHoms of ships are sometimes sheathed with indian-riibhor, cut very thin;. it is said to oreserve them from llie injuries of shell-lish. 3. Spongk is a marine production ; it was formerly supposed to he a ve^aMahie, hut the opinion now <;enerally erilorlained is, tliat it is a habitation constructed hv a little worm, one of the species considered to occupy the lowest rank in the animal kin^^lom. It is found adhering to van*jus marine sul)slances at the bottom of the sea, espociiiliy in th{'>b'diterranean, and isprocured by divers, who are early tiained to this employment. S|)on^e absorbs (luids rapidly, an