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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra &ur |& dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bof'om, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en b js, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ata lure. : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 VTcfZ ^^Reprinttil from tht Caumtian lieconl of Science, July, 1896." ^ ' Pre-Cambrian Fossils Especially in Canada. (Abstract of a paper by Sir VV. Dawson, LL. I)., F.R.S. Read in the Geological Section of the British Association, Liverpool Meeting, September, 1896.) The paper was intemled to he introductory to the exhi'ntion l)y the laiitorn of speciniens of Eozoon Caiiadense, for the purpose of showing its structures to geologists who may not liave had opportunities of seeing authentic or perfect specimens. Canadian examples of the rocks and fossils were referred to, hecause that country possesses the greatest areas and the hest ex^josures of Pre-Cambrian rocks, because in that country large portions of them have been well explored and map})ed, and because, in Canada, Eozoon was first discovered. The base of the Cambrian system may, for the present, be fixed at the lower limit of the Olen^^Mus fauna, now recognized in Newfoundland an«l in the western part of Canada, as well as in the United States. With this the Protolenus horizon of Matthew in Southern New Bruns- wick should probably be associated ; and there, as well as in Newfoundland, the lowest bed of the series is marked by a barren sandstone.' The Olenellus Zone affords, according to Walcott, 105 species, representing all the leading types of Marine Invertebrate life.'"* Beneath this, in New Brunswick and Newfoundland, is a great thickness of red and greenish slates or shales, resting on a base of conglomerate, which lies uncon- formably on the Huronian system (Coldbrook Series), of wb-ose debris it is, in part, composed. It contains, as far as known, no Trilobites, but has a few fossils referred to Ostrocods, Mollusks, Worms, Brachiopods, Cystideans, and Protozoa. Matthew has named this group in New Brunswick the Etcheminian system. He regards it as Pre-Cambrian, but still Palieozoic. It seems to correspond 1 Matthew, ProtoUuus Faum, Traus. Acad. Science, N.Y., March, 1895. a Memoir on Lower Cambrian, U.S. Geol. Survey. %t 158 Canadian Jieeord of Science. with the SifTiiul Hill Series and Rfindom Sound Series of Murray and Hovvley in Newfoundland, with the Kewenian or Kewenawan Series of Liike Superior, whicli, according to the observations of the Canadian Survey, covers great areas between Lake Superior and the Arctic Sea. It may be correlated with the Chuar and Grand Canyon formations of Walcott in Arizona. In the latter these occur with a few other fossils, including a fragment of a Trilobite, numerous specimens of laj-ge laminated forms, which may be regarded as connecting the Cryptozoon of the Cambrian, and the Arclmozoon of the Upper Laurentian with Eozoon.^ If, with Matthew, we regard the Etcheminian beds and their equivalents as lowest Pakeozoic, then the fossiliferous formations underlying these should be included under the term Eozoic, proposed by the author many years ago in connection with the description of Eozoon ; and the term Algonkian, used by the United States Geological Survey, will include both Pakeozoic and Eozoic formations.^ Next below the Etcheminian in New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and also, apparently, in Colorado, we have the great thickness of mostly coarse, clastic sediments, associated with contemporaneous volcanic outflows and ash-rocks, ori- ginally der.cribed by Logan and iurray as the Huronian system. These rocks are of a character not likely to yield many fossils. There are, however, slates, limestones, and iron ores associated with them, which have afforded laminated bodies comparable with Eozoon, burrows of worms, spicules of sponges and indeterminate fragments referable to Algae or to Zoophytes. In rocks of similar age in Brittany, Barrois and Cayeux announce the occurrence of Sponges, Foraminifera and Radiolarians. 1 Hall, Report on Palaeintology of N. York, No. 36, Matthew Bulletin, N. Bruns- wick, Nat. Hist. Society, 1890, Walcott I.e. 2 This term is, in any case, unhappy in form and sense, and perhaps should be dropped. Pre-Cavihrian Fossils esjpedatty in Canada. 150 Doul)t has, however, been dist on these in a recent paper by Dr. lifiuff, of Bonn. It is n jt improbable that tlie Huronian may admit of sub-division into two members ; antl, if its deep sea limestones could be found, pferliaps into three. It underlies the Etcheminian unconformably, and, so far as known, is itself unconformable to the Liiurentian, which must have been subjected to some disturbance and to much intrusion of igi'ieous matter, as well as to great denudation, before and during the Huronian period. Next in descending order is the Upper Laurentian, or G7envillian system (the upper part of Logan's Lower Laurentian), which is well developed in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Valley and also in New Brunswick, as well as in theAdirondncksand the eastern slope of theApalachians. It contains various gn^issos^ and schistoze rocks, whicli though crystalline, show, on analysis, the same composition with Paheozoic slates,' and it includes also bands of quartzite and of grapl.ite and graphitic schist, as well as large beds of magnetite. Above all, it is remarkable for the occurrence of great zones or belts of limestone, associated with what seem to be altered sedimentary beds] and is in many places rich in graphite and in apatite. It IS scarcely possible to doubt that in this great system of several thousands of feet in thickness we have evidence of tranquil oceanic deposition and of abundant animal and vegetable life. It, no doubt, also occupies great areas covered by later deposits, while there is evidence that the portions exposed have undergone enormous denudation The graphite of this system has yielded no distinct structures, except imperfectly preserved fibres ; but in some places it assumes the form of long ribbon-like bands suggestive of fronds of algte, and an American paheontolo- gist, Mr. Britton, has described one of these forms from 1 Adams— Am. Journal of Science, July, 1805. IGO Canadian Mvcortl of Science. the I^urentliiii limestone of New Jersey, uudor the name of ArckacophyUm Newherrintiiiiit} It is in one of the limestones, the iiighest of the series, rieh in nodules and <,'rains of Serpentine, that the forms described as Eozoon Ganadcnsc occur. It is not the object of this uiper to enter into any detjiils as to these, or any discussion of tiieir claims to l)e regarded as of animal origin, but to allow the specimens exhibited to speak for themselves, referring to pievious [)ul)lications for }i more particular account of tiieir structure and modes of occurrence.'^ Below the Grenville series we find an immense thickness of orthoclase gneiss, associated with igneous dykes and masses, without limestones or other indications of organic remains, liut presenting alternations with thick bands of Hornblendic schist. This is the " Ottawa gneiss" of the Geological Survey of Canada, a fundamental . rock, perhaps a portion of the primitive crust of the earth, or a product of aciueo-igneous, or crenitic action, before the beginning of regular sedimentation. It is the Lower Laurentian or Arcluean complex of some authors, and is quite distinct from the overlying Grenvillian, except in the occurrence of orthoclase gneisses in both. The Eozoic group of systems will thus for the present include the Huronian and Grenvillian or Upper Laurentian, the fauna of which is characterized by the prevalence in the former of Annelida, Sponges and Protozoa, and in the latter, so far as known, of Protozoa alone, represented by peculiar and gigantic forms, as Eozoon and Archa?ozoon, and some smaller types vArchpeospherina;). As at present known, the^3 systems are of a character unfavorable to the preservation of organic remains — the Huronian because of its coarse and littoral character, the Grenvillian because of its great metamorphism. It may, 1 Annals N.Y. Academy, Vol. IV., No. 4. 2 Sec papers in Uie Goological Magazine for ISO.'., also Memoir in Publications of Peter Redpatli Museum. Pre( imhrian Fossils espeviallji in (JaiKnhi. <\*\i however, ])e hoped that shoukl {\(iQ\t sea deposijt'^ of Huronian a{,'e be discovered, or the GrenviUiau rocksihvia less altered state, additional s])ecies may he found; U(^ (is it impossible that there may be ad(Utional form^tio.us filling the probabU; j^aps in time between the Lv.wtjr Lf'iurentian and the Grenvillian, or between it andtl^e Huronian, or between the latter and the Etchem^iian. In any case there is ample .scope for the labor of tlipse who have the necessary skill and patience. It was add^Ll that important detailed explorations of the I-rfiurentiw^n and Huronian, supplementary to those of Logan, are npw in progress, under Dr. Dawson, Director of the Geologicjal Survey of Canada ; more especially by Dr. Ells, Dr. At^njs and Mr. Barlow, and may be expected to yield importajjt results. . ,.: In concluding, the author insisted on the dutjiOf palaeontologists to give more attention to the .Pr*- Cambrian rocks, in the hope of discovering connectinjg links with the Cam1)rian, and of finding the oceanic members of the Huronian, and less metamorph(?setl e(|uivalents of the Upper Laurentian, and so of reaQhii,ig backward to tlie actual beginning of life on our pla^i^t, shoulu this prove to be attainable. At the close of the paper a number of micro-photographs, showing the forms and structures of Eozoon and other ancient remains, sup})osed to be organic, were projected on the screen. The President said that they were all delighted to have the subject presented in this way. The dawn of life on the globe was, perhaps, the most fascinating of all subjects with wliich the geologist had to deal. The subject of Eozoon Canadense was intimately associated with the name of Sir William Dawson. Dr. Hicks said no one else could possibly have given such an exposition of Eozoon. 162 Vanculiau lierord of Science. In the disrussion which followed, Mr. Matthew, Dr. Johnston Lavis, Sir JanioH (^rant, Trofessor llui)ert Jones, ProfeHsor Bonney, and others took j)art. One speaker rtnnarked that Kozoon had been attacked for many yejirs, but there were some geologists who still had faith in it. In responding. Sir William Dawson thanked the speakers for the fair and friendly manner in which they had received his old friend of the Laurentian rocks, and hoped it was not merely on the principle that nothing but good was to be said of the dead, His object had been to exhibit to a representative audience a series of charac- teristic examples of these curious objects, leaving those present to form their own conclusions. In any case, he thought they must admit that the discussion of the subject had been of advantage to Hcience ; and he hoped it would eventually lead to a great extension of our knowledge of the earliest forms of life. It was announced that additional specimens were on exhibition at University College Museum, and that some of these would be demonstrated under the microscope on the following afternoon. (I'artly from Report in Liverpool Post.) J /