..^ -■ VJ- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O I.I ^ilM IIM 1^ ^ IIIIIM 1-25 i 1.4 :.6 v] <^ /}. % '■>"^ ^: FholDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST ma:n street WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV ^ V ;\ \ ^ ^ * Ci? .•^ C/j w CmM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques I I Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de coulaur r~^ Covers damaged/ D D n Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculie Cover tit!e missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gtographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ a Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relioulltie^ ~~ Su}i;ar statistics < ■'*" Suniniary •>"- PART II. IniiU'oxcnieiit of .su<;ar lieets Varietie.s . do '^^~ Cultivation of the sunar l)eet Selection and preparation of soil Manurinfj; Seed and so\vin,n- ^ ^' After treatment Harvesting- Rotation of crops Co.st of jfrowinji sugar beets Analyses of roots Prices paid for heets l)y sujj,ar factories A^alue of l)eet pulp for feeding;' Manufacture of beet suj,'ar ^ '' , () 21 21 28 32 ;u 37 39 39 39 40 4.-. 41 43 43 44 4.') 4.") 46 47 40 1-4;'. n 4:1 4:'. 44 4.") 4") 4(i (i-r To the Honniiial)!*' Tlu' .Miiiistfiot' Kiiwuuti. SlU,— 1 li.-ivf the honour to suhniit to you hcivwitli a iviM)rt 011 tlic Beet-sujjttr Tiithistry prepared under your iiistru(ti(»iis. IntheHrst part of this report tlie lustory ol' (he industry in Europe is l)riefiy traced followed l.y a sketeh ..f its rise and pro-ress in the United States and Canmhu Tlie relative eo.st of produeiiijr cane and beet sugai' is discussed, to<,'ether witii tiie sul)- jeet <)f bounties, foilowinj. witii some statisti<-s relating to tlie suj,'ar interests, and a brief summary. The subjects ti'eatefii«'rlil interest in this suiijcct. Numerous expeiinienis liave been tried witii suyar heets for the purpose of ascertaining; where they eould he suecpssfidly ^'rown with a siifHeientIv hifjh percentage of sugiii' to permit of their heinfj; manufactnied with some hop.Mif profit. This experimental testing: of sugar heets has become scry general of late in the Tnited States and Canada, ^nd sutticient evidence has iieen accumulated to show that in lioth C(.untries there are largo areas over which this useful plant can lie grown to a degree of perfection as to sugar strength and purity ee. It is also indisputable that the culti\ati?ri,l,s(;,l.-,;s. \\ liy could not this article be produced by our own people, and this large sum of money sjient in promoting a useful inilustry in our midst, whereby a portion of the arable land would be im]iroved and employment provided for several months in theyeai'fora numlier of people. The beet sugai' industry in Eui'ope has been developed under the favouring influ- ences of protection and large b.iunfies, and one of the objects of the present enciuiry 'h< to endeavour to present, free from bias or iirejudice, the facts bearing on this subject from all sides, so that an intelligent judgment may be formed and such condusion.s reached as may best promote the welfare of the Canadian people. To obtain information, the writer has recently visited the beet sugar factory at VVest Fartdiam. (.^lebec, also tlie factories at (Jrand l.slaud and Norfolk, in Nebraska, r. S., and has enquired conceining the valuable tests, both chemical and agricultuial. which have been carried on for some years past under the direction of Dr. H. W. Wiley, the talented chemist of the Department of Agriculture at Wasiiington. Visits have also been jiaid to the experiment station at Lincoln, Nebraska, where the production of beet .sugar has been made a special subject of study by the director and well known chemist. Prof. H. H. Nichol.son : also to the stations at Ames, Iowa, and Madi.son. Wis- consin, where further useful information has been olitaiiu-d. Additional facts have been .,..tl,..r...l ».v a rairful stu.lv of Ww avail.il.l.' lit.Matmv wl.i.l. I.as appnuvil .... tl.is sul. j:^ •;. ,;^th; :^ tw....ty >.... ...■ ...o,.., a...i ..y 7i"-'7-:;: ,rr'''" " ■L,».,tM wlu. Imve stK-nt mud. tin..- in a.M«iinM^' a l<..nwl..t 1. s ....lusf.v. ' tirpnr ... Jin., of tl... ,•..,».,■. tV.-;. us.. l.as 1„..... ...a.l.. ;.f .IM- maU-nal .■..,..,...,.. i„ ,.; .p. .,s'uf .1... I.. .,.".■. ........ of Apu-nltu... of ,1... I ....... ';'^'- '-, * , :Uial la.ll..ti..s .... tl.is s..l.,....vl.i..|. l.a^.. ....... l'''!-'!:! •;>-^ J , V'"' ^ .hZ ,:„,.lisl....l l.v tl.is .l..,.a.t.......t. Tl,..,.as.....v..„ v..lu.....s ..t ''rp,^ f , j^./^^^^^^^^ I ..; < \V..i... ,,f Pliiladt.li)!. a, .avf lii.».n si....iiiilv .is<''ij,'i" "f Eiri:t:';;::;,;;;i:;:::";::;;:iv;;:,s-r-^ , .. .,, r,..,. of va,i..ti..s 1...S ..Uly i.u.rease,l i.. ......l.;.'-. .-..-.-, .-{.....a ly s ..... t l,;;V..'..t l.a" h.-.M. s,. la,.,..ly ••ultivat...! f..r .L- I-hU..-.,..,. ..t su,..r a...l as t.....! f.a '■"'"'1; 1747 a IVussia,. .■la.n.ist ..a,.....l Ma...,.aaf -..1 a ,.a,....- l...f..iv .1.. A..|ul..n.y of ...tW.. ..t tl... 1 i.4i wa.- i..'ict.s at w . <• . sujiai' was tl.eu l...l(l. Ha' iiit(>.t st \mi.. i. lir ; « s ,^ ; ..V,ii.,i ..... .1,,.,. ,,;:,..,..„. ,,.»......i ...,,1 .i... ri— -««;; „. 1 t., have ,.,a..ufa.tu.-d i. at a .-..st ..f ahout C .•.M.ts pe.; ,.ou..cl. At 1 e ' ' Z staled that he l.elieve.l that with fu.tli.T i.,.,..'ove...e..ts ,„ the ,.r...-ess the ...st .....1-1 he ii.ate.ially .•educed. HIS..; .)K I'll.''. INl.lS'l'HV IN ..IfAMI.;. This .........t att..a..t..d ...ueh atte..ti.... i.. Im.u....-, wlu-.v a e........itt... ..f l"-''''';;;"; sei.... ih • . UM. as a,,,...inte.l t.. investigate the suhjeet. T,» tlH^ir .-epo.l tlu^y s ate. Id n^d .1 ..t ohtai^, ......v tha.. 1 ,.e.oe..t of su^.,' f.-n. the hee s. -><1 '^ - '^ ^ ; „•. ti..ii had h.^e.. ,..ad.. l.ul.lie fu.the.- pu.suit ..f the suhjeet ... Ha.ae ^^ as ... tlu t ... . . M... ^vhile tw.. lunv faet ..'ies wefe established in (ie.-u.auy, a.,.1 tl..' .vsults h;..ns. He,.....ts we... ...a.le i„ h^lO hv D.-y.n.x a.ul ... LM 1 L.V Im.ui.I. t.. to tl... efiect Ills Sltl)- AS witli lltHilK'*! of X\w It'V hihI il)lislu','r*'e Itivatioii 111. Tlu' ows wild ire tU'sliy I cultuiv, siiirc till' ; food for lult'iny of 111' fo\lM(l UK If from ^ii\(' it Jis I lie inatle est wliii-li I' of suf^ar ■ fi-oiii tllf t aiiotlicf ( test tlif >rk Ix'forc i77"> and 1(1 ill 177<> .iiicd \)\ a II tilt' loot, saint' time cost could proiniiit'iit Uatt'il that this infor- )V tilt' time the ri'siilts ht! t'lKiuiry s with tilt' o till' t'Hcct that 11 yit'ld liiul hfcn olitaiiu'd of alioiit 1.^ |)t>r ctMit, and that sii^ar had Ihwii made at a cost of aliout .'10 ci'iils per pound. Napo. 'on oHered liheral iMiinlics to furthi'i- this industry, and at one lime .^I'UU.tKW was ; . iced at ihe di.ijMiMd of the Minister of Ayri- fulture to stimulate the prtwluction (»f he. •:. HUgar. The overthrow of Napoleon in IM4 cut ort'lhe <>o\t'rniiient hounties and threatened the destruction of the new siij,'.ir indus- try, lull a duty of 50 per cent levied hy the restored Oovernment enaliled one manufac- turer, .\I. Delisse, to continue the husiness. and he claimed to have ohiained ■"> per cent, of su^ar from his heels, and to liasc made it at a cost of 7 cents per pouiul. i'^rom |H'_'0 to lH'_'r», under the protection atlorded hy a heavy duty, the factories multiplied, and from reports |(uhlislied in the latter year we j^ather that one huntlreil cstahlishmei tH were in operation, hut they must havf lieeii st'ry small, as llie total output was only "),UOU tons of siipir. lU |M:l(i, liWl factories were actively working;, piodufinj,' l'.>,UO() tons of su;;ar, hut in \KM, when a ]iart of the protection was withdrawn hy the levyinj{ of a duty of I [ cents per pound on domestic sujfiirs, lUU of the factories were closed and the |ii'o(luctioii of siij,'ar fell that year io L'l.',()l)0 tttns. •Kxeise re;;ulations more faMuirahle to the manufacturers .soon hrou<.;ht aliout a revival t>f the industry, and for some years it matle rapid proj^ress, France mean- while leadiiii; all the other nations of Kurope in the (iiiantity of su;.;ar produced. My lf<7:i the pidtliictioii had lieeii worked up to l()H,(iO!l tons, hut the ta.\ collected was still levied on the suj{ar produeed, and the farmers who i^h'w the htfets for the factorie.s, had MO speciid stiiiiuhis to produce roots of hij;h (]uality, hut it was rather to their interest to obtain heavy crops. Hence they s(Mi!,'ht Wi'lj^dit per jicre rather than a hi.ijli perceiit- 'i(e of su^ar. The manufacturers also had hut little inducement to improve their jiro- cesses for makiiii,' su^iar, and under the.se conditions the industry Huctuatcil from year t<» year and made hut slow advancement in France. Hut in 1HS4 a new law was passed, which jiiovided that tic tax should he levied on the heets on the hasis of a tluty eipial to that of () jier cent of suj,'ar where faclories were worked hy ditlusion and ■') jier cent where the juice was extracted hy hydraulic pressure. These ditlerences wete to he tol- erated until 1S87, after which all factories rej^ardless of process were to he etiually taxed. The manufacturers were to have as bounty all the su>;ar they couM make ahovf tliest^ ptM'ceiita;j;es duty free. In IH8.'{ t he averai^e su;,'ar production vvasahout ti'CiO per cent or I7.'{,<><'1 tons from 7,.'5l'S,000 tonsof heets; in \frovi(les that the duty shall be [)aid on tlie manufacturetl sugar, the manufacturer being allowed to take out of bond, without Jiaying duty, lo per cent of iill that he makes. As the duty is about '>}, cents per lb. this is (^tjuivaleiit to a bonus of about Hl',' cents on each lUO Ih.s. IJy the tither method the tax is levied on the ht^et.s, which are estimated to yielil 7w-*) per cent of sugar, and a duty is paid on every 100 lbs. of roots which enter the factory, etpial to that on 7'^ lbs. of sugar, .ind ,ill the sugar which the manufacturer can make owv and above the 77-'"> per cent he gets duty free up to 10.', per cent. If his beets yield a higher i percentrt<,'e than 10.', \w must piiy one-half of tiie duty on uU he nwik.'s above tlwit tiKUic. Supposiii"' the i)ro(luctioM to be Wh per cent, whieh many of the be.st factories are said now t.. obtain, the owners have 2flbs. of free su^ar from every 100 lbs. of beets ecjual t(. a bounty of a fraction over 15 cents, to which the I per cent at half duty adds ^4 cents, niakin<{ a l)onus of 17 j cents on U.V lbs. of .suf{ar, a fiwtion over U, cents per pouiid on all the^su^'ai' made. When this sugar is exported a drawback of the full amount of duty is allowed on all that has been made, ineluding that portion which the manufacturer has had free, and by this process the revenues of France are drawn on to furnish cheap sugar to the outside woi-ld, for in order to Hnd a market it must compete in price with cane sugar, which costs less to produce. Tt is stated that refined sugar is sold m France U> forei-ni countries at :5-f);? cents per lb., while for home consumption it brings !)-40 cents. "in an official report of the French Secretary of State for ISSt) some figures are flected m the (piality ot i. e l)eets <'rown,'bv which the yield of sugar was Increased ; improvements also m the process ot manufacture were devised which lessened the co-st of pioduction, and the growth ot the industry was continuous, notwithstanding that the (iovernment doubled the tax on beets in 1S5|' and a-ain doublei to 99'nO. 10 marks : and for 99-50 and over IO-t')5 marks. riK> nl))wt III View m (ill these eliHiifres has been to reduce the bounties which su'rfir Tiuikers liiive received through the protection whicli the t.iriff has afforded and tiie niJirxiii wluch t!ie internal revenue ie8. I Tfi.lOC) and the rebates (m sugar exported to .*!2o,|-2.).18-|.. leaving a net balance on sugar account of *;],0r)0,92L', shownn' that a very large proportion of the tax paid on the sugar consumed by the German people had been given by the government in indirect bounties t.. the manufacturers and in drawliacks to enable them to supply cheap sugar, often below the cost of productioi. to (rreat Britain, the United States. Canada and other purchasing countries. In 1888- 89. while the ..peiv.lion of the new law had lessened the total output of .sugar and l)rouglit the sum collected m taxes on tliis article down to !i!!2r),869, 172, it reduced the amount paidjn rebates to .« 19,058,088, leaving a net balance in the trea.sury on su-'ar account of S/,1(;l'.:510. a gain to the revenue (m a reduced production of .*4,0l 1,388. " From an early period the system of taxation in Germany was .so framed as to jirove a stimulus to improvements in the methods of manufacture and to the production ot beets containing a high |)erceiitage . i sugar, as the price paid for them was in pro- portion to their sugar contents -in short, to extract the largest proportion of sugar pos- sible from every ton of beets u.sed, wiiile the sy.stem in operation in France prior to 884 had a very different effect. \n that y?ar, as alreadv stated, a tariff was adopted in «' ranee .m,sed on the German plan, and the results since obtained show a steady improve- ment. Xevertheless, (Jerinany still takes the lead, and ..n account of the relative advantages .^,ie has gained continues to make beet-root sugar cheai)e'- than it is vet possible to produce it in France. The following table shows the relative progress of this industrv in the tw<. eoun- trie.s, the number of tons of beets worked, the total sugftr extracted and the average percentage of sugar made from the beets f r >m the year 1872 to 1890.* \' K.\ us I'lKKIS W'dllKKli. Tons Src.Mi K\'ii(.\ciKi). AlM'IIOXIM.\TK rKliCKNT.\.. 1875 7(!. 1870 77. . 1877 78. 1878 7!t. . 187M 80, 1880 SI . 18S] ,Sli. 1882- HJi. . 188.S 84 . 18S4-80. . 188r)-8(i . 1880 -8-.. 1887 MM. , 18SS 89 . . 1S,S!» '.HI. 1800 ill. »,i8i,r).-,o H,.'>28,7(>:i 2,7.')(l,74.') 4,101.284 .^,550,0,^0 (.(HIO.OOM 4,028,747 4,80.-.,-.>(;l (>,H22.2(K< 0,271,047 8,747, l.-).S 8,!llS,l:«l lll.402,OH,S 7,07O.,S10 0.1.S7..Sl(i 7,0OO.4.')0 7,8!(0,1S.S !I,S2."),0(IO 10,02S.(KIO 7, 108,IMMI 0,722.000 7,!«);i,(Mio 8,,SS0,O0O 4.S(i.S,(MM) ."i..V_>0,(M)U 7,!l.'>2.(MIO .\OilO.O(M» O.!i:»4.000 4,r)i2,'(;o 0-87 11 lO-(ll) 0.54 o-.s;-! 1(1-05 80 *Tli.. f..ll,minK' HKiires ar.. li.-lii.v,,! t.. !..■ ab,,iit oorm-t. Tli.'v lian- Ih^h ,■, Minil,.,! n.-,rtlv f,.,..i, ..tticia! >' J^^' \ J- " '';,f,s89 90 some of the (ierman autho- ■ l>e as follows : 36, 38, 38 43 and ..0 V^\^^\^J^':J, ,],.,,, year varying from 20 to .-ities state that many ..f the ^■''^^\''''\']'\''^^^^^ ^ppeir that the farmers share 50 per cent on the capital myeste.l. It ^^^'^^^^'i^.^,, United States govern- to any gfeat extent in these large gams. In '^ '^P ^ "^i '^,,,i „,, t'olhAving : "Thebusi- n.ent^i.S888 by the United f *---;; 'l^^^'U^i^d is no., in a depresse.l and ness of farming in (Germany 1"^^ >een t . -' ';^ > , i„ the prevailing l..w very unsatisfactory condition. This bu -^^"^^'j^^J^ , those who are in a posi- valie of farms as compared with P- > '^ >;^;' ;, .y^, ^s whiJ-h are remote from larg.. tion to be well informed on the '^"'^f J^''; ^^ ' ; ,,, ..e.-ishable farm pro.lucts is small, eiti-s, and where the — f ^-';. Ij . " f ^'^i ^er'ent of their former value." that farming pn.pert.es can »- P; '' - ^ ;^^ ^ ^^ depreciation is the universally low -rhe chief reason ^/7" ^•'' '.^ J^;., ,, ..ouuht .m the country, it is said, in prices steadily maintained tor ^'•'" ' ' ^hJ,,;,: Ani^^^^ and the East Fndies ot consequence of the hmnense importation tn.m similar articles of food." , j ^ companies which control ..The sugar '•''^•'"^"^•^''^^^ '^''^'''''''^ \ j ^.^^ in possession of agricultural large amounts ..f capital, and .mly a ^w ^^;^'^Z refunded to the nuu.ufacturers associations. Up to the present (hue the ^'*'^*^\. >'.'' ';. '. ^,,^1, aividends have been he entire ^ ^^ la';.d estimated to be ,ad g..eatly inc,.eased t'--;;i-'' XJ-^- l^ ilHuUn. between 8 a,.d 9 to..s.^ beets tinder '-t^^ ->,---« X , . p,.y.nent fo.. two or tlnve ,no..t,.s to .^.49. men. ace, 12,000 wo.nen an( 1 2,097 cliil. ■ ,, \,„Vi..gthat year the pn.dnc,ion was ..ons.de..ably 11 iiy are of tlie jhteeii jent of fir was verafj;e 1 1S86, ;tiiiiate ghteen g 39(i. during mlture, re pul)- saifl to I autlio- m 20 to rs share govern- 'iie hiisi- ised and ling low n a posi- )Ui large is small, ■rted of a little more than 2 cents per lb., and under this stimulus the excess was eets per day. In I88(i this company raised 4,000 tons of .sugar beets on too acres of huul, an average yield of 10 tons per acre, grown at an estimated cost of •^4 per ton. In the report of the United Stfites Department of Agriculture for 18G7 it is .said that the Chatsworth factory had made during that year 1,000,000 lbs. of sugar. The sugar produced was highly spoken of and brought a good price, but it was said that in the earlier ertbrts the expense of the process overbalanced the market value of the l)roduct. This was at tirst attributed to injudicious management and too rigid an adherence to European "ideas. The crop of 1870 covered only .'{.'H) acres, of which, itwing to severe drought 1:50 proved an entire failure, while the 'remaining 200 jiroduced i.n average crop of 9 tons per acre. The seed used was the White Imperial. Alxait this time a native American western farmer was appointed sui)erintendent, and in a letter to the United States Department of Agriculture in .January, 1871, he coni()iained of the necessity of depending •'upon foreign labourers, wlio do not understand our language nor apjireciate the necessity of economizing." He also says '-the ccMitinued lack Of water puts us (o the most serious disadvantages in the manufacture.' One ve.ir later the company failed, and sucli jiortions of the machinerv as wert' movable wen' t;d coinpanv was small aiul ;!^ 10 t;>ns of heets pe. cUiy. Although ^^ ^^^^^J^'f^, Z^l fhe attention of their operations limited, these '"^^^^.^ * V^^^^^^j;, ,,;' i,, Wiscc.nsin and to proceed capitalists, and they were mduce.l t'^djandon tliei, t^^^^^^ Company, which to California to take charge of ^l-'/^'J^f/'^^. ^f ,^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ and a' capacity of had just been organised at Alvarado, Cal., vMth a capital TiO tons per day. 1 ,1; .,.„uc;,.i. of this subject in Canada stiinu- • The interest awakened by the genera ' ^^^'^^i; J.J^'^,, I the organization of lated the inhabitants of ^'^ ->^'l^l'''"7"^j^Xnd T ' c m ^u . at iii-rt proceeded the Mahie Beet Sugar Company '^^ /;. J '^' .;,,/:.,,., v.y farmers during 1H7S in cautiously. A number of «^P«7"'^f' ^^f^^^.^. , -ou-dit o.^etlier and manufactured into different parts of the ^^^e J.mrUie bee^s^ ;. .;>^^^ ^^,^, ,,, ,, H , sugar on the premises of the torest Citj . u .„..•. „^..„a vi-mrous efforts to establish ::;:s3':.l:^^^=,t:'r Mr f ;:;i's;:?:v,u, ai, , ^ had made arrangements f..r l..w rates of ^''''^M'^t ^ ^,,^ bringing out A special agent was sent to ^^^'^'^'^..^d t tl the 1 tes improvements, from the of n.en, and of inachinery, previously ordered tl the U^^^^^^ ^,,,ri.^t \n all its best makers. The entire establishment wa - ^ 1«^ ';3 i,g ..ver .*60,000. The appointments, the total cost of ■--•»-\^;;^' '; .^.'^^J t ! T .'^ tW-t that the company of beets, ami agents were e"^pl<'y^ * 'J ' 1.1!'^. '^1;,,,^. The season, however. care < ummer't.. see that these hi.structions wer the summer t.. see that tl.ese ui.sirucu ->.. "•-;,■ ^ ^j^^. ,.„u„^ plants were proved unfavourable ; the spring was ^'f r -'^Z^^,.; ^^^^^ ",,».ut 9 tons per acre. Injured by early frosts, so that tl- ---^ - ; U ^h of oiober, and <.n the 27th The company -i'^''^"^""^. "''^'!." "7' ";, J! Uy an.l continued in operation tor a was working to the uU cai^unty of oO M^' f y . ,,410.000 pounds of raw period of about GO days. Ihe result ..t ^»' ;'"^«,; "^^i. ,.>.., )0, while the company Lgar, which was sold at S cen s per poum , ' ;' ^'J^^^ f.^ ^f OOO. The company als^ obtaine.l a bounty which ha.n>een..ffe.ed ^') J^e^^ u..t.. .nd the season was 1." What thev aimed to do the next be known before its positive success ^'^}l'''-rr";^l, ,,,„, ,1,^ fact.,rv in operation for a season was to secure a sufficient quantitv o b( ets t- Km ■ ^^_^. ,„ „ -p,,.. „.,,,,., 100 day^ working ^tons,.e,.da^ .' •^.:u' remains t^.r the fanners to Sugar Beet m February, I'^'^M • ^' "■^. ^ .,,..^ |, 'Xe,,- Knjriand. Ami m c.m- g,.^v the beets, in order *'• -tablish the j. dus y - ^ Ui.h^fe.tili.ing ami the .ection with the deep '^^"'t"'-e winch tlu- u a . .^ ^^^^,^. „^.,,,, for cleanlv care ..f the land, with the t>..ling nt ' ^ / ^ '^ ,4, that it wiUMo for the the e,;terpri.se to become fully established to ^'^''^''^^:^l^^^ .., l.i.h standard great easl in restoring its lost fertility and I'-n^'^ P .^^u porters. lU.t its success what has bee. hoped for V>v ,ts most^ •"^' l'^^; ^ ' [ ;^, ..u" I . U the fanner will but of the industry." 13 Fii l,S79m()st()f tlic hccts rut tiic purchase or the renting of land and its cultivation by the beet sugar company is an easy solution of the difficulty." Notwithstanding all the efforts made, in the following year, I SSI, the farmers could not be induced to grow the beets, even at 8") per ton, aiul tlie factory had to i)e closed and the enterprise abandoned for want of sufficient niatei-ial. KHANKI.IN, MASS. A factory was also liuilt in Franklin, Mass., in ISSO, after the subject had Iteen well considered and numy careful tests made in growing beets. The building is said to liaxc been vei'v complete in all its appointments : the machinery was of the best, and was ini])orte(l fi'om Germany. In a letter from E. L. Metcalfe, presidt^nt of the company, dated 14th Deceml)er, ISSO, published in "The Sugar Beet," he says: "Our factory was started on the L'4th Novend)er, slicing 9") tons of beets in 24 houi's. The factory is now doing splendid work. The cost of oui- factory and outfit lias far e.\c(H?ded our expectations, having cost us nearly $\ 25,000. < )ur last sale of sugar ( UW hogsheads) was sold at S cents ; hope to get more for the next." In March, ISSI, he writes again, and states that the com- pany was in financial difficulties ; that the total cost of the entire projiertv had been ><1;51,000. The (|uantity of beets worked tliat season was .S,."}21 tons, wjiich had cost, delivered at the factory, S20,M00, a little over .*?() pei- ton. This was only sufficient to keep the works runidng for .SO days ; the ))roduct was 2."{.") hogsheads of sugar and ISO hogsheads of syrup. A portion of this was sold for 821,000. and the l)alaiice on hand was estimated to be worth from .Sl^nOOO to .>?1(),000. The cost of working the beets, including pitting, was .^1 ."K.'UK), over 87,000 liavir.g l)een ]tai(l in labour. It was thought there would be a profit of about 8."$,000 (le.ss tl.'.n 2.1 per cent on the capital invested) when th<' accoinits for (he season were finally ," ■ ) • uji. The industry hei'e w;is vt'vy short-li\(>d ; tiie .'Xjierience was so disi'ouraging that in August, ISSl, it. was announced that the factory was to be sold at auction for what it would bring, an'^^*' ' ' ' .' _,i,„i „f ;u) days, in which time Deceaiber, having worked about 40 t''- 1-->J> ' ve e td The' mimber ..f haiuls hU the beets that could be obtained, about 1, 100 t*mN ^^^^ employed was 42, the waj^s v-T-K -nn ^^^ ^^ ^ ^„ , ^,,., ,,,,„ ,,..l the p..ev.J!::j;f aE;::^;lt^r v.. disappointing, and it .as said Ihat the farmers realh;e.l but 11"'---^';^ '':^:;^. : " One of the greatest ditticul- .. t^c^tS s i.!th^^;.i -i-^--r-::;t ^-r Lme publication, page ■^><, we ^nd *y'.nnn.u,i i i • > M' 'v ,^^ ^1^^^^^^.^.^^^^ dent of the Delaware Beet Sugar Comj.an> ^^^^^' ^^ -^ ,J,,i,, that sugar of the industry, it must be -f •■-;;; '^^e^row so as^ the manufacturer beets of sufficient richness an.l at 1 .« co.t "^^ •-' '^ ' , , ,„,,.,,i,,,e would no doubt to work them *,<.. ad vantage A ^'^^'^ ' ;:^;^:^ ;2, , success, as the sums have a benehcial inrtuence, but i w ot " ^ , ,^, , ,t„ckhoklers." annually sunk are too large not to tu ^'^^ ' ''^ yj"* " ^j,^. ^^y^^^, j.-es an account of Tn-the August number ot the publicati... ;\,«;',^;'\^^, ';,,,; Beet Sugar Com- a visit he luul paid to the tiekls ot beets -''J.J";;' „ l^^^^/^ ^^;i,.„ that the cost <.f panv. There were 400 acres m all. ;-'\^;;^J^^ '^^H,^/ it was expected that the K::si;t\;:;;v:xu^e&;'at^^^^ ^Wd Ir Ivlnt of further material, and .he enterprise was abandon.-d. Ar-V.\HAI)(», CAMKIUiNIA. Tthasalreadv been mentioned that the iwo.iermans Uonesteel an.UUto who Tt has alreatly l)een meniio.u-u m>... ..■> ■■■ „-is,-onsin for two years prior to Dyer : the buildings were Pl--- . ^^^.i^s U m " 'd at^r^^ faU^ The managers After carrying this uidustry on fotou. >'_' ^^^ ,';,'' ^.^^^ ^.j^^ ^^^^.^ of the failure, and they eontended that the location not ''^'"o- '^ '^^ ...adiinery ami succeeded in organizing a new ^.mpa.u ; / '^' ^^i; ''X'. ,e,ating for several years ,e„,oved it to So.iuel Sana-C,..z '™ ^ J J^'^^^' 4,, ,,i,, .^lis rinallv given up. ,„Uiecting the ^;;kh..k -J ;>;;;->,■;■;-» ^-^l^^ ,,. U..a owned bv the .,U1 comp^J^y"; ^vi^V^i; -ttilUf opinion that with good management ,he business 15 iiii<,'ht he iiiiulc to jxiy at that place, hut t'oniul it difHcult in tiie face of so many failures to induce capitalists to invest enou;,'li nioney in it to jfive the business another trial, and it was not until 1S7!) that the Standard Suj,'ar Manufacturing Company was inoor- jMiraUMl with a capital of !?100,000. it was soon found that more capital was needed, and subsequently it was increased to .Sl'()(),0t)O, anil the comi)any le-incorporated under tile name of the Standard Sugar Hetinery, with E. H. Dyer as general superintendent. This company has, owing to the capable and economical management (»f Mr. Dyer, been fairly successful. In a letter addressed to the "Sugar FJeet," 16th July, \HHO, he says : " T regret that I cannot give a very flattering account of our Hist campaign, as for various rea.sons it has not [)roved financially successful." One of the causes cited was the employment of a foreign sugar maker, who proved to be incompetent : another was the late period at which tlie faittory connnenced worldng, and deterioration of the beets by being too htng kept. Mr. Dyer .says ; " What is needed to start the l)usiness and insure its .success in the shortest po.ssible time is liberal govei'nment aid for a few years : with- out it the industry will linger along for years. There have been so many failures in the Tnited States in attempting to start this industry tiiat it is very difficult at this thne to obtain sutticient capital to made a suc'cs.sful experiment without .some >'ncouragenu>nt of this kind." During this first season the factory worked 10,;{l'1) ton.-- of beets, which yielded aliout (i jier cent and produced l,L'44,-")()2 li)s. of sugar. In February, ISSl, in the same journal, this factory is repoi'ted to have made satis- factory returns as to yield and quality. It had worked 70 tons of beets per day, at less e.xpense than the year before, tlie average yield in sugar and molas.ses being S pei' cent. Tt was fuither stated that the pulp had found no market. During this second season 0,-'y8 tons of beets were worked, yielding (>■.')! per cent of sugar, producing in all 1,125,721' lbs. In May, 18N1, it was aimounced that the Standard Sugar Conijiany of Alvarado had paid a dividend to its stockholders, it being the first dividend earned by any l)eet sugar company in the L'nited States. Tn 18K2, to encourage the cultivation of the beet, the com])any ofl'ei'ed })ri/,es to tiie extent of i^o^O-for the best 100 acres of l)eets !?200, and lesser prizes for smaller quantities on the basis of i?2 per acre. This year the factoiy worked 1 l,2:i0 tons of beets, yielding ()-20 per cent of sugar, the total product being l,;iyi,(5SS lbs. At this time the sugar was sold at 10-S4 cents per lb., and the profits were claimed to l)e 'M) [wv cent. The price paid to the fai'mei's foi' the beets was fi'om i^jtl to i'?4.r)0 [)er ton of 2,000 li)s. This year the conq)any also givw 100 acres of beets of its own. Tn conse(iuence of diy weather in ISS.S a small area of beets was planted. The factory received about 7.000 ton.s, which yielded 7-:W per cent of sugar, or a total product of about 1,027,000 Ib.s. of white sugar with some of the lower products still unrefined. Mi'. Dyer states that the results from the feeding of the waste pulp both to dairy cows and beef cattle on their own premises had been very sati.sfactory. The net profits on tiie sugar j>roduced by the factory for the 90 days it was working is said to have been over .'?2 1.000. The ]n'ice realized for the sugar was about 10 cents j>er lb. In 1SS4 tlie factory worked 217 day.s, using 1(),:{.")1 tons of beets, a litt'.' over 7.") tons per day, which produced 2, 1()7,27."{ lbs. of sugar, or about 7iier cent. A portion of the sugar was .sold for a fraction over f< cents per lb. The price paid for beets varied from !*4 to i5!4.o0 per ton. As this campaign was referred to by Mr. Dyer as an unfortunate one, it may be presumed that the profits, if any, were small. .V large part of the sugar of this year's make was held o\(^r in hopes of a rise in price. The .seventh campf.ign, 1SS5, is said to have been \cry short and the profits small, owing to the limited cajiacity of the works only SO tons per day and the low ]>rice of sugar. It is also stated that in consequence of the exjilosion of a boiler towards the close of the cam|)aign a considerable sum would be required for rt'pairs. In tlie '-Sugar IJeet " for February, lS,stl, it wr.s announced that a new com- (lany in C'idifornia had filed articles of incorporation for themanufactureof beet sugar with a proposed capital of .SI, 000,000, divided into 10,000 shares of .-^100 each, of which sutli- cieiit for V. oi'king had already been subscribed, in the same journal for Mav, ISSG, th(> p^•o^lleclu^ of the iifw (•(inipany was pul)lislie(i. to lie known as the Standard Sugar Com- 16 i )! naiiv It is tlH'.re stated that tlu- new company had im.vl,as..(l tin- roa and pM'suna m.pertvof the Standard Su-ar Refinery and ,.ro.;,.se.i t.. .■..nt.nue the l.nsn.ess ..t Ihe fonner euuipany ..n a nu..v extensive s.-ale, l.y .>m-lin- an a.hlitiuMal tac-tory .-apahle of treating at least -JOU tons of heets pei' day. Tn this p.-<.HpBctUs it is stated tliat ".h.rin- th.' past hve years tlie present rehnery has treated ^8,876 tons of beets, niakin- f,,884.:}:i(i lbs. of n-Hned su«ar, reah.mji a proht of !?97,987.14, of whieii !ii!44,000 was paid in divi(UMi(ls and S.).i/.)8,. 1 4 aas added to tht oritrinal capital of 61 l^'iiUOU." .... . ,■ »i i Fn.m this statement we -athe.' that the average yield ot sugar at the A vauulo factory from the connnencement had been nearly tl per cent (.)-N, per cent). 1 hat out of the' nn.tits an average of about !),', j.er .'cnt had been devoted annually to unprovn.g the works, and that the dividends had averaged about 7j per cet.t pe,' annum on the original i'ai)ital. ,,.,,■ i i ^ • 4. ,i „t The new company was to pay *! 50,000 f<.r the buddings and j.lant, m est ai out f<-m 000 in a new factory, having the remainder of the capital in reserve, to be paid up as" reouired f<.r the construction of additional plant when found necessary. The estunate ■dven as to the probable cost of beet sugar n.anufactured on tins larger scale was 4, cents per lb. and the probable profits 25 per cent annually on the capital ij'veste.l. ^ T . the Vovember number (188(;) the editor ..f the " Sugar Beet stated that he had ,., eived a .ndential letter from Mr. Dyer, informing him that the ,.rospects were most excellent for the starting of the new factory, and that as s,.on as the total amount was sul)scribed the machinery would be (.rdered from (Jermany. •,,•,, The necessary repairs to the old factory were not made, and the new pro.)t^ct^did not seem to be reeeivwl with favour by investors. In a subsequent letter trom Mr. Dyer, in "Su?o00,00() known as the Pacihc Coast Sugar Company. He says that this company had purcWd the^proj^rty o vhe Standanf Sugar Refinery for .^lL'r,,000. payable in stock ot the Pac.hc Coastl^ugar Com- nanv There were to bV .5,000 shares of stock, ??100 per share issued to subscribers. Ihici. would be assessed .^25 a share, am..untiiig to !i?125,000. This am.mnt was to be paid in small instalments of about 62 at a time, and extending over nearly a year. I lie old factory was to be rebuilt, and sutHcient new and improved machinery added to make it Hrst-class in every particular, at an estimated cost of .^75,000, leaving a .•ash surplus in the treasury of !?50,000 for working capital. It was also said that the toundatmns of the new factory had been commenced. 1 ^ u -^ n ,.«■ In \u"-ust 1888 it was stated that '"the rehning ot beet sugar by the Pacihc Coast Su-ar Refinery'wiU not commence before 1st September. The company has a paid up camtal of .-=!-'5(),000. The new refinery will consume 200 tons of sugar beets per day, which will give an ..utput of 20 ton^ of refined per diem." The factory began work some time in November, but no account was given of the results obtained. in August 1890, it was stated in the "Sugar Beef that the stock of this c..nipany had been bought UP by parties in San Francisco interested in sugar refining, and that Mr Dyer had so d olt his interest in the company. The e.litor says : " We greatly regret being unable to give complete data respecting the experiences of the past campaign. Tn ( .ermany and l-'rance there is no secrecy respecting methods and results, but in the I nit.-.l states theie seems to be a certain reserve and mystery." v ,1 ■ v . ..., We have been unable to find any reliable data regarding the working ot tins actoiy eitherfor 1890..rl891. In the ^^.vend.er nun.lu-r of the •• Sugar Beet *.>.• 89 1 there is published an extract, without date, fn.ni the 7'nA./«^ Oaklan.l, Cal., as toliows . The U'lirsof thesu-'ar company at Alvarado were considered at a meeting of the stock- h!lXrs 'Lboois showed a profit for the years 1890-91 of ^21,000 " (a little over 8 per cent on the paid-up capital of .<250.000). " On account o a ^M]e s\M^ m the sugar beet crop the directors have advanced the ,.rice paid tor beets trom .>4...0 o .-=^5 p... ton." The president als.. referred to the probable n.-cessity ot removing the ...nlpany-s works from Alvarado, on a.-rount of a d.'fi.-ien.^y m the water supply, the waters forming the source of the Alame.la creek having been divert...! tr..m th.-ir ivgular course. I ]u>rsinml nsiiii^ss of ii'V ciipiililc it rt'tint'iy njj; a profit (Iwl to tlie ' Alvaviulo That out iiupidviiig Jill oil the \t'st al)out be paid up lie estimate as 4.', cents tiiat lie bad , were most .mount was jec't (lid not Ir. Dyer, in II or<,'anized ; the Paeitic lerty of the Mugar Com- suliscribers, ; was to ht! year. Tht^ led to make •ash surplus foundations 'acitic Coast 1 a paid up ■ts per day, hef^aii work In Aufiust, been l)ou>;ht yer had sold ig unable to erinany and States there this factory S91 there is lows: "The if the stock- little over 8 sliorta>;e in (Mil .*!4.")0 to eiiiovin<( the ■ suyiply, the their rej^ular 17 The results obtained from the working of this factory, which has been ho often cited on account of its success, may be brieHy suiiiiiiarized as follows : Tt beo-an the manufacture of su<(ar'ii. lf<7i), and the tirst season it was "not tinan- cialy successful." For the ne.xt live year.s, from 1880 to 1884, inclusive, the profits enabled the directors to expend i»A [ler cent annually on the original cajiital and to pay dividends to the stockholders, whicli avera<,'ed about 7^' percent per annum. In 1885 the campai;(ii is said to have been short and the profits small, and towards the close of the season the factory was injured by the accidental explosion of a boiler. No immediate repairs were undertaken, but early in 1886 efforts were made to form a new company with a capital of .'i?l,()()0,(K)() to buy .ait the old conii)aiiy and increase its capacity. These, however, were not successful. After nearly a vear liad elapsed another company was orf,'ain/ed with s:)U(),()()() of capital, of which eventually om^-half was paid up. The old factory, with tlu; machinery (the first cost of which was ^\ l.'),000), in which Mr. Dyer is said to have had a two-thirds inten^st, was liou^dit by the new company for .Si L>r),Oo6, and about !i?7."),0()(J was sjicMt in enlar<,'in-; the works and the introductioirof new machinery. The factory remained closed from the time of the accident in l88.")-8(; until November, 1888. No reliable acc(juiits of the results of the campaifrn ft.r 1888-89 are obtainable^ but in Au;,'ust, 18!»0. another deal was made; another new company buys out the one . (> recently formed, and Mr. Dyer sells his interest in the concern and .severs his connection with It. What i.r..p(,rtion of the 8 per cent of profits for 1890-91, referred to by the Oakland Trihi(ii'\ would be available for dividend is unknown, but the contemphited removal of the companys factory would in all likelihood ai)sorb this and necessitate further iiayments on stock. It should be borne in mind that during the five-year period when the dividends refer- red to were made all the sugar manufactured was sc'.ld at from 8 to 11 cents per lb., an advantage not likt^ly to occur again. Chinese labour also lessened the sum paid'for wag(-s in the factory, and l)y its eiiiployment in the fields a large (luantity of beets were annually secured. The C,(/i/nrin„ Hnml I'rrs.'^ .says: " The sy.stem adopted in this country, and which has proved most succe.s.sful, is for the farmer to prepare the land, sow the .seed and do all the work that can be done by teams. When the beet has become (|uite strong the farmer makes a contract with Chinese, Portugese or Italians to take care of and harvest the crop, delivering the btjcts on the farmers" waggon.s, at a cost of 81. oO per ton. Rori'iit Di'n'hijuni'iit < if the Iiuhintry. \\ ithin the past three yt^ars a great inijietus has been given to the beet suf'ar industry, aiul more especially since the pas.sage I)y the United States Congre.ss (jf the -McKiiiley P.ill, with its provision to pay a b.auity of l' cents per lb. on all sugar manufactured in the United States for U'years, the period dating from 1st July, 1S91, to 1st July, 190."). Five new factories have been built and e(iuippe(l with the la'test ami mo.st impi'oved machinery, making, with the Alvarado factorv, six sugar factories now in operation in the United States. These are located as fol'lows : One at Watsonville, California, owned by Mr. Clans Spreckels; one at Alvarado, owned by the Alameda Sugar Comiiany : one at Cliino, in the San (iabriel valley. Cal., owned bv Oxiiard IJros. : (7ne at Lehi, in Utah, managed by Mr. F. H. Dyer; a'nd two in Nebraska, one at (irand Island and one at Norfolk, both owned by the Oxnard IJros. WATSONVILLE. In " The Sugar l!eet'"for February, 1888, a letter is published from Mr. Claus Spre(.-kels, in which he states that all the arrangements have been completed for the erection of the lieet sugar factory at Watsonville. Its capacity was to be .SnU tons of beets per (lay, and the machinery was on the way from (Jerman'y. Contracts had been made with the farmers for raising beets, the company to furnish the s(^ed and to pay th farmers M per ton. and should the roots contain more than 1 1 per cent of sugar th farmers were to receive .'lO cents per ton f(a- each additional per cent. le le 18 I! liii' To stiniulnte beet production Mr. Spreckels offered a prize of $;"»00 to the farmer cultivatiiijf ten acres oi- moie of lieets wlio had the hirijest return ,'ar. The land on whieii this factory is located is said to have been a f,'ift of the citizens of Watsonville. The factory was completed in time for the working; of the crop of IHH(., and from the oHieial returns fuiiiished by. Mr. Clans Spieckels to the Tnited States Department of Aj,'riculture at Washin^iton and to the Connnissioner of Labour Statistics for the Staie of (."alifornia h(^ .says that the (piantity of beets worked was 14,077 ttjns, which |)i-oduced 1,()4() tons of su'jfar (:V-'''^0,()()0 lbs.)"; 1.'?') men were employed and the time run was 111 days. The avera^^e su^'ar contents of the beets as shown l)y tlie jMilaris- cope was U'tlU ; the avera^'e of suj^ar recovered, I I -ti.") ; the avera;,'e price realized for the sugar was ')-tM cents per lb.; avera^'e polarization, '.ir)-4(); and the average price paid for beets was .*."). 04 per ton. The nundx-i- of acres of beets planted was lM2I, which shows an average of a little less than 7 tons to the acre. He also claims a protit on the first season's work of !i!!2i),!):l:.'.48, which, estimating the investment at !? iOO.OOO, is a return of a little over 7 i)er cent. In.lanuary, \KH\), Mr. Spreckels stated before the Senate Comnnttee in Washington that theie were delivered at his factory during the previous season l."),000 tons of beets, at an a\t"rage price of !"?."). .")!' per ton; that the crop had averaged b") t()ns per acre, with sugar contents I 1 i| per cent, as against 10 to 14 per cent in (Jermany. Mf. Spreckels said the profits of beet sugar making under the pro- tective tariff was !i?l'0 per ton, but the tariff reduction would amount to .S^i") a ton, which would indicate that with free sugar and no bounty there would be a lo.ss of !?") a ton on all the sugar made. Heet contracts were offered at Wat.sonville in b^DI, either on the old plan of !i?4 ])er ton with -"iO cents added for each i>er cent of saccharine matter above 1 4, oi' a straight price of .^5 per ton, beets not to weigh over 4 lbs. each. During my recent journey, the establishment of Mr. Spreckels in Philadelphia was viisited, when Mr. Augustus Sj>reckels, wl.o has the management of the Watsonville factory, kindly gave me the following information : The Watsonville factory is (»f sufficient capacity to W(»rk :?7r) tons of beets per day. There is no difficulty in getting a suHicient (piantity of beets tor the factory ; must of them are grown by farmers, although a large acreage has been grown by tlu^ j)roprietors of the factory, who have secured an extensive tract of land to carry on this work. The price at present paid for beets is S4.25 per ton containing 14 per cent of sugar, with lio cents per ton extra for each additional I \h>v cent, of sugar. ]\rr. Spreckels .says that they find the sugar strength of the beets in California is -well maintained, and he does not think that an average yield of 9 per cent of first sugars would be too high an estimate for their factory. The Watsonville factory makes raw sugar oidy ; all the product is shipped to San Francisco tlaris- ;f(l for tilt' jn'ifi' paid •2\, wiiicli )tit on tilt' is a rt'tuni lit' Si'uatt^ e previous crop liati to II per 'r tht" \mt- •12') a ton, ss of !?") a ilan of !?4 e 14, or a I'lphia was 'atsomillf ;s pt!i' day. ,' ; must of iroprietors ork. The ,r, witli 2") iliforiiia is >nt of first rory makes . Sprei^kels ar self-sus- ithout tilt' 111 prttgress I the estab- soiiie 40 or 1 a written ;lib()urliootl iidiu't'd tliti 1 built at a tl of about })een jiiveii /of 1 cent I Kxten' .v.- coiitraets were niatle in tlie spring !•£ lf<90 with tjie farmers for beets at .'i'.J.OO per ton ..t -',()()() lbs. for rot)ts eontaining not less than 12 per cent of sugar, and a further idlowance of 2'} eents per ton for every additional per cent the l)eets con- tained. They were to be grt.wn from seed of the best varieties impoitetl from Kurop.. by tlie proprietors of the establishment. The fariiie.s cntcretl into these engagements with the expectation that the nop woultl give from 1 .") to 20 tons per acre, but the season was unfortunately a very dry one ; every crop suUered from the ilrought. The viehi of lieets was very small. \)v. Wih-y, chemist of the iriiitetl Slates Department o"f Agri- i^ulture, places the average in Nebraska for that season at ;J tons per acre, but Vvni Nicholson, of I.incoln, Neb., who has paid great attention to this .subject, thinks thi,-^ estimate too low and believes the averagt^o have been fi ") to H toii.s. The factory was coiiii)lelefl in time for the crop but was only abh- to work for a short period for hu'k of material. We have been unable to tiiid any pui)lishcil details of the results of the Hrst seasons operations, but fr the statement iiiatle by the O.xnards to the Inspector for the State of Nebraska when applying for the bounty, it aj.pears that their claim was .^/,:i()4, representing a total output of 7:?(;, 400 lbs. of sugar. Supposing the yield to have averaged '.» per rent, this would indicatt; that 1,0!)1 tons of beets were usctl at the factory, a very poor showing for an establishment with .s<» large a capai-'ity. The thscouragement resulting from the disappointing crop, together with the low price paid by the factory for the beets, uiatle it dillicult in many instances to induce farmers to undertake licet culture again. A feeling also seems to' have been arou.sed by opjioiients of the bounty against the manufacturcr.s, ami the farmtM's having the ft.llow- ingyeara majority in the ll(aise of Kei)re.sentatiyes repealetl the Act "rantiii" 1 cent per 111. bounty on all sugar made in the State of Nebraska. It being'heid that sim;e the I'ederal (Jovernment hatl providetl for a bounty of 2 cents per lb for 14 years from the 1st of July, IS!»|, it was unfair to further' tax the fanners in ortler to put more money into the pocketr. of the manufacturers. On arrival in Grantl fslanil on the l.'Uh of November I found the factory whic IS locatetl a short distance outside the town in full operation. There f met Mr. Henr T. Oxiiard, who was exceedingly kiml ami courteous, and took me thrt)Ugli the facttirV ami explameil the operations in prt.gre.ss from the time the beets enter the washer until the granulatetl sugar falls into the bags in which it is shipped to market. Every i)art of the establishment seemetl to be in thorough ortU'r. well supplied with every device tor the saving of labour ami all working smoothly. The protluction of first sugars from the root.s usetl was about !) per cent, ami abtait 2 per cent nitu'e wa,s exptntted to be realizetl from the second sugars niakiii" 1 1 per cent in till .;f crystal I izt^d sugar from beets averaging about 14 per cent, by thti polariscope test, ihe proportion of sugar left in the i)ulp was frt)in ^^^ to ^'^ t)f 1 per cent • the remaining sugar lo.ss occurs in the scums, lime cake, transpt.rt water and in the'«nal resitlue. Ihe jiulp is very ditficult to ilispose of. Tt is offered to farmers at •>.! cents per ton, but there is ' '•*'■' '■' ' -' - ' •• •"• ' used at the tinit was about ."{."i.OOO lbs. per tlay ; the men employtnl wt tlav workers ■h < very little soltl tnen at this low tigure. The tpiantity of beets being ' of my visit was about 2.^)0 tons every 24 hour.s, ami the t.utput of su'rar ly and a mil - . . ^ oidd average about 7") by < similar number at night. The tlay workt^'s made 1 1 htmrs at M cents ptM- hour the night men 1:5 hours, for which they were paid at the same rate, each .ran|H)intiii(>Mts mid in coiiHiilcrtHl .sii|u'i'ii>r in ••i|ni|>infnt tn that at (inind isiunii. To iiuluc-e tli«^ iniumfaetureis to lucatf in Nuifnik )«<1()(»,()()() was yiv^'ii in easli and a larK«> pi«'C'e of iiind adjoinin;; tiic town, the valiii- of wiiicli was t-stiniatt'd at ahout .■«'i(»,()()(). Th«' t'staliiislnncnt is also t'lt'i- of taxt-s for a li-nn of yfais, and a ^'iiarantt'c was >,'i\t'n l)y the jH'ople that a s|i«H'iti«'d aid)ly siirticicnt to keep tin" factory jjoini; until near the cn,' beets for the (Jrand Island factory it was very diHieult to induce a sutKcient numlier t(t enter on their cultivation here. They were also dissatisfied with the price paid liy the factory, whii-h was the same as at (>iaiid island ; complaints were also made of cutworms destroyinj; the mhiii^l; lieets. After a thorough canvass nf the district not more than 1,UUU acres were contracted for liy farmers and late in the season syndicates wtM'e formed of the merchants and liusiness men of Norfolk and l,."H)() acres more |ilaiite and ."i.OOO in IS'.)."? to ISII"). [n the •' Su;,'ar l>eet "' for .\u),'ust, 1S<)1, it is stated that the company will ]>av 8.'{."»0 per ton for suyar beets averaj,dn^' 1 li per cent of sui^ar and 2") cents per ton extra for every additional 1 |ier cent of suj,'ar. Not much could be learned so early in the season as to the results of the workint,' of that factory, further than this, that if was jiroducini; a fair output of sunar. The other factory at Lehi, Utah, which is undei- the superintendence of Mr I' II. Dyer, formerly maiiajfer of the su<(ar factory at ^Vharado, California, has also been in operation during' the past season, but no results have yet been published. in this fac- tory the machinery is entirely of American m.ike, most of it haviiii; been manufactured in Cleveland, Ohio, it was stated durin;^ the summtM' that :*,.'500 acres of beets were being "^rown foi- thi.s factory. Whili^ at Washin<;ton mvuh 'i.f^rmation was obtained from Di-. }]. W. Wiley, chcMuist of the Department of \;'i'"'dture, rnder Dr. Wiley's direction an elaborate and extensive sei'ies ot tests hi.vi, i • n • urieil on for several yeat's jiast on suf^ar beets f^rown from seed distributed in o ci rust by the department to parties residing in dift'er- i:nt porliniis of the iSt;ttt-.->. lie liiH also vi.sited most of the larger factories and iir^t'sti- ill • - ' **»i* i l« P - !W ^ ' .g *' iii|ilt>tc ill all Island. 'I'll I iiixl a hiVii*' mit .■S.'iO.OOO. I'f WHS yivt'ii le iH'i>{lili(iur- 'st st'iisitii t'or >ii liaiid was licr, ^vtl^kiM^ I til till- (ItltU lust year in « a sutHcicnt itli till' prioc I'c alsii iiiadi) ■ district not III syiiiliiat«'s ' acres iiKirc lie ;;ni\\ II t'm' It tlif iTsulls w latf iKM'iod icrcsaml two d nearly I0l» it tlicv cnllld Id ill idl liko- rtitli the suc- ssary lalioiii- (I iKH-iirs at a crops and in in prominent Ml to liarvcst lis ditlicnlty. 'ietors of the , where it is tr exeelieiiee. ii'Y is located, i;i;iantic scale and .\0()() ill the coiii]iany li") cents per iMied so early this, tiiat it of Mr. !■:. II. al.so heen in Fn this fac- iianufacturcd if lieets were 4. W. Wiley, an elahoiate n sufiar heets ling in difler- i iuul in^csti- 21 gated their operations. He is of opinion that all of the liesl ei|ui]iped factories extract now aliiait s:i per cent of the sugar in the heet root, alioiit 7.*) per cent as first sugars and alMUit lO per cent from the seconds. He HikIh that the pulp varies in the propor- tion of sugar it .ontains. hut it will aM-ia«i-al.out ,'„ of 1 per cent. It is, he savs, of low feeding \alue, nliout one fourth that of the heets, and may he fed with some profit if it can he hauled away witi t expense. For instance, a farmer who hrings a load of heets to the factory may find it pay him to haul pulp l)a<'k. hut its value is not sutlicieiit to admit of paying freight on it. He .says tlui' pulp should lie pres.sed hefore it is fed. In this way •_'.*» to :iO per cent of the water it contains can he got rid of. I'nder |»r. Wiley's super\ision a sugar lieet <'Xperimeiit station of 2") acres has heen estahlished at Schuyler, Nehiaska. The heets are grown there for the purpose of raising seed from them. The hesi \ariefies only are planted, and the heets when mature are carefully selected and the average percentage of sugar ascertained hefore they ale pitted. In the spring those which remain sounerceiilage of siigai will lie planted, hi this way it is hoped that strains of .seed of special value to America will he developed and the average yield of sugar still further increased. The heets grown ;ii this station liaxc cost during the past year i^iW per acre to produce, the crop heing .'_' tons per acre. Dr. Wiley thinks that .^10 jier acre would he aliout the average cost to the Nehiaska farmer where all the laliour has to he paid for. huriiig my stay ill Washinytoii op|.ortunify wms all'orded through the kindness of J. It. T. Tupper, Es(|', of the Sugar Hounty Division of the rnited States Internal Revenue Department, of studying the system under which this hoiinty is administered. It was expected that the(le|)aitment would lie called on to pay from .•?'.).()()().()()() to .s] (),()()l).()0(^ in sugar hountie.s this year, of which over .'?S,U(»l),UUO would go to the Louisiana planters. There are from (il)() to 700 of these opei'ating under the Act. The remainder will he paid in liounties on heet sugar, sorghum siigiirand maple sugar. While ill the west visits were paid to the experiment stations at Lincoln. Xehi'aska, Ames, Iowa, and Madison, Wisconsin, at all of which special work in sugar heets is heing carried on. At Lincoln, under the supervision of I'rof. Nicholson, a Large iiumher of .samples are heing tested from all parts of Nehiaska. Tlio.se grown at the experiment station and around Lincoln average this, sea.son ahout I") per cent of sugar. Preparations have heen made at this station al.so for growing heet seed from selected heets of first (piality. A large numher of good specimens have heen siloed, and tlio.se which come out in good condition in the spring will lie sejiarately tested foi' their sugar contents before they arc planted. It is in coiitemidatioii to estalilisli a sugar .school in connection with the State University at Lincoln, where ])ractical instruction will he given in the growing of the heets as well as in the manufacture of sugar from them. At Ames active operations were in progress in testing sugar heets from difierent parts of Iowa, under the supervision of Prof. Patrick. Similar work is heing conducted at Mansi(lei-al)le capital is generally employed by manufacturers in producing a large proportion of the beets retiuii'ed in the manufacto>-y. He submitted particulars as to the numb".- of factories in Europe, the (juantity of sugar annually made and the mode of cultivating the beet. Mr. Barnard, writing from Antwerp on the L'9th of March, stated that as the sc-ison was already so far advanced he would not advise sending men from Europe to Manitoba to gn)W sugar beets that yeai', ami suggested that experiments be made in ditt'erent parts of the Dominion with the seed he had sent, with t\w view of ascertaining the sugar strength of beets grown in Canada. With regard to the yield per acre, he says that 12 to 15 tons is I'egarded as a good avei'age ci-op ; that the average nun'iber of tons worked per factory in Germany was .'5,400 in 1S40, but it had increased to 8,000 tons in 1870. He also expressed the opinion tliat the winter climate of Quebec and New lirunswick was more fa\dural)le for the manufacture of beet sugar than that of Gei-many, Fi-ance or Belgium : that on this account the woi'king season could be so j,ro- longed that double the (|uantity of sugar could l)e made for the capital employed, an advantage which he considered would fully compensate for the ditlerence in wages. He further stated that tlie (piantity of sugar contained in the l)est beets varied from 12 to 18 per cent, but manufacturers consiclered they had l)een (piite successful if they olrtained an average of 8 per cent ; but when the yield of sugai' did not exceed 5 per cent of the M-eight of the beets used they considered their work as unprofitable. Empiiries were made l)y Mi. Barnard particularlv in Uelgium " witli relation to the increase in value of lands caused by the introduction of beet sugar factories." He says : " I a.scertained that sugar beet producing farms which rented from J^.S to ff-i only ]ier acre previous to the estal)lishment of beet root sugar factories secure excellent crops of grain and grasses : nioreov er, the ])ul[) of the pressed beets and the extra fodder i)ro(luced by the imi)rovement in the culture of the soil enables the farmer to feed witii profit double the (juantity of stock. In fact, the beet crop requiring pro]iei' drainage, clean and deep cultivation, a I'egular rotation with abundant manuiiug. fortes tlie faiiner to follow out the best teaciiings of .scientific agriculture. In tlie countries where beet sugar is manufactured the production of wheat has more than douliled since the intro- duction of this industry, in (Germany the co.st of the beet root sugar is estimated at fnmi 5 to 6 cents a pound. This allows for the co.st of beets per ton. S-'^-oO : excise duty per ton, .*."{.. "M). However, the laliour necessary in the manufacturing of the sugar is only counted at ."56 cents jier day for men and 20 cents for boys. " Subsetjuently the interest in tliis subject was maintained by the advocacy of the press and by addresses delivered before agricultural societies and other gatherings of farmers. In 187(1 .Mr. Oct. Cuisset, of Que bee, " 1 iKJustria! chemist and manufacturer of beet root sugar,"' wrote a " Pojiular Treatise on Beet-root Culture and Sugar P'abrica- tion in Canada," in which he says: "It is now liy exjierience incontestablv shown that the soil of Canada is favourable to the cultivation of the sugar beet :" "that with a yood system of cultivation lo or 2tJ tons per acre could he easily raised." .Again : There can Hi 23 iiHida. Early ion ajfent, Mr. this iiulu.stry^ 1(1 and to find uscertaiii if it it'acturt! suji;ar supply beets (I by a bushel > Ottawa, and ■le stated that ' best quality, liinery varied employed by nianut'actoi-y. ntity of sugar as the s;' ison ! to Manitoba litf'erent parts in,<; the sui;ar he says that ;e nunibei- of asetl to S,000 if Quel)ee and • than that of iild be so pro- employed, an I \vaj,'es. He 'd from \2 to they obtained Br cent of the til relation to L'tories." He I I >>-i only )>er llent erops of Ider ])i-odu(cd 'd uitii j)ro(it, •ainage, elean the farmei' to 's where beet lu-e the iiitro- estimated at : excise duty :' the sunar is \ocaey of the Hathei'in<;s of iiianufaetiirer Ligar P"'abi'ica- y shown that t with a good I : There can be no doubt of the excellence and saccharine richness of the beets raised in various parts of Canada, as well in the Pi-ovince of Quebec as in Ontario. T will say further, that they have generally been found to be unconnnonly rich." After giving a brief summary of the history of the industry in Europe he dwells at some length on the culture of the beet and the manuf .cture of the sugar. In 1S74 this matter engaged the attention of the Quebec Legislature and a bounty of .'iii2r),000^was otlered to the first successful manufactory of beet sugar in the province, and in 1875 this offer was increased to 870,000, payal)le in ten yearly payments of .'?7,000 each, to the first factory established in a location approved by tlie government and of a certain capacity. This led to active efforts to form companies for the purpose i)f establishing factories, and in a letter written by Mr. Cuisset foi' the 1st volume of "The Sugar Beet," Api-il, 1 S80, published by Lewis S. Ware, of Philadelphia, lie says : " In Canada it appeal's that the first manufactory will be established at Farnham, ill Missis- (|Uoi county, where a powerful association of cultivators has been formed." In the same IHiblicatioii for (Jctober, 1880, the editor gives an account of a visit he had jiaid to Canada in connection with a beet sugar project. He says : " A despatch requesting our presence as beet sugar expert in Montreal enabled us to gather some interesting data in regard to the spontaneous sugar beet fever, the main cause of which may be attributed to the organization of a French company with !?2,000,000 capital. The plan is to erect not only one but several factories. Nine-tenths of this money has been raised in France and the remaining tenth is being rapidly subscribed in Canada. Under these conditions the French will have the controlling interest, and in many respects it is extremely fortunate that they liave, fa- fix/mrimentim/ will thus be (ibviated, and experienced liands will adhere strictly to foreign methods." "The conipaiiy is conqiosed as follows : -President, Mr. Bourgeois, banker and president of the Industrial and Commercial Banks : vice-president, B. Legru, sugar manufacturer at Douaville and Kevelon : directors, Mr. Champonnois, president and member of many sugar societies ; Mi'. Etieniie, sugar refiner at Nantes ; Mr. Bachoux, sugar manufacturer at Francii're, member of the Comite d'esconipte of the Bank of France; Mr. M. (!. Beiioit, Cliampy, administrator of the 'Credit Industriel et Com- mercial, Canada" ; delegated ailministrator, Mr. Le Comte G. de Wazieres." "The 'Union Sucriere du Canada' has for its object the starting of the beet sugar manufacture, and refining industries in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova .Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba and British Columbia^ -in other words, throughout all Canada." " The climate of Canada is considered by the companv most favourable for beet sugar manufacture, ' and is in many resjiects similar to Central Russia and Bohemia, where the roots arc extremely pure.' The analyses of Canadian beets had yielded satis- factory results, the average for 81 analyses having shown l:V-_>l' per cent, with a satis- fact(«y degree of purity. It is thought that .•W.OOO n be sutficiently protected to leave a fair margin of profit." The profits looked for by the coiiqiany were large. The existing duty upon foreign sugars imported i.s *7. 20 per 220 lbs., oi' a little over li cents jier pound ; and in an estimate of ''the probabl(> cost and return of manufacturing sugar in Canada as com- liared with France, based upon existing prices," it was calculated that the profits would exceed those made by the inanufacturers in France by more than one-third ; and "when four factories shall have been built, not less than l],00t.,00() pounds of sugar may be manufactured jiei- annum, which would represent a yearly profit of nearly .*.")00,000. If one-half only of this sup])osed profit be realizefl it would correspond to 25 per cent on ihc inni.ey imested. It is thought that beet sugar may and will be made in Canada to greater a(l\ aiitage than it has been in France for years past. 24 Hi fact ones Thus far the ' Union Wucri.Te .lu Canada ' have cl lecifh'd to erect the foil lo\vin 4 horn"' 1 Wu ^ M^f > ''"'' T^""*;;. ^' "'" "'"'^ '^'•- ^'^^ -re, while the nu..iu,JZat'^uJTn^^^^ Y"" '""■" '' t:"- t"*'"*' of ■> -UO llw ,l,.li>. ...,., I * ' '^, -- ^'">*^- J'" I" »«e paid to the tanners was ,*-),„.,• ton t„„u „„„„»,. „f .,„„» .,,7:.,:;;,.:;';; . ^r* ;h"o :,;;i .■:;;:;■ ,;.;';,,";,: -t '"- 26 i the foUuwiiiir f tilt' river St. •<>)iil)iiic(l, and ■r. There tlie of 150 tons a at $:\.7') j)er .iciiiity. )t' tlie city of 'W to L(»MiflU' )iM Montreal. ■fU'tory of 1 00 f ,iii'o\vinj,r the lie farmers at nite (|iiantity ,000 ].uun(ls, zed at othei- lores of l)eets ernnieiit had action, far Company V in the fall ; of !?r).00 i)er ," from A. J. Hir company lier, Quel)ec. I have orters e machinery >f.June. It k about 200 for the fac- West Farn- Is have heen II account of ken : in,i; the win- en tlioujiht lents ; with '!• l'4 hoiu's. i-en decided i,i,fents, who 11,1,' the hun- tons to the .*") per' ton he <,'reatest riiie. The .ilway com- acres, hut e prospects I A visit was also j.aid to Wc-st Farnhain, " a small town, with a population of 2,000 ..cated about .5/ mih-s from Montreal," at the junction of several lines of railway. The history of the starti.iK of this factory is thus jjiven : "Several years a-.i, when the cov- ernmentof the provin... of Quebec voted the- subventi(,n of .i?7,000 a vear--with the proviso that the sit., should be otKcially selected-^an ottieial made his report as to the . a(l\aiitajre that V\ est Farnham possessed— heinff at the junction of many railroads— the competition result_in- th.-refroni would have a tendency to peni.it a minimum rate f.n- transportation of its crude and manufactured jjroducts."^ " Hein- near Montreal the su-ars, if made, could be sold at advantageous prices, llie surrouiuhn- land that had been in use for .'30 years would -ive but little trouble trom an excess of alkaline or ..ther objectionable elements— so much to be avoided in )eet cultivation. J he nei«hbourin,.r i.opulati.m was Eni-lish and French; the rivalry between the two mi-ht have a benetlcial aoricultural etiect. The a.-uments were si, convincing that there remained no longer a doubt but that the best locality had been . etermmed upon The town subse.,uently subscribed >t:5r,,000 ; the agitation continued ' "^ Hpi'tliier was also visited. Th,. town is located about oO miles tr.mi Montreal, and is said at that tim.. to have had a population of 2,.SO0. The factory here was tne .mtcome of the organixati.... <.f the •• Tni.m Sucricre Franco-Canadieime " It IS said that on 1st July, ISSI, .^140,000 was pai ember. at a total cost of .>?8r>,000. The capacity of the factory was 200 tons per n hours. ' • ' " There was an unfortunate failure in the ])eet crop the first year All the n.ots obtainable were gathere.l up and brought to the factory, some b.nngVarried by rail as far as < 1 imies. ft is stated that "on N arpents only was there an average of I'r, tons ; on •iUU arpents the beets did not come up at all, an.l .m oOO arpents they yield.-.l an average ot .mly (, ton.s Ihe total .piantity ivceiv...l was said to be ab.ait' 2,r.00 tons, and of thes.^ several hundred t.,ns weiv froz,.n, an.l a. pr..portion of them rott.nl b..f..,v they could ... US...1. During th." few .lays whi..h th.' factory worke.l it consumed ab.u.t 150 t..iis ot l...ets per .lay, ami the beets teste.l befor.- working show.'.l an avera-n- of 1 1 „er cent .)t sugar. " i "^ '5''« '■'"f"''"; l-'"' tl'^> nianufa.tur...l pr.Mlu.'t fell so far sh.irt of what was exi.ected that the cl.,se of the hrst s.-ason foun.I th,. .•omj.my in financial .liHiculties, an.l as the ..r^o.na! shar..hol.l..rs we.v not willing t.. subscribe the money iv.niired to .'ontiiuie the enterj.ns,. the .-...tory was sold in tlu- latt.-r part of 1882 at a' nounnal sum. At first it was exi.....t..d un.ler new manag,.ment. With 2ii regard to its future prospects, a Montreal Hrni. largely interested in its success, writes thus to the editoi' of " The Sugar Beet " (August, 1 8S;5, p. ;U) : " All depends on the supply of the heets, which are next to impossible to have from the farmeis. The only way to obtain them is for the company to buy 3,000 acres ()f land and cultivate 1,000 acres every year, and take of the farmers such (juantities as they will condescend to furnish." During 1883 an effort was made to resuscitate this factory. About 800 tons of . beets were secured in Octoi)er and Niivemb(!i', and f(»r some reason unexplained they were said to have been kept over-exposed to the frosts of winter for several months ''and on being worked up in April, 1884, were found to be in an excellent state of presei'vation, having lost only 1 per cent f)f sugar." After that the factory remained closed, and, with machinery complete, was offered foi' sale at a low figure. In a letter from A. Musy, published in "The Sugar Beet " for November, 1889, he says : "TheBerthier factory worked this year ; beets were purchased at !?■! per ton. Unfortunately, however^ only 30 tons of roots have been win'ked per diem, while the capacity is for 200 tons." This factory has not been worked thu'ing the past year. COATICOOK. After the unfavourable experience had in 1881 " the entire foi'eign p/rxonef returned to Germany." Efforts were made to increase the capital stock of the Pioneer Beet Sugar Company 8129,000, but these do not appear to have been successful. In August, 1882, it was announced that "through most worthy effort of the directoi's, etc., of the beet sugar company at Coaticook, the government has granted to it a subsidy of $35,000. This amount, added to the amount elsewhei'e obtained, will permit, it is thought, the manufac- ture of beet sugar under mori' favouring circumstances than last year." The cimipany pro- posed to offer prizes for the l)est tield of beets of from 1 to 5 iicres, and every effort was nuide to stinndate the farmers to grow beets. The greater number of contracts foi' the roots had been made on the island of Montreal, and the prospects of a good crop at that date were said to be most encouraging. About 2-")0 farmers had contracted to furnish lieets ; the total lunnbei" of acres conti-acted foi- was 1,000, the largest with any one farmer being 60 acres. The season was favourable, and the a^•erage yield per acre lO.V tons, with a ])ercentage of sugar \arying from 11 to 12 i)er cent. The company planted 150 aci-es of btM'ts, which wei-e said to have shown an average of 14'20 per cent of sugar. The t'^'ctoiy connnenced its second campaign in October, luning added a distillery to its ulaiit, with the view of converting the refuse mohtrtses into alcoiiol. It continued workii:. ''i sixty days, using about 100 tons of beets per day, and the weathei' continued favourahii fkiring the working jieriod. The jiroduct was 180 tons of white sugar and 2,500 gallons of molasses. The nolasses was being converted into alcohol in the annexed distillei'v ; about 100 hands in .-ill were employed, and the average pay was !i?l per day. Tlie greatest ti'ouble was .said to be "a financial one ; the enterprise Wiis not suffi- ciently backed by capitalists." In August, 1883, it was ann< Miiced that the factory was closed, that most of the moval)le macliinery liad been soid anil the enterprise abandoned. FAHMIAM. The short crop of 1881 iiad its effect also on the Fai'nhain lieet Sugar Company, and in 1882 an effort was made toit duties, while the latter is under the supimrt of uKM'e or less high premiums. In the face of this fact we are justified in a.sking : How would the beet sugar have stood the competition during the i)ast few years if, on the one hand, the export duties on cane sugar had l)een reduced, and on the other iiand the premiums on the exjiort of beet sugar had been abolished?" A well-known French authority, Mr. (ieorge Dureau, of the Joiinxil <(fs Fiihri- cants dc Si(rr<', writing on the sul).ject of preiuiunis on sugar, is thus (|Uoted in the same volume :- " Beet root sugar may be considered as the sugar wliicli. par r.rrrlh-wr, is favoured by premiums, whilst cane sugar is that whicli is produced uiidei' natural conditions, withimt other advantages than those with which nature has endowed it, which we hasten to add, are considerable." "In the ])resent state of things, what is the object of the premiums granted to beet root sugar I The iireniiuni enables the producer to sell below prime cost, and con- sequently, if we admit that the cost of j>roduction is e(iual for the two kinds of sugar, the producer of beet sugar will be able to sell witli profit at a price whicli is ruiiious"for the pnulucer of cane sugar. The more tlie system of premiums is exaggerated the lower will pi'ices fall, and the more reduced become the numl)er of tiiose who are placed under natural conditions and who are selling at a loss." " To what extent does the premium granted to lieet sugar confer an advaiita<'e on 29 :>t'ii provided, oil. At tlie 1- day. This rodiict heiiiu; lliiig in larye xluction, lias * hciMi very lit advaiita<;f .\]ioi't duties, )ii the other :tive goverii- we (|unte the it a iiieetiiii,' le of puttiiijj; '11 this heroic tlie coloiiiai it' it is not crushing the aspect, since 1 to the cane throuj^li tile )ur own men are aliie to made by Mr. if sujfars in coiise(]iieiu-e rime cost of beet root and cane sugar ? Whatever be the solution there is one certain and indisputable fact, viz., that the aboliti<.n of the i.remium -ranted' to beet root sugar would at once result in a g.Mieral advance in i.rices, by whTcli the producers ot cane sugar would immediately ])rofit." • ' j The contest would then be carried on on conditions eipial as regards artificial advantages. I n howev.M- .small a degree certain c<.lonies, as, for example, Cuba and Java luirsue tJieir curse on th.' patii of improve,, t and pn.gress on which they have ente,vd tliee.,ii,bb,u,m betwe.-,. b.-'t and cane sugar would very .soon be destroyed in tav.ju,' ot the latte,-. I he for those who may undei'take it. "Doesnotanexaminationof the situatiim of the British coh.nies .speciallv show that accor(h,,g to the last statistics their total export, which was in m\\ -.m lU tons attanied m l.ssr, the tigu,v of .".Oo.OUO tons, an increase of (18 per cent in I'l y'ears • and as one ot our English contemporaries has justly remarked, it was during that i.eriod of -1 years that the beet ro.jt sugar u, is enjoying those i,remiu„is which a,'e bei,,.- denounced as ,.u,nou,s to the col.mies. During the eight n.onths of the p,.e.sent vear have not the impo,'ts of ,'aw cane suga,- ,nt<. th.- r.iited Kingdon, reached :il>5,000"tons, whilst those ot law beet sugar were only L'."").S,()()0 tons?" .1 -"i ^^1 'f iJ'' '■'^■"' '","" ''"f '■' ,^'""^"''^'' ••«i""-t "» the .state of the suga,' in.lust.'v in the island ot ll,-un,o„ that on the plantations of the Cvdit Foncie,- th.'v had been able to re, uce the j^^-^t I'1-H'*' "f cane sugar fiom 4.; tVancs <)0 centi,nes (;57.s. M.) the 100 kih.s (-Olb.s.) ,n ISnS to .U t.'ancs IS ce„tm,es (i>7s. :?d.) in iSSti. and that by the aid of new iniprove.nents they hoped to be able fn.m the year 18S7 to p.'oduce sugar at ;n francs (_>4s. lOd.), making a reduction of ."U \n-v cent in less than ten yeaiN " '• A plai.tati.m in Reunion is instanced on which, in ISS(;-7, the 100 kilos of su-ar have been produced at only -f fiancs (19,s. ."id.), and this estate .eckcms on bei,,.. able still further to reduce the prime cost by adopting cultivation by in,plc,n,.,i'ts -the oh.u-d, etc ^in a w.,rd, by substituting n.echanical fo,' hand labou,'. " The cost i.riceof the cane delivered at.he.nill, which in ISS.S was L'G tVancs 94 centhnes (.'Is. M.) pe,- . was only Ofrancs ^ , centimes (Ss. (id.) i,. 1SS5. The cost of manufacture can be 1.mI:^^1 t.ancs. At the present yield ..t el.mgs to the don,ain of l)ossiliility IS surely somewhat dis(|Uieting. ' In ''The Sugar Beef fo,' ISS9, p. .SO, a well known (ie,„,an w,.ite,' who a.lvocates Ih""';! ";s:1w;: '•"""^>- ^>-tr r '■""^*"' '- ^'^''-- '• Hespecting the competition that ^Mll exist b.- we.M, .•a,,e and beet suga,' manufactures, there is -reater mar-d,, for nnp,'ovenient in the cane than in the beet proce.sses ; the former need only to in,itrite the pr„g,'ess ab'ea.ly achieved by the Ku.'opean indust.'ies in cultivation and technical rea ' n.ent. Such .,uaiitities of cane suga,' will co,ne into the worlds n.a.'kets as t ,.e,X competition on th.- pa,'t of beet sugar very difficult." In thesamej.HU'nalfo,' l,S.s,s;p. ;-,4,\he edit..,', when speaking of the can.> su.^ar .i.dust,y 1,1 I ,.a.il, says : " Canes raised in the p.-ovince of Bil. JanePio tested f , " n Itl 1 •> p.-r cent ot suga,'. Aga,n, on page .-.o of the same year, he .says : " In Martini.me the siigar.,,,ak,.,'s exti'a.^e.l 7-9:^ per cent of sugar in ISSo. 7-:i(! in 188fi and s!|,' Z;/";!^ c^Zp^'pound ■' ■ '''"'"""' "'" ""' "'^ "'^'""^'^^■t».-e is 8:5 per 100 kilos^.bout 1. 80 On puffc (.2 ..t th.> sfin.o i.ul)licHtiun *.x-{!nv..|ii..r \ViinM..utl., of Louisiana, is reported as n.akin- tl.c tolh.winj,' statement: "Ten years a^'o 1,500 ll)s of su-rar was the averap yield of an a(M-e of cane. This has l.e.M. increased to an a^■e,•a«^"of -,OUU lbs., and our best places with best maehinerv j;et as nuu^h as 4,000 lbs i.er uere A-am, in the May nun.her for ISSi) we find the" following : " Fron. the ' Louisiana i-lanter and Sugar Muiutacturer ' we learn that the n.st of nianufacturin-' eane su-'ar on tour nnpoilant phmtations in that State varied from 1-58 to 1-,S0 cents i.er' imund" Tn '• The Snjrar P.eet " for 1SS7, j.. r.\ the editor, speakin- of Kuv'l.tian su-ar,' savs • Durui- he latter j.art of !S,S(i, l,s,r,00,()00 lbs. of Hrst -rade was'sold at 2'(!5 to -'^-Tr^ cents per lb., and 1(),0()0,00() lbs. second j^rade at 1 -(JO cents per lb." From the same jour- nal, t..r 1S,SS we nuike the foliowin- extracts : " Cuban su-ar-makers seem of late to have (Innmislied the cost of making sugar, and the pro(hut may be sold at less than •> cents per lb and leave anq.le margin of profit. The cost of niaking .sugar in Java is .said \VJ^ -' ""l^Vr i\ .i" '^""''''^'' the average price of Muscovado sugar in .Vpril, 1SH8 was ^im to $2.00 per 100 Ib.s. ; jm.tits were said to be sn>ali.-" Tn " Uarbadoes land has much lowere.l in price with the fall of sugars. That formerly worth £100 Der acre can now be nought for £50. ()„ the other hand, thu.se who ha've Ix.u.d.t land at m.Klerate prices can manufacture Muscovado sugar at £5 pei' ton, about 1] cents p.-r lb and .sell It at £10- 2.', cents. ' '' "At Santa Cruz ialx.urers secure 20 cents a day and feed themselves, are furnished with a ro.m. in wh„;h t,. lodge and a j.iece of lan.l large enough for their household. T see no reason why the sugar production of this important Hritish colony should not be greatly improved. Limited caj.ital prevents any change, at least for tl,,"^ present If a system of taxation and drawback similar t.. that existing in beet sugar producin-' countries were adopted, money would he forthc.ming and beet sugar wouhl have a battle to hght ot a very ditlerent character from ai.y in the past." 1- u Y' "l^ Handbook of Industrial Organic Chemistry," by Prof. S. P. Sadtler inib- lished in August, 1H91, the author, speaking of th." sugar can'e, .says, p. 1 1 ;{ • " It'has ; wide range, succeeding in almost all tropical and sub-tro,.ical countries, and requires a warni moist climate, developing most luxuriantly on islands and sea coasts in the tropics It IS the riche,st in .sugar of all the plants cultivated for this purpose. Under ordinary favourable cmditions it yields about 90 per cent of juice, which contains 1« f. 20 per cent of crystal izable cane sugar." The following proportions of sugar in cane grown in lifierent localities are given from analyses by well known chemists : "Martini.nie, 17-80 ICvi'T^Tn n r ! '^'*^' 17-8: Mauritius, 20 per cent; Middle Egypt, KrOO: Upper Lg>pt 18-10 ; Cuba, from crysta line cane, li)-2 to 20-5 ; from red ribbon cane. 18-5 to To ir;-'''ljl7Vi'?f'--*^;L*- -,';■■'• ^'^ Louisiana the yield is much less, and is given as 13-0., m 1884, 12-11 m 188;,, l;}-50 in 1880 ami l.S-dD in 1887." It will be .seen that eaving out Louisiana these figures show a much higher percentage in the .-ane than has been given for the beet. Dr. H. AV Wiley, of Washington, is of opinion that the average sugar .ane Due, .says, speaking of the sugar cane : " The plant itself belongs to a tropical country, an.l refused t^ ripen its se '5 in Louisiana, never even maturing the wh.jle extent of stalk grown Vll these con siderations combined to make a discouraging outlook for the hom.' i.roducti.n of su-ar iroin tropical cane. ' • "r.-"'" on 31 Louisiana, is Il)s. of sujifar an a\>'faf,'H of ,000 lbs. !«..• he ' Louisiana cane su<^ar on • pound. 1 su<;ai', savs ; :. 2'()r) to 275 tliesanie jour- if late to have ■ tlian '1 cents 1 Java is saitl jjar in April, I " l>aiha tal)le till we is an uncer- in unfavour- ; in IS.").-? it e I'eport for kin^ of the pen its se(Hl II these con- n of sujjar In the report for 1 8HS the Comnii.ssioner, the H(.n Vnnn.n r n, i . h,.|.e I. .-..miH-t.- >v,ll, tl,„ t,-„|„„ ,„ ,l» |,,,,l„cH..„ „f ,,„„. »„..,„■.•• I, w „l, L, . ■ , ..>vin \;:r;;!;i;,:;,;sr',,:!?:,r,;;!£;';:;:s;r-':i!i!;:'', - -; t .-r':- t..,v ..f .00 ,„„„ .„,„c*y h. o„„i„ ,„..k.. ,jjz !:;■ » ":; T^ .s: ..'„::* ■' '■''- second, 18')]. was col.l an. wet, and the crop was .lau^.a^ed by earlv fr. J " I , Re of - hnun y. n.Mther one ot the fttctories have been n.akinj^lnon^v ; one of U^e -M-ea d ffieuf t es ha.s been to educate the farmers to successful beet .rrowin-'r The NVbr-T.L- f t " then^e^es w 11 hereafter cultivate about 1,000 acres .^eh o^^u, '. ; !^w d^t^"" alllj enable then, to run at full capacity." The bounty on su^ar wa's dis ussed at ien 't however, wa,s tor sustaining ihe national huuntv a,:i restorin.Mlu/stat^«^^^^^^^ S;it<"t"" 1-et^su.ar and the proHtsobtaine.l: "A ton .If b;;ts pro.bc,:: m ™ e^ :.::::;;s:;,^4';:r;:^;;r;:."V^ H,i,n.res ^riven t.r the write, by M^', Km. uV. ' .• ^'Z7-'^ •"•"''' -.rrespon.I with the -..uhl brin. the viel. u.rt.^^O lbs ! e /c ^ '' 'T\"^''' ^'f .*" ^'^^ fact., rie.s, which ^.■..n..i)t.^i3.2iper^;i.:\.;;t!:; rr;^r;; r:.r^^ cents per lb. and njereasin^ the proHts of the n.nufactur;;. r. i> o J r^^' 'e: S ton of beets w..rked : ..r, estin-atin- the su-ar |>roducti..n --t 4 000000 1 .. .T , 't ...00,000. it tins latter ..alculati.,n be c.rrect, it w..ul,l app.>ar Ihat oilr^li;^^ Uu. \l Ifl 32 yeui' tilt* h.H't siijr,,,- iiidust.A iiii^ht liavc hc.-ii niiii.-d ..m without a l»..unty ami liimi realized tlie inaMufaeturei.s a return of about (i per cent on the capital invested. If the production has not exm-di'd .■!,()()(),()()() ll)s., the i.rofits would he reduced to J^Hl.UUU. BOl'NTTEH. An international confei'enee was held in London, England, in \HH~ SS, on invita- tion of Ifer Majesty's f;overnnient, at which nearly all the su;;ar producinj,' powers were represented, the oi)ject of the conference iieini; to' (hscuss jiroposals for the aixilition of all bounties on sujjar, direct or indirect. The representative from (Jerniany stated that thi' (iernian «fovernnient was (piite ready to altolish the hounties if the same should \n' done in other countries. The Austrian representative made a simil/ir declaration. The representative from Krance admitted that tlie sn^rar manufacturers in his ccmntry rec.'iv.'d liiuh bounties, but said that France did not set the e.xampl. 'aitoidy took up the policy in self-defence. lie further added that he was " not authorized to indicate the nieans for puttin-f an end to this re,<(ivttable state of things." I5elj,'ium was anxious to frame her laws .so as to abolish bounties as .soon as possil)le. Kussia was in favour of abolishin^j; bounties, and the representatives of other ^governments expres.sed themselves m similar tei'm.s. There apix-arcd to be a unanimous sentinu-nt amoiif,' all jiresent as to the desirability of abolishing,' bountie.s. After holdim; several sessions at inter\ais from November, 1SS7, to Auj,'ust, IMSS, it was f(aind impracticable to her ni/.e the contlictin;,' interests, and the objwt for which the conference was ocmvened was not attained. In a preliminary memorandum compiled by Sir (ieor.yi' I'.aden-Powell, and published )y order of the En<,dish Ibmse of Commons i'n 1SS(. he savs : "The amount paid in loniif ill,.' i°o 1.1.. .i;.),.. I I... f 1. . > : 1 I 1 1.. ■ ' . 1 . .... . ' . ; .....„i...ii .,.,,1.^. 11, V iiiiiiiKiii:^ III lo.^t, lie savs: •• i ne amount paid in MHinties is i)rovi(ied by tlic tax-payers in jieneral. In additit.n to this, additional ta.xation has to i)e resorted to, because the amounts so paid are deductions from the yield of the sugar taxes. All the money is paid to the su.uar manufacturers, and the public"<;enerallv is thus deprived of moneys it mi.tfht invest orsj.end in otli^'r wavs. which would undoubtedly promote j.roduct ion, exchan-e and j^eneral prosperity.' A^ain ; "The consumer in Ln,ulan(l pays less than cost i)rice for his beet sugar, because the (Jenuan tax-iiayei's pay to (iennan manufacturers sufficient not only to cover the actual loss, but also a niargin of profit. But sugar can be obtained cheaper from cane than beet-root, and thus the English consumer is (•(•mp.-llcd to us<. that kind of sugar which it costs most to produce ; " and "the gam of the English consumer is a deduction from (h-rman wealth." "The recent proposal to assist English agricultuiv l)v introducing into England the manufacture of sugar from beet-n.-.t is thorouglily impracticable, so long as c(.ntinental manufacturers can ol)taiii a Ixainty on all produce they put into the English market. The amount ].ai(l in bounties is j.rovided by the 'tax payers in general. Fn the French government both sides are anxious to see the bounty system put an end to. Tn Germany the notori.ais results (.f the excessive iiountv. in f.'xv'inL;- into existence a very large industry, are having an effect in favour of i„',w ivducinLr t he heavy charge the nation has liitherto borne." ' " In Holland the pres.sure of the system on the State revenues lias driven the govern ment to fix a minimum of net receipts from sugai' duties. Tn "The Sugar Heet " f(u- 1S,S7, p. .-,4,' it ^v„s .said that the bounty sy.st,.m in Europan countiies entails the following losses to the revenue : France .*"l .■<"! -'0 OOU • (Germany, .•?!t,4l'0,000 : Austro- Hungary, .>?r),00(),0()0 : P,e!gium and Iloilaiah sr),2n(»,000.' \\ ith the enormous increa.se which has since taken place in the export trade the loss is lu'obably much greater now. Tliere seems to be no doubt that all the Euroi)ean su-'ar- producmg countries desire to abolish tli<' bounty system if they could find any way of doing .so without crij.pling the industry. The Congress of the Ignited States reniovetl the duty on sugar from the 31st March, 1S91. This, basing the estimate on the sugar duties collected in lSi)0, was a loss to the revenue of about fifty-four million dollars. The results of this change would it 's said, have been ruinous to the planters of Louisiana, Texas and Flo'rida, wliose annual outjnit of sugar was -about 4t]r),UUU,UUU lbs., and to compensate the sugar'inakers and encourage the industry an Act was passed on the 1st of October, 1 SiX), which pro- Pi lIlM I luity iiiul Imvn ■estf'd. If tlu! 'd to !?H4,UUU. ''^i'^, (in irivitii- lu> iil)(iliiii)ii of ny statt'd tliat line slioiild 1)(^ l.'uatioii. TIk! 1 liis coiiiitry t only t(Mik nj) ;e(l t(» indicate in was anxious t>, in favour of ed thoiiisehe.s I present as to igust, l.ss,s, it jeet for wliieli and puhlislied lount paid in ional taxation e yield of the ie ,1,'enerally is 1 undoubtedly eonsumei' in ix-jtayeis pay a niarj^in of and thus tlu^ to produce ; " h." 1 Hn<,'lan(l the s continental ;lish market, ral. Tn the 1 end to. Tn ■;tence a \'ei'y y char','e the I the yoMM'n- tv system in ?"l ••^'l 1'0,00U ; I. sr),2(H),0UU. de the loss is • ipean suyar- i any way of om the .'5 1st 1 8!)0, was a i cents per II,. ..„ all su«ar of a purity of !.() per -'->< .tnd over made wtlnn the I'nited States, whether tVon^-a-us 1, eets, -.rUu n' o ; '.'•■' V; '! I'-'-"' ;'7'>".'teen years, fron. the 1st of July, IH!.], to the Is, '7; !"». . It is expected that *l(J,OUO,U,)() will he re.,uired to pay the hounty this v ar' h, he annual report n the I'nite.l States Co, issi.Iner of l.l,.:n,al Ue ! ue .^^ 1 ssuel, we t.n. tha the .,„ant,ty of su^o.r imported into the L'nited States .In n /the .seal year cndn,« :i,),h June, iSiM, was :VtHM,477,-'-J Ihs., and that the .a.a i ", ;^:i;:u:':T;r■^"'" ':''•'" '''•''.''" ^^''--^'--i-i-try should devei; „ ; I r it St' . '"'""^y' '^^ .• •^. Hdvocates expect i, to do. until the whole srn.plv o e I , ,te,l States ,s produced w.tlun .ts own borders, it will involve, on the basis of tl J '"""''"' '•""7';;i'f' ll'l' annual payn.ent to the su^ar n>anufa..turers of nea 1 d y indhons of .lollars w^htch must be provided for by tax on other .o.mIs. |, is' ,,,,;. ar^M.clbysomeot tho.se who favour this industry tha, the Tnite.! States ,sh.,,lo '... y ann to supp y ,ts own ..onsun.p,ion of su^ar bu, also ,o bee ,. an exporti c , try, w Mch woul.l entad a lo.ss of 820,000 on every million pounds exporte.l ^ Slate b..unties have also been ^iven in some instanc-s. Kansas wl,i,.h f,.rm..,lv <;II.-e.l a bounty of 2 cents per lb. on .su,,..r nutde fron. bee,s, sor^hu n K u . at bounty by Ac, o 4th .March IS-.], to ,' of a cent. In I't'ah, by A r f" 2^,1. m S ■ " ; S^' ; r"V""' "'• '? •^••"-''^'■•^"«'^'- ^^ -ff-'-'l torthe vears is.),, an, IS ' ' St.ae,. Nebraska also pa.ssed an Act, li)th March, ISS-., pn.vidin. for a bountv . f I'-iSt!:: Ilf ISm "'""■ •"""'•"■•"' ^""''" *'"■ ""'■■''"' '"'^ ^''' ' '"- -- '•"i"-i.-i '.y .1... I" l».M;en,ber, |S!.(J, the L..«islature of the Province of (^u.-bec passe.l an V.'t -^ inch pr,. .de.! tor the payn.ent to the growers of a bonus of ."X. .-ents per ton r o, e mad:":;;l's;s;::'''"""^''"'^"' ^^'*'''" *'•*' j""^^-"^"*' -"• ••'•i---'- the'tacJo;;'';:;:, Durin^^ ,,hc M.ssion of |S!t| ,!„. li.mse of Connnons in Canada also abolished the Ml. Lu.ston^ Act also made tlu- h.llowu,- provision tor a bounty on beet suL'ar • I nder such re.mlat.ons and restrictions as n.ay be pro^ ided bvOrde- in C unoil h. e n.;|>- be pa.d to th,; producers of any raw beet su-.tr produced' in Catnula, wSv t , . l.;'ets«rown therein between the Hrst day of Julv. one thousand .M^dit hund ml mnety-one. a.ul the hrst day of July e thousan.I ei,ht hundred and ni e y ,.'. l...unty c,,ua to one ,lollar per one hundred .ounds; an.l in addition tll^^ andone-tlnrd cents per one hundred poun.ls f.'.r each de^n • tract i.n f-'dMef test by polariscope over .seventy de<,'rees." ^^ to,. tJ'''v''"'""^''l '''"rl? J' ir''t'^'""y ^'"^ -^'"•' -'^ tl"'. of the l'nite.1 States, is offi.,e,l o. t^^o years only. t tins be continued, and the pnuluction of su«ar .sti uulUe i anada,othepon„otsup,,:,in,.all that is now purchase.l alu..ad ? \^u "tl e bas.sot the nnports ot l,s!H.., of rr4,U45,7->o lbs., involve, the annual pav.nent n ct" h to thes„.ar n.anutactur,.rs of >^;Ms'),!.ll. which would have ,o be provu 1 ^trves on other connnoditie.s. ' ""uioi ov ra.ves The nund.... of acres of beets which wouhl be re,,uired ,o produce the mnud s„n l.ly ot si,.ar tor Canada would be about 75,000, which, at 12 toL pe "i v v ' h , 7o \Uuch w.mid yield about ],S0,O0O.0(X) lbs. of su.rar There ^....nw t i ^^ T'" '^ < ' < ". "- ™?- '. I "-I "V.- » V.,,. i«,.s .;,,,'■•„ ' :,. ';; t'l' ;:;:. •■■""I" ■« •■'» I'l •">! i'nuntiy ii, tlie »„rlcl. Til.- lK.,.t« w„rt,.,l ..t fl K , ,7 ''."'"''' ■:,;*":'»-• •'""",? "«■ ' :>■-. - »i.i ■. L;;::;i : >,.„.' ;;;,";;■;■,: <'ent ot ,su,-ar. Fnmi a report bv Hob.'rt H. [ awder on ■« The C„lt;v...i Tl\ w ' Heet in Ontario." publish.!, by order of th. L.^islaUve^ssn! blv oH i ■ i' . ^J;!';;;: tn.'l that ,n a kr^e nund.er of analyses n.ade by Wilfred Skaife. Ks,,.,,; „.,:.' , • n^i-f ■n^it.'e'r "t the ( ntano Agricultural Colic.,, at Cuelph. the avera^; N\as 1,50.5. In alar,oesen..s,,t siu!p!estr,,m Ontaro iina!v/cd ill isnOo,!, i i 84 ExiMTiiiiPntal Farms. (\0 pop i-ont of tln'sHin|»lt's uMTiijifffl \'2 |M'iii'iit of suj^iirand .IS |>(«r cent I. "5 |)fct'ciit. Diiriri),' the past sfusnii llii> rcsull nt" I'J analyses hy Mi-. Shnll nf licets ^Mown at till- fxpt'iinifiital t'acni ami in ntlicr parts of ( )ntaiiii lia\c yiven an avcra^^e i)t' l.'t'.'JT pi'i' cent Two varieties i,'ri»wn at the experimental farm at Najipan, N'.S.. iiaveyiven 1 4'7U per cent : the same varieties at the experimental t'aiin at Imlian Head, N.W.T., I hi-"), (11(1 at the experimental farm at A>,'assiz, W.V., I.'ll' per cent. The seed sent In the expel. mental farm at hrandnri, Man., was Inst in transit, and for this reasim we iiaxc no rejKirt from that institution. Hl'(JAIl ST.\TISTT('S. I WOIU.KS I'HoniCTION (IF CANK Sl(;.\l|. The world's production of raw siif,'ur fiom the Miyar cuno for' (he veais IHHo-Hri t(» ISMDDU is thus estimated I ly Willei .hkI (Ji'ay (/.ninsliniii I'lmihr mul Mdiiii/dctin-i-r, nth Apr-il, ISIK)) ; C'liiiiitrieM. f'lllia I'orto Kico. Triiiidi.il Hurl i;ii Iocs .laiiiaica AiitJKua and St. Kittx. . J\Iartiiii(|Uf ( luadcloiifH; Ucnicrarii Hrimidii Maiiritiu.s .Invii British India. Unml Manilla. Cfbu and Ilnilo Louisiana Peru l''K.V)'t Sandwicli Islands IMS.', hi;. 'runs 7(15, KM) ti4,(HHI lii.L'en t4,(HKI r,(H)() 26,(M)(l ;«,(KMt ;i7.(MMi lll.Hon :c»,()(M( 114.2(Ml ,S()5,!I,5(» .■|(»,(MM( 1,St;,(KM» 18(),(MI0 127,!I0<» 27,0(MJ 05,000 !»ti,.500 l.s,s(; s; 'I oils. li().S.!IO(l Mil, (MM) (I'.I.IHNI (u.OINI 21.IM»0 25 'HMI 41.0(HI .5.5.0IMI i;ri,o(Mr ;t2.iHMi nil, MOO ;{(;;<, irio ri(i,(MHi 21 10, (K Ml t,SO,(MMl Mll.'.lOO 2(:,iMMi 5I),(MM) !I5.(MMI i.sm: ,sm. Tons. lilD.IMMI .■|II,IMJ(I IHI.WKI liO,(MHI :1IMNHI 2li,IMMI :«I,(IIHI 5(I,(MI0 I10,0IMI :i2,IMI0 120, 1 MM) ;<'.ii;.(MMi .5,5,IMMI ;!2I),(MMI 174,IMM) 1.5H,IK)II .SO,0(M) ;i5,(MMI 1(K),IMMI -I- 1888 8!). Tons. 5:|)iin, N.S., iiiliiiii llcud, It. The sft'd r this reason 86 .*'"' iI"H'"K »'»''^«' ''Ki"''>< it will 1m' sc'm thut tlit- <|imiitity of i)(...| suKiir imul.. (liiriiiK till" lust two yt'iirs in tlir scries yivcii was niiicli Kicatcr than that made from the cane, and that while the |.i'.>dii.'tioh of raiie su^ar has reinaiiied alioul the same during the li\.' years nained the (|iiantity of heet Mi>,'ar maiuifactured has increased duriiiK the same period o\cr 70 per cent. The imports of su^jar cnlcred for consumption in Canada in |SSl».!(() xv,.re -••-•.'VSH.17I Ills. lil/.C'l t..ns of -J.dOO ll,.,, and \alucd at ?:<.*»,.s;{7,H!)-|. The duly collected on the same was .•<-"5.,7l.' t. 'I'liese sii:,'ais cnnc fiom ihc follow jny coniitric". : !SS.") St; to iinifhcfiiri'r, iNHil !io. TeiiM. (lfX),«KIO 70,0(M) (50,0(10 I10,IKI() 30,00(1 28,00(1 40,000 50,0(MI 125,000 3ll.(NHI l'.'r),(MM> :n(t,0(Mi l)0,(NKI l,")a,(MM» l.SO,(MKI 12."),(«)(l 30,IMNI ;C),o(Mi 12(MMH» ) i 2,228,000 1*0, as <;i\-eii |.S,S!( !I0. I,2(il.(!ii7 787,! IS! I 7.'>;f,(i7s -l.")(i,71 1 221,4;-tO i;V),,si3 3,Gi!t,r,-s Col NTIIIKS. Kntkhko loll lioMK CoN.-ii MrrioN. (iifiit Mritaiii . . . I'nitfd StatcN. . . .Viisti'iii UritiNh .Vfi'ica. . lit'itisli (iiiiunu. . Mra/.il (^laiitity. I-t)H. 1,H(H,.-)0I (i,itr)4, t.->2 7C..43.S (i(i4,2r)2 .S.3"i!l,!lllH 4."),(>22,2(>7 HritiMli West liidii'H i;<,4r>H',rilO Krciuli West IndicH • iMli'ljKl .Spaiiisli Wi'Mt ludii'M Iliitcli KaHt IndicH '.'.....'....... France iiii.707,(;;t.'t t.H!i(;,.")(i,s < riTiiiaiiy ;C>,."pll7 4"1 *S|)aiiiH(i poHMeHsionn in Pacific Ocwm 4.\(iI3!llii Cliina, 28,51 i.') Valur 5;i,(il.-. 2t!i,;r)5 4.732 14,14!i 100,487 1.073,(i3S 3!i4„547 0,137 l.!llii,S0S 82,405 KiO i,o.s7,;«< !I(MI.501 878 I )uty ('llllfCtlM 47,073 151,1134 3,013 !l,!l(;2 111,014 087, (I7S 234.312 2,723 l,l.">H,."<2!t 111,74(1 55 (i.3;i,.^57 022,4(14 (107 The imports of suj^ar entered for home consinnptioii in lSflO-01 were 174,04.") 7->0 lh.s. 87.0l':{ tons of 1>,0(J0 H.s., and valued at .S-"). I S(i, l.-.,s. The ilutv collectei'l on'the same was .*L',S')l,r)47. These sui,'ars came from the followiii'' countries : COUNTHIKS. IIni'kiiko iou Ho.mk Coxsrsmiov. (Quantity. (treat I'liitaiu riiitcd Ktati'S Hritinli ( Julaiia Hritixh Wist Indies (Cliina Kraiui' .lapaii SpaTiisli West Indies. . , .St. VU'vri- Dutch West Indies Spanisli iKisst'ssions, otliiT Hiazil (tciniany Mauritius Danish Wt-st Indies French West Indies Dutch Kast Indies Lljs. 8,581,873 2(1, .520, 285 .3,112.il,S7 7,2.57,!II3 411,72(1 2,(122 1,377 4».522,77>* 340 807 20,(l(lli.,S51 25,,S.S7.(>84 2(1,777,510 2,.5()7.!184 173,.V.I1 285,(120 !l,42!l.(132 Value. 207, ()78 (137,0.58 111,428 215,008 1..540 280 118 1,180,0.31 23 30 (>39,510 (•)87,0!)5 803,474 .54,810 7.1.50 0,(1.53 240,323 1 )uty Collected 142,005 351,r)(i2 .5(;,o;w 125„508 1,158 109 44 7 12, 740 14 18 411,344 373,7.54 475,103 37,501 1,720 4.575 158,008 Phillipine Islands, Sooloo Lslands, Caroline Islands. 3(> ! ! Sr^JMAHY. h..i ''!l'?" ''"I ''7''''.'^';^ ''^»""«1 it ^^ould appear tliat tl... ^M-eat stin.ulus oive,, to tlu. un.r .;";••■ "^f^":•"P^•^y ^'- li"^«>''^l ^-unties whicirhavebeenpaidla ^e ul !i ri'oiii the tacts in'f, seated i-el'itimi- tn ti..> u; .^ a !a ■ • , inachinerv a,«l l.,l,„ur-s»vi„.. ;un,l ',,;",';' .''r, ;-";""»'«l «'» "«« approval resulted i„ tinnneial failure "'"-'"I. ."kI .h alm,„t <.>■..„■ ,„«t ,■ ,1,„ ,.if,„, |,„, ,..■ ™'«lri.:;"'cr,;;^:;r\,';';i;''''-'i;;-7,:;!'':;,';,;:. f""- «™ •■• '- - 'i." »■ al..,„,l,„t „„,1 cheap, fa, „e,v „,„ I .''l ,'"'"' n"""""- ■''"'"■ '"'"""' '" preparing l.is land for the following, year, in l.rin i t I, ' "''""'' ^'^ ''"7 "' or marketing his grain. Jt is very don .f 1 ' f ' .'"s late er.,ps. or u. threshing hu^e area o^and^o look a^t^.. ^ g^ w l;.^^^ arth^ ' T"''. 7'"'' '''""• ^^■'"' " size in ..ws IS inehes apart, a.id gi^;. to thlrr^'tll: . £ ii;" ir,;;:::; '' ^'""'1 cultjvaf on they re,,uire an.l deliver then, to the factories a t h e i ^ " ' T' '""' be shown on paper that the business of growing beets is •, u^LZ ^i ! ''"'■ and oeeasionaliv it may -prove to be s,, • but therJ .^v . ^'"'^''''''^ ""r ^'"' H'<". tanner, high price of iabonran^ the diliicuh v 1^^ ^i ^ t'lTZ'^f ;^^ needed, in the unfavoun, -le character of tL^ s.^,!^ ^ nti ' e , " "V^ '"'V' " ^ insects, that farmers in must instances Ir.ve rcfns..,! t • ""^ -.currcnc.- of mjurious whet. 80 a ton of 2.000 lbs. have b^l^rom^ldtrn!;.;; '•■'""""'■ '" -••"- ^''^' '-t^ — ii.stances ^vhere\a.^e^.umbe.: of Sn J ^T u i;"! ^ll"'' ^^■'"" "^ «'"! ^" -">' after one or two years of t.'ial have r..fuscd t, Tr "'"^''^' ^'^ /" «';«»^^- ^"War beets, and that tl. returns i.anno,ha;eb;::U;e;;l:::tSr >'-" ^hen., it is self-evident ...ps';3;":;;;r;.:!r^.;ti;t:::hS:\i;:;:r:'"'''"' '7: ■■ -'" ''" ->- - ^ •luJnt crops : buJ these result . ..^^ u7 ^ i;:,?;!"' ""■'■•■'1^"^ ^'^-''l "^ -''- sugar beets at a greater distance betwee the o v 'l v ' ■"'•'"'""' "'•'.'-■'<'"' -•♦■^ "t' coarser sorts of roots for stock feeding S^^ ! ^ " ZM^'l^^ '" " 'T'"' "''>' "'" ' ■ '' " "^ raised ;ir much less cost foi- 37 Ih,''mISnn?i:''f" ^"''""^ ;'r"7 '" 'T"'*^ ^"'' ""■ P'-^l^-ti... ,.? Gutter, cheese or beef, ee/ /'"?,*''■" ''h''''>'*'' '"' '1"'^'" '^'^ «*^ti,sfactorv as tl.e growing of suga heets tor a factory and less exliaus:ti\(> to the soil. » fe fe Til., for-ty lar,-,. factories which would he needed to produce the sugar required for ho.ne consun.pt.on would each en.ploy prohahly fro„, -JOO to -20 hands, ^,r 8 000 to 8 80O d7' hi, ("1 ' I "'' '"'"'' ^"* "'"I'l-yn.ent in the factories during the busy seLon fo..f„^'"i ''"-^'^ ^'r ^'^^'^'•'•^''""■■'t -t' tl'i« indusfy woul.l have on other industries is a ;:,;;' .".''^""•'•^•" "• ^.'..|ooked. The buildingoV forty sugar factories in Canada o 1( to ,, tnneg.ve employment to many mechanics engaged in their construction ; the ' . rr T'"T^ "' "* '■"?' "■""''' ^'*"" -'"I'loyn.ent to ndners. It would add t^ the (.11 lings ot_ railways engaged ,n transporting the c.al and in carrying the beets to the factories, give emplovmeut f. machinists, who would n.anufactur'e more or less of the ".achi.H.ry, to the makers ot barrels and bags to be used as containers for the sugar, •ind also, hnd emjiloyment tor a large amount of capital. The relative usefulness of the refuse pulp as cattle foo,l will be discussed in the second part ,.t this report It is not, in the opinion of the writer, of that value in this countiy which has been claimed for it. It is probable that the strongest objection to the encouragement of this industrv on the only basis on which it is claimed it roul.I be established, will be found in the ract tliat It wouhl re-piire, when fully developed, an annual subsidy of a))(mt .-^4,000 000 for the raising ot which, as long as we have free sugar, other industries must be taxed" Ih.s subsidy m.ght n, the course of tim." be lessened, but in view of all the facts presented, ot the greater richness ot the sugarcane when grown in the tropics and the probabilities ot turther improvem.mts n, the ,p,ality of the cane and in the pr..cessof manufacture, it is not likely that the bounty ,ould ."vr be much r.-(luc...l without crii.pHng the industry PART II. IMIMIOVKMKXT OF SIC.M! HKKTS. Systematic ..|rorts hav lu'cii continued during tli.. past forty years in France ami <;ermany t<. increase the proportion of sugar in sugar beets, a work which has been attended with much success. It has been found that the beet is very susceptible to imi)rov..m.-nt when a proper selection of roots is made of good form anil especially rich in sugar from which to grow the s..e.l. Th.- beets which it is intended to use for seed purposes are selected with much care as to si/e, f.,nn and weight. They are then pre- served in suitable j.its until the time for planting arrives, when i)y means .,f a small •^' I'' ^'"i'l"i- to that used for testing cl s... a piece is .'ut from the centre and t lie juice expressed from it and aiialvs,..!. Only those be,>ts showing a high percentage of sugar are .■hos..n : all others are rejivted, Th.' cavity made by the removal of the piece for testing is till.-d »itli charcoal In prevent decay before (he rout is planted. 38 ['f' Tlic improved Vilnidiiii siii;ar l)ept is oni' of tlu- most iiiipirtaiit results of many years of patient labour l)y Mr. H.'Vilmoiin, of the well known seed firm in F'aris, Tt is a \ariety \ery iai'<;e!y cultivat.'d l>()tli in Fi-anee and (ieVmanv, and IS very rich in suj;ai-. Its <,'enera type is shown in H.nnie I, and it IS said to hold its su. ilmorin. 39 'I'lic I'.raliant siiuar licet, (tiiiui-c ;',*), is a still more pi'u- (liu'tivc Aaricty, and is readily di.stiii<,'iiislied by the fonii (if tlie ci'dwii, wliieli lises well above the level ut' the soil and has \iiforou.s upright-ffi'tuviiio- foliage. Tts heavy yield with a fair iiereeiitajre of suyar makes it profitable to the .grower, espeeially where it is intended to use' the crop as food for stoek. Amoiiij; other esteemed sorts are the i-'reneh Hieh SuHjir beet, Improved White Imperial, Simon le (Jrand, I'^Iorimond, IJidteau Desprez, Klectoral, rmproved l-]lite, [mperator and Kxcelsior. itr. 'X CII.TIVATION OK I1I1-; SICAI! liKKT. S,lrrt!„n iiiiii rrfiiiiriil'mii o/' thr Snll. IVobably the lH.st soil fora eropof su^ar Invts is a tuoderalely rieh samlv loan,. I here wdl lie no objeetion to ,t ,t ,t be more or less ndxed with .•lav, i.rovided {he pro- l-rtmn be not sutheient t.. interfere with its porous atid ,,pen eharaeter. A stiti" elav soil, whtehpaeks under the inthm.u.e of a hard rain or bakes under a Imt sun is an unfavourable soil tor this purpose, widle peaty or marshv land is still less suitable for h,s eroj,. t ,s als,, ne.vssary that the sub-soil should b,'. porous and open, as the suL'ar beet eannot be sat istaet.. rdy -rown where th.. sub-soil is wet. in sueh ea.se tiledndninL' IS neeessary to remove the superHuous water. The land should be ploughed in the fall as .h-ep as is ,.raet ieable, so as to expose the under layers of the sod to the benetieial aetionof frost and winter weather Tn the spruig It shouhl !„. plou-hed aoain, iiu'reasiny th pthof the furrow, audit will be niui Hiilletni 27, On isum l- >!■ sowiiii;'. Jftfniiriiit/. applied ui^ic.' ,:;',' ;nT' ^"v^r'"'"'r'"^^^'^'''^' -— -i-ui^i .... i. ti.e crop p,.eecl n" , an .;',';' 'l'"''" '"'^ ''"•"'^' ''" •'"' ""' ^''" '"-' t'"' faet..rv. When tl 1 eet "w!^^'^^ T f /" l^'''"'"^'" t'l- l-st ..suits in . suu-,.r applied in the auV^nm o H ' S^ an Sli'^ fl '"'" ^"'•'' '""'"'■" ""^^ '^ l''-''^" v Of ai-titicMul fert lil .M' ^ ' . I''" "«'"'' "'"''''• '^'^ «"•'" as p..ssil)le after .spreadin-^ n.ended !iX ,' H> * ;.d ed'';; ^^ superphosphate of li.ue is hi^l^fv reeo.n: should he returned to the soil I k u ! V^ '"'"J""'^'"" '" ''^'^'^' ^'"•■'^*' i"i,n-e.s separateU- ,.0 of T'7 ^ l"'"!""'^*'^"^ '^-^'-''^''t''"! hv the root roots wouhl 1 e rek velv n' U t L ^f ^T" "*, ^T ''";'"'>• '" ^^•'"^•'' ^''*' -- "^ the estin.ati,if, the cro 7.^ •' ^ '^ ,,1^ '' wdl we.gh a .out half as n.uch as the roots, and each acre^the fol o w -. " ''" "'''• "'''' '' ^""^ "^ l*'-"N there will he taken fro.n 'thelllhT ;r""''-' '^!'"'«"-''^ t.. serve for^n i^.deHniu^ tl... other three u.o-ro.hents, a.id if the leaves are left on nnportant Potusl, I'hosiilidiic iuid XitnigHi MagiiHsia Since most soils contain period, we jieed onlv considei rem„i„» ,,, u ,l™lt ,1-2 ' ' *'"'"'"""- '"-'"■•«'■■"» '■•■".""■•I <[-■ tl,,' ,„,„. Tn an afiplicafion of 2() tons to tii>. -...i,. ,v 1 1 part of horse an.l two parts of .,, n • tl r """.v"''- '.""'""■'■• '•■""l"-''l "f on. fair proportions, thereLuk c r no- f^o^ "";' ''■''""' ^""''"'"^ '"•'■"^- '"'■-•■'" '" tiK-f..ii.:win,.p;antitieso?'l:'-,;;:^;;;:,t :!:;;:;:; -!'^^^ '"' -'i.piie.i to ti. h.nd l'"' "^t.. I'M) ll,s. ph.Ksphoric acid UOt.. I(!0 11,s. alkalies, chief! V potash I'.O to 17") Ihs. nitro lilt' odiel' ' lias tiikeii from tin- .s..il it will he well to hear in nmul . • "T'-tee wnat tne ,T.,p has tak.., fn,m th,- -i'l re,,uire fron,. to ''I „ ' T T"";" "^ l''""'''"""' "^•'"' ^^ ''" -I'pl muriate of pota,sh. .i or t'iI ok. /i'r';; ''*'':''', '''- "" ^''" '•"■■^'it^' - ''- "t of ,.otash, Ld 5 l.s. .fcmn.d::i;; ;■'''';•'•' '"-"."'^- "*:;•'""' -l'-<-.Mtain 1 Ih. furnish 1 Ih, of nitrogen Z'i i tesef 7 •''''''''''''"' '"' !'^ "'^' ''^ ""■-'" "^ -'- r>..uiate his appi.cati^. of aK^c- d '^i^^i^i';;!,':';;;;:':^;:';: ■"tl?';'' '"• " ^•'^" 41 SEED AND SOWIXG. been^:.;;:;:;^ ;';n.- r;;;:;:!;*;:j tri '' ^^'^^'i. ^i— « --^y -...ieties which have .seleodno £.■ soed o y osrhee s^ , '. •'"'''7""- V'--f'^''^ili^-i"^'. -'ul carefully high percentage .7s4ga Th ,',;'' H.e"; ' ' """''"' ""''^■^''^ ''' -'"*-'^ ^ uuder "I,n,>nrve,„..nt,^f Su<'u J^',.,"' ''"''^ """* ''•'^^'^^'"«'' '"'^^ already «iveu AF'ri;i! 'IKKAIMKN'T. In the <-(mr.se of lU or 1 ."i days, if tiie ;itino.s|.lieric conditions are favoural.le, the phuits will sliow tlieniselves above ground, aiid as s(.OH as they are nvhII up thev should be weeded, and for this purpose th.- liand cultivator, known as the Planet Junior rFi.y. o), will be found v.mv eonvenient. When the youny plant's have grown to be about "as thick as a slate pencil tliey shouhl be thinned.sn as to leave one plant by itself ,.\,.fv () 20 l'"iK- •">. 42 to S imli.'s. This wui-k should Ix- pivwdpil l)y tlie use of tlie uultivator between the rows, so !is to kill all the weeds whii'h may have started. NMyoi'oiis plants only should ho selected, even if the re^adaiily of the intervals is nut exuc'Jv pivsenvd, hut no space should he left moir than IJ inches. Much of tli.- tiiiMnin;r can he done with a narrow hoe, and lli.^ hand work thus limited to the pulling of the plants immediately around the one to he ]>ivser\ cd, wliich, when the others are ■•emoved, should have the earth pressed firm ly around it. After the youny plants have recovered from the effects of the thinninn- u cultivator shouldhe aj,'ain pass.l throuirh between the rows, so as to loo.sen the .i^nmnd and kill the weeds, and this stirrinj,' of the soil and killiui,' of weeds should be repeated at intervals of ten days (.r a fortniirht duriiiif the -rowinii^ season, so as to keep the tfround clean and the surface loose and friable, the eaith berm,' worked towards the roots, so as to cover them up to the collar. Fii tinures b and 7 the method FiL'. C. I'"ip. 7. of cleanino- the .uTound between the rows bv the I'iaiK't .Junior cultixatoi- is shown • in figure .S, the .same imi)lement, of stronger build, f,,,' use with ,m singl,- horse, is .viir.^sent.'d. This latter will be found useful where the rows are sown wide ei the use of a horse.* Thi> 'oiigh apart to .tdmit of Ihis covermg of the upper part of the root with cirth is re.aiired, f.,r the reason that any portion exp..se.l above the surface will c.mtai., a very much smaller proportion ot sugar than those parts bel.nv the ground. In a series of twelve analyses recently 43 sl.owM specially ,levi.s,.,rfur Im.h .'ui' ^" "-""" '' ■"'"^'"•'' ^"••'" "* ^•«Itivat,.,. is (iiiv wliirli cultiviitRs tour rows at :> Imie and is w,,il<,.(| ),v ,,,1.. |„,.s.. I his IS in,„|,. l,y III.. .MulillC Pll.Unll CoiDpanv, .Mulinc, III. Whcii til." I. .axes liuvc wn s,, (IS to covei' the yfonnd the plants limy l)f. left without ftiitli.T treat- ment until harvest time. As the heet rijiens the outside leav.vs lose fheir hri-ht ^'reen colour and change to a yellowish yreeH; t he v also droop. Hiid he clo.se to the -T(nin(l, some ot' them dyinj,'. Tt is most important that the heets lie left in the -round until they are fully matured, as the ).■,■,, ,, t..nnatio„ofsu,arinthen.taltt"wa su^ar heets the 9th of Mav and pulled o^t ' I J^ , ''t:'/ ""•' "' "'" ^•":>- ^^^ --' -" hv first loosenin..- tie heets I, ,,//, ,'•■>''',''''■'''''-'" "■^"''''>' '^^-en.npli.shed alongside of ,1 e'i-ow an I ti •• C"": ' T'" ' 'l"'^' '"' .''"'"■ ''>■ l''""'^'''"^ ^ ^"now is highly spoken of is w V' J ^TKi 'T- ' ""V"'"' 'f /'^■^"^ '""•^•'■^"■'- -'-'' ('... *the next operation is ,1,,:;.. 'I ' '"^"'^" " '""""^"-t^"-' ''.v the -Moline Plou,,|, iiioval of the leaws and neckof the n>ot, which is that part to which the steins of the leaves hav,. been al- filched. This latter i^ cut off wit ha short hook or heavy knife and left ,,,1 the i)louyhe(| undei' with the leaves. i)ecause' this piirt of the root contains a laiyc proportion of the mineral salts whirii the jilant duriny its jrrowth has ex- tracted from the .soil, the carrviiiy off' of which would 11 11 necessarily e.xhaust the land. Further, the presence of these mineral salts jn th.' juices of the heet when w.^rked ]■{,.■ [,r iu the factoiT inteiWs with the crystallixal ion of ,he s.i.ar.^and increases the trouble and expense of maiiufacturino- it. nouoit When tl... heets are topped they are thrown inh. heaps, ami .-overe,! with the tons nmlleives, to protect them from the sun and fros, urn il t hey can he deli, cli:! to X Uo'l'Al'loN 01' CHOI'S. A j.roper rotation of cr.,psis always .lesirahle, and 1 tsseem to do best after wheat or s.,me other .-ereal. K.cl. soils on whieh beets have not 1 „ previously ^rlw,r.!L;;^ * !• iKUivs .(, -1 and 1(1 hav, Kiiuily l,.-,., funiish.l l,y the M.-lim- I'j.H.gl, ('„., .Mohiie. 111. 44 protluce several j^'ood ci'.ips in sueoessuin without inurl I injury tn the land. The follow- ing IS a go,„l .ysU'ui of rotation : First, wheat, on land well n.anured ; then l)eets t..llowe(l l,y l)arley, and at the same time seedin- down with tinu.thv and .■lover, whieh IS eut t.ir hay the following summer and th.- seeond erop j.loughe.l under in the autumn, to be followed the n.'Xt s.-as(.n with potatoes or (.ats, which eomnietes ■ ^f'- K. Du Fav, of Chew. Cossignac, at alHait ibHO per acre, hut this estimate seems to he excessive. Tn " The Sugar Heet " for 1,S,S3 it is stated on the authority of Mr. D. Doft'that the cost of cultivating tiie heet in Saxony is .S4.7(i j.er long ton of !>,•_> 40 ihs delivered at the factory, and that the growers realized from >!.").71 to .>*(). 1!) Tn "The Sugar I'.eet " for \XH->, p. GO, it is stated that' the' average cost of raisin- tills crop throughout the noithein States ma\ 'le put at i?!") pci' acre. ',!,'"• t*," }^' ^^''}''^'' "*" ^'"' I>PPar a factory. ^Tr. Ifenry T. Oxnard, of the (iran.< .1). This estimate is l)ased on lah(Uir at Sl.lT) ,,cr dav: single horseand man S-' • team and man. S.S per day. Heets .sown in rows IS imhcs' apart', and tlie use of lli Ihs" ot seed i)er acre, at IS cents per pound. The estimate includes also Si for fertilizers, hein- one-fourth the .ost of -O tons of l>arn yard manure p.-r acre used in the rotation, and S'A foi- rent of land, enual to f, im'!' cent on S.)0 per acre. VAI.IK OK IJKKTS Kol! KKKDINi, .STOCK. It is very ditiicult to arriv at th.- .'xa.'t value of r.M.ts as tood t\,r stork, sin..' t lieiv are advantages in tWding tiu-ni ajiart fr their ch.'iin'.al < .litnent-. Th.' use .,f .■! eer- 45 tain pi'uiiurtioii tain i)n.i.uiti<.ii ..f sudi siic,.iil,.|it tuud „ii\Ml witl, tl, i • "".I .nure easily di^resfHl . ,xv™ , ', , ''''^'" ^'"; V"'"'' »""" •«■ J.ulutal.l,. 'I ton of wHl4,,w„ ... ;,s „,.- i, . , ' ^"" 7"-y '-f '"";"•< l>y fanners in Ontari.. that usually vained^.nj;vi;h;j:'',:\.c:;T:i;;;7'f •'•""^*'' ^^'^"^ -•-^^ "- ANAI,Vsi:s OF HOOTS The foliowini; tal.ie .shows the results of "'"l-'Un, (^la.bee. I hes,. analyses have I.een nia.h- M l>nnnnion Lxpeninental Farms. ivc-ent analyses of turnip.s, man-els, su-'ar 'ts ol,t,unecl at the I.eet su-ar faeto,.\"ai !''• T. Slmtt, <'liemist of "tlie nicfestible Mattpr lerToii. Tnniip-" Maiijirels Carrots •Sugar beets . . . , Sugar l)eet pul] iH) 34 91 at !»0-47 84-25 95-72 Th 9 ti(i 179 8-71 1 146 9-53 173 15 7(i 2JHJ 4-28 83 beets in f 'ediny; (i if this )e so tlie IH- ti«ures indicate that the probaLle value of a ton of su-ar I'HICKS PAID KOI! DKKTS MV SVC.AU K.ACTOin lOS. ^..0 to'S^;:^t::;: ^;:i;;,: s we;l";:r ::;:t: srvrrn't'^'--,-;-" ^'•-' urTir"Jth^^^:'^t™i^ Va,-ie,lf,-o,n*4.;H)tol^r;. on l.rXela [".1 ^'"•""■^- '" /''^' -nne State the priee Island in 1 S!H) was ^;! , " t^ de iv.^ f lU'r^" TV^' ^''^ ft-to..y at (4nd 12 per ..ent of su^.n-, a ul "A -en s >e . ' f ^'^f "■>•<.-; ^-'-t^^ not ha^in^- less than <)w!h, to the ver/d.;- :;!■ .e jij . i :; '::Sw: '':•"" 'm"'""^-'' '' ^"^'"•• tons per aerej,- others at fr.m/ -. t Stl^Tl ''''*"'''>'-"•"'' '^^ '^''''"' •"• aceount contained an ex • pti 1 Iv i'l '" '"'T ""''" '"'>- ^^"'"''' '""' •- ^l-is l..ou.ht ahont ><^ ^^riTr i^ntj'^ '^" "' ^"«-/ /— ^'-v p.ol.al.iv island and No.-ft.lk ketori^;. ad as the .;:'"" ,i;:i!:i '"""l' "' ''' ••"^'' ^'^ ^^--' ™;.d less, ahont „ per eent. ^^^^^-^'L!^..::^^^^^^^^ per to,, inereasin, the t-eeeipt^of the fa-^leVl tl. & ';^ ''?; nS';;;:;* jj^ f -'l- cannot allorc to pav a hi'diei- nrieetle.n ^i ".(i ..„ i -i.i . '^"'^'^ *''^ taetories fact,,™,. I. „.„„„i ,.,» «e,„ «„».,.„,.,,, ,, .ui';::/;L^t:;,.':,,;'';;;i'.i;;,: 46 many. Jit'lcr the tanii.Ts li,i\f hud uii (■xiiciiciicf nf ul.diit titlv years in the ciillivatinii nf licet ^. tlif uwin'i's ((I:' tlif t'uc-tiicit'.s aiv still (.l)li;;c(l tn i,qn\v an ii\("iai,'f nt' nimv tliaii unc-lialtDt'ail tlic l»f('ts tlii'v (■(•nsun'c. VALiK iiK ni;i:r i-rr.i' fih; i'kkium;. Cniicffiiiii^' tlif viiluf of this iiiateriiil h.h t'uod fnr .stuck thcic aiv nianv .unHiftinK NtuU'ineiits. It must, h.iwcvcf, Im- l)..nic in mind tiiat nvIhmi 1 t iiui). is spokm of in Kiirope it is genciully und.Mstoud tn he pid]. which has hccn pit'ssod, hv which iirnwss fi lari,'.' iin.imitidii of iiic water is .--ot fid of and the proportion of solid 'matter increased to about L'U to !'•_> per cent, thus addiiiju' very much to its value. In Canada and the I lilted States the pulp has hitherto lieen ofl'ered just as it comes from tlic ditrusors From the analysis of Mr. Shutt of the sample sent frr.m the Faridiam factorv it aj.pears that in this comlition tiie pulp .•ontains nearly DC) jier cent of water, and less than oiie- third of tlie nutritive matter eont.'iined in the su-,^ar heets before treatment. On c.in- l)ariiio; the i.rop<.rtion of dij,'e.stil)le matter with that contained in ordinarv manj-els or turnips It would ■,i\>]n'!iv that the pulp would avcraj,'e about half the value iif thes^ roots. I'.ut the relative cost of handlinu' material so wei.yhty with water and c(.ntainin,!,' so Inw a fcedin<;- value would (let ract from its actual wortirwhen compariu.y it with maui-els or turnip.'., while the ditticulty of preserving from decomposition a sui)staiice so siK'c'ulent and watery would prove another obj..cti<.n to its use. Takiii-' ,ill these p(,ints into con- sideration, it would appear that the estimate formed of this substance by Dr. H. W. Wiley, of Washinj,'ton. as yiven on pa,<,'e I'l, is about correct, where he considers the feed- ing value of the pulp as alu.ut onc-fouith of that of the beets. PKOCKSS OF .MAM'FACTL'KF OF I'.HKT SlCiAH. When the faruier delivers his beets at the factory thcv are weinhcd. and a receipt i> -iven him for them. Samples are taken to the laboratory, wlu'ie the proportion of sui^ar contained m them is ascertained and the price tixed accordiu<,dv. The beets are unloaded in a suitable shed, from one end of which proceeds a shallow under"round sluiceway, with a .smooth bottom, through which a shallow but rapid stream (/water Hoats the beets to the washin.i;- machine. This machine is a loim' iron trough resting on a slightly inclined i.laiie and partly tilled with water. Fovolvin,!^ arms i^Tadually '"carry the beets to the lower end of the v.-s.sel, by which time they are thoniuLfhly cleaned They are then thrown out automatically into an elevjutor, which carries'them to the upper .story (.f the buildin.y. where they are emi.tied on an inclined platform made of slats between which the water drips away from the beets. As the roots are gradually forced d(.wii the inclined platform they fall into an iron weijrhiiiK chest, with a capacity of .jOO kilo.s, equal to l,10i> lbs. As .soon as this wei,t,dit is reached the fallin^r ..f the beam lifts a shutter, which prevents any more beets fallin,^- in until the chest is^emptied, which IS done by means of a movable bottom worked by a lever. The droppin-,' of the beam also ; ets hovm internal machinery in motion, "'hich automatically records the weiffhin.ns. From the weiuhin.i,' chest the beets drop into the cutter, where small ribbed knives on a revolvin.'; cylinder reduce them rapidly to shreds, "almost like vermicelli. Tlie.se slireds, whi'.ii are commonly called co.ssettes, pass down as they are cut, and by means of a movable wooden carrier are transferred to the diffusors behiw. The (liffu.sors are arranj-ed in a circular .series or battery, and are connected by j.ipes which supply hot water for the exhaustion of the beets, and form outlets thro igh which the sap may be torceil when it is sutticiently concentrated to be removed to the treatinj: ye,s.sek The diftu.sor is a lonji cylindrical wrought-iron ves.sel, c;ipable of holding ab( •2 tons of the cut beets, having a man-hole on the toj) with a swinging cover, a"iul 1 Ix.ttom arranged so that it can be readily opened, .so that the co.srettes may'drop out when exhausted. \\ hen tlie dittu.sor is tilled the closely-fitting cover is tightly fastened and hr.t ,ater introduced int., the vessel from l.eloW. and gr;idu;d!v fwrcc'l upwards mt the 47 t .n.UKh tlu. mass of lo„s..|y-purk,.,| sl.n-.ls nf l,..,.t n,..t. Tl,.. Ioom- ,.,.||„la,. stn.rtu.v ,.f ho n... .s ,a,.ully p.rnH.a.,..! l.y .Im- In., wu,..,-. unci ,1.. .l.-Ms..,. .sH....l.an.H. ju v t .. 1.;., <■,- s passes Pu,.,, Iv .hmu.Hi th,. walls ol' ,|... ...Hs. I,.!,,,. ,...phu..Hl l.v'tl„. w, , ^Mu-n ,1... wat.T wi.u.l, ....i-ml th." h...tun, ,..^1... ,1,.. top ./,l.,.\,.s.s..| itVusses Iwn hy .neans ot a p.p. an,! .M.t.rs tlu- low.,. ...ul .,f tl„. a.liuiMin„ .lillusu,., wlu .^ , ,1 n-uu.l. a,H. I...r n.Hss nf ..„ iH-.-ts. an.l s,.,.,. u„,il ,1... wa„; has l„.:...nM. su^ •, v" •l,a,„...l w, I, .s„.a, wlMM. „ is t,.ansf,.m.d ,n th. v.^ss,.| wh^.v th. sa-vhann.. tl . s . th,. action o t.vsh port.uns ot watrr an- rapidly ..xha,>s„.,|, an.I so ...un tllv is I..- s»j,ar taken ro.n Mu-u. tha, u h.M nnpti,..! , hey s..|,lo,n ..ontain n,o,... than on, 'wo to thiv..-t(.ntlis „t I per cent ot this sul.stancc. Th.- n.;.xt proc-.-ss is the pu.iti.-aM..n of tlu- sap. whi.l, j.-avcs tlu- .liUusor as a , lark- sugary in,u>. wuh a mtiu.r.iisa,nv..al,h.o,louran,l tast.-. an.l pass.-s into tin- .-a,! . , . on tu..k. \N h.n tlM- latt..,- ,s al.ou, half fnll of sap. linu- fn-shly sla.-k.-.! an.l n,ix,..l fl. . ^T' " 'T Tl- "••'"7'.' 'r'"^' """•■'' ""t...ais..thVt..n,p.-ratu.vof th.. Hu <|. |„. proportion ..Inn.- use.l n. this first trmtnu-nt is u.snallv ..,,nal to ahou, ■> p.. c..-ut ot .iry un... Jh.. t,.n,p..ratu,v of th.. Jui.-.- is ^Mvuluallv rais,..l i.y th.. st..an, n.tr.Hiuc..,l until .t read...s I 'lO u, l'(.0 Fahr.. whid. ....a.a.lat.s t lu- ali.ununous n.att.-r Tl ,- lhn^wl id!' i "'T " i '••""l'">"..l with a portion of th.. su«ar kn..wn as suerate of Inn, u M.l, s .l.-c-..nipos..(l i,y passin- .-arhonu- a.-i.l :^ns into th.- th,i.l fornn-n.- an .nsulul.l.. ..arh.,nate ..t hin... whi.-h on s.-ttling .■arri..s ,lown with it a la,-., portion ..f th.- .•olourn,,,- suhstan....s Att..r tr..atn,..nt th.- n.ilky nnxtur.- of sap an.l .-^rhonat.. ..f linu- s pun,p,.,l n.tn ,h.. t.lt,.r pr..ss..s. wh.-r.- ail th.- s..,linH.,.tarv n,atl..r is s..parat..,l an, ■ transpar.-nt ii.niul Hows .,ut of a li«lit y.>ll..w .-olour. ' In most fa,-tori,-s the saod.arin,. tlui.l after filtration un.l..ry.K-s a s.-.-on,! tr.-atnu-nl w. h i.nu. a, .led .n nuK-h sn.aller prop,.rtion. follow..,! hy .-arhoni.- a.-i,l o-as an.l anoth.-r 1 at . ,. at er win,., th.. last „a.;.. ,.f ....Ion,, is .....nov.-.I Uy ,r,.at„.ent Cvith sulphur..us s....oml tr,.a^,nent withlin.ean,Itheaft..rtr..atn,ent with sniphnnms a,.i,l This als., .l-olou,.>x..s the so utton ..tf....tnally. Th,- ..lariti,.,! ii,,ui,i is n.-xl ..on,.,.nt,.at...i hv hoiiin!^ ... la.Ke eyhn.h.R.al eyap.aato.s. ,„ apa.tial vaeuum, by whic-h the hoilinw P'>i..t" is niuc-h low..;e,l. th.. va.n.um l.,.,nK created l.y the aeti,>n of p.>we,.ful air pun.ps, whil,. th,. st..an, eseap.n^- t.'on, th.. ti.'st evap..,.ator is ust^d to i-aise the ten,p..,.a,ur,. in tl... next \\ ...„ snthc-UM.tly ,.onc..,.t,.at..d the tlui,! is t,.a..st' ..-.vd to anotl.,.r vaJuu.., pan uhe.e ,t ,s l.,„|,.,| n..t.l .t ,s so fa,' thi,.k,.n,..l that it K.'a..ulat,.s .m e..oli„^.. \V1,.m. Vl is pon.t .s ....t,.|...,l tl.,. su^'ar ,s .h-opp,.,! fn,,,, the l.otto.n of the va.-uu... pa". i,.to another xessel l.,d.,w. wh,.,.e It t.M-n.s a dark-e..k.u..ed pasty „...tss. cnsisti no .If .u-.tr c.ystals e..vel.,p.Hl n. al..a,t ..ne-tou.-th th.-i,- weight ..f ...olass.-s, a,.,l wl.,.n .'ooled it is 't.-Zms- • ailoul I'l;;;^^-^';^"*''*'"''^'''''--'"''*^"^'':' '''a..hi,...s. wl.ld.. wl,..,. s..t i,. .notion, .nake i l'-'!'^ •.■-.„t.o...sa.„„.„t... Ti.e,.apid ,n.,tio.. ... wlm-h the suj,ar is suhj,.,.ted has the ett..,.t ot th.-ow.,,,:,. tl... ...ass evenly ajjainst tl... si.l.-s of th,. ,■,..... .ifuoal a.. I also of th.;.nvi... otl the ...oIass..s. wl.ieh. passh.o t l.,.,.n.|. the wi.e l.aeki... with whid. he <-en ,. h..al ...a,.!......s a.v tn...,ish..d, ,.s,.ap..s ,l...,.u,l. a tub,. In.low {..t.^ a suitable reip- tad... the su,uar ... th.. e.a...se ot 10 ..r lo n.i,.ut..s bee.anh.j. dtl.er a li-ht-.-olou.v.l rn\v su-a. or a wl„te i-ehned su.,p. ,s d.na,..,l t,. a.. upp,.r ,.l.a...be>., wl.e.-e it ,M,t,.rs a l.jnj. cylindi-ieal iron ve^sd fixed n a.. ...el„.,..l plaj.e wh.d. ....volv,.s a.-ound a e..il of st..an. pipes withi... P.v the rev.>lut...ns„t the cylmde,. the suga.- is f,.e,p,e..tly th.-ow,. on th.' wa..n,..l su.-faee .Iv the pipes, a.., ,n this way by tl„. ti...e it ....i.-h.-s the lowe.- en.l it is tl...,„uol.lv .l.-i.-.l Tt IS tl,.... pass,.,] tl..-ou,uh.s.,.v,.s by na-ans of whid, a unif,..-... o,.ade ..f li...-lv ■.■ranulat.-d white sugai- IS j,i-,„!uc,-d. ' '* „ ....uia,.,,