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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en ur\ seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de i'taut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 li-'i \ REMARKS ON A BILL, ^c. U--' «1L.,A. n "^m. REMARKS ON A BILL FOR AUTHORIZING THE ADMISSION ov CANADIAN CORN, AT ALL TIMES, ON PAYMENT OF A CERTAIN DUTY. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES, NORTHUMBERLAND^OURT. MDCCCXXV. |vl REMARKS, !rc. THE bill for authorising the admission of Ca- nadian corn at all times, on payment of a certain as a measure likely to be prejudicial to the agr. Xral interests of England, it « '-P-*-'^ ° consider what are the i»» atated Upon the first point so much might be stated and with truth, that to urge to the full extent :: ry onsideration in favour of the proposed - la Jion. would appear to some P^^?--' »° f^^ to that view of the sub ect an undue degree ot Siportance. and it might P~baWy -Je.. J discussion, however dispassionate, to the susp. cion of being intended rather to obviate, by m r •li I 2 "■e a/l ;ra„'?:/t^ "'"' ""-"^ '" view "ttend it. disadvantages which might 'o„ie::Tei^T::nv^ir^^^^^^ upon arguments whieh havebeen ' i '"T"^ «'-„gly urged, and whieh seem to f. '" ""' rally acquiesced in ilJ , ^"^ S""^' shewn to avert the J >"^ "" '"''''"' ""'^''^ ''« Peara.mosT;;:vtV;rrd" '""•''''='' '■'^^''P- -"ret'teurn ^ f"^ ""-"■-' support of it; ,,ut to be enaMed t T'"'' '" of 'he reasons on either S ^ •'*"'^*' """'' he correctly informed u^ L some 1"?""^ '" have not perhaps been sufficientTv/n^ '""''' Lower Canada, though a coIonlV;" "''• produces at present no y^Z' ''"''''''• ".arketable corn. considerinI^,!e n T"'"' "' inhabitants. It does no. i„ ,k . ^'"^'" "'' "s ^V;pperCanada,anr::?b:Lnyrtr ;^rwrr::.:^---^^^^^^^^^^^^ respect to the su^s prodtt""'"/™^'"'^^' '» ,^0 foreign market^ ZZtT^lnr" T""' -er. The climate of W rad^g:;:;:^^ 3 does not appear to admit of tl.. growth of wl.eat of so good a description as that which is pro- duced in the United States, and Upper Canada. an<> ''"'°"; suitable, and probably a more profitable ma ket will be generally found for it, in the consumption of the people of the province, and in the colonies of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- ^iek, where, from the nature of the countries, and the occupations of a great portion of the peo- „le much of the bread stuffs consumed is im- Lr'ted from abroad. So far as England is con- cerned, it is to be observed, that the only effect of this course of things, would be to give to a greater proportion of the grain produced in Up- per Canada occasion to seek a trans-atlant.c mar- ket, and it becomes, therefore, the more mate- rial to consider the question closely, a. U regard, B 2 2r„Tc«..»> *Jra»««.»., H,'"""*" '■•''•*' ^'" « suec; at that time by the Uni(P,l <5, . favourable to Vt>u^. r ■ ""*'' "^^ '»»«' uic [o upper Canada, as it loft .» u mariict n thp W-„-. T I- " '" her a in me West Indies, which dio i Government, by their o™i "'"" ""^ American own citizen L! , >""' ^'^"'""'"1 ""eir prices tZ J T. '"PP'3'"'ff. and the great P'ces thus afforded stimulated the r, 1 farmers to increased exertion L ''"'" was then comparatively I;,, • '^'^- ™""^ f-rope, and the i create 0'""^""" '""" "<"-e .gradual, the ZlL' T '"."" "^'"^ Mere consumers in . ! e2r ""'""""'^'«'' «'« f e quantity of corner ;:;; ^' "--' from Upper Canada, is but iL T'' '''""'^<* this has been so fll '"^""•''"'erable, and the 180,000 inhabitant^ """" ^"""^ P'^*' Of -ists „, persott::,; St T """"■ try, who are for « ?«« ^^^^ea m the coun- -oh surplus-; aVCf r:'-;""""^ '" ''"^ the first two or three la ''' """^ "'«• ''<'' •^iderable extent beyond th' .'""'""'«« to a con- -- Of wheaten breTdtCrS":'''""' ^"^ sal ; and as, for a veru .^^7 *''" '* ""'"^r- new settler finds h 11 ""f/""': P--", the to appropriete theZZTTlV"' ^'' ^'"""y "•"'her to the purpoT"?, "^ ^' "''" ^'^^^ of fo^ the support o^ co,ls 1 f"""?? ^'^^ ""I hay to attempt raisin, any ar^e '""""' "=""''-"' ">«" f ows thata uLeTo rfcc'eLr^"'^'':^^^^^ " has not the rapid offer, "^^ssion of emigrants -asin, .ho.e'pro;S irrr "^""^^ '■■= '■"■ """ "f 'he country which ace sent to foreign markets. So soon, however, as the emigrant is in a condition to raise a consi- derable quantity of wheat, nothing can contribute so surely and directly to his prosperity as the certainty of finding a remunerating price for as much as he can spare of it. Looking to the probable accession of casual emigrants, to the extent of seven or eight thou- sand annually, and considering the probability that this number may be considerably augmented by continued emigration from Ireland, under the direction of the Government, it is not likely that this surplus would be found to be very consider- able for a few years to come. But whatever it might be, the prospect of a certain market for it would immediately stimulate those already en- gaged in agriculture to industrious exertion ; it would encourage the emigrant to earlier and greatei efforts to rise above the mere capability of supplying his own immediate wants ; and, above all, it would lead persons of a more intelligent and respectable description, and possessed of some little capital, to resort to Canada, rather than to the United States. If it were found that the average price of corn in England, through a series of years, afforded a fully remunerating price to the grower in Upper Canada, and if the quantity to be admitted were unlimited, it would not be long before the province would be enabled m u m 'iK *> «M«iU.. 8 «''anco, such a I'te" f I "'•'"' ''""^'' "' ""-<>- English iandho de t , lu "l^'" ^"Pi"^ 'o '"e ;» anticipate the ;;dlTl'": ^^^^^^^ genera] peace ,h ' ' ""''"'''• ^'nee the been exre^ iX^^^S-l'T"''" ^-"^^ "- and always mo't ptt " ~ '"'"''^ ^"^ '»''• 'he farmers (espccfanrH' "'""'='' ^°' "•»' province) have Zndl " '"'"'"' P««« "^ ""e exporting the" uriX^r^""'*"^-''-' i' frequently remai^ru *'"*"''"'' '^''ere 'ast dlposed of a : I":""t ''"^°"'- ""^ « at faeture^t into IhLeyTns td T^ ""' l" """"" ""happily, fro™ its cheapn ss finl?" "'"='' -'ent.tLt„stEr„;r^'^^-'-/- which is not onlv ;„• ~" consequence diminishes a ve;;Zhr I '° '"^ ''™""«' "ut other colonies 7the 2 T"" "^ '"«'« *'th cumstances are „ot 'r'' "'"" P""'"* <='>- iV 9 very distant, which must soon be so populous, is an object worthy of their solicitude, and of na- tional concern. It is to be observed, that it is to the market for grain the farmer of Upper Canada has to look, almost exclusively, for the means of enablmg him to purchase articles of foreign importation. The salted beef and pork of Ireland, protected as the trade in it is by various enactments of the British Parliament, and produced, as it is, under very fa- vourable circumstances, can find its way to the only foreign markets to which Canada can look for purchasers of such commodities, on terms which preclude the beef and pork of the latter country from competition. If wheat, the only other agricultural production fitted for foreign trade to any great extent, were to be at all times admis- sible in England, one article, and that the most important, would at least be certain to find a mar- ket though not always, perhaps, a profitable one. and the farmer would cultivate his land not in utter uncertainty of being able to dispose, on any terms, of its produce. u- u •* - • There is no measure, certainly, which it is in the power of the mother country to extend to these valuable provinces, that would be so grate- fully received, and so generally and extensively beneficial. . . The value of lands would speedily rise. This would induce the circulation of capital, and the i I 10 more general division nf i ^ , provement in the ^,v„ ' ^ '^"' *» an im- classes. "' ""-cumstances of .he poorer enjoyment of benefits wSL '"''.' " "*" ceive from any other T, ^ '='""'' "»' «. '•"dependent peoptthev "',;"" ^'"'''' <« «" ""emselves ; a„d^ WZ '=°'"^ »»' confer upon addition.,, motive were wLr f ''"''■ '' »" supplied for their desiring tr^'''.'''""^'''' " nexion with the British crl "'^'" '^'" 'o"' If i*f I 11 """sn crown. Canadiar:ltSr"'^'.f ^^-'--^ of f ouid be consistent wlhl "*"""" ''«'-*ation. ftfe countiy, and fT '^"""■'"'"'^^estso; fen.lly sufficient ,1 tr" '"" ^'"""'' "« ^'^'"er, the obvious LZ'T^'' "'« Canadian a great and increasinrfreenrr •'''''"''' ^- 'hat «on that would dS t? '' """" "'"^ ^"^"ip. *"« Principal manuf^t res"of"T """'"'^ '^' '^onW be enabled to pay forth "' ^"'"''" '»'' "'ould become by L "'" """""""•''"es. encouragers of the commerce IndT '''^ ^^'''" parent state. And it iT?! " '""PP'"? "^ 'he « "■erchant, and ship o,™er f ' ■""""'"=«"«'. abolition, one by one pir ,'" " """'' "^ affected, and particniar clas!e 'T " 'T'''' "■•« »«ch innovation, but thev «r ""'" ""y ^^^''r free tade and <^^TcoZrr """''"""y '"'^ «hat '"e end. prejudS:': ot" aTj IT '°""''' '» 'mmediate adoption can Zl' *""' '^ ""«'> •^'-al to the communit!" f t '''•''^'' «« be benefi- -use submit for the general S """'" ""^'"^'^ '"es, upon which, let it I 13 be remembered. Great Britain forces her manu- factures, shall be successfully resisted in Parlia- ment,how can the inference be repelled, that it is only from the circumstance that the other par- ticular classes of persons whose interests are involved in the experiments now making are not 80 largely represented as the agricultural, that they are forced to submit to those experiments, while the fear of their being supplied more cheaply with bread, in return for the reduction in the prices of [their manufactures, which foreign competition may occasion, is sufficient to prevent the principles of free trade from becovmng so general, as to bring their soundness fairly to the test. . As to the reasonableness of the particular grounds on which opposition is raised, it must be admitted to be true in principle, that in as much as Canada does not bear her share in the general burdens of the empire, she has no right to claim that Great Britain shall not so regulate her con- sumption, as to give the supply to her own farmers. No such claim has ever been advanced, the right has never been disputed by the colony. If it had been, that very circumstance might almost justify of itself, a perseverance in the system. But, although Canada has no pretence for claiming the right to a free trade m [corn, there may be strong reasons for expecting it as an indulgence. i i u o^GrLti^'trr^r- '■"'<> ''-treasury Pem.it, she XpoS. ;" tr '" '""""=''» ""' the mother countrT /7*™"''" "PPo-nted by more weight r.hZ;!":'"'; '""" ''^ of'nfinite,; '•» -Ojeered to tS^orrT '^ '^ """^•"Pl-in, in order t^ZlllZ'"^ ^he does -rcia. interests of Great"/ ~' -«" pelled (with somp « "f*^»n. She js com- foreign Lchar: fr^ T , '^ '"''' "- 'eef e it by the channel whiKl"; "f '» «enbes. She borders upoll f ? "^ P'*" ■ntervening between her In !7*'^" "^"''" through which she can„, • ''* ^"^'"'c. ducionofEule buTr,""""" ""' »"« P'o- «-bec. a Port^o^e'lr^r;:::'- ''''"''' on expense of t«„sport LZZT' "'"' »' which, with respect tr.\.. • ' ^a^rence, -t Of proportion :;rrSr '^ ^""°"^"'" restrictions excite n„T ' """'• These - reit to birrnirs" ^f""-''-- '--^^ hut they certainly do seem [^ ' Protection, to His Majesty's subiectsT .u^"^ """" ff"""" ^f -ch yationfrrLrr'""^' '»'''•'- then, to become seller i„ ,, ' "">' «'"«hle "e^- in which they dirbrb;::'"^'""^"- "es iri;°it« "^ ""-". -t for the -meS;! •tl^r'r'''^' '^ occasion for alarm. "'"'^^ '^"^ ''«Ie 15 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have no sur- plus grain. They have always received flour from Canada and the United States, and are less likely to have a surplus as population in- creases. If, indeed, the fisheries in the Gulph of St. Lawrence could be made more extensive by any national encouragement, these colonies would furnish an increasing market for the sur- plus grain of Canada, and lessen the dreaded competition, rather than add to it. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, the only other colonies of England which are capable of pro- ducing grain to any great extent, are certainly too remote to afford reasonable ground of alarm to English agriculturists. But it is said that Upper Canada alone will soon export such quantities as to " overpower this country with its produce." Such a fear must for many years be chimerical. Hitherto, while the ports were open, the two provinces have never exported so much in any one year as to supply two days' consumption to the population of England ; and, if it be^ true that Canada is in a course of rapid settlement, that circumstance will, as it has been stated, go very far to retard for some time the * '1 apprehended, (if it be an evil,) by increasing the proportion of consumers at home, who must for a while be unproductive. When, however, after a lapse of years, a great surplus shall be furnished, it will by no means ( ' I I* 16 follow that, to make tlie proposed hill beneficial to Canada, the whole, or even a great part of this surplus must find its way into the markets of England. On the contrary, frequently a small proportion, and sometimes none of it, might be so disposed of, and yet the knowledge that the ports are open might produce all the encouragement the inhabitants of Canada desire. The great good of having the trade with England on this liberal and uniform footing would be that, with the cer- tainty of a market upon some terms, though they might be unprofitable, the farmer would sow with less hesitation, and the merchant purchase with less reserve. A quantity might thus be reckoned upon, which might suffice to supply the consump- tion of the West Indies, or enable the Canadian merchant to form considerable contracts^ with other foreign countries, to which the United States usually transport their produce ; and it is very clear that, unless the market of England afforded a remunerating price, none would be sent there that could be otherwise disposed of. Now, that in ordinary times there might not be an inducement to send corn from Canada to Eng- land, is pretty evident, from the circumstance that, three or four years ago, several shipments of English wheat were made from Poole in Dorset- shire to Newfoundland ; and, indeed, if by the certainty of a market upon some terms, the '■«' t-' 17 Canadian faru.er U encouraged lo raise such a quan- tity that ihe West Indies can safely look to Ca- nada for their supply, it is most probable that, in general, that marl the import duty, do not seem to give to the Irish or the English agriculturist, under every pressure of taxes and rents, much reason to look with jea- c ^^jmyf^ ' lousy on tlie probable comparative advantage of his fellow-subjects of Canada, in the markets of the mother couulry, from whence he is compelled to derive his [irincipal supplies of manufactured goods. That the fear of an almost immediate influx of a great quantity of Canadian corn into the English market is utterly groundless, may be best proved, by shewing that, although no proportion of improved lands in Upper Canada has been suffered in past years to lie idle, the average amount of corn exported from Quebec to all parts of Ihe world does not, as it appears, exceed 75,000 quarters. It does not seem that the means exist in England of referring to official returns for this information, but in a calendar for Upper Canada, published by the King's pri nte' '«- \ table, transcribed, no doubt, from one o'? * . \/ published, in which the whole value of exports from Quebec, in the year 1824, in gram, flour, meal, and biscuit, is stated at .£77,273, of which not tiu'tc £7000 was exported in grain. '!1'*.«*^ e::«)ibition of the amount of grain and floiii exported from Quebec in 1824, proves satisfactorily one very important fact, namely, that there is not much ground for fhe apprehen- sion expressed that American wheat will be illi- citly introduced into Canada in great quantities, and exported to England as colonial produce. Surely the discriminating duty of 5s. per barrel. ktlilrSl 19 which was imposed by the British Act of 1822 on flour from the United States entering the West Indian markets, furnished the American farmer on the banks of the Ontario and St. Law- rence with as strong an indacMnent to attempt thus to introduce his flour as Canadian produce along that channel, to the sea which to him was the cheapest and most convenient to the very market, to which, if he did not violate the law, he was most likely to export it by a more ex- pensive route, and under the disadvantage of a heavy duty. Yet we find that the people of the State of New York have been incessantly repre- senting to the general Government that that sec tion of their country is precluded by the Act ot 1822 from the market they had before resorted to- and we find, also, that in fact much less grain was actually exported from Quebec than the stated average of former years. It is erroneously conceived that the great canal in the State of New York, leading from Lake Erie to the sea. will aftbrd facilities to the Ame- ricans in pouring their corn into Canada for the purposes of exportation. In truth, the under- takine that work showed a conviction in America that it was prudent to provide for the transport of their productions to their own Atlantic ports rather than to depend upon an outlet which might be. as they complain it has been, shut against them. When the American produce C 2 •■■nmtvt, ^..t «i-|C»^.-^."«:^' ^"n, 20 enters that canal, it in fact departs from those waters by which it had formerly descended, and by which it might be borne into Canada. It is to be remarked, besides, that unless one can anticipate prices in England which should satisfy the landholder, there is reason to believe, from the experience of the two or three past years, that a stronger inducement would exist for the Canadian to desire the introduction of his wheat into the American canal, than for the American to seek the port of Quebec. That the Legislature of Upper Canada would desire very earnestly to secure to themselves the full benefit of the English market, by excluding American wheat from a participation in the ad- vantage, is very evident from the policy they have hitherto pursued. Befoie the Imperial Parlia- ment had imposed any discriminating duty be- tween American and Canadian wheat received at Quebec or in the West Indies, the Legislature of Upper Canada had, by various acts, imposed duties amounting to prohibition, in order to exclude it from her markets ; and it has not ap- peared, by the amount of exports from Quebec, or by other evidence, that these regulations have been evaded to any extent. Seizures of other articles for breach of the revenue laws are fre- quently made in Upper Canada, but I remember but one of flour, and none of wheat, and I am satisfied there would be found no difficulty in P a t V 21 . • ,.f \mencan wheat in preventing the .■'^'"'^^'^j' ff the indacements ly great q-';^;,^ ^ L^ "^ ''"'^"" T to a certain quantity. ^^^ ^^^ „t such A difficulty presents itse t ^^^ ^^^^^^ a limitation, in the consider- 'o ^^^^^ ^^ ^ould be uncertain whether ^.^^.^ ^j,^ part of his produce ^o^^ uncertainty 'quantity, and ^ ""/^te o^onial marVet that ^ou\d be occasioned in tne .^ ^^^ .^p^^. might be most ^"'^""^''"'^"^.ted to one port, for :JonintoE«glandwereresUicted^ ^^ .^.^^ ^^^^^ instance, Bristol.--"^ f* ,^ „f quarters -200,000, or o*";™'*! not to-be excWed, but l.ad been received, were ^^^ ^^^^,, admlted. P^J'"? ^„*'^j,^ found much less incon- >vould. in that shape, be venient in practice. ^^ and In all that has been saul the ^^^ ^.^^ g.„i„ have been made use of^an ^^ ^^^^^ Lends not to Ao^V' '^^'.^at .uch a deviation , clear, on the one hand, th „ Canada as from the ordinary cour e ^^ ^^^^ .„ .vould require the article to 1^^^^^^^ ^j,,^,, ,,„u,d be ''«'=."!lfj't;„ the other, the great have been anticipated, so, ^^^^ ^^^„ncile 22 may not, in practice, be available to any great extent in its present shape. A compromise hereafter, by limiting the quan- tity, and authorizing the a'lmission of flour as well as grain, would place the measure on a foot- ing that would probably make it more acceptable to the colony, while it would certainly leave no ground for apprehension of material injury to the English agriculturist,— not even on the ground of precedent, because, as it has been remarked already, so long as the precedent is confined to our colonies, it can lead to nothing very much beyond the measure which is now proposed. JuneB, 1824. J. B. R. ^ I LONDON; PBINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWEB. Nortkumb«fUDa-C»ttt«.