IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /.

EAST SHORE OF LAKE WINNIPEG AND ADJACENT PARTS OP MANITOBA AND KEEWATIN From notes and surveys BY J. BURR TYRRELL, M.A., F.ti.S , &c. COMPILED BY D. B. BOWLING, B.A.Sc. V m:% ''. w' -. 7. 1 -^y^" -^ T" Mi'v ■^'v^V^^ 1'' m .3 OTTAWA PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUPJEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1900 T05 To S the J. E '"? I'ollll had Aivf as I) iiiiii iiiaiii sllTfll siirvo of' H hi'i'll Tl tidii l!rc| l( To G. M. Dawson, C,M.(i., LL.D., F.H.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Cdnacln. Sin, — I beg to present herewith a report on the country bordering the east shore of Lake Winnipeg. This region was examined by Mr. J. IJ. Tyrrell in IS90 and ISDl. Subsequently, in 1.S95, while explor- ing the country to tlu^ north, a survey of Gunisao River was added, tlius cinipleting the examination of the streams flowing through the country comprised within the limits of the accompanying map. I'lt'vioiis to Mr. Tyrrell's resignation from the stafl of the Survey, he li;i(l wi'itten a portion of a repoit dealing with description of the Aichiean rocks exposed on the lake and entering streams, as far south as I )og ] lead. In this T have interpolated notes on the surface deposits iuid gen(!ral descriptions extracted from his note books, and in like iii.iiiner have added a general description of the shores and entering streams as far as the Ited lliver. Th(! notes of ifr. A. S. Cochrane's survey of I'oplar and Rig Black rivers are also utilized. Thin .sections of a large nund)er of tlu! rock specimens from this district had liciMi examined by Mr. \V. V. Ferrier, and where detailed descriptions are added, they are mainly from his notes. The general arrangement of the report is in the form of a descrip- tion from the north end of the lake southward, to the mouth of the U.d River. 1 have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, D. B. DOWLING. tft Note — The hearings throughout this report refer to the true meriilian. HEPOKT ON THE HAST SHORK OF LAKE WINNIPEG AND ADJACENT PARTS OP MANITOHA AND KHHVVATIN (teneral Hescription ok the Country east ok Lake Winnipeo. the true weridinn. The east shore of Lake Winnipcf^ is in marked conti'ast to the west. (icMcral 1. 1 ■'• • III ^ • 1 i. 1 • ii d('>jriiition. Jts gfiieral outline is remarkably straight, sliowing tlie very even nature of the surface upon whicli tlie later stratified rocks of the central part of the continent were deposited. The rocks are all Arehican and the great preponderance of gneisses and granites of the l.iurentian is tli(> chief feature. Small areas of Huronian greenstones and schists occur in two localities, one on Lac du Bonnet and the (itlier at tlio mouth of Wanuipegow liiver. The general character of the shore-line differs but little from that of Cliaracinr of other lakes in the Archa'an areas in which the basin occupi;'d is of a ''"^* ■" ""'■ shallow nature. Owing to the slight slope toward the lake from the cast, the uneven rocky surface, as sub:nerged, forms all along, a series of outlying islands, and oil' the points long lines of shoals. The strike of the rocks in some cases influences the direction of the shoals, but the major portion of the shore is apparently independent of it. One instance of the strike determining the direction of the shore is along that portion opposite liull Head. In the nortliern part of the lake the prominent points run out sbuals otf ill a north-westerly direction, and the continuation of the sub- P"'"''*' merged surface is shown in long lines of shoals of wliich the trend is in the same direction. This character proves a serious obstacle to the navigation of the eastern part of the lake by large vessels, as harbours, though numerous, are difficult to approach unless extensively buoyed or ! K 6 o LAKK WINNIPKO. DittioulticM navigation. Xol'tli -I I Diitlct. (Jroiit I'liiy- Kni'n Lake'. • iunisao liivcr. marked. Tlie mouths of nil the large strcamH on which lumbering opii atioiLs might be coiuluctnl aiii Hiniihirly ob.strueted. Tho b.iy iiitn which I?ert'ii8 liivcr enters i.s very diliicult of approach, and the sann; >f i.s true also of the mouth of I'oplar River. The outlet of the liiU>' through Playgri'cn Lake is through a inaz»! of shoals, and tlie steami i that makes an annual trip to Norway House seldom |)asHes thnniuli without striking some of these, cnen when in charge of an experienced pilot. The following general description of tlie physical features of this short! and entering streams is extracted from thi^ Sun>niary Ue[)()iK of .1. B. Tyrrell to the J)ircctor for the years lt*C11II'T'0N. 7 a luinheriiig opcv- Tlui luiy iiU'i h, 1111(1 tilt" Mimo tlet ot till' liikc iiul the sleaiiK i \ iiiissus tlu'i>\iHh i !in fxi>oriat will be at tiio l.idn •al channels. < 'n ry uniform gray 1, it is associated te, and near the :matite containing perceptible currem I'ifty to one hun- ml slightly murky- banks are low and hut scantily wooded, wiih a few rounded bosses of gray gneisa rising liere and there. The streaui is interrupted by four rapids, past two of wliicii are portages, respectively 1((() aiul 185 yards in length. 'Above tiie l''orks tiie soutii branch is tiu' larger On this many rapids obstruct the stream, up .some i>f which tiic* canoe was hauled with a lii.e, wjiile past twenty-two of the most serious it was necessary to carry the "anoe. For about fifty miles above the Forks, the river llows ihi'ougli a elay-coveied counlry -.loping gently towards the north- west, and h IS cut a channel or \ftlley varying in depth from six to twenty live feet. [ii places it has cut down to the underlying granite or gneiss, whicli then usually forms a barrier over which is a fall or rapid, tietween those rocky rap'ds is slack water, and rock exposure^ are infieiiuent, and where seen are constantly of gray or I'eddishgiay Huol timlnr. granite. Tiie banks are wiioded with beautiful, tall, white spruce, apparently forming a magnillcent coniferous forest, but how far back tViim the riv(^i' this forest extends, was not determined. There is cer- tainly here a laigt! iiuanlity of valuable timber, much mure than was s(?en anywhere el-,e in the country iminidiately eastof Luke \\'iiiiu[ieg, tor most of the surface farther south has iieen swept by extensive forest lires within the last decade. ' 111 till' iipiiei' half of the river, the binks are low and much less clearly (lelined. I )tc;i bays tilled with wild rice, extend between the ioi;ky kniills li.-ick to swump^^, wooded with tainarck and small black spruce, i^eiurally kill' (I liy lire. ' Uunisao Lake is a lake of clear cold water, with irregular contour, (iimiMvu about thirty-two miles in length, and with steep, almost bare rocky shores of gray granite. The rowan bush was seen growing on some of its many rocky islands. 'The chaniud of the north iirancli nr McL.-uighlin iliver is almost as .Mrl,:!!!!,'!!!!!! large as that of the soutli branch and carries about two thirds as much '^'^'■'■• water, but the banks, in the lower part at least, are rather mort^ rocky and barren, and .ilmost all the timber has been destroyed l»v tire. There are iiuL ten portages on this river, but foj; long distances the current is very swift, and the ri\er his not yet cut for itself a channel of any considerable depth. Tlinpughout its wholecourse from the long narrow lake to its mouth, the river tlows through a level, elay-eovercd country, the rock merely rising here and there in knolls and ridges above the general level. 'Along the shore from the Nelson Uiver to lierens River, the rock \,.i„,,ii Kivor is found to be Laurentian gneiss, without anv constant dip or strike. V.'"^''''''"' 8 LAKK WINNIPKU, I'li'langci Uiv.r. Kivir. I'ntilur Itiv llllil lirll'lis ItlV.T Pot 111 lie V. il^c, I'll'lfll Ki\cr Tt wuH iilso found to be 8tronj,'ly jfliicialoil, and in sovoral pliicpN two sets of stria- could be clearly rufogni/ed. It is generally covered by tt Hoft, blue, imperfectly stratitied alluvial clay, llolanyer Hivor for twelve miles up, to t' •> first portage, is from sixty to one liuiidn il yards wide, willi clay i ., I'-s six to tifleen feet high, wooded with wiiiti pO})lar and small black spruce. A 1(jw outcrop of gray granite m ly \'gnn<(o accraukx), were growing by one of the lower rapids. The r(X'k wherever seen, was ,i uniform gray granite." On the Hig Black River, Mr. Cochrane reports the soil as excellent, and would probably produce larger tind)er than that now growiiii:, l>ut for recent forest fires. TIk^ water in the river is of a d.iiL s. ' rij,'ei)n l!i\cr (lows into the hikt? in a deep channel, a hundred pig,,,,,, {{iviv. yai'd.s wide, lietweeii sandy points, aliove which it opi'ns into n shallow weedy lake, .\round the sides of this lake wore beds of wild I'ice, then almost ripe, on which great flocks of wild ducks were feeding,'. The cliannel gradually naiiows and becomes well (h'lined at, a little rapi and gneisses generally striking towards the lake but at the latter jioint the^e gneisses begin to assume a vei v regularly banleel arrangement parallel to the lake, am! u few miles farther suutli, dykes of dark-green traji begin to inak(> their apjiear- ance, running in the same direction. Then iiruptive rocks continue close to the east sh'ire as far south as Wan.iiiK>gow or Hole River, where they merge into an extensive area of eruptive volcanic rocks and agglomera-tes that form th(( base of the Keewatiii serie^;. On ascending the streams that How into this portion of the hake, namely, the [joon, and l!ic(! ri\ers, the giviss is seen to be vcM'y regularly and evenly bandeii near th'' eru]>ti\i' rocks, while farther east it changes imperceiUibly into tie eouse gray iri'i'gnlarly foliated Liuicntian gneiss tyjiical of that whole region. 'V\w rocks of the eastern end of I Mack Island were found to consist of altered conglomerates, quartzose sandstones, agglomerates, chloritic andserieitic schists, etc, similar to those found in the typical Keewatin in the Huronian districts else where. The ipiart/.ites and conglomerates are somewhat more easily (^rodeil than tlie adjoining volcanic rocks, and they tlnM'efore lie in a hollow, which is llanked on one side? by Mlack Tshmd, and on the otluM- by the east shore, the beds standing g(!nerally at a high angle and striking parallel to the gmieral cur\ing trend of tlu^ shore.' ' Wannipegow or Kole I'iver at its mouth breaks through a belt of evenly banded gneisses, above which it (lows for ten or twelve miles through a rich alluvial plain wooded with [loplar and white spruce. •J GENEKAL DI'SCHirTIOV. 11 O ems to How in a and ridi,'os, the fre in the lower cl land, ihiclvly tliickly v.oodcl oles, siiiiilai' to li-west hii'(!t'ore lie in a Liid on the other hijih angle anil hore.' .hrou!,di a helt of oi' tw(dve miles ad white spruce. the banks on either side rising to a height of from fifteen to tw(>iity feet above the water. Very little rook is to be seen but any exposures that do outcrop from beneath the till and alluvial d(>posiis consist of massive coarse amphibolites and green chloritic schists. Un the lake above, the rocks are almost entirely of the same character, though at some places on the north shore the gneiss approiiohes close to the water, and the contact of the green schists of the Koewatin and the baurentian gneiss is well shown. Speaking generally, the lake and valley of the river lie in a trough of Keewatin schists, the north side of whicli is bounded by ridges of Fjaurentian granites and gneisses, while the .south side rises in hills of more eoinpae? green scliist. 'A tributary, the I'aiidish Hiscr, in its lowei' portion ab of these minerals is not improbalile along the above ni(!ntioned contaci lin(>.' ' I'^'om tlu^ mouth of W'annipegow lliver to Manigotagan dv Had- ihroat I'ay the shore is eumposed of greenish-gray evenly banded i.'ii(>isses, with schists and alter(\d traps of the Keewatin series, while near Clement Point these are overlain by Winnipeg sandstone, tiiis ri' tn'iii latter being the most northerly point at whiih I'aheo/.oie rocks li,i\e heen reco<'nized on the east sitli; of the lake. I'ouu. .\I.'ii;'.t,'uta),Mii liiM'V. ' Maiugotagaii I!i\'er is remarkably pioturesi|ue thi'ou!.'h>>ut, consist - iug of long ijuiel. stretches of clear brown water, sep.ir.iled by roekv ra|ii(ls or highabru[il falls, which are passed on portages of an averagi- length of from on(! to two hundred yards, twenty-three of which mus' lie aseeuded on the way from Lake Winnipeg to l\at Porta-c bake. ' l''rom tl'.e mouth of Mani^otagaii l!i\"r to Point Ab'tasse, nort!; of the mouth of Wii\nipeg Uiver, granites and gnei.sses every wlicr.' compose the points on the slirire, and these |)oiiils are usually coir uocted by gently cur\ed sandy beaches in front I'f low lying ,illu\iMl lamb • < >n Winnipeg Hiver tluM'ocks are all granites and gneisses, but WnuiiiK'^; towards the east end of bac du Uoniiet and at-ound the mouth of '''^"''• Oiseau iiiver, thiiilieddetl green schists and altered (taps, doulaless oi Keewatin age, make their appear'anee, striking up the valle\ of the latter stream. Abo\e the lake on tin- main river, the lianks, as f.ir as 12 o LAKE WINNlPEa. the mouth of Whitemouth River, are chiefly composed of till, witli many litncstone boulders, and the rocks are scored in a south-soutli- easterly as well as a south-westerly direction, showing that the earlier glacier moving 30uth eastward over the Pahuozoic Lake Winni- peg basin, had extended at least this far eastward, though there is no sign of liuiL'stono drift on the main portion of Lac du Bonnet itself or on tlie lowL'r part of Winnipeg lliver.' DETAILED DESCIUPTIONS OF THE COUNTRY BORDEH- ING THE EAHT SIDE OF LAKE WINNIPEG. Hooks of islands in (Jrciit I'liiv- Playyri'.en Lnh'. Oft' the west point of the island lying N. 12° E., from Wiinci, Landing are rounch^d knobs rising a foot or two above the water-. They consist of browiiishgray gneiss, cut by a dyke of red granite six feet wide, from which siuallor \eins extend in all directions. 'I'lic bearing of the main dyki! is generally >S. 5G E., but at ont; places it runs for ten feet at right angles to this. It is distinctly banded, bciiiL: coarser in the middle, and usu illy finer toward the sides. Tiie island nouth of Kettle Island is coniposi'd of dark moderately coarse-grained (juart/.-mica-diorite-gneiss, with a \eiy irregular laniin atioii, striking for tlie most part about N. 45° E., but in one ]ilaei' S. 70 i'l It is composed of plagioclase felspars, microclino, (luait/, biotite, iiornblcMidc, a little augite, witli apatite, zircon, pyritc imd Microsco|iiial titanite. Under tlie microscope it is evident that plagioclase is tiie most abundant felspar present, ciily a few untwinned grains being visible in the section. The pl!">'oelase is nmch decomposed, fine tufts of kaolin and sericito occurring tlirougliout the grains of this mineral, and in some ca:es the i'lteration is almost com- plete. Home of the grains show uneven extinction. Retween sonu' ot the larger grains of fidspar are granophyric areas. The (luari/ is of the usual granitic type, mucli crushed, and exhibits very uiie\en extinction. It holds dustlike inclusions with bubbles, etc. Tlie biotite is dark-brown in colour ami ^troiigl}' pleochroic, and is in part alteriMl to (dilorite, some of the grains showing complete alter- ation, wliiiti others show chloritization in streaks only. It holds num- erous minute crystals, probably rutile, with a sagenitic arrangenn lit. Zircon crystals also occur in it, surrounded by well-marked iileoehiM.ic haloK. The hornblende is in very small tiuiintity. Apatite occurs in ratliiM' stout erystids scattered through the section, and pyrite is found in welldeliiied crystals. Isl.-uui .soetli of Kettl>- Island. chariicter rock ■] PLAYGREEN LAKE. 13 G d of till, with a south-south- wing that the c Lake W'iuni- agh there is no 3onnet itself or IIY BORDEU s^lPEG. ., from Wiiriei. above the water. i red griiuite six direetions. 'Plie it at one place it bly banded, beinu' ides. ' dark uioderatily L' irregular lamin- l)Ut in one I'lii'f licrocliiio, iiuait/, ri'oii, ]>yrile ami it {ilagioelase is uitwiiiued grains liuich deeomposed, huut the grains li is almost eimi Uetween sonir nl leas. Tlie i\\m\/ ul exldbits very ith bubbles, etc. I'ochroie, and is in ;ig complete alter- It holds nuni itic arraiigeini nt. narked pleoclin.if Apatite occurs in lud pyrite Is found This gneiss includes many rounded and angular masses, up to five feet in diameter, of a dark fine-grained hornblende-granitite-gneiss, containing crystals of primary epidote, the line between the two gneisses being sharply marked, though the former often shows a dis- tinct lamellar structure around the masses of the latter. Both gneisses are cut by many dykes of red granite ranging up to fifteen feet wide, the larger ones being near the west side of the island. Three miles north of Warren Landing is a low bushy island formed of coarse white granite, with irregular inclusions of darker gneiss. Half a mile east of Kettle Island is a low scrubby island where the reddish-gray gneiss strikes S. 70° H Kettle I.sland is composed chietly of gray granitoid gneis.s, through Kettle Island which are scattered rounded inclusions, from a foot to several yards in diameter, of darker gray gneiss. On a low island a mile and a half north of Kettle Island the gneiss is heavily laminated, running S. 75" E. On tho east side of (Joose Lsland is an outcrop of fine-grained dark- Goose Island, gray (luartznnca-diorite-gneiss, composed chiefly of plagioclase, biotite, quartz, muscovite,andortlioclase, with epidote, apatite, zircou, magnetite and chlorite. The rock shows distinct evidence of pressure, the quartz Lithological being fractured, and showing wavj' extinction. Plagioclase is present ^^'^'^'''l' '""• in large amount. There are also some grains of untwinned feldspar, which may be orthoclase, and a few grains that exhibit the char- ficteristic twinning structure of microcline. Biotite is the principal bisilicate present, it is light-yellow to brown in colour and strongly pleochroic. Associated with it is a consider- able quantity of colourless muscovite. Small zircon.s, showing the pleochroic lialos so often noticeable, occur in the biotite. Apatite is in large, short, stout crystals. Magnetite is rather abundant. Chlor- ite occurs as a decomposition product of the micas. Lying against this diorito-gnei.ss in an irregular line bearing gener- ally north-and-south, is a very lamellar micaceous gneiss, striking east, and-west and almost vertical. Between the lamella' are included many masses of darker fine-grained dioritic rock, all more or less drawn out in the direction of lamination. Tlie.se various rocks are cut by banded veins of pegmatitic granite, usually running about N. 45° E. On the east side of the island are two narrow veins, striking N. 10° E., of fine-grained dark-green compact , epidote, magnetite, /.ircon, chloi'ite, apatite and pyrite. Small areas showing granophyric structure occur between many of the felspar gi'ains. The (piartz is of the ordinary granitic type, liolils numerous inclusions, and in its fractured apjieai-ance and wavy extiiic tiop shows evidence of having been subjected to dynamic action. Tlir felspai occurs in both twinned and untwinned grains, many of wliicli show m(jre or less kaolinization ; it holds numerous inclusixjns. Horn bleu li' is the most alamdant bisilicatt^ present. It occurs in strongU- pleochroic individuals, dark-green to lighter in colour. Many of tin indivitlu.'ils are twinned and well delined in their crystallugrajihir l)oundarics. Astiikiiig feature of the section is the abundance ot titanite present in it. The epidote occurs in quite large individuals, which in some cases include apaiite and magnetite. Its pleochniisin is quite mai-ke colours are brilliant. Playgrcen Point is a rocky promontary of dark hornlilendic gnei^ sti'iking N. tiO E., cut along the lines of foliation by heavy tiands .>t coarse reddish-gray biotitic granite. Tlu! islands towards the north and north-west of Playgreen Point are all rocky knolls composed of very similar gneiss. The large island near the north-west side of the bay is of a mediuir- grained gray hornblende-granite cut by wide veins of red pegmatite. West of the most westerly channel into Little Playgreen Lake is a low point surrounded by rocky reefs, and composed of I'eddish-gray gneiss foliated N, 60° \V. Catfish Point is very similar in character, •1 LITTLE PLAYfiHEKN LAKK. 15 a smiill isliuid ot' fioose Islinid i- m/f/ree7i Lake. Little I'laygreen f-ake is di\ ided into two fairly disliiu't portions by s.i'iliir I'nint a nai'row strait just north of Soulie • Point which is a rocky knoll V!|''|'^^""-^ consisting of gray granitoid gneiss, striking N. 75 M North of this pi)int is a small island, composed, tm the north side, of a dark-gray biotitic gnei-is cut by muiy reticulating \eiiis of a reddish granite, while along the south side of the island, and separated from the gneiss, just mentioned, by a strongly marked line of contact, is a massive I'ed and gi i-enish-gray, mottled, rather coarsegrained hornblende granitite, in which are many inclusions of the darker gneiss. Under the microscope this granitite is seen to be a thoroughly crys- Litlmlntrioal talline granular admixture of (juartz, felspar, biotite, more or loss ''''■^'''ii.tiim. altered to chlorite, and hornblende, with epiilote, zircon, pyrite, magnetite and apatite. The rock exhibits abundant evidence of dynamic action. The quartz and felspar are much shattered, the ipiartz beting in many instances so ground up as to form a line niozaic. The felspar is much kaolinized, and jotii tuinerals possess very wavy and uneven extinction. The zircon is in large individuals with a curious clo^e-brown colour. 16 o LAKE WINNIPEG. Islands of Little Play- green Luke. South-wpst portion of Little Play- green Lake. Molyb (jr ill Sii the n from distil lAUJ,'i rusty- iKirtli up till CDlUdI Till Init Hi and t(. Ill I red 111 ckrl< ago thf uetitc. wl'.cti t Neii( river ; so liirg( quartz- ili)). 'J of the s ^^v. CiUNIMAO RIVKR. Gu niaao River. 17 o The country in the iniincdiato neighbourhood of the mouth of^thc Cunitao ri\('r is very low and llat. Marsliy banks extend for over a mile from '^*''' tlio Nelson River and tlieno upward the country slopes very gradually, not rising much above thi; channel of the river till past the forks. On the Houth branch the gradual slope is carried to nine miles oast of the folks where a steeper ascent is met. On the lower plain a iii,'ht covering of alluvial clay is seen occasionally in the depressions and has probably all been cariied down by the river. On this the timl'er is ''hiiractcrof , • .1 .1 . ii 1 • 1 ■ 1 i. i i I'i'iiiitrv lu'low lic.ivier than that seem on the higher parts, and spruce up to twenty- ii,,. f,,rks. four inches in diameter was noted. I n the vicinity of the mouth of the river the rock is u gray granitite Huciss cut by vcMns of red pegmatite-gianitite. The foliation of the 1,'iii'iss becoaius less distinct, until at the second rapid, it has entirely Of almost entirely disappeared, and the 'rock is nuite massive. Similar gneiss underlies the country up to the forks, and thence, up the north branch of tiie river, it may constantly be .seen cropping out M(Tiftii^,'hlin from beneath the covering of clay, sometimes massive, and sometimes "'^■*"'' (li.sliiietly foliated Two miles and a half up this branch, named IMc- Laughliii P.iveron tlu; map, there is a bancl of medium-grained, gray, rusty-weatiiering-granitite gneiss, with very distinct foliation, dip]iing noi'tli at an angle of 30'. Al a portage two and a half miles higher up the stream, the rock is a massive granitite, varying to a highly contorted gneiss. Thence up the stream for a considerable distance the rock changes but little in general character, though it may vary somewhat in (;olour iiiid texture, and foliation may or may not be noticeable. Ill longitude 97° W W., the gray granitite is replaced by a massive red medium grnined granite, which often contains included masses of dark-gray granitite-gneiss, and is, therefore, probably somewhat newer in age than the latter. In some places it contains large crystals of nia<'- notite. This red granite extends up to, and past, the first small lake, wi.en the light-gray well-foliated gneiss re-appears, striking N. 60° E. Near the second small lake, rocky ridges run on each side of the river ; compt)sed of a gray gneiss in which plagioclase felspar has so largely replaced the orthoclase that the rock might be classed as n, (|uartz-mica-diorite. It strikes S. 75° E., and has an almost vertical dip. This light-gray granitite or quartz-mica-diorite, forms the shore of the second small lake, and extends for a mile eastward to where the 18 a LAKK VIPKfi. .Majfiii'tic attraction. Miri:uij?liliii rivtT ftfjaiii dividoH into two aliii«. eiiual bninciios, cdch about fifty Uivci'. fgjj^ wide. Tlu! surrounding' couiiliy is lioro cxccc^diiigly dcsoiiito, on- sistini; of baro, low rounded knolls of reddish graiuto and gneiss witii a {jeneral ole\ation of sixty feet above the river, the ^noiuH hnvinj,' a general strike N. CiO K. The i>anks are low in this vicinity, and composed of gray silt for a con'tiderable distance, but five and a half miles ftlxive the last- named lake, the river expands into another snuill lake, thne-quartcis of a ndle long, in the middle of wiiich is an island of a dark-gi'ay ainl greenisli, higlily altered, hornblende-schist, with a foliation strikiii:,' N. 55 !'],, but this foliation is usually very irregular, and is often replaced by an ovoidal or concretionary structure. A mile above this lakelet svci passed a low hill, beside which tlic conijiass refused to work with any regidarits, and a c|uarter of a mile higher uj) the sti'cam, is an lailcrop uf dark-gray thinly and regularly foliated hornblende-schist, striking N. 70 Iv, and with a vertical (li|p, Its sui face is scry deeply weadicred. A mile above thia point, and on the west .side of the riv(!i', is ,i rounded hill sixty feet high, of light gray t hinly- foliated garnetiferoiis niuscovite-graiiite-gneisH, I'ather irregului'ly interbanded with dark-gniy hornblende-schist or biotit(vschist, all striking N. 75 1-^ l*'or nine miles abo\o this point, the rivei- continues to come fnjin an east north-easterly direction, t'ollowing this l>and of schist, which crll|,^ out iier(! and there along its banks. Robinson iiake, from which the river takes its rise, lies in a depression from which these schists have been worn out, and horn blende-schist, occasionally with interbedded gi'ahito veins, everywhere forms the shore of the long narrow lake. From the upper end of the lake tlu; same valley continues in an east north-eastei-ly direction an unknown distance, doubtless following ihetr'cird of this band of sciiisl. AsccMiding the .south branch of Ounisao River the banks ai'c at (ir^t of clay and very little rock is exposed. Five miles above the forks is a rounded boss of light-gi'ay massive biotite-grainte ; although as plagioclase would seem to bo the chief felspar constituent, it nright perhaps be clas.sed as a quartz-mica-diorite. Similar granitite outcrops rather more than half a ndle higher up the stream, and again two miles and one-fourth above. At a thirty yard portage this granitite exhibits a slight gneissic foliation. Three-quarters of a mile higlier up the stream are banks of rather high rounded rocks over which is a portage one hundred yards long. Itlit'ill-nli Luke. (innisiio Hiver ;iIkiV( forks. 0UNI8A0 UlVEIl. 19 (1 ^ lo come from. Ill Till' rock is a massive, coarse, gray granitite or (luartz-mica-diorite will) liore and there included masses showing gnoissic structure. Across the west side of the knoll this rock is cut by a narrow dyke, Rucks ut averaging fiflocn inches in width, dipping vertically, and striking |,oitii(f,.s. N. '2'.\ H. liranches suvcral inches wide constantly run oil' . .,> the surrounding grunitite and end abruptly. The dyke has a strongly inarknd columnar structure, running transversely from wall to wall. 'flic dyke-rock is an augitc-poipliyritc of a light greenish-gray colour. It has a nuca-felsitic groundm.iss in which sericite is abundantly (levclopL'd, giving the rock its colour, and through tins are scattered many little bright plienocrysts of light-coloured pyroxetio (augite) mull! numtu'ous near the sides of the dike than in the middle, a few small and iritjguiar [ihenocrysts of plagioclase, many small rounded ciAstal aggregates of arscnopyrite, and some .secondary niuscovito mill /oisile. At another thirty-yards portage, a mile and a quarter above the lii'-i portage, the rock is again a massive light-gray (juart/, mica. (liiirite. At the next portage three miles and a half above this the rock is a massive medium-grained biotite-musco\ite granite, of liulit gray colour very similar to the (juartz-mica-dioritc pre\ iously t'ound. The banks above this jiortage became more bare and rocky than hclow it, and the (|uart/.-mica-ilif)rite becomes distinctly foliated; at the port'ige( twenty yardH)it stiikes N. SO' E. and dii)s S, 10' E. < .'50°. h"or eight niiles above this portage, to the next portage which is thirty yards long, the rock is everywhere a very similar gneiss, with essentially the same strike throughout the distance. On the north hank is a clitl' twenty feet high, showing at the top eight feet of tine, jiiay sandy clay apparently with very few boulders, and below it for -pvcral feet and probably to the water, is well stratified sand and ciiarse gravel ; the pebbles being from tlie Laurcntian rocks. The country just passed through appears to be largely of the nature of a sand plain through which the river has cut a small valley. llather less than half a mile above the last portage is a Falls. fall with a droj) of eight feet, at which the rock is a light-gray lui'i Hum-grained granite showing in a few places a vei'y slight foliation striking N. 70° E. Three miles higher up, the river again falls over a liiu'grained light-green granite which is usually slightly foliated, N. 80° E. Half a mile above is another fall, past which is a portage three hundred yards long. The rock is a similar gneiss, ia •JO o I-AKK WINNIPKU. Wn.1. pUiii l.d Hock 'illtli > iii'.ir lUiliUlir mil' pliicL'M thinly mid clciiily foliiitt'd, iitid in otIioiH ohscuroly folintcil till' strike viiryiii!,' from N. 3") ]<]., nt llin west (did to N. M() Iv nt ih,. «,ist. end of tlic |M)rliij{r'. I'or lli(3 next six miles vory little rook is seen, tlie river riiiuiiii' tliroiij{li rich woodc^d plains rising; gnidually iind viiricd lure unil there liy icieky knolls, lnit ahovc this IIk^ rock heconics the |irediiiMiM alin;,' feiiture and llie plains are merely the Uittonw of the shallow (lej)reshionH hetween the liills. Moulders oontiimt) to l)o rare, and mukI is seen here and there, hut the depf'ssions in the rock .ipiieur In Ik. almost ever\ where tilled hy a very li>,dit f^riiy, line, almost iiii|i;ilj, il,], elay. Instead of lai;,'e spi uee, with white and lilack pi)|iiar, tin' u L'oiintry is thiekly o\erj,'rowti with small Idaek spruce, wliieii a |. a years ai,'o was killed hy lire, so that now there is nolhiii.' l>i;t blackened stems with a thick j,'r()wth of underhrusli. 'I'lir in-i exposure in the rocky part is at a succeSHion of small falls o\er a lull ati'd reddisli yriiy f,'neiss, with vertical dip, and a ^'encral ea-hr'v strike. The lianks now hecome hold and rocky, aiul (M)nlinu(! mi fu- ,, considerahln distance. At a porta^'c HO\enty yai'ils loiii,', two mlKs higher up :lic ri\cr, the rock is a j;ray ipuiii/ mica-dioiite, of iiirilniin grain, and well foliated, strikinj^ east and with nearly vertiK shiiUtAV ) 1)0 niri'. "i»'' ^'""l iDoU iipi'i'in' '" '"' almost im\i:ill'il'li' ^ liujiliir, tlu' N\li'iK' ]iniio, whU'li ii t''^^ ,,,, is iiolhiiv-' Iml ,,.l,m>li. Th.' lu-i all fiilU oviT a fnli- a j;i'iR'iivl r:i>l''ily lul conlimi'' -" t'n- i a.,li«)iitf, ot' inr,liiiiu uly vcrtinil iHl'- iui,u-r);i ;ir.' i",';' is(iu:ut/.-micailu'iiii'. 'I'lii' \)iuiit fimiitry ,ses of ■;rahU.'. I'.: ancc of al)ou( tl'iny ,s,il of Ina-^^iM'. uniy seldom ri^^i'i^^ m" ■ lie river turns MmlliJ [.^ins to look a littiel Iplar iilon-; the Iwi^ksj ,ars iinil af.^w I'li'i"' 1,1 resting' on sou.' . „.„eatl>, showii^U v.nl ,y two ilvkes, six tV.'j hiking S. 80 !v,".' L. showiliatiiu't ^'■'^'-^ luito massive. In '•' L found to liavi' 1- 'I'lie Honth slioro of (Junisiio fiiikd riH!>M oitlier in steep elifls to ii . The north slimi' is much more rug^jcd than tins south side, and has very little vegetation on it. It is also Hkirted by fewer islands and indented by li'i^s irregular bays. The I'ocka exposed are everywhere of similar cmiise gray i|uart/. niica-diorite, which is often vertically jointed, thus I'lii'iiiiiig steep or vertical clitl's. At one plai'e i lear th ic north-eastern oml of the lake, n slight foliation was observed in the diorite, with a strike S. 7"> K. On (Junisao lUver, above the lake, tl le i'0( k is, at first, a diorite similar 10 t liat on the lake, but it soo n iiecomes more aeii aiu 1 .1 lanue.s in to, liil^'' UiviT »boT« oris replaced by, a reddish massive, often garnetifi-rous granitite. The shores of Kapmatasko Lake which lies to the south-east of (liinisan Lake, are gem rally low, and at the points show low outcrops ot this granitite, which is almost everywhere massive, but at one point iii'iw tho north end of the lake it showed a slight foliation striking N. Shore of Lakr. Wlnnijii';/ — Sr./tiun Rior to JJihj HihuI. I'l'ginning at the In^ad of Nelson Itiver, and procredini,' southward, lilio shore is usually composed of low dill's of stratilied post-glacial clay I .mil peat, with rounded bosses of rock projecting here and there from ii'iicath it, and often skirted by ni'iny low bare rm-ky islands. Two miles south of Nelson |{i\i!i' the rock is a coarse rediUsh hoi'U- ili'iide-grtmitite-gneiss, without well-dotined schistosity, but in bands lill'i'i ing slightly in colour and fineness. These bands have a general 'like N. t*;") H., and an almost vertical dip. Montreal I'oint is composed of a rather fine-grained dark-gray Lianitite-gneiss, with an e\on [larallel foliation trending N. 70' IC. [Ill many places this gneiss is cut by widi^ an.istamosing veins of coarse i.'litgray granite holding crystals of tourmaline, iVc. In places tho ^mnito forms the greater portion of the mass of the rock, the darker li'ui'iss appearing a.s irregular inclusions scattered through it. Moth I''a-l >liuii' iiiur NcIhoii Hiv.i. .MmiticAl Point. 9"? •Z G LAKE WINNIPEG. C.luciated Striiiiticcl llp]M)sits. Sii\ith 111 Montniil I'oiiit. the granite and tlie s;[neiss are again cut hy smaller granite veins. A number of small rocks of simi'ar gi'anile or gneiss lie oft this poini. The surface is beautifully smooth and rounded and shows pariillil striiv running S. 3")° W. In one place, for about three yards in width, thoi'c is a more or less regular set of gnjoves running N. \h' W., risinr; up to the topof the knoll and then vanishing. 'I'hey overlie tlie otlu is and point directly out into the lake. They have been caused liy llie shoving of a single mass and may possibly \\\\,\i\ lieen reeent, iiut as the shove would appear to have been toward the lake, this does ndt appear probable. Numerous little islands lie oil the points to the south for some distanee, though the points themselves are ui(istl\(il' sand. For the rest, the shore in mainly sandy, though occasionally si.'attered with m, few pebbles and bouldeis. 'I'lie boii!(l<'rs are all nf gneiss and granite, but a few of the p(>bbles are >f cream cohmnHi dolomite. llehind tlie beach is a elid' gradually de 'ning soiiiliwar.l from eighteen tn I'ight feet, but its face is jiikHl with drifting .sand ami there is often a little sand dune along the top. .\ UKissy muskeg with spruce and tamarack stretches everywhere backward from the lake. The shoi'e, south to Spider Island I'oim, is being cut into ljy tiic waves, and now shows one to two feet of stratified beacli-sand ovir- lying a little vertical clitt' two feet liiuh of stratilied, blue. temiciniH clay breaking out into little angulai' fragments, .lust north of ilu' point siuiilar gray gi'anite, often with a green tint but with no inclusions, is cut by many veins of red graiute. High sand dunes aiv piled up at t!ie edg(! of tli(' woods. i\ little rill of Ijrowii water \\r\v runs into the lake. Farther south, the shore is similai', being low and tlat. The bemh i- covered with sand without Ixmlders. Much of the beach is undeiiiin by clay, while tree trunks erect and projecting at the edge of the water, proliably indicate cro.sion into an old swamp. The land declines so that it is buc two feet above the water, becoming a niiis>y muskeg that reaches Spider Island Point. I'\)ur miles south of .Mcmtreal Point is a light-gray coarse-graimd comjiact granitite, in which are many inclusions of a darker tini'i' grained granitite gneiss, tliese inclusions l)eing almost all arranLied in strings in an easi-.i.iul -west direction. Some small veins of red granite run parallel to tluwe, and beside and parallel to tluMii a certain amount of schistosity is often developed in the light-giay granititi'. Other nai'i'ow veins of red granite also cut the rock very irregularly. The surface is smoothed and shows many glacial stria' running S. :!"i ■■] NELSON KIVEK TO D0(; HEAD. 23 n granite veins. A I off this point. ind shows parallil ee yards in widlli, ; N. 45" W., rising ■ overlie the others )een caused l>y (lie cen recent, Imt as hike, this dons iidt the jioints to tlie 'Ives arc ninsl ly of lougli occasionally Douldcrs arc all nt' >f cream colon ii'd (> 'i\iinj; soiilhvvanl li drifting sand and mossy nuiskeg with (1 from the lake. i'.ig cut into liy the ml \)e.>cli-saiid ov.r- tied, lilue, tenacioiH Just nortii of tlu' tint but with no liijh s.and dunes are f l/rown walci' lu-ii' llat. The heacli i- lieacli is imderliin t tiie edge of the swaniji. 'J'hc lami •, lieconnng a mossy ■gray coarse-grained of a darkei' liner most all ari'anued in veins of red gr.inite to them a certain light-gray granitite. ick vei'v irregularly, tria' runiniig S. :i."i W. The bottom and the water here is very muddy, much more so than to the north. A point two miles fai'tlier south is composed of similar light- and 'I'lirer scries dark -gray granitite, whicii is cut by aiiastamosing and crossing veins " ^""•'■' of red pegmatitic granite, breaking the rock very irregularly. Three series of tiiese veins were recognized, the newer slightly faulting the older ones. Tlieir general directions were as follows ;— Fii'st and oldest, S. .")() E.; second, S. 45' \V.; third and newest, !S. 10' W. .\t (he next ]ioint, in latitude 53" 3.}', similai- rocks, cut by ^;ranite veins, also occur. < >iie dark band, here composed of hornblende- gianititegneiss, is eight feet wide, and dips N. 40^ I']. < 35'. Along its contact witli the surrounding gray ijraiiitite, and along little fissures «, : i , i i , i cutting acioss it, epidote is largely developed. I'oint. At Spider Island I'oint, in latitude 5.T 30', the rock is a dark-gray epidole-horid)len(le-granitite-gn(>iss, with a slightly gretMiish hue on the weathered surfaces. Tn geiuu'al character it is veiy similar to the gianitite-gneiss seen so often along the shore farther north, and has a well-marked strike \arying from N. 35' E. to N. 50' M. A quarter of a mile north-east of this point the gneiss is cut by two narrow vertical ilvk(!s or \'eins of green liornbiende-schist strilcing N. 8l) IC. At the 'mouth of a little ireek, i mile south-c^ast of Spider Islam 1 I'oint, similar granitite forms the slu)re, in some places (juite massive, and in (jtlier places well foliated, though the strike of this foliation is Ncry irregular. .Many veins of red pegmatite; cut across the granitite', and the foliatiiui often bends round towaid the veins. A fi \v n.'irrow vertical bands, or long lent" 'ular masst>s nf d.irk-gray tidnlyfoliated epidotic hornblende-gi'anitite-gneiss cross through the !;ranitite in a direction S. S5 1"^ .\t several points between this creek and the mouth of l?(>langer l!i\i'r, similar gray gneiss juts nut in rougll-topped knolls. The foliation, «hich is nioi'e or less nearly ver- tical, is distinctly marked, some of the layers being nuu-li darker and more nucaceous than others. The Spider Islands, which lie from one to two and a half miles .'Sniiler oil" shore, are bold gi'anitic rocks rising abruptly out of the lake. The lai'gest, which was that [)articularly examined, is composed of a well foliated, gray granite gneiss, with darker and lighter bands tin'ough wliich run little veins of red pegmatitic graidte. The foliation is much contorted, but seems to have a general strike S. 40 W., parallel to the; longer diameter of the island, while its dip is approximately vertical. Across the narrow neck connecting the 24 o LAKK WINNIPKfi. RiK'kg Hnutli of Mi'latiRcr RiviT. Beliiiig( r I'oiiit. Ilock.s of .-.111 lit soiitli til HiK lillU-k Hivrl. two ends of the island the gneiss is cut by a straight vortical dyko, from two to four feet wide, of dark-green schist, probably reaultini; from a diabase. This schist, being softer than the gneiss, is tmich weathered away, leaving a sharp gash through the neck of the isliuid. Half a mile south of Belanger River is a point composed of gray granitite-gneiss, the foliation of which appears to strike about N. 45" K., and to dip at an angle of 70°. On the south side of the point thr foliation is not so p>'onounced, but there is a fairly definite line ararran gement of the crystallim^ constituents of the rock, which gives the surface a fibrous or thread-like appearance. Veins of coarse red pei;. niatite are common throughout the tock, and the gneiss is also cut hv a vein or dyke from eight to ten feet wide, of moderately fln(;graii)f(i red granite. A mile from this, up the shore, there is a projecting ridge of r.ick composed of a coarse, gray granitito-gneiss. sometimes showing asliglit foliation striking N. o' E,, l)ut often massive, Veins of both fini; iiiui coarse red granite cut this gneiss. Belanger Point is also composed of a similar granitite cut by giiiiiiie veins. The surface is weathei'eii rough, but the glacial grooves a'P seen running S. 18 W. The diiection . In latitude 5.3' 'J.'V .'10", the points consist of greenish-gray, coarse, quartz mica diorite, which is usually massive, though ficcasionally e\ hibiting a slight foliation that \aries in direction from north to north west. Included in it are a few small stringers of coarse mica schist or granitite. Pegmatite veins are notably rare, but one coarse •] NELSON BIVEK TO DOG HEAD. 25 a vein contains, along its middle line, many fine large crystals of white mica. The diorite is also cut by some h^nds of light-green epidote. Half a mile farther along the shore, pegmatitic veins again became \w fairly numerous, and among them is a vein of line-grained granite- |!|' porphyry from one to two feet in width. The diorite is also '> here (;ut by a band eighteen inches wide of dark hornblende-schist, striking N. 132' E., and 400 yards farther noi'tiieast is a band of horn- blende-granite striking N. I'y E., while the diorite itself has an indis- tinct foliation N. l")' W. At a point in latitude ."),'5' 22' ;{0', low reefs run out. The rock here has a rougii suifacc, liut 300 yards back there is a low outcrop of gneiss the surface of which is hcaatifully planed and glaciated and not weathered, having been comparatively lately uncovered from its mantle of hard, blue clay. Most of th(^ glacial stria' run 8. 26' W., but in two places the smooth surface wllh these striie cuts an older smoothed surface at a sharp angle. This' surface is also striated though the striii' are not so fresh and clear as the others and run S. 48° W., making thus an angle of 22" between the two sets. A point in latitude ."),'5 21' 4i"i', is c shallow water, but a numlier are collected anumd a rocky boss, south of the point. This is coniposcil of massivti '^rviy granit(>, in -.vhicli thei'e are a few inclusions of a darker colour (ii'awn out N. 1.") W. The ne.xt point south is formed of massive, gray gneiss with a roclii; moutonnt'e surface roughened by the weather. It is cut by one narrow band of line-grained daik gni'iss striking N. GO W., but it has no inclusions and no veins of red granite. T.,ike all the other expr)sures, its lee side is abrupt and broken, w hile tlie sto?s side is rounded. I'^rom this )ioint southward for several miles the shore is shoal, but th(> niimerous rocky islands seem to be all composed of gray gneiss similar to that farther north, cut by few, if any. veins of pegmatite. twwn I:inpcr >mt and I'ijj ;wk Kiv(?r. 26 a LAKE WINNIPEG. SputtCll I'IPlliS near D'lcks N(st. In latitude 53' 16' 15", the rock is a coarse-gray granititc or quart/- mica-diorite, without distinct foliation, but containing a few darker inclusions drawn out in a direction X. 65' W., and traversed by a very few narrow veins of coarse red pegmatite. For four miles southward the rock is a similar gray gneiss, occasion ally with a distinct foliation varying from N. 1.^)' to 65 W. At a point called Ducks Xcst then^ is an area of spotted I'ock about thii'ty feet in dianii'ter, in the gneiss, having the appearance of a conglomerate in which the pebbles are a dark-gray gneiss, while the matrix is a lighter gray running in narrow bands between, and beini,' harder, stand out in little ridges, 'j'ht! pebbles are lenticular, beiii:; sometimes a foot or more in length, and lie north-and-south, or nearly transverse to the strike of the gneiss. Tlie appearance of the niek suggests a similarity to the so-called leojiard loek. Dr. \. E. iJarlnw thus describes it : — Litlinlii^'K'iil 'The h.iiid specimen shows a dark-irray, medium-textured rock, (lisciii)t.Miii Ky ■ 1-1 1 1 ^,. ,1.1 Or. Harlow, traversed by small pegmatite-like cykes or coarse, reddish to greenisii epidiitie gnmite, the whole ajiparently representing a complex intrusion of one link through the t)ther, the granite evidently being the latest. Under the microscope, the must basic phase of the rock shows a holo crystalline admixture, composed cliietly of hornlileiide and plagioclasc, togethei' with a considerable quantity of ejiidotc? (much (if which is doubtless primary), and bioti'^e. 'J'lie hornblende is the most abundant constituent, and occurs in irregu'.ur, cleavable, compact masses showing the usu.il ti'ichroism. The biotite h,is undergone "l)leaching" as the result of the removal of a considei'abie part of the iron, and as a coi;set|uence exhibits brilliant chromatic jxilarization between crossed nit'ols. ft often occurs endjeddc' in and s'inietiines completely sur rounded by the liornblende. The felspar has undergone " saussui'iti/a- tion,' and nmcli of it, judging from the niilui'eof the decomposiMsent magmatic difl'orentiation in a very beautiful and perfect nianni'r, the most basic form being a mica (liorite which has doubtless resulted from the alteration of a gabhro wliicl; contained biotite in addition to the original augite. '['he minerals in all three sections uie essentially the same, dilVering only in their relativt) id)un(lance. ' Ab)st of the epidote, which is especially abunilant in the most acid phase of the rock, bu! which is also plentiful in all the slides, is doubt- less original, and the lirst of the coloured constituents to crystallize out, lieiiig embedded in the biotite, which fs in turn enclosed in the hornlilende. The large hand specimen shows in what is lielievcd to lie a N'ery typical maimer the methoil and order of I'rystallization resulting from the slow ci liinu' of a dee^p-seated magma, of hetero- geneous composition.' liehind the point where tlu' spotted rock occurs, the gray granitite is cut by thin veins of black tourmaline. The same gray granitite-gneiss forms the point in latitude S.T 1 2' 30', and foliation is everywhere apparent in a north-and-south direction, either as a linear arrangement of the mineral constituents or inclusions, or as a slight difTerence in colour and composition, and sim- ilar gneiss extends down the shore to Big lilack llivei'. At the mouth of Big Black Jlivor the rock is a sinnlar gray graiutitegneiss, cut by veins of line-grained dark-reddish granite, and '.latU River. 28 o LAKE WINNIPEG. Kocks at. I'liplar Hivir. < ilacial >ti'iii Kocks at !''ililar Poiiil. also by two narrow veins or dykes, a foot in width, of green felspathic actinolite-scliist. These dykes have a general trend N. '2')" W. The same granitite-gneiss, usually without pegmatite veins, forms the shore of the hay for throe miles and a half south-west from Black River. Near the point south of the bay the granite rock becomes a thinly foliated crushed granite with a regular strike N. oO" K. I'Voin this point southward to Poplar River the shore is fringed with many small rocky islands, which seem to be all of gray gneiss, in which granite \i'ins become much more common as Poplar lUver is ap- proached. Near the Hudson's Bay Company's trading ston; at Poplar Hiver, the rock consists of a greenish-gray epidotic granitite-gneiss, witli, in places, a fairly well-defined foliation striking N. .S.")' W, This gneiss is usually rather tine-grained, but near the edge of the river it became vci'y coarse-grained and much more massive, [n this vicinity the gneiss is cut by several veins of soft, green, chloritic schist, which are prnbably highly altered forms of some eiuptive rock. TIk; rock is in many jilaces covered by from two to four ft'(!t of a soft darkbhu! clay, apparently without pebbles and probably deposited in the water. In it are numerous small concretions of calcareous matter. The rock is beautifully and apparently ([uite freshly striated, but this fn^slmcss is here due to the recent removal of the clay covering. The siiiie run S. 40' W. but on one i)rotecled smiK)th surface they run S, IS W, while at the same time a few shallow broken grof)\es probably made by the lake ice, run S. !■"> W. (Similar green granitite gneiss foiiiis the siiuili sliore of the i)av for three miles west of the niouth uf I'oplai- River, beyond which, to Poplar Point, tlu; bay is literally lilled with little islands of ban^ gray granitite. At Poplar Point tiie rock is generally a iiornblende-gianitite- gneiss well foliated in light and dark bands, with a regular strike N. oO W., ,ind a dip at a high aiigli' S. U) W. It includes a few irregular masses of dark mica schist. It is .also i",it by a great number of both wide and n.uicjw veins of red giaiiit*', tiie wide vein.s being line, .ind the nariow ones coarse-grained. Th(! ]ioint itself is composed of a mass of high lounded knobs of gi'anite, wooded witii stunted I'.anksian jiine. i)ircli and poplar, while aei'oss a deep ehaiinel, two liundred yanjs with-, is an island with a precisely similar suff.ice. Through this channel the York boats pass on tiieir way up and down the lake. .lust .south of r wiilf vt'iiiM TVMiil.j NKLSON RIVER TO VOd HEAD. the point is a cunsidenible number of Vjouldors and the rock is glaciat.d of from 1.")' to l.j . It is cut by many \eins of red granitite, a ciinsiileiMble numbei- of which follow tlie lines of foliation. Beside one ut the veins of red graiulite was a vein of daik-gray hornblende- granitite. 'I'lie surface is rounded but liie stiiie are generally weath- ered out. They ai'e, however, seen running S. 25' W. The sliore to hei'o has bi^en generally low and samly with a few weathered bosses of similar gn(Mss, both on the beacli and a ^hort dislanco out in the lake. The land behind i> all low and ap]par( iilly a cianberry marsh. In the disianec^ is a spruce forest. .\ littU- turf was seen in one place but no clay. Similar graniiile gneiss outcrops in numerous exposures along the shore to about two miles soutli of ilarehand Point, south of which, for nine miles, the shore is an even sandy oi- stony beach, without any outcrops of the underlying rock. .\t iMarchand Point the laml belund is all low with a high ridge ^jarclinnd of s:uid behind the beach. The south-western sid(^ is suii\>unile(l by a I'"'"'- closely packed boulder-pavement of rounded bouldei's, chielly gray gi'anite, this being the most boulder point northerly on tiiis side of the liike. The land on the |)oint is about oiglit feet above the lake. .lust to the south of the point is an island ccjmposed entirelv of ^ r.oi'.iiiii's ln)ulders. The low land stietches south to past Ihg Stone Point, and iwiiit. that point is only a small promontory oi Archiean boulders with no Ik- I- - rock in sight and is thickly covered with drit'twood derived from the wear of the face of the swamp to the iKirth. The boulders are composed of gi'ay and greenish, massive gneiss with some of red granite and a few of lamellar schist. One, eighteen inches in diametei', of greenstone conglomerate was observed, but two of the ;jo (J IvAKi; WINNll'EO. .Mussv I'uillt. Moul I'li'i'i'ii- liof r«iiit. PiL'C'UM li Iiirj^i'St from flftcoii to twi-iity fi'ct loiij,' urc coiiij)us(h1 of rcddisli-f^riiy iiiassivd gneiss cut liy vi'ins of cofirso red gniuito. Tliey aro alujut eiglit feot liigli and ono is lirukcii. Ill latitude r)"2 ' 4.'V tliree or four siuootli rocky bosses rise about two feet tihovo the watei', coiisistini,' .if diirk red granite gneiss with a slight foliation N. tJ") E., cut l)y thick veins of a iighti'r re here and there oil' the shore. South of Sandy l!ar some lathcr ot' massive reddish-j'rav ''ranilite, lii^h liai'c rucky inlands, comjiosed extend inwards towards I'lcrens iver. Xoar the tr.idiiig store of the Jludson's Day Company, on Itcren-. iiivcr, the lock is a reddish-gray granitite-gneiss in tidn and very much contorted li.inds. .\t the point, a dyke of dark-gray, iiighly allereil eruptive rock, cuts the gneiss, and strikes in a gen(!ral way [la'allcl to the river, appearing on several of the points in the vicinity. < )n tln' south side, the gneiss is very much contorted, i)ut app.ireiuly with a general strike N. tU) Iv It is i^', >o cut liy a vertical liyke, two feet wide, of hard, green gabhro-diorite run- idng X. 45 \V. Along the south siih; of llcrens l!ay, the first largi; island is I'omposed of dark-gray, well foliatt'il gneiss, varying in the dif- ferent bands front a gr;inilite to a hornblende-schist. It is tisually line-grained, but large felspar crystals are drawn out along the lines of foliation. It appeal's to have a general dip N. .')U K. >>. 4."), though in detail it is very much contorted. Flaih(,'ad Point is coin|iosed of a light-gray granitite-gneiss striking N. 40' W., and with an ajiproxiiuatijly vertical dip, cut by many veins of red pegmatite. The northern and eastern shores of Pigeon I'ay are for the; most part low and sandy, with (jccasional low outcrops of similar granitite- gneiss, often riddled with pegmatite \-eins. The south shore of the bay is much bolder and more rocky, being composed of a coarse-grained, greenish-gray granitite, usually massive, NELSON HIVKIt TO DOri HEAD. 31 O rcddisli-gray y aft! iiliout IS riso about iiniss with a V red, coaisf it ill latiludt; oils ijf ilark" miles several ■id miles jiast y of sand and t's, appart'iitly lids, foiniiosed wards r.crfu> IIV, nil i'lt'lTIlN ill lldii and > of dark ,1,'ray, cs ill a ■general 3 points ill the K'h ciintDrtiil. It is (•''II fUt (idiorilf run ir;;e island is i; in the (ht- It is usually liiii; the liiii!S(>t' l."i, though ill I'licis-; strikin;,' cut hy many [■e for the most liiilar granitite- j-e rocky, being sually massive, and containing a few inclusions of a darker gneiss. Hut few peg- matite veins are s(!en. .lust east of Pigeon I'oint the granitile is (Hit by an irregular, lU.sjoiiited dyke of durk-gray dioriti;. At Pigeon I'initui I'nint. Point the granitite, while usually massive, occasionally shows a woU- iiiarked foliation striking \. 50 K. ¥uv four miles soulh of I'igeon Point, the shore is low and sandy, and from beneath the sand, peep out many little low exposures of massive, dark-gray iiiica-diorite, often cut by large veins or masses of gray, red-weathering compact granititi\ '{"he diorite extends a short distance farther south and then, at (-'atlisli Point, is rephiced by a gray, well-foliateil, granitite-gneiss striking east and with vertical dip. Half a mile south of Catllsh Point, the foliation of the gneiss strikes Ninr Caitlsli N. 4") to 7 -I \N'. The gneiss includes many elongat(Hl masses of dark- gray schist, the foliation lunning around these inclusions, often giving the rock a very irregular brccciated ai)pt.'arance. A mile farther south the gneiss contains many inclusions of dark-gray diorite-sehist, sitnie of which an^ altered to chlorite-scliist. Similar rock continues along the shore to Cattish Itiver. Seven hundred and fifty paces south of Cattish IJiver, the point is Scmih nf Cut composed t)f coarse-grained iiornblende-granite, traversed by irit'gular \cins running into larger masses, of a redder finer grained gi'anite. Two hundred and sixty paces farllier south, a reddish hornblende. ^'raiutite is in sharp n the beach, six hundred ]iaccs farther, a gray coarse-grained granit- ite gneiss i-; exposed and extends three hundred paces farther wliere it is distinctly foliated N. ."iD Iv, with a M-rtical dip. Half a mile south, in latitude r)2 "', th(> rock is an intimate iiiixtui'e of rather line-grained granite or granitite, and coarser dioritei cut by \ ('ins of red pegmatite. At the jiuint half a mile still farther, the rock is light-gr.iy hornblende-granitite, with M-ry few inclusions, and occasionally showing an obscure foliation S. 85' E. Similar gray hornblende-granitite outcrops here and there along the shore of the bay to Flour Point. .Many low rocky reefs lit; oiV I'lour Point, and they, with the point KKjur IViiiu. itself, consist of coarse red granitite, with many large j)0r|ih3'ritic crystals of orthoclase. Through it are running two straight veins or inclusions, one to two feet wide, of dark-gray granitite-gneiss. In other places there are many inclusions of dark-gray fine-grained granite, almost always cut by jiegniatite veins, thus giving it very much the aj-Mearance of the ' leopard rock ' (p. 'JG(i). 32 o LAKK WINMI'KU. S.Mltl|.)f I'lc r<>iiit. Ai .Split Si.iitli ..f Split -|M(jk ('|V,1.;. ii- Thrpf^-quiirtors of a inilo soiitli, is a point conipospil of datk gr(>L'nish-;^i'ay, miissivu, coai'se (HJiirtz (uij,'iU'-clioritL', cut l)y wido iiml iiiirrow veins of red pegmatite. This dark basio rock is again .succeeded by luussivo red gratutito similar to tiiat at l'"loiir I'oiiit. For tlircc mili'-ifarliier, hmhiIi oast tdoiiL; tliesliorf, (lifre are f)ccasi()nal outcrops of similar red and gray gratiitili'. 1 n latitude .02 2 , the rock is ii very acid, red granititegnciss, distinctly foliated N. HO K. Tlircc- i|u.irters of a mile .'louth east, is a point composed of a dark bluish i,'ray, light-weathering horiibJciKU^graiiititc, without foliation, but cut by a 1 'W veins and lenticular patches of red pegmatite. Seven hundred paces farther south-east, the roek is jin eveni) foli.ited (pLiii/. iiiica-diorite, very much cut and lunkeii by granite \eins. ( iiie of tlutse, two feet in width, is n dark-gray porphyritic hornblendegranitite, siiniliir to the lock jil the last point. .Vt the inoutli of Split rock ('reek, and along (he s'nore for half .t mile to the noilli and tlir ipiarlers of ;i mile to the smitli, the loek is (Omposc'il of a very red massi\e granilite, in some places \iTy eomiiait, and in others, cut by veins or masses of dark porphyritic hornblende gnmitite ; tlu'.se are again cut by smidler \eins of red pegmatite. South of the mouth of a brook, in latitude i')'2' 0' ISO', the -luire be conuis much bokler, being composed of a reddish granititegnciss, svith a dip n(»rth at an angle of ."j."i . Tn a few places this gneiss is intci- laminated with a dark-gray horid)lende schist. The rock nresiTvcs this ehaiacter for litilf a mile along the shore, and llieii again becomes more m;i.jsive and less diatinctl}' foliated. On the south side of the little bay, the rock is again a coarse, re'•'■'• d of IV diivk hout loliation, ;iiialitr. is all evenly en l)y J^nuiite ay poridiyrilic III. ,„.re for Iwilt' u lUtli, the rock is •s very compiict, •itic hornhleiidc 1 peginivtite. 0', the >liorc lie ilitei;neiss, willi s ('iii'i-;s is inter- iiH.].-. preserves n iiHiiiii hecoiai'.-- a coarse, red ftud t tlie puiiil south n ,,l' it, l)uiuls ol' l,„v. bein^' separ- ..■k- are uswdly |„i,.itcd parallello intimately mixed ...conics t'oliated Janitileu'nPi^s. "*' j„n strikin;,' west- lie line of strik.' Ish-t^ray granilitc. Ill; point a some- what redder granitito abuts iigainst tlni lust. Hotli lire of about the same texture, and tlio dilTereneo in composition of tlie two is probably slight. A siiidlar massive reddish-gray granitite forms the next point to the south. On the noi'th side of Kabbii I'oint, the rock is a similar massive, dark-gray, granitite, without inclusions, but cut by a few vidns of coarse, red pegnmlito, from two to ten inches in wiilth. These ar(! com- posed chiedy of dear (piartz, and salmon colouriKl orthodase, liut sonu; large crystals of biotiti; are also present, and one vein contained soine crystalline masses of pui'ple copper ore. Similar, coarse red granitite extends around I'abbit I'oint, and along the south shore of I'loodvein liay to the hmg point in latitude ol ,")()', east of which the sliore is low and swampy. The rock is usually lanes, and thus forms a st( ep and bold shore. At the last named point the rock becomes distinctly l)anpping at the portage, wddch is ten miles east from the mouth of the river, is a massive, gray ipiart/mica- iliorit(! precisely similar to that seen on the south branch of iluiusao Uivcr. Outcrops of this graj- diorite occur here and there along the rive baidcs, .and at the next portage, three miles above the last, it is cut by a ilyke oi dark-green hornblende-schist, one foot in 3 il.liit I'eint. r.i'huij;<'r ItiVCT. V%,Vi/' 34 o LAKK WINNIHKd. width, striking S. 10° VV. The next two rapidu iiro also caused by Himilar dyke^ cutting ucrous tiie dioritc, which has become distinctly fuliatt'd, Hti'iking with the generiil course of tiio Htreiiui. .MiiMrtivi'i'M;!,... Nniir tlic iiioutli of i.ho .soutii branch of liiis Htrcain, massive rodiljshgray graiiililc appeiirs for a HJiort distance, and the nia.sHi\t' quartz-mica-dioritei n^-appoars on the upper roacln'M of tlio ntr«!aiii. The count I'y tJirouf^ii whidi this strcani runs iippcHrs to bi- very gem i ally covered by a thick dejiosit of clay and is well wooded. Isolaliil hills appear on tlio south side below the north i)rancli, and tiiose are ni rock pmti'uding through the clay plain. Kor the rest of the distance up the north branch, aa fai' as explored, llie ijuart/. mica- diorite is everywhere the prevailing rock, usually massive, but occasiim ally with a slight foliation or liiu'ar arrangement of tb<^ crystalliiip constituents. In places it becomes somewhat more acidic and should perhaps l)e more pro[ieily grouped \> it li the granites. '1 he sniall stream followed el.'ove the forks becomes very n.irrow and branches again. The channel is narrow and often very much <»bstructed by boulders, with many impassalile rapids arouiui which it is neces- sary to portage, The banks ar« rocky, overlain by silly clay, and the general cluiracter of the country is a moderately e\eii plain with little rounded rocky knolls rising a U\w feet .above the sin face, (ireen timbe- is again seen in the upper reaches of the stream, but it. appears to bi' is all well mi.xed, with about e(iuai proportions of Banksian pine, Spruce, balsam, tamarack and poplar, and a small ijuantii) of birch. No really good timber was seen till the foot of Island portage was reached, where, on the right bank of the river' there is a small grove of perhaps twenty-live trees of spruce varying (.•DIIU. IIKJ lil.ArK RIVKIt. 36 a I HO ciiuHCil l>y Jill*) »li«tiuctly ivivm, nuiHhlvo (I llio inivHsivc ,t' Iho Hlrfiiin. , \,„ very gener- „1,m1. Isolat.a iiid ihfsniin' ni e ri'st of the he nuiirt/.iiiiL'ii- H!, llllt occiisidii- tl„, (.rysliilline ,),-,. iiciilic mill ,il."s. The small ,w iiMcl l>nviifli<'S •h ubstructi'tl l'> ,i..l, it is lUU'fS- y silly clay, aii.l atrly i'V.'H I'lai" ;ll)()Vt^ tllf sill les of tlu' sln-aiii. uirveyi'd as ^\nu^^ lio at'coimiaiiyiiii; 1,,,.,. is said to 1"' niifadiorito or a Ll ihjHcriptiou . Lars.', Hi-ay f,"it'i^ ■ It of the iioiiits a' liciss which has a river the soil i- |i should prodiuT lie tiiiihiT is all 15anksiaii pine, small (immtily |he foot of Island Ilk of the rivof ]of spruce varyini; trorii riino to twenty inclifs at tiio haso. Fnini that point (piite a iiiimher of line treeH worv paHsed tint would avcra^ti liftt'cn inches. On one point of tlie river, »hout half a mile nhove tho Mink portage ia a grove of about twenty-tivc spruce tiees avornging twenty ini'hcH in diamot'^r. The water of the river is not only of a dark colour l)iit also viM'y miuhly. This river is evidently very little used as a.sum- iiii'r route, the portages being poorly marked and the bush, so far, iinliuriit. The best timber in the valley is up the three small rivers uliifh empty near tlu; lake. 'Above the T^ong Haj>id «some very lino stieks of spruce were ' • noticed, one fully thirty inches in diameter. The land up to the |„ Pilicaii portage is first-class, but above this there is a U)W ;iiid swjimpy country which extends to the " Ua[)ids closclogctlu'r." A border of ;;ooil land on whiidi some fail' si/.{>(l tindiei' grow8 nms ahmg both sides of the I'iver. The rock showing along this stri|) is all of a dark, or light -gray, massive gneiss. In one place only was it stratified, and even there it was dillifult to distinguish the strike and ilip. Tiio Pelican River, though but a small stream, extends ,1 lonj' distance, coming from a little north of east. For the last ten miles iicfore reaching the small lake, tlu^ river becomes somc^what wider aiiil for the must part is lined with a bortler of reeds and rushes with I fi'w stalks (»f rice. This lake, one of two through which the river pa-ses, is a small one with a few isl.inds. ft is bordered nearly altogether by gi'een woiid which is here all iSanksian pine averaging friiiii four to six inches in diameter The water is very dark and of a rcildish tinge. The shores as far as seen are all of rock and small iKiulih-rs of giu'i.-^s. No hills can be seen on either side, l''rom here to 'he portage across to a branch of Poplar lliver, the stream is very crooked and its banks ai'e thickly bordered with gray willow. They III' very hnv and in years of even ordinarily high water they must be nearly submerged. 'The stream is hcto very shallow and in many places it is difficult to pass ; especially is this the case at the sites of the old beaver liiiiis, of which there are many. ' The country appears to be all swampy, for some distaiu'eat all events Itniiii the riv^r. All the rock is dark- and light-gray massive gneiss. ' The portag(^ from this branch to a branch of Poplar River, is i divided about midway into two sections by a small lake. The ' |tir.st portage is 3,880 paces long, and although it crosses s(>veral narrow I ridges of rock, most of it is through level muskeg, very much more Ithan knee-deep in most places. The lake is called Watchee, or Greeting I 111 tuill ■InW I'l'llcmi ll'til(,'C, >rt:ijrii to ipliir Uivi 36 LAKK WINJflPEn. Lake. The sunt lu;rii portion of the tniil is by far tiio worst, iis it is through a soft swamp, witiiout any supporting moss.' Tlio rocks noted on the river arc : at tlus first portago, gneiss, striking S. 60" W. ; at Wolverine portage, coarse dark-gray gneiss, strikiii" N. 30^ 10. , and at rapids si.\ miles aliove Pelican l{i\ei-, coarse, dark i;i;iv gnoi.ss .striking N. 30' H., dipping S. 30° E. < ^ry . Poplar /tin:): I'djihir Knur. l''rnm 1 lie pui tage, at the head of the north lii'aiicli, downw.ird, Soil .-111. tiiiil" r. 'I'lmiulir Lake. e roi'K IS .seen, ,in exposure u littl six miles hilow tl le portage. >f dark gray massive 'iieiss oecunni- Tl ihi 10 soil as seen along the rner which are about live feet liii,di, is gdod, but it seems tu form iilllv ;i narrow border ;iliiii'. tl le stream. r.el. ll i(> main stream ih. bi'anch pas.-^es through a rougher, mon? rooky strip, and several fal rapids occur. The timber on tla; ujipcr part is heavier than dow the river, partly owing to better soil, but mainly to the absence of f S iUll 11 iie.ii- iin'^t lircs, ihe e. )antry near the river having iieen burnt o\'er repe.Htfillv. The first loek exposure below tlu^ north branch, is iiotof such a massiv.' type that up llu^ hrancli the strike is S. 10 Iv, dip X. 80' M. -10 , ( )n an i • huid Til L db gni 'issie, with so ittle e chiingo in the strike that, it has been noted III liiuHuM'.ei, an few placi's. Contorted dark- and light-gray hornblendic and niieat'om gneissr ; striking 10., tli[ipiiig N. < 55', occur a mile farther down, ami ; the White Mud jiortago, ten miles above the Indian reserve is a vci coarse, daik- and brownish-gray garnetiferous gneiss, striking N. ■<■ W., dipping N. 35 K. ^: 50'. The rock :it the r oids two miles nhni the r(!.-erve, is adark-gray gneiss coiilainitig mie.i and some small i|iiiir striki X. 65 W., d ippUlL •)0° Bernvn and Ktoiiiniiii h'l At the mouth of Immciis Kivrr the rock is a reddish-gray thiiil foliated granitite-gneiss, and near Mr. McKay's house a gray contmir gneiss projects here and tliere in little rounded bosses, but appMiciitll with a general strike S. 60 ' W. Tt is also cut by a vertical bauil of I green gabbro-diorite two feet wide, with clear cut walls, striking N.^fl The rock is well striated, except in places that have been exposed fm j |lllls one |to|>. it |it (lesceii I-"",',' Lak liiilt'd Will |.')i'.id. Sc I'l'll some r'l'-ky cli/1' I'iiarked, ( pi^ foot, li'li'Hiied oil hull sli;i| he gl,.„. |'''''ariv old ••] ItERENS RIVEli. ;i7 G the worst, as it is "o, i^ueisR, striUinu' "ueiss, striking n. •. coarse, dark miiv ch, ilowmvanl, m'iv vo •viu'iss ori'\iri!iij, imfi lliK ri\''i- Itank-. ; cms ti> form only a < lii> iniiin sliviun ili'' ;uh1 ^evl■^al falls ami ivicrthauilowii u.iii , ihi". aVwenwof 1i'iv-t irnt over ivpeatPilly. not of such a uias^iv.. .,.lipN'.SOK. • I'). ,cry coarse, li,i,'li' :mJ striking east with a i lown the river, Un^io Yhich is prolmhly all] l^as lie.Mi noted in Ijin] Ulcudic and niirarOMUsI ,. farther down, and m HJiau reserve is a v.'v^ gneiss, striking N. ajiids two miles nbi'V( and some small ^\mni 50°. a .'eddish-gray lliinll house a gray conl-.n Losses, but ari>i>i^"'ll laverticalbamloflw lut walls, striking N-^' liave beei> exposed f"i considenible time, and is covered with a dark-f^ray clay without pebbles. Along the contact line with the rock a boulder is, however, oi'casionally seen. This clay, like most of that seen on this shore, appears to ha\e been deposited in water. Similar granitite, sometime.s massive and sometimes foliated, extends up the river to the mouth of the Etomanii Kiver and was found to uiiilerlie the countiy along that I'iver throughout its whole length, to where it joins the Jierens Hiver at the Pot hole portage. jMi'. A. S. Ciiclnane in l<^8lJ and >Mr. A. V. how in 1S80* also found the country ;ili)iig the lierens i{ivt'r to Ix,' underlain by similar rocks between the jiiine points. At I'ot-holo portage, just to the west of Loiij; Lake, the portage road I'oo imla is across a low jioiat of smooth roi'k. l'"rom a bay twenty yards'"' wjili-, on the opposite side, a rocky point fourteen feet high projects niiitli eastward into the i'iver (icseeiiding more or le.s.s abni]);ly into deep water. On the south wi'st side of this bill und between thirty and [ t'orly yards from its point are several beautiful jiot holes, 'i'he ujiper- ..„.--' must one, with a rim ten fei^t above the water st of this one, are tour others which have all cut I'l.t liol'-b into each other. The highest point on the rim of these is nine feet iliovo the water, anil the bottom of oin' is ;it least a foot below the water. The outer half of this one is cut away abnost \ertically ami tiie face of the cut cliff is strongly scored by glacial grooves. Another one iour feet, ^'arthei' soutii west has the top ot its rim, eii;ht feet abo\e the (fa'.iM, and descends to ai least, two feet lu'low it. Tiie diameter of ihis one is thirty-three inches anil is almost perfectly circular iit the to]i. Itisipiite vertical and unbrok(in, varying but little in width as it descends. Its rim is thus li\e feet and a half above the surface of Liin;^ Lake. .Mr. Angus .Mcl\av, who cleaned it out, says that it wa.s liili'd with rounded gravel and cobblestones up to the si/.e of a man's [ii'ad. Sever.al busiielsof thesearr iniw lyiiigaliout, ' lost ly gray granite, ii'il some are of ;,MtM'nstone. Tlie rim is just on the edge of the steep I'ky cliff descending to the water. Six fec>t south-west of it, is a v/ell- iiiarked, deep, smooth groo\ e cut down the face of the little cliff, and at tlii^ foot, on a low terrace, are two other holes that luvve not been ck'aned out. Xear the deep holes, both above and below, are several mall shallow holes also rounded out by pebbles and boulders. The glacial grooves run generally S. (i.'t W. and the pot holes are (ii;wi;itii)ii. :ii'arly older than this glaciation, for some of their rims show distinct Wninial Kcpoit, (ii'ul. Sin\. Can., \ol. II (N.S.I, ISSCi, |i. 17 r. i. 38 G LAKE WINNIPEG. I'liintid- inoose l«)rt»gi!. Manltoii portUKr. f'raiii' portairi'. Nifiht Dwl (jortapr. Ktoni.iini KiTt-r. glacial markings on the southern side, while tlie opposite side is broken. The fractun; tiiat cuts one pothole almost vertically, is strongly marked by glacial groovings. They would appear to rcpic sent tiie position of a fall in a river Howiiig southward or south-wesi ward in early glacial or pre-glacial times, the water tumbling over the ridge that here runs efwt for a short distance. Now, the ridge is cut away at most places, leaving this an almost isolated hill with lower land apparently all ar(nind it and certainly nmch lower to the north- east in the channel of the river. The rock here is a coarse, dark-gr.iy massive, quartz-nuca-diorite, oontairung some large irregular inc.i;si(jiis of dark-gray hurnblende-schist. The diorite is irregulaily r'ractuinl and jointed and it weatiiers with a very much pitted .'■urface. Painted-moose portage, at the east end ot Long F-ake, is over a massive red granitite, cut by a dyke, about thirty feet wide, of coarse dark-grec^n dialiasc, very much crushed and alt<'red. The walls of the dyke are not well delined, but it h..j a general strike about east-ainl west. Three miles higher up stream, tne rock is a dark-gray diorite, iiit by or associated with a mass of red granite, '['his dioiite, outcr(i|is at several })laces along the banks up to .Mani'.ou portage where the river flows between high, rount ibling ovor the dIu' ritli^e it? int hill with lowci- er to tho north- oaise, (lark-^ray M'ulill' ilH'. '•.sinus ;ularly irautuud iUiface. T.ake, is ovrr a ■t Nviilf, of cnarsc Thy walls ot' tlii> y iihuut eastaml ^.(rciiy dioriti', '111 s tlim-itc, uul(-M'>i'- portat^o where the assive, irreL^uhuly by lhi> portal."' h llspar, liornbU'wli', |ysts of plaj^ioclasf "-pofphyritc. lt~ riiuiieil. tradiii.it P"st at linititc. iiy, thfoiij;h poj'l.M- Ls or boulders, aiul [s observed. ^.l■ a rooky rid;-'i'. lies. Oil the lower Jliout pebbles, 'I'lu^ llontiful above this ih jiveen poplar. liver, forn.iS anolh'T Iper eiKl hy a siniill to the Berens llivor Irty feet wide up to the lake, but it is almost choked up with wild rice and even on the lake, spears of it are seen hero and there. Above the lake it gradually narrows until it barely permits the passage of a canoe, and then widens somewhat. It Hows through a wide u.arsh between rocky hills and ridges wooded with tall lianksian pino, rising abruptly from the edge of the marsh. There is no sign of clay, but the whole pountry is rock and inarsii and occasionally a tamarack swamp. The ro''k is a massive, gray gneiss, apparently similar to much that is seen in the i3erens River valley. The first fall on the Etomami lliver, below the little lake at its head is about eight feet, but so little water is running that tliere is no fall in summer. The beavers have added to the natural l)arri(!r a little, in order to make 'he pond above u.seful to them. I'\)r a couple of miles down, the river Hows between steep, though not higii, I'oeky hills of massiv(>, gray gi'anite, wooded with small liank- sian pine, and ix'low th.il, to near the IJouldei' Rapids, ifc winds between iow-lying rocks in a spruee and tamarack swamp, with a weedy channel tiO to 1(H) feet wide. The only trace of later deposits over the rock, consists of light-gray tine-grained silt with pebbles, but this is very scanty. At tjic i'oiilder Rajiids, which is a descent of lifteen fct in I'.i tl.o river over boulders, the first stratitieil lacustrine dejosits of the fjake Agassi/, basin on tiiis branch are met with. In a bay in the rocks on the north side is a large and weli-detined terrac,- of coarse, reddish gray s.md, while jr. ?t up the river in the gray sll y till, are many wiill rounr portion of over fifty feet, except at the rajjids and a few narrows, but there is no current and very little wattu" is flowing. The water is clear but exceedingly dark in colour. T'lie banks are generally of clay, sloping westward, luldcr ipids iviT near ■^ llKIUtll. 40 Q LAKE WINNIPEG. witli the slope of the country. The clay near the mouth is soft niul blue, but farthe'- up becomes j;ray and silty. The estimated fall for the river from Pot-hole portage on the Jierens River to the mouth ia over 180 feet, — it may probably be as much as 200 feet. Pigenii River. SturgoDM F.i11m. I'lgeon liivci. *^" ''bif* river, from its mouth up to its head in Family Lake, tlip country is entirely underlain by granitite and granititc gneiss, massive or more or less distinctly foliat^'d, and varying slightly in dilTereriL places from acid to basic varieties. At the first r;ipid, four miles and a lialf up the river, the rock is ,i mixed gray and reddish-gi'ay, well foliated granitite-gneiss, striking S. 6") 1']., ,ind with vertical dip. At tht; next raj)id, between three luii] four miles farther up, it is accjarso-grained, gi'i'y, porphyrilic hornbleiidc- granitite-gneiss, with a well-marked st ruciure striking eastward. Siniilar gneiss occurs at Sturgeon Falls, where it contaitis many darker lenti- cular inclusions, and has a general strike S. llu V,. Granitite-gneiss occurs all the way up the river, occasionally cut by granite veins, (ir containitig darker iiii .'.iisions, but, varying so little in eliaiaetiT that it is unnecessaiy to enumerate details for each .se])arate locality, especially as the strike of the rock is shown on the accompanying map. The gpiieial character of the I'fmntry passed through i~, liowe\ci', added from tlie notes taken on the tri]! u[). I''rom the n Dutii up to Stmgcon I'ai!';. the ii\cr lias wooded b/nik-, of clay but id)o\'e tliis point to near the ne.\t fall, the; stre.im wimis with slight current, through low land with marsh occasionally on tin- edge of the river. The clay banks, however, gradually rise until ilu\ have attained a lieight of eleven feet at a point se\('n miles in diii ci line east of Sturgeon Falls. The rock crojis out all along the bank, and the geneial thickness of the clay depcj.it is veiy much less tliaii on the streams farther north. All the surface deposits recognized u}) to Poplar Falls are of cl.iy, but there the banks are composed, from tb water up, of a thicknes> ni eight feet of horizontally stratilied, line, .almost white saiiil, sepaiatcil liere and x\\rv^^ by thin layers of whit(> clay. The surface is unevenly eroded and is covtu'ed by two feet of clay tiiul sandy soil, probably fluvjitile. A short distance above, at a fall of nino fef>t, a great nunilier of bouldi'rs fire scattered on the beach at the foot of the fall. TIicm' arc chietly of gray gneiss and granite, but some of the smaller ones arc Poiiliir I'.ill^ •] PIGKON UIVEK. 41 G t\ is soft and ated fall for the mouth is nily Lake, the i^neiss, massive ,ly in (liffeienl , the rock is a 3iss, striking; S. ween three :ii\'! itic liornhU'Hili- . stwivrd. Similiir II V (liirkcT Ifiiu- CrHiiililc-;-;"'''^'^ ^riiiali' veins, or ;hariictei' UiiH " leality, espei'iiiUy m mai>. ugh is hnwevcr, as wcioih'd l)Miil;-^ 1„. stn'.iiii wiiiiK I'Ciisidniilly oil Uir V rise until tliey Imi miles in (lirrct 1 ;il(in- the hunk, V imu'h less lliiui ll'alls are of elay, (if M thickness nf le sand, scparatcil iirt'ace is unevenly Lly soil, prohfvhly It a "real nviinher If the fall. Tliesr L suuiller ones are of massive f(reenstone. The banks are apparently of clay and have here risen to twelve feet above the water. The ne.xt rapid has a drop of four feet, past which is a portaj.;e of twenty yards over an island. The centre of the island is a level clay plain, nine feet above the water at the head of the Dorttai^e. A number of boulders are embedded in the bottom of the clay, 'speeialiy on tiie south side of the island. A third of a mile above the island portage, the river rushes tiirouj;h a narrow gorge in low hills of gneiss. At the soutli end of the rap'd the clay rises in a torra'je twelve feet above the water, but it is apparently well filled with pebbles ant' boulders ; glaeial grooves run S. G5 W., but on llie south side on protected surfaces, a set trending S. 35' W. may be nccasionly seen, probably only an earlier stage of t!ie same glaciation. On the west side of this rajiid there is a portage road one hundred and t iventy yards long over the roek along tlie edge nf the river. The little lake through whicli the riyer passes a few miles above; j>,,uinl L»Lo these rapiils is called Hound l.aki' and li.is meky shoics with occasional sandy beaches, and at th(^ t;ast side is a terrace of clay, six feet above the water, At the .lack River portage, just east of the lake, the road is over a hill or bench of gray clay which is twelve feet above the water I" at the head of the rapid, and it is seen to be sandy with rounded and angular pebbles and some bouldeis. Three miles above, aftei' passing two or thret! small rapids, tlu^ clay banks rise to ten feet above the water, but, the general appearance of tli(; country is an almost bare, rocky jilateau, thirty to forty feet abo\u the water. A fall divided by an Island i next met, and with one above give a total descent of fourteen feet, c'lual to the deptli of clay de]i(isit below. Tlie sui'round- ing country has been burnt, and the smoothly rounded hills are streaked with a young growth of small lianksian pine, while o\ er them the ble.iched trunks of the old trees ar(> often still standing. The ascent of the U|)pi'r part of the ri*er is tlitlicult. the current being often strong with many little ra))ids, and tlie steep rocks 'I'opssitate h)ng portages often past very short rapitls. Most o^' the poi't.iges are li' icked by f.allen tiiid)er. The clay does not appear to be a liver (le|)osit, but rather a thin coating of elay lying between the rocky knolls and sloping with tlu? country. From hei'eup to Goos(^ ]iake the ( riv(U' tlows generally in a narrow \alley, along tiie strike of the gneiss, and the whole country is i-oeky and barrt'O. The current for the most pail is strong and the fall fioni (!oose Lake to below i^ong pottage is estimated at about eighty-live feet. No timber of any xahu; is to be seen on this part of t\w ri\cr. In tht; vicinity of (lOose Lake the ck Kivcr rtiVBi-. '«l^(■ Iinke. 42 o LAKE WINNIPEO. country is al.nost all uick, but has not iKieii burnt over and is wooded wilh tall, thill sprucoand Banksian pine of no particular value. Above the last lake, there is a thin deposit of clay, perhaps two feet, in tlH- hollows between the rocks. Tlie uorta|:;es above Little (Joose Lake are <,'enerally over I'ock, but along the north bank, at the middle one, is seen a scarped liank of twenty feet of sand, pebbles and boulders, doubtless on the lee side of a rocky hill iioulders ar(> scuttereil jilentifuHy idong the bank. Most of them are of the character of the surrounding rock, but a few are of white, I'atlier fine-grained granite. Sliliiiiis,' I'.ill. At the Shining Fall