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32X

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

G. M. DAWSON, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Diuector

REPORT

''H

•i>

EAST SHORE OF LAKE WINNIPEG

AND ADJACENT PARTS OP

MANITOBA AND KEEWATIN

From notes and surveys

J. BURR TYRRELL, M.A., F.ti.S , &c.

COMPILED BY

D. B. BOWLING, B.A.Sc.

m:%

''. w'

-. 7.

1 -^y^"

-^ T"

Mi'v

■^'v^V^^

1''

OTTAWA
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUPJEN'S MOST
EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1900

T05

S
the
J. E
'"?

I'ollll

had
Aivf
as I)

iiiiii
iiiaiii

sllTfll

siirvo
of' H
hi'i'll

tidii

l!rc|

To G. M. Dawson, C,M.(i., LL.D., F.H.S.,

Director of the Geological Survey of Cdnacln.

Sin, — I beg to present herewith a report on the country bordering
the east shore of Lake Winnipeg. This region was examined by Mr.
J. IJ. Tyrrell in IS90 and ISDl. Subsequently, in 1.S95, while explor-
ing the country to tlu^ north, a survey of Gunisao River was added,
tlius cinipleting the examination of the streams flowing through the
country comprised within the limits of the accompanying map.
I'lt'vioiis to Mr. Tyrrell's resignation from the stafl of the Survey, he
li;i(l wi'itten a portion of a repoit dealing with description of the
Aichiean rocks exposed on the lake and entering streams, as far south
as I )og ] lead. In this T have interpolated notes on the surface deposits
iuid gen(!ral descriptions extracted from his note books, and in like
iii.iiiner have added a general description of the shores and entering
streams as far as the Ited lliver. Th(! notes of ifr. A. S. Cochrane's
survey of I'oplar and Rig Black rivers are also utilized. Thin .sections
of a large nund)er of tlu! rock specimens from this district had
liciMi examined by Mr. \V. V. Ferrier, and where detailed descriptions
are added, they are mainly from his notes.

The general arrangement of the report is in the form of a descrip-
tion from the north end of the lake southward, to the mouth of the
U.d River.

1 have the honour to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

D. B. DOWLING.

tft

Note — The hearings throughout this report refer to the true meriilian.

HEPOKT

ON THE

HAST SHORK OF LAKE WINNIPEG

AND ADJACENT PARTS OP

MANITOHA AND KHHVVATIN

(teneral Hescription ok the Country east ok Lake Winnipeo.

the true weridinn.

The east shore of Lake Winnipcf^ is in marked conti'ast to the west. (icMcral

1. 1 ■'• • III ^ • 1 i. 1 • ii d('>jriiition.

Jts gfiieral outline is remarkably straight, sliowing tlie very even

nature of the surface upon whicli tlie later stratified rocks of the

central part of the continent were deposited. The rocks are all

Arehican and the great preponderance of gneisses and granites of the

l.iurentian is tli(> chief feature. Small areas of Huronian greenstones

and schists occur in two localities, one on Lac du Bonnet and the

(itlier at tlio mouth of Wanuipegow liiver.

The general character of the shore-line differs but little from that of Cliaracinr of
other lakes in the Archa'an areas in which the basin occupi;'d is of a ''"^* ■" ""'■
shallow nature. Owing to the slight slope toward the lake from the
cast, the uneven rocky surface, as sub:nerged, forms all along, a series
of outlying islands, and oil' the points long lines of shoals. The strike
of the rocks in some cases influences the direction of the shoals, but the
major portion of the shore is apparently independent of it. One
instance of the strike determining the direction of the shore is along
that portion opposite liull Head.

In the nortliern part of the lake the prominent points run out sbuals otf
ill a north-westerly direction, and the continuation of the sub- P"'"''*'
merged surface is shown in long lines of shoals of wliich the trend
is in the same direction. This character proves a serious obstacle to the
navigation of the eastern part of the lake by large vessels, as harbours,
though numerous, are difficult to approach unless extensively buoyed or

! K

6 o

LAKK WINNIPKO.

DittioulticM
navigation.

Xol'tli -I I

Diitlct.

(Jroiit I'liiy-
Kni'n Lake'.

• iunisao
liivcr.

marked. Tlie mouths of nil the large strcamH on which lumbering opii
atioiLs might be coiuluctnl aiii Hiniihirly ob.strueted. Tho b.iy iiitn
which I?ert'ii8 liivcr enters i.s very diliicult of approach, and the sann;
>f i.s true also of the mouth of I'oplar River. The outlet of the liiU>'
through Playgri'cn Lake is through a inaz»! of shoals, and tlie steami i
that makes an annual trip to Norway House seldom |)asHes thnniuli
without striking some of these, cnen when in charge of an experienced
pilot. The following general description of tlie physical features of
this short! and entering streams is extracted from thi^ Sun>niary Ue[)()iK
of .1. B. Tyrrell to the J)ircctor for the years lt<!)0, 1891 and l.S<J5 ;~

' Limestone Bay, is cut off from the rest of tho lake by a narrow
spit of sand, twelve miles in length, projecting towards the south
west. I'Vom the base of this spit an even unbroken sand-i)oach stretches
eastward to near' Mossy Point, while behind tiie beach is an ahno-t
Vfirticnl clili', rising in some place.M to a height of forty feet, composed
at the bottom of a stiff blue alluvial clay, and at the top of a mossy
poat. Xel.son Uivei' at the discharge of tin-, lake Hows over a l)e(l ul'
Laurentian gneiss which it has not. worn sutlieiently even to obliterate
the well defined glacial stria' that may be .seen on almost any of the
rocks along its shore. Ft is, however, enlarging and deej)ening it-.
channel by cutting away the alluvi d point lying to the west of it, on
wliich the storshou.so of the Hudson's Itay Company is at present
situated. This point, which stretches as a long narrow arm b(;tween
Winnipeg and Playgreen lakes is also being ra]iidly wurn away by the
waves of both the.se lakes, and the time is not very remote when tlie
site of the present narrow arm of alluvial clay and peat will ])e at ti;e
bottom of the united lakes.'

'The north-(!astern shore of (Ireat I'laygreen Lake is entirely
underlain by A'cha'an grarites and gneisses, while the south-svestern
shore is composed of the stratified post-glacial clays, which form the
long, narrow point separating that lake from ijake M'innipeg. Nel.'- m
lliver issues from (ireat IMay.'O'een Lake in .several channels. < )n
Little Playgreen Lake the rock is generally a very uniform gray
granite, although at one jilace, near the south end, it is as.sociated
with a dark rather coarse-grained massive diorite, and near the
north end of the lake, it is cut by veins of red pegmatite containing
crystalline aggregates of molybdenite.'

'Ciurdsao River near itiS mouth winds without perceptible current
through an extensive marsh, with a width of from fifty to one hun-
dred yards. The water is of a dark-brown colour and slightly nuirky-
Up to the Forks, a distance of eighteen miles the banks are low and

(IKNEHAL DK>*C11II'T'0N.

7 a

luinheriiig opcv-
Tlui luiy iiU'i
h, 1111(1 tilt" Mimo
tlet ot till' liikc
iiul the sleaiiK i
\ iiiissus tlu'i>\iHh
i !in fxi>ori<!iHcil
sical ft"-.tures of
uinmiiryUpiioits
91 and l.^'J");—

lake by a na.iou
\fm\U tilt! suulh
ifl-heacli stictclu's
pach is ail almost
|,y t'ei't, coiiiposoil
10 top of a mossy
ows over a bed «if
even to oblileniti'
almost any of i\w
,iul (loepeiiinf; its
tlic west of it, on
my is at presi'iil
•ow arm between
wcirii away by tlu'
remote wlu'U tln'
)(>at will be at tiio

l.id<e is entirely
the soutli-westeiu
which form the

innipeg. Neb >n
•al channels. < 'n

ry uniform gray
1, it is associated
te, and near the
:matite containing

perceptible currem
I'ifty to one hun-
ml slightly murky-
banks are low and

hut scantily wooded, wiih a few rounded bosses of gray gneisa rising
liere and there. The streaui is interrupted by four rapids, past two of
wliicii are portages, respectively 1((() aiul 185 yards in length.

'Above tiie l''orks tiie soutii branch is tiu' larger On this many
rapids obstruct the stream, up .some i>f which tiic* canoe was hauled
with a lii.e, wjiile past twenty-two of the most serious it was necessary
to carry the "anoe. For about fifty miles above the Forks, the river
llows ihi'ougli a elay-coveied counlry -.loping gently towards the north-
west, and h IS cut a channel or \ftlley varying in depth from six to
twenty live feet. [ii places it has cut down to the underlying granite
or gneiss, whicli then usually forms a barrier over which is a fall or
rapid, tietween those rocky rap'ds is slack water, and rock exposure^
are infieiiuent, and where seen are constantly of gray or I'eddishgiay Huol timlnr.
granite. Tiie banks are wiioded with beautiful, tall, white spruce,
apparently forming a magnillcent coniferous forest, but how far back
tViim the riv(^i' this forest extends, was not determined. There is cer-
tainly here a laigt! iiuanlity of valuable timber, much mure than was
s(?en anywhere el-,e in the country iminidiately eastof Luke \\'iiiiu[ieg,
tor most of the surface farther south has iieen swept by extensive
forest lires within the last decade.

' 111 till' iipiiei' half of the river, the binks are low and much less
clearly (lelined. I )tc;i bays tilled with wild rice, extend between the
ioi;ky kniills li.-ick to swump^^, wooded with tainarck and small black
spruce, i^eiurally kill' (I liy lire.

' Uunisao Lake is a lake of clear cold water, with irregular contour, (iimiMvu
about thirty-two miles in length, and with steep, almost bare rocky
shores of gray granite. The rowan bush was seen growing on some of
its many rocky islands.

'The chaniud of the north iirancli nr McL.-uighlin iliver is almost as .Mrl,:!!!!,'!!!!!!
large as that of the soutli branch and carries about two thirds as much '^'^'■'■•
water, but the banks, in the lower part at least, are rather mort^ rocky
and barren, and .ilmost all the timber has been destroyed l»v tire.
There are iiuL ten portages on this river, but foj; long distances the
current is very swift, and the ri\er his not yet cut for itself a channel
of any considerable depth. Tlinpughout its wholecourse from the long
narrow lake to its mouth, the river tlows through a level, elay-eovercd
country, the rock merely rising here and there in knolls and ridges
above the general level.

'Along the shore from the Nelson Uiver to lierens River, the rock \,.i„,,ii Kivor
is found to be Laurentian gneiss, without anv constant dip or strike. V.'"^''''''"'

LAKK WINNIPKU,

I'li'langci
Uiv.r.

Kivir.

I'ntilur Itiv
llllil lirll'lis
ItlV.T

Pot 111 lie V.

il^c, I'll'lfll

Ki\cr

Tt wuH iilso found to be 8tronj,'ly jfliicialoil, and in sovoral pliicpN two
sets of stria- could be clearly rufogni/ed. It is generally covered by
tt Hoft, blue, imperfectly stratitied alluvial clay, llolanyer Hivor for
twelve miles up, to t' •> first portage, is from sixty to one liuiidn il
yards wide, willi clay i ., I'-s six to tifleen feet high, wooded with wiiiti
pO})lar and small black spruce. A 1(jw outcrop of gray granite m ly \<i-
foeu her»! and there. The water is dark coloured and muddy. Abovr
this portage the river has a width of from thirty to lifty yards.'

'The river was found to rise not far fi'om (iunisao I^ake, and IIhk
is said to be a practicable canoeroute in high water from it to the iak( .
The current is often swift, and the channel crooked and overhung with
willows. The banks are mery where composed of stratified clay (jr silt.
and much of thi' country has been well wooded, but unfortunately
neaily all the timber has been destroyed by fire in comparatively reieni
years. Some small trees of Manitoba maple (X>'gnn<(o accraukx), were
growing by one of the lower rapids. The r(X'k wherever seen, was ,i
uniform gray granite."

On the Hig Black River, Mr. Cochrane reports the soil as excellent,
and would probably produce larger tind)er than that now growiiii:,
l>ut for recent forest fires. TIk^ water in the river is of a d.iiL

<r lolour and muddy. On I'oplar liiver the rock exposures are fiol mj
trequent, atid there seems to bo also the same class of good soil.
i'erens Itiveras reported by Mr. A. 1'. Low, flows through a country
underiainby granites and gneisses. The general cliaracier of thestriiim
is very much like that of a cana' where the locks aie represented by

irt narrow chutes. Pot-hole Portagi! on this river is thus described by .Mr.
Tyriell : — 'Just below a little rajiid with a drop of thirty inches, at
the west end of Long I.,ake, is a granite hill, on the south-east side of
which, facing up the river, is a group (jf seven large pot-holes, besidis
several smaller ones. The most perfect is thii'ty-three inches in dia
meter and ten fe(;t dtjep, with the top of the rim eight fett above the
water at its base, or five feet and a half above the water of Long Lake.
Some of the others have been partly cut away, and the smooth rutk
faces are strongly '"ored by glacial marking, showing that the pot-h
are of j)re-glacial or inter-glacial age, when the water flowed in a did
tion more or less opposite to the course of the present river.

'A short distance below Pot-hole Portage, a small sluggish brook flows
into BerensPivcr from the north. This brook was ascended to a shallow
lake almost choked with luxuriant beds of wild rice. Near the east
end of this lakelet a small crooked brook was entered, which winds
through marsh and willow swamp for about three miles, to a rocky

(lies

mMiiul

OKNERAL DKHCHIPriON.

,1 j)laco two
I coverrd liy
31' Uiver for
jne huiiilt'Kl
(I with wliitf
luiito ni:iy be
Idy. Above
yiirda.'

kc, ami tliiMT
it to the liikc.
vorhun^; wiili
.'d clay or hill:
uiifortunaU'ly
•ativi'ly riHi-m
ci'Toiiks), wi'ii"
cr seen, was ii

)il tts cxc'clii'iit,
now growiii:;,
is of a diiik
,ros are not so
s of t,'ood s^oil,
lUi^li a country
erof thfstn'iiiii
leprcsi'iitcil liy
t'scriWd by Mi
lirty inches, iii
Inah-crtst sidcot'
,t bolt's, bcsidts
inches in din
feet aljove the
Ir of Long Liikf.
le bniootli roek
jat the pot-holes
Ijwed in a dire<
(•iver.

[rish brook flows
ied to a shallow
J Near the east
Id, which winds
liles, to a rocky

barrier eight feet high, over which the water llow.s in its higher wtages
earlier in the season. Crossing this rock by a portage lifty yards long,
ihe descent of what is now the I'^toniiiini Uiver was begun. At the
next portage the water runs in a rill a few inches in width. The
narrow winding but constantly increasing stream was then descended
tor about thirteen miles, between banks of rock and light-(^ray pebbly
till, to a series of heavy rapids, just below which is a well dt^lined s.mdy
iiirace, marking the highest shore-lino of the glacial Lake Agassi/
seen on the east side of Lake Winnipeg, and the eastern limit of th(!
iacustral dejiosits. This limit had been deteiniined on several of tiio
other streams liowing into the lake, but nowht re was it so distinctly
marked as here. IJelow tiiis sandy terrace, the river' Hows liotween
wooded banks of Iacustral sand an 1 clay, to the point where it empties
into Mereiis Iiiver, seven miles above its mouth. The rocky ho-se.s
.seen here ai\d there, wer<^ every whertt of utiiform granite and granitoid
'.■iiei.>s.

' rij,'ei)n l!i\cr (lows into the hikt? in a deep channel, a hundred pig,,,,,, {{iviv.
yai'd.s wide, lietweeii sandy points, aliove which it opi'ns into n shallow
weedy lake, .\round the sides of this lake wore beds of wild I'ice, then
almost ripe, on which great flocks of wild ducks were feeding,'. The
cliannel gradually naiiows and becomes well (h'lined at, a little rapi<l,
wliere it is about forty yards wide, above which it again expands to a
width of fi'om si.xty to a hundred yards with even, clay banks,
MX to ten feet iiigh, woodeil witii (all white poplars. Low bosses of
gray gneiss outcrop here and there, on which are growing small groves
ut' oak.

'Thewoi'k of ascending the stream was rather slow ami diHicult
I'M' the Indians rarely travel on the river, and the twenty-nine portages
tha' we were obliged to make W(;re often through den^e burnt forest
and over innuna^rable fallen trees. In its lower part, the banks are
(.liielly eomjiosed of siiatified clay or sand and the channel is even and
well delined, but higher up the hunks are of gneiss or pebbly till.
IVom (Jrand Kapids Lake, [Family |jake| Pigeon and IJeren-! rivers,
two streams of about e(|ual size, tlow westward towards Lake Win-
nipeg, the former discharging fiom the south, and the latter from
the west side of the kike.'

' Miskowow River, neai' its mouth, averages from forty to fifty,,.,
yards in width, . with water of n slight brownish tinge but not dark- Uivir,
brown like most of the other rivers east of Lake Winniju-g. indicating
thatit is derived chiefly from lakes of considerable size,in which the water
lias been cleared of its dark colouring matter. The banks are no

10 (1

LAKK WIXMPKG.

Vct-liolcs.

Binns

Hindi Man^

Waiiniiii
fiiv.T.

very liigli out are usually rocky, and tlio water often speiiis to How in a
pre-existing rocky cliannel. Between the rocky knolls and ridges, the
hluo, stratif'iL'd, lacustral clay that is seen everywhere in the lowc-i'
countiT CMst lit' fiake Winnipeg forms well-dctineil level land, ihicklv
wooded with white poplar, while the rocky knolls are thickly v.cjodcd
with Banksian pine and (lak.

'At the fourth portage up the ri\<'r, three [)i)t-liolesi, similar to
those on licrens Hi\er, occur on the summit and .'-outh-west side of a
granite knoll, and farther up the liver, above the ninth ]iortage, and
about lialf-W!(y lictween t\w mouths of Minago and Little i'lood-veiii
rivers, a large potdiole has been bored in liie sti ep eastern side of a
granite hill, the surface of which is now strongly scored by glaciid
markings. Sasaginnigak Lake is an irregular imdy of clenr watci
lying in the midst of low hills of gray granite. From this 1 ike there
is Slid to be an easy lanoe-route nortlr'-ards to (iraiid Kapids on
Hi lens i'iver."

'The shore of r^aki' 'A'imiipcg from Lfiens l!iv(r south in Dog
lli^ixd is composed of L;:'anit('> and gneisses generally striking towards
the lake but at the latter jioint the^e gneisses begin to assume a vei v
regularly banleel arrangement parallel to the lake, am! u few miles
farther suutli, dykes of dark-green traji begin to inak(> their apjiear-
ance, running in the same direction. Then iiruptive rocks continue
close to the east sh'ire as far south as Wan.iiiK>gow or Hole River,
where they merge into an extensive area of eruptive volcanic rocks
and agglomera-tes that form th(( base of the Keewatiii serie^;. On
ascending the streams that How into this portion of the hake, namely,
the [joon, and l!ic(! ri\ers, the giviss is seen to be vcM'y regularly and
evenly bandeii near th'' eru]>ti\i' rocks, while farther east it changes
imperceiUibly into tie eouse gray iri'i'gnlarly foliated Liuicntian
gneiss tyjiical of that whole region. 'V\w rocks of the eastern end of
I Mack Island were found to consist of altered conglomerates, quartzose
sandstones, agglomerates, chloritic andserieitic schists, etc, similar to
those found in the typical Keewatin in the Huronian districts else
where. The ipiart/.ites and conglomerates are somewhat more easily
(^rodeil than tlie adjoining volcanic rocks, and they tlnM'efore lie in a
hollow, which is llanked on one side? by Mlack Tshmd, and on the otluM-
by the east shore, the beds standing g(!nerally at a high angle and
striking parallel to the gmieral cur\ing trend of tlu^ shore.'

' Wannipegow or Kole I'iver at its mouth breaks through a belt of
evenly banded gneisses, above which it (lows for ten or twelve miles
through a rich alluvial plain wooded with [loplar and white spruce.

•J

GENEKAL DI'SCHirTIOV.

11 O

ems to How in a

and ridi,'os, the

fre in the lower

cl land, ihiclvly

tliickly v.oodcl

oles, siiiiilai' to
li-west hi<lo of ,1
til portage, ail' I
jittle I'lood-vcin
astern side nt a
eorcil liy glarial
oi eiear water
1 this lake tlieic
rand Kapids on

i'r south til 1 ^'■■■^
strikiiii^' towaiils
to assume a very
am! a t'ew miles
.ke iheir apiieir-
p roflcs eoiiliiiue
■ or Hole Kiscr,
e viileaiiie roeks
itin serie^-. < iii
le lal^e, naiiiel}',
■y ro^idarly and
east it elia!it,'os
ted L\uieiitiaii
o eastern end of
rate.-, (]Ui;rtzose
s, etc . similar lo
n districts else
vhat more easily
u>i'(!t'ore lie in a
Liid on the other
hijih angle anil
hore.'

.hrou!,di a helt of

oi' tw(dve miles

ad white spruce.

the banks on either side rising to a height of from fifteen to tw(>iity
feet above the water. Very little rook is to be seen but any exposures
that do outcrop from beneath the till and alluvial d(>posiis consist of
massive coarse amphibolites and green chloritic schists. Un the lake
above, the rocks are almost entirely of the same character, though at
some places on the north shore the gneiss approiiohes close to the
water, and the contact of the green schists of the Koewatin and the
baurentian gneiss is well shown. Speaking generally, the lake and
valley of the river lie in a trough of Keewatin schists, the north side
of whicli is bounded by ridges of Fjaurentian granites and gneisses,
while the .south side rises in hills of more eoinpae? green scliist.

'A tributary, the I'aiidish Hiscr, in its lowei' portion ab<i Mows over I'amlish
J\eewa( in schists, liut the lowest rajiid occurs ;it the contact of the '''^'■''•
schist and gneisses, and above this its course is through rugged coun-
try composed of high barren hills of gray gneiss, thinly wooded with a
stunted growth of small Hauksian pine. Specimens of galena atid
clialcopyrite, stated to have been found on the north shore of W'amii-
pijgow Lake were shown lo the writer, and the oceurrenc(> of these
minerals is not improbalile along the above ni(!ntioned contaci lin(>.'

' I'^'om tlu^ mouth of W'annipegow lliver to Manigotagan dv Had-
ihroat I'ay the shore is eumposed of greenish-gray evenly banded
i.'ii(>isses, with schists and alter(\d traps of the Keewatin series, while
near Clement Point these are overlain by Winnipeg sandstone, tiiis ri' tn'iii
latter being the most northerly point at whiih I'aheo/.oie rocks li,i\e
heen reco<'nized on the east sitli; of the lake.

I'ouu.

.\I.'ii;'.t,'uta),Mii

liiM'V.

' Maiugotagaii I!i\'er is remarkably pioturesi|ue thi'ou!.'h>>ut, consist -
iug of long ijuiel. stretches of clear brown water, sep.ir.iled by roekv
ra|ii(ls or highabru[il falls, which are passed on portages of an averagi-
length of from on(! to two hundred yards, twenty-three of which mus'
lie aseeuded on the way from Lake Winnipeg to l\at Porta-c bake.

' l''rom tl'.e mouth of Mani^otagaii l!i\"r to Point Ab'tasse, nort!;
of the mouth of Wii\nipeg Uiver, granites and gnei.sses every wlicr.'
compose the points on the slirire, and these |)oiiils are usually coir
uocted by gently cur\ed sandy beaches in front I'f low lying ,illu\iMl
lamb

• < >n Winnipeg Hiver tluM'ocks are all granites and gneisses, but WnuiiiK'^;
towards the east end of bac du Uoniiet and at-ound the mouth of '''^"''•
Oiseau iiiver, thiiilieddetl green schists and altered (taps, doulaless oi
Keewatin age, make their appear'anee, striking up the valle\ of the
latter stream. Abo\e the lake on tin- main river, the lianks, as f.ir as

12 o

LAKE WINNlPEa.

the mouth of Whitemouth River, are chiefly composed of till, witli
many litncstone boulders, and the rocks are scored in a south-soutli-
easterly as well as a south-westerly direction, showing that the
earlier glacier moving 30uth eastward over the Pahuozoic Lake Winni-
peg basin, had extended at least this far eastward, though there is no
sign of liuiL'stono drift on the main portion of Lac du Bonnet itself or
on tlie lowL'r part of Winnipeg lliver.'

DETAILED DESCIUPTIONS OF THE COUNTRY BORDEH-
ING THE EAHT SIDE OF LAKE WINNIPEG.

Hooks of
islands in
(Jrciit I'liiv-

Playyri'.en Lnh'.

Oft' the west point of the island lying N. 12° E., from Wiinci,
Landing are rounch^d knobs rising a foot or two above the water-.
They consist of browiiishgray gneiss, cut by a dyke of red granite six
feet wide, from which siuallor \eins extend in all directions. 'I'lic
bearing of the main dyki! is generally >S. 5G E., but at ont; places it
runs for ten feet at right angles to this. It is distinctly banded, bciiiL:
coarser in the middle, and usu illy finer toward the sides.

Tiie island nouth of Kettle Island is coniposi'd of dark moderately
coarse-grained (juart/.-mica-diorite-gneiss, with a \eiy irregular laniin
atioii, striking for tlie most part about N. 45° E., but in one ]ilaei'
S. 70 i'l It is composed of plagioclase felspars, microclino, (luait/,
biotite, iiornblcMidc, a little augite, witli apatite, zircon, pyritc imd
Microsco|iiial titanite. Under tlie microscope it is evident that plagioclase is
tiie most abundant felspar present, ciily a few untwinned grains
being visible in the section. The pl!">'oelase is nmch decomposed,
fine tufts of kaolin and sericito occurring tlirougliout the grains
of this mineral, and in some ca:es the i'lteration is almost com-
plete. Home of the grains show uneven extinction. Retween sonu' ot
the larger grains of fidspar are granophyric areas. The (luari/
is of the usual granitic type, mucli crushed, and exhibits very
uiie\en extinction. It holds dustlike inclusions with bubbles, etc.
Tlie biotite is dark-brown in colour ami ^troiigl}' pleochroic, and is in
part alteriMl to (dilorite, some of the grains showing complete alter-
ation, wliiiti others show chloritization in streaks only. It holds num-
erous minute crystals, probably rutile, with a sagenitic arrangenn lit.
Zircon crystals also occur in it, surrounded by well-marked iileoehiM.ic
haloK. The hornblende is in very small tiuiintity. Apatite occurs in
ratliiM' stout erystids scattered through the section, and pyrite is found
in welldeliiied crystals.

Isl.-uui .soetli
of Kettl>-
Island.

chariicter
rock

■]

PLAYGREEN LAKE.

13 G

d of till, with
a south-south-
wing that the
c Lake W'iuni-
agh there is no
3onnet itself or

IIY BORDEU
s^lPEG.

., from Wiiriei.
above the water.
i red griiuite six
direetions. 'Plie
it at one place it
bly banded, beinu'
ides.

' dark uioderatily
L' irregular lamin-
l)Ut in one I'lii'f
licrocliiio, iiuait/,
ri'oii, ]>yrile ami
it {ilagioelase is
uitwiiiued grains
liuich deeomposed,
huut the grains
li is almost eimi
Uetween sonir nl
leas. Tlie i\\m\/
ul exldbits very
ith bubbles, etc.
I'ochroie, and is in
;ig complete alter-
It holds nuni
itic arraiigeini nt.
narked pleoclin.if
Apatite occurs in
lud pyrite Is found

This gneiss includes many rounded and angular masses, up to five
feet in diameter, of a dark fine-grained hornblende-granitite-gneiss,
containing crystals of primary epidote, the line between the two
gneisses being sharply marked, though the former often shows a dis-
tinct lamellar structure around the masses of the latter. Both
gneisses are cut by many dykes of red granite ranging up to fifteen
feet wide, the larger ones being near the west side of the island.

Three miles north of Warren Landing is a low bushy island formed
of coarse white granite, with irregular inclusions of darker gneiss.

Half a mile east of Kettle Island is a low scrubby island where the
reddish-gray gneiss strikes S. 70° H

Kettle I.sland is composed chietly of gray granitoid gneis.s, through Kettle Island
which are scattered rounded inclusions, from a foot to several yards in
diameter, of darker gray gneiss. On a low island a mile and a half
north of Kettle Island the gneiss is heavily laminated, running S.
75" E.

On tho east side of (Joose Lsland is an outcrop of fine-grained dark- Goose Island,
gray (luartznnca-diorite-gneiss, composed chiefly of plagioclase, biotite,
quartz, muscovite,andortlioclase, with epidote, apatite, zircou, magnetite
and chlorite. The rock shows distinct evidence of pressure, the quartz Lithological
being fractured, and showing wavj' extinction. Plagioclase is present ^^'^'^'''l' '""•
in large amount. There are also some grains of untwinned feldspar,
which may be orthoclase, and a few grains that exhibit the char-
ficteristic twinning structure of microcline.

Biotite is the principal bisilicate present, it is light-yellow to brown
in colour and strongly pleochroic. Associated with it is a consider-
able quantity of colourless muscovite. Small zircon.s, showing the
pleochroic lialos so often noticeable, occur in the biotite. Apatite is
in large, short, stout crystals. Magnetite is rather abundant. Chlor-
ite occurs as a decomposition product of the micas.

Lying against this diorito-gnei.ss in an irregular line bearing gener-
ally north-and-south, is a very lamellar micaceous gneiss, striking east,
and-west and almost vertical. Between the lamella' are included many
masses of darker fine-grained dioritic rock, all more or less drawn out
in the direction of lamination. Tlie.se various rocks are cut by banded
veins of pegmatitic granite, usually running about N. 45° E.

On the east side of the island are two narrow veins, striking N. 10°
E., of fine-grained dark-green compact <iuartz-diabase, which under the
luicroscopo is seen to consist of a fine-grained felspathic and chloritic

14 fi

LAKE WINNIPEG.

IhIiviuIs iiiar
<k)os(' Isliiiul

Tiitli(ilri;,Hc'al
dt'scriptioii.--.

I'laVf,'!'!-)!!

I'liiiit.

groundmass, througli which are distributed numerous lath-like crystals
of a more or less decompcsed plagioclase. Quartz and augito also
occur,

A third of a mile north-past of Goose Island, is a small island of
light-gray gneiss striking S. 85° E,

A small island almost a mile north-north-west from (Joose Ishind is
t'omjioscd of a dark-gray moderately finegrained almost massive gneiss,
with a few porphyritic felspar crystals scatteretl through it. Ii
possesses a somewhat distinct lamination, striking N. '20° W., and
(lipping N. 70' K. < 55°. It is also cut by a series of almost vertical
j )intage planes running northaiid-south, breaking the rock into massi-.
from one to two feet in thickness. Some veins of red pegniatitir
granite also cross this island in a direction N, 15° K.

Under the microscope, the gneiss is seen to be a tolerably fresh hold-
( rystalline rock, consisting of ([uai'tz, i)lagioclase,orthoclasf', hornblende,
biotilo, aiigite, titanit(>, epidote, magnetite, /.ircon, chloi'ite, apatite and
pyrite. Small areas showing granophyric structure occur between many
of the felspar gi'ains. The (piartz is of the ordinary granitic type, liolils
numerous inclusions, and in its fractured apjieai-ance and wavy extiiic
tiop shows evidence of having been subjected to dynamic action. Tlir
felspai occurs in both twinned and untwinned grains, many of wliicli
show m(jre or less kaolinization ; it holds numerous inclusixjns. Horn
bleu li' is the most alamdant bisilicatt^ present. It occurs in strongU-
pleochroic individuals, dark-green to lighter in colour. Many of tin
indivitlu.'ils are twinned and well delined in their crystallugrajihir
l)oundarics. Astiikiiig feature of the section is the abundance ot
titanite present in it. The epidote occurs in quite large individuals,
which in some cases include apaiite and magnetite. Its pleochniisin
is quite mai-ke<l and the interferenci> colours are brilliant.

Playgrcen Point is a rocky promontary of dark hornlilendic gnei^
sti'iking N. tiO E., cut along the lines of foliation by heavy tiands .>t
coarse reddish-gray biotitic granite.

Tlu! islands towards the north and north-west of Playgreen Point
are all rocky knolls composed of very similar gneiss.

The large island near the north-west side of the bay is of a mediuir-
grained gray hornblende-granite cut by wide veins of red pegmatite.

West of the most westerly channel into Little Playgreen Lake is a
low point surrounded by rocky reefs, and composed of I'eddish-gray
gneiss foliated N, 60° \V. Catfish Point is very similar in character,

•1

LITTLE PLAYfiHEKN LAKK.

15 a

smiill isliuid ot'

fioose Islinid i-
m<assivo ''iieiss,

consisting of light-red gnoiss sirikiny N. T-")' E. and dipping S. l.'i' E. Outiisli I'oint
< 60° In the next seven miles along the west shore of the lake, very
few exposun!s of rock were seen, and then tlie lake bonds to the north
around a low I'ocky point composed of a roddish-gi'ay dioritic gneiss
striking S. 40 E., while a number of low reefs of similar rock lie off
the point. The bay to the north-east is also studded with islands of
similar character. One long point near the bottom of the bay consists
of reddish gr;iy gneiss, with some highly biotitic bands, striking
N. 70' E., and dipping S. 20' E. < GO . On the north side of the
l)ay, where the miiin channel of Nelson IJiver Hows from Playgreeu
Lake, the rock forming the bed and sides of the channel is a well-
foliated reddish-gray biotitic gneiss striking N. oO" E. and dipping
S. 40 E. < 25'.

L'urs in sti'oni;lv

C/iaiDirln h/'tirei'ti drrat unci f/itth' I'laygrf'u Lakin.

The banks of the steamboat channel consist of reddish-gray gneiss,
almost massive in texture, rising in rounded bosses from the edge of
the water up to the height of thirty feet. The eastern channel is
\ery similar in character, with low roiinded rocky banks of Laurentian
gneiss.

/.i/lh' /'/a>/f/ree7i Lake.

Little I'laygreen f-ake is di\ ided into two fairly disliiu't portions by s.i'iliir I'nint
a nai'row strait just north of Soulie • Point which is a rocky knoll V!|''|'^^""-^
consisting of gray granitoid gneiss, striking N. 75 M

North of this pi)int is a small island, composed, tm the north side,
of a dark-gray biotitic gnei-is cut by muiy reticulating \eiiis of a
reddish granite, while along the south side of the island, and separated
from the gneiss, just mentioned, by a strongly marked line of contact,
is a massive I'ed and gi i-enish-gray, mottled, rather coarsegrained
hornblende granitite, in which are many inclusions of the darker
gneiss.

Under the microscope this granitite is seen to be a thoroughly crys- Litlmlntrioal
talline granular admixture of (juartz, felspar, biotite, more or loss ''''■^'''ii.tiim.
altered to chlorite, and hornblende, with epiilote, zircon, pyrite,
magnetite and apatite. The rock exhibits abundant evidence of
dynamic action. The quartz and felspar are much shattered, the
ipiartz beting in many instances so ground up as to form a line niozaic.
The felspar is much kaolinized, and jotii tuinerals possess very wavy
and uneven extinction. The zircon is in large individuals with a
curious clo^e-brown colour.

16 o

LAKE WINNIPEG.

Islands of
Little Play-
green Luke.

South-wpst
portion of
Little Play-
green Lake.

Molyb<lenitG
crystalH.

A quarter of a mile west of Soulier Point is a small island com-
posed of red granitite which is here definitely foliated N. 65° E. Jr.
also includes many large masses of the dark-gray gneiss.

South-west of this island are other islands composed of similar find
hornblende-granitite-gnoiss. One, a mile and a half distant, and on
the edge of the open lake, being more particularly examined, wa:
found to be a coarse granitito-gneiss, with a lamination, dipping
N. 50' W. < 11", and in many places a well marked schistosity strik-
ing S. 80° E. It consists of quartz, felspar much of which is micro-
cline, biotite, hornblende, apatite, zircon, epidote, allanitc, chlorite,
and magnetite. The rock presents abundant evidence of crushing, and
granophyric structure is widespread. The apatite occurs as a prim-
ary constituent, in large grains, in some cases with clearly defined
crystal faces, mantled by unaltered biotite. The granitite is cut by a
number of veins of red granite, and on the south side of the island
contains many inclusions of dark-griiy liicititic gneiss.

Proceeding south-westward, the southeast shore of the lake is every
where composed of similar granitite, often with darker inclusions, and
almost constantly cut by veins of red pegmatite.

Six miles and a half from Soulier Point the granitite was found to
be cut by a dyke or mass of rather coarse-grained massive diorite or
diabase.

Similar red granitite extends all along the west shore of the
south-western expansion and forms the shores and islands of tlie
northern portion of the lake. On a small island nearly a mile
north of Norway House, this hornblenile-granitite is massive, red
dish and of medium grain. Under the microscope, the structure of the
rock is seen to be typically granitic, and the section exhibits abun
dant evidence that the rock has been subjected to considerable dy
namic action. Both the quartz and felspar are much snattered, foi mini;
a regular mosaic, with numerous well-defined areas showing granophyric
structure and exhibit uneven wavy extinction. The felspar is more or
less kaolinized. The rock is eomposed of quartz, orthoclase, plagio-
clase, hornblende, biotite, a few small grains of titanite, zircon, apatite,
in well defined rather stout prisms, epidote, and a little iron ore.

Near the north end of the lake, just below where the Nelson River
flows from it, the granitite is cut by some veins of red pegmatite, in
some of which are many rounded crystal aggregates of molybdenite,
with occasional crystals of pyrite and magnetite.

lall island com
i N. 65° E. 1 1

:1 of siD)iliir and
listant, and on
examined, wu ;
nation, dipping
chistosity strik-
which is inicro-
llanite, chlorite,
of crushing, ami
ccurs as a prim-
clearly delinf'il
litite is cut liy iv
ide of the island

the lake is every
r inclusions, and

te was found l<i
lassive diorite or

st shore of tlic
islands of tlw
nearly a mile
ia massive, red
structure of thf
exhibits abuii
consideiable dy
attered, foimin;;
inggranophyric
elspar is more or
thoclase, plagio-
p, zircon, apatite,
le iron ore.

ho Nelson River

?ed pegmatite, in

of molybdenite.

ri\(
tlio

not

C
east
li-h

llilS
ll(.M\

four

III

SJlici;
;,'iici.>
(jr ill

Sii
the n
from
distil

lAUJ,'i

rusty-
iKirtli
up till

CDlUdI

Till
Init Hi
and t(.

Ill I
red 111
ckrl<
ago thf
uetitc.
wl'.cti t

Neii(
river ;
so liirg(
quartz-
ili)). 'J
of the s

^^v.

CiUNIMAO RIVKR.

Gu niaao River.

17 o

The country in the iniincdiato neighbourhood of the mouth of^thc Cunitao
ri\('r is very low and llat. Marsliy banks extend for over a mile from '^*'''
tlio Nelson River and tlieno upward the country slopes very gradually,
not rising much above thi; channel of the river till past the forks.

On the Houth branch the gradual slope is carried to nine miles
oast of the folks where a steeper ascent is met. On the lower plain a
iii,'ht covering of alluvial clay is seen occasionally in the depressions and

has probably all been cariied down by the river. On this the timl'er is ''hiiractcrof

, • .1 .1 . ii 1 • 1 ■ 1 i. i i I'i'iiiitrv lu'low

lic.ivier than that seem on the higher parts, and spruce up to twenty- ii,,. f,,rks.

four inches in diameter was noted.

I n the vicinity of the mouth of the river the rock is u gray granitite
Huciss cut by vcMns of red pegmatite-gianitite. The foliation of the
1,'iii'iss becoaius less distinct, until at the second rapid, it has entirely
Of almost entirely disappeared, and the 'rock is nuite massive.

Similar gneiss underlies the country up to the forks, and thence, up
the north branch of tiie river, it may constantly be .seen cropping out M(Tiftii^,'hlin
from beneath the covering of clay, sometimes massive, and sometimes "'^■*"''
(li.sliiietly foliated Two miles and a half up this branch, named IMc-
Laughliii P.iveron tlu; map, there is a bancl of medium-grained, gray,
rusty-weatiiering-granitite gneiss, with very distinct foliation, dip]iing
noi'tli at an angle of 30'. Al a portage two and a half miles higher
up the stream, the rock is a massive granitite, varying to a highly
contorted gneiss.

Thence up the stream for a considerable distance the rock changes
but little in general character, though it may vary somewhat in (;olour
iiiid texture, and foliation may or may not be noticeable.

Ill longitude 97° W W., the gray granitite is replaced by a massive
red medium grnined granite, which often contains included masses of
dark-gray granitite-gneiss, and is, therefore, probably somewhat newer in
age than the latter. In some places it contains large crystals of nia<'-
notite. This red granite extends up to, and past, the first small lake,
wi.en the light-gray well-foliated gneiss re-appears, striking N. 60° E.

Near the second small lake, rocky ridges run on each side of the
river ; compt)sed of a gray gneiss in which plagioclase felspar has
so largely replaced the orthoclase that the rock might be classed as n,
(|uartz-mica-diorite. It strikes S. 75° E., and has an almost vertical
dip. This light-gray granitite or quartz-mica-diorite, forms the shore
of the second small lake, and extends for a mile eastward to where the

18 a

LAKK

VIPKfi.

.Majfiii'tic
attraction.

Miri:uij?liliii rivtT ftfjaiii dividoH into two aliii«. eiiual bninciios, cdch about fifty

Uivci'. fgjj^ wide. Tlu! surrounding' couiiliy is lioro cxccc^diiigly dcsoiiito, on-

sistini; of baro, low rounded knolls of reddish graiuto and gneiss witii

a {jeneral ole\ation of sixty feet above the river, the ^noiuH hnvinj,' a

general strike N. CiO K.

The i>anks are low in this vicinity, and composed of gray silt
for a con'tiderable distance, but five and a half miles ftlxive the last-
named lake, the river expands into another snuill lake, thne-quartcis
of a ndle long, in the middle of wiiich is an island of a dark-gi'ay ainl
greenisli, higlily altered, hornblende-schist, with a foliation strikiii:,'
N. 55 !'],, but this foliation is usually very irregular, and is often
replaced by an ovoidal or concretionary structure.

A mile above this lakelet svci passed a low hill, beside which tlic
conijiass refused to work with any regidarits, and a c|uarter of a mile
higher uj) the sti'cam, is an lailcrop uf dark-gray thinly and regularly
foliated hornblende-schist, striking N. 70 Iv, and with a vertical (li|p,
Its sui face is scry deeply weadicred.

A mile above thia point, and on the west .side of the riv(!i', is ,i
rounded hill sixty feet high, of light gray t hinly- foliated garnetiferoiis
niuscovite-graiiite-gneisH, I'ather irregului'ly interbanded with dark-gniy
hornblende-schist or biotit(vschist, all striking N. 75 1-^

l*'or nine miles abo\o this point, the rivei- continues to come fnjin an
east north-easterly direction, t'ollowing this l>and of schist, which crll|,^
out iier(! and there along its banks.

Robinson iiake, from which the river takes its rise, lies in a
depression from which these schists have been worn out, and horn
blende-schist, occasionally with interbedded gi'ahito veins, everywhere
forms the shore of the long narrow lake. From the upper end of the
lake tlu; same valley continues in an east north-eastei-ly direction an
unknown distance, doubtless following ihetr'cird of this band of sciiisl.

AsccMiding the .south branch of Ounisao River the banks ai'c at (ir^t
of clay and very little rock is exposed. Five miles above the forks is
a rounded boss of light-gi'ay massive biotite-grainte ; although as
plagioclase would seem to bo the chief felspar constituent, it nright
perhaps be clas.sed as a quartz-mica-diorite. Similar granitite outcrops
rather more than half a ndle higher up the stream, and again two miles
and one-fourth above. At a thirty yard portage this granitite
exhibits a slight gneissic foliation.

Three-quarters of a mile higlier up the stream are banks of rather
high rounded rocks over which is a portage one hundred yards long.

Itlit'ill-nli

Luke.

(innisiio
Hiver ;iIkiV(
forks.

0UNI8A0 UlVEIl.

19 (1

^ lo come from. Ill

Till' rock is a massive, coarse, gray granitite or (luartz-mica-diorite
will) liore and there included masses showing gnoissic structure.

Across the west side of the knoll this rock is cut by a narrow dyke, Rucks ut
averaging fiflocn inches in width, dipping vertically, and striking |,oitii(f,.s.
N. '2'.\ H. liranches suvcral inches wide constantly run oil' . .,> the
surrounding grunitite and end abruptly. The dyke has a strongly
inarknd columnar structure, running transversely from wall to wall.
'flic dyke-rock is an augitc-poipliyritc of a light greenish-gray colour.
It has a nuca-felsitic groundm.iss in which sericite is abundantly
(levclopL'd, giving the rock its colour, and through tins are scattered
many little bright plienocrysts of light-coloured pyroxetio (augite)
mull! numtu'ous near the sides of the dike than in the middle, a few
small and iritjguiar [ihenocrysts of plagioclase, many small rounded
ciAstal aggregates of arscnopyrite, and some .secondary niuscovito
mill /oisile.

At another thirty-yards portage, a mile and a quarter above the
lii'-i portage, the rock is again a massive light-gray (juart/, mica.
(liiirite. At the next portage three miles and a half above this
the rock is a massive medium-grained biotite-musco\ite granite, of
liulit gray colour very similar to the (juartz-mica-dioritc pre\ iously
t'ound.

The banks above this jiortage became more bare and rocky than
hclow it, and the (|uart/.-mica-ilif)rite becomes distinctly foliated; at
the port'ige( twenty yardH)it stiikes N. SO' E. and dii)s S, 10' E. < .'50°.

h"or eight niiles above this portage, to the next portage which is
thirty yards long, the rock is everywhere a very similar gneiss, with
essentially the same strike throughout the distance. On the north
hank is a clitl' twenty feet high, showing at the top eight feet of tine,
jiiay sandy clay apparently with very few boulders, and below it for
-pvcral feet and probably to the water, is well stratified sand and
ciiarse gravel ; the pebbles being from tlie Laurcntian rocks. The
country just passed through appears to be largely of the nature of a
sand plain through which the river has cut a small valley.

llather less than half a mile above the last portage is a Falls.
fall with a droj) of eight feet, at which the rock is a light-gray
lui'i Hum-grained granite showing in a few places a vei'y slight foliation
striking N. 70° E. Three miles higher up, the river again falls over a
liiu'grained light-green granite which is usually slightly foliated,
N. 80° E. Half a mile above is another fall, past which is a
portage three hundred yards long. The rock is a similar gneiss, ia

•JO o

I-AKK WINNIPKU.

Wn.1.

pUiii

l.d

Hock

'illtli

> iii'.ir
lUiliUlir

mil'

pliicL'M thinly mid clciiily foliiitt'd, iitid in otIioiH ohscuroly folintcil
till' strike viiryiii!,' from N. 3") ]<]., nt llin west (did to N. M() Iv nt ih,.
«,ist. end of tlic |M)rliij{r'.

I'or lli(3 next six miles vory little rook is seen, tlie river riiiuiiii'
tliroiij{li rich woodc^d plains rising; gnidually iind viiricd lure unil
there liy icieky knolls, lnit ahovc this IIk^ rock heconics the |irediiiMiM
alin;,' feiiture and llie plains are merely the Uittonw of the shallow
(lej)reshionH hetween the liills. Moulders oontiimt) to l)o rare, and mukI
is seen here and there, hut the depf'ssions in the rock .ipiieur In Ik.
almost ever\ where tilled hy a very li>,dit f^riiy, line, almost iiii|i;ilj, il,],
elay. Instead of lai;,'e spi uee, with white and lilack pi)|iiar, tin' u
L'oiintry is thiekly o\erj,'rowti with small Idaek spruce, wliieii a |. a
years ai,'o was killed hy lire, so that now there is nolhiii.' l>i;t
blackened stems with a thick j,'r()wth of underhrusli. 'I'lir in-i
exposure in the rocky part is at a succeSHion of small falls o\er a lull
ati'd reddisli yriiy f,'neiss, with vertical dip, and a ^'encral ea-hr'v
strike. The lianks now hecome hold and rocky, aiul (M)nlinu(! mi fu- ,,
considerahln distance. At a porta^'c HO\enty yai'ils loiii,', two mlKs
higher up :lic ri\cr, the rock is a j;ray ipuiii/ mica-dioiite, of iiirilniin
grain, and well foliated, strikinj^ east and with nearly verti<al dip.

Two miles and a half aliove this portii;;c, in latitude n.'J .'in' In , jv ,,
bos.s of j.'iay moderately coai'se f,'raincd ;,'ai ik I ilcrous <|ua!'l/ mica ilidi lii,
as.sociated with a red ;,'raiiite of inediinii <;raiii. The humt cnunlrv
ends al)(Uit live miles ahovi' this, and is succeeded hy a laiiiiial
.swamp through which rise many low rounded hosses of granite. I'm
all the rest of ilie way up lo Uunisao Lake, a distanco of about tliiily
five miles, the river winds betweon bank.s composed of massive, i;i,iy
(piartziliorite, which foi'ius low rounded hills, seldom risiii;; lu'iiv
than thirty feel above the !,'eiu'ral level. After the river turns -oiiil..
eastward loward (iunisao Fiake, the country begins to look a !;;;,.■
niori' jileusaiit, with llanksi.ui piiH^ and white poplar along the li.u.kjj
and on the roi'ky knolN. The while clay ilisappears and a few pihhil
boulders are, for llio lirst time on this river, seen resting on sea
the rocky kriolls, all of rock sindlar to that beneath, showing \m]
little transportation.

Thre«' miles below the lake, thi^ iliorite is cut by two dykes, si.\ tii
in width, of dai'k green finegrained gabbro, stiiking S. 80' E., an
dipj)ing S. ]() \\. -^ 75. Along the edges they show distinct tiiuei
of foliation, but towards thi! middle they are i|uito ma.s.sive. In i
specimens of this gabbi'o coUt^cUid, the augite was found to have l»
entirely altered to liornblendc.

NKUSUN ItlVKK TO IMKI IIRAIl.

•21 .1

iHourfily folinti'tl
, I^. HU v.. Ill \\w

li,' liver running

vivrit'il Ik'I'' 'ii'l
ICH till' \)ri'tl"inili
IIH nf tl>K shiiUtAV
) 1)0 niri'. "i»'' ^'""l
iDoU iipi'i'in' '" '"'
almost im\i:ill'il'li'
^ liujiliir, tlu' N\li'iK'
]iniio, whU'li ii t''^^
,,,, is iiolhiiv-' Iml
,,.l,m>li. Th.' lu-i
all fiilU oviT a fnli-

a j;i'iR'iivl r:i>l''ily
lul conlimi'' -" t'n- i

a.,li«)iitf, ot' inr,liiiiu
uly vcrtinil iHl'-

iui,u-r);i ;ir.' i",';'

is(iu:ut/.-micailu'iiii'.
'I'lii' \)iuiit fimiitry

,ses of ■;rahU.'. I'.:
ancc of al)ou( tl'iny
,s,il of Ina-^^iM'. uniy
seldom ri^^i'i^^ m" ■
lie river turns MmlliJ
[.^ins to look a littiel
Iplar iilon-; the Iwi^ksj
,ars iinil af.^w I'li'i"'
1,1 resting' on sou.' .
„.„eatl>, showii^U v.nl

,y two ilvkes, six tV.'j
hiking S. 80 !v,".'
L. showiliatiiu't ^'■'^'-^
luito massive. In '•'
L found to liavi' 1-

'I'lie Honth slioro of (Junisiio fiiikd riH!>M oitlier in steep elifls to ii <!iiniH»iiLftk«
hci^lit of from thirty to lifty fuob, or is low and Hat, tliu rock sloping
gpiitly to tlio water. Tho hiiys have a heaih of rounded boulders and
till' rock can \m «eon in many plucos to he overlain hy a li;;lil-f;ray clay*
with angular stones and many rounded hoidiiei's, all from the l.aurcn-

tiiiii locks, (ilacial jiroovinj,' may he seen in many places, hut the
iiii'k Ih ho much weathered that only llio coarser markings n.'main.
Till' wholo I'ouiitry is thickly i'o\ered with hlack spruo(>. The north
slimi' is much more rug^jcd than tins south side, and has very little
vegetation on it. It is also Hkirted by fewer islands and indented by
li'i^s irregular bays. The I'ocka exposed are everywhere of similar
cmiise gray i|uart/. niica-diorite, which is often vertically jointed, thus

I'lii'iiiiiig steep or vertical clitl's. At one plai'e i

lear

ic north-eastern

oml of the lake, n slight foliation was observed in the diorite, with a
strike S. 7"> K.

On (Junisao lUver, above the lake, tl

le i'0(

k is, at first, a diorite similar

10 t

liat on the lake, but it soo

n iiecomes more aeii

aiu

1 .1

lanue.s in

to, liil^''

UiviT »boT«

oris replaced by, a reddish massive, often garnetifi-rous granitite.

The shores of Kapmatasko Lake which lies to the south-east of
(liinisan Lake, are gem rally low, and at the points show low outcrops
ot this granitite, which is almost everywhere massive, but at one point
iii'iw tho north end of the lake it showed a slight foliation striking N.

Shore of Lakr. Wlnnijii';/ — Sr./tiun Rior to JJihj HihuI.

I'l'ginning at the In^ad of Nelson Itiver, and procredini,' southward,
lilio shore is usually composed of low dill's of stratilied post-glacial clay
I .mil peat, with rounded bosses of rock projecting here and there from
ii'iicath it, and often skirted by ni'iny low bare rm-ky islands.

Two miles south of Nelson |{i\i!i' the rock is a coarse rediUsh hoi'U-
ili'iide-grtmitite-gneiss, without well-dotined schistosity, but in bands
lill'i'i ing slightly in colour and fineness. These bands have a general
'like N. t*;") H., and an almost vertical dip.

Montreal I'oint is composed of a rather fine-grained dark-gray
Lianitite-gneiss, with an e\on [larallel foliation trending N. 70' IC.
[Ill many places this gneiss is cut by widi^ an.istamosing veins of coarse
i.'litgray granite holding crystals of tourmaline, iVc. In places tho
^mnito forms the greater portion of the mass of the rock, the darker
li'ui'iss appearing a.s irregular inclusions scattered through it. Moth

I''a-l >liuii'
iiiur NcIhoii
Hiv.i.

.MmiticAl
Point.

9"?

•Z G

LAKE WINNIPEG.

C.luciated

Striiiiticcl

llp]M)sits.

Sii\ith 111

Montniil

I'oiiit.

the granite and tlie s;[neiss are again cut hy smaller granite veins. A
number of small rocks of simi'ar gi'anile or gneiss lie oft this poini.

The surface is beautifully smooth and rounded and shows pariillil
striiv running S. 3")° W. In one place, for about three yards in width,
thoi'c is a more or less regular set of gnjoves running N. \h' W., risinr;
up to the topof the knoll and then vanishing. 'I'hey overlie tlie otlu is
and point directly out into the lake. They have been caused liy llie
shoving of a single mass and may possibly \\\\,\i\ lieen reeent, iiut as
the shove would appear to have been toward the lake, this does ndt
appear probable. Numerous little islands lie oil the points to the
south for some distanee, though the points themselves are ui(istl\(il'
sand. For the rest, the shore in mainly sandy, though occasionally
si.'attered with m, few pebbles and bouldeis. 'I'lie boii!(l<'rs are all nf
gneiss and granite, but a few of the p(>bbles are >f cream cohmnHi
dolomite. llehind tlie beach is a elid' gradually de 'ning soiiiliwar.l
from eighteen tn I'ight feet, but its face is jiikHl with drifting .sand ami
there is often a little sand dune along the top. .\ UKissy muskeg with
spruce and tamarack stretches everywhere backward from the lake.

The shoi'e, south to Spider Island I'oim, is being cut into ljy tiic
waves, and now shows one to two feet of stratified beacli-sand ovir-
lying a little vertical clitt' two feet liiuh of stratilied, blue. temiciniH
clay breaking out into little angulai' fragments, .lust north of ilu'
point siuiilar gray gi'anite, often with a green tint but with no
inclusions, is cut by many veins of red graiute. High sand dunes aiv
piled up at t!ie edg(! of tli(' woods. i\ little rill of Ijrowii water \\r\v
runs into the lake.

Farther south, the shore is similai', being low and tlat. The bemh i-
covered with sand without Ixmlders. Much of the beach is undeiiiin
by clay, while tree trunks erect and projecting at the edge of the
water, proliably indicate cro.sion into an old swamp. The land
declines so that it is buc two feet above the water, becoming a niiis>y
muskeg that reaches Spider Island Point.

I'\)ur miles south of .Mcmtreal Point is a light-gray coarse-graimd
comjiact granitite, in which are many inclusions of a darker tini'i'
grained granitite gneiss, tliese inclusions l)eing almost all arranLied in
strings in an easi-.i.iul -west direction. Some small veins of red granite
run parallel to tluwe, and beside and parallel to tluMii a certain
amount of schistosity is often developed in the light-giay granititi'.
Other nai'i'ow veins of red granite also cut the rock very irregularly.
The surface is smoothed and shows many glacial stria' running S. :!"i

■■]

NELSON KIVEK TO D0(; HEAD.

23 n

granite veins. A
I off this point.

ind shows parallil
ee yards in widlli,
; N. 45" W., rising
■ overlie the others
)een caused l>y (lie
cen recent, Imt as
hike, this dons iidt
the jioints to tlie
'Ives arc ninsl ly of
lougli occasionally
Douldcrs arc all nt'
>f cream colon ii'd
(> 'i\iinj; soiilhvvanl
li drifting sand and
mossy nuiskeg with
(1 from the lake.

i'.ig cut into liy the
ml \)e.>cli-saiid ov.r-
tied, lilue, tenacioiH
Just nortii of tlu'
tint but with no
liijh s.and dunes are
f l/rown walci' lu-ii'

llat. The heacli i-
lieacli is imderliin
t tiie edge of the
swaniji. 'J'hc lami
•, lieconnng a mossy

■gray coarse-grained

of a darkei' liner

most all ari'anued in

veins of red gr.inite

to them a certain

light-gray granitite.

ick vei'v irregularly,

tria' runiniig S. :i."i

W. The bottom and the water here is very muddy, much more so
than to the north.

A point two miles fai'tlier south is composed of similar light- and 'I'lirer scries
dark -gray granitite, whicii is cut by aiiastamosing and crossing veins " ^""•'■'
of red pegmatitic granite, breaking the rock very irregularly. Three
series of tiiese veins were recognized, the newer slightly faulting the
older ones. Tlieir general directions were as follows ;— Fii'st and
oldest, S. .")() E.; second, S. 45' \V.; third and newest, !S. 10' W.

.\t (he next ]ioint, in latitude 53" 3.}', similai- rocks, cut by ^;ranite
veins, also occur. < >iie dark band, here composed of hornblende-
gianititegneiss, is eight feet wide, and dips N. 40^ I']. < 35'. Along
its contact witli the surrounding gray ijraiiitite, and along little fissures «, : i , i i , i
cutting acioss it, epidote is largely developed. I'oint.

At Spider Island I'oint, in latitude 5.T 30', the rock is a dark-gray
epidole-horid)len(le-granitite-gn(>iss, with a slightly gretMiish hue on the
weathered surfaces. Tn geiuu'al character it is veiy similar to the
gianitite-gneiss seen so often along the shore farther north, and has a
well-marked strike \arying from N. 35' E. to N. 50' M. A quarter of
a mile north-east of this point the gneiss is cut by two narrow vertical
ilvk(!s or \'eins of green liornbiende-schist strilcing N. 8l) IC.

At the 'mouth of a little ireek, i mile south-c^ast of Spider Islam 1 I'oint,
similar granitite forms the slu)re, in some places (juite massive, and in
(jtlier places well foliated, though the strike of this foliation is Ncry
irregular. .Many veins of red pegmatite; cut across the granitite', and
the foliatiiui often bends round towaid the veins.

A fi \v n.'irrow vertical bands, or long lent" 'ular masst>s nf d.irk-gray
tidnlyfoliated epidotic hornblende-gi'anitite-gneiss cross through the
!;ranitite in a direction S. S5 1"^ .\t several points between this creek
and the mouth of l?(>langer l!i\i'r, similar gray gneiss juts nut in
rougll-topped knolls. The foliation, «hich is nioi'e or less nearly ver-
tical, is distinctly marked, some of the layers being nuu-li darker and
more nucaceous than others.

The Spider Islands, which lie from one to two and a half miles .'Sniiler
oil" shore, are bold gi'anitic rocks rising abruptly out of the lake.
The lai'gest, which was that [)articularly examined, is composed
of a well foliated, gray granite gneiss, with darker and lighter bands
tin'ough wliich run little veins of red pegmatitic graidte. The
foliation is much contorted, but seems to have a general
strike S. 40 W., parallel to the; longer diameter of the island, while its
dip is approximately vertical. Across the narrow neck connecting the

24 o

LAKK WINNIPKfi.

RiK'kg Hnutli
of Mi'latiRcr
RiviT.

Beliiiig( r

I'oiiit.

Ilock.s of .-.111 lit
soiitli til HiK

lillU-k Hivrl.

two ends of the island the gneiss is cut by a straight vortical dyko,
from two to four feet wide, of dark-green schist, probably reaultini;
from a diabase. This schist, being softer than the gneiss, is tmich
weathered away, leaving a sharp gash through the neck of the isliuid.

Half a mile south of Belanger River is a point composed of gray
granitite-gneiss, the foliation of which appears to strike about N. 45"
K., and to dip at an angle of 70°. On the south side of the point thr
foliation is not so p>'onounced, but there is a fairly definite line ararran
gement of the crystallim^ constituents of the rock, which gives the
surface a fibrous or thread-like appearance. Veins of coarse red pei;.
niatite are common throughout the tock, and the gneiss is also cut hv
a vein or dyke from eight to ten feet wide, of moderately fln(;graii)f(i
red granite.

A mile from this, up the shore, there is a projecting ridge of r.ick
composed of a coarse, gray granitito-gneiss. sometimes showing asliglit
foliation striking N. o' E,, l)ut often massive, Veins of both fini; iiiui
coarse red granite cut this gneiss.

Belanger Point is also composed of a similar granitite cut by giiiiiiie
veins. The surface is weathei'eii rough, but the glacial grooves a'P
seen running S. 18 W. The diiection <it' siriation changes sliglitly
along the shore hero from the north, since at Montreal Point the
direction was nearly S. VV.

At a point in latitude i).T 24' .'{O", a boss of coar.se, red pegmatitic
granite projects 2')0 feet from the shore. It contains white mica,
either as small radiated masses, or as individual crystals up to live
inches in length. ( )n the south --ide of the Imss the rock assunns a
very coarse, breeciated apjieaianee, and sixty paces farther soutii it is
usually tiner-graiiied and exhibits ,'i moi'e or less distinct foliation, and
also contains angidar inclusions of gray gneiss.

The shore all along is low and s,(ndy with a low niaisliy coiini i \
liehind. The streaui that (lows in here is only eiglit I'eetwidf,' wlier(^ it
crosses the beaeli, but most of it rcaehes the lakt! thrcaigli the saml.
270 paces farther south coarse, gray gneiss again forms the shore.
This gneiss is sometimes almost massive, but it includes some bands .t
highly nn'caceous gneiss. It is cut by \-eiiis i.f red granit(>.

In latitude 5.3' 'J.'V .'10", the points consist of greenish-gray, coarse,
quartz mica diorite, which is usually massive, though ficcasionally e\
hibiting a slight foliation that \aries in direction from north to north
west. Included in it are a few small stringers of coarse mica schist
or granitite. Pegmatite veins are notably rare, but one coarse

•]

NELSON BIVEK TO DOG HEAD.

25 a

vein contains, along its middle line, many fine large crystals of white
mica. The diorite is also cut by some h^nds of light-green epidote.

Half a mile farther along the shore, pegmatitic veins again became \w
fairly numerous, and among them is a vein of line-grained granite- |!|'
porphyry from one to two feet in width. The diorite is also '>
here (;ut by a band eighteen inches wide of dark hornblende-schist,
striking N. 132' E., and 400 yards farther noi'tiieast is a band of horn-
blende-granite striking N. I'y E., while the diorite itself has an indis-
tinct foliation N. l")' W.

At a point in latitude ."),'5' 22' ;{0', low reefs run out. The rock
here has a rougii suifacc, liut 300 yards back there is a low outcrop of
gneiss the surface of which is hcaatifully planed and glaciated and not
weathered, having been comparatively lately uncovered from its
mantle of hard, blue clay. Most of th(^ glacial stria' run 8. 26' W.,
but in two places the smooth surface wllh these striie cuts an older
smoothed surface at a sharp angle. This' surface is also striated though
the striii' are not so fresh and clear as the others and run S. 48° W.,
making thus an angle of 22" between the two sets.

A point in latitude ."),'5 21' 4i"i', is c<imposed of gray dioritic gneiss,
without pegmatite! veins, but the gneiss includes masses of darker
gneiss drawn out in a dii'ection N. 80' K., and similar conditions pre-
vail at a point a mile farther south, though the inclusions here usually
lie X. ;!.")' W. Thi'ec-quarters of a mile farther south, a band of
similar dark-gray gneiss runs N. GO" W.

In latitude o,'] 21' is a low clay point from which shallow water
with a soft clay bottom, sti'etclics out for a long distann'. This is
protected by innumerable little ban; granite reefs lying oft' the
shore and in the bay to the south. Behind the point is a mossy mus-
keg with about two feel, of peat undeilain by blue clay. There are
very .few boulders in tli(> shallow water, but a numlier are collected
anumd a rocky boss, south of the point. This is coniposcil of massivti
'^rviy granit(>, in -.vhicli thei'e are a few inclusions of a darker colour
(ii'awn out N. 1.") W. The ne.xt point south is formed of massive, gray
gneiss with a roclii; moutonnt'e surface roughened by the weather. It is
cut by one narrow band of line-grained daik gni'iss striking N. GO W.,
but it has no inclusions and no veins of red granite. T.,ike all the other
expr)sures, its lee side is abrupt and broken, w hile tlie sto?s side is
rounded. I'^rom this )ioint southward for several miles the shore is
shoal, but th(> niimerous rocky islands seem to be all composed of
gray gneiss similar to that farther north, cut by few, if any. veins of
pegmatite.

twwn
I:inpcr
>mt and I'ijj
;wk Kiv(?r.

26 a

LAKE WINNIPEG.

SputtCll I'IPlliS

near D'lcks

N(st.

In latitude 53' 16' 15", the rock is a coarse-gray granititc or quart/-
mica-diorite, without distinct foliation, but containing a few darker
inclusions drawn out in a direction X. 65' W., and traversed by a very
few narrow veins of coarse red pegmatite.

For four miles southward the rock is a similar gray gneiss, occasion
ally with a distinct foliation varying from N. 1.^)' to 65 W.

At a point called Ducks Xcst then^ is an area of spotted I'ock
about thii'ty feet in dianii'ter, in the gneiss, having the appearance of
a conglomerate in which the pebbles are a dark-gray gneiss, while the
matrix is a lighter gray running in narrow bands between, and beini,'
harder, stand out in little ridges, 'j'ht! pebbles are lenticular, beiii:;
sometimes a foot or more in length, and lie north-and-south, or nearly
transverse to the strike of the gneiss. Tlie appearance of the niek
suggests a similarity to the so-called leojiard loek. Dr. \. E. iJarlnw
thus describes it : —

Litlinlii^'K'iil 'The h.iiid specimen shows a dark-irray, medium-textured rock,

(lisciii)t.Miii Ky ■ 1-1 1 1 ^,. ,1.1

Or. Harlow, traversed by small pegmatite-like cykes or coarse, reddish to greenisii

epidiitie gnmite, the whole ajiparently representing a complex intrusion
of one link through the t)ther, the granite evidently being the latest.
Under the microscope, the must basic phase of the rock shows a holo
crystalline admixture, composed cliietly of hornlileiide and plagioclasc,
togethei' with a considerable quantity of ejiidotc? (much (if which is
doubtless primary), and bioti'^e. 'J'lie hornblende is the most abundant
constituent, and occurs in irregu'.ur, cleavable, compact masses showing
the usu.il ti'ichroism. The biotite h,is undergone "l)leaching" as
the result of the removal of a considei'abie part of the iron, and as
a coi;set|uence exhibits brilliant chromatic jxilarization between crossed
nit'ols. ft often occurs endjeddc' in and s'inietiines completely sur
rounded by the liornblende. The felspar has undergone " saussui'iti/a-
tion,' and nmcli of it, judging from the niilui'eof the decomposiM<in
produc s, must be a plagioclaso neai' the basic end of the series.
Epidote is vei'y thinly scattered through the --'ide, and besides being
present as a product of alteration of the felspar, likewise occurs in tol-
erably shar[i individuals enclosed in the hornblende. Qui'rtz is only
sparingly represented, as is also spliene. Apatite is abundant, while
magnetite and pyrite are both present. 'l'\w rock is a rather typioal
epidotic diorite, and may have resulted from the alteration of a gabbro.

' The slide representing the " 'irmediate type of rock, ditlers from
th(! })receding, in that biotite is the picvailing cokjurcd constituent,
and is associated with a large (piantiiy of epidott,', some of which is
secondary, resulting from the alteration of the felspar, but a large pro-

lia.sic |)Iki!

Intcn
pliasi .

'■(liato

lititc or quart/.-
^ a few darker
ersed by a very

gneiss, occasion

3£ spotted I'ock-

appt'iirain.'e of
;iH'iss, while the
'een, 'ind liciii^'
enticular, heinu
soutli, or nearly
lee of the rock
ir. A. E. r.ailow

ti-tcxtured rock,
Idish to greenish
Dinplex intrusion
])oiiiu; the hitest.
ick shows a liolo-

1 and jjlagioclasr,
luch of wlui'h is
ic most ahuiidaiit
t masses sliowini;

))leaching'' as
he iron, and as
xtween crossed
coinplctcly sm-

10 "saussuriti/a-
Iccomposition

I of the series.

id besides licini,'

iso occurs in tol-

QuiTtz is only

lUiumhint, while

a rather lypioal

ion of a gabhro.

oeK, dilVers from
ir((l constituent,
omo of which is
but a large pro-

•1

NELSON HIVEU TO DOfi READ.

27 r.

portion is evident!)' original. A small amount of hornblende is
present in addition to the mica, which latter mineral has undergone
extreme bleaching and chloritization. Felspar is relativel}' more im-
portant, but it is diliicult to say whether plagioclasc or ortlioclasn pre.
vails. Soino of the iron ore at least is ilmonite, as it is partially
decomposed to leuco.vene. Pyrite. is present often in well-formcil
cubes.

' Tn the section or the most acifl type of rock which w;i,s the; last Acid
to crystalli/.e, the principal constitueius are orthoclase, jikii^ioolasei
(juartz, biotito and eiiidote, together with masinetite, sphene and
zircon as accessory minerals, and epidote, zoisite and sericite as
secondary products of decomposition, chiefly of the felspar. The
bleached biotite is in places almost, all gone to chlorite, and every
stag'' in the proccis of alteration may be seen. The felspars arc
veiy much decomposed and tilled with tlu! usual s.uissuritic in'oducta,
In th(! twiniiing of the plagioclase both albite and perioline laws
are represe!itc<l. The (juartz is abundant in iri'egular ai'oas showing
beautiful undulatory extinction due to pressure. The rock is an ox-
tiemely altered ejiidotic granitito.

'The three slides examined repr(>sent magmatic difl'orentiation in a
very beautiful and perfect nianni'r, the most basic form being a
mica (liorite which has doubtless resulted from the alteration of a
gabhro wliicl; contained biotite in addition to the original augite.
'['he minerals in all three sections uie essentially the same, dilVering
only in their relativt) id)un(lance.

' Ab)st of the epidote, which is especially abunilant in the most acid
phase of the rock, bu! which is also plentiful in all the slides, is doubt-
less original, and the lirst of the coloured constituents to crystallize
out, lieiiig embedded in the biotite, which fs in turn enclosed in
the hornlilende. The large hand specimen shows in what is lielievcd
to lie a N'ery typical maimer the methoil and order of I'rystallization
resulting from the slow ci liinu' of a dee^p-seated magma, of hetero-
geneous composition.'

liehind the point where tlu' spotted rock occurs, the gray granitite
is cut by thin veins of black tourmaline.

The same gray granitite-gneiss forms the point in latitude S.T 1 2'
30', and foliation is everywhere apparent in a north-and-south
direction, either as a linear arrangement of the mineral constituents or
inclusions, or as a slight difTerence in colour and composition, and sim-
ilar gneiss extends down the shore to Big lilack llivei'.

At the mouth of Big Black Jlivor the rock is a sinnlar gray
graiutitegneiss, cut by veins of line-grained dark-reddish granite, and

'.latU River.

28 o

LAKE WINNIPEG.

Kocks at.
I'liplar Hivir.

< ilacial >ti'iii

Kocks at
!''ililar Poiiil.

also by two narrow veins or dykes, a foot in width, of green felspathic
actinolite-scliist. These dykes have a general trend N. '2')" W.

The same granitite-gneiss, usually without pegmatite veins, forms
the shore of the hay for throe miles and a half south-west from Black
River. Near the point south of the bay the granite rock becomes a
thinly foliated crushed granite with a regular strike N. oO" K. I'Voin
this point southward to Poplar River the shore is fringed with many
small rocky islands, which seem to be all of gray gneiss, in which
granite \i'ins become much more common as Poplar lUver is ap-
proached.

Near the Hudson's Bay Company's trading ston; at Poplar Hiver,
the rock consists of a greenish-gray epidotic granitite-gneiss, witli, in
places, a fairly well-defined foliation striking N. .S.")' W, This gneiss
is usually rather tine-grained, but near the edge of the river it
became vci'y coarse-grained and much more massive, [n this vicinity
the gneiss is cut by several veins of soft, green, chloritic schist, which
are prnbably highly altered forms of some eiuptive rock. TIk; rock
is in many jilaces covered by from two to four ft'(!t of a soft darkbhu!
clay, apparently without pebbles and probably deposited in the water.
In it are numerous small concretions of calcareous matter. The rock is
beautifully and apparently ([uite freshly striated, but this fn^slmcss is
here due to the recent removal of the clay covering. The siiiie run
S. 40' W. but on one i)rotecled smiK)th surface they run S, IS W,
while at the same time a few shallow broken grof)\es probably made by
the lake ice, run S. !■"> W.

(Similar green granitite gneiss foiiiis the siiuili sliore of the i)av for
three miles west of the niouth uf I'oplai- River, beyond which, to
Poplar Point, tlu; bay is literally lilled with little islands of ban^ gray
granitite.

At Poplar Point tiie rock is generally a iiornblende-gianitite-
gneiss well foliated in light and dark bands, with a regular strike
N. oO W., ,ind a dip at a high aiigli' S. U) W. It includes a
few irregular masses of dark mica schist. It is .also i",it by a great
number of both wide and n.uicjw veins of red giaiiit*', tiie wide vein.s
being line, .ind the nariow ones coarse-grained.

Th(! ]ioint itself is composed of a mass of high lounded knobs of
gi'anite, wooded witii stunted I'.anksian jiine. i)ircli and poplar,
while aei'oss a deep ehaiinel, two liundred yanjs with-, is an
island with a precisely similar suff.ice. Through this channel the
York boats pass on tiieir way up and down the lake. .lust .south of

r wiilf vt'iiiM

TVMiil.j NKLSON RIVER TO VOd HEAD.

the point is a cunsidenible number of Vjouldors and the rock is
glaciat.d<l but the marks are mostly weathered out. However, a
number ot' grooves are seen in places running S. 37 W. Some wooded
islands lie north of the point, while scattered bare islands lie of! sliore
for a couple of miles.

.\ i)rominent point, a mile and a lialf farther south, consists of con- ,',f "i'.Hi'.k^,""'
torted gneiss with dark- and liglit-gray liands intricately folded I'dut.
together ; but a short distance li.ick fioni the shore the strike becomes
much more regular, trending N. 4i' K. and dipping N. oO' W. at an
angi(! of 'M) .

.\ point in latitude r,2 ").'")', in the bottom of the bay south of
Poplar Point, is eomposiul of bi'autifuUy foliated light- and dark-gray
granitite gneiss, having a general strike 8. GO' W. and a dip N. 'M)' ^\ .
at anule-> of from 1.")' to l.j . It is cut by many \eins of red granitite,
a ciinsiileiMble numbei- of which follow tlie lines of foliation. Beside
one ut the veins of red graiulite was a vein of daik-gray hornblende-
granitite. 'I'lie surface is rounded but liie stiiie are generally weath-
ered out. They ai'e, however, seen running S. 25' W. The sliore to
hei'o has bi^en generally low and samly with a few weathered bosses of
similar gn(Mss, both on the beacli and a ^hort dislanco out in the
lake. The land behind i> all low and ap]par( iilly a cianberry marsh.
In the disianec^ is a spruce forest. .\ littU- turf was seen in one place
but no clay.

Similar graniiile gneiss outcrops in numerous exposures along the
shore to about two miles soutli of ilarehand Point, south of which,
for nine miles, the shore is an even sandy oi- stony beach, without any
outcrops of the underlying rock.

.\t iMarchand Point the laml belund is all low with a high ridge ^jarclinnd

of s:uid behind the beach. The south-western sid(^ is suii\>unile(l by a I'"'"'-

closely packed boulder-pavement of rounded bouldei's, chielly gray

gi'anite, this being the most boulder point northerly on tiiis side

of the liike. The land on the |)oint is about oiglit feet above the

lake. .lust to the south of the point is an island ccjmposed entirelv of

^ r.oi'.iiiii's

ln)ulders. The low land stietches south to past Ihg Stone Point, and iwiiit.
that point is only a small promontory oi Archiean boulders with no Ik- I- -
rock in sight and is thickly covered with drit'twood derived from
the wear of the face of the swamp to the iKirth. The boulders
are composed of gi'ay and greenish, massive gneiss with some of
red granite and a few of lamellar schist. One, eighteen inches in
diametei', of greenstone conglomerate was observed, but two of the

;jo (J

IvAKi; WINNll'EO.

.Mussv I'uillt.

Moul
I'li'i'i'ii-

liof

r«iiit.

PiL'C'UM li

Iiirj^i'St from flftcoii to twi-iity fi'ct loiij,' urc coiiij)us(h1 of rcddisli-f^riiy
iiiassivd gneiss cut liy vi'ins of cofirso red gniuito. Tliey aro alujut
eiglit feot liigli and ono is lirukcii.

Ill latitude r)"2 ' 4.'V tliree or four siuootli rocky bosses rise about
two feet tihovo the watei', coiisistini,' .if diirk red granite gneiss with a
slight foliation N. tJ") E., cut l)y thick veins of a iighti'r re<l, coarse
and fine-grained pegmatite.

Low reefs of reddish-gray granile-giieiss lie nil' Ihe jinint in latitude
"i2 .'58', on(! of them cont.iiniMg many rlongatcd inclusions of dark-
ur.'iy liornlilcMde-schist. Tlirnce southwaid for two miles seviM'al
hinail outcrops of similar gneiss occur, .vftcr which, foise\cr.il miUss past
t!io mouth of Ijcaf Jtiver, the heach is composed entirely of satid and
li, millers, ijut to the ixiint of Sandy l!ar, low rocky reefs, apparently
oi' ''iieiss. li(> here and there oil' the shore.

South of Sandy l!ar some lathcr
ot' massive reddish-j'rav ''ranilite,

lii^h liai'c rucky inlands, comjiosed
extend inwards towards I'lcrens

iver.

Xoar the tr.idiiig store of the Jludson's Day Company, on Itcren-.
iiivcr, the lock is a reddish-gray granitite-gneiss in tidn and
very much contorted li.inds. .\t the point, a dyke of dark-gray,
iiighly allereil eruptive rock, cuts the gneiss, and strikes in a gen(!ral
way [la'allcl to the river, appearing on several of the points in the
vicinity. < )n tln' south side, the gneiss is very much contorted,
i)ut app.ireiuly with a general strike N. tU) Iv It is i^', >o cut
liy a vertical liyke, two feet wide, of hard, green gabhro-diorite run-
idng X. 45 \V.

Along the south siih; of llcrens l!ay, the first largi; island is
I'omposed of dark-gray, well foliatt'il gneiss, varying in the dif-
ferent bands front a gr;inilite to a hornblende-schist. It is tisually
line-grained, but large felspar crystals are drawn out along the lines of
foliation. It appeal's to have a general dip N. .')U K. >>. 4."), though in
detail it is very much contorted.

Flaih(,'ad Point is coin|iosed of a light-gray granitite-gneiss striking
N. 40' W., and with an ajiproxiiuatijly vertical dip, cut by many
veins of red pegmatite.

The northern and eastern shores of Pigeon I'ay are for the; most
part low and sandy, with (jccasional low outcrops of similar granitite-
gneiss, often riddled with pegmatite \-eins.

The south shore of the bay is much bolder and more rocky, being
composed of a coarse-grained, greenish-gray granitite, usually massive,

NELSON HIVKIt TO DOri HEAD.

31 O

rcddisli-gray
y aft! iiliout

IS riso about
iiniss with a
V red, coaisf

it ill latiludt;
oils ijf ilark"
miles several
■id miles jiast
y of sand and
t's, appart'iitly

lids, foiniiosed
wards r.crfu>

IIV, nil i'lt'lTIlN

ill lldii and
> of dark ,1,'ray,
cs ill a ■general
3 points ill the
K'h ciintDrtiil.

It is (•''II fUt

(idiorilf run

ir;;e island is
i; in the (ht-

It is usually
liiii; the liiii!S(>t'

l."i, though ill

I'licis-; strikin;,'
cut hy many

[■e for the most
liiilar granitite-

j-e rocky, being
sually massive,

and containing a few inclusions of a darker gneiss. Hut few peg-
matite veins are s(!en. .lust east of Pigeon I'oint the granitile is
(Hit by an irregular, lU.sjoiiited dyke of durk-gray dioriti;. At Pigeon I'initui I'nint.
Point the granitite, while usually massive, occasionally shows a woU-
iiiarked foliation striking \. 50 K.

¥uv four miles soulh of I'igeon Point, the shore is low and sandy,
and from beneath the sand, peep out many little low exposures of
massive, dark-gray iiiica-diorite, often cut by large veins or masses of
gray, red-weathering compact granititi\ '{"he diorite extends a short
distance farther south and then, at (-'atlisli Point, is rephiced by a gray,
well-foliateil, granitite-gneiss striking east and with vertical dip.

Half a mile south of Catllsh Point, the foliation of the gneiss strikes Ninr Caitlsli
N. 4") to 7 -I \N'. The gneiss includes many elongat(Hl masses of dark-
gray schist, the foliation lunning around these inclusions, often giving
the rock a very irregular brccciated ai)pt.'arance. A mile farther south
the gneiss contains many inclusions of dark-gray diorite-sehist, sitnie of
which an^ altered to chlorite-scliist. Similar rock continues along
the shore to Cattish Itiver.

Seven hundred and fifty paces south of Cattish IJiver, the point is Scmih nf Cut
composed t)f coarse-grained iiornblende-granite, traversed by irit'gular

\cins running into larger masses, of a redder finer grained gi'anite.
Two hundred and sixty paces farllier south, a reddish hornblende.
^'raiutite is in sharp <ontact with a darker hornblende-granitite, both
hein^ usually massive, but showing traces of foliation in some places.
• >n the beach, six hundred ]iaccs farther, a gray coarse-grained granit-
ite gneiss i-; exposed and extends three hundred paces farther wliere it
is distinctly foliated N. ."iD Iv, with a M-rtical dip.

Half a mile south, in latitude r)2 "', th(> rock is an intimate
iiiixtui'e of rather line-grained granite or granitite, and coarser dioritei
cut by \ ('ins of red pegmatite. At the jiuint half a mile still farther,
the rock is light-gr.iy hornblende-granitite, with M-ry few inclusions,
and occasionally showing an obscure foliation S. 85' E.

Similar gray hornblende-granitite outcrops here and there along the
shore of the bay to Flour Point.

.Many low rocky reefs lit; oiV I'lour Point, and they, with the point KKjur IViiiu.
itself, consist of coarse red granitite, with many large j)0r|ih3'ritic
crystals of orthoclase. Through it are running two straight veins or
inclusions, one to two feet wide, of dark-gray granitite-gneiss. In
other places there are many inclusions of dark-gray fine-grained granite,
almost always cut by jiegniatite veins, thus giving it very much the
aj-Mearance of the ' leopard rock ' (p. 'JG(i).

32 o

LAKK WINMI'KU.

S.Mltl|.)f I'lc

r<>iiit.

Ai .Split

Si.iitli ..f

Split -|M(jk

('|V,1.;.

ii- Thrpf^-quiirtors of a inilo soiitli, is a point conipospil of datk
gr(>L'nish-;^i'ay, miissivu, coai'se (HJiirtz (uij,'iU'-clioritL', cut l)y wido iiml
iiiirrow veins of red pegmatite. This dark basio rock is again .succeeded
by luussivo red gratutito similar to tiiat at l'"loiir I'oiiit.

For tlircc mili'-ifarliier, hmhiIi oast tdoiiL; tliesliorf, (lifre are f)ccasi()nal
outcrops of similar red and gray gratiitili'. 1 n latitude .02 2 , the rock is ii
very acid, red granititegnciss, distinctly foliated N. HO K. Tlircc-
i|u.irters of a mile .'louth east, is a point composed of a dark
bluish i,'ray, light-weathering horiibJciKU^graiiititc, without foliation,
but cut by a 1 'W veins and lenticular patches of red pegmatite.

Seven hundred paces farther south-east, the roek is jin eveni)
foli.ited (pLiii/. iiiica-diorite, very much cut and lunkeii by granite
\eins. ( iiie of tlutse, two feet in width, is n dark-gray porphyritic
hornblendegranitite, siiniliir to the lock jil the last point.

.Vt the inoutli of Split rock ('reek, and along (he s'nore for half .t

mile to the noilli and tlir ipiarlers of ;i mile to the smitli, the loek is

(Omposc'il of a very red massi\e granilite, in some places \iTy eomiiait,
and in others, cut by veins or masses of dark porphyritic hornblende
gnmitite ; tlu'.se are again cut by smidler \eins of red pegmatite.

South of the mouth of a brook, in latitude i')'2' 0' ISO', the -luire be
conuis much bokler, being composed of a reddish granititegnciss, svith
a dip n(»rth at an angle of ."j."i . Tn a few places this gneiss is intci-
laminated with a dark-gray horid)lende schist. The rock nresiTvcs
this ehaiacter for litilf a mile along the shore, and llieii again becomes
more m;i.jsive and less diatinctl}' foliated.

On the south side of the little bay, the rock is again a coarse, re<l and
dark-gray granititc without any .signs of foli.ition. At the point south
of the bay, anil for half a mile or more to the south of it, bands ol'
dark-gray and light-icd granilite together form the shore, being separ-
ated by sharp lines, which run S. H') E. The rocks are usually
massive, but in'ar the junction the red gratutite is fou.ated parallel to
the line of C(jntacl. I'arther south the two become intimately mi.\e(l
together, tlujugh the gray predominates, and gradu.ally bt^comcs foliale(l
in the above diii'ction.

The point in latitude 51 58' is a reddish granitite-gneiss, of
uniform grain, and with a somewhat indistinct foliation striking west-
ward It. is cut by one wide pegmatite vein along the line of strike
but by very few smaller veins.

In latitude 51' 57' the rock is a rather dark r(Mldisli-gray graiutite.
No foliation is apparent, but on the south side of the point a some-

imLANCRIt KIVRR.

:\:\

sod of dark
\)y wide luiil
iiin succeeded

are occasionttl
2, the rock is H

K. '»"'>'•'■'•
d of IV diivk
hout loliation,
;iiialitr.

is all evenly
en l)y J^nuiite
ay poridiyrilic
III.

,„.re for Iwilt' u
lUtli, the rock is
•s very compiict,
•itic hornhleiidc

1 peginivtite.

0', the >liorc lie

ilitei;neiss, willi

s ('iii'i-;s is inter-

iiH.].-. preserves

n iiHiiiii hecoiai'.--

a coarse, red ftud
t tlie puiiil south
n ,,l' it, l)uiuls ol'
l,„v. bein^' separ-
..■k- are uswdly
|„i,.itcd parallello
intimately mixed
...conics t'oliated

Janitileu'nPi^s. "*'
j„n strikin;,' west-
lie line of strik.'

Ish-t^ray granilitc.
Ill; point a some-

what redder granitito abuts iigainst tlni lust. Hotli lire of about the
same texture, and tlio dilTereneo in composition of tlie two is probably
slight. A siiidlar massive reddish-gray granitite forms the next point
to the south.

On the noi'th side of Kabbii I'oint, the rock is a similar massive,
dark-gray, granitite, without inclusions, but cut by a few vidns of
coarse, red pegnmlito, from two to ten inches in wiilth. These ar(! com-
posed chiedy of dear (piartz, and salmon colouriKl orthodase, liut sonu;
large crystals of biotiti; are also present, and one vein contained soine
crystalline masses of pui'ple copper ore. Similar, coarse red granitite
extends around I'abbit I'oint, and along the south shore of I'loodvein
liay to the hmg point in latitude ol ,")()', east of which the sliore is
low and swampy. The rock is usually <pute massivi-, hut. is often cut
liy vertical and h(U'i/ontal jointa;,'e j>lanes, and thus forms a st( ep and
bold shore. At the last named point the rock becomes distinctly
l)an<led in lighter and darker bands, witli a strike N. 2;')° E.

'I^iie i-lands and the ^outli shoi'e of the bay are als composed of
sinnlar coarse red granitite, wldch is either massive, or has a slight
foliation, distinguishable on weathered surfaces by the more or less
evident linear arrangement of the constituent nnnerals.

lii/oiif/ir (ir /,!///'■ Illaek Rlrrr,

The riser up to the tlrst ripid, a distance of nine ndles, is withoi,'
iiotic(-able curi'cnt, and varies in width from sixty to one hundreii
ya:-ds. The banks are clay, from six to fifteen feet high, wooded with
white poplar and black spruce. N'ery few outcrops of I'ock are to be
seen, but at the fall, which is of eight feet, there is a ledge of medium-
grained, gray graidtite, cut by veins of red pegmatite. Above this the
stream is narrower, being only from thirty to fifty yards wide, with
iianks usually overhung with willows. The water is both dark-coloun.-d
and inuddy. i''roni this portage th(! clay-banks continue to rise gradu-
ally until at the next portage they are eighteen feet above the water,
iind the surrounding country is an apparently levid plain. I'elow the
portage the forest is green, but abo\ e, it lias been burnt over, apparently
sonm tiiue ago. The rock outcrt>pping at the portage, wddch is ten
miles east from the mouth of the river, is a massive, gray ipiart/mica-
iliorit(! precisely similar to that seen on the south branch of
iluiusao Uivcr. Outcrops of this graj- diorite occur here and there
along the rive baidcs, .and at the next portage, three miles above the
last, it is cut by a ilyke oi dark-green hornblende-schist, one foot in
3

il.liit I'eint.

r.i'huij;<'r

ItiVCT.

V%,Vi/'

34 o

LAKK WINNIHKd.

width, striking S. 10° VV. The next two rapidu iiro also caused by
Himilar dyke^ cutting ucrous tiie dioritc, which has become distinctly
fuliatt'd, Hti'iking with the generiil course of tiio Htreiiui.

.MiiMrtivi'i'M;!,... Nniir tlic iiioutli of i.ho .soutii branch of liiis Htrcain, massive
rodiljshgray graiiililc appeiirs for a HJiort distance, and the nia.sHi\t'
quartz-mica-dioritei n^-appoars on the upper roacln'M of tlio ntr«!aiii.
The count I'y tJirouf^ii whidi this strcani runs iippcHrs to bi- very gem i
ally covered by a thick dejiosit of clay and is well wooded. Isolaliil
hills appear on tlio south side below the north i)rancli, and tiiose are ni
rock pmti'uding through the clay plain. Kor the rest of the
distance up the north branch, aa fai' as explored, llie ijuart/. mica-
diorite is everywhere the prevailing rock, usually massive, but occasiim
ally with a slight foliation or liiu'ar arrangement of tb<^ crystalliiip
constituents. In places it becomes somewhat more acidic and
should perhaps l)e more pro[ieily grouped \> it li the granites. '1 he sniall
stream followed el.'ove the forks becomes very n.irrow and branches
again. The channel is narrow and often very much <»bstructed by
boulders, with many impassalile rapids arouiui which it is neces-
sary to portage, The banks ar« rocky, overlain by silly clay, and
the general cluiracter of the country is a moderately e\eii plain
with little rounded rocky knolls rising a U\w feet .above the sin
face, (ireen timbe- is again seen in the upper reaches of the stream,
but it. appears to b<! f little value.

ni'j llhi.lc li

tnr.

Uivcr.

Tiihlic I

The late A. S. Cochrane in the summer of 18.'^2 surveye<l as much
of this and Poplar itiver as is .shown in full lines on the accompaiiyim,'
map. In his note books the roik almost everywhere is said to !"■
a 'd.'irk-gray massive gneiss' probably a (luart/.-nuca-diorite or a
basic granitite. Jlis notes give the following general description:
' l''or a mile above the first portage tlu; rock is all a coarse, gray gneis-.
Since passing the mouth of Uice f.ake branch, most of the points ai
bends of t-he river and all at the rapids, are of gneiss which has .i
greenish tinge on new ^Vactures. .Ml along tins rivi.'r the soil i~
excf.'Uent, bi'ing a light-gray friable clay, which should produce
much better timber than it generally does. The timb(>i' is all
well mi.xed, with about e(iuai proportions of Banksian pine,
Spruce, balsam, tamarack and poplar, and a small ijuantii)
of birch. No really good timber was seen till the foot of Island
portage was reached, where, on the right bank of the river'
there is a small grove of perhaps twenty-live trees of spruce varying

(.•DIIU.

IIKJ lil.ArK RIVKIt.

36 a

I HO ciiuHCil l>y
Jill*) »li«tiuctly

ivivm, nuiHhlvo
(I llio inivHsivc
,t' Iho Hlrfiiin.
, \,„ very gener-
„1,m1. Isolat.a
iiid ihfsniin' ni
e ri'st of the
he nuiirt/.iiiiL'ii-
H!, llllt occiisidii-
tl„, (.rysliilline
,),-,. iiciilic mill
,il."s. The small
,w iiMcl l>nviifli<'S
•h ubstructi'tl l'>

,i..l, it is lUU'fS-

y silly clay, aii.l
atrly i'V.'H I'lai"

;ll)()Vt^ tllf sill

les of tlu' sln-aiii.

uirveyi'd as ^\nu^^
lio at'coimiaiiyiiii;

1,,,.,. is said to 1"'
niifadiorito or a

Ll ihjHcriptiou .

Lars.', Hi-ay f,"it'i^ ■

It of the iioiiits a'

liciss which has a
river the soil i-

|i should prodiuT
lie tiiiihiT is all
15anksiaii pine,
small (immtily
|he foot of Island
Ilk of the rivof
]of spruce varyini;

trorii riino to twenty inclifs at tiio haso. Fnini that point (piite a
iiiimher of line treeH worv paHsed tint would avcra^ti liftt'cn
inches. On one point of tlie river, »hout half a mile nhove tho Mink
portage ia a grove of about twenty-tivc spruce tiees avornging twenty
ini'hcH in diamot'^r. The water of the river is not only of a dark colour
l)iit also viM'y miuhly. This river is evidently very little used as a.sum-
iiii'r route, the portages being poorly marked and the bush, so far,
iinliuriit. The best timber in the valley is up the three small rivers
uliifh empty near tlu; lake.

'Above the T^ong Haj>id «some very lino stieks of spruce were ' •
noticed, one fully thirty inches in diameter. The land up to the |„
Pilicaii portage is first-class, but above this there is a U)W
;iiid swjimpy country which extends to the " Ua[)ids closclogctlu'r."
A border of ;;ooil land on whiidi some fail' si/.{>(l tindiei' grow8
nms ahmg both sides of the I'iver. The rock showing along this
stri|) is all of a dark, or light -gray, massive gneiss. In one place
only was it stratified, and even there it was dillifult to distinguish the
strike and ilip. Tiio Pelican River, though but a small stream, extends
,1 lonj' distance, coming from a little north of east. For the last ten miles
iicfore reaching the small lake, tlu^ river becomes somc^what wider
aiiil for the must part is lined with a bortler of reeds and rushes with
I fi'w stalks (»f rice. This lake, one of two through which the river
pa-ses, is a small one with a few isl.inds. ft is bordered nearly
altogether by gi'een woiid which is here all iSanksian pine averaging
friiiii four to six inches in diameter The water is very dark and of a
rcildish tinge. The shores as far as seen are all of rock and small
iKiulih-rs of giu'i.-^s. No hills can be seen on either side, l''rom here to
'he portage across to a branch of Poplar lliver, the stream is very
crooked and its banks ai'e thickly bordered with gray willow. They
III' very hnv and in years of even ordinarily high water they must be
nearly submerged.

'The stream is hcto very shallow and in many places it is difficult
to pass ; especially is this the case at the sites of the old beaver
liiiiis, of which there are many.

' The country appears to be all swampy, for some distaiu'eat all events
Itniiii the riv^r. All the rock is dark- and light-gray massive gneiss.

' The portag(^ from this branch to a branch of Poplar River, is i
divided about midway into two sections by a small lake. The '
|tir.st portage is 3,880 paces long, and although it crosses s(>veral narrow
I ridges of rock, most of it is through level muskeg, very much more
Ithan knee-deep in most places. The lake is called Watchee, or Greeting

I 111 tuill
■InW I'l'llcmi
ll'til(,'C,

>rt:ijrii to
ipliir Uivi

LAKK WINJflPEn.

Lake. The sunt lu;rii portion of the tniil is by far tiio worst, iis it is
through a soft swamp, witiiout any supporting moss.'

Tlio rocks noted on the river arc : at tlus first portago, gneiss, striking
S. 60" W. ; at Wolverine portage, coarse dark-gray gneiss, strikiii" N.
30^ 10. , and at rapids si.\ miles aliove Pelican l{i\ei-, coarse, dark i;i;iv
gnoi.ss .striking N. 30' H., dipping S. 30° E. < ^ry .

Poplar /tin:):

I'djihir Knur. l''rnm 1 lie pui tage, at the head of the north lii'aiicli, downw.ird,

Soil .-111.
tiiiil" r.

'I'lmiulir
Lake.

e roi'K IS .seen, ,in exposure u

littl

six miles hilow tl

le portage.

>f dark gray massive

'iieiss oecunni-

ihi

10 soil as seen along the rner
which are about live feet liii,di, is gdod, but it seems tu form

iilllv ;i

narrow border ;iliiii'.

le stream.

r.el.

i(> main stream ih.

bi'anch pas.-^es through a rougher, mon? rooky strip, and several fal
rapids occur. The timber on tla; ujipcr part is heavier than dow
the river, partly owing to better soil, but mainly to the absence of f

S iUll

11 iie.ii-

iin'^t

lircs, ihe e. )antry near the river having iieen burnt o\'er repe.Htfillv.
The first loek exposure below tlu^ north branch, is iiotof such a massiv.'

type

that

up llu^ hrancli

the strike is S. 10 Iv, dip X. 80' M. -10 ,

( )n an i

• huid

Til

d<e, till' ro(;l
iil(

ry coarse, light- iiiiil

dark-gray and blow nish-gray hdriilileiule-gneiss, striking east «ii!
dip .south •-■ iJO . l'\)r fourteen miles farther down the river, tin

Seems to be no marked change in the ro-

aIucIi

gni

'issie, with so

ittle

e chiingo in the strike that, it has been noted

III liiuHuM'.ei, an

few placi's. Contorted dark- and light-gray hornblendic and niieat'om
gneissr ; striking 10., tli[ipiiig N. < 55', occur a mile farther down, ami ;
the White Mud jiortago, ten miles above the Indian reserve is a vci
coarse, daik- and brownish-gray garnetiferous gneiss, striking N. ■<■
W., dipping N. 35 K. ^: 50'. The rock :it the r oids two miles nhni
the r(!.-erve, is adark-gray gneiss coiilainitig mie.i and some small i|iiiir

striki

X. 65 W., d

ippUlL

•)0°

Bernvn and Ktoiiiniiii h'l

At the mouth of Immciis Kivrr the rock is a reddish-gray thiiil
foliated granitite-gneiss, and near Mr. McKay's house a gray contmir
gneiss projects here and tliere in little rounded bosses, but appMiciitll
with a general strike S. 60 ' W. Tt is also cut by a vertical bauil of I
green gabbro-diorite two feet wide, with clear cut walls, striking N.^fl
The rock is well striated, except in places that have been exposed fm j

|lllls one

|to|>. it

|it (lesceii

I-"",',' Lak

liiilt'd Will

|.')i'.id. Sc

I'l'll some

r'l'-ky cli/1'

I'iiarked, (
pi^ foot,
li'li'Hiied oil
hull sli;i|

he gl,.„.

|'''''ariv old

••]

ItERENS RIVEli.

;i7 G

the worst, as it is

"o, i^ueisR, striUinu'
"ueiss, striking n.
•. coarse, dark miiv

ch, ilowmvanl, m'iv
vo •viu'iss ori'\iri!iij,
imfi lliK ri\''i- Itank-. ;
cms ti> form only a <
lii> iniiin sliviun ili''
;uh1 ^evl■^al falls ami
ivicrthauilowii u.iii
, ihi". aVwenwof 1i'iv-t
irnt over ivpeatPilly.
not of such a uias^iv..
.,.lipN'.SOK. • I').

,cry coarse, li,i,'li' :mJ
striking east with a i
lown the river, Un^io
Yhich is prolmhly all]
l^as lie.Mi noted in Ijin]
Ulcudic and niirarOMUsI
,. farther down, and m
HJiau reserve is a v.'v^
gneiss, striking N.
ajiids two miles nbi'V(

and some small ^\mni

50°.

a .'eddish-gray lliinll
house a gray conl-.n

Losses, but ari>i>i^"'ll
laverticalbamloflw
lut walls, striking N-^'
liave beei> exposed f"i

considenible time, and is covered with a dark-f^ray clay without
pebbles. Along the contact line with the rock a boulder is, however,
oi'casionally seen. This clay, like most of that seen on this shore,
appears to ha\e been deposited in water.

Similar granitite, sometime.s massive and sometimes foliated, extends
up the river to the mouth of the Etomanii Kiver and was found to
uiiilerlie the countiy along that I'iver throughout its whole length, to
where it joins the Jierens Hiver at the Pot hole portage. jMi'. A. S.
Ciiclnane in l<^8lJ and >Mr. A. V. how in 1S80* also found the country
;ili)iig the lierens i{ivt'r to Ix,' underlain by similar rocks between the
jiiine points.

At I'ot-holo portage, just to the west of Loiij; Lake, the portage road I'oo imla
is across a low jioiat of smooth roi'k. l'"rom a bay twenty yards'"'
wjili-, on the opposite side, a rocky point fourteen feet high projects
niiitli eastward into the i'iver (icseeiiding more or le.s.s abni]);ly into deep
water. On the south wi'st side of this bill und between thirty and [

t'orly yards from its point are several beautiful jiot holes, 'i'he ujiper- ..„.--'

must one, with a rim ten fei^t above the water <if the river, is tilled
with water ami has only been cleaned out to a depth of about two feet.
Three feet south-w(>st of this one, are tour others which have all cut I'l.t liol'-b
into each other. The highest point on the rim of these is nine feet
iliovo the water, anil the bottom of oin' is ;it least a foot below the
water. The outer half of this one is cut away abnost \ertically ami tiie
face of the cut cliff is strongly scored by glacial grooves. Another one
iour feet, ^'arthei' soutii west has the top ot its rim, eii;ht feet abo\e the
(fa'.iM, and descends to ai least, two feet lu'low it. Tiie diameter of
ihis one is thirty-three inches anil is almost perfectly circular iit the
to]i. Itisipiite vertical and unbrok(in, varying but little in width as
it descends. Its rim is thus li\e feet and a half above the surface of
Liin;^ Lake. .Mr. Angus .Mcl\av, who cleaned it out, says that it wa.s
liili'd with rounded gravel and cobblestones up to the si/.e of a man's
[ii'ad. Sever.al busiielsof thesearr iniw lyiiigaliout, ' lost ly gray granite,
ii'il some are of ;,MtM'nstone. Tlie rim is just on the edge of the steep
I'ky cliff descending to the water. Six fec>t south-west of it, is a v/ell-
iiiarked, deep, smooth groo\ e cut down the face of the little cliff, and at
tlii^ foot, on a low terrace, are two other holes that luvve not been
ck'aned out. Xear the deep holes, both above and below, are several
mall shallow holes also rounded out by pebbles and boulders.

The glacial grooves run generally S. (i.'t W. and the pot holes are (ii;wi;itii)ii.
:ii'arly older than this glaciation, for some of their rims show distinct

Wninial Kcpoit, (ii'ul. Sin\. Can., \ol. II (N.S.I, ISSCi, |i. 17 r.

38 G

LAKE WINNIPEG.

I'liintid-

inoose

l«)rt»gi!.

Manltoii
portUKr.

f'raiii'
portairi'.

Nifiht Dwl
(jortapr.

Ktoni.iini
KiTt-r.

glacial markings on the southern side, while tlie opposite side is
broken. The fractun; tiiat cuts one pothole almost vertically, is
strongly marked by glacial groovings. They would appear to rcpic
sent tiie position of a fall in a river Howiiig southward or south-wesi
ward in early glacial or pre-glacial times, the water tumbling over the
ridge that here runs efwt for a short distance. Now, the ridge is cut
away at most places, leaving this an almost isolated hill with lower
land apparently all ar(nind it and certainly nmch lower to the north-
east in the channel of the river. The rock here is a coarse, dark-gr.iy
massive, quartz-nuca-diorite, oontairung some large irregular inc.i;si(jiis
of dark-gray hurnblende-schist. The diorite is irregulaily r'ractuinl
and jointed and it weatiiers with a very much pitted .'■urface.

Painted-moose portage, at the east end ot Long F-ake, is over a
massive red granitite, cut by a dyke, about thirty feet wide, of coarse
dark-grec^n dialiasc, very much crushed and alt<'red. The walls of the
dyke are not well delined, but it h..j a general strike about east-ainl
west.

Three miles higher up stream, tne rock is a dark-gray diorite, iiit
by or associated with a mass of red granite, '['his dioiite, outcr(i|is
at several })laces along the banks up to .Mani'.ou portage where the
river flows between high, roun<led rocks, o( a massive, irregularly
jointed, dark-gray ijuartz diorite. The rock crossed by the |)i)rtagi' is
couiposed of a {ine-irrained groundmass of ipiartz, felspar, hornblende,
biotite, etc., in which are embedded largn [)henocrysts of plagioclasc
and (]uartz. ft might thus be styled a ijuiu t/-diorite-iiurphyr;te. It-
relationslups to the sutroundiiig rocks were not determined.

Abov(^ this rapid to the Hudson's Hay Coin|)any's trading |iosl at
Grand Kapids, the rock is chielly a red luui gray granitite.

Crane portage is on the soutii side, over level clay, through pnj.l.ir
woods. The day is a s ift light-gray, without pebbles or boulders, and
this is the highest ptunt on the river at which it was ob.served.

Night Owl portage is through poplar woods o\er ii rocky ridge.
On the upper side of the ridge is sand with '^lebijles. On the lower
aide is a long slope of gray sand, apparently without pebbles. The
total descent is almost forty feet. Uoulders are jjlentiful above this
to the Grand llai)ids and the country is wooded with green poplar.

Tlu! Etoinami liiver though a branch of lierens liiver, forrvis another
channel in high-water, b(dng connected at its upper end by a siiiiill
creek which at low-water drains from a small lake to the Berens liivor
below the Pot-hole portage. Tliis creek is about forty fi^et wide up tu

-V i,.w»rtfc.

•]

BKRENS RIVER.

39 Q

iposite side is
b vertically, is
ppear to reprr
or soiith-we>t
ibling ovor the
dIu' ritli^e it? int
hill with lowci-
er to tho north-
oaise, (lark-^ray
M'ulill' ilH'. '•.sinus
;ularly irautuud
iUiface.

T.ake, is ovrr a
■t Nviilf, of cnarsc

Thy walls ot' tlii>
y iihuut eastaml

^.(rciiy dioriti', '111
s tlim-itc, uul(-M'>i'-
portat^o where the
assive, irreL^uhuly
by lhi> portal."' h
llspar, liornbU'wli',
|ysts of plaj^ioclasf
"-pofphyritc. lt~
riiuiieil.

tradiii.it P"st at
linititc.

iiy, thfoiij;h poj'l.M-
Ls or boulders, aiul
[s observed.

^.l■ a rooky rid;-'i'.
lies. Oil the lower
Jliout pebbles, 'I'lu^
llontiful above this

ih jiveen poplar.

liver, forn.iS anolh'T
Iper eiKl hy a siniill
to the Berens llivor
Irty feet wide up to

the lake, but it is almost choked up with wild rice and even on the
lake, spears of it are seen hero and there. Above the lake it gradually
narrows until it barely permits the passage of a canoe, and then
widens somewhat. It Hows through a wide u.arsh between rocky hills
and ridges wooded with tall lianksian pino, rising abruptly from the
edge of the marsh. There is no sign of clay, but the whole pountry is
rock and inarsii and occasionally a tamarack swamp. The ro''k is a
massive, gray gneiss, apparently similar to much that is seen in the
i3erens River valley. The first fall on the Etomami lliver, below the
little lake at its head is about eight feet, but so little water is running
that tliere is no fall in summer. The beavers have added to the natural
l)arri(!r a little, in order to make 'he pond above u.seful to them.

I'\)r a couple of miles down, the river Hows between steep, though
not higii, I'oeky hills of massiv(>, gray gi'anite, wooded with small liank-
sian pine, and ix'low th.il, to near the IJouldei' Rapids, ifc winds between
iow-lying rocks in a spruee and tamarack swamp, with a weedy channel
tiO to 1(H) feet wide. The only trace of later deposits over the rock,
consists of light-gray tine-grained silt with pebbles, but this is very
scanty. At tjic i'oiilder Rajiids, which is a descent of lifteen fct in I'.i
tl.o river over boulders, the first stratitieil lacustrine dejosits of the
fjake Agassi/, basin on tiiis branch are met with. In a bay in the
rocks on the north side is a large and weli-detined terrac,- of coarse,
reddish gray s.md, while jr. ?t up the river in the gray sll y till, are
many wiill roun<!ed pebbles. The surrounding rocky hills Jire twenty
to forty feet higher than this terrace. I'or a short distance iielow,
the river (lows in the botto'ii of a straight vallej- '200 to 400 feet
wide and forty to eighty feet deep, with bold, steep granite sides.
The channel is forty to sixtv feet wide, with a bed of boulders, but
is now almost chokiul v.'ith a thick growth of e(iuisetuin. It soon
widens out, however, with low, sandy banks, wooded with tall, white
poplar and lUviiksian pine, and farther down the whole country seems
to ji certain extent to be n.early a level plain of sand or clay, with
rocky knolls and ridges jirojeeting here and there.

Within ten miles of the mouth the b.inks gradually become better i;
woodecl with tall, white popljir, and lianksian pine in the more rocky "
places. A few stunted oak and maple trees also appear. Little or no
spruce is seen near the river above this jioint, but a few trees appear.
The river maintains an average witlth in the lowi>r portion of over fifty
feet, except at the rajjids and a few narrows, but there is no current
and very little wattu" is flowing. The water is clear but exceedingly
dark in colour. T'lie banks are generally of clay, sloping westward,

luldcr
ipids

iviT near

■^ llKIUtll.

40 Q

LAKE WINNIPEG.

witli the slope of the country. The clay near the mouth is soft niul
blue, but farthe'- up becomes j;ray and silty. The estimated fall for
the river from Pot-hole portage on the Jierens River to the mouth ia
over 180 feet, — it may probably be as much as 200 feet.

Pigenii River.

SturgoDM
F.i11m.

I'lgeon liivci. *^" ''bif* river, from its mouth up to its head in Family Lake, tlip
country is entirely underlain by granitite and granititc gneiss, massive
or more or less distinctly foliat^'d, and varying slightly in dilTereriL
places from acid to basic varieties.

At the first r;ipid, four miles and a lialf up the river, the rock is ,i
mixed gray and reddish-gi'ay, well foliated granitite-gneiss, striking S.
6") 1']., ,ind with vertical dip. At tht; next raj)id, between three luii]
four miles farther up, it is accjarso-grained, gi'i'y, porphyrilic hornbleiidc-
granitite-gneiss, with a well-marked st ruciure striking eastward. Siniilar
gneiss occurs at Sturgeon Falls, where it contaitis many darker lenti-
cular inclusions, and has a general strike S. llu V,. Granitite-gneiss
occurs all the way up the river, occasionally cut by granite veins, (ir
containitig darker iiii .'.iisions, but, varying so little in eliaiaetiT that it
is unnecessaiy to enumerate details for each .se])arate locality, especially
as the strike of the rock is shown on the accompanying map.

The gpiieial character of the I'fmntry passed through i~, liowe\ci',
added from tlie notes taken on the tri]! u[).

I''rom the n Dutii up to Stmgcon I'ai!';. the ii\cr lias wooded b/nik-,
of clay but id)o\'e tliis point to near the ne.\t fall, the; stre.im wimis
with slight current, through low land with marsh occasionally on tin-
edge of the river. The clay banks, however, gradually rise until ilu\
have attained a lieight of eleven feet at a point se\('n miles in diii ci
line east of Sturgeon Falls. The rock crojis out all along the bank,

and the geneial thickness of the clay depcj.it is veiy much less tliaii
on the streams farther north.

All the surface deposits recognized u}) to Poplar Falls are of cl.iy,
but there the banks are composed, from tb water up, of a thicknes> ni
eight feet of horizontally stratilied, line, .almost white saiiil, sepaiatcil
liere and x\\rv^^ by thin layers of whit(> clay. The surface is unevenly
eroded and is covtu'ed by two feet of clay tiiul sandy soil, probably
fluvjitile. A short distance above, at a fall of nino fef>t, a great nunilier
of bouldi'rs fire scattered on the beach at the foot of the fall. TIicm'
arc chietly of gray gneiss and granite, but some of the smaller ones arc

Poiiliir I'.ill^

•]

PIGKON UIVEK.

41 G

t\ is soft and
ated fall for
the mouth is

nily Lake, the
i^neiss, massive
,ly in (liffeienl

, the rock is a
3iss, striking; S.
ween three :ii\'!
itic liornhU'Hili- .
stwivrd. Similiir
II V (liirkcT Ifiiu-
CrHiiililc-;-;"'''^'^
^riiiali' veins, or
;hariictei' UiiH "
leality, espei'iiiUy
m mai>.
ugh is hnwevcr,

as wcioih'd l)Miil;-^
1„. stn'.iiii wiiiiK
I'Ciisidniilly oil Uir

V rise until tliey
Imi miles in (lirrct

1 ;il(in- the hunk,

V imu'h less lliiui

ll'alls are of elay,
(if M thickness nf
le sand, scparatcil
iirt'ace is unevenly
Lly soil, prohfvhly
It a "real nviinher
If the fall. Tliesr
L suuiller ones are

of massive f(reenstone. The banks are apparently of clay and have
here risen to twelve feet above the water. The ne.xt rapid has a drop
of four feet, past which is a portaj.;e of twenty yards over an island.
The centre of the island is a level clay plain, nine feet above the water
at the head of the Dorttai^e. A number of boulders are embedded in the
bottom of the clay, 'speeialiy on tiie south side of the island. A third
of a mile above the island portage, the river rushes tiirouj;h a narrow
gorge in low hills of gneiss. At the soutli end of the rap'd the clay
rises in a torra'je twelve feet above the water, but it is apparently well
filled with pebbles ant' boulders ; glaeial grooves run S. G5 W., but on
llie south side on protected surfaces, a set trending S. 35' W. may be
nccasionly seen, probably only an earlier stage of t!ie same glaciation.

On the west side of this rajiid there is a portage road one hundred
and t iventy yards long over the roek along tlie edge nf the river.

The little lake through whicli the riyer passes a few miles above; j>,,uinl L»Lo
these rapiils is called Hound l.aki' and li.is meky shoics with occasional
sandy beaches, and at th(^ t;ast side is a terrace of clay, six feet above
the water,

At the .lack River portage, just east of the lake, the road is over

a hill or bench of gray clay which is twelve feet above the water I"
at the head of the rapid, and it is seen to be sandy with rounded and
angular pebbles and some bouldeis. Three miles above, aftei' passing
two or thret! small rapids, tlu^ clay banks rise to ten feet above the
water, but, the general appearance of tli(; country is an almost bare,
rocky jilateau, thirty to forty feet abo\u the water. A fall divided
by an Island i next met, and with one above give a total descent of
fourteen feet, c'lual to the deptli of clay de]i(isit below. Tlie sui'round-
ing country has been burnt, and the smoothly rounded hills are
streaked with a young growth of small lianksian pine, while o\ er them
the ble.iched trunks of the old trees ar(> often still standing. The
ascent of the U|)pi'r part of the ri*er is tlitlicult. the current being often
strong with many little ra))ids, and tlie steep rocks 'I'opssitate h)ng
portages often past very short rapitls. Most o^' the poi't.iges are
li' icked by f.allen tiiid)er. The clay does not appear to be a liver
(le|)osit, but rather a thin coating of elay lying between the rocky
knolls and sloping with tlu? country. From hei'eup to Goos(^ ]iake the (
riv(U' tlows generally in a narrow \alley, along tiie strike of the gneiss,
and the whole country is i-oeky and barrt'O. The current for the most
pail is strong and the fall fioni (!oose Lake to below i^ong pottage is
estimated at about eighty-live feet. No timber of any xahu; is to be
seen on this part of t\w ri\cr. In tht; vicinity of (lOose Lake the

ck Kivcr

rtiVBi-.

'«l^(■ Iinke.

42 o

LAKE WINNIPEO.

country is al.nost all uick, but has not iKieii burnt over and is wooded
wilh tall, thill sprucoand Banksian pine of no particular value. Above
the last lake, there is a thin deposit of clay, perhaps two feet, in tlH-
hollows between the rocks.

Tlie uorta|:;es above Little (Joose Lake are <,'enerally over I'ock, but
along the north bank, at the middle one, is seen a scarped liank of
twenty feet of sand, pebbles and boulders, doubtless on the lee side of
a rocky hill iioulders ar(> scuttereil jilentifuHy idong the bank. Most
of them are of the character of the surrounding rock, but a few are of
white, I'atlier fine-grained granite.

Sliliiiiis,' I'.ill. At the Shining Fall <ii' Little Grand Kapid the portage is tlOO yards
long, on the south side, over a plain of light-gray, el.iyey sand with pe'n-
bles, rising to the level of the top of the rapid and woo<led with small
spruce and poplar. The fall is a lieiiutiful cascade with a drop (if
twenty feet, over a ledge of massive, gray gneiss, having a slight
foliation S. 50° Iv

family l,al<. . Family Ijake, which drains liy this stream as well as by the I'ereiis
River, extends very far to the south of the arm from which the liereiis
lliver issues. The shores of this pai't are generally ratlier high arul
rocky. Those facing the east Ix'ing smooth and scored or lounded bv
the glaciation, while those on tlit! opposite side are broken and often
tlio rock is hidden by a consideral.'le thickness of sand and Imuldeis.
The timber is small Hanksian pine an.! spruce with somi^ birch and

poplar.

Miskoivoic or Blondvein River.

Mi>knUnu

Kivel.

I'ot

Near the mouth the rocks are very liare, but !i. mile or so up, the
river has banks composed of clay about five feet high, wooded with
poplar, some oak, A'c, with low, rounded bosses of vertically jointeii
rock at the points. The strisam averagc-s fiom forty to lifty
yards wide, with water of a brownish tinge, but not dark, like
that in many of the streams on this side of th(( l;d<e. TIk? b;inks
are never very high, but they arcs usually rocky and often the
river would appear to flow in a pre-existing rocky channel. Between
the rock exposures die l)luo clay that is seen everywhere in the lower
land east of Lake Winnipeg, forms well-defined banks, wooded
with poplar, while on the rocky parts is a scanty growth of lianksiau
pine. Oak grows here and there on some of the dryer jioints.

About nine miles from the mouth of the river a portage of 140 yards
is made past a rapid and on the summit of this portage, at the very toji

MI8K0W0W RIVER.

43 G

of the rock, (it'tccn feet aliuve tlie water ut the head of the rapid, is a
beautifully rounded pot iiole eij;hteen inciies in diameter and eij,'hteen
inelics de('[), A foot lnwcr down the slope and ten feet south-east,
are two siniilai" hfdes, partially iiioken into one, respectively two
and three fe.^t ileep. Six feet lower down on the southern slope are
two more small ones. Tlie rims of the upper ones are very per-
fect, but still they appear to be a little broken on their north-east and
rounded on their south-western sides, indicating an age at all events
prt'\ious to the last glaciatioi), perhaps ir.terglacial.

The little r>loi)dvein liivcr comes in at the north corner of a sharp W"'"""""'-
benci al]o\(^ thi-t and tlii' river again makes another abrupt cui'n to the
south-west. At this angle, which is a short distance below IJirch
portage, the river tui-ns suddenly down through a narrow rocky gap,
and a pothole was here observed on the south-east -side of a steep
I'ori^y hill. It is ()uite round and has a (iiamet(>r of thirty-four inches.
Its lop is ten feet below the top of the rock, and its rim is cut away
obliipiely so that the snuth-east side is two feet lower. Helow this it
has ,1 drntli c)f two feet. This lower [lart of the rim is now three feet
above the present level of the ri\ei', but several feet below high-water
level. The surface of the I'ock, sloping at an angle of -b") , is sti'ongly
glaciated.

I''ri)m the Pot-hole portage up to the .nouth of Turtle River the \,.ar 'I'mtli-
banks are generally rocky and there are many rapids, several having '''^'''•
very ]>ii'tures(|ue falls. .Vbout half way in this distance the river
divides and tlows rouiul an island half a mile long. On the north
brand: a portage of two hundred and twenty five paces long is made
past a fall of eleven feet. At tiie west end the road I'ises thirteen feet to
tiie top of a little tei'race of moderately well rounded gravel and the 'i',. ,■,.;, (.,.s.
portage follows on a clay and boulder plain in a narrow gap between
the rocks, falling, at the east end, two feest to a marsh,

.\hout two miles east of this, the terrace rises to twenty feet above
the I'ivei' ami is of light-gr;ty clay, but at the next portage a short
distanci! farther, th(^ surface is at thirteen feet, while above is a bank
of nine feet. The bottom of this bank appears to be of bliush clay
but the top is sand mixed with gravel, and on the surface it is a sand}'
plain lying between two ridges of rock.

The river lure Hows through a very rocky country that has been Ivistcrn limit
, , I ,, ..,,.... 1. ■ , , "f l;ieustriiit'

burnt ovei' some years ago, and there is in this vicinity very little Land (ie[io!<itd,

of any value along its banks. This appers to be near the eastern limit

of the Lake Agassiz clay.

4i (J

LAKE WINNIPKG.

In the vicinity of tlii^ foris.s tlio surface is a plain ten feet a'love

the river. f(j

■<1 i)y

ilty cli

itl)

jnal

.;lii

abbles

occasiui
and boulders.

Ninth I'laiuli. The main branch of tlio river from tlie soutli-cast enters a lake-like
expansion, an irrei,'iilar basin, surrounded iiy steep, thouf,'li not hij;li,
rocky hills, thinly wooded with JJanksiiin pine, small pojjlar and birch.
In the depressions and on the lee .sides of the rock is a thin coating; of
a rather loose, i.'1'ay till containing a u'reat many angular ]iebbles.

The north branch comes from Sasa-j,'inMii,'ak Lake, but a slmrt dis-
tance up it is divided into two branches, one coming froi . a
narrow bay leadini,' to the north end of the lake, the other by a shorter
channel, from the south-west corner of the same lake. This to which
the Indian name is ;,nveii (instead of isjjuid liiike) has r.ither hif^h
shores of !,'ranite, thinly wooded with iianksi.in pine ami poplar. in
it are manv rather hit;h islands which often .stanil close tou'ether.

( icllcl:
ncUr lit' v>

rhar-

The water is moderately clear and without weeds.
Tli(^ underlyintt rock on the rivcM', a-^ far as il was examined,

>'iy

11]) to Sa-a !,'iiiMis,'ak

Laki

is (ncrvwhere n icd

'lav or ''reein-

,'rav

,'raidtite, I'ither massi\(>c)r folialeij, the folial ion ofiiti more or less

nearly appi'oachin;

the h

it.il.

At llie tirst portage, a mile above the moulh of Osapiitiwiw I'leel

;t rs a meijium ^r.uiied, ied(li'-li-;;r;iy, ^lanilili' rich in plai;iMclase,
with occasional gneis'.iic f;)lialion. i''rom there upward for several

miles, the foliatioi

1 IS all more or less neai

irly h

ital.

At a porlaj,'e.

var.

loin

wliere t here are a iiuiiH)er o

the

a iireemsh-gray, basic ijranitite or cpi.-irtz micadion

f pot-holes,
ii

Kinawi
Uapid.

i'Vom this point upwards to Kinawi nrtioldeii iOagle Ka])id. a leildish-

L;ray ;;raiiitite is the pivva

lent

ek.

with .1 sli'dit. Ill

arlv h

ital

foliation, thciu.;h at this plac, the foliation dips northward at an angle
of 25'. i'^'om this rapid up to the forks, the rock, usually a gray

irraniiiie,

is f.

If t' (' iiio>,t part inas-.i\e

md when foliation is to be

detected, il is very indistinct. There is also a marked absence of
;.eginatit<' veins thtoughout the rock.

Similar granitite occurs up the main branch of Miskowow ltiv<>r to
Aowtunigan Lake, above which this river was not e.xanuned. On the
north branch, (lowing from Sasa-ginnigak Lake, the rock at the falls
al)OVi' the mouth of Sturgeon (Jreo'k is an iriegulai ly bandied, red and
gray gneiss, with vertical dip and east-and-w(>st striki-, havin
eral app

rth

.Sasa '_'iiini
hake.

-al<

anceof a mica schist interfoliated with thin bands of gr.mite.
On S.isa-uiniugak Lake, and on the two branches of the rivei' below

it, tl

le iO(

s a'so a niedium-grained gray granite, usually in issive

but, occasionally foliated.

nor, IIRAD TO I,OOV STUAIT.

45 a

S/iore Iff l.iih' Winnipeg — Doq Head to Laon Strait.

a liike-liko
1 not lii^l'i

MS Si lip 1)
.if til

if sir

V(!iv rt'LTUliir 111 (

lutlinc iui'l closely follows tlir
lie striki' of the fjneissoH. l''roiii tin' cvidoiice of tlio ox"
posiircs on tlir points and in Ijoon Hay, il is sui)[)os(mI that tlm diannc',
ofcii[)ie(l ill this part liy tin; lake, is eroded iilony the line of ii band of
dark schist and j,'roenstone which might possibly be of Ilui'oninn age,
though niiK'h altered by contact wit'i eruptive granite or gneiss — a
band <if whicli outcrops at Loon Strait. It is al-o supposed to continue,
in a highly altered state much iHulueed in thickness, as far as the
\icinity of Mice itivcr where dark ;;reeii porphyry a.ssociated with
pui'phyrilie gneiss, and dark tine gi'aiiied schists outcrop above the
tirst iMpid.

Tiie large:- i-;latiil- oil' I he point opposite r)og Head, art cviiiposed nt'
a well t.ilialed poi'phyrii ,i' granitite-gneiss, eontiiir.ing large purphyriiii'
crystals of felspar, around which tli<' groundina-s exhibits a well inarkeii
tlow si r\\c\ lire. The foliation is si raiiiht atid regular in a direction N. tlO

I il'lU'lil

1 liai'iii'l

I'lll' llp-

i 1. 1-

W',. with a vertical

This evenly foliated gneiss gradually changes

into (he much less distil. ctly foliated gnci.-s

.ecu o

II the hIii^ic to llie east.

no sii.irii line o

>f d

leinarealiiiii

bet

wei>n th(^ 1 Wo b(,'ii", evident.

<);i the p. .ill! soiiihea-.t of these islands llie rock is ch.iiiued to a

!o.

iar-~". porpliyritu; lioriibleiui
ittom of the bav south of tlii'

litite-gneiss. while at ii point near the
lliere is a band thirty teet wide of

a, tine-grained reddisli, porphyritie giaiiitile-gnei^s, behind which is

coai

•ser b.'indcd, trreeii and iimI hornbleiule-''ranitite

•gneiss dipping

northeastward at an aiiijle of 7(1

The next point down the shore, alimist direetly opposite l>cig Head,
is conipos'd chietly of porphyritie gneiss, in which are some daikt;r and
tiller bands, as well as bands of Iiik^ red grauite, all striking, as before,
along the shore.

The next iioini, half a mile farther south, shows lifteen feet of an
e\-enly laminated reddish felspathii' graiiitile-gneiss, dipping N. 3.")' E.
< 7") , cut by minute joints whi'h cause it to t'leak readily into small
angular fragments, ,ind weathering with a very red and much-pitted
surfa(;e. ijehiiid this, for 150 feet is i thickly laminated dark-gray
hornblendegranitite-gneiss, weathering to a light rusty brown, and
also breaking along numerous jointage planes. Succeeding this i.s a
coarse porphyritie gneiss.

In latitude")!' 43' 30", the rocks were examined for a mile and a
quarter back from the lake, and were found to gradually lose their

46 Q

LAKB WINNIPEG.

()j>po«iti>

rjinii'sfnlli'

Cave I'liiii

Suil'ai'i' (1(

stronjjly laminiitetl chanictor, imiil, iit the ond of (hi iibove cHHtimce,
the foliation was inarUed by a .siiglit linear arrnngencrt only of the
cryytalline eoustituents.

About four niih's south fioin Doi; Head this slioio is cnnipuscd of a
f^ray, foliated gneiss, stiikinj,' N. (iO' W. with an almost vortical dip.
Some of the hands are dark and moderately rme-graimsd with veins or
bands of fine, red ;,'rainte, striking,' in the same direction, lyinjj alon;;
the plane of foliation. The eomposition of tiie {.'neiss wliieh might lie
termed hornlilcnde granititegneiss, is found to remain very unit'oim
for some distanee, but itiaduiilly loses its crystalline appearance,
becoming, farther south, more micaceous, anil in places is in part a
mica-sciiist. The foliation throughout is very o\en and regular with
few contortions.

Abreast of Limestoiu* Cave Point, tlie shore-line crosses the strike fur a
, short distaiic(^ to the west. Opposite some small islands lying mar
the east shore, the rocU is a reddish-gray, thinly foliated gneiss,
but the foliation is not. so regular as before, and many of the bands
anastamose with each other, so that it Is ditlicult to determine the
c.vact strike. It is, however, nearly parallel to iho general trcml of
the shore-line.

Till! lock is oveilain by a font or two of coarse, ;ingular sand con-
taining pebbles and boulders, few or none of which show any sign of
glaciatioii, though the rock is smoothed and grooved. This sand is
in turn overlain by a soft blur clay without pebbles, the same as noted
before. On the surface are some pebbles and boulders. Tlu'
whole shore is here piled up often to ;. height of ten or twelve feet,
with large, roe.ndeil and angular boulders, many of which are of massive
gray gneiss. To the south the shore for a short distance is sheltered
by long narrow islands, and boulders are not so plentiful. I'assing
these, the shore becomes high and rocky, cut by deep, narrow
inlets. The rock is of similar character, with a strike parallel to the
shore. Little cliffs of clay and boulders are seen fai'ther on, over-
lying the rock and the shore is strewn with bouiders chietly of
gray massive granitite-gneiss. These little boulder hills extend along
the shore for a considerable distance and appear lo be niorainic. The
islands mentioned above are mainly rocky, though covered by spruce
and scrub pine. The rock is a rather fine-grained regularly-foliated
granitite-gneiss, with a few veins of red pegmatite running generally
with the foliation, but at times crossing it obliquely. On the main-
land a little to the south, the gneisses are tinged with a light-green
colour, becoming deeper across tlie strike to the east. At about one

TVRKILl..

DOG IlKAIl TO I.OON WTliAlT.

47 a

)vo ilistanco,
, only oi ili»;

jinposcil of II

vertical (lij>.

villi vtMiis or

, \yu\ii alon«

lich uiiyht Ix-

tery uuitoim

appeiiiaiK't',

is ill part a

regular willi

he strike for a
tls lyinii near
Hated gneiss,
ot llie li.iiuls
leteniiiiie the
leral treliil ot'

lar sand con-
)W any sign of
'rhis sand is
same as noted
)iilders. The
twelve feet,
ire of iimssi\e
(' is sheltered
fill. I'assing
lee|), narrow
larallel to the
ler on, ovor-
i-s cliielly of
extend along
lorainic. The
red l;y spruce
iilarly-foliated
iiing generally
On the inain-
1 a light-green
At about one

hundred yards east, bunds of green ehloiite-schist appear, interbedded
with the graiiitite-giioiss, while farther on tliiire is a dyke or band of
green chlorite-schist with a width of nearly live feet. Tn it are seen
largt included crystals of orthoulase. 'J'his l)and is parallel to the folia-
tion, but in one place it appeared to differ in dip, apparently going
under the gntM.ss to tiio north, which is normal in character, while that
lo the .-outli is altered to a hard, llint}', sheared (piart/porpliyry.
hetween the dyke and tlie altered r.ick are many sin.dl quartz veins.
The greenish colour is imparted also to the gneiss on ths outer islands,
and no doubt indicates the near presence of a contact with the greenish
eruptive rocks of the JIuronian, which probably occupy the bed of the
channel of thu lake to the west.

<)[>[iosit(' IJull Head and a little to the north, the banded grei-n and <;i!"
reddish gneisses are again seen. At a small cove bearing N. 10' E.
froni I'liill Head the rock is the typi'-al banded granit ite gneiss vi-ry
much i)roken liy a heavy irregular greini band running along the line
of the strike. Through this an; also many little bands and leiitieiiles
of red rock, which in many places have niiiiierous angular ca\ities ami
ill other plai'es are mide up largely of rock fragments. With these are
also many irregular bands and strings of white crystalline calcite. A ['•;'■''
small creek near this empties into a cove, in the mouth of which is an Ciu.
island. This is too small to bn shown on the map, but its position is
direct ly e.ist from Limestone Cave I'oint. At half a mile from the
mouth the ereek forks into two e(|ual branches where the rock exposed
is a rciddisli gray griiMss, distineily and evenly foliated, with a peisistent
.Ii'ik(! north-west, aiicl practically vertical or inclining slightly lo the
north-east. Tills gneiss is similar t'roiighout, except for a few veins
of milky (piart/. and red granite following the strike of the beds.
Similar gneiss is seen on the lake-shore, and just south, at about half
■i mile, the great part of the exposed rock is a similar tliinl}'-laininated
L;neiss, but on the extriMiu' end of the point is a greenish gray eruptive
rock with which is a red band that weathers into a congloiuerale-like
mass, the larger crystals standing out from the decomposed grouiid-
in.iss. This banil is also well sliown at the point near the stream,
occupying a yellow sided trench. One hundred yards south the dyke
appears to consist of a gabbro with chlorite, felspar, itc. Thinly
laminated red and green schists strike along the shore to the southi
inclining at a high angle towards the north-east, and in places the shore-
line is in the form of a steep wall twenty to forty feet high. A great
similarity in the t!xposures is noticed along this stretch, as the same
beds practically occupy tlu; shore to Loon Creek. Six miles north of
the mouth of this stream the rock is a granitite-gneiss. It is inter-

i.iti

lle;l(

..f

isloiic
• I'.pirit.

48 a

LAKi; WINNII'K'i.

bodilcd witli (Inrk ^'recii anipliiliDlito liivnds find is cut by wido vein -
of ifiiihifc. Ill iniiiiy pIiKjcs it is niucli lirokcn \>y Mniall irrc^'uliir fiiii!t>,
in till' liiu'.-i i)f wliicli are veirm ot' li;;liL yreon e[)idciti!. Tlui rock i.
pnihiilily more broken than any yet seen. Tt has a Ntriko N. •((>' \V'.,
and ou the inside of tlio bay thero is a li;;lit dip N. Hf) Iv, but on tin
point tlio dip is to thi; south- west.

f. 11(111 ('vcik.

LiHiiiCii'i

Fiooii Crook was cxnnunrd for six rn' '■< from its inouth. At tlif
rtr'^t rapid, two miles U[> it runs throuu'li two cracks in the rock, the
lai-ger one of wliich is about thret' t't-et widti. iJelow tins tlm rixir i-
from one liuiidrcd to two liuiidrcd feet wide, but willioul cin'rcnt, uimI
its bank-i arr tlirci^ to ..ix feet liii^li, roiii|)os('d of lii,'lit-.t,'ray, allu\ iai
clay, without lioiildc'i-. Here and ih

i l)o.ss of fjray gneiss crops

out

from beneath the flay, 'riic iiimks ar(\ woodcii with poplar and spriu'c \\y
to tui'he or fourteen ini'hes in diameter. The rock at tli(* rapid is ii
massive, i^ray granite or gneiss, with a very .slight foliation N. .'58" \\.,
hut does not at all partake of the character of the foliated gndss
hithei'to des.'rihed on the east siile of iho lake. 'I'he next rapid is a
short distance above, and very simil.ar to the first in <'haraeter. 'I'lir
river above makes a long turn, first to the west and tlien north, ami
around to the southeast to a ]>oint a mile and .i li;df northeast of the

second rapid, fn this distaie e two
and gneis.s. similar to that on the lak

rapids .ire passed within a mile,
aiiain met with, runnintr N.

57' W., and generally nearly vertical. \i the most northerly point
on the bend in the river, it e.xpands into a little lake, one him
dred yards across, in the east side of which there is ;i rapid dm i
rock and lioulder-. To the nortii is a portage through woods t'li-
seventy-five yards. The rock is smootli and well glaciated in ,i din'i-
tionS. .'>n W. It is a similar reddish gneiss w«ll foliated in iidirectien
N. ")S \V. iilue clay is present all along over the lower parts of the
Keiirtl, r.i|iiil. rock. .Vt the last rapid, the fourth from the lake, the [>ortage is over
smootli rock of similar gneiss. From this smooth rock portage tho
river widens and runs between low wooded banks, covered \Nith lai'LTe

spruce and

ort distance above the bi'' bend the creek

iviijed, and is reported .is coming from .'in extensive tam.'iraclc swan

The ui)pei' reaches stil

sll

idiM-lyi

rk to be a banded I'liei

.striking parallel to the lake shore, but cut by many pegmatite v
running in all directions.

■eiii>

I.ODN f'KKKK TO IIOI.K IIISKIl.

ijy wide veins

I'oj^ulivr faults,

Tilt' I'ock i

ko N. lo' ^v.,

K., but Ull thr

louth. At ill''
II the rocU, till'
lis tho iivi;r i-

llt iMII'l'l'llt. llll'l

ii i^riiy, iillu\iiil
r'lii'iss crops du!
iiMUul spnif'' I'l'
lit tho nijiid is a
,lion N. •'>»' ^'^' .
t'oliivtt'd gnriss

ni'xt fiq'i'l '■•* '^
(•li:ira>'tff- 'I'h''
till. 11 north, aiul
north fiist ot' tin'
,1 within !i mil''.
,vilh, nirinin^' N-
nortlu'i-ly point

livko, «'«H' l>"i'
is a iiH>i(l osif
I'diiiih woods tnv
riiitiil ill a ilifi'i'
iitcd iiiiidii'eftion
lower parts ot tlir
■ portiif^o is oviT
,-,„k porta-^t' til''
ivcrcd \\ ilh Itvi'^i'
licnd the creek is
taniaiiU'k ssviinip.
a hiuidcd f^iu'iss
pej^matilc vein-

Sliori' of l.nki^ ]Viintif»'tj Lium t'ofk ii> Wanni/ii^gDir m' lloli' Riv^r.

The aliun'-iirio t'loiii Loon Crtjt'k .south wiird is not ^o re>,'uliir iu out- (•iini'l
lino iiM toward the north. Tliis is I'liused no doubt by the fact that
the hand of sciiist and greenstone which oi'eu[)ies the channel south
from l>o;,' Head, is not so deeply ero(h'(i beyond this point. A ridj^e
of ;,'raniticgiiciss appears on Loon Island and aloiij,' the shore .south
fi'oiii Loon .Strait. On the eastern aide of this island and on the
western side of Loon llay the granite holds inclusions ot' the schists of
the aliove mentioned band.

of t,ho isliuid and aloiii,' the shore for some
roi'ks are the oidy ones seen, but on xime

< )ii the western sid"
dist line I li(' Lfiie'.vsie
small rofky isla;ids near the shore, east from i'xM'ry Island, inclusions
of mica schist are again loiiced. Thesf! are prolmbly frau;inents fnjm
lliironian rocks which outcrop on the islanils of the Piiictone Island
:;roiip ;iMd also on those fart hei' south.

'I'he line of this outcrop follows and ji^radually approaches the nuiin-
laiid and east of Pipestone Lsliind, passes between tiie outlyinj; islands
.and the shore. p'roni Black Island to Hole I'.ay tiie mainland is of
'jjiieiss hut Mpparent iy all the ouilyin;,' islands are of Ihironian r<ick.

'I'he mouth of Loon Cu'ek is tilled with wild rice and blocked by a ' ■^'

number of rocky shoals. 'The bottom of Loon l>ay, west of lh(> river,

is low with a clay beach. The west side of the bay consists of low

rounded rocks, t )n a jioii;! across from the riser the rock was found

to be a well foliated liu'ht '^reenish-Ltiay i^iieiss or amphibolite schist

with a strike N. lo NN'.. and dip S. Ill \V. . 70. In places the

foliation is undulatinu', or affected by small aluupt twists. Uuniiini,'

more or less with the strike an' many liaiub of red itranite and

beside them ai'e often little strin^js and |iockets of epidote, Innnedi-

atcly iiack of the point it is found that the schist is followed liy a

massiv(> i,'reenish-i;ray uranitile, with the crystals somewhat drawn out

in a direction N. .'iO W. It is cut by a few little strings of j^ranite.

Northward tlie schists are found to touch a^ain on the point and also

on the island beyond. The schist seen near the north east end of the

point is similai' to that described above, but is there strikini,' N, 03" W.,

and the point is cut across l)y a vein of red uraiute ei;,'ht feet wide.

.Many little faults cut the schi.^-t in lUl direct it)ns, and alonu the lines

of the f.iults are strings of lii,dit-ni'een epidote. .Many strings and I'ludiifonii-

lenticules of (piarl/ are found between the beds. A short distance "' "'"'"'■

farther vest, in the bottom of a little bay. the schist find the t,'.iiy

'.granite are clearly seen in unconfornuible contact. The schi^ dips

I.AKK WINNIPEG.

sflllsts

I uf

uiulei' the granite, hut tlie granite cuts it (juite irregularly, cutting
across the scliist lirst at an angle of 10' to the foliation and then
sending ofi" a vc-in three feet wide into the schist at a much widiu-
angle. Close to the line of junction the granite also includes many
irreguiai', generally elongated, fragments of the schist. Small pockets
of tourmaline crystals were observed in the si'liists not fai' from the
contact.

Approaching Loon Strait, a small island, lying a (piarter of a milr
south east, is found to he of similar green schist, cut l>v • >Mns of red
|)egniatite running with the strike of tiie beds.

On Loon Island the contact between the schists and gneiss is found
to occur on two points on the east side. .At the most northerly of the
two (he contact is clearly seen, and is much l.i-nken, I Ik; gneiss .sending
out lonu Jirms into the schist at a sniall angle to tiic general direction
of the line of contact.

At the midd!(> point of the south side of the island, are several
inclusions ot' hardened scliisi in tiie gnei-s. The largest one runs out
at both enfls into the water, and one hundred feel of it is seen. Its
width is twenty feet, and ten feet of gneiss is seen beyond it. ( )ii the
east side a long arm of the gneiss runs into it. The border' of the
gneiss is line graineil, for about si>: inches from the schist. The I'dge
of the gneiss is practically vertical, i)ut the schist dips south-west at
.■in angle of from (i(t to ~0 , In pl;ices the foliation of the schists is
twi-te(i. In one especially, it bends rouinl the edge of the gneiss, but
gciiciidly it is cut oil' irregularly.

The west side of the islaml consists of low rock, rising from one to
four I'cet above tin; water. It is a daik reddish gray, massive granite
gneiss, cut by a tVw \eins of coarse r<d granite. it also contiiins,
as noted above, many large ami small angular inclusions of dark
gray, laminated gneiss and schist. Small rocks in the bay to the
south, are found to lie generally missive gnciiss, with the excejition
of one mar the stiait, which is of schist, probably om^ of the larg(>
inclusions noted above. The bay to the south is a lotig narrow inlet
flanked on both sides with rock. That on the e.ist side is generally
low and slopes gridually into the water, while on the west it i""
more abrupt. The former contains ii:clusi(ms of dark mica-schist^
and is cut by veins of ijuartz and tourmaline. The latter is \ery
uniform. All the gneiss is precisely similar to that on Loon iHland,
and has a gener.al strike \. o.S' VV. The bay terminate < to the
south in an e.\tensi\e marsh. It is f)Ossible. thiit there may be

lie 111

LOON CREEK TO HOLE RIVER.

51 O

irly, cutting
in and then
much wichn-
:iudea many
mall pocki'ts
far from the

ter of a milf
viiins of red

neiss is found
rtherly of the
gneiss sendin;;
icrid direelioii

1. are several
I one iiiiis out
it, is seen. If^
11(1 it. *hi ihr
. liunlei- of tlic
list. 'Hie i'diH'
south-west at
,f tlic sehists i-
tl\e L^neiss, l)\it

n;,' from one to
iassiv(> ^'raiute-
vlso I'ontaiii'-.
usions ot' dark
the bay to I lie
the except ioii
one of tlie lar!.;e
iii^ narrow inlet
ide is jjeni'rally

the west it i'"
iuk mica-schist,
10 latter is very
in lioon iHland,

minate^ to the
, there may lie

111(1.

water communication from this long Ijay out to the west, aa the shore
there is low and marshy. The points alone are I'ocky, with little rocky
islands lying olF thf^iii. A similar gneiss is found farther south along
the mainhmd. Tiie tir.-<t exposure on the extreme western point is of
a well-fohated gneiss, with alternating hands of gn(nss and mica-schist.
Tlie foliation is generally much contorted, with a general strike of
about S. 7S W.

.\ long low strip of sliore is next passed in which the ])oints and out- Soutli from
lying shoals are composed of a reddish-gray granite-gneiss often broken
by masses of red granite. The contortion in the beds appears to hav(>
affected the general strike of the rocks for a short distance. The end
of the point terminating this fairly straight piece of shore-line .shows a
light green gray gneiss, thi'ough which run bands of dark-gray mica-
schist. The gneiss is very irregularly folded and ci'umpled, but the
general strike appears to be about S. 7S W. and the dip S. 12" E. at
an angle of from .'it* to IS . Th(> gneiss is moderately tine-grained and
like that ,it the last exposure contains ,i considerabli; amount of })lagio-
clase, ]ii'ol)ably also with some orthoclase. Included in the bands of
gneiss are some bands or lenses of hornblende-biotite-gneiss nmch
like the gneiss farther south. On sevei'al points south of the snia"
indents in the shore-line lying about north-east from i>erry Island, Imhv Isi.'i
the gnei.ss is found to be still much conloi'tcd, but the general strike
is nearly parallel to the sh'ii'e. Small \eins of mica-schist cut aci'oss
the foliation with occasional \t>insof red gi'anite.

.■V low string of islands lying very near the shore and situated |.;,.^^, ,,|
directly east from HiM'ry Island, .'ire composed of co.iise biotitegneiss '-^hnnl.
showing very liltU; foliation, but with several inclusions of dai'k com
pact mica-schist lying about N. -jS W, Some of these are lenticuhu'
with long tapering ends, and others are drawn out into beaded strings
\'eins of dark-rerl granite also run in the sami> direction. These vein-
were especially obsorxcd on an island at the southern end of tile group,
.•separated fi'om the string of islands noted above and nearer the shore
to the south, a small island is found to be composed of a gi'(>enish-grav
([uartz-diorite, ijuite massive, showing no sign of stratification or uimul nf
foliation. This is very much checkered by little cracks along which I'un M'i"i''zilii>iitt'
strings of black hornblende or tourmalie:- with which are often lenses
of (piartz. It also occasionally contains large and small inclusions of
pyrites. Tliis island is about fifty yaids from the shore, and the point
opposite is composed of a dark-gray (piartz-mica-diorite, showing a
crystalline foliation in a direction N. 80' W. Into this gneiss, from
(he direction of the island, a mass or tongue, twelve feet wide, of fine-

lT%f///'^

52 o

LAKE WINNIPEG.

Kiist (if l'i|ii' :»rain('daiiiphiboiite extends. The points south, to abreast of Pipestone
[slatid show exiwsurrs of hornblcndic gneiss, cut in many places hv
tine veii\s of granite. At one point, a band of massive, dark liorii-
blem'' vock, abuts against the gneiss and strings of gneiss run oui
throuj^i. It in many places, while many pieces of the aniphiliolite arc
included in the gneiss, often having the appear.ince of a true con
glomei-ate The small islands oil' this part of the shore show d;irl<
hornblendie rock, and the junction as seen above on the noint, is im

J
doubt that of an eruptive contact.

The group ni' islands extending along the shore, south from Pip

stone Island are generally ot tli

e green sr

hists and altered eruptive

S (,t

the Iluronian, liut ne.ir the shdre-liiie and on the mainland, the rock-
is a purphyritic gnei>s. The contact line is iii)parently not si en, bein:;

no doubt underwater.

Moul

h Ml'

lin.i.

Th(^ 1

)av into wli:i'h Pice It

enters, is detna

(led

icross rid

thi

the s

leaving many islands as interrupted ridges running wj

trik(
1

le iinmedi

ate bi

which the stream falls, is a Icii

narrow l)ay with t wo ent ranees, nearly closed hy a long islani

llyi

front. The shore is here steep, 'ising to thirty fiet above; the watt

is composed ot a crusliei

1 granite, similar to tiiat farther north alon

the mainland. Some of it is ma-sive, while iniich is schistose. Tin
strike of the rock here is N. 'V,\ \\'., the dip S.W. at an angle of iWl

,\. (lUiUter
foliation,
■al

lile to the east it i

s nner graiiK

iiid has a distiiici

The SI -ike is \. L>;i \V

and

-laiK

vertical

contain

several bands ot line grained reddish granite aloiiL; tiie lines ot

(Id

in.

abo interbedded with the lighter schist, are some thin liaiids, of dail
gfi'en schist, with one lenticular band, luiving much the character ot'
coarse ai's'luinerate or bivcci

til

( )n the south
tl

of tl

le arm or iiav

li rock IS generally the same a- on the west side, but it also varic
d dark and light schist is found in moderately iliin bands.

Hice l!iv

( hi Uice l!i\ci' tlit; section is across the strike, and gives a siu
cession of dark ]K)rpliyritie gneisses and some eruptives, followcil
farther' inland by lighter eohuired granites and gneisses, 'i'he livn
m irregular course, owing to the ridges of rock running across

folic

it- general direction oi How. Near its mouth, at tlie lirsl

bed

s are a gray gneiss, f(

rapid, ti
by fine grain»'d dark beds, and

a I

the head of the raiiid an eruptive dark-green porphyry, in which larg''
crystals of felspar are abundant. Half a mile across the strike tin

dfi

next exposure is of a gray granite-gneiss, with irregular or v(
indistinct foliaticm. The next exposure is about three (luarters of

mile across the strilce, and

''iieiss even

ly banded, whi( li

LOON CHEEK TO HOLE RIVER.

53 G

it of Pipestone
any places Viy
vo, dark horn-
gneiss run oui
ini>hiliolitc arc
of a true con
ore slu)\v dark
he point, is no

luth from Pipi-

i(hI oruptives oi

nhmd, the rock

xwX. s'cn, licinj

1 iicfo'^s rid;:'!'- "1
,-- riinniim witli
111 falls, is a Ion-
xft island lyin<.' m
alioNO the water,
rtlicr north alon-
is schistose. The
,t an ansilo t)f i''<>
i,d has a distiiici
ical. It contain-
lines of hcdiiiiij
II hands, of <lark
thi' character of n
A the arm or hay.
lut it alsi) varie-,
hands.

ami gives a sue
ruptives, foUowed
„,isses. The rivei
|(kK running aeio--
tirst rapid. (h>
.lark iH'ds, and a!
yry, in whicli hui."'
ross the strike t'.p'
irregular or very
three (piarters ot i
,ly \)anded, whicli

again cuts across the river farther up. The gap in the section hetween
this red gneiss and that at the first rapid, is probably occupied by
altered eruptives, which probably aie stringers of the dark band o;'
lock, which forms the trough occupied by Loon Bay to the north.
Tlio dark gneisses and schists of Loon Hay are last seen striking south-
ward, and the erruptive contact with the granite of Loon Strait woul<l
suggest that parts of the same band might be found to the southward
of this granite. On Rice Lake the exposures are of a reddish-gray 1!
gneiss, followed to the east by gray granitite-gneiss, more massive, but
with a slight f(jliation. The river averages about fifty feet in width.
but is in many places obstructed by boulders, and in others very shallow
and full of rice. The country is mostly rocky, with alluvial patches
here and there. Rice Lake is very irregular in shape, and generally
siiallow, many of the arms being covered by a thick growth of rice.
The shores are in places low and wooded. Above the lake the stream
is sluggish for a couple of miles and the bank.s low and marshy, the
country rising verv gently. Knobs of gneiss bearing Banksian pirn'
rise on every side, with intervening areas of muskeg cox ered with grass,
iiushes and suiall tamarack. The rock is a similar granitite-gneiss.
foliateil N. 1>* W., with the suif.u'e showing gla(Mal striie bearing S.
(iO W. In the upper stretches the liver narrows coiisideral)ly, and
falls in several small rapids. The strike of tiie gneiss swings around
to the north-east, the last observed being N. •")•") K., and the dip 8.
.'i."i \<]. at a high angle.

The sliore, to opposite lilack jsl.ind, is coinjiosed of similar gneiss (
ridges, generally high, dipping steeply into the water, cut by deep hays
runnir.g in transvcMse to tlw shore, and apprn.ximately jwirallel to the
direction of striatioii. It is woodetl with aspen and a few >.|iruce and
scrub pine.

The islandu between Hlaek Island and the mainland to the east are |
all of Huroiiian sciiist ami greenstones, and the prol)abl(> line ot con- ^
tact between the gneisses and granilites of the east, shore and the
Huroiiia 1 rocks of the islands, follows very <dosely along parallel to
that sh< :i'. The gneisses strike about parallel to the shore line, and
jiracticidly the same beds are followed soutii to the end of the bav
near the mouth of Hole Rivei'. Oti a point almost ojiposite tlu^ north
end of Ulaek Island, the rock is a well-foliated gneiss, striking N. 2'2
W"., and dijiping S, 08 W. < fi;")'. fn one place it is cut by a thin band
of granite. On the south-west it is interhanded with green porpln'ritie
gneiss and on the north-east it lies against green, foliated, porphyritic
^'iieiss. in many plac- the contact ajipears to be conformable, but in

l.l\kr

)|ili(i.<
!l.icl<

Ite
Islaiiil.

■.a.-t s

nlltll

slaiiil

lion-

n|y>

u'te/

~)4 G

LAKE WlNNIPK(i.

I'urpliyry.

C(mt;ut wit I
HuKiiiiun.

Others it is lut or gradually replaced by the green porphyry. This
porphyry is seen iigain farther south, about opposite the east end of
Black Island. It is a niueh altered and squeezed rock composed of
Huartz, felspar, biotite, chloriU^ and magnetite. The t|uarti! is granii
lated and the felspar occurs in rather large individuals and very mudi
kaolinized. The biotite is in minute scales largely altered to chlorite
and scattered through the section. Calcilo and epidotc also occur.
Altogether the rock has the appearance of a much crushed and altered
granitic materia! and being very near the contact with the schists n\
the fluronian, it seems impossible to deU-nnine whetlier this may n(it
be a much altered lower member of that series. At the south-east
corner of the bay. Just eastof Jlole iJivcr, the contact of the gneisses
with the dark green schists is very shai|ily dctined. The schist has the
a]){)earance of a boulder congloTiicrati-, the boultleis lying in the line <i\
strike with the schist drawn aroutod them in thin bands. A great
number of white veins of i|uartz are scattered throui^h the s(;hist in an
irregular manner. Krom this contact the 11 uroiiian ro"ks are found
skirtinir the sliore to Clement Point.

/'ijifnloiif Ik/(iii'/ liriiiiji,

I'ipotoiii
Island Ki"

I'ipi'slnlK

l-land.

'i'he group consists of one island with a f(!w trees growing on it, ainl
a cluster of bate rcirks extending in irregular order io the mainland to
the southeast. The outermost rock lies about a mile north-west ward
from Pipestone Island in line with Berry Island. It is narrow, bate
and about fifteen feet high, comjio.sed (entirely of a massive dark-green,
partly decomposed, eruptive. In one place it is crossed by a little band
of green schist and dolomite, (ireen porpiiyritic gneiss is seen on the
ne.xt island to tlu! south. It is cut by iiuis.ces of dark green trap,
piobably dykes from a large mass to the southwest,

Pipestone Island is small atn; partly wooded, .\t the north west end
are .abrupt clifls fifteen feel high, while at the south-east end tlir
shore slopes to near w.iter level. The middle of thi; island is about
twenty-live ftH;t high. The north-west side is composed of bluish,
moderately thin-bedded serpt^ntine, through which run a numb<i-
Oi" veins uf librous .serpentine uii.xed with magnetic iron-oxide.
Some of the veins are almost (uitirely irietallic. The etist side is
composed of a light grayish-green serpentine, .some uf wiiicli is cal
careous ; that which appears to compose the greater ^.art of the islaml
i.4 much mottled with red. Through it tire some veins of ealcite and
dolomite, or btirite.

•]

HUUONIAN ROCKS.

00 G

phyry. This
) east end of

composed of
artz is gnuui
nil very nuuli
•ed to chloritt'
it(,' also occur.
,cd and altercil

the schists i>i
L-r this may not

the soutli-i'iist

of till' i^iv'isM >
le schist has tlu
,(r in the liiu' "i
.an.ls. A Siv;^

the schist ill m.

ro-ks are foum!

jrowiii^ on il, an.l
the iiiaiidaiul to
north- wcsi\v:ua
is narrow, hai.'
.sivc dark fireen.
,n)y a little han.l
ss is seen on tli''
dark !.;ieeii trap.

the north west ciul
,v„heast eml tlu'

thi' ishuid is aboi'i
„po..ed of hlui^li-
h nm a nuiiih'i-
i^netic iron-o.Kidc.
riic east side is
of which IS cal
■ ^,art of the islaiul
veitis of ealcite aivl

On a small island to the nortii i.s a light-green, porphyritic gneiss Dy
dipjiing vertically and striking towards the north end of Herry Island.
On the east side a narrow dyke three feet wide runs first with the
strike of the gneiss, and then curves gently round to the north,
crossing the strike and widening somewhat in places. In this cro.ss
portion many little strings run out from it into the gneiss, and in one
place an eloi.gated fragment was clearly seen in the dyke. The rock
especially in the straight portion is quite .schistose. From *lie north
side of this islap.i the dyke appears to cross to another islanu.

Half a mile south-east of Pipestone Island a small island one hundred
yarils long, consists of light-green porpdiyritic schist dipping vertically
and striking north-east. It is cut by a vein of fine granite fou"' feet wide
running parallel to the strike. This island appears to he to the east of
the line of contact between the gneisHes and the green eruptives of the
lluronian belt, but the next island south, an isolated rock about two
miles south from I'ijiestone Island is composed of rotten, green rocki
very irregularly jointed and fissured, which is prol>ably lluronian. It
is generally i[ni'^a massive^ iiut on the south-west side it shows in .some
places a schistosity striking towaiils lierry Island. The rock, "specially
on this latter side, is altered to serpentine and along many of the
tissuie lines, o.\i(le of iron has been separated out. The islands to the
I'ast of this aie all of porphyritic gnei.ss similar to that of the mainland.

ki'S on
nil Isliiiids,

/n/(tiii/s

tlir I'uiik Island ('haniiel.

'The islands along the east side are mainly of the fine schistose \A:\.m
gneiss, liglit-gr'eeiiish in colour, striking along the shore. They are "" '
very numerous and rise out of moderately deep water and are gener-
ally wooded with po])lar or Uanksiari pine. liehind, the sliore
is broken by inlets and mai'shes and the scenery in this vicinity
is very ()icturesque. Toward Punk Island numerous small rocks
appear l)ut little elevated above the water and nearly all are of the
darkgrecn eruptive similar to that on the islands iminedia.ttdy nortli near
Pipe-ilone Island. The outermost ones are distributed nearly along the
centre of the channel. The southei'n one is of green chloril(!-schist,
and the oik! ne.\t to it to the nortli is composed at its eastern eiul of a
compai'atively coarse, light-green diabase inwhich many porphyritic crys-
tals are clearly seen. This is stiiking west, and dipping south at an angle
of SO . It is evenly but not very distinctly be lde<l, and about seventy
feet of beds is e.xjio.sed. South of this, is .,ic hundred T.^ -t of siniiln r rock,
but liiu'r-grained, imt by thin anastamosing bands vif clilorite-schist into
oval masses tliree to six feet in length. This character is very strongly

sc;l.st of

Island.

LAKT, WINNIFEO.

IhLukU mar
Ptiiik Isliind.

iiiirlli I
shop- I

lit
ast

marked and many irreguliir masses and ramifyinii veins of quartz are
also present. South of this aarain thin bedded chl<>ntic sciiists occupy the
point of the island. .Massive light-green diabase with a slight ten-
dency to schistosity is shown on the next pair ot islands to the north,
the rock still striking westward. The most northerly f)f this lot, in
the centre ot the channel, is opposite the .south corner of the east end
of Punk Island and is of light-i;reen, gray-weathering, rather coarse
grained ruck, apparently almost massive but occasionally showing a
slight foliation N. t)0 W.

iieferring to the islands nearer Funk Island, a siniilai* string runs
southeastward from near the south-east corner. On I he first or northern
most group is .seen amphiboiite which weathers into a soft light-brown
mottled schist. In places it shows very perfectly the ovoid structure
rcmaiked on one of the islands in thy channel to the eastward.
Coarsely granular, green schist crosses the next small island striking
about N. 70 W., and dipping at a high angle south.

The rocks on the next three islands lying acni^s the strike are al!
fine- and ooarsegiaineil dioi'itc, in sonic places showing ,i slight
schistosity. Two islands lying fai'tli(!r to the south are both of dark -
green, coarsely crystalline amphiboiite.

lihtek Islanil — mirtli s/ior' hihI (ntlli/i in/ tslnndt.

The western part of the island .s overlain by sandstones and liiiir-
stones elsewhere described as of Ulack Hivei'. and Trenton age, but
along the shores of the eartern part, both north and .south, dark gr'ii'n
schists and greenstones of Huroriiaii age outi rop along the beach.
The exposures (111 the north side aic fouiid to extend westward for
about three niiies and are mainly of dark-gi'een eruptive rock. Hand-,
of schists and slates probably of sedimentary formation, occur at the
extreme eastern end and also on the point on tiie north shore of the
island south of the largest outlier, but there is a greater variety of these
rocks exposed on some of the islands just to the north. The rock at the
extreme iu»rtlieastern corner, is a soft, silvery-white, sericitic mica-
schist. 'J'his is folK)wed at a short distance by a soft chloritic schist
striking N. 10 \\'., dipjiing S. SO' W. <: 7')'. In il some heavy veins
of white (|uartz are incluiled and with this arc some streaks appai'ently
of hicmatite.

For three hundred paces west along the shore, similar schist is seen,
much of it glistening white on the surface. Scattered over it are
many fragments of quart/. A short distance is then found covered

with

bosse.s

ulthoi;

chlorii

ritica]

same r

■schist.'*

lying j

north-'

a tougl

(lippini

nortli-i

part, i.s

to the

(!:irk-gr

iiiins a

iiiiinbci

ct' then

• 'n one

clastic

^iaceed(

('riipti\(

tillllOllS

Mand.

i''n)iii
crops .•ii'(
striking
■ ippareiit
tance in
structun
feet in ],.
tlicm tog
liands tin

' »f the

as ihe gr<
■ippear ti
'ire s(|uei
scvci'al sii
'lie jieiiin:
tVoiii sout
iiig order

IIURONIAN ROCKH.

57 <i

i qimrt/ arc-
,s occupy the
L slight tpu-
() t\w. north,
i this lot, in
the east end
iithor coarse
ly showing i\

i» string runs
tornorthcrn
t lif^ht brown
,'oi(l structure
the castwarii.
sland strikint;

! strike are iil!

villi,' ,1 slii^lU

both of (liirk-

mcs and liim'-
oiiton aj,'e, but
th. iliirk-^'p't'ii
,v_' till' bi'acli.
1 wr-twiiril tor
i-ork. I'.aiids
t. uc.ui at tl>e
h shore (if tlie
iiriety of these
The rock at the
sericitic iiiica-
•hloritic schist
inie heavy veins
|;iks iippai'eiitly

schist is seen,

[•ed over it are

found covered

with sand, and the next exposure apj)ears in rounded Ldaciated
bosses of a more crystalline character, aj)parently an altered eruptive,
nltlu>ngh portions show a diabasic structure. The rock is mairdy of
clilorite, and extends to iht\ first point where it shows a more porpliy-
litic appearance. The ialands opposite this bay show practically the
same rocks, which vary from chloritic and sericitic schists to hornblende-
sihists, but farther westward darker schists are seen on the points
lyinii just to the east of the small peninsula wliieh here projects to the
north-westward. On the eastern part of this peninsula tlie rocks are Sniiill inn
a lough blue felsite with a slaty cleavaLfe striking N. 35 W., and '"^'
(lipjiing at a high angl(> s(juth-westward. Tiie shore along the outer oi-
imrth-eastern part is generally high and about half of it, the eastern
part, is composed of the felsite just mentioned, while the western part
In the extreme end of the point, is occupied by an essentially massive
dark-green or blue coarse-grained rock. On the north- western end it con-
iiins a nuiid)er of angular fragments of the light-blue slate. A larg('
iiiunber of islands lie to the north-east of this point, and on many
iif them, green schists are found sti'iking in a westerly direction,
I'll one of th" large outer ones thirty feet higli, green, epidotic.
riastic schists are seen and on the neijihbourin'' islands this is
^mceeded botli on the north and south by massive coarse-grained
riu|itive bands, The schists of the inner islands are probal)ly con.
timioiis with I, hose that are noted toward the eastern end of IJlack
Maud.

l''i'om the end of the [leninsula, westw.ird fur nearly a mile, the out-
crops are of the c.%:.rse, dark eruptive, but a band of gi'een agglomerate
-Hiking S 7<t W,, appears on the outer part of the point. Tt i-<
a|i|iareiitly oidy a few yiirds in thickness, and is folluwcd a sliort dis
taiicc in tlie bay to th(> wcnI by a green I'ock showing a peculiar
-tiucture. It is composed of oval masses from three inches to two
(ret in length of similur green rock, and around these and cementing
tiiem together run thin bands of greon schist. At the angles in these
hands there is often developed a little mass t.f ha'matite.

• If till- outlying islands it is a little difficult to jilace the descriptions, islaml-- nnitli
a> the group is irregular, lait the larger ones .and many of the rocks I'^i^^j '"
appear tu be made up of massive greenstones ai;d schists which
;irc s(|U»'ezed enipt.iv,js. The most interesting ex[iosures are on
-cveral small islands 1 i the centi'e of the channel, lietween the end of
tlic peninsula and the largest island to the north- west. The section
triim south to north across the strike sliows the beds in the follow-
iiii; order : —

-}S

l,AKE WINMPKG.

At the south end of a mnall islmul, i;nM'ii inottk'd rock of a iiiassi\i'
typo f{ivt>s pla<'o to tliin-liodiled lif,'ht-l)hic slato. This is i!il(^rlMMl(lc(l
wilh a gri'on au;i,'loni('rate in whii'ii tiic pohhlcs arc! at first ft'w ami
small. They, howevci', soon oi'conio lai'i^'cf and morn numei'ous, anil
the rock assumes a slaty charactef or rather is cut hy a slaty cleir ai^c
striking S. 80 \V., while the strike of the rock itself is due west.
Karlhei- north the agglomerate is nearly massive, and tinally, nt thi'
end of the island conlains pehMes three to li\e inches in diaiiietir
Two small rocky islands farther on are of massi\e green rock aiiil
across a small gap the section is continued on another island. Thi-^ i^
composed of agglomerate-sclii>t on the south side, I'unning into a linn
Uedded chloriteschist, while on the nt)rth side it is somewhat lianli'i'.
and strikes we>i, standing vertical. This latter rock shows n slaty
cleavage difiering indirection from the strike.

l'<i'niK:iiii)\i> The ii'inainder of the north shore of lUack Island shows exposnic-

r.hnk Maud, mainly of dritt-deposits and the soft samlstoncs at the base ot the Irm
tun. hut aliout miilway along the shore a sandy till is found hardened
liy iron-o.\i(ie, and the shore is completely covered by dark-red slaK-
for four hundred yards along the beach. This ore is, no doubt, deri\i(l
trom the pi'esence of iron oxides in the underlying roi'ks, which l:avi"
heen absorbed by the sandy bed lying immediately above, as a sdinc-
wliat similar though less intense staining was observed on the sandy
beds of the east end of Punk Island.

B/nrk I.ilinal — soiuh sliori

DriMiniilii^'

I'llillt >iMltl

uai'il.

-lalnU til
■a-l.

Drunnning Point is an old Indian c.imping f)lac(^ and burial gmnn I.
The rock exposed at the shore is a well-bedded, wavy, green ami
reddish schist striking N. 'I'y W., and dippini: st)Uth at a high angle.
This is overlain by light-brown sand, which rises in an easy, grassy ^Iii|ii'
to a heightof forty foot above the lake. The to]) is wooded with --ml!
I'atiksian pine. The shoie runs to the south for a mile, an<I along it
green schists are seen of the same wavy character, sometimes sonii'
what massive. Ijehind the point a deep bay runs to the north, fr.uii
the end of which a road has been cut back into the bush. I'Villowin:.'
this for a short distance it ascentis to a height of lifty feet above the
lake, to the top of a sand ridge, probably a beach dune. Jjeyond tlii>
the country falls a little to a forest of spruce and pine. Near the sIkhv
some larch is growing, with spiuce, balsam and poplar.

The islands in the channel between this part ol HIack Island and ilu>
mainland show the same green wavy schist as at Drumming Point,

IIURONIAN HOCKS.

59 G

v(,vk of a massive
L'hia is interl«'iliii'(l
ro at first. tVw mihI
oro iiuinei'oiis, and
)V ;i slaty clea-iiiic
itself is due wcsi.
and tlnally, at llir
iiu-lies in dianu'ier.
ke j;ri'on nn'k hikI
iicr island. Tlii-^ is
unnint; into a liiin
s somewhat luinlii,
vwk shows a sliily

id shows exposmi--
;ho base of thi' Tivii
1 is found hiii'dcMiicl
I'd by daik-rcd sl:ili>
is, no doubt, derived
If ro''k-<, wliiuh l::i\('
•ly aiiovc, as a sdiiu'
ervt'd on the sandy

and l)uriai ui^und.
I, wavy, fjroen and
ilii at a lii.u'li ani;'!!'.
an easy, grassy ^-loin-
is wooded with sin'.ll
II mile, and aloni; it
or, sometimes .-dim'

to the north, fr.'iii
le l.ush. Kollowiii;.'

lifty feet al)OVi' the
dune. Deyond tlii>
in(>. Near the shniv

plai'.

Shick Island and iho
at Drumming Point,

l)Ut veins of (juartz are noted on many of them. 'I'hosH nearer Ulack
Island, (ind near the mouth of the deep bay noted above, show green,
L'hloritio schist ruiwiing generally north-west, but on the i.sland at the
mouth of the bay this schist merges into a massive, green, granular
trap on the wes' side of the island.

'J'he shore, from this deep bay south-west to the largi> island lying Kast .inl ui'
close alongside Black Island is (juite irregulai-, and several small islands
lieotl'itina north arid-south line from the deep bay. These ar(! of
light-green schist, and on the most southerly one is seen dark-gicon
trap, in places distinctly foliated and striking N. "28 W., dipping
S. W. < (i.j . The foliated bands contain bands of ferruginous schist
and a considerable amount of xcin (piartz. The rock is well striated
and ovHrlain by a while till with boulders. The north point of the
large island shows a <;ioen, well-bedded schist, striking N. 2") \\'. It
includes small lenlicules of (juartz and liMiticular IxhIs of dolomite.

Along the irr-egirlar shore op|iosiie t!ie-e islands, gr'cen schists and Ailj.in'nt
niasaive tr'aps are e.xpo-ed. The l)each of the souther'ii part is generally
sandy, but along the northern, numerous bouldei's are piled on the
slioi-e, having fallen from the banks of soft blue clay behind. From
the bottom of the bay, about midway along the sandy strip, a
gooil foot-path is found, running back into the islantl to a favourite
lilueberi'y patch, to which the Indians resort during the beir'y season.
lM)llowirig this path north-westward for' nearly a (piai'ter of a mile, the
gi'ound rs foirrid Vi he all sand, and to rise gr-adually to a ludglrt of
irinr-ty feel above the lake. No boulders are seen, and the land is
evidently iirrmeiiatcly underlain by Paheox.oic sandstone. A belt of
spriict! runs alonj,' the lake, gi'owing on the alluvial clay, and the sand
above is wooded with small spruce and pine. A terrace I'uns along at 'I'c irac, t. Tty-
forty live feet above the lake, which has every appear'ancc of being an |,,i^,. '
old .sIror'P line. Above this, jiirie is gi'owing, and below it, spruce and
pophii'.

The large island to the south appears to have few exposur'es of the
underlying r'oek along its western side. On the north point, as men-
tioned abo\(', ar-e green schists. ^\long the inside shore, which is
thijkly str-ewn with boulders, nrostly of gneiss, runs a little clitl of
light-gray, sandy till, holding many pebbles and liouldeis. This is
evidently a deposit of till, durrrped behind the ridge of rock that forms
the body of the island. At the end of the boulders and near' the west
point is an outcrop of mottled gi'eeri, generally massive trap, showing
oval structure in many places. Through it also run many schistose
hands striking N. 40 W. It contains a considerable amount of pyrite-

^11

60 (i

LAKK WINNlPKd.

Siiiitli HJdr III
Black IslaiiM.

Tho aurface is well striatoci ttnd over the sandy till is a l)and of four
fi'ofc of Iji^lit-gniy stratitied clay, evidently that which is cominonly sceii
around the lake. Tjie shore southward to the end of tho island i,.
largely strewn with boulders thioughout, and is often hacked liy a
little cliff of till with pebbles. The massive, ^jreon rock gradually gives
out and ii replaced by a light-coloured schist, striking along tho sliorc.

The exposures of Archiean rock on the shore of Hlack islanij west nt
this, are all within a distance of a mile, with tho exception nf that at
the centre of the island — the iron-ore tleposit. On the first point west
from the island just described is a hard gneiss rock, mostly massive Imii
occasionally schistose. It contains ar.senical pyrites, and in places shows
the oval structure seen in the rocks of tho north side of tiie island.
It is cut by a few moderately wide \eins of rather line grained red
granite. A short distance west of this, the rocks are of soft, light green
massive rock, associated with a hard, green si'liist, and nodules of <[uart/,
pyrite, hiematite, iVc. Some of the schists are (juite silvery and strike
generally to the west. -Several shanties stand here, a small wliart-
is built at the next point, and a hole has i)een put down to a depoiiot
iron-ore, but apparently work has be«!n abandoned.

The next exposure westward is of a green agglomi'ratr, very com
pact and striking north-west. This is followed by ;i sniali outcrop ot
massive, green augite porphyrite From heie weslwar<l the shore i--
generally formed from tl:o sand or boulder clay deposits which co\(i
the main part of the island.

The deposit of iron-ore on this island has been described by Mr. .1. I".
Tyrrell in the Summary Itepoi't for ISH'J, and this description is iieic
lepmduced in coimeition with the g'-neral at'count of the rocks of the
linronian b;inil of which it forms a part : — *

Iroiidic nil ' Five miles and a half ainnt; the south-east shore from its south

wiiitli sidi' ct . 1 1 • 1 I ■ 1- 1 • 1 ,.

r.lacli l-hmil. west p'liiil, altered aiifl highly inclined rocks are tor the (ii'st tiiiii

met with. They consist of light-green si'iicitic schists and (piart/iti'^

probably of Muronian age, which arc often externally reddened by

oxide of iron. When lirst met with they strike N. lo E. and S. lo W'..

and dip at angles varying from CtW to 7.'i . Tliese schists outcrop aloiin

the shore for a ilistance of -i^ti) paces, forming generally a rough,

irregular beach which slopes gradually into the water.

'Towards the northeast end of the exposure, howcNcr, alow ruu:
gcd <;liff rises above aiifl behind the sloping beach, and on examinatinii
tills cliff is found to consist in the centr(! of a mass of h.ematite, which

.\lllHllil l!e|«itt, tieol. .Siil'V. ('

IV (N.S.) is,sii, |,|). Iti-IH .\.

•]

IIUHONIAN liOCKM.

11 hand of foui
cominoiily .si't'ii
i tho islaiul is
n hiickoil V)y ii
gnvcUmlly gives
ilong tlio slitirc.

< I slam 1 west oi
ption I if thiit 111
tiist point \V(!st
)aVly iiiiissivi)lnu
1 in jiliKcs sliows
e of the isliiml.
tine grained it'd
' soft, light green
nodules of (iiiail/
ilvery imd strike
.. ii small wharf'
ni to a depii it cil

iienite, very eoni
small outcrop ot'
ird the shore i^
osits whiih oovci

il.rd hy Mr. .1. r.
leseription is hen
the rocks of tie'

1> from its south

hi' the liist line

Its and c(uart/ite-

illv leddened h>

K. amis, lo W..

|sts outcrop alon-

■ iicrally a roU'ili.

hvcver, a low ru;:
|l on examination
hicmatite, which

ll IS A.

extends along " e .shore for a ilisliinee of a iiutidi'ed puces and rises to
tho height of Heven feet aliove the water. As shown in sections run-
ning hack from (he shore, it, dips away from the lake at an angle ot
1)0 , and in the vicinity of the mass of ore the hedding of the schist is
almost entirely ohliterated.

'The ore is a more or less pure ha'inatite, not very compact on any ll.i'inatiti
of the expiised siufacc-, and with numerous little seams and jiart icles "'' '
of crystalline calcite scattered tlirouglmut the mass, along willi which
are also a niunher of small lenticules and crystals of ijuartx. fn some
places, especiall)- near tlm outside of the mass tho hicinatite assumes
ipiite a pisolitic or hoiryoidal structure, the spiierules heing often
;,rranged in very well-detined rows, the interspaces of whicli are filled
with calcite.

' Towards the outside of thcMuass in places the ore has lie(Mi con-
veriei' for tVom a tew inches to a foot, into a hydrated o.xideof iron or
limonite.

'No analyses have yet heen nia(l(> nf the typic;d specin^en^ collected
(luring the |iast sunnner, hut- a numher of analyses have heen madt^ of '
sjiecimens |>re\inusly sent in from Ulack Island, l.)oth in the lalioratoi'y
of the (Jeological Survey of ( 'anada and hy Messrs, (Jilchrist, Riley
and .Miller,* in fjondon, rhiglaml.

' These show an amount of metallic iron, ranging fi'oin oo'li!) per
rent downwai'ds. None were found to conta.in more than a trace of
phosphorus. One specimen gave on analysis '2'0lM( per cent of selphiir.

Aii;ily

'I MO'.

th.

le sulphur heing pre

sei»t in the oi'c as linelv disseminated iron-

pyrite.s,

while three oth(>r specimens show re'-pectiv(>ly 0'(I7, t)'12 and O'O.'VJ per
cent of this impuiity. Tn the other live an.'dyses the sulphui' was not
determined. No iron-pyrites was seen in the general run of the ore,
hut indications of decayed noihdcs could he traced in a\ery few places

as yellow incrustation- on the surface ot the roi

d t

wo or three

small nodules were seen lyin

t)se at tho hottoni of the clitV.

' .\s stattsd ahove, the deixisit extends for ahout .'500 feet along the
shore, which has here a direction of N. 70 K, rises to a height of
seven feet in the centre of the exjiosure, and dips hack from the shore
at an angle of ;iO . The direction of its sti'ike diflers xciy materially
fron. that ohtained for the s(;liistsat the southwest end of the exposui'P,
liut in the immediate vicinity of the ore itself the hedding was entirely

)r almost ohliterated, so that it was ii

ipo'

siiile to determine in the

short time at my disposal, whether it was a true l)edded deposit or a
lenticular inclusion in the schist.s.

It the

i\ St.'i.l lii>litiitc, .V.i. L'. l.SKCi, p|i. Tit; ('ll"

02 fi

I.AKK WINNIPEG.

Hc'lliNtH iltmi

ciitttol with
irnii 111'.

' The hii'iiiatito is underliiin at tlio watfi 's (idge l)y a groon (iiiai t/.ilic
Hi.'hist, and is ovnlain hy a groniiish-wliiti' argillaci-ous lircocia from
one to two feet in tliickneas. ()\orlyiiig tliis is a inixturt^ of (|iiart/il,i'
('11' iiitiltrated (jUartz) and rallier hard grenn schist, containing a coii
Hi(i(?ral)lo <|iiantity of hiiTnatito. This <|iiat't/os(» hand is again ovcrluin
by light giTcii argillacoiius on I'cricite schists, vciy much cruniph'd, i)iii
generally dipping at an angle of 60' ami striking on the west side of
the ore N 50' K. and S. T)!)' VV. IJeyond tins is twelve feet of light
gif'on, soft, soricitic sciiist. and this tiien runs into the* harder and ntorr
(|uart/iiic schists, which comprise the rest of the whole ex[)osurc of
tluronian rocks along this part of the shore.'

ft may ho of interest to note that JottVy's 'Map of Canada and
the north part of Louisiana' 1702, shows 'Iron [slund ' in F/ike
Winnipeg, a short rlistanco south of the narrows, evidently referring
to Itlack Isliind with its deposit, of iron orti.

Ixliinils ill

Mule I'ilV.

Iii/au<l.i In Hull Bay.

f)pposit(! the western Koundary of the Indian reserve, a group of
small islands extends from near the shore northward to near the large
island south of IMack Island. On the northern island light-green
crumpled schists are exposed. The strike is hetH> S. '.V.\' W., dip N.
Tu \V. ■ ir> . In places the schist is soft and chloritic, while in
otliers it is haid and (|uite silvery. The next two islands south show
practically the same schist, hut the strike swings round more to the
west. On the western one, the strike is N. 10 W., and the dip south
ward < 7") , and on the eastern one the strike isaliout, west and \ertic,il.
On the large island to the north the beds run north-and-south, hut
turn to t:)e westward on Hlack Islanti. In the group of islands to the
south the strik(! hends round to the southand-west. making a fold in
the schists, one arm of which appears to touch along the south shore
to near Clement Point. In the other islands in the group the strike i>
generiilly about east-and-west. The largest island, that nearest ttie
soiith shore, is entirely made up of eveidy bedded light-greenish brown
weathering schist, which breaks out in very long even slabs. This is
eviflently clastic and Inis probably resulted from the cruslnng of an
arkose. The strike is N. ^fO' E., and the dip northward at an angle of
80'. It ha.s also a linear arrangement of the crystals oi an incipient
schistosity at right angles to the strike, dipt ing S. 80" W. The .surface
is beautifully smoothed and grooved, the direction nf the striie, being S,
62 W., earlier ones running S. 23" < 32' W. On th(> islands lying
just to the north-east, similar rock is seen and included in it are a few

I green (jiiai t/itic
)us hn'coia from
tun- of (iimrt/ilc
ontairiiiig ii cdii

it iif{aiii ovcrliiin
cli crumpled, l)ii(

the went sulu of
Ive feet of li},'lit

liiirdor and inuri'
liolci exj)(isuru of

of Canada and
[slimd ' ill Fiakc
idcntly ^pf(n•rin^

s(>r\t', a i,'r<iup of
to Mt-ar till' lari,'!'
land li<{lit-j{n'fn
;. ;<:•) W., dip N.
loritie, wiiilc in
ands south show
und more to tiic
id tlio dip south
vt'st and vertical,
i-and-south, hut

of islands to the
[lakin;; a fold in

t\w. south shore

)up the strike is
hat nearest tlie

i^reonish hrown-
1 slabs. This i>

crushing of an
-d at an angle of

or an incipient
IV. The surface
lie striie, being S.
th(> islands lying
d in it are. a few

''te^'

Tsliitui

'■iillipo,
of tllL'

Aloi

Slll.ll

Tliosp
strike
beds ill
,!,'i<'.y\va
till' we;
I'y inai
I'isinff

tVRBEU.

HURONIAN HOCKS.

63 G

}Mljl)les of granite. North of a long low sandy point, used by the
Indians for a burial ground, somewhat similar schists or altered arkose
is again exposed, found also to contain a few pebbles. The rocks are
li(3n^ vertical and the strike changes from N. 70' E. at the south to
N. o7' E. at the north end.

A chain of small islands, five in number, lying in lino from the mouth
of the river to the east end of Black Island, show on the outer ones
li^'ht-green schi.tt, very much contorted. It has, however, a general
dip S. 75' W. < 70', and the rock exhibits in this sectio;; evidence
of very heavy crushing and alteiation, principally of the felspar con-
stituents. The original clastic structure is still recognizable. On the
small rock, oppo.sito the graveyard point, near the mouth of Hole
Kiver, altered arkose beds are exposed, probnbly a continuation of the
beds which outcro[i on the north side of that point, as the strike is
iu'ic N. 80 E., or towards the point ; the dip is southwards at about 80".

In the bottom of Hole Bay, clastic rocks, similar to those on the
islands north of the west boundary of the reseive, appear on Dome
Island, the largest of this small group. It is oval in plan, the longest
iliainet(!r being parallel to the strike of the rocks. In a few places
lii'twcen the beds of tht; altered clastic rock, are found beds of green
oiilorite-schist. (Jn Red Island, which lies just to the east, massive,
ijioen trap, cut by small veins of talc and dolomite, occupies the eastern
]i:ut, while on the west side is an altei'cd rock, consistini; of a confused
inixtur(! of vei'y numeious crystalline grains of calciteor dolomite, scales
lit' sericite or chlorite, and yellowish stains of oxide of iron. The south
shore is very much staine.i by the iron-oxiwo and some of the beds seem
ti) be altered into a much harder and more compact form. The middle of
tiie island is i\igh and rough. The inner island, surveyed as a mining
claim, is composed, on the west side, of the same beds as those on Red
Island, wliile the trap forms its eastern extremity. The interior is
niinposed of vei'y much folded ([uartzite, hornblende-schist, i^:r., some
i]f the bands beini^ highly ferruginous.

Along the east shore, near the mouth of Split>rock Creek, are some
sin.ill islands, thi'ee of them near the shore and two others farther out.
Tiiose near the shore show beds of altered arkose or greywackt'. The
■strike is approxiiu.itely parallel to the east shore, and included in the
beds are striiigs of granite pebbles. In places interbedded with the
fjreywackes are daik-green schists. On the ishnid lying outside or to
llie west of the gioup this greywacke often is coarser grained and cut
by niany, often large, irreijular veins of white quartz. A small rock
rising six feet above the water, well out from the islands, is com-

1).

,rks
mil-

■1 IS

Mllc|>.

Ishllj.
Split-
( 'iv.-li

U Ml ;ir

1'l.fk

64 G

LAKE WINNIPEO.

poaed of a schistose iMiigloincratc, in wliiuh the pebbles up to twelve
inches in diameter, are of granite and the matrix is of a very luudi
contorted green schist, dipping about S. Cb° W. < 4'j . This ion
glomerate resenil)lps very much that exposed on the islands near the
east shore.

Waiinipigoir or JIolc liivcr.

Waiiiiiiii''ri
Kivoi-.

The valley of this river is denuded along the line of a narrow li.unl
of dark-green schist and eruptives, of Huronian age, and altluiUL;li the
river follows the trough ut the lower end, it cuts aci'oss it and Iduclus
a tongue of greenish-gray porphyritic gneiss before entering Luke
Winnipeg in Hole May. The schists seen on the river aboxc ih,'
Indian reser\e ajtpi^ar to form a tongue exteniling to the west. It is
thus re|)resenteil on the map, as it is not probable that the schists end
abruptly at the river. The band thus mentioned is denuded to I'dini
a trough for the upper part of the river and the Hole Lake basin. Imt
near Lakt^ Winnipeg it. is partly divided by intrusive gneiss fonniin;
the centre of thi; peninsula ending at Clement Pctint. From the nioui li,
tiie course of tiie river follows along n(<ar the contact between the
gneiss and the HtM'oiiian soliists ti) the north (Nist, then it culs acKi-.--
fto the south and crossing the tongue of gneiss turns to the enst miuI
follows very closely along tht; strike of dark-green schists, which mv
apparently crushed greywackt's.

The first ex|iosure above th(! gnei.ss on tlio Indian reserve is a diiik
greenisii eruptive, in which the plates and crystals of hornbleixde uv
largely altered to cidorite, and the plagioclase to calcite. Massive,
coarsely cry.stalline, hornblende-iock partly altered, is seen at tin'
Indian reserve line, and abovi; to the nuiulii of English liiver tVw
exposures are to bt; seen of any roek. The baidcs are composcid of iliiy.
and rise from twelvi> to twenty feet abov(! the river. They are evenly
wooiled with poplar up to twelve inches in tliatneter, mixed with whieli
are a few spruce, (^rushed grey wackt's iiro seen at the first and se. nnd
rapids and on the long portage. These reseiidtle a compact, dark-
green, finegrained horrd)lende schist and inelude ,i few lenlieiilif
masses of <iuarl/.

Several portages are made past rapids before icaching Hole l„ik..
and at each the dark schists are seen striking east, or slightly souih et
east, and standing vertical. In some places eruptives of the same dyrk
colour appea?', possibly interbedded, but at the entrance; to the lake tne
schists are found intimately folded with a fine-^frained greywacke,
the clastic nature of which is shown in the mieroscopie section. Tlie

TYRREll..

HOLE RIVKR.

la up to Iwelvt!
)f a very iuu<li
[•) . This II m
slands near tlic

ii narrow li.uul
lul althouiili '"'■
,si it anil t(iuilii'~^
• ciiterins l.;iki>
river aimvr iln'

the west. It is
V the schists nul
diMUided to tiiiiu
! Lake hasiii. Imt
\P. gneiss funiiiii'i

l''n>ni tlie mouili,
itaet lu'twecn tln'
,hen it cuts aiiii>s
IS to the east and
schists, whioli aiv

reserve is a dark
of hornlilendc :nv
calcite. Mas-ive,
1(1, is seen at the
ii<»lish liiver t'cw
comiioscd of clay,
'L'licy arc evenly
niixed with whidi
he lirst ai\d se. Mild
a coinjiact, dark-
,1 t'ew IcnticuWr

hin.i; Mole '-i'^'-
J,r slightly smith "i
l-s of tlie same d;nV
■nee to the hd<e tin'
[rained gr.-ywackr,
lopic section. Ike

foliation is very much contorted, and white vein-quartz is common in
I lie rock. On the north shore, near tlie north-west angle, the beach is
composed of boulder.s, while a bank of soft, gray clay rise.-, behind them f 'nntuct with
to a height of about fifteijn feet, from which an almost level terrace i|i,i,,'|jvki>.
I'xtends back to the hilks. These consist of green massiv coarsely
civstalline gneiss similar to that seen near the mouth of the river on
I lie Indian reserve. It is cut by a few veins of red granite and comes
out to the lake-shore half a mile to the east. From there on to the
(\ist tile gneiss follows closi;ly along the shore, and the schists form a
narrow band. The contact was not seen, but it is noted that no
granite seins cut the schists, but they cut the gneisses just beyond,
;,ud no inclusion of either rock is seen in the other. Near the east
end of the lake the schist forms high hills along the siiore, and the line
of contact recedes somevvhat from the lake, but numerous (juai'tz veins
or narrow strings of ijuartz, cut the schists. Massive greenstones are
oi'c- ■ionally seen, but on the islands near the east shore thin-bedded
sehists occur striking S. 70' K., dipping northward at a high angle.
The bedding is very wavy, and liere and there in it are a few little
strings of (|uartz. The soutli shore is indented with rounding bays,
between which are well-glaciated points. The water is not deep and
weeds grow all along the shore. The rocks strike generally along the
shore, though at the east end the direction is sometimes to the south
of west. The hills south from the eastern end of the lake show
\ery hard compact light green ehlorite-schist striking west and stand-
ing vertical. Along the shore of the bay to opposite the mouth of th(!
iippi^r part of the rivei-, green schists are followed by crushed and
altered porphyrites, and similar ])orphyrites are found again at the
south side of the outlet of the lake. Between these exjiosures all
along the south shore dark-green schists ari^ the only rocks exposed,
Tlii.'.se are probalily sipieezed eruptivi^s associated with the poi'pliyrites
noted above. The southern edge of these rocks does not .seem to be
here well-deiined ahd th(! south line of contact for all this area of
Huronian is merely conjectural.

The upper part of the i-iver forms a long delta extending out into rpjur part of
the lake for nearly three-quarters of a mile. The banks are rather low '*'^'''-
l)ut are clothed with elm, ash, oak, poplar, bii'ch and a little spruce.
.Vliovo the delta the river becomes very crooked, winding from side to
side of the valley and the banks rise gradually. About three miles up
the lirst rock exposure appears ami is of a hard, compact but thin-
liedded, green schist striking east and dipping northward at an angle
of 70'. Half a mile above, tiio river reaches the edge of the valley on
the south side, and the green schists are exposed again. Shortly above
5

66 c,

LAKE WINMPKO.

Knglisli Bri

Contact of
lliiroiiiaii
and gneiss.

this the river swings to tlic north, aiul crystalline schists, apparently
fragniental rocks showing much crushing, are exposed on the hill-
side.

A cut-bank, fifty feet in height, on the north side of the river shows
at the bottom twcnty-Kve feet of evenly stratified sand, in places
coarse and red and in others white and very fine. Tn the sand an
some thin bards of fine, gray clay, in one of which, ten feet from tii"
bottom, were found three pebbles well striated. Over the sand is
twenty-five feet of evenly bedded, light-gray clay with a few calcareous
concretions. The top of this high bank is level and extends back 100
yards to the foDt of aroeky hill, ri.'jing in all lOU feet above the rivci .
The sand and clay are probably laeustral dejiosits and form a terrace,
fifty fc t above the river, or fifty-six or lifty-t>ight above Hole Lake.

Above tliis the river is rapid and shallow with a sandy bottom, ami
in Ies3 than a mile rounded bouldt^rs make their appearance for the
first time, and are thickly scattered in the bed of the stream. Tiigli
banks of sand and clay sliow the valley *o be well filled with rivei'
deposit in this upiu-r part, and as the present stream does not now
touch these, it is evident that a large stream probably, at one time,
occupied the valley.

English Brook.

,U English Lake lies in a l)asin to the north of Hole IJiver, and the
stream flowing froni it, crosses the line of contact between the gneiss
and Huronian, and then turns down the valley nearly parallel tn
Hole River for nearly tiiree miles before joining that stream. The
lower part is deep and about forty or fifty feet wide, without much
current to the first rapid, two and a half miles up. Aliove that it is
everywhere shallow and stony, often with a swift current. Below the
first portage the counti'y is largely alluvial, underlain by soft, dark clay
wooded with noplar. Above, it becomes more rocky with little
all'^itial land. T!ie rock exjiosures begin not far below the liist
rjortage and are of compact dark-green trap, in places schistose
and undulating. A ridge of this rock runs up along the north side
for h!..f a mile, rising to one hundred feet above the river. The
contact between the Huronian of the valley of Hole River and the
gneisses bordijring it to the north, occurs near the first ra})id wheio
bands of gneiss are first met. The portage Ik on the south s-ide and is
foui' hundred and seventy paces long, going l)ack behind a r.dge of the
trap. A quarter of a mile above, a lOthei' rapid occurs, and the; roik
shown there is a dark-greenish hornblende-grunite, corcaiiung much

HOLE HAY TO WINNIPEr. RIVER.

67 G

, apparently
on the hill-

B river shows
nd, in places
the sand iuv
feet from tlir
r tho sand is
few calcareous
ends back 100
bove the rivci ,
form a terrac',
>ve Hole Lakr.

ly bottom, and
■arance for lli'
stream. Hii^li
lied with riviM
1 docs not now
ly, at om; time

IJiver, and \\w
wceu the j^miss
uly parallel td
It stream. 'I'li''
!, without nnuh
\_l)ove that it is
•cut. Below till'
)y soft, dark clay
,cky with linlc
\n>low the til St
jilaces schistose
X the north side
the river. Tlir
Uiver and the
tirst rapid where
south i^ide and is
nd a r.d^^e of th.'
rs, and the rock
coi'taining nnuh

plagioclase but no veins of granite. It seems j^enerally massive, but in
places it is foliated in a direction S. ();")" E. and contains sonic striiii,'s
of quart/. Befoi'e rcachin;^ the lake another rapid is met with, having
a fall of thirty feet. 'I'lie rock near the head of tiie rapid is a thinly
foliated, gray gneiss with a strike N. 40" E. and a vertical dip. Near
tlu' head of the portage the rock is often much contorted, containing
green hornblendic bands, lenses of red granite and wLrings of white
i|uartz. To the north, a hill, one lundred feet high is composed of a
similar gneiss.

English Lake is deep and free from weeds and the shores are English Lake,
everywliere bold, rising abruptly out of the water with hardly
a vestige of a beach anywhere. The rugged hills, black and green
with lichen, ai'e tliiidy wooded with pine. The rocks are granite-
gneiss and hornblende-granite-gneiss on the west side and gneiss
and schist on the east side. The strike where tliey are not
massive, is in tho direction of tho length of the lake or about
north-east and south-west. They all dip north-westward at angles
ranging from .'5.") to 7.")°. The basin in which the lake lies, thus seems
t(i have been excavated along the strike of a band of gneisses and
schists lying alongside a mass of unfoliated gnmite to the west.

Shore of Lake Winnipeg — Hole Bay to Clement Point.

The dyke of dark trap which was .se-en on the eastern edge of several
of the small islands lying near the east shore, reaches tlie mainland
near tho bottom of Hole Bay. On the cast side the trap abuts against
the porphyi'itic gneiss which runs al.)ng the east shore, and includes and
surrounds many large rounded detached masses. ( )n the west side the
dyke is bounded by contorted green schist, ipiartzite with much vein-
iHiartz, tkc. This does not here extend out as far as the greywacke, but
a few yards to the south, on a parallel line, this latter rock is found tc
succeed tlie schist. The sou<h shore, west of the angle where the dyke
disappears, is composed of a nuissive, dark-green rock, a greatly crushed
;,'ranitii? containing chlorite.

West of this, at the mouth of a small brook, a bimd of soft, green
schist runs into the I'rashed granite noted above, with a strike
N. 45' W. and a vertical dip. The contact is fairly regular, though
ii few strings of schist run out ii\to tho crushed gneiss. Near the
mouth of the river the rock appears to be a crushed greenish gneiss,
somewhat resend)ling that of the east shore of the bay. In places it
is (juite schistose, and then strikes S. 80^ W., dipping south at an
5J

llnl,. Buy,
trap ilyke.

Near Hole
Kiver.

68 G

LAKE WINNll'Kt;

W..,<t of
Kivir.

Mole

lOast of
C'leint-'iit I'oiht

Contact

fnllowiiij,'

rthoie-liiic

anglo of 70 . A band of wavy ^'reon schist crosses this, lio\v(!vor, in
one place striking N. 5' W. The rocl<s are in high rounded bosses,
making a rough rocky shoro i)otli hero and all ;u<iund tiie bfitiom of
thi' bay. It is well striated on the surface, in a giaieral direclion
S. GO' \V.

At the l)olloni of the l)ay soutii of the point used as a graveyani liv
till? Tndiiins, the same greenish porphyritic rock is seen, but it is here
cut by veinsof green schist, that branch out very irregulai-ly, haviiiH
generally a much thickened triangular area at their junction Tliey
vary in width from half an inch to sevei'al feet. The end of the
point, and half way down the side into the Imy, is composed of u li-ht
green (|Uart/.ite grit striking west, and dijiping suuth at a high aiiglr.
The shore is tliiidy strewn witii boulders, and overlain by blue clay im
to ten or fifteen feet. The north shore is ron!,dier, .md the lii;lit-
greenish grits standing on edge, run parallel to the shore and tumi
cliC's eighteen feet in liinght and almost perpendiculai'. Tiiese ui ii>
are succeeded, in the same section, by coars.'r, piirtially recryst!il'!/,eil
arkose sandstone, holding pebbles of granite, many of which .nc
(h'awn out along tlie hne of cleavage. Unfortunately the contact in'
tween the arkose and tlu,' porphyiitic gneiss just to the south iv coNervil,
but a little point between I hi' two exposures shows a Ncry nnuh icd-
dened and altered rock, consisting principally of calcite and doloiiiiti',
.'■tained by iron-oxide. The porphyriti<: gneiss ap])e.irs on i In-
shore just west of the.se clifi's and included in it are bands of gretn
schist. They appear again at the point, which is the westei'n extremity
of the Indi.Mi reserve, and a mile to the west of this the point is
occupied by green schists and the porphyritic gneiss. The coiitaii
shows the schist to be included in bands in the porphyry.

All along thf! shore to Clement Point, the greenish porphyritic gneiss
is seen on the joints, and green schists are caught up in it anil slrikr
in an irregular n;anner ; but the small islanils oil' the poitits show that
the Huronian band must underlie the lake in tlio vicinity, and that
the line of contact follows closely along the shore. Similar ipiart/ite
grit and arkose is exposed on two of the islands, and on a thiid neaivr
Clement Point, massive serpentine is founil, much jointed and out by
veins of dolomite.

This shore thus shows beds referable to the Huronian only on (he
points, while the rocks to the si uth si :>ni to belong to a similar sl■|•i{■^
of sijuei i.cd anil partly altered gni '--ses, with that found along the ea-^t
shore of Hole Pay; and, probably the foliation becomes less distinct
inland, as is also the case in that vicinity. The exposures on tlin

HOLE HAY TO WINNIPEO niVEll.

69 G

]lolo River in tho Indian reserve aro prolmbly pjirts of the same mass,
iuiil as is noted there, they are almost massive.

Shore of Lain' Wintiipey — Clement Point to Winn I per/ Hirer,

Clemoiit Pdint is k)ng and low, and closely surrounded by a pave- Clcinont Point
iiicnt of boulders, which are chiefly of j,'ranitoi(l gneiss, though a large
number of the smaller ones are of limestone and a few of the slaty
scliist. No rock in place is seen and none of the boulders are very
large. Tho point i.s overlain by a sandy clay, but a long beach of fine
viiite sand leads up to it from both sides. Between thes(f beaches is
ii ))iece of llat country ten feet above the lake. Many irregular
cobbles of sandstone are .seen, and at tla; second jioint in the bay Siuicl^tom-
toward IJad-throat River a small cliff shows sandy till overlying two '"" " ''
tVrt of wliite and brown, stained, soft horizontal sandstone, an outlier
'it' the basal bods below the Tientoi\. An island off this point shows a
liiiissivo oven grained granite broken by a few irregular jointage
]il.ines.

The islands in this bay are all bosses of rock. One opposite the Maiiif,'otiij,Mii
mouth of the river rises twelve feet above the water, and is of
tiiH'-graineil giay granite, covered by stratified blue clay on which some
^j'ruce is growing. The beach from Clement Point to the mouth Noiih shoic
lit' th'> Ita.l throat itiver is generally sandy, with the exception of a
tVu bviuiders at two or three jioints, and no Archa'an rock is to be seen
cxrept just at the liver. The northern poitit is compo»cd of an amphi-
liolite-schist con>isting maiidy of hornblende and finely granular
(|uart/ as a matrix, and is derived probably from a dioi'ite subjected to
iiiten.se dynamic action.

South of the mouth of tin; I'iver the rock is composed of a very com- Soutli shoi".
■jiact ilark-gray schi.<t striking N. (12' W., vertical. Tho small rocky
inlands lying immediately west from this are found to be composed
of a (lark-gray e\. 'Illy banded schist, somewhat coarser on the oute;-
i>lands and more fcNpathic. Tn j)laces on tho outer islands the rock
i-i .ilmost massive or occasionally well bedded, but the sti'ike is generally
irregular. On tli(> most southerly island of the group, red, coarse
prgmatitic granite; with a distinct lamination east-and-west forms the
mass of the island. It includes many mas.ses of coarse gray gneiss
highly micaceous. In the largest of one of the.se is a wide vein of liglit-
,'ray slightly micaceous gneiss that has probably been a vein of granite
cutting the schist. (Jn the main shore the contact of the pegmatite
with the iineiss is seen.

70 (i

LAKK WINMPEfJ.

\ii i-iriuiitl

I'nlllt.

nad-tlini;U I he sliKic fi'uiii tlic river to this i^Tjiiiltc dyke or irinss is t'oiiiiKisi ,

Kivcrsimtli- • i i- i i i i ^ . ■ ■ .■< ■ »■ .

„iir(l. iiiiiinly ot (liirk-griiy rock approacliiii,!,' u iiuca scliist. lowiird Mchci

iiiotl Point thi- rock is ji inicadiorilo-^^riciss bccomiiij^at the point ,i

much coarser <Iiorito-t;ii(ass witli less mica. Tho strike is here S. 21 \\ .

witli a (lip westward <' 2.") . It is cut liy many veins of granite, some

of which are liglit, while otliers are dark-red and (liui-^'raiin .1

.' •Derniolt Point is low and wooded with hij^h poplar. M;ih\

low rocky shoals lie olF it, iipjiareiitly of dark gneiss. Alon^

tlie shore to the southward the j^noiss is seen to lie vei'}' iiiiieh cut up

by granite dykes. Several jioints nortli of Sand Uiver show e.xposiiirs

of dark e]ndotic granitite gneis.s very inucl) cut l>y pegmatite vein-.

The strike is varied, but generally nearly eastand-west, and the (li|i

varying from vertical to an inclination either to the northw.ml ur

s lutiiward. From the point, to near the mouth of Sand l!i\er, tht^ slmir

ii- low and apparently even, with a beach of sand and occasionally a ivw

boulder.s. Iiosses of rock are seen here and thc-re rising above tlir

)jpach. Their surface is genorally smooth and glacial striie im

fre(]uently seen, 'i'wo sets crossing each other were obstsrved on a [loini

north of Sand Kiver, running S. 75' W. and S, 50 \V.

For two miles north of Sand Kiver the shore is about si.x feet abovr
the lake,uii(l the outer slope is often C()\'ered with grass. 'I'he beach is ,i
soft clay and tiie country in t lie vicinity of tlu; Sand iiiver is low and tlai.
An alluvial plain stretches back up the rivirfora considerable distance

The point south of the mouth of the river is composed of low outcrops
of massive, gray gneiss cut by veins of red pegmatite. It is massi\(<,
tJntkson.SiUid however, and cf)ntains much plagioclase. The mica is mainly altcii il
to chlorite, and on the whole the rock is not so fresh a« the exixism. -
north of the ii\er. The first rock exposure; up the river is a tlaik gniv
gneiss striking S. 40 K., and includes some irregular drawn out mas.vrs
of mica-schist. The next exposure shows a boss of hornbleiulc-
graiiitite-gneis-i, cut by a few narrow veins of red pegmatite. The
highest exposure seen, about four miles from the nKJUth, consisted ol' a
foliated granitite or biotitegneiss striking S. '>')' V]., vertical. Tli.
river at tirst is from sixty to one hundred feet wide, but above the
first rock exposure it is narrowed to about fifty feet. The banks aiv
generally three to four feet high, level and dry, wooded with aspen.

The shore of Lake Winnipeg, south from Sand i{i\er, is generally
low with a sandy bejidi, and low exposures of rock are seen near tin-
water's edge. Dark-gray gneiss, cut by many wide veins of red granili\
occurs neai- Sand Uiver, followed by a long strip of low shore appar-
ently showing no rock for a couple of miles, when coarse red graniti

Kiver.

Sand Kivci
.-oiitluvaril.

IIOI,K IlAV TO WINNIPEG HIVEH.

71 n

ass is I'DiniMisi .,
'roNvard MfPii
i^at thti jiuiiit .1
is hoiv S. •_' I W.
of granite, sonic
ml iinc-^raiiinl.

poplar. Many
gneiss. Aloii^
■t'l V much cut 11]'
■r .sliow oxposuns
pcguiatilv veins,
irest, anil tlu' dip
he noi'thw.iiil m
d lliver, the slmiv
occasionally a feu

rining al>ovt! tlic
glacial strin' aw
bsfived on a poinl
W.

Kiut .six feet abovi'
iss. The beach i- a
iver is low and Hat.
isidorable distant .

sedof lowouUKin-
to. Tt is niassi\i',
is mainly altcii'il
I as the fxpcismv-
iver is a darU-giiiy
awn out inassrs
ss of hornbU'iitlc-
1 pogniatitc. Till'
)uth, consistrd of a
1'',., vertical. 'I'li'
idc, but above Uir
The banks nv
.vooded with aspen.
Uiver, is generally
k are seen near tlu'
ins of red granite,
low shore appai-
coar.se red granin

containing a few inclusions of the dark gneiss shows in a low exposure
Li)W shores without any rock exposures stretch to within three miles
iif Black iUver. Half way a small re^ef shows the rock to beared
granite foliated N. (>■") 10, On th(\ first point noi'tii of Jilack River.
at a distance of about three miles from the river, the rock is n beauti-
fully banded red and dark-gray gneiss. The red bands are often
headed ; the dark bands aj)pear to be epidotie and are pi'i(bid)ly decom-
posed rocks similar to the mica-diorites of MeDern<'itt Point.
The strike appears to be N. SO Iv, dipping S. 15 . a' about

70. In tiie \ ieinity, the reefs and points to tlio .sou'i. a' dl of "Xnrtli i)f
a ([uartzosc! granite, I'athtu' ma.^sixc, with a fairly di lite ition '''■"'* lover.

\, ().")" K. \l the mouth of the river, on the north .^" . •, a. " exposures
of a red massi\e biotili granite. Small exposures o. sie>il i- I'ock are
seen ill the bay to the north and up the river for nearly 1 ir ii.iles.

The |iiiint oil tlie soutliside of the river is coi sec' of a white ,Soiitli nf
granite, eontaiiiing laige crystals of felspar. It a. . i. )lds ii regular '■''"''^ '^'^''''•
inelusions of d.irk-giay thin-lieilded gneiss, striking S. G.") iv, and is
lUt by a few \eiiis of led yianitr. Many rocky reefs lie outside a
line, joining this point with the points to the south, and at a distaiu'e
of three miles the shore is cut back to the east, loa\ing a low jioint on
which i-i ])iled a great, number of transported boulders. Beneath, the
roi'k is seen to be still of the same eharaeter as the last, witli a more
jironouneed foliation, and somewhat ilark(>r and tiiier gr.iined. ^lany
\eins of ri'd granite are seen cutting through tlii' gray gneiss.
In the b.iy to the south many boulders of gneiss and Trenton limestone
are distriljiiteil along the shore. />. losv elitt'of re-assorted till shows at
its base, bouklers with patches of hard compact till contain-
ing limestone fragments. 'J'he next point, .i mile to the south-east,
shows dark-gray, schistose biotite-gnei.ss, very much cut and broken by
veins atid masses of reddish and gray granite.

Three miles from Point Aleta^se a high rounded rock forming ^-iij.^imf
a poiitt, is I'omposed of oxeidy banded dark-gray, schistose granitite- I'n'"' ^l<'t"**se
gneiss, striking S. 07 W. and dippin; N. 2'S \V. < 70°. It contains
iii.iny interbedded strings of red granite, which in places swell into
wide \eins i-iitting across tlu! gneiss, the latter beeoming \ery much
contorted. ( )n the next point, past a few small islands showing dark
gneiss cut by red granite \eins, a gray epidotie granitite-gneiss well
iL-lir-ted S. 70 W ., is cut by very few thin veins of red granite, and
also long lenticular ]iointed strings of a darker, more massive
liornl)lende-granitite. The edges along the lines t)f ct)ntact of the two
gneisses are frayed, caused by the apparently broken ends of the
"iieissic folia'.

72 o

LAKK WINNIl'Kd.

Point Metuxsi At Point Metasse no nick is seen iibsolutoly i» place, but here iiiui
on till- roofs off tlio point are many lari,'e bouUlcru of gneiss. Tlie sur-
faco is about twehe feet above tlie wati'r and a si-arped face shows it
to be coinposeil of a \(;it sandy till with many boulders, evidently a
inorainic deposit. It is oveilain to the .south-east by a very well
stiatitied dark-i;ray I'lay, lioldin<{ tosviii'd the ba^e a few j)ebbl('s,

Tiuvci-.se Li.iv. chielly of liniestone. Toward the mouth of Winnipei^ Ui\er, the shore
Ls mostly low with a beach of sand and clay. The country behind is from
ten to fifteen feet above the water, and elills of sti'atilled clay, at (irsi
'in snudl exposures, are seen risin;,' Hi'adually to nearly llt'teen feet as
the ri\'er is approached. Very little rock is exposed and the first is <in
a snuill island, one mile fi'oni the river. It is of ndark, red and j,'r,iy
lioriibleiidi'-bidtitcvgraniti! ;,'neiss, strikini,' east and wes; tnit ficiuss
by a wide band of red granite. This j^ranitite gneiss is exposed oii
the north side of the river foi' a mile and a (piarter upfront the mouth,
and there comes in contact with large masses of a I'ed biotito gneis.s,
v.-hich is cut by many *'eins running from the granitite.

Manigcti
Kivci-.

Maiiiyvlayaii or Bad-throat River.

iKiiii The liver from its mouth to Jonasson's mill \s deep and a (piarti ;
of a milo wide. 'J'he banks are composed of stratified blue clay without
boulders, fifteen feet above the water and wooded with beautiful tiiil
rtsp(!n and spruce, — a country evidently litted for agriculture when tiir
forest is cut down. At a mile and a half up, on the suuth sIkhc, their
is a little exposure of dark-gray mii^aceous schist siriking <'ast and-
west, dip])ing S. <- 7i>". .Mong the line of strike run a numlierof little
narrow lenticular veins of white (juart/. The rock is generally covered
by twelve feet of blue clay and shows glacial stri;e running S. 57' W.,
while the lee side is eipially well striated in adirertion S. L'T W. The
road from the ndll to the falls, leads o\er good clay land ami
near the falls a ridge of mica-schist is crossed. The fall is twi'nty
feet high, and the ii\er at the foot is only forty feet wide. Stea'ii
boats run up to tla; fool of the fall. The rock <!xpO'<ed is hero a da;!;-
gray mica-schist standing veitical and striking N SS" W.

Ab(jve the falls, the channel is deep and seseiity yards wide,
with banks fringed with rice, behind which are thick woods of aspen
with .some spruce. Very few exposures of ro,;k occur, and these
consist of moss-grown points of dark s(;liist, the sAine as that se(;n at,
Porilur I'all-. ^^'^^ falls. The next portage, at Poplar Falls, is on ;.ho east side of the
river, where there is a descent of fifteen feet. The rock consists of .1
dark-green thinly laminated hornblende-epidote-scliist wnich assumes ;v

]

MANirjOTAOAN 1II\ |;H.

73 U

but here iiiul
jiss. The sur-

l fiicc shows it
s, evidently ii
,y a very wi'll
t few j)fcb\)lcs,
UviT, the shore
! lieliiinl is from
B(l clay, '.vt Ih'si
,' lit'teeii feet iis
lul the lirst is on
k, reil luid i^iay
^esi eut iieross
s is (ixpost'd on
from thenioutii,
d biotito gneiss.,
,e.

fj) and a iiuartn
blue clay withoiu
•ith beaulitul tall
it'ulture when thr
^uuth shore, then'
siriking east-and-
;i number of little
yeneridly covered
lining' S, 57' NV.,
nS. -I'l W. The
,1 clay land and
The fall is twenty
■et wide. Steam
;ed is hero a daik-

' w!

\enty yards wide

;1< woods of a-^pell
(..eur, and tlie-e

i. as that sei'ii a;
he east side of tlu-
roek consists of a

<t wnich assumes a.

L,'iieissic aspect on one side and on tlie ■ ilier passes to a tine-gi'ainocl
felsitc. Ft strikes N. (10 K. and dips \. ;}0 \V. •- 7<» . It is
eut by many veins of I'ed oithociase ;,'ranite ruiinire^ j,'enerally with
llie strike of the j^neiss and varying; in widlii from tlire(> feet to tine
strinics. Just above, the rock is apparently massive, risin;,' in liij^h
rounded lulls probably of t;neiss. At the next fall, a shoit distance
above, the river deseends live feet over i<. tii\e ;;rained qreeidsh and red
biotito-^neiss with a j;enerally massive appearance, but foliated in tiie
same direction as at Poplar I'alls.

About a nule and a half fartluu' u|> is arif)thei' ] oitajje rimidn;,' up.
the l(!ft hand side of a rapid eondn;,' thi-(ju;;h a narrow cut between
rounded j^neiss hills. The portage is partly tlinjuf^h low scrub and
partly over a baio rocky knoll. The rock is a j;iay gneiss the same
as tlu^ la^t with an indistinct crystalline foliation sirikini; west;.

The liver in tli(^ last .stretch is about the same width as before, but
rounded bos.sea of rock are seen in numy places, and the woods are
thinner, of pine and snuUI poplar. The rock all the way is a gray
i.'neiss the same as at the last, poi'taye. At the foot of this portage
light-gray alluvial clay without pebbles, is seen to Wm' feet above the
water. The higher parts of the rock are eov(>ri'd in liie depn^ssions
with gray till with pebbles. (Maeial stria' are not shown here, the
rock being \(!ry nuuh weathered and covered with a growth of lichens.

After passing a small rapid the iu!.\t portagt! is on a small island.
There is here a fall of three feet and the rock exposed is an orthocla.se-
biotite-graiute-gnciss striking S. 70 i'l., cut by a few veins of red
granite. At a sharp bend to the south the liver is narrow, (lowing
between steeji rocks and falling iive feet. Past this there is a portage
un the west side through the woods, over blue clay without peljblea,
>imilar to the alluvial elay of f^ake Winnipeg. 1 liglier uj>, bouldery
till is found on the rock. The rwk exposed at the fall is a
similai' giay gneiss striking S. S5 H. The Cascade portage, about (■
a mile jibovc!, is nearly .'500 yards long through low bush on "i
tli(^ east side of the ri\i'r, past a cascade with a fall of twenty-
live feet. The rock is a gneiss with a larger percentage of orthoclase
than in the rocks below. The sti ike is about N. 0U° K. The rocks
here are cut by niany veins of red granite, and the surfaces have been
..'eil glaciated, the north-east sides being rounded and the s<:)utli\vest,
liroken. 'J'lie surfaces are evt-ry where weathered, so that most of the
L;rooves and stria- are obliterated, but a few of the former are seen
running S. ')'! W. Thi^y are not on tiat surfaces, but probably indi-
■ ate the direction of ice How very closely.

,ImiV(. I'dplar

'.ills.

,\si:i(l(. |nirt-

71 ..

LAKK WIN.MPEd.

SijKiotli-nic'l
|Mii'tii|;(.'.

I'illow Villi.-

A Miiiiill eiisciiclc of four feet, al)out a inil« abv)ve t lie Cascttdc portage,
hIiowh niiiiilar jjiu'Ihs wtrikiiig N. 85 E., mit l)y a tow veins of nW
granite. Tlif i'Jmm' runs lietwccn rocky slioics all tlic way, unil iiji in
the Sinootii-rock |iiirlaL'f, many sinali riipidN occur, ^)a^t wliicli nn
portagf'N ni'Pil l)c iniidf, wliile the gfiii-ral courst- of tin- river is (juiie
slrai^lii ninninir it|i|iroxininiely \.'itli tlie striken of the gneiss, lliuli
rouniji'il hoH.scs of I'ock simw all iilong the hanks, between wiiich urr
litthi hays apparently undrrinin hy lightgiay clay, wooded with
poplai'. The shores are lined witii ric" and rushes, lied orthoelase-
giu'i-s striking \. f^")' I], and slanding sertieal shows at tiie Smooth-
roik |iMrl.igv. A dark, li.indecl gneiss or sc'iiist with li.diter lenticular
inclusions, is fjxposed at the next portai.'r al)ove. The country is
gi'iiei.dly low wiliioiit much rock in siL;h!, and i> wi'll wooded with
while and Mack poplar, some spruce and a few oaks and ash. A little
al)o\-e tliis and opposite the mouth of a suiall creek, higli liills rise on
the south hank, con)posed of niici-si'liist very much foUled, hut nener
ally striking up the river. The lop of a hill, sixty feet high, is a linc-
graincd, wiiiteweathering granitite gneiss, with appari-ntly nolieddinu
.and nearly massi\c, breaking readily when struck by the haiinner. On
each side of tin-- are heavy beds of white, coarM', crystalline granilf,
folded with the bands of schist.

Al)0\e this the rivei' run- along the -trike of the neks, and a ridgr
follows on 1)oth -idc , up to I'illow \'n\U. Ib're lh'> roek is a mica
schist, striking S. ~'i to hO W. It is interbcdded wiili a fnic
grained granitite-gneiss in thick and thin bands along the strike, hut
also often in lenticidar masses or strings, ruindng out at both end-.
In .some bands of the schist the nn a is entirely silvery white. ()\er
the rock is a soft light-gray, slightly :;.i:iily clay without boulder-,
while in other places many boulders, chiefly of gneiss are scattered
through a light gray clay.

A mile above this beautiful fall is another of lifteen fcfl. at ;i
low point in .'I ridge of schist which here crosses the river. It run-
about east and-west, and the river cro-ses it from the scaith. These
ridges are probably formed by the presence of many lenticul.ir band-
aiiil strings of a white pegmatite included in them, ien<lering the whole
much harder than the surrounding rock. South-east of the schist, a
w'uh: band of massive, fine grained, light gray L:rai'.it(^ rises in rotuidcd
hillocks to a height of thirty-feet abo\e the water, followed again h\
schist v.iih lenticular inclusions of granite, etc., the saint! as that seen
at the last fall, striking here S. ."lU K., and dipping S. 10 A\'. < SO ,
Occasional bands of schist were noticed in tin; granite area just passed.

MANKlOTAflAN HIMCII.

Tn fJ

Tlui noxt jiortiino is occasionally niiulr hy goiny up a short bnincli
from tlu' south iiiul then ciirryiiij,' across tho {loirit. A short j)orla!,'o
Clin, however, \t(\ nmclc on the north side, near tho rapid, 'I'ho rock is
a light ','i''iy u'riinitc, hut across on the south side niicaschist is Hecm
ilippini; at a hiifli anule, and many irrcju'ular fra;,'nicnls of schist are
includcil ill the v'i''inite which surrounds them on all sides, liolow the
rapid, on the north side, tho schist is seen tf i, 'uit aj,'ainst the granite,
and is nnich foldi d and contorted at tho contact.

From Turtle Lake, the river falls in a cascadt^ of twenty feet, and at J^'iili i >if
,,,.,, , . 1 • • • 111 'I'liitlf Liiki'

the toot the rock is a ^rray mwaschist in very irregular bands, very

much cut and lirokcn \>y irregular masses of red granite, the felspar of

whieh is in places largely jilagiodase. It is also cut by regular bands

of the light gray granite. The rock at the upper end of the portage

consists entirely of tho light gray granite, and this rock forms the

tiills, ninety fetH iiigh, on tint simlh siile of the river, extending all

lound the south shore <f the laki

hills

ire cnnspicuously liai'c

of all \eL;etati()n, ami i<>vv out wliiti\ tlir(aiL;li (lie few stunted pines.
The rock is in places \i 13' much cut by ndilish grani' ins, these in
places conij)osing about half the mass. Mica-schist is seen on the first
point passed in the lake, and also across on the noi'th side, but passes
into a gneiss and tJini is so cut up by pegmatite veins that the folia-
tion is lost.

lliuh hills (if a bright re(l gi'anile gneiss rise on the soui h shore of 'I'uitli' Liikc
Turtle jjike, while ill the distance, to the south, the hills of white
granite are also seen standing out in sharp contrast. The contart was
seen only at. one place, the two being separated by a vein of coarse
red |ie'.;inatite.

The white granite incliulcs many bands of mica-schist, running lunwhivu
aiiproximately parallel to the contai't, whieh is in general in a slraiyhi '-"■"""''•
line, hut in detail cuts the foliation of tho schist. In another place
DIr' two are seen in sliarp contact, and the white granite contains
ui;i..ny inclusions of gneiss, which in turn also hold inelusioiis of the
schist.

Abt.ve the lake to the next portage the river is nearly Straight.
The north bank is low, without rock and wooded with aspen, (hi tiiC
south bank mica schist is exjioscd, striking parallel to the shoi\ aiid
dipping south L") .

Four rapids with portages are passed before reaching Caribou Lake, Caribou V,il.i ,
and at each, mica-schist is seen tlipping south, and south of tiie river
the white L;raiiit( hills are in view all along. Caribou Lake is bounded

76 G

I..\KK WINNIPEG.

by liigh liills to tlio soutli, wliilo to tlie iiortli, the country, tliougli
hilly, is more or loss sjoftiiii,' and woodoti, find the shore is very largely
composed of boulders strewn aloni; the beach. The rock exposed on the
.south shore ronsists of thin-iieddecl gneiss, striking S. 'M K., tlippiiig
south-westward •- O") , but ou the north, shore it is reddish granite-
gneiss broki ti by niiuiy horizontal jointiige planes. The t'oliatioii in
this is \ery indistinet, and on tlu^ last portage bi^t'ore reaching .Muskrat
T^iike, thill schists seem to be folded into it.

Miisl<i:it Jj:iUi Muskrat Lake, .also called H.il Pi)itage Lake, is irregular in <nitliiie,
and, as will be si'eii from the ma]), consists of two bays, a large one on
the west and the otlier narrower, liinning to the south, into wliich a
suiall strean), the southern bi-.inch of the river, enters by a chain of
little lakes. The northern bi-anch enters the lake about a mile to the
east of the outlet. The rocks observed along the shore of the western
arm are mainly granite, but the north shore consists of evenly
lauiinat(!d gneiss and mica-sehist. with white granite cutting it .it the
outlet and running ajiproximately par.illel to its strike, which is here
N. ."^0 Lv Near tin; northwest corner of the lake, red gianite Tiialies
its appearance, cutting into the gneisses to the no:th, and it is seen
that a large body or area of this eoarst? red granite occupies the country
to the west an,l bordering th(^ wesicrn shore, but the iriiugin of the
lake shows many exposures of very much altered gneiss, ami many
masses of various sizes are seen included in the red granili-. Smooth
round"d hills almost devoid of timlier', rise to a height of ninety feet
and occujiy tin; country bordering the western shore, while the gneisses
mentioned above, on tlu; l.ike-shorc' sii'ike in some cases towards this
mass and in oiIki's to the soutliw.ird along the shore.

The point between the two branches of the lake is mainly made up
of red gianite. but exposui'es of the gneiss are noted along the northern
part. The eastern liay is mainly in .a trougli on the strike of the
gneisses, while the narrow channel running' lo (h" south is in the red
granite. At the inlet of tli(! south liranch of the river, a ridge of
schists and gtuMsses running e.ist ,ind west c.iuse a barrier, oviir which
the stream falls lifteen feet, and above this is seen a wide lake-expan-
sion with se\eral islands. This is exeasated along tin; strike of the
.schists and is exiih'iitly formed from the denud.ilion of the softer beds.
The islands are arranged in ,in interru[)t(>d ciiain from oast to west,
and are apparently formed from .i l);t,nd of giciss. .South of this, red
granite again makes its .ippe;ii'ance.

The iiorllKM'n branch of tlm river up to the lirst fall, which is ten
feet high, runs between white granite on the north-west- and thinly

liLACK lUVKU.

•7 r.

foliiitt'd miciiceous f^iiciss on tlic soufcli-east side, sstrikiiii;- up tlie river
.Mid (iipiiiiijj; sou til-east wfird at a lii^li anijle. Tlie fall is ot" tlic char-
acter of a caseado llowitiLi; over the wlute granite. Tlie next full above
is aixuit t\veh(! feet, and is over tliinlieddod gneiss. 'Y\w white granite
is Uf>t exposed on the river ahove the first fall. Another mile uj) and
a fall of twenty feet is passed, where a hard, fino-nfained schist makea
its appearance, striking \. 80' 1']., dippiiiii southward at a hiLjh antjle.
This is a much sheared and stretched clijoritic rock, a iiiort^ highly
altered sta^;(' of the micaceous gneisses of the lower part iif the river-

Lonu liiikc^ occupies the valley of the upper part of this stream, and r.cii^' L;ikr,
discharu'es hy a jon^ shallow rapid, })ast which it is necessary to port-
ai;e canoes. Th(> rocks ex|iosed are portions of the band of ureen
schists seen at tlii^ f.dls ju-;t below, and their strik'e runs with the
direction of the lake, h'ine stiin','s and veins of tpiart/, were noticed
cuttinu th(^ schists, and in tr.icinu; these beds west they irradually
meri,'e into the coarser gneisses of tlie northeast shore of .Musk rat
Lake. The shores of this narrow lake arc rounded hills of the ;,'reen
schist, with low land between, wooded with poplar and a little spruce.
At a few places slratilied clay, evidently alluvial, was seen.

Blnrk Kii'i

-north lirancli.

The two sti'eams, the noilh and south branches of lilack liivcr,
empty into a crooked narrow bay in the t'entre of tin Indian reserve-
These two streaicis are s.iid to rise very near one another, but they
sjiread apart and then i^radually approacli. The north branch is about
the size of Uice River, and there are nmny rapids necessitating portages
in asce:i(ling it to the Ioiilt portage to Muskrat Lake. At the ilrst
r.ipid the river runs between two walls of red granite and falls about
three feet over boulders. Similar granite is seen at tiie second portage,
an<l at tlie third a well banded red and gray gneiss, probably near the
junction of the red granite with darker gray gni'iss, is seen. Th'- strike
of this i-ock is N. 50 W. At the fourth and tiftli portages reil massive
hiotite-granite, similar to that at the second portage occurs. Several
small rapids are to be found between the fifth and sixth portages, and
exposuics of ;i light-colourcci granite appear. The bunks ot the riviM'
in this vicinity are low and covered ^s•illl po]ilar. Low (>xposures of
the whitish granite, are occasionally seen with in (Uie place .i tontacl
with a dark mica schist, apparently a nai'iow band included in the
granite. At tht> .seventh and eighth portages tlu> rock is a highly
micaceous granitite-gneiss, cut by veins of the white granite. Above
the eighth portage the rivei maintains its general width of about fifty

WV.xck liivi'i'.

l''oiirili

I'.ightli
poitii^c.

78 G

LAKE WINNIPEG.

Suvinitet'iitl
ixjrtagc.

feet. The water is of a rlark-lirown colour, and .slightly turbid. Tlv
banks are coraposod of cia}', and arc generally live to eigiit feet iiig'i,
and wooded with poplar and a few jai'^e wiiite .spr.'.ee. Many ash trf.es
overliani,' the river all alonir, and .sniali oak j,'ro\vs on tlie rocky knells.
On the whole the country up to thi.s point is rich and alluvial, the "ock
forming a very small proportion of the surface. Dark-i^ray j^'ieiss,
well foliated, running N. 70' E., occurs on tlic ninth and tenth portages.
Interbeddcd haniLs of the white i;ranite are found in the ,!,'ray j,'neiss
on the twelfth and thirteenth portages, and on the next ..wo the
bedding is indistinct.

The banks gradually rise and become more sandy, withou.. boulders.
The trees are Banksifiri pine, spruce, ]ioplar, ash and el n. At the
•seventeenth portage, fourteen miles in a direct line fi'OM the mouth
of the river, the rock is a dark-gray micaceous gneiss, ner.rly horizontal,
or dijiping N. 2")° W. at about ■; 2() . At the r.ext fall, or the
eighteenth portage, the rock is a coaise, gray gneiss, rathei' irregularly
foliated, but generally striking about easfc-and-we.sl. The river from
the last portage averages about forty to sixty feet wide, overhung
with aspen, ash, and .some large .<pru<'(!. Here and there are little low-
exposures of thinly foliated gneiss generally dipping northward at
about < 7t) . The l)anks ar<' from throe to (ught feet above the

Bciiy Riipid. water. At Berry Kapid, the portage ^.-lineteenth), is past a fall of six
feet over smooth rock, a i^reenish gray gneiss, with orthoclase and
plagioclase, very irregularly folii'led. Ovi'r the rock the soil is a white,
sandy till. The winter trnil from Vovl Alexander to Muskrat Lake
crosses the river inst al)ov(! Whirl]iool Kapid, and seem>< to follow a
sandy plf.in emered with Banksian pine. On the river up to the
twenty first portage, the l)anks are fairly Im-el six to ten feet above the
water, underlain by line white sand. Low rounded bosses of gray
gneiss oei'asionally project from either side into the river. i'etween
the twenty-second and twenty-third portages, hilK rivt> to lifty feet
a!)ove the sandy plain whi<'h extendt; to the twenty-Hfth portage. < hi

Twenty- the twenty-fourth, the gray gneiss exposed shows great crushing.

iiiirtli |Hiit:i>,'e \jjout twenty-two miles in a direct line from the mouth, the river crosses
an extensive muskeg, and above this rougher country is entered, rising
in rugged and almost bare hills. A jiortage, the twenty-sixth, is at
the east end of the marsh, where the rock is an evenly banded very
much s(|uee/ed and altered gray gneiss, striking jiarallel to the rivei'
and vertical. In places it is interbedded with light gray coarse
granitite-gneiss, also very much s(|uee/ed. Winding thnjugh this rough
country f(jr a couple of miles farther, the river is found to issue from
a long narrow lake-basin, now filled up, and forming a valley atjuarter

\vi\NirM':(; uivEit.

ro a

.urbid. Tlv;
lit feet hi,i;'i,
uiy aah tif.es
nicky knrils.
vial, the ock
-uray ^"leiss,
nth porta,<;es.
e yray i,'neiss
lext jWO the

of a mile wide, lying nearly eiisi-and-west. To the south a short
jiortago leads to a small lake on the head-waters of the south branch.
The rock in this vicinity is of the dark-gray gneiss, striking E. 25" .S.
To the north similar rock is seen for several miles in long bare hills,
between which are narrow beds of muskeg wooded with small spruce
and larch. An Indian trail leads from this liranch of Black River,
by a series of small lakes and streams, to IMuski'it Lake, on Manigo-
tagan River. An Indian sketch is shown on the ma[i. and serves as an
indication of the route between the two points.

ou.. boulders.
A 1). At the
t\ the mouth
ly horizontal,
t fall, or the
er irregularly
he river fiom
de, overhung
iire little low
iiortliwai'd at
[•t above the
st a fall of si.\
rthoclase and
loil is a white,

iluskrat Lake
s to f<illow a
er up to the
■(>ct nbove the
issts of gray
er. I'ctweeii

to tifty feet
]H)i-tage. < 'II

it crushing,
ic river crosses

ntcred, rising
l,y-sixth, is at
y banded very
1 to the rivei'
t-gray coai'se
iigh this rough

to issue from
dley aijuarter

Black River — south branch.

The banks to the tiist rapid, half a mile south-cast of the Indian Souili liiuncli
reserve are sloping and alluvial, wooded with a forest of aspen. The
stream here contains littleovei' half as much water as the north branch,
and the water is very dark and muddy. Ahove the rapid the stream
is about forty feet wide and overhung with aspen. < )n the south side,
is a low gliici.ited expo.suic of dark-gray hornljlende-schist, containing
in some ])lac('s a considerable amount of pyrite. It strikes S. 2.") E-
and dips N. 6.")' E. at ■" 40 . It is cut by a vein live fei't wide, of
light reddish-gray pegmatite-granite.

Wiiinip'iy Jilirr.

The Hudson's I'.ay Coinpiiny's establishment at Fort Alexander, is
situated ;)n th(' south-west side of the I iver, oil the top of a bank of
hlue clay, tliJ't rises twenty i"'!et above the water. The gfoiiiid in the
immediate vicinity is cleared, and behind is a forest of white poplar.
The ri\('r water is brown hut clear, tlowing smoothly in a wide and
deep chtinnel. The fall from Lac dii lionnet to the level of Lake Win-
nipeg, is giviMi as ahiiiit one hiiiuh'ed and thirteen feet. This is mostly
distributed at several beautiful falls and rapids, between which, the
river-stretches are broad and deep. Upward from near the fort, I he
out-crops of the underlying rocks ate mainly of red granite, and at th(>
Manitou Rapids on the western edge of township 18, included angular
tfagments of red gneiss ai'e fre([uent. The river there is narrow and
deep, rushing between rounded bos.ses of rock. Pine l''all, two miles
to the east, has a steep descent of over live feet aiul rJiove are .'^^everal
lesser ones. At the fall similar uianite and hornblciHlegranit.''' are
exposed, and little foliation is seen in tlit^ granite at the short portages
.d)ove. Xo boulders are noticed along this streteli of the river, the
'ountry lieing all covered by a thick bed of alluvial blue clay wooded

Wiiiiii|H'.
liivcr.

Mmiitnii
l;,i|.i.ls.

80 (!

LAKIC WINNIPKC.

Silver Frills

W'liitt'-miiil
Fulls.

13ig ]?ciiMiit
Vails.

with fispeii. From tliesc pditiigcs to Sil .'er Falls on t<i(> north boundary
of section 1, T)). 18, K. \., little loek is seen, the hanks heini;' of alkiviii!
clay, slopinu up ,t,'i'iiikially to woods of aspen. At the falls the rock is
a led hornbleiide-granitite, over wiiicli tlic water flows in a single
cascade witii a fall of twenty-five feet. .VI»ove Silver Falls t.lie ri\ci
is generally wide ,ui(I with a light cuiiciit. With the exception of twi)
or tiirei' low rounded bosses of granito>, the hardcs are composed of blue
alluvial clay without pebbles or boulders, and \voo<led with aspen.

The end of this wide stretch reaches to tl^ ■ line between sections .'^1
and S2, T\>. 17, K. XI., wiiei'e a casi:ade of twenty feet, called \\'iute-
mud Falls, breaks o\er a mass of I'ed granite containing a few inclusions
of dark-gray gneiss, and cut by many veins of red pegmatite. At the
lower end of th(> falls, the portaire ascends over the ciay to a height ui
thirty feet above the water, while at the ii)iper end the bank is only
ten feet.

Anoihei' lake-like expansion after leading to tlie east for three mile^,
turns southward in a nariuwer c har.nel to a rapid with a fall of si\
feet Oil the north side a portagi; is madeo\('r sniooih rock, a horn
bleui granitite of light- ;ind dark-;,ray eoloiii-. Above, to Hi:; lionie'i
Falls, the river has low locky banks with clay gerusrally filling the
depressions. On the portage, wlueh is ilu'eo-()Uftrters of a mile in
length, a knob of granite protrudes thrtumli the clay at the middl" ot
the distanc'', and toward th<! up]ier end the clay rise's gradually to a
lieight oi' I •.liJty-five feet aboxc the ri\er. The next jMirtaLje is at the
west i;'.!( (>r ... island, where there is a descent of about four feet
Similas ..laince rock is exposed at several |)laces in thci interval. an<l
at the portage it includes a f<'w masses of a darker gneiss If lie las;
portagi! to Ijac du Uoiintit is over the rocky end of a little island past
a fall of five feet. The rock is a similar red granite, and the surrouml
ing country is covered with but a sliudit thickness of alluvial deposit.

/y'fc (/'/ lioniitt.

1. ;ir till Ph limit The .Southern arm or continuation of the river extcmds to the sout.h
ern edi;r! of township Ki, and the shore of the <!ast(M'n part is generally
low and worded with poplar, with, oct-isionally, stretches of sandy beach
and points consi.sting of rounded Irasses of granite. Tiie rock is ;i
coarse, red, micaceous granite, ipiite massive, and free from inclusion
and granite veins. The (hpressions in the rock, up to a iieightof ''ighi
or t(;n feet ab(jve the water, are tilled witii soft alhnial clay, and tin
shore is \ery fr<'e from boulders. 'i"he water clo.se to the rock is cleai

WINNIPEG RIVER.

81 O

lie north boundary
<s bein,!,' of alluviii!
ho falls the rock is

• flows in a single
i-er Falls the riM'i
he exception of two
refomposed of Vihic
(.(1 with aspen.

)etwei-n section-; .'il

feet, called Wliit"-

ling a few inclusions

pegmatite. At tlic

• oiay to a height oi
id the bank is only

cast for three milr ,
d with a fall of m\
moolh rock, a horn
bovc, to Big r-oniici
generally filling the
iirters of a mih' m
lay at the miihll" <i'
iis(>s gi'adually to ;i
ext portiige is at the
of about four fei t
in the interval aii.i
er gneiss. i'lie he-'
f a little island paM
te, and the sin-routul
s of alluvial deposit

xtcnds to the soiuh

in part is genendlv

• tchesof sandy beach

idte. 'The rook is .i

frci^ from inclusion-

ip to a height of eight

Ihivial clay, and lli'

. to the rock is cleai

and in places deep, but in the immediate vicinity extensive beds of
rushes indicate shallow water and a muddy bottom. Across on the
west side, a band of reddish-gray gneiss, showing a slight banding
N. 50° W., forma the point in section 14. Tlie rock-surface is well-
polished, and two sets of stria- were seen, the first running S. 25° W.,
and the later ones south-west. Boulders are scittered round the point,
chiefly Arclnean, with a few of trap and many <>i hniestone. The
surface is covered to a height of twelve feet >iiU)v* the waier with a
soft, gray, alluvial clay, and there is no sign ■» boulaer-c'ay beneath.

The eastern branch of this lake, is shown on the m i • a
\ey by Mr. J. 15. Tyrrell. It is seen to con> 't of i i omih

Around the shores of the first, red granites are the pw»vailint: rock,
hut as the narrows to the second is approached, 'iJawii-v^rji'' gneisse.s
and schists occupy the island in the channel and tl»<^ uswBit ut the south
These strike S. 60° E., and appear very much si|U*»!xetat iwd altered.
The schist on Windigo inland, situated in the nsamuMtR, iMtnttbiins eol- Windign U-
uninar individuals of t<rarmaline, and luunerous pcWr!S»»5> <>t -laleite and ''"
scricite or epidot(>, evidently » eoiu.ict product. il*«(kii>«t g|*w«««s
occupy tiie nortli shore, -^d strike about east-and-weMt.

.Vround the >i>utli shores are fotuiJ t'wisses stii<*u!«*jr W"H*.u«sirt'ie«|lj,
I uimiiig to the east. At the east ond .. depression in • i, etftw»">i8e»>' oi^i.^n H t.
lliver runs, seems to foll< w a fough ot altered, erupt*' ai«vd gi*»!t«sii
icicks. At the niouth of the str»«nw the rock is a chl<jiiW* iwfiiiiHt,, slaiw-
ing intense erusliing. lied an(, „ -en schists, follow«dll by * eliiUiritt -
schist, the altered form of an eruptive rock, are seen jw^ to the nortli
of the .stream and strike up its valley. Tlie north shore, with tlie
exception of a point near the narinws, is occujiied liy greeni f(>lspathie
schists i>f Ihie u'raiii, very tlark in colour, striking easteri\ iid dippini;
iiorthward •, 'i'> . \ mile east of Windigo Island lini ..rained rod.
resembling a dark i|uarl/ite, striking S. (iS" E., is followed to the we^t
by coarser granitite-gneiss striking about cast. The contJict lj#>tweeii
tlicse last two is not noted, but the strik(> and dip of the dark rocks is iri„.,,„i,,„
notapparently parallel to the coarser gneiss, and tin loliabilit-v is that '"^'k"
tlie contact is an eruptivt; one and that the rocks ot the valley of the
tti.seau Hiver are part of a lenticular area of Tfiiionian, pinched mit
altogether, west of Windigo Island.

Winnijtiuj liivrr. -aliitv Lac dn Bomn-t.

Above the lake the river is a Ijcautiful (|ui( t stream '.it with <wift
■iirrent where rounded bosses of massive reddish grani. contract the
6

[ilJ

82 G

LAKE WINNIPEG.

iiiouth

channel. In the southern part of township 15, the rock is overlain by
blue alluvial clay, which rise.s to a height of fifteen feet above the river,
and then apparently extends back in a level plain, wooded witli poplar.
On the beacii ai'c many boulders of limestone, both mottled and cherty,
The first exposun; of till is found on section 6, Tp. 15, and is compact
and white, wiih many pe!)bies of limestone. The till is just .such as
has been found to be derived from the vicinity of areas of Trenton
limestone, and evidently indicates thn presence of it in the vicinity.
Through Tp. 14 the rivei Hows with a constant swift current, in a few
places fijnning rapids where obstructed by bi.iukh rs. A very few lowex
posures of rock ai'e seen, all of granite, but the iianksaie very uniforMi
and from twenty to tltirty feet high, composed of an unstratitied wbile
till. Containing boulders of limestone and gneis.s. This till is overlain
by a few feet of dark bluegiay alhivial clay. In seetioi; 5, Tp. 14 an
outcrop of coarse biotite-gnoias lu.ses five feet above the w;Uer, stiikiiiL;
N. 70' E. and statKhng verticil. It is e.'^sentially the s.ime in coni]M--i
tion as the granite of tl.(> lower j)aitof the river. No Cambrn Silurian
lime."toee uv sandstone was seen in place, but a niiinlierof little cre<ks
flow in fr^nii tlit> west side, which may be fed from the sandstone. I'li
to the mouth of Whiteinouth l'i\('r tiie banks aie about tiie sanuj as
low<,'r down, except that thei'e are more I'ock outcrops. 'I'he latter
stream Hows into Winnipeg River ovei' a smooth ledite of I'ock wiili
a descent of about lenfeel. The ro.'k is a dai-k-gray, well foliateil
l)oriiblen(h'-gr:mitite-gneiss, striking east and standing \ertical. It is
cut by veins <if line-grained gray granite and again by niatiy \eins ul ;i
coarse red granite. Lighl-gray till every wlieio o\erlies the rock, anil
the country is well wooi'ed with poplar and a few oak.

A small island, just olV the mouth of the river, has its surfaces well
.smoothed and glaciated in a direction S. (1.3 W. ami it .also sliou s
anotiier and earlier set of grooves I unning S. 'M) K. Thi' ne.xt little
island further up the river has a wide (iat stu'face and shows tlic
glacial markings \ery much better, The later set being seen to run
S. (10' W. and the earlier .S. .33' E.

Shore of Lake Wuinijic.ii — Winnipi'ij R'lvf-.r to RkI Jiir>'i'.

CiUfisli ('rcils. From luirt Ah'xander to Cattisli Creek a bank of stratified elay frnm
ten to fifteen feet high (>xtends, generally scai'ped by the washing nf
the waves against i.s base and often beautifull}' carved ouii tolilih'
caves and pillars. Catfish Creek is a small but deep, sluggish stiemn
tiiirty feet wifle, and overhung with willows. It rises just west uf
Lac du Honnei. and ilows through a muskeg for a great part of its

'■]

WINNIPEG RIVER TO RED RIVEU.

83 G

rock is ovorlain by
et't above the river,
■ooded witb poplar,
iiottled and cherty,

15, and is I'onipai t
till is just such a>
)i areas of Trenton

it in the vicinity,
ift curr-nts in a few

A v( ly few li)we\
iksare very uniform
inunstratilied whitr
This till is overlain

seetioi' o, Tp. M an
,. the wiUer, strikin','

the s;nne incoiiipo~-i

No C'anibro Silurian
uiiliei-of litile cr(■el^^
1 the sanilstone. I'l'
ire alxiut the same u^
)Ut(.'rops. Tlio liiti' r
li Irduc of rock with
rk-'j;ray, well foiiate.l
ndinn \ertieal. It i-
ill hy many \<'ins ot h
)\erlies the I'oek, ami
V oak.

I-. has its suiface. nv<'11
\V. and it also show-
K The iie.xt litll'^
iirfaee and shows ilir
el being seen to luii

;/• Id Hid Jiirrr.

uf st latilied elay fn.ii]

i.fil by the washing' "f

ly carved oui. to litili>

deep, sluii'^ish strenm

It rises jusl west uf

,r a great part of its

course. From Catfish Creek to the next one west — Jackfish Creek — -rackfishCreek
the .s'liore i.s very similar to that to the east. Sand spits run out into the
lake and the shore is. shallow. Sand beach forms a long strip border-
ing tiie shore to the corner of Tp. 19, 11. VII, and behind this strati-
lied clay continues in a cliiFof ten feet. Boulders then become thickly
strewn along the beach and the bank behind rises with a moderate
slope to a height of thirty feet. The top for about si.x feet is composed
of a sandy till with large and small boulders, ha\ing the appearance
of a ground moraine ; below, the soft beds of the Winnipeg sandstone
appear to e.vtend doM-n to the water and ai'c seen for about a mile along
the shore. A low strip of country extends acro.ss the narrow isthmus
which is the .southern part of township -0, li. VII. The eastern side
of the peninsula is iiigiier than the west and is very similar in contour
to that of Elk Island just to the north. IJeds of stratified sand and Sunthdf Elk
clay torm clitls very smniar ni appearance to the \\ innipeg sandstone
and proliably the peninsida has a nucleus of these beds. The north shore
is of houlderclay with a level surface fifteen or twenty feet above the
lake, and the beach is thickly strewn with boulders. On the west side
many large slabs of mottled, Trimton limestoiu; coiitaining Macliirea
M(inil<)/ifiiiiin,eU\, are lying, e\idently close to the parent rock. Behind
the beach in section 1 ."), is a dill" twenty feet alwve the water, composed
cliietly of clay, often with many large and small boulders.

South of the poitit in Section K) is a high cliff of sand, which is prob-
ably recent and not part of the ^^'innipeg sandstone. The west point
of section D, is a cliff of clay thirty to forty feet hinli, very sandy and
containing some inters! ratified beds of sand and also some i)oidders from
I he soft sandstone beneath. .South east of this the land lowers and is
composed of till, occasionally overlain liy a little blue clay. A beauti-
ful harbour is forme(l in the bay between this peninsula and the main-
land to the south, by a bar of sand arid gravel I'eaching out from the
south. The country in the vicinity is wooded with poplar and spruce,
I Hit about fifteen feet above the lake, a level green sward of short grass
affords a good camping place.

I'oint (Jrand .Marais is surrf)undcd by boulders and behind them is I'oim tliaud
a clilV forty to tifty feet high, comjiosed apparently of sand containing ' '"•'■"•
many large boulders. This forms a narrow terra'.'e with low land
iiehind. A (k'ep bay on the north, across tlu; mouth of which two bais
nearly meet, forms a natural harbour. Opposite the marsh, to the
siailii, a sand-bar terminating in a hook, also affords shelter for small
vessels. The land east of the bay rises to the north and from the
northern part of Sec. 33, Tp. IS a smooth sandy plain ri.ses with a

84 o

LAKE WINNIPEG.

ii'ilsuiii lijis.

roiiit.

gentle s'ope to a height of thirty feet above the water, while on tliti
beach ".'u this latter point is a low exposure of dark-blue alluvial ( lny.
Another terrai-e above is Jjere alwo noticed with a steeper slope. This
riaea to an additional height of thirty-six feet or a total of sixty-six
feet .ibovc the lake. Its surface is a level sandy prairie wooded wilh
occiisio:uil pine, and its scarped face shows it to be composed of lu)i i
zontally stratified allu\ ial sand, with pebbles of gneiss, etc Crossini,'
this ten ace with a width of about two hundred yards on the Fort
Alexaidcr trail, anotlici- moderate simdy slope strewn with largi-
boulders is ascoiulod to an additional heiglit of sixty-five feet or to ,i
total height of (nie hundred and thirty-one feet above the lake. Tli<'
top has a niodeiately even surface of coarse sand with a few boulders
In some of the depressions. This ridi,'e runs N. 2^) W. and S. 25 V..,
and beyond, past a depression running parallel with it, is a hill of about
the same height. This has undoubtedly a niorainic centre, ]>robal)lv
deposited in shallow water.

South of the mai'sh at ( Jrand .M.irais the lieacb to I'.il.-.iiin liay i^
composed of bouldei-s, heliintl which is a clifl' ten to twenty feet hiL;li,
composed of sandy till containing boulders.

At Balsam Bay, the land rises to a terrace about thirty feet aboM^
the water behiTid which, on the trail back from the lake is a siopiiii,'
sandy plain, dotted with a tV-w boulders, terniiuMting in a moie
abrupt slojie, at the top of w liieli is a rounded ridge, fifty feet wiili'
and three feet high, composed of rounded cobbles. This is clearly mm
old shore-line and is ]ii-ob;ibly about si.xty feet above the lake. Hr
hind it the sandy hill or ridge, rises to a height of about one luuidicil
feet above the lake, the summit being often composed of many boul
ders set in loose sand. At three-iiuarters of a mile from the lake tli,'
land falls again to a wide vidli y in wliieli there are no boukh^rs. (ii.iy
sandy and pebbly till is also seen at iiians places, on the surface.

I'^'om ISidsam Bay a maish extenils towaids Big-stone Point and ;i
sand-beach luiis akmy; in fr'oiit of it throutih which there is but one ii.u'
row gap. liig Stone Point is the end of a dry, le\el meadow about \'\\<'
feet above the \vater, surrounded by a ridg(! of limestone gr.nil.
This trravel is more or less rounded on the ea; side while on the
west it is angulai-, and towards the point is often in large blocks, h
is a mottled, Trenton limestone and thero aie but few granite oi' oIIhi
boulders on the point. In view of this latter fact it appears probaM"
that the limestone is sh<i\'ed up by the ice from rock in place, benCMili
tlie water (jn the west side of the jioint. It is possible that it is dc
ri\ed from Moulder-clay, but tht; extreme scarcity of granite boulders

•]

UKOKENHEAD RIVER,

85 O

water, while on tlio
;-l)luG alluvial i liiy.
teeper slope. This

II total of sixty-six
srairie wooded willi
le composed of hoi i
leiss, etc Croasiii.i;
i yards on the Fort

strewn with lar«.'
ixtytive feet or to .1
hove the lake. Tin'

with ii few Ixtuldcis
f) W.and S. -Jf) K.,
11 it, is a hill of ahmii
inic centre, prohal)ly

•h to r.iilsiuu liay 1^

I to twenty feet hiub,

,ut thirty feet iil)o\<'

II llie lake is a sloping
niiiiiitiiiK ill II i>""''
id^'c, tifty feet will.'
■s. This is clearly :in

uhove the lake. I'''
of al)o\it one hundrcl
inposed of many html
lile from the lake lli.'
B no boulders. (!iay
;, on the surface.

r.i^-stoiie Point and i
h there islmt oive iiar-
vel meadow al)o\it live
of limestone gra\fl.
I side while on the
II in larj,'e blocks, li
t l\>w j;ranite or otliir
•.t it appears probabl'-
rock in placv, beneath
.ussible that it is (If
ty of granite bould-is

and the wh it of j^ranite pebbles and sand, would make this improbable.
From Big Stone Point to the mouth of Urokenhead River the shore is
low and .sandy and this character is maintained to the mouth of Red
lliver.

Brokenhcad River,

The mouth of the river is obstructed by a sand-bar, but within it Urokmhead
has a well-(lefined fairly strai;^ht channel through the marsli up to the ^''^■^''■•
northern side of the Indian reserve, wliere the land I'ises slightly and
is dry and wooded with pophir. At the lower part of the hank the till
contains numerous limestone pebbles ; on the top there is, however, a
thin layer of alluvial deposit. The river above becomes winding with
reeds on the inner side of the bends. About one and a half miles up,
within the reserve, on the west side of the river, the bank is twelve
t'ect high,. and shows nine feet of mottled Trenton limestone. A little
more than a mile farther up the river, a somewhat similar exposure of
limestone is seen on tlie east side, .lust above this the liver becomes
shallow and obstrui'ted by boulders and maintains this character for
half a mile, when it becomes nai'row and tlows between boulder.s, with
a total fall of about four feet. Hero the east bank is sloping while
the west bank is steep and occasionally scarped, showing it to be com-
posed of a light-gray, unatratilled till with many pebbles and some
liouldera, almost all of limestone. On the bank, too, are many angular
masses of mottled Trenton limestone evidently out of the till, but
probably not far from beds in jilace.

-^1

1'%/i

80 G

LAKK WINNIPEG.

APPP]iXDIX I.

LIHT OF (iLAClAL HTHI.K.

[Jliicial StiiiL'.

Stdiiuwall.

>S. LT)' !•;. and S. 10 W.

Mtony Mountain H. l!!" E.

AsHiiiilminc Kivcr

Scot. -JH, T. !) K, X
SaMkatclicwaii Hiver —

Bel

R.i

IK<'

s. ;tt ao' K.

s. 12 :«)' w.

At KdcIic Koiitjr S. 12' W.

(Jrand Kai)i(ls |lx)tti>iii) S. 2 'M W.

(iniddlo) S. (i2 :«)' W.

(tup) HcconcI set W. 2' 30' N.

Cedar Lakr

Islaiul, i>a.it (if l!al)liit I'diiit S. ]H MV W.

Minitli (if Saskatdicwaii Hivcr S. ;«l \V, and S. Im'Sii' K

Sdiilli-nast sliiirc S. Ill nil' W.

Lake W'iiinipcg

Near linffalo l{i\(;r S. 2 \V. and S. 22 W.

S. :t7 .'io' K. t(

;w K,

RoliinHdii

(lint.

1 1 W.

Head (if Ncls(in Hivcr

Near Mi ml leal I'dinl S. Xi W.

S|iidci- Island I'diiit S. ;«) W.

Spider Islands S. :M" \V.

Month of liclanijcr Hivcr S. :t2' W.

lint

S. 23 W.
S. 20 \V.

North of Hclanjfcr I'l

HclanRcr Point

From liclangcr Point td Pdack Hivcr,

Mdnth of P.ij,' I'.laik Kivcr S. 23' W.

H. P.. Co.'s Post Poplar Piivcr H. 10 4.S \V.

S. 18 \V. toS. 22' W,

lar Point.

S. 37 W.

Marc
Lslan

id Point S. 32 W.

ill Picrciis Hivcr Hav

s. .-i:" w.

S. oT" W

JJcrcim Hivcr, H. P. (!'o'm. Post

Pij;con I'oint S. i"iO W.

(I carlic'r striie S. 18' W.

PiRoon IJivy S.17 W. , H. 38" W. and .S.l

Flatlicad Point S. 53' \V.

Habl lit Point S. oS W.

Opposite Dog Head S. 51 W.

Opposite Limestone Cave Point S. 48' \V.

Op|iosite Pull Head S. 53' W.

Mouth of Loon C -eek (earlier) S. 5" W. to H. 30" W.

(later).

H. 55^ W. to S. 70'^ W.

K,. ami S. 10' W.

""'"•'•■ J LIST 01' OLACIAL NTIil.F,.

Ijiikc Wimiipc),'— C'<),i,7///^r(/.

Loiiii Island (carliri') s. 30 \V.

" (liiti'i-l S, ri6'W.

N. I<), iHiiiit Ulack iHlaiul S. (12' W,

Niirtli hIkiit lilack iHlaml S. (13 W.

H.nith side I'.lack F«laii(l S. f)7' W. and H. (15' W.

-MiMitli iif llnlr Hiver H. (1(1' \V.

Ilcilc liivcr til ('lenient Point S. iW \V. to S. ">«" W.

liiidtlii-iiat lliver (earlier) M. "JT" *V.

" (later) S. :>-' \V.

>rcl)iTniort I'dlnt H. A'< W,

Ndi'th uf Steep Itiieli River S. ,->" \V.

Island ne.ir \><>)i Mead S. ijO W.

Near Sand liiver H, 15' \V. and S. 50' W

Siiuth of Little lilael; Itiver S. 54 W.

MoMtli of Wiiniipejf Kiver S. 57' W.

Itlack I'leai- Inland S. 4!! \V.

N. W. end Little Tamarack Island S. 5r W.

Jack Hi'ad Island S, '.'(i W.

lien MS Island S. 5(i W.

Badtliloat liivei —

I'ortage No. 7 . . . . S. 52' W.

No. IS S. 57 W.

Carillon Lake S. (>2 W.

-Mnskrat Jjake—

Sontli side S. (12 W.

Kast side s. (Id W.

Long Lake S. do W.

Hole Kiver, I'.vst lioundary of I. R S. (15 W.

II first rock S. 75 W.

Hole Lake, sontli shore S. (IS W.

wi'st end S. 73 W.

Kn^lisli Lake, east end S. 03° \V.

Rice River, upper part S. 02' \y.

Little I'llaek River

rortaf,'e No. 3 . . . S. 55' W.

No. 10 S. (iO W.

No. ^4 S. (15 W.

Winni|ieg River—

Wliiteinnd Falls . . . ,S, ,5,")" \V.

Outlet of Lac du lionnet S. (10' W.

South aide, Lac du Bonnet 8. ('i2^ W.

Near east end, Luc dii IVmnet S. 25 W.

J'oint in sect. 14, 'I'. 1(1, K. XI S. (1(* W. and[S. 25 W.

Mouth of Whiteinouth River (earlier) S. 27' 30' E.

" II " (later) S. ()0'-G3' W.

Playgreen Lake —

OpiKJsite Old Norway House S. 45° W.

(loose Island S. 45' W.

87 a

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

:s i

1.0

I.I

1.25

■-IIM

11^

2.0

1.8

U III 1.6

y/f

///.

Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

1*.

88 G

LAKE WINNIPEG.

Little PlayRreen Lake —

At MiBBion S. 52° W.

On islands S. 52° VV. and S. 60° W.

Month of Nelson River S. 30° W.

McLaughlin River —

Near first lake S,

Between first and second lakes S.

Upper lake S,

Gunisao River —

At several places above forks S.

Near (Junisaj Lake S.

Kast end, (i\ini«ao Lake S.

irpper Gnnisrto Lake S.

Belanger River —

Fourteen miles up S.

At forks S.

Near head of river . . S.

Black River-
First rapid ... S.

Pelican jHirtage H.

Poplar River —

Ten miles uj) S.

White Mud portage S.

Tliunder Lake H.

Etomunii River —

Willow ]K)rtage S.

Eight miles below Boulder Rapid S.

Pigeon River -

Six miles up S.

Three miles below Po])lar Falls S.

Five miles above Poplar Falls S.

Near .lack River portage S,

Bloodvein River —

Four mills above Little Bloodvein River. . . . S. 5H° W.
Sasa-ginnigiik Lake S, 57^ W,

32° W.

20° W.

. 41° W.

30° W.

11° W.

16° W. and S. 11° W.

11° W.

21° W.
27' W.
17' W.

25° W.
3° K

32° W.
20° W.
35' W.

fifr W.
57^ W.

5K' W.

Oi" W.

(!4' W. and S. 34° W.

<i4' W.

APPENDIX II.

89 O

and S. 60° W.

APPENDIX II.

r. andS. n°W.

,V. and H. 34° W.

NOTES ON EARLY TRAVELLERS ON LAKE WINNIPEG WHOSE RECORDS OR
REPORTS CONTAIN DESCRIPTIONS REFERRING TO THE LAKE.

De LA Verendrye, 1734-1739.

In March, 1734, the eldest son of Sieur de la Verendrye descended
Winnipeg River from the Luke of the Woods, and probably reached
Lake Winnipeg ; and in the autumn of the same year, one of his sons
descended the river and built Fort Maurepas on the north side at the
mouth.

On the 16th of April, 1739, being at Fort la Reine (Portage la
Prairie), Verendrye sent his son, Pierre Gautier, with an Indian to
make an examination of the bottom of Lake W^inipigon, of the mine
which is on the lake and of that which is on White River (probably
the Saskatchewan, which is called ^yhite or Hinds River on Jeffrey's
map of 17()2) of the outlet to the lake, to go round it, to endeavour to
liindor the Indians from going to the English.

(Decouvertes et Kstablisssements des Francj-ais dans I'Ouest, &c.
Journal de Laverendrye. Canadian Archives. Report 1889, p. 26.)

Joseph La France, 1740-1742.

In a book entitled " An Account of the Countries adjoining to
Hudson's Ba}', by Arthur Dobbs, London, 1744," there h an account
of this traveller. His father was a French trader or trapper and his
mother a Sauteai;. La Fi-ance was a native of Michilimackinac, and
lived for a short time in Quebec and Montreal, but spent the
greater pait of his life — up to the age of 33 years, around lakes
Huron and Superior. He had been denied a license to trade, by the
French Governor, and in 1739, while on his way eastward with fursi
he met a brigade of canoes in charge of French soldiers. By them he
was seized and all his effects confiscated, but he managed to escape to
the woods with but his gun and five charges of powder and ball. He
then determined to make his way to the English on Hudson Bay. In
the beginning of the winter he sot oi:t on his journey. In the spring
of 1740 he reached the Grand Portage and from there he descend-
ed the Rainy and Winnipeg rivers, in September leaching ' Ouinipi-
que ' Lake. He spent the autumn and winter hunting beaver with

90 G

LAKIC WINNIPKO,

the Ci'ees on tlio nortli-eastern sides of the lako. He describes the
liilfe and thi; Indians wlio inliiihit its shores. Jle Hp(?ak8 of tiie lake
beiriy no more than ten leaijues wid(i and in some places not ahovci ,i
leiigue and a iialf. TIk^ outlet is into the ' Litthi Ouinipiepie' by ii
river he calls tlie Red Hiver, or 'little Ouinipicjue,' after a course
northward of about sixty leagues. 'This lake is thirty three leaj^ues
!onj^ and six broad. There is but one little island in it, almost on a
water level, called by tin; Indians ' Mini Sabi(]ue.' Tiie course of this
lake is north-and-south through a low woody (lountry. To this La,
France (lesccridcd in a canoe in the sununer of 1718. ' He [)assed this
lake and the river that runs into Lake; Du Siens [sic| in sununer and
autunm ; this is about 100 leagues from the othei-.' i^ake Du Siciis
is three leagues in circuit and full of wild rice. He spent the winter
of 1 74 1-1'J between Lake du Siens and Lake Ciiriboux. This lake is
ten leagues long and five broad. From hercs he travelled eastward
fifteen l(!agues to Pachegoia, or Lac des J'^jrets, from which he des-
cended to York Factory. ' Pachegoia is divided so as to make about
two lakes.'

In the work above referred to, are also descriptions on pages 1^0-"J1,

of Nelson River and Lake? Winnipeg. It is described as coming fr

another lake called the ' Junction of two S(>as,' because; the land ahnosi
meets in the middUi of tlu; lake. ' The west side is full of fine nieadous
filled with will! oxen, 'i'his lake is 400 leagues in circumfeience.'

" A huiulred leagues west-south-west ahjrig the river is another lake
they call Ouni|)igouchih or tin! Little Sea. It is 1500 leagues in cir-
cumference ; at the further end is a river which comes from
Tacamiouen, which is not so great as ihe other ; it is into this lake
that th<; I'ivet of Stags is disi hargerl, which is of such length that the
natives have not yet discovered its source*. From this river they
go to another which runs westward.' This is evidently from inf
mation from Jeremie. {Hvxi Dobbs, p. r)4.)

can
(11'

Ale.v. Hknuy, 1775.

On the i6th of August, 1775, Alexander Henry reached Lake
Winnipeg on his vvay from Montreal to Churchill River. At the
mouth of Winnipeg River he found a village of Cree Indians, and in;
has given an interesting account of their customs and general appear-
ance, Journeying along the lake ho jiassed Pike Rivtr on the first nf
September, to the west of which, he states, ' is a rock of great length
called Roche Rouge, and entirely composed of a pierre a calumet, (ir

AI'PKNDIX 11.

91 n

He describes the

speaks of Uie lake
places not abovc^ n

Ouinipique' by ii
ae,' after a couisr
,hirty three leagues
in it, almost on a
Tlie cfnirse of this
iiitry. To this \y.i
18. ' He I>asse(l thi'^
Isicj in HUininer ami
•.' Lake Du Siciis
lo spent the winter
boux. This lake is
K, travelled eastward
, from whicli he des-

so as to make about

itions on pages 20- "J 1,
jribed as coming from
.caus(! the land almost
is full of 'ii>« meadows
in circumference.'

t> riv(!r is another lake
is :»U0 leagues in cir
which comes fnmi
ler ; it is into this lakf
f such length tliat the
,in this river they can
evidently from infor

• Henry reached Lakt-
urchill lUver. At llie
' Cree Indians, and In'
„s and general appcar-
ke llivtr <m the first nf
a rock of great length
d a pierre a calumet, or

stone used by the Indians for making tobacco pipe bowls, It is of a
ligiit red colour intersper.sed with veins of l)rown and yields very
readily to the knife.' Probably the cliil'at Cat Head.

(Travels and adventures in Canada, by Alcjxander Henry, Escj. New
York, 1809. 12 mo.)

David Tiio.mpso.v, 1790-1812.

Tn June, 1790, David Thompson, then a clerk in the service of the
Hudson's Hay Comjjany, sLaited from Cunilterland House on his way
to York l''actory. While on his jf)urney lu; made a track-survey of the
north end of L-ike Wintnpeg — the first systematic survey that was
mad(! on tlie lake. l)uring the Nucc(H'ding twenty-two years, he crossed
the lake and surveyed its shores a nund)er of times and on his map
of the North-west, madi; in 1813-1814, its contours are first laid
down with a n^asonablt! degree of accuracy.

A. HicNUv, Jr., 1799-1808.

lietween 179It and 1808 Alexander Henry, Jr., was in charge of
trading posts of the North-west Company in the Red River district,
and crossed Lake Winnipeg sevtirul times from the mouth of Winnipeg
River to that of Red River. In the latter year he trav(!lled along the
w(!st siiore to the Saskat(!h('wan River on his way to the plains. He
not(!s many interesting points about the (!arly history of the country.

(The Manuscript Journals of Alex. Henry, edited by Elliott Coues,

1897.)

SiH A. Ma(;kk\zik.

In liis ' General History of the Fur Trade' in the first part of his
' Voyages ' Sir Alexander Mackenzie gives a general account of Lake
Winnipeg and the; rivers that flow into it. In several j)laces he makes
slight references to the underlying geological structure of the country.
In speaking of the Red and Assiniboine rivers lie says :--' In some
parts there are rapids, caused by occasional beds of limestone and
gravel ; but in general they have a sandy bottom. This lake in com-
mon with those of this country, is bounded on the north with banks
of black and gray rock and on the s(.jth by a low, level country, occa-
sionally interrupted with a ridge or bank of limestones, lying in stratas,
and rising to the perpendicular height of from twenty to forty feet ;
these are covered with a small quantity of earth forming a level sur-
face, which bears timber, but of a moderate growth and declines to a
swamp.'

■'.>'^\Ut,J

92 G

LAKE WINNIPEG.

Limestone is also mentioned on the tiaskatchewan at the Grand
Rapids and above.

(Voyages from Montreal, by Alex. Mackenzie, London, 1801, 4to
pp. Ixiv and Ixvi.)

Daniel W. Harmon, 1800-1819.

D. W. Harmon in ] 800 crossed Lake Winnipeg from the mouth of
Winnipeg Iliver to the mouth of the Little Saskatchewan River on
his way to Swan Iliver, and in 1805 having descended the Assinil)oine
he crossed from the mouth of Red River to Winnipeg River. The
same year he returned west to the foit on the South Branch and in
1807 again returned to Winnipeg River on his way to Fort William.
In 1808 he crossed the lake on his way to Peace River and thence to
New Caledonia. In 1809 he passed east by the same route on his way
to Montreal. Though his journal is interesting, as giving much useful
information about the character of the country and its inhabitants at
that time, he nowhere speaks about the rocks or soil around Lake
Winnipeg.

(A Journal of Voyages and Travels in the interior of North America,
by Daniel Williams Harmon. Andover 1820.)

AnEL Edwards, 1812.

'Notes taken during thts summer of 1812, on a journey fiom York
Fort, Hudson's Bay, to Lake Winnipeg and the Red River, by Mr.
Abel Edwards, surgeon at the settlement on Red River; together witii
a description of the specimens collected by Mr. Eflwards and by Mr.
Holdsworth, surgeon at York Fort,' is the title of a paper in which
the water and depth of the lake is described. ' The coast on the eastern
side, until yuu arrive at the Straits is low and sandy, but numerous
rocks lie concealed at a little distance from the land. In the Strait
the coasts on both sides are bold and rocky.' Two specimens from
this lake are described, one a coarsegrained granite from an island
north of Bloodvein River and the other 'a grayish fine-grained rock
consisting of quartz and mica with some carbonate of lime from the
west side of tlie lake near BuB'alo Island.'

(Trans. Geol. Soc, 1st Series, vol. v., T,ondon, 1821. pp. 606-607.)

Gauriei. Franchere, 1814.

In June, 1814, (Jabriel Franchere on his way from the Columbia
River, crossed Lake Winnipeg from the Saskatchewan to the Winnipeg

APPENDIX II.

93 a

r of North America,

821. pp. 606-607.)

River. A short description is given of the general character of the
lake.

(Narrative of a voyage to the North-west Coast of America, in the
years 1811, 1812, 1813 and 1814 l)y (Jabriel Franchere, English Edi-
tion 12 mo., New York, 1854, pp. 329-330.)

Franklin and Richakd.son. 1819-1822.

Captain (afterward Sir John) Franklin and Dr. (afterward Sir
John) Richardson, travelled through the northern portion of Lake
Winnipeg, from October "tli to 9th, 1819. On the return journey
they reached Norway House on July 4th, 1822, on their way hack to
York Factory. Brief notes are given in his narrative describing the
north sho''e and the limestone of the west shore, north of the Saskat-
chewiin River.

(Franklin's Journey to the Polar Sea, 4to, 1823.)

Fkanklin, 1825-1827.

In February, 1825, Capt. John Franklin, with Dr. Richardson,
Lieut. Back, Mr. Kendal! and Mi'. Drummond embarked at Liverpool
for New York. Thence they passed westward to Fort William, and
])roceede(l by the old nortli-west route to Cumberland House and west
to tJreat Slave Lake. On their way east in the summer of 1827, they
went from Cumberland to Norway House by the north end of the
luke, and thence down the lake to Fort Alexander, from which place
tliey proceeded to Montreal by the Ottawa River route. In passing
Ottawa, Franklin laid the corner stone of the Rideau Canal Locks, in
August, 1827.

In Appendix I. to Fi'anklin's Narrative, Dr. Richardson gives an
account of the limestone of Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan
River. Ho first gives its colour, structure, fracture and other general
characters. He then enumerates the fossil forms founil in the
exposures at the first and second rocky points. On ])ages 54-57 he
says: — 'In the flat limest<me strata near its foot, [Pasijuia Hills]
tliere are salt springs, from which the Indians sometimes procure a
considerable quantity of salt by boiling, and theie are several sul]ihur-
eous springs within the formation.' * * ' The line of contact of
I lie limestorH! with primitive rocks of Lake Winnipeg is covered with
water ; but at tlie Dog's Head, and near the north end of Beaver Lake,
they are exposed within less than a mile of each other. To the south-
ward of the Oog's Head, in Lake Winnipeg ami a few other (piarters,
some schistose rocks, belonging to the transiti(jn series, are interposed
between the two formations.'

94 o

LAKE WINNIPEG.

A little farther on he states that the limestone of Lake Winnipeg Ih
probably of the same age as that on Elk and Slave rivers, but that it
diffei'8 in that it contains little or no petroleum.

(Narrative of a Second Expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea in
1825, 182G and 1827, by John Franklin, Capt. A-c. Apj.endix I. by
Dr. John Hichavdson.)

Iv the liiaps of Lake Winnipeg aoconipiinying this narrative, gncis;
and greywack<'' is marked .south of tlu! narrows on the cast side of the
lake, while north of this, limestone is marked on the west sIum'c.

Major Long, 1823.

The expedition under the command of .Major Lonj.', sent out by (lir
United States Government in 1823 to iletermine the position of t lie
Iiitt'r'iiational boundiiry at the ited l{iver, proceeded down to Lal<i'
NViiniipeg, after having at'i'om[)lished their mission, 'i'he return jour
ney was made uj) the Winnipeg Hiver and through the Lake? of the
W^oods eastward to Lake Superior. Mr. W. If. KiNiting, iIk* gt-ologisi
to the e.xpedilion, in his narrative notes lh(! preseuee of primitive I'lieks
on the Winnipeg lliver. IL^dso adds; — ' it appear'.s |)rol)able frnin
all the information which we have collected, that tiie whole of I lie
eastern shon; of Lake Winnepeek, is occupied by a primiti\(^ for iiiat Imu
while the wester'n is composiHl of secondary, and th(!se probably lime
stone, rocks. This accounts for the fact tliat the prairi(*H are limiteil
to the east by that lake, while they extend as far north as tiie Sas
katchewan and to a considerable distance up tlnit stream, it appears
to us by no means improbable that the excavation of this lake was
occasioned by the earlier decomi)osition of the sti'ata at the junelinii
of the two formations.'

(Narrative of an I'^xpedition to the source of the St. Peters Itivci,
compiled by W. H. Keating, A.M., itc, London, 182rj,)

J. J. BlfisHV.

Dr. John Bigsby in an article in the American .Journal of Science,
vol. VIII, 1824, pp. 60-88 mentions the limestones of Lake Winnipe;,'
and Cedar I^ake as proliably of the ag(! of the mountain limestone of
the Caiboniferous of Europe. He also mentions (Inding several fossils
in the lr)OHe rocks of the Lake of the Woods.

Capt. Back, 1833-1835.

On the 17th of February, 1833, Captain Pack accompanied by Mr.
Richard King, sailed from Liverpool for New York, whence he pm

•1

APPENDIX II.

9B o

Lako Witunpn« w
rivors, l)Ut tluil it

if tlm Poliir Hon in
. A]il>nn(lix !• liy

;h narriitivc, kiii'Ihs
tllO cilMt, hi<l<l ijf the
If wost Hhons

ii;;, sent <nit l>y tin'
the ju)silii)ii <>t' tln'
.(led ilnwn to 1-iikr
,, 'riu! return y>w
1^1, tlMi 1-akf "f Um
catiiiK, tli<'K«'<'l"t!i'-i
icot)t'i>riiiiitivn r.n'Ks
ipcars jin)hal)li' t'lmii
at tilt! wlii>lt' "•' 'li''
ai)rimitivcfniiiiiili"ii
tlicso proWaltly li"i'>
I jirairics arc liuiitfil
ir nortli as tin- Sus
stream. It aiii><'ai.s

ion of tliiw '"■'*" ^^'''
rata at the jmielion

tho St. TeteiH Isiver,
1825.)

n .Journal of Scieiin',
,.s of Lako WiniiiiMH
nountaiii liinewtoiie of
s riii(liii« He.vcral t'«'HMl^

accoiiipaiiied by Mi
York, whmico \w pn

■coedod to Montreal. Here ho embarked in canoes, ascended the Otta-
wa, crossed lakes Huron and Superior and arrived at Fort William
.May 2()th. Fiom here he proceeded to Fort Alexander at the mouth
of Winnipej^ River, wlusre he arrived on Juno 6th. He then traversed
jjako Winnipeg to Norway House, from which plac(> he crossed to the
.Saskatchewan and Uutnijerland J louse, and proceeded via Jsle a la
Crosse to Hreat Slave Lake. In the summer of ISSf) he retraced his
way throu;{h Luke Winnipefj and hack to Montreal. On paj^e ui' of
his fiariativc!, Hai'k numtioiis tliat the east side of Lake Winiiipej^ is
composed (if smoolhtKl and rounded granitic rocks of little altitude.

He speaks of ri(l;;es of sand and of the water rising in the lake. On
])age (')() he spc'aka of laminated claya at tho north enfl of th(^ lake, west
of whi<-li are limestono rocks. Tn appendix I\'., W. H. i'^itton,
natundist to the expedition, (piotcis a letter from Air. Stokes, concer-
ning tli(! Orlhoccrala found hy Dr. IJichardson andCapt. Back on Lake
Winnipeg, comparing them with those described by Bigsby from Lake
Huron. ' 'i'iiero is also one specimen which though not in good j)re-
servalion, is doid)tless a Calnnipora or chain cor.al, a genus character-
islie of llie older tr.insition limestones, in which beds also, Orthocerata
ai'e eonnnon.'

(Nariati\(" of the Arctii- liand Kxpeditifin i^'c, in the years 18.33,
I S3 I and ls;i5 l,y Capt.. liack, II. N. 8vo. London, 183G.)

Silt .Iu||\ lilCHAIiDSoV, 1848.

On the 10th of April, 1848, Sir John Richards(,ii and Mr. John
l!a(- Ifinded at New York, and proceeded to Montreal by Lake
(Jhamplain and tlaMici! by steamer through tho lakes to Sault Ste.
Marie, which they I'eached on April 29tli. Here they took canoes for
\\w remaindiM' of the journ<!y, jiassing through Lake Winnipeg the first
we('k in .June on their way to the Mackenzie River. In August, 1848,
he again traversed Lake Winidpeg,ealling at Norway House, and then
ti'avelling along th(( east shon; of the lake. On pages G2-70 of his
account he says : — ' When we descended to Lake Winnipeg we came
upon epidotic slates, conglomerates, sandstones and trap rocks, similar
t(i those whicli occur on the northern acclivity of the Lake Superior
liasin ; and after jiassing the straits of Lake Winnipeg, we have the
granite rocks on the east shore, and Silurian rocks (chiefly birds-eye
limestonf?) on the west and north, the basin of the lake being mostly
<'Xeavated in the limestone. The two formations approach nearest to
each oth(.'r at the straits in (juestion, where the limestone, sandstone,
epidotic slates, green quartz rock, greenstone, gneiss and granite, occur
in the close neighbourhood of each other.'

96 o

LAKE WINNIPEG.

He then goes on to give tho" general character of the coast line an.l
the mode of formation of bars and nmrsliea around the Hhore. • Con-
siderable sheets of water are also cut off on the north-west side of the
lake, whore tho birds-ey(! limestone forms the whole of tho coast.'

He also mentions tho iniiiienee the iee has in shoving up boulders on
the shore. In Append i.\ No. i, h(! also refers to the physical features
of the Winnipeg valley.

(Arctio SfMirthing Expedition, itc. by Sir John Richardaon, Lnndon,
1851, New York, IH'ii.)

D. I). Owen, 1848.

fn the summer of 1848, David Dale Owen, while making a geological
survey of Wisconsin, Fowa and Minne.sota, for tho United States gov
ernment, descended the Red River to Lake Winnipeg and ascended
the Winnipeg River to Lake of tho Woods and thence to I^ake
Superior. He describes the character of tho country around Upper
Fort (larry (or Winnipeg) and tho I'ock o.xposures at Lower \'nv\
Garry, givim.^ a list of fossils and analy.ses of two specimens of tlic
rock. Tin) beds are stated to bo of the same ag(! as tho Upper Maj;
nesian limestone (if Wisconsin. Ho also describes tho exposures on
Lake Winnipeg, ea.-,.- of Red River at Poplar Point, and in a small
bay near Rig Swamp Point.

(Report of a (Jeological Survey of VN'isconsin, Iowa and Minnesota,
by David Dale Owen, United Slates Geologist, Philadelphin, 1852.)

RkU lilVEH EXPLOUINO EXPEDITION, 1857-58.

The expedition to explore the counti'y between Lake Superior and
Red River was jiiaced under tho command of Geo. tiladman with .S. .).
Dawson, su'veyor ; and Prof. H. Y. Hind, geologist. The parties
started out during July, 1857, and pushed through to Fort Garry.
The first report for 1858 contains letters (lescri])t,.-e of the country
between Luke Superior and Red River, and in it Prof. Hind outlines
a report on the country.

In tho spring of 1858 tho oxfiedition was divided under tho direction
of S. J. Dawson and Prof. Hind, and th(f tiiial reports form Appondi.x
No. 4 to the Seventeenth volume of tli(! Journals of the LegislatiM'
As.sembly of the province of Canada, Session 185',). The report by S,
J. Dawson contains a short description of the country and large Tiiap><
and protiles. That by Prof. Hind deals more fully with the geology
of the Lake Winnipeg basin than any previous one, and some of liis
notes and descriptions are (juoted in tlie body of the present report.

Al'l'KNUIX II.

y? G

\\e coast lino an.l
the Hhoro. ' Con
h-wost side of llu'
of tlic coast.'
■ingupl)0ul(ler8(m
,. physical features

ichaidaon, London,

S. n. SCUDDI-.H, MCO.

In \^CiO, .Ml'. S. If. Seuddor maihs Ji canon trip from Fort (iiiiry to
Tlu) Pas oil til.' Sask.ili-hi.'wan llixcr. lie dcsorilicil tin; (hf/m/itura
collected by iiiin, in x,\n; Caniidiaii Naturalist, vol. VII., l.sO'J (|)|). 283-

J'^iS). Ilo does iKit llici

iiiak

ly notes on t;io

>1<

«y-

Sub-

-'i(uent'y lie |iuljlislied an account d'^alin;^ more esp 'cially with the
incidents of tho Journey, and in this are a few references to the cliar-
,i('t(M' of th(! co.ist 1)11 tlie west side tn the mouth ol' the Saskatcliewan

I'ivi'l'.

( The Winnipeg' (.-"Diiritiy, or rouj^'liing it wit'u an edipso party, by a
lioi^he'sler fellow. Boston : Cupples Ujihaiii it Company. I'j8(5. 8 vo.)

niakins i geological
I'nited States gov
.nipei^ and ascended
nd thence to Lake
antry around Upper
ires at liower K'nl
Dvo specimens of tin'
as the I'pper Ma^
bes tbe exposures on
Point, and in a small

Iowa and Minnesota,
>hiladelphin, 1852.)

A. 1!. C. Sklwv.v, IS72-::}.

th
I

■umtner i>

f 1.'
Id tl

Dr. A. li. C

Sclwvn <!escen'i('(i the

in-

viv(;r and coasted the south cast shore of Lake Winnipeg to the
iiioutli of Ked Uiver. The follovvins' suinmei' lie tiavorseil the lake

tiiiiii the mouth of Saskatchewan lliver to the lied Rivet

[■c|iorts refer to the superficial deposits of the south east shore, and h
ilsi) notes the presence of the limestone on the west side.

(Ri^portsof I'rogress, (!e(»l. Surv. (Jan., 187-'-7;5 imd 1873-74.)

1S7I

d ls7,s.

Ill 1S7 1 Dr. K. Hell descended the Little Saskatchew.ui Itiver fj

ike .Manitoba and

d th

to the mouth of lied Uiver.

11.

short accrunt of the limi-stone elill's as far as l)o'' lie id.

n Lake Superior and

,. tiladman with S. .1.

iologist. The parties

•ou'di to Fort Carry.

•rip'

,)f the country

it Frof. Hind outlines

led under the direction
oports form Appendix
als of tbe Legislative
■i.')',). The report by S.
ountry and large maps
fully with the geology
us one, and some of iiis
f the present report.

'luriiiii'' troiii

Huds

LS78 he i;ives a simrt account of

ilic character ol' tlu; Ijaureiilian rocks of the east shore with lists of

~liikes (

)f tl

11' uneisses am

I direction of the "lacial strin

icol-

iiicd map of Lake Winnipei: is published with this report.
(Reports of Progress, (Jeol. Surv. Can., 1874-75 and 1877-71

A. S. CociiiiANE, 1882.

.Ml

A. S.

lelirane m

id(^ track survevs of Fierens River to

Family Lake, Pigeon River for fifteen miles of its

■se. Big
lilack lliver for ei'^hty-two miles fiohi its moiitii and Poplar River

Ir.'iii a poi

fa''*! from l'>i'' Flack Hi'.er to its

ith. 11-

luadc

•t.

rvey from Xorw.ay House to U rand Rapids

( Report of Progress, (!eol. Sur\'. Can., 1880-82 Suiuimiry, pj). 10-17.)

LaKG WINNIPEG.

T. C. Weston, 1884. •

A large collection of t'ossilH was nmdc l)y Mr. WeHtoti from thf
rocks of the wc^st >*hore from Cat Head soutli to tho Hod River.

(Annual Report, Oeol. Hurv. Can., vol. I, (N.S.), 1H85, p. 2Ga.)

A. P. Low, 1880.

In 1886, Mr. A. P. Low crossed Lake Winnipeg from Ri'd River lo
Bercns River and asccndtul the latter to a portage to the head-watitx
of the Si'vcrti llivi-r. His observations arc confined to the valley ot
the Herens l{ivor and to that of the Severn.

(Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Can., vol. II, (N. S.), 1886, part F.)

F. W. WiLKiNS, 1886.

In the summer of 1886, F. W. Wilkins under instructions from tli,>
Dominion Lands Branch of the Department of the Interior madi' h
micrometer survey of the shore of Lake Winnipeg. In his account nt
this work he gives a running description of the lake and the adjoining
country.

(Departrnent of the Interior, Report for 1886, part II.)

[r. Weston from tlu'
o tht) Hod River.

8.), IH85, p. '26a.)

leg from Red River t..
I^e to tlie liwul-wiil.i-,
iiliiiod to tlu- viilk-y ut

•.S.), 1^86, part F.)

r instructions from ttu»
if the interior iniulf a
3fH. In his account nt
I lake and the adjoining

3, part II.)