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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul ciichA. il est film^ i partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche ^ droite. et de haut en bas, en nrenant le nombre d'images nicessaira as diagramm imperative demand of her people, individually and collectively. With us such vigor would speedily concatenate British territory, forming over forty countries and colonies, belting the world, and making her em4)ire a company of nations, loaning to all others and borrowing of none, the pride of our people and the wonder of the world, an area at present over three times that of all Europe, with one-sixth of the population of the eartli, having justice, truth, honor, liberty and the elevation of the human race as the foundation of her constitution and the pillars of her empire. May the sun ever continue to shine on her is the petition of her subjects everywhere to the great Architect of the Universe. Toronto, Feb. 15. R. W. PRITTIE. I i ! NTRY. eiits somo laudatory »f Customs and his le has infused into this addition to the : all merchants and that the old head of appeals, but the in- capacity of any one nd to creep in, that he last twelve years krtment. The Hon. md resisting abuses ig, and it is a great lable and improved g ; a like saving of il country, with its •omises full to over- lineral Development r progressive energy PUBLIC OPINION. 9 SIR OLIVER'S SEVENTEENTH PRAYER. ndividually and col- insist upon not only quickstep tim»., and r Mackenzie to the s Fort Francis canal on't know what vou you do yourselves,' s declared, and then September, 1878. ot be done without now too much of a >vernment (suffering ne), and it would be ts when at the ceme- ious stewards. The lation of 2,000,000 3ar of independence; ese results were not ', but the expediency people, individually concatenate British Iting the world, and ithers and borrowing be world, an area at ;th of the population the elevation of the 1 the pillars of her s the petition of her srse. W. PRITTIE. Sir Oliver— Please, St. Patrick you made such short worli ii the snakes and toads in Old Ireland, 1 vvrish you'd just try what y« can do with these reptiles in Canada. Never mind the ttad, thouflrH I'll fix him. I 10 THE IRON INDUSTRY. PUBLIC OPINION. MR. HAMPDEN BURNHAM'S LETTER.— AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ac( coi \t And the'. PeduHarities df RegisPry and Othfit Public Offices— An Interesting Discussion of Sonie of the Chief Topics of the Day— The Progress of jdis British Columbia— Imparted Thoroughbreds— The Algoma District. km\ -rtlE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. To the Editor of The Empire. Sir,— Please allow me, through your columns, to give a few facts as they strike a fanner concerning the doings of the different members of the Mowat Government, especially our unworthy member, Hon. John Dryden. At the first I wf his department as any of the many sessional clerks that are in attendance luring the session. Let any reader look at the fly leaf of the sale catalogue tnd he will see there " Under the instructions of the Minister of Agricul- ture." In some interviews he tries to throw ilne blame on the officials at ihe farm, and says it was done through a misunderstanding. In the House lie tries to plead ignorance of the disease altogether, or nearly so, as he says that he was only up there once or twice while this work was going on of lilaughtering and testing the animals. I see an item in the Public Accounts 6f $130 for travelling expenses last year paid to Hon. John Dryden. Where Was it spent 1 I shall here repeat what Mr, Dryden said to The Empire Reporter the day after the sale : " As the bills were out and the sale going on I had no opportunity of correcting the error, but after the animals were sold I laid the facts before ^M 12 THE IROJI INDUSTRY. the purchasers and told them they ceuld take the animals away or have their money refunded as they liked. The calves have not been taken away." A nice confession for a guardian of the people's interests of this province to make. Shame on the man to have to make such a confession I Considering, too, that three out of the four calves were then suflFering from the deadly disease, he would still allow the people to take them away if they felt inclined. The question is, had he a right to put the purchasers in such a position as to make that choice ? Mr. Dryden, as well as anyone else, knows how public sales should be, and are often conducted. Why did he not get some of the henchmen of the Government to buy these animals in ? They had plenty of them around to do it. Take J. I. Hobson, for instance. He was there. By the way, in speaking of Mr. Hobson, he makes the best excuse for the Government in an interview that I have read yet. He says " the reason Mr. Staeey did not take the Ayrshire heifer calf was that he had bought her too dear and took this way to get out of the purchase," When the auctioneer was asked the question when the fourth calf was Toeing sold (the Ayrshire one) if any of the calves were out of tainted dams, he referred them to Prof. Dean. The latter would say nothing then, but made for where Dryden was standing. A]\ this gives an idea that there was an undercurrent flowing, and if the bomb had not exploded there and then, the sales would have been completed and everything'would have gone on lovely. The hardest evidence against a man is very often his own inconsistent and con- tradictory statements. Mr. Dryden has condemned himself in the eyes of the province and his own constituency, and the electors are only waiting, waiting. A FARMER. South Ontario, March 27th. Wei ihe !nd bor (ped ^st bor n( % o fiv( Ian thi imi ing chf lit sui ini THE ALQOMA ELDORADO. To the Editor of The Empire. Sir, — For some time previous to, and since, the article in The Empire re establishment of the smelters here by the Dominion Coal Company we have been verifying the reports re mineral deposits in the Algoma district. Enclosed please find result, which, it is hoped, you will kindly publish. -— R. B. DIXON. Sudbury, March 3rd. The opinion of experts, two of whom have been all over the mining centres of the world (and whose signatures are attached as a guarantee of good faith), is that the mineral resources of the district surrounding Sudbury, Ont., are inexhaustible, in so far as relates to nickel, copper, some silver and • true fissure quartz veins, carrying native gold and nuggets in abundance, pli Mr. Le Due, of West Duluth, Minn., has devoted 32 years to mining and pros- pecting. Mr. Dixon, as a descriptive journalist and experienced explorer, wl visited all the large mines, copper, coal and gold, in Australia, Nova Scotia and the Algoma district, and after careful inspection, not only of specimens submitted, but from personal examination, extending over a period of several ' i.u« .-^.•.-■.Vv trxf *-\\o. n\\(\\ra anA af.airo f.Vioir rAnnfn.ftnn in Hftfiannft of anvl contradiction. ^^ R. B. DIXON, Journalist, Sudbury. an ANTOINE LE DUC, Mining Expert, West Dxduth. lo M PUBLIC OPINION, 13 8 away or have their jn taken away." i's interests of this :e such a confession 1 Bn suffering from the lem away if they felt urchasers in such a ,s anyone else, knows Vhy did he not get animals in 1 They 1, for instance. He a, he makes the best ! read yet. He says fer calf was that he [ the purchase," the fourth calf was out of tainted dams, ly nothing then, but n idea that there was ed there and then, the have gone on lovely, inconsistent and con- limself in the eyes of rs are only waiting, A FARMER. At the season when you are young in years the whole mind is, as it Were, fluid, and is capable of forming itself into any shape that the owner o£ ihe mind pleases to allow it, or constrain it to form itself into." — Garlyh. Turn out Sir Oliver and his gang of incompetents and get this prize iron Industry development under proper encouragement, the foundation and back- bone of England and the United States prosperity Capital followed an unpre- rge street style, in tably and create a t the right thing. > grooms, and you t also permits of a o 18,000 a year is 5ai', for that sum : let us see what 'he estimate : year. To make »s. Here, then, When Sir Oliver Mowat appointed his son sheriff of Toronto he invested him with a patrimony equivalent to all these male and female slaves, all this arable land, all this live stock, all these farm implements and tools. It takes 50 farms and 50 farmers and 50 farm outfits complete to pay this gentle- man's salary. Five thousand acres is just about eight square miles. He gets the benefit of all this land, and his slaves amount to 250, male and female. And all these people labor hard. They get up early and go to bed late. In summer months the sweat rolls off their burning faces. They labor like the street car horses we used to know. In winter they make long and cold journeys to the market town. They go into the woods in zero weather. In all seasons they engage in hand-to-hand combat with the elements of nature. They are the slaves of the soil. — Toronto World. The first law of nature is, Man, mind thyself. Self-preservation can only be accomplished by strict attention to our personal comforts and wants. Our wants are supplied from many and various sources. These sources must be increased and guarded and encouraged to produce, and if necessary protected by the body politic, from outside contamination. So great things await us in our mineral development. To acco*nplish this we must absolutely lay aside our personal friendship and party connection with the Reform candi- date, who is bound body and soul to unprogressive and phlegmatic leaders, who by their inaction first and their rocking-horse policy last hoodwink the people and further prolong life in oflice. If we try for one term a progres- sive party, our sons and daughters need no longer seek livings in foreign lands. d buggies that >arns, stables, )rosecution of >is plant and 'f course, and orkit? Yes, 5,000 a year AN AMUSING INCIDENT. A traveler meeting Sir Richard Cartwright's coachman on his way to the AVestern States, asked the ex-coachman for Sir Richard why he was leav- ing Canada, and he replied that Sir Richard had said things were better in the States. The coachman had come back to Kingston in less than two months and had stated that Canada was good enough for him, and that he would have been better off had he thrown his railway ticket out of the car window before he had got beyond the Canadian borders. So Sir Richard's running down his own country and glorifying the States had just cost that coachman the railway fare to the Western States and back. Many people had left Canada believing the statements of the Opposition party, and many of them had not been able to get together enough money in the States to return to Canada. These people, who had gone from Canada, knew that Canada was a better country to-day than the United States, and they would never have gone away had the Mowat Government encouraged the develop-r ment of our mineral wealth, as did the States these people went to, and they will all return and bring their increase with them, as soon as the electors of Ontario get a chance of marking their ballots in favor of a more capable and progressive party. 16 THE IRON INDUSTRY, I •i LIGNITE. On the north branch of the Moose River, sometimes called the Missi naibi River, and about one hundred miles from Moose Factory, we came to Coal Brook or creek, where the existence of brown coal or lignite would appear to have been long known to the Hudson's Bay Company's officers and servants. I found a tolerably good specimen on the sand bed at the junction of the brook and main river. I did not see the lignite in situ being unable to ascend the brook in search of it. A day or two before arriving at that point, the weather had become very cold and frosty and as the voyageurs who accompanied me had to return to Moose Factory after taking me to Michipicoten, they were very anxious to push on with all speed, fearful that the smalle.^ lakes on the height of land might freeze before their return and thus expose them to a great deal of hardship, if not danger This circumstance prevented my giving as much time and attention, not onlv to the minerals, but to other resources, as I should, under other circum- stances have gladly bestowed on them. Dr. Bell, however, who examined this and other beds of lignite in 1877, thus describes them in the geoZical ^TVZ *^^* y^^'' P* ^^'- " ^^"^ existence of lignite on the Sinaib (North Moose) River, was referred to in my report for 1875, pa^^^^^^^ During the past season I found it in situ in several places on this ri^er between the Long Portage and its junction with the Mattagami. The first or highest of these was in the west bank of Coal T^ook, th?ee-quarters of a mile from its mouth. Coal Brook is a small discharge or channel which leaves the main river opposite the head of the fourth or River-side FoHa^e Gats'^Th'\7 rf. ".^^.^ "^i^^« ^t^^" ^''"'^d Bay at the foot of HeU Gates. This bed of lignite is about three feet thick, and is underlaid bv so t scicky blue clay and overlaid by about seventy feet of drift clay oitiU full of small pebbles and passing into gravel towards the top. Much of the Ignite retains a distinct woody nature, some of the embedded trunks are two feet in diameter. When dry, it makes a good fuel, but contains a littS iron pyrites. On the south-east side of the river, at nineteen mSes below Coal Brook or two miles above Woodpecker Island, a horizontal seam ol Ignite was found m a bank of ' till ' 125 feet high. It is from U to llfeet thick and IS made up principally of sticks and rushes. Below the lignite are 80 feet of yellow-weathering grey clay, and about it 45 feet of blue dav Both varietie^s of clay are full of pebbles, and they also hold soL striS boulders of Laurentian gneiss, Huronian schist, Ld unaltered Deton an imestone At three miles below Woodpecker Island, or nine miles above the mouth of Opazatika (Poplar) River, another bed of lignite o^cur in the bank upon the same side. It is six feet thick, but diminishes to the east ward, and is of a shaly character, being made up of laminae of moss tnd sticks, Immediately below the lignite is a layer one foot thick, of irrgulariv mingled clay and spots of impure lignite. Next below this are forty fft of unstratified drift, full of small pebbles, under which are a few feet Jf strati fied yellowish sand and gravel. Resting upon the lignite arefive feet of hard lead-co'3red clay with seams and spots of a yellow color, and layers of red grey, dr.b and buff. Above all and forming the top of the bankTsTxtv tlVA foot rt-irrVi qrp. +"-^ * •*■ -•C I 1 -1^ 1 i • " . . *1 , "«*iin., aiAUy- . n are .^xx x^c. ui nam urab clay with striated pebbles, and sma'll ^f^" ^^^^ rather large valves of Saxicava rugosa, MacorL calZrea (Telhna proxxma), and Mya truncata. Small seams of lignite were seen in two rrr.-r;::^':; PUBLIC OPINION. 17 Bs called the Missi- actory, we came to 1 or lignite would Company's officers le sand bed at the ;he lignite in siiu, lay or two before md frosty, and as oose Factory after push on with all light freeze before lip, if not danger, ttention, not only ler other circum- r, who examined in the geological n the Miasinaibi 1875, page 326. 3es on this river igami. The first iree-quarters of a r channel which ver-side Portage, the foot of Hell is underlaid by drift clay or till, p. Much of the ided trunks are contains a little Ben miles below •izontal seam of )m l^to 2,^ feet low the lignite 3et of blue clay, d some striated ered Devonian ne miles above ;e occurs in the les to the east- 0e of moss and , of irregularly -e forty feet of feet of strati- re five feet of , and layers of e bank, sixty- >Ies, and small coma calcarea ire seen in two THEY ARE GOING HOME. (MAYBE FOR GOOD.) TORONTO Well, boys, I'm sorry your going During the twenty years or so you have come' down here each session lo block the wheeis ot progress we've always got on pretty well together. But now you're going home and I tear most ot you will stay th^re. i\ 16 M THE IRON INDUSTRr. I ^^^^^^^^^ belo. tl.e ...^ ^ between one and two miles X^e t'n, . ' ^JP^^'^^^ka. In the intervui JV' appears to be underlaid In ll^Re wL"'''''"\'^/.^^«'« bed of the rive ^^ an elastic feel, and trives nft'lf . ^®" funded by a heavy nole it hi *'^' "nm".nori„ , ,„.d ?!,« ,„,„|i™ i^,*^ ."^J^.^ ''." 'he l„di«m fron^ tin, ^1? «ave the f„, Wi„« ..„,, (Ge-i^J^f C--^— •;^„ ^J", »;«-. «nd Fixed carbon. Slow Coking. Fast Coking. Volatile combu8tibi;„;atter:; onfn ^^.OS ^ Water ... oy.60 41 qo Ash 11.74 1174 _^^^ 2184 Ratio of volatile to fixed combustible . Tl'u. V^?^^ This specimen of i; •* ^ ^^ l-'l-06 ol3servesin'refrnLfoi^:".^Tl^li''r"^^'^^ '^^''-<^-^- Mr. Hoffman those from the Souris Valley col ect^r^ ^' '' "'''^ ^"""^^^ ^^ eompos^ttn to as also to those from thl n- ? rr-,. ''''^ examined by Mr G M n! Territory), oonecterb/KV^'"' "'"' ^""^^ Mi-tl'in^- (l^HS Th PKx" ^'**'"'" *"'^*"^ ^"O*"-" rotLOW South irr;lTSru'b";ritf^/''^'r '» co„,tit„te, ;„« of those hours' notice, is full/alive to th, Z^JntT^ f '•f™'"»« on twenty foT withm Its own limits Tul advantages of cult vatincr an iVnn ,•« 1 aoc„rd_h,g to WhSer's a' nr;^^^;;^?' T"'"'™ °' ""- tW^o'^ t y and ha, to rely on its own resources ' Z^T' " "" '"^epende'nt coun J.f5^:tee;^:rLiiC^^^^^^^^^ ■. that undertakes to start the industrv All ''' ^"f "' ^« *^^ concessionaire feet in bngth are also to be gh en fri^e A T"' "V^'^^' ^«* exceeding two i concessionaire may obtain such scran at 7^ /^ ^«"«l"«ion of this perifd the may also import free of duty for ten vp- '' ^ ''•*'''' ^""^ ^^^^'" /ears He borax, sal ammoniac and mei^L antfmonv? ^^"'^ "'^^' bydrochloric aciS ^'OT'S* ™QM THE OAUUBRV. -tne existence of Governmpnf w «o>ernn,ent House as a provincial cha:^ is assured ) I I PUBLIC OPINION. 1» nnle below the foot ^^ „on,e time to come. The debate ended yesterday, and, on the Attorney- hc!]' hA c J"^®''^'^' 'General's motion to the effect that the times were not opportune for such a loie Ded of the river change, the Opposition's efforts for retrenchment were nullified by a vote of a neavy pole it ha-, ^q ^.^ 32. There were four Opposition absentees, and Mr. McNaughtcm, the ^ may also be seen at representative of the Patrons, and Mr. McCallum, the P.P.A. member from n along this part of La^bton, voted with the Opposition, as did Mr. Snider and Mr. Kirkvood. - ndians from time rj^j^g result was not unexpected, and the vote in favor of alwlition was but one 5 ot tlie 'Bubbling ' " ' ' .... ,, /^^ .. tbo\e localities was i Dr. Bell in 1877, Jver, obtained from' r Mr. Hoffmaii, and age 422) : ?. Fast Coking. 44.03 41.39 11.74 2.84 100.00 1:1.06 K Mr. Hoffman in composition to tr. G. M. Dawson, tains (North-west ites one of those ■ on twenty-four a^ iron industry s than 3,000,000 dependent coun- ill has gunboats appreciate better upon a country. > iron and steel e concessionaire exceeding two I this period the 'teen years. He drochloric acid eof £3,000per' ' a country that iragement, why 'P its mines ? i-rge is assured. W i more than when last taken. It is certain that there are many on the Gov- ernment side who do not approve of the present arrangement, but are afraid to go againot Sir Oliver on this (juestion. We may expect the coming sum- mer to find Government supporters engaged in the difficult task of explaining to the farmers why they refused to effect this saving when they had it in their power to do so. MR. McOALLUIVI'8 MAIDEN SPEECH. Mr. McCallum said he had been a supporter of the present Government for nineteen years, but was elected for East Lambton as an independent. He belonged to the class of hard-working farmers. Their condition was not veiy prosperous. He thought the expenditure ought to be curtailed, and he should vote for the resolution. He believed the time was not far distant when not only Government House but the otfice itself would go. AN ENQU8H VISITOR. A recent letter of the correspondent of the London Times deals specially with Ontario and the Maritime Provinces. Ontario is described as by far the wealthiest of the Provinces, containing at present nearly one-half the population of the whole Dominion, and with great possibilities of future growth. "Bounded by three great lakes, Ontario, Erie and Huron, and by three great rivers, the St. Lawrence, Detroit and Ottawa, so that its position is almost insular ; equipped with a most complete railway system ; having a climate which favors the growth in abundance of grapes, peaches, u.aize and similar products in the south, and being singularly suited for wheat and barley further north ; with petroleum and salt areas in the west, timber areas on Lake Huron, mineral deposits of great variety and extent on Lake Superior, the Province seems almost unique in situation and resources for production and commerce of all kinds. Its future must be very great, indeed, and, whatever may be the growth of the west, Ontario will, assuredly, remain for a long time the centre of political and commercial energy in the Dominion." He adds that British capital, which is content with sure invest- ment at moderate rates of interest, is finding much employment in Ontario, and, under judicious management, may safely do so in much larger volume than at present. The correspondent lays stress upon the Tact that Eastern as well as Western Canada offers a promising field for farming industry. Eastern Canada, he says, offers good. opportunities net only to farm laborers but to A. . — J. e a ,..^4.U r,^Tv»^ /^nn.:fn1 no nroll oq qlrill in Q r^fion 1t.lirn.l wnrlr. rift tUIiaut iHl'liiCl 3 YTlljLi a\jiiic vtipil'dii, to-:; t-'_ii tV5 Tif,.iii ... — g- • •■ points out that land values have decreased of late in Canada, as in England, and it is easy to buy farms partly improved, and with buildings on them, at a reasonable rate ; and the fact that they are cheap .o no indication that ^ 20 TIIK I . V IN DUST UY. they are uhoIcsh or au.not he made profitahle. A pioneer HPirit l... .,., -on.etunes runH through .-hole chisj of society like a fevT Y/ i^' rtr ET.X;-t ™,r,--- ^ s SI Si farm. k«.p ),is el , ; rr., n ;! i,"'^ "■•' " ''''""■'■'■;- " yenr „r ho o„ J of land a,Kl »t„ck v„ uelirUu 2" Th,''''"''''','?'' "r""!"^"' «<•'• « true id.,, as to t lie intending s, (M„ • 7 "'!,"■ ^'"■■< "'""■"" '» '" beneHcial to 0,,„i,l„ should i.. tlKuv,u,d;i; attfied d I, " W ' ' ■' "'•"" "''" '""■"'"'« best da.,s. \\'|,e"„ L ve*e,,r all' i„, T ",' ""i'"''"'"""" "«<■"*» "f th« any reason the country sX'ln'tthr'l.e'l'r'''' "'' '" '"'"P""""^'' ^^ and the^A-ieinity T^I^^Tf ''^idt^f •'*" "' """'^"' ""'• "'"""'■" "*- i'ri"i' up, would u Cke the f 1 ** J "?"'>' ''f"' '""' ""I' '"""iii'" to ' the,,- elLren V luvi. ulr'Zl':' '""'"■•, /'"''""P"'™ th« prospects of the olde,. parts of Can Ik N i """"««' >!« places in many districts of Amherst, '^tCdericto" Km^^t™ 'l , ,7 ""vv"' f^l""'"' '™»»- ^^""J-"'. which nn-^ht be nrn'tio„Xtrey '^^w'fl.S'mt ^ f'",f ^ 1"'""' "''"''' ' averse cra^^^\l'',^,lt7oT:;:i;Vhl'''*'',™l"V°,'''^ ""-"■^- The ^ this correspondent refer^lndT h.^ .1 T''')''*' ''''™°'''««» '" "'"<''' readers of S.ese letters th;r;?4\ro:'," trdTk,":™^ """'"^ """ '" "•« LONDON TIMES ON CANADA. worth?:„^°::5t;lrcanadifnTtlrs''''Tr''";M''^^'f'' •" ''-^ """»- reviewed in the editorial columns of th. ■"'"""^^'"■■'''' ^^-l-'pl' •» appreciatively and the Maritime Pro™, cer C te ?'"", ''u""' '" ''''™'"'' '» ""t^rio four and a half colurnTmust brcons d'e™d v:!^^:^"^^^' ?"''' °""*'^"« contribution, is found in this simple observatl^ A tl?« . f"?' ""T"''"'""' ments of Canada do not belong to the^weTt™ ta / ^Ea ". CH^d^''^'''''- of coal, timber, iron and ^^oM pr^^^^^^^ 'T '^.^^^^^J ^^'^'< ^^raate; ~-2 ^a j^tSEsss : PUULIO OPINION. 21 )neer spirit, he Hayn a fev-r; it indiKc lin^' what in better tlt^j society for the ng has heen jjas.siii. riu!ii who go to till liose who take thr a year or 8o on u Mce, get a true idt-a JeneHcial toCnnadii !ians is not merely lose who puichast' tion agents of tho is disappointed for 3scaped the notice ir Canadian t(»wn.N >i ^•-•00 to ,£400 a with faniilie.s to ' • e the prosj)ects of many districts of 1 towns, Windsor, d a dozen others' | he advautages ol an extent whici and which tliey & iie C(juntry. The antages to which untiy and to the 'h of its praise- is appreciatively oted to Ontario ^hicJj, occupying for a newspaper future develop- u Canada," says ids. neninunluc- J and cHniate; ? condition and progi'tiss." io, noting the loniplete railway Hystem we have here, the priHiucts of our soil m fruit, Srheat barley, and so forth, our oil Belds and undeveloped nunes and our ixtensive commerce, the future of this province is declared to be very great Ldeed " Whatever may be the growth of the west, Ontario will assuredly ^main for a long time the centre of political and commercial energy in the T)on.inion. At least if there is any lack of ^ rosperity and influence, it will le in the people the' .selves n(»t in their stars." British investors are urged I.) send cupital in nmch larger volume than at prj^sent among us. We "uote |he particular reference wliich is made to Toronto : " Torf)nto, its capital, iends to becor.. tiie literary and intellectual centre of the Dominion, and ♦Imost the rival of Montreal in commercial prestige." Ontano la also pointed to as the province which has benefited most largely by the protec- tive system, and contrasting indirectly the moderate protection of Canada with the incidentJil protection of Great Britain, the writer goes on to say that raw sugar being now admitted free of duty here, "in this important poor man's luxury the C>vnadian is almost on a level with the British con- sumer as he is on a higher level with respect to tea and coffee, which are untaxed " ; so thai without prejudice the Times correspondent is clearly impressed by the Canadian " free breakfast table." The baneful effect of local politics upon the business and industry of the Maritime Provinces is well depicted. Here is an extract from this portion of the article : " Surely nowhere in our wide British Empire, or in any other, country, have so much talent, effort and time been spent in trying to squeeze public and private prosperity out of politics as in the Maritime Pi-bvinces of Canada. The attempt has not succeeded. The provinces by the sea, though with most varied resources, remain comparnti^ ely poor, while OnUino grows increasingly rich, and Montreal begins to au, . ap its long list of millionaires. But to compensate for the unenviable distinction here made every credit is given to the varied and powerful influence of men born, educated and tiained in the Maritime Provinces upon the rest of the Dominion, and at-if.ng the ^ap>es mentioned are those of Hir John Thompson, Sir John ^i.! :.ott, Hon. Mr. Foster, Sir Charies Tupper, Sir Leonard Tilley, Sir Hib- bert Tupper, Dr. Dawson, the late S. R. Thompson, the late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Sir William Dawson, Principal Grant, Dr. Rand, Dr. Bourinot and Archbishop O'Brien. Extending the list to Britain it includes the names of General Fenwick Williams, the hero of Kars ; Sir Provo- Wallis, Tnglis, of Lucknow ; Stairs, Robinson and McKay and Samuel Cunard. , , , -i -i-o.- ^ The feature of the canal system of Canada and the great possibilities ot inland shipping in connection with the maritime position of the Dominion and in conjunction with the all but completed Chignecto ship railway are dwelt upon by The Times correspondent in detail, and the article is closed with some suggestion to British merchants to develop trade with Canada, and to intending British emigrants to look to the Dominion for a home. The Times editorial writer takes up the former suggestion, saying that the British manufacturer should offer the Canadian consumer " what neither the home manufacturers nor those of the United States can produce. Further on it is added : u u • " Mr. Gold win Smith has argued so often and with so much emphasis *u-f '^K- - I- i--i T7.,^io'»^fJ «T>/1 nororio TY>naf hfi trivial in comoanson with the trade between the latter and the United States, that ne has silenced, if not convinced, many of his countrymen. The evidence of our correspondent doei? not corrolx>rate this theory, and with the changes going a fi i'l. Ill 22 THE IRON INDUSTRY. on before our eyes some of the grounds for the theory are crumbling aw-vv temdSedTn 'i^FT^rT ", *\^ -turally fine^nland Tvig'ti^^^^^^ eafv and off. ^ "f ^''''^ ""'"^^ ^^ ^^^'« ^l^oted "lake it almost a. S'as to S H T^ ^" '^u'"^'. ^° ^^^^ nierchandise on the quays of Liver thousand mdes of sea flow between the mother count^^ and L oCr nc. tT^i^,n.tk^t'^Z°"^'T-*^'^'' Y"'""" ^'^'^^ ''y the, Canadian rights do not fee thtLstatr. '"'rT.'"" i" ^l'"'^'' ™"""«'-™ ""d **« were but < quipF^d wfth The 0*.', ^*^*' *"'' r^">' ""^y """"l '* '^ey .ppe-tain^ ^V re':?„:!;L! aLTS hI,!" 03^ ^^^^^^'''"»" To the Editor of The Globe. commt"d^'thrpCet ot'oTea't r"*.**" ^t't"',?'''^ ''^y'^ '-"« >-» highly for the same to thXrmer S, h.V^" T T"* "l" ^"'**^ ^*»'<'^' ''°<' '«'=™«t certain extent since 1860 i^Lo„lv7h'r-'.P''''7- . ^'"''' *"^ *'••"' «° " tion of which was 73 vea;, ' f nn? ^ 5 ""'"°« "' •""' 't™*"''^, the founda- tion, of fore^noletMon in I IT P"**"*""' ^nt absolute prohibi- trade, such as no otter na«l ? ™™''f'"'''"'''' <=r"'"'=^ »»<■ t^e carrying far as to disSlow by finiheavv oeLTr '' ""% '^^"'^ "" "PP'^'^''' «"»» » process of solution frC^^^^^^^^ ''' -^""S a problem now in the not develop our imn resourt; ? and bf ^7 ^-u^^^ ^'^ '^^ ^^^^"^ «"*' ^^^^ the fact that EngkXnd th^Ct^^ S^^^^^^^^^^ demonstrate to Canadian^ the iron industry to the nrofLnnr ^'^f*? ,^^« ^^eir greatness largely in early years of th'e tra^e "^FrTirsfTm, t'h" T^^ -dustries'in'the England was £2 16s 2d per Tn l\l 1 .o. ^^^^^ °" ^^^''^^^^ b^''^ ^^ t«1802itwas£3 15s 5d%r;wnvr ?f>^^-^ From 1798 from 1806 to 1808 it stood at £5 7s fi7 't ^f ^l' "^ *" ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^"^ and 1812, it was £5 9s lOd and L M^ « ^^*' three years, between 1809 been £6 9s. lOd At tMs date a d *^' 7' ^'^''' ""^^"^ ^^^^ 1^18, it had British shipping, fotU^: ttLforrdlTiU^^^^ ^f foreign bars was £6 10s., if imoortwl in R-it.-.J, iT- •! ^^ ''"'duty on imported in foreign bottoL, a'^d fhese wfre the L ""*' f '«^- «^ • « ones having to ply a duty of from £2ot £50 fotve^Jfoo^"^!!' •""' """^ The duty was wh^JyaboHi-rn to'r''TdThtl?;;i: ^^ nmR PUBLIC OPINION. 23 are crumbling away, nland navigation sys. i make it almost as the quays of Liver- to which Mr. Smith which the Dominion id. More than two ;ry and her offspring, the wants of trade !, is the true mercan- easy to say whether >hicago." Iget speech the other t Britain has a right 38 by the Canadian commerce and its ' they would if they 3ness in everything Canada. ay's issue you highly States, and account bile thus true to a ructure, the founda- ut absolute prohibi- 5 and the carrying approach, going so ad imprisonment of n lines specified in illed artisans. (For George III., c. 67). protection afforded 1825, inclusive. I oblem now in the ill crying out, Why brate to Canadians :'eatness largely in } industries in the on foreign bars in 1797. From 1798 ) £4 17s. Id., and ars, between 1809 with 1818, it had n the interest of 1825 the duty on as £7 ISs. 6d,if grades, the finer 3 worth imported. percent. The 'to 130s. in 1819. B measures, while | ■apparently harsh, were undoubtedly the true source of England's great- V' While the protection of iron industries commenced in the time of ■Edward III.— its greatest significance dates from 1787— the whole produc- *• ion of England, at this date, was less than the consumption of iron in Can- ada last year, which was 04,000 tons. In 1796 there were 104 furnaces in ioperation in England and Wales, many of which were the original charcoal furnaces of small capacity. In 1870 there were 649, with an increased <;apacity sufficient to meet the increased demand. In 1874 the total quantity X)f iron ore smelted in Great Britain amounted to 1,585,477 tons. The United Kingdom exported in 1875, 2,457,306 tons, valued at £25,647,267. This information is found in Chambers' History of English Industries and other chronicles of later date. n j xu i Next you speak of the United States, and what do we fand there i Wonderful progress. The output of pig iron in 1854 was 736,218 tons; in 1890 10 307,028 tons, almost beyond belief, and the population increased from 18,000,000 in 1854 to 65,000,000 in 1890. It surely cannot be denied that this was the outcome of the encouragement that country gave her indus- tries in the shape of improved transit and duties on foreign competition to home markets, which on pig iron was an average of $8 per ton ; firier grades up to 60 per cent ; no grade free. These productions, making due allow- ance for the difference in the cost of labor, can be purchased as cheaply in the United States as in England, and the Americans have entered success- fully the markets of England's experts with the increment of their manu- factures. , . /-v • XX-'i-U 4.V, Now, what do we find in Canada, particularly m (Jnta no I W itti tne exception of a proper iron development, we might term it the great and pi-o- gressive province of confederation. I think 2'he Globe is to blame for the Ontario Government's stand-still policy, and that by intimidating the Reform party, telling them that in any way to encourage a mineral development m this province they would be imitating that devil of an N.P. at Ottawa. Surely it is time that The Globe (which is at least reasonably fair on most things) gave up this bugaboo, free trade, until we are established, as are the countries above mentioned, and turned its attention to the true interests of our young and promising country. . • j • The Globe's course in the past has alienated many of its triends in Dominion politics, and while they have stayed heretofore on provincial mat- ters, the signs are ominous of an exit, unless something is done to develop Ontario's 120,000 square miles of mineral belt. Think of Sweden, whose whole area is not greater, with 158 charcoal furnaces, turning out 500,000 metric tons per annum, an industry that nation might well be proud of. Think of Belgium, whose territory is in all 14,000 square miles, with 7,000,- 000 of a population, four-fifths of which get their living directly and indi- rectly from the iron industry of that little country. Think of what our Local Government could do if they would only shift from their rocking-horse policy and stop their night-mare antics about the awful letters N.P. and look, and continue to look, on the letters O.P. (Ontario's progress) of the next ten years, under a properly constituted mineral development policy. Thea, sir, we would see Globe shares readily paying good dividends and bearing a good premium in the stock market quotations. _ To bring about this it is not necessary to increase ^ the provincial expenditure. There are several departments, each of which could spare a little to this much-desired improvement, I learn from Mr. Blue's depart- I m'm 24 THE IRON INDUSTRY. J I?! St I ment that this Dominion is now only producing wie-sixth of its iron consum- ption (what a disgrace to our representatives). This is owing to the absence of any encouragement to capitalists from our Provincial Government, and the dangling menace of tariff changes that would be fatal to the industry. Our protection is light, being only one-half the average of the past forty years in the States, and with very many grades on th» free li-*t. We should have a Dominion bounty up to a certain productioM, eqmi to the duty, and made absolute and irrevocable for a peiiod of twenty years. We should have a sufficient number of charcoal furnaces built and run by the local Government to supply our consumption, or give a percentage guarantee to capitalists to build and run them, forcing them to take in and work the iron ore brought in by farmers and private parties from the different mines— a very successful custom in early English times, and which continued down to the era of great companies. In Belgium this kind of custom work is extensively done up to the present day, and it is already commencing in Quebec. I am sorry you cannot see eye to eye with me on this point. You oppose bounties, bonuses and duties to manufacturers, saying it is folly to pay companies these for the purpose of producing something to sell back to the people at a profit. Does not the Ontario Government do this alreadv in educating lawyers, doctors and professions of all grades? Do these gentlemen give their services without profit, and a good round one at that ? W^hat about the numbers educated here at public expense and that go to the States ? The people generally think that all public money spent on education above the elementary degree is ten times more outrageous than if it were spent in bonusing iron industry, which, if properly encouraged in Ontario, would give us m twenty years ten times our present population by immigration anala- gous to that of the United States from 1865 to 1885, and fifty years without one day of depression. Then there is the Agricultural College, do the young men turned out from it give their servi jes without profit ? Are not the grants to agricultural shows a bonus system and encouragement to the farmers to improve in quality and quantity, and have they not become manufacturers extensively through this encouragement 1 I am afraid, sir, if I were to continue, I could show you very many ways in which the Reformers practically countenance the policy initialled JN.P I will conform to your ideas this far, that our circumstances being equal, free trade would be the true policy. To reach that equality, we do not ask prohibitive tariffs for sixty years, as in the case of the United tetates, nor seventy-three years, as was the case in England, but twenty years of such moderate encouragement as I have above suggested. I trust you Will make a head-light of these suggestions, that the Reform party may see their way out of the difficulties in which they are floundering. R. W. PRITTIE. This letter, on account of its truth, based on historic facts, was refused publication by J he Globe, and was published by The Empire. Glad were they to get such a valuable contribution. MOWAt'8 S0N. To the Editor of The Empire. Sir,— Your correspondent of Saturday, signing himself «'One Who Pays " seems to have acted as a species of friendly critic in disguise, who, while '^tt. PUBLIC OPINION. 25 th of its iron consum. owing to the absence Government, anJ the lO the industry. Our he past forty years in . We should have a • the duty, and made , We should have a she local Government ntee to capitalists to e iron ore brought in ;s^ — a very successful fn to the era of great Ltensively done up to Dec. I am sorry you se bounties, bonuses companies these for le people at a profit. I educating lawyers, mtlemen give their ? What about the to the States 1 The education above the if it were spent in Ontario, would give ^ immigration anala- i fifty years without pal College, do the it profit? Are not icouragement to the e they not become oiAr you very many the policy initialled circumstances being hat equality, we do ;ase of the United ngland, but twenty suggested. I trust ! Reform party may mdering. . W. PRTTTIE. c facts, was refused Jmpire. Glad were WILL BE "PIE" FOR THE PATRON The Patron— Well, by gum, :f I can trot 'em as hard as that in. Jhis here rig. just wait till 1 get my clothes off. If "One Who Pays," isguise, who, while ( ^6 THE IRON INDUSTRY. sTlti^£^Th•*'n^^^ hostile comment on this appointment, has in effect sheltered this Christian politician at the expense of truth. He puts thi iro'ooTo Th fTr?-^'''? ^ ^^^^' ^^^'^ '^^ ^-^ hereceTves'atlet 1240 000 T '^ ^ ^'""T. ^^' ^"^*^^^ ^•'"^ ^^«*«^ «^ having received I52O 000 T'f l^^^^o n±^^"^^ •^^ ^2'^^^ ^ y^^'-' he will have received p20,000 anrl if the $13,000 is invested each year at simple interest he will o:j:z7:utitV'r^ ''' ^f'^'^i'r ^^^^^^ ^^ unLVpifrhe lu amonr^vT. f m T t^ere^will still be upwards of half a million to divide ln^Z^ I "^'K ^^ '""^ scandalous and shameful piece of iobberv o robbery has ever been perpetrated in Canada. I wonder whether V Mowat considers this a piece of - evidence of Christianity " ? n.^ , , ANOTHER PARMER WHO PAYS loronto, Jamiary 22. ' ^^ -t-^-x^. i ■ w ( THE FIGURES FOR ONTARIO SURPLUS. hilfft^!Tl*!r7u "^"^ ''^'^"''^"g the provincial budget, and the proba- pro'^e s t'mav'be'tn 7^" ^^"^"^l^^ '-^ days. Whil^ the dispute' ist pirdes are aSn" ^"" ^^^^^^^^^^^ <^he figures in respect of which the rival plus of S6 13! 000 ,u A^'"'"'"'"""*' '' ^^" ^« remembered, claims a sur- part mvthilal' Kn .^P''''''°" ""^^^^^ '^^^ ^his surplus is in whole or in *he result of t^. ,i- • ^ ''g'''^'?,'" 'his case are $4,656,000. The capital is tain moneys ™d fZT86l T^"^^- C-federation. We were U, hfve ce" deflniteTKrmTentTv C^ ' r'^I '^ 'T' """""" ^"^ "<" •"*" it has toV regS"::tttt e^^rgtl^'tt^rst-r^'^htf"' we mu^XTr ""iT""" "' ">'' -ientTith that f year's "by' or by subsWy recdX fro^^X n''"'''*"' '=''tf ■■'^"<=*'' ''^ ""e sale of bonds, •tN„ t™. ■' "^"^'P'^ ™"' '"« Dominion. The ba ances as now civen Iw -the Treasurer aggregate $1,000,016 * ^ 1868, the suoi of $8''50,000 was fnvesT^ t":, in D:JSrb'?„dr\rr8t9 $705,000 more was invested in this way. In 1870 and in 1871 f^tl, k j were bought out of the surplus f„nds,'and we W as'a con^e ,uen e $-n ^7 ' m> invested in Canadian securities. These bonds with thl S in hand year by year, constituted our actual balance unti' the iLo. ! ^,- , ■ against the Dominion was added to the ^Z.t i. 1873 we^S'lTifi Z FroT 187ruttiU87'8 tf • ^"^ ^''^ T '^ '»»«""« ■-p7us"of $^4 3W boO rrom i»M until 1878 there was a >onds were sold, and in 1883 the remainder, representing $200,000, was realized upon. While we were disposing of the bonds, however, we were makinc^ other investments. For example, we placed $500,000 in the drain- \age debentures already described. The actual result of the operations has been as follows In 1867 we had nothing; in 1873 we were $4,394,000 to -the crood- in 1878 the surplus was down to $2,470,000; in 1885, we had ^571*000, plus $500,000 of drainage debentures, or $1,071,000 in aU. In 1893 we have no bonds, but $500,000 of drainage debentures and $1,000,- 016 in cash, or $1,500,000 altogether. . n,, n. Are there any liabilities to charge against the assets'? The Treasurer maintains there are none. But we bonused railways and issued certificates under which the companies are to draw so much per annum for a limited period and in order to cover certain direct payments to railways we sold annuities. That a sum of money voted yearly can be properly termed a liability it is quite proper to deny; but it is difficult to believe that a liability paid on the instalment plan is any less a debt than a liability incurred through the floating of bonds. If annuities and railway grants paid by instalment are not liabilities, then the Dominion Government ought to convert its bonds into annuities, and lift us by this process out of debt. The debts really are debts. According to Mr. Harcourt, they represent without the interest $2,241,886. Now compare 1873 with 1893. In the former year we had actual investments aggregating $4,394,000 ; in the latter we had $1,500,000 invested and and $2,241,000 owing. To-day, then, we are really $741,000 behind, instead of being, as 1873, $4,394,000 to the good. Salaries of Provincial Servants. The Washes They Pay Them- selves Would Indicate Bosses Rather Than Hired Men. Officers of the Legislative Assembly. Clerk of the House and Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, Charles Clarke $1,800 Assistant Clerk, Arthur H. Sydere I'^OO Clerk, J. M. Delamere ^'^"^ Accountant, Lud. K. Cameron ^JJjJ Law Clerk, A. M. Dymond ^UU Sergeant-at-Arms, F. J. Glackmeyer ^UU House Keeper and Chief Messenger, P. O'Brien oOU Attorney-General's Office. Attorney-General, Hon. Sir Oliver Mowat $7,000 Deputy Attorney General, J. R. Cartwright 3,000 Legal Secretary, A. M. Dymond , 800 Assistant Clerk Executive Council, J. L. Capreol 1,600 Clerk and Private Secretary, S. T. Bastedo 1,750 F II: ' i il 3(9 THE IRON INDUSTRY. Provincial Secretary's Office. Provincial Secretary, Hon. J. M. Gibson ' ^4 ooo Assistant Secretary, Geo. E. Lumsden V^ftn Chief Glerk, J. B McLachlan .. ' ?'^S? Mmister'p, Secretary, J. I. Mcintosh ". ." ." .' \ \ \ '.V. V." * ." \ \ \ \ \ \ \\\\ \ \ \ \ ijso Hegistrar-GeneraVs Department. Registrar-General, Hen. R. Harcourt . iJeputy Registrar-General, Dr. P. H Brvce Inspector, Col. R.B. Hamilton.. ' aa-Hor^oif ^"'..^- ""■ ^-^■-'■•^•■■^^Ri'iiey/F.-JonesVand Stenographer, M. H. Smith ......"..!".'.".*'.'. Provincial Registrar's Office. Deputy Registrar, J. F. C. Ussher M ^00 Provincial Treastirer's Department. Treasurer, Hon. Richard Harcourt ^ ... 1,150 Provincial Board o( Health. Chairman, Dr. J.'-J. Cassidy Secretary, Dr. P. H. Bryce . . . .' Analyst, J. J. Mackenzie Clerk, G. W. Duncan '.'.".".'.".'.'.". Stenographer ........... Provincial Auditor's Branch. Provincial Auditor, C. H. Soroule Book-keeper, A. J. Rattray^ ^2,400 ^ 1,500 Inspector of Insurance. nspector, J. Howard Hunter, M.A ^g g^^ License and Administration of Justice Accounts Branch. First Officer, Henry Totten Acting Accountant, J. F. Mowat '..".'. i'2n£ 1,200 Queen's Priiiter. Queen's Printer, L. K. Cameron ^, ^^ Assistant Queen's Printer, G. E. Thomas '.V '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.\'.'.\\\\\" }' 200 ogers, $1,350; ••'■ ROOO 2,300 1,200 1,250 ^ Jones, and $1,400 $4,000 2,300 ■ 1,350 ircival 1,550 1,150 $2,400 1,500 $2,800 Branch. $2,000 l,20a $1,800 1,20(> SALARIES. 29 Deparhmnt of Croivu Lands. icommissioner of Crown Lands, Hon. A. S. Hardy $4,000 -^" i Sales and Free Grants Branch. Chief Clerk, A. Kirkwood $1,900 J This renumeration is double at least what it should be according to \\ve services rendered. Think of the comfort of the county school master at V$+00 per year, and the county parson at $600 per year and with much ' fharder labour. , n , V Stirveys, Patents and Koaas. ( Director of Surveys, G. B. Kirkpatrick, P.L.S $2,000 (Draughtsman, W. Revell M^^ iChief Clerk of Patents, J. M. Grant ... . . M^^ i Superintendent Colonization Roads, H. Smith i,JUU Woods and Forests Branch. Chief Clerk, J. A. ( Crozier ^1.750 Accounts Branch. ' Accountant, D. G. Ross ^J.?00 Registrar, C. S. Jones ^.^"^ i| Mining Burea^i. ''[ Director of Mines, A. Blue $2,500 % Crown Timber Agents. Ottawa, E. J. Darbv (acting); Parry Sound, D. F. Macdonald ; Port Arthur H Munro ; Sault Ste Marie, P. C. Campbell ; Quebec, B. Nichol son ; Peterboro, J. B. Mc Williams ; Rat Portage, W. Margach ; Montreal, D. Tasse. Crown Land Agents. Apsley, Duncan Anderson ; Bracebridge, Wm. Kirk ; Brudenell, Jolm Whelan • Eganville, James Reeves ; Emsdale, E. Handy ; Ems, R. J. F. Marsh- Fort Francis, C. J. Holland and W. Wilson; Haliburton, C. R. ■ Stewart- Kim^ston, R. Macpherson ; L'Amable, J. R. Tait; Magnetewan, S. G. Best; Mattawa, B. J Gilligan ; Minden, W. Fielding; Powassan, J. S Scarlett; Plevna, A. W. Wood; Parry Sound, Mrs. T. McKay ; Pem- broke James Stewart ; Port Arthur, F. Ruttan ; Rat Portage, A. Camp- bell • Richard's Landing, G. Hamilton ; Sudbury, Thomas J. Ryan ; Sturgeon Falls, J. D. Cockburn; Thessalon, W. L. Nichols; Massey Station P. O D. g'. McDonald. Department of Public Works. Commissioner, Hon. C. F. Fraser ^o'ono Secretary, Wm. Edwards A-J^^ Architect, Kivas Tully ^'^^^ F I p 11 r i ^" THE IRON INDUSTRY. Engineer, R. McCallum - , $2 100 Law Clerk and Accountant, J. P. Edwards 1*300 Architectural Draughtsman, F. A. Heakes. 1*400 Engineering Draughtsman, R. P. Fairbairn ..[.I 1*350 Assistant Engineering Draughtsman, C. G. Horetzky ...'. I'lQO Assistant Architectural Draughtsman, T. M. Hennessy 1*050 First Clerk and Shorthand Writer, M. Wilson * ' I'ooo Clerk and Paymaster of Outlying Works, S. G. O'Gradv 1*0^0 Messenger, C. A. McDonald ...;;; /;;/ * ; " 'qq^ Education Department. Minister of Education, Hon. G. W. Ross, LL.D. %a qoo Deputy Minister of Education, John Millar, B.A. . .'.*.*.* *. 2*300 Chief Clerk and Accountant, F. J. Taylor . . I'^oo Minister's Private Secretary, Henry Alley . i 'q^a Senior Clerks, J. T. R. Stinson, H. M. Wilkinson '.'.'.'.'.'.'.' '.'. '.'each 1*300 Senior Clerks, A. C. Paull, F. N. Nudel each 1 100 Librarian and Historiographer, J. G. Hodgins, LL.D. . '.* 2 000 Superintendent Mech. Institutes and Arts Schools, S. P. May, M.i)'. [ 1^700 Department of Agrictdture. ' \ Minister, Hon. John Dryden «4 nnA Private Secretary, W\ B. Varley ^ 'qq^ Deputy Minister and Secretary Bureau of Industries,* c! *C.' James " 2 200 I Assistant Secretary of Bureau, W. F. McxMaster ' " ' T^na First Clerk, W. O. Galloway |''"X Shorthand Writer, Thos. McGillicuddy I'nna Clerk of Forestry, R.w.phipps. ...... ■.■.'.■.■;;.■;;;;;;;;;;;;•••;• j'g^^ Agricultural College, Guelph. President, James Mills, LL.D «9 onn Professor of Chemistry, A. E. Shuttleworth, B.A.Sc t RC\a Professor of iNatural History, J. H. Panto^. M.a! YZ Farm Superintendent, Wm. Rennie .... 7' 9XJ; Lecturer on Agriculture, G. E. Day. ... 'TrJ. Lecturer on Horticultnre, H. L. Hutt . ^ Professor of Dairying, H. H. Dean, B.S.A. i oaa Professor of Veterinary Science, J. H. Reed, V.S } ofio Assistant Resident Master, J. B. Reynolds i 'aaa Experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A ... ' J' oXX Drill Instructor, Capt. W. Clarke 'qaa Bursar, A. McCallum .'.".'.'.'.'.".'*.".'.'.' 1 OQO Immigration Department. Secretary, David Spence <», „^^ Agent in Liverpool, P. Byrne ••"."•*•'.'.'. i ".*.'.*.!!]!"." 2 360 Department of Asylums, Prisons and Public Charities. Inspectors of Prisons and Public Charities, R. Christ^'e, $2 600 • T F. Chamberlain, M.D., James Noxon ... ' ' 'sk9 Af\(\ Chief Clerk, J. Mann i .'.*.*.!''.'.".*.'.'.'.'. 1 ' 1300 ...I $2,100 1,300 1,400 1,350 1,100 1,050 1,200 1,050 600 $4,000 2,300 1,600 1,350 each 1,300 each 1,100 2,000 May, M.D.. 1,700 $4,000 900 I James. . . 2,200 1,700 1,300 1,000 1,500 $2,000 1,600 1,800 1,200 800 800 1,300 1,000 1,000 1,300 300 1,000 $1,300 2,360 'parities. ?2,600 ; T. $2,400 1,300 SALARIES. 31 Asylums for the Insane. Toronto — Medical Superintendent, D. Clark, M.D $2,000 Bursar, Wm. Tracy 1,400 London — Medical Superintendent, R. M. Bucke, M.D 2,000 Bursar, C. A. Sippi 1,400 ' Kingston — Medical Superintendent, C. K. Clarke, M.D 2,000 Bursar, Wm. Anglin 1,300 Hamilton — Medical Superintendent, J. Russell, M.D 2,000 Bursar, B. Way 1,300 Mimico — First Physician, J. B. Murphy, M.D 1,400' Bursar, Angus McKenzie 1,000 Asylum for Idiots, Orillia — Medical Superintendent, A. H. Beaton, M.D 1,600' Bursar, T. J. Muir 1 ,000 . Institution for the De^ii and Dumb, Belleville — Superintendent, R. Mathison 1,600 Bursar, A. Matheson 850 Institution for the Blind, Brantford — Principal, A. H. Dymond 1,600- Bursar, W. N. Hossie 950 Central Prison for Ontario, Toronto — Warden, James Massie 2,000 Bursar, f 1,300 Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene — Superintendent, Thos. McCrosson 1,600 Bursar, W. P. Band 900- Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Females and InHustrial Refuge for Girls, Toronto — Superintendent, Mrs. O'Reilly 900 Bursar, R. W. Laird . • 800 Inspector of Division Courts. Inspector, Joseph Dickey $1,700 Inspector of Registry Offices. Inspector, E. F. B. Johnston $2,000» I r 32 THE IRON INDUSTRY. I 4 i i If I i;i I. Superintendent Neglected Children. Superintendent, J. J. Kelso $i,i;i There is nothing partizan in a fair examination of the Ontario finanm thir'fT,r i"f;'^' ''''"''' "^ '^ ^'^'"'^ ''•*' "^"'■^'^ '^'•*' j"««'^^i ^u show eiti.,, that they are better or worse than they really are. The fact of the case i i"- 07000 •' '^'"'''f'^'' '•'' Confederation, 'in 187.3 there was a balance. iT'Soooo "' !'"'•. ^'^^•^7- To-day we have available assets aggregating. leaves us ^741 ooo"^'J, fT """''' .'^''''' '' " '^'^'' ^^ 62,241.000. Tl.i: leaves us .^741,000. But there are claims against the Dominion. If these TihT " *.«o-'nnn'-'T'''"' .^4,656,000 at Confederation, $9,050 in 187J, and .f 3,89o,000 in 18'e"erally known that an investigation was made int, the matters pertaining to the.Agricultural College at Guelph in the early m of the snimmer of 1893. This so-called investigation was^coml. led In- t Royal Commission appointed by the Minister%f Agriculture o the P T r\v '.;"'"'^T ''IT '^^i"^'^"^"^ Winchester, Master in Ch- ml,e John VVatterworth and John S. Pierce. v^" fho i-oTwirf of the (lommission that i culture of the ister in Cham Pro- bers; ublished in ^hich those sre intries. The report 1 of the ex- students, August findings scattered broad- t we aid ask for an College, but we did e asked for an im- ioncerned. It never th« express purpose lissing Prof. 8ha\v, hortcomings ot Dr. oings could happen et that is the sort y misleading could nvestigators. Yet ! public should be lly so far as we are •t we did not get ivestigation which it parallel in mod- I It is implied in the report of the commission that an attempt was made to ""defame the good name of Dr. Mills." By whom, we ask, was the attempt inade ? If we whose names are attached, are the parties referred to, we deny the Slanderous imputation. We asked for a fair and impartial investigation to be ^Hmde by four ex-students of th.- college, who were gold medalists and D.S.A. s, nd two of whom attended the college before Mr. Shaw or Sharman were identihed nth the institution. We laid no charges whatever agahist anyone, aud the only •eason we can conceive why the commissioners chose to consider that an attempt was made to defame the name of Dr. Mills was that in their estimation he was defamed But, as they had been appointed to bring in a report of a certain kind, 'and in a certain way, they were vainly trying to stifle conviction which existed m their own consciences, and which they knew to be true. The report as a whole is an outrage on nineteenth century progress, and on every sense of fair play. It is a tissue of misrei)resentation and suppression such as has seldom been seen in this country. Nor is this the language of passion or ' extravagance. We have taken six months to think over this matter, hence if our :; statements err it is on the side of moderation. S Now if our Local Legislature is going to allow such scandalous proceedings to I go on without endeavoring to check them, it is surely high time that the farmers ^ and Patrons of the Province were rising to their feet as one man and demanding • that our Ontario Governu.:>nt be reformed. We have it on good authority that . the whole of the evidence is being prepared for the printer, we presume for use in . the present Legislature. But if the honest representatives of our Ontario people - allow themselves to be hoodwinked by that report, then we are over-estimating ' their shrewdness and discernment. The Department of Agriculture is even now ?' lamentiiif^ the fact of having lost (?) several letters and documents handea into the t commission at the investigation which are favorable to Prof. Shaw. Will it not ^ be very easy for the designing Minister of Agriculture to lose all otlicr documenta s that are unfavorable to him or Dr. Mills 1 We sincerely hope that the honest T' 34 THK lUOV INDUHTRY. ropmsontHtives of ,.ur Dnturio peoplo will Join Imn.ls fro.n both Hides .,f tho H..i„, of Min^ ' n ''T' '''"T";' ''"'' ^''" "•■"'■^•'''i^''»f' "fJu.Htico ho turned on the doi of Muustor Drydon and CoimnisKioner W iuchustur. ^ Toronto, MatYfi Uth. W. I.. (;.\|{LVI.K, R. N. MORGAN, MftulteiD uf the Commute*' \ ' fl MINERALS IN CANADA. t., unearth its we Uth a d incS s i. dr""l"'' ^'''^' -^^'^ ^r^"" '^"^ ^''« ^^'^^<^^ hewing its way across ecSnent Swl ^^^'/^f '"'^y- ^f i« «l«^ly l>ut Burely being Traversed with rai LX ^^^^^^^ -^ '' ** i"^' ^ '^"'^ ^''°'*'^ P^*^*^*"'" ^''^ the °anoe of the E'L .u d vl'vi^er w .T''' "7'^'^^^ ^^ ^^^ «hip that follows are being merged Ion le iSZ' fi in !k'"'''"1 *'^ ^"^"•'^ ^'^^»« "^"'^ cities the Pacific. Sooner o? later n,o^^^^^^^^^^ '^"'' T -f"'" ^'^^^ ''^ ^'^'^ ^'^'^ li"«« <•? inhabitable solitucles, and wha?heres(^fLS^^^ ''! '"'''? .^^ F*^ '^^^'^ ^^^ ''''^«f and iron or coal in it^ boweK w 11 resZd t t£ «nf« ""■^' '""^' ^"J'« ^'^^««^'''' In this vast terntory of three anLhSnll/„ enterprise and needs of man. the variety of iron o^es krwn to i^taUu^f T^;* n'^ miles are stored nearly all m Upper Canada and Ontario In feba and to' Iritish' rT ^— .-'k, resources are generously arouued CorI J .If to brit sh Columbia, these locally grouped with these iion ores and "ture "« T^ ''"l^^^^l '''^^ *« ^ '''^^' ment is ready bv bounties tnlUtit!l • . ® is ready when Ontario Govern- tions of pv7rrZ if eoual to 11 . ^'T^'' *^^, "^"^"'^ ^^« resources. The concU- politicalo'btusTty:;il7umi8h J 'T""'''' ^>^ economic or iron, raw or maimfactureS Tn CanXn Ze, 'Z' ^-^^^ '"'^'^^^ ^•"- ^» ^he uses 250 pounds of iron oer canS ll n ^'^' ..^^^ording to statistics, Canada 15,000 miles of rai wT whLh^whJn S'"Tk''? 1 ^f'^^ ^""«- There are absorb 1,500,000 tons'^f niUs, Vh^^^^n ^^^f ,^^^^^^^ ^^'pound .... would average service of fifteen years would mutf o„ ', T ^^^ calculation of an 100,000 tons of iron pr<, diets ' She ne^cf not beT"*^ ^r'^"^ "^ "«^ ^««« than other ways less national or wholesale hn n. ^'"^''^^ ^^ ^°'«*^'*«^ ^^'^t in home consumption of iron V^Xswou^^^^^ T"^'''^^' ^^at the normal and healthy degree of businesr It is nnf ^f i ''"'^'^^^^.P^"^^"''""" t^ « possible immediate"^ realization. TwUl be a nmtter ? r'"'"!l '^"^ '^'' '« «^ *^"y better for not being forced or precioSL? hnf f • ,^ ^'"'''^^^ **"<^ possibly the mineral side oi he Canadas wifbe tKa^ o t^ iXif 'T'''''^ ""^ '^^'''''^ the .nd his party will do nothing but clt^u^^gelh?/^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^^owat hf.fch HidoH «)f thu Houn, )o turned {»n the dt.iiig* liern of the Committer', A. OISOUSTEDD r>RI^IVKl«GR. uf Canada is us yet a In ubuiulance, (|uality r northern neijjhbora. id auccoHsful (teveloj). industry is broad and forgo and the furnace It is slowly but surely id broad plateau are the ship that follows ture towns and cities ay to the sea lines of of life over its vast timber in its forests, J and needs of man. are stored nearly all ^ia, New Brunswick, ish Columbia, these Iwood are, as a rule, len Ontario Govern- sources. The condi- red by economic or 3 market for all the ;o statistics, Canada 00 tons. There are !-pound r^.s, would be calculation of an md of not less than to forecast that in d general, that the of production to a id that this is of any th and possibly the fed and directed the gress." ButMowat lent. I THIRD P^RTY MOSES (wearily): 1 wish they'd hurry up and find le. This blame thJng 's beRlnnJns to leak. i;; ' n THE IRON INDUSTRY; u o o a 3 X) I>fr3 ^^^8S9,B^^a^^m^^wmmmwmwm^, s registrars' fees. 37 i^l^sl^sa^ ^^^^smMWMMMMMWMW^^MMWm -y ri I— m X I- 3 S I- S5 cS 2 J:; s^i S 55 K ;5 X P .s i- .n n^^^ i^.^J^.^.^.'^.'^.n^'"! (Ml V S. '-', '-1'-^ --^ X CO csi 0? y 3 Q t^'x'r^fM'co r4~co'i--r " (M ?5 -M 235SSS'cgi?Slg^Si?J?t3^':JS5:?.S5!Sl3.^i^RiV'^|^^S CO CO ■M 1^ ^ id g »o -H^Jj - ^ ^ s 5 • --I ^ x'rH (N -<* W ?f m' Jf: S 5 IB d c ^ '-. r[X := o S & c ri o -t -ta -t c ^ x^ .^^^^^ :c r?5 := : ?: O 't M M Ci X -M f^ CO r- X ■M O "-? rte Tl rt .= •Sq5 5'^' : ix • a ■'2 :^ T. ^ . ^ : « c c 5 ;^ !s « s a; a;.S o J5 5 >> S • r- 2 t. = 5 2 ^x r 0) Ed ^ o ^^-^ o § 3 =« g " a C +3 HP5 38 THE IRON INDUSTRY t M I; i I I; u h co > CO III III Ik III z h » < t^ ^ a M T. be 'c 6^ c H 12; O Q 55 JC fit r»c: i^ jv:?i;« . »n iM M CC i-< 00 5^1 -.' 5 a©- Oil o ^ ^ rl 1^ FH "^ c5 u? is CO t Jk P £J 2C ?! "t Cr X c Ci fe ^ IJ 95 1: *i "T Q --^ ® P- JgPCi r- 1-i ?o o ui c o: 4; t>- ri Si5S9S535' I-* fj ■- ►— < c - o « Li ■ c • ■ i? ■ q;:jQwwfoC3ffi£n S^S5^?^^S8JS^S?£S^SS§8^f£S;:5??3^?^t285gS^ ^' CO ■* 50 ri^ ■* 5^ « -4 I c M S ( 55 i^ ;:; CO ?• o t^ So ?i < •«* ■*■* CO rH -^ (M iN lO J ?Q O t~ •«* C SK } CJ5 ?D CO --I 00 00 (n'ccco' t- I/) c S'+j B g ce r-B S • • 1.^ . I I _ • • • • « a o -1^ ^ be n: B fci-"* c3 2 fc s S «? == aj s ^3 B ^ ^ ^ b a a B 03 » w □ B vMzr>^ 5 c Q B 01 X5 i- 72 a 55 33^ t>^O.B s^ 5:; i; ce o o > •■ g ^ s? be a O a cS CA B 3 Q 4) J: g :^i; 5 o ^"^ g a B o «^=^^ s «?Oi— 4jaicocaT3^t-S-t-i-2rnT!r&-9 ■p(4-iait<4Sa).a''^aBa^oo!a;a) 05 bo B "a ;■• ■A 01 ■^ o C-i 40 THE IRON INDUSTRY. { i.a THE PARMER AS A MANUFACTURER. To the Editor of The Empne beginnlnTjo LogS.e'Sew'asVnl'^f' f"' '^^".^'' *" ^^^ ^^^ -""try is Hccording°to a system which?, L ^"^^""f'^«turer. The manufacture of cheese farmers oScanS^'ofatihpiZi^^^^^^^ "^^^ ^^^^?' ^« P^-^d ^h' to uttract the agricultural ■J\^Z::r:^ll^::,^,l'':::Sr ^' ^^-^ cannot fail o^^^^^;:^:::t^:^^^^^^ but thanks to the efforts general, and the number of h.iTfprfnnf-/' H'^*^*^*' it is now becoming more means 25 or 30 c^s p^r pS ^he creamery?.rticle than the old method of skimming anrl.W L"""^ I'"""*^ "^"^'® ^^ every five the factory cheese, is unff "X ^ Moreover the factory butter, like came to Canada last year al tE ?alue of our 0^'?'"';' T''^'- ^T' ^13,000,000 will now, no doubt, be largely i^icitsedfrnn, T^ f '^''''' Z"*^ ^^is large sum gotten, however, that lar^^e a^Jas n th^ ^iff ^T ^" •^''*'- ^^ "^"^^ not be for- '^^t^:rr'-rf ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ "'^^^ ^"^^^'^^ ^-^ the^for:"?^:^.^:j^^,j;:SS;r^^ more profitable, and it is similar to cheese and with like resul flZ^ ''^'''^^ ^" "^^^« ^^ factories mated that out of every oOO pou h^.f buttt Kq''"' '""? '' H ^""^'^'^^ ^^^i" way of each farmer making his own m- litvlnd .H "'^"^^ "' ^'''^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^eful who deposits it in common wiMiln I^. ^ 'I'ld disi)osing of it to the storekeeper hiscella'r to be sold, TfT^S, l^a thLTtraSf 'tl'V''^ deanest corne'r of approximately show the loss in th\^oL^^l-\.-'''^'''^ ^'"«h would even Agriculture in redoublingTresente^^^^^^^^^^ -l"'^*^'^^ '^^ Department of slow,but he is Hppreciatif J and wha^l : ^^^:rf'^ ^'"'^ ^f -- "-.V be as such, must produce the best and mr If ^^"'-'"^^^ ^hat he is a manufacturer, and, market demands, he his a rigl 1 1" eT ^ct tT.^^^ --'Acting steps „, assisting him to determine ^hfnt profitaS^'^TT^^^^ '"^^ ^''^'^'^'^^ how to accomplish it. probtable goods to manufacture and advise and influence himt; that hi hs far n he hafn""^^' '^f'^ ^•'^™^^ ^^ "^^^^"^t, the best products of beef butter Lol V. '^ manufactory for turning out influences is he denounc'inrthe'^>v:rnt"t1;eS""lP""^ or without^uch wire cheaper to fence in his^impoN^risheTrc^Lof Xt/ ^^ k' i"^*^ "'^'^^ '"-^^^^^^ of which, particularly in the old proSnces is ' n T^^""^ ^^d barley, the production horse streetcars, horse power threshi am. ^M^ ^fT '^'^^'. ^^'^ manufacture of ^ . Agriculture is the gLtest intere ^ annH^^? Tir ^'^ ^^"^'"^^ ^*^«h««- business basis would gi?e us um^asm-ed weakh of ! ^^''If T"" * ''^''''^^' ^^'^ beginning has been made. Let a w' sely nateri? ^ ^'"' ''''^ ^^'"'^"'^'- ^^ ^^^^ with all speed, and give to the farmer iL^^T ^^^^^^n^^nt continue the work put him on a higher'plane ttn te lnu7acturt"o'f w" T^ ^^"^^'^^^" ^^^ich will has a more substantiil asset in his plant and aw' ?^ ^'?"^' ^^^f' «tc., as he always his products. Isubmit that at theCsenrtinJ.hi^^^^^^ ^" ^^ich to sell making better profits than the CanS^ f the Canadian farm manufacturer is to be so highly Votectedaiid certlw n 2"^""'"'^' "^ ^'""' ^^c, who is alleged soil either in England or the United States " ""'''"" '"^"'^ ^^""^ '^'^ ""^^ of ?he where -cotnterhi^T^^^^^^^ Canadian farmer evory- Government are working, but too sow' \r""^''^"''"^ ^'^^ ^'' '^'^' «»d the obtained. ^' ^°^ slowly, commensurate with the end to be Toronto, Jannarij sn. i JAMES ARxMSTRONG. * tER. I over the country is aanufacture of cheese rfect, has placed the e of which cannot fail thanks to the efforts s now becoming more The creamery article I more in every five be factory butter, like M Some ^13,000,000 * and this large sum It must not be for- re more suitable for profitable, and it is )e made at factories it is roughly esti- e in the old wasteful to the storekeeper, he cleanest corner of !s which would even the Department of The farmer may be I manufacturer, and, 3 which an exacting t will take practical io manufacture and ^ done much for the farmer to instruct, »ry for turning out ry, or without such not make barbed rley, the production he manufacture oi' ling watches, on a scientific and products. A good continue the work ucation which will etc., as he always st in which to sell 'm manufacturer is fcc., who is alleged at the tiller of the ian farmer evory- J to this end the li the end to be MSTRONG. f^<^S,-*--»-<^^-Tr ( PATllON VOTE. Sir Oliver, — " You have provoked me beyond further pardon." I 42 THK IHON IXDUSTKV. I'M I i I i I I OUR FARM EXPORTS. renders it ^lJx.hHbTe\hL^e\^^^^^^^ (^Jnrdner from the Rose; y ^^vernment Mr. Gladstone and tW ne- . ^'^ «cheduhng Canadian cattle .u; e«cinde yond the sea. They ^es. Wed Mr 'bh T ''" 1"^"?^' ^"" ^'^^ ' -"-ons t possessions as burdens, rather thafi.f^^.^ "/ '^^'^^ ^'^'^^ regarded the distant Ilosebery is a nmn of a diSnt f" '"' '">'''^l ^^^'^^'^"'^ '^^ '''« ^^'"P're. Lord clays of the Federation Wue vvi?f ^1 '^ ^"'l''^"^^^ i" ^'i«"'«. and during the were to tell you, " he said at Edinh? ^r*^""^^/!^ *" ^^^ ^^^"«« ^^ advocated. " If I a^I my politics, pu-ty oTotCtt^^tZ''^^^^ '' '^'' ^'^'^ foundation «| the Empa-e which is absolutely ^'id fZ f- ff^' ^^^'^'^ '^ ^'"^ ^" ^^^^^ ^^"««r ""ion of dominance, but for our futi J^ex stnf " '^'n 7 ^!^l»»'«d, not merely for our pre- nebulous; »>ut the princi le of co n n ' .-^^'^ Federation proposal is, perhaps, and It IS not U"reas^onabirto supp" "Tha't ^'p ""^^.^^lying it i's suVcientiylfine^d as Lord Rosebery says he is uiZh ^ Premier imbued with that principle, tion upon trade ihicl Z scheduL. ordl'T^^ '" ''''''''' '^'' """ecessary rest? iV fLnt '?""^'"'* c^onditions pS3 anrl ^^ ™P««^d- ^t all events, in view faimers for repeal, the effortTsec^^^^^^^ the urgent demand of the Scotch worth making. '^ ««^»r«^ a re^ i to the old arrangement may be well fml£f''^f ''S^^^ ' The'^^t- ^'f ^^ ^r ^ ^"*^'" i^ agricultural toi 1893 a decrease of farm exZrfA ^\ashington Burenu of Statistics reports wheat, ess flour, less beef caSt iT \^'^ ^ "'^*^'^ ^'^^^^ ^o England. Less across the ocean than in .re Wsl^.^'jf ^^/V -f ^-^ provisions foun'd their way S'i^"«^« from the kein compedtion of n l'^'' ^^"""'^ ^^ ^'^^ ^^P^^^^^^ *hat this 1' or example, Russia and \r JS« li • ^ ?^^% countries in the British market cSnsu;:'''' ^''''''- As a tSuen e Tf'^'tt *" ^"^^^^"^ ^^^ ^^ ^'"^^^ ^^-^^ -did consuming centre, the rumor has "ol i!^^ I'^'l'^"^"^ ^^ »e^^' factors in the great tj^t!"' ^^'^reage in the greTt whe!t cf/^'^^'^c*.^*' ^^^'^ ^"^ '>« « curtailment of production. Should this re x.rt wM f 7T" ^^^^^'' ^"^^ «" attempt to diversify awav .r.T*.' ^°«^*h- witl Se exic tJ'^il' verification, prove correct, the re^. from i-f • '^' ^«Pr«««io», will have a^sSpf.v ^'"f "^ '""'"^^"^fe' ^^^"^ ^^e passing men '/^f ""^^^.^t^^'t considerati,^n, tve hf e in fj; ' w"',' •'" "P^*" P"^^«- ^"t asidf oir, J, ^- ^ "''^^'^ States exports t^^Grp.f ^" *.^.^\'^«^""8ton report the announce- ours have mcreased. That a still rl«f ^^"*^'''" ^"''^ dropped at the very time apparent to all who will com narpf?*''' ^"^''f ^"^ ^*^" ^e made by Canada must be XflTt^ ^'^^ I^-»-onno7il.p S ^'^^^"^^"-^ "-ports of oLt BrLTn with edge of the great British market To;t f • '^^' ^' ^ "'^^^^^ of fact only on the ra?sed7o?K?'^ to England 167, valued at'Cnnn''- f '^'' ''^^' ^" ^^"^ses. l! aJa vih ^'?*^' "^^^^"^^1 '^t $300,000 The nIf^'^^■^ ^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^""^^^^^ ^as at a value of two millions Of P^Vfio i \ ^"tish market can take 21,000 annuallv nmrket consumes 845,000,000 woS^ iT ^T "' ''''' ^^7, 100,000 wo th, wh le he iTj^Zl ^T "^ ^'^««»t years made m advf ""'"^^^ ^^'""^ ^^^^•'^^^- In 'bacon and wortii^^?;;'^^^'^^"^ in l|)3, $So SSo Bute ^ p'-!^"' ^^P^^^^'^ '» ^887 was Inmt ^^T''}^'''' o^^r and above the naHvt ^^^ ^.'^^^"^ consumes $56,000,000 do?5' "'' ?"^'''^^ ^^Ports in incrLs^nr! l-^^'^"^*'""- ^'anned meats appear dollars worth. In beef ainnl i^^reasmg quantities, and we now send a inniin,. enlarging our cheese expires ! hnr^'f',' '^''' '' ^ «^1 0,000, 000 nTarket We te demand for cheese to T v^l'ue "f ^ oornnn"^^'-''^^'^^ worth there is ^ ea the million dollar limit Thirin ' .""fe^er, is growing. We have nass Tbrol^r^V'^*^ «^--^t Britain tkesTktv'. ^V'^"' f '?f " P^«^^^««' when it ifre. V '-f^^rie at preacnc in che lintisii ho no rei ini tlii fcei du ex] i t. V It 21 on 441 llll "of •pn ■'of I ;^00{ :|wh 'fDe: |Ne .?? tw( K;linc I crei I pro > Pri' ber for :of 1 * em 4 sim ; to? stat exe and : did • to A can: . Sue 1 this to I PUBLIC OPINION. 43 icme'i :-, vernment tie mt , escinded. 00 the • „ininion8 be- regarded the distant P the Empire. Lord viewH, and during tlie it advocated. "If I he real foundation of 1 that closer union of merely for our pre- jroposal is, perhaps, s sufficiently defined, with that principle, unnecesaary restric- t all events, in view niand of the Scotch igement may be well itain in agricultural af Statistics reports to England. Less >iis found their way he experts that this ;he British market. 1 much wheat as did factors in the great be a curtailment of ttempt to diversify ve correct, the re-, i from the passing prices. But aside port the announce- d at the very time ty Canada must be Jreat Britain with )f fact only on the ade in horses. Li r the number was e 21,000 annually, ) worth, while the id. In bacon and or ted in 1887 was umes $56,000,000 ned meats appear w send a million narket. We are worth, there is a that we have not We have pass- t s, when it is re- I of butter from I iit in the Biitisk There is a vast field for the Canadian farmer yet unoccupied. Confessedly, iowever, little can be done unless the prices be low. England will take from us kothing that she cm buy at a cheaper rate from others. This is our policy with reference to British goods, and it cannot be regarded as selfish or unfair. We iftu.st be prepared, then, for the competitive figure. This necessity impresses upon iilhe various Governments, Federal and Local, the desirability of restraining their Jendency to launch the country into huge and expensive ju'ojects which, while pro- ducing a boom for the moment, react upon the farmer, and limit his powers as an exporter. PIG IRON INDUSTRY THE FOUNDATION AND MAINSPRING OF ALL OTHER INDUSTRIES. Ontario has an area of 244,000 square miles, the mineral area of Avhich i» M28,000 square miles. In the twenty-two years of Mr. Mowat's leadership not one ton of pig iron has been produced, and the population has only increased 442,000. Pig iron production of the United States in the said twenty-two years was 118,902,022. Seventy-eight per cent, of this enormous production was the output ' of fourteen states to the south of us, with a combined area of only that of this •province, and with a combined mineral area of only thirty- eight per cent, of that ''^of Ontario, and the municipal, state and federal encouraged industry caused a40,- '000,000 increase in population in the whole United States, more than half of 'which is in the result of the fourteen states, above noticed, namely : Connecticut, ? Delaware, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont. In the twenty-two years of Mowat reign the population of the fourteen states of themselves- increased 17,000,000, and this enormouF influx came because of the iron industry and created an increasing market for an increasing production from year to year, besides- producing a home market forall the farmers' output in these states at vastly increased ,_ prices over those where no iron production was going on, the result of the large num- bers engaged in the industry, and their large earnings, ranging as high as $10 per day for experienced hands, also greatly increased the chances of success in all grades of labor and the professions, keeping to home their own people who desired to em.bark in these lines of life, and drawing all that element from Ontario who had. similar notions. Had Mr. Mowat and his followers devoted more time and attention. to a similar policy this province would now enjoy a similar position to said fouiteen, states, but no, they would rather sit in their easy chairs drawing fat salaries and exert themselves in meddling with the Ditches and Water Courses Act, Municipal and Assessments Acts and generally confounding the statutes till they, themselves, did not understand them, and have had on too many and very expensive occasions- to visit England for interpretation of their mixed and muddled legislation, and be- came celebrated as constitutional lawyers, and at the expense of the province. Such procrastination and lethargy and phlegmatic indiflerence to the best interest o£ this prodigious mineral heritage of ours deserves but one treatment, and that is to be turned, bag and baggage, out of oftice on the next election day. No excuse '« 1!^ '"nm" u THE IRON INDUSTRY. b!okC„i^' ^"«retnc,„,,,t,ct,., and funeral pr„oe„i„„ pr„gre™. and bon.li oookkcep ng, to aU of which the people have at last got their eyes opened „,„l ■discontent anxl unrest is now rampant, and the voters all over the pr" „ e wamng eagerly and anxiously for the day to arrive when they ca', n ark thd ballots ,n f-or of any candidate opposed to Sir Oliver Mow.tind his confer ^.at we mayyet redeem ourselves from the sleeping condition which theTf , , le sihafZT„::" i"'""' ■";"""' """"^' '■"'■" '^"" "»• -o '"k-^o'; r,rf.r,Mror.r . T''"'"''"'"''"«'™™ ""' ''"'"•< 'he l...u,c demand f,n Xto t'f" 1 "1 '-'-"""^ """"■'^'' "*«»• «»■' "»' will give business c„ ploymentfoi those of our sons and daughters who choose such for a liveliho,,! Ta a :Zrrth : t";''°'"''r "• "■* '»">"'»■ -''-^ »'«tement: t Tfthe (War Ip V t'" '" "'" ■"""'''•let »r,d are taken fron. the record. ■Un ed St at 'rr' '" '' ^^^'^ """"'""" ''»'■"»"-" "' Ottawa, , •do 1 notthsr''";""'"'' T""' "' ^^'"'"ngton, all of which places then, !«;„, How sprv nv>nv of ,Zltl ^ '"'""' '""' "'''"<'=' ""■"''•"^ ""'1 l-orseHesh : to the Onfann ms>vt.>f u- 1 """ ^'^^"^ -^^'^"'ini't !"icl other southern states polmcmns umst now drop and see if we cannot put in!> party wUhgre"ter state ™nsh,p greater capacity, greater progress, that we may have a hafcf todeveTo I •our great rameral heritage and u.ake some money for ourselves and cMdrr PUBIIC OPINION. 45 lering, for this twenty- progress, and bonilmsi ^eir eyes opened, and over the province ..re 1 they can mark their )wat and his conferes, ition which they, frdni 18, and take upon our- ihe home demand for will give business em- such for a livelihood he statements herein fiken from the records ment at Ottawa, the :h places them beyond 3ians for the purpose t constantly employed jisans and horseflesh ! uld look with a cou])le ey this would bring, t would follow in their st as it is from Lake considerable less than other southern states ig iron, and this con- t on scrap iron, but r. So vote them out 3ause persons would s the position of the r adherence to such with greater states- ! a chancd to develod and children. Wollaston, & Brown, county of Belleyille'; Wollaston, county of Clute & Brown, Belle- ONTARIO'S IRON ORES AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. As an appendix to this paper I give the Catalogue of Iron Ore exhibits made %y the Province of Ontario at the World's Columbian Exposition, jirepared by Mr. J>ftvid Boyle, the otticer in charge. It will be noticed that numerous localities are Ijepresented in this collection to which no reference has been made hi the following toages. The number of samples shown is 120. 1. Magnetite : Wilbur mine, lot 3, concession 13, township of Lavant, county pi Lanark. Extent of deposit, 1,200 feet by 16 feet. Average lots analyze 60 per fent. iron, 6.31 per cent, silica, and .009 per cent, phosphorus, but the sample Exhibited will yield about 68 per cent. iron. William and Thomas B. Caldwell, Jjanark. 14. Magnetite : Lot 22, concession 9, township of Wollaston, county of Hastings. Length of deposit, one-quarter of mile ; breadth, 25 feet. Thomas Nugent, Nugent P.O. 15. Magnetite : Lot 17, concession 8, township of Wollaston, county of Hastings. William Jenkins, Madoc. ;v 16. Magnetite : Lot 15, concession 2, township of "Hastings. Area of deposit, 500 feet by 180 feet. Clute Jenkins tt Chambers, Madoc. 4| 17. Magnetite : Lot 17, concession 8, township of ■^Hastings. Area of deposit, 1,500 feet by 30 to 120 feet. :, ville ; Jenkins & Chambers, Madoc. f 18. Magnetite : Lot 18, concession 8, township of Wollaston, county of I Hastings. Samples from a depth of 20 feet. Area of deposit, 1,500 feet by 40 to 1 60 feet. Clute tt Brown, Belleville ; Jenkins & Chambers, Madoc. * 19. Magnetise : Lot 15, concession 1, township of Wfdlaston, c(junty of Hastings. Length o* bed, 1,200 feet ; breadth, from 25 feet to 100 feet. Jenkins & Chambers, Madoc. 20. Magnetite : Township of Wollaston, county of Hastings. Jenkins & f Chambers, Madoc. i 21. Magnetite : Lot 16, concession 2, township of Wollaston, county of V Hastings. Area of deposit, 1,400 feet by 25 to 50 feet. Clute & Brown, Belle- ''l ville ; Jenkins & Chambers, Madoc. 5f 22. Magnetite : Township of Wollaston, county of Hastings. Jenkins & I Chambers, Madoc. I 92. Magnetite : Calabogie mine, lot 16, concession 8, township of Bagot,. '^ county of Renfrew. An analysis of one lot gave 66.34 per cent, iron, 1.04 silica, V ,140 phosphorus, titanium a trace, and no sulphur. Calabogicf Mining Company : (Limited), Perth. Ontario Government collection. "t 93. Magnetite : Between the Canadian Pacific Railway and Amethyst Harbor, i township of McGregor, Thunder Bay district. From a bed showing seven feet and ■ the lower rock not yet reached. It lies in the lower portion of the Animikie rocks. : Ontario government collection. 94. Magnetite: Locations 1 and 2, Herrick's survey, at mouth of Little Pic , river on west side. Thunder Bay district. The Canadian Pacific Railway passes through the locations. Ontario government collection. 95-100. Hematite : Lots 23 to 27, concessions 11 and 12, township of Darling, county of Lanark. James Bell, Arnprior. ; 161. Magnetite : Atik-Okaa range, location 402 R, Thunder Bay district. It is free from injurious combinations, and runs from ()3 to over 70 per cent, of iron.. The deposit forms a mountain range with the associated Huronian green schists and diorites, rising to an elevation above the surrounding plain of 50 to 125 feet, and extendin2 alons the run of the ore for nearlv h mile. There are two veins of ore, with oO feet to 60 feet of slate between, and for a good portion of the distance the veins will aggregate a thickness of 100 feet. South Shore iron experts who' 46 r I THE IKON INDUSTRY. * Phtt, Ad.,l,,l,ust"™ ' ^ '•"*' '""" '" "=''" • l""'ly Jevol„,»i Aui,,! 109. Mdgnotite : Lot 17. c(ni<>p«ai,... m * i ■ „ ^ Fruntenac. IViiliam P„«„y' vXafi ' '""""'"l' "f P"i'UHnd, county „( burtoT- ft'."Sd"y„^a'|^V,:;r™''- "'"■»"■•• <" «"-"'-. --ty -f H„,i. H„li;"L,!l''TuLe^;„°i,Tr„;t'" "■ "-""'l"" Lutterworth, couuty of burtoT- J^TtXirxlr "'"""■ '""-•■''' "f' «""»•'-"■.. --•.eyof H,., Toroit": ^'"'"""'^ '''""'"'"■'l-fS—'on, county of Haliburton. T. D. Ledyard Benfltw. *'"«"^""' ^ ^°'» '^ """ ". — io„ ,0, township o, Bagot, county oi PIatt!"I4Ktown. ''""""'"P "' *™"""' -""'y "' Frontanac. Allison .'• burtoT- rrWyaS;''Trronr' '""'"''"■' '" ^"^^^^o^K county „, Hali- C, Clute, BSi'e! ^ ''""'"""' "■"■^' '"""^'P »' ^ake, county of Hasting. K SaulgL^Kta;" ^^''""'"'^ ^ ^"''" ''"'^- -^'80- district. P. c. OampbcU, FronlLc"XXVshots*200'lT60teet''' A^T'"'^ rf ^"'^ '■»'"». '"""ty "f ^ cent^sdica^and only traces o,pho%\»^^^^^^ townJhfp oTCatt! co^'tyTwk' Vrro'ft" ' >' "?ii°' *• '=™'^<'«»i™ 13, Average lots analyze 60 per cent iron I! qi t P"'!?' '•2* f«et by 16 te- 1 flven,k,SKrKif™L'*;;!;5Sr„rtitav' T'r^ t-'^ -^ ^"-''. per cent, metallic iron, .017 phosnhorus and „„ ^T ■ ^""^"J? % analysis 05.33 3,000 acres. Wyli. &'Co., Carleton Place ^"'""'- ^"'^^ "f location, ^.^^1,6. Hematite Echo Lake, East Algoma district. P. c. Campbell, Algoma Algoma" M"r'"° <""™'"> ^ ^'"> '^''^' ^- AIgo„,a district. P. C. Campbell to OoTer ^^:^7Ln"7^ 11!^'" ^^ "'?<-'■ It .naly.es 68 seen,, to be in large quantities', but ov^fmrTo Z? '"^'f^'"'^, '» combination , ment to show the actull extent is theTame kini f*^ '"'^.,'^'" ™1"'"''» develop' ical horizon as that of the fan.ous Colley mfne of thlT' 1"^" '» ""* '«"»c geolog. It has been explored to a small exten Yy S.nV P^M.kT "'i^^^ ^/p"""- Ontario government collection "'inmg. l . McKoUar, Fort William burro?- ""^^'^''^^ •• ^'^^ ''' ^—i- 4, township of Snowdon, county of Hali 179, 180, 184, 187, 191, 192. Mngnetite • Bel-- n^ • . .county oi Peterborough. S"«cite . lieLuvai, lume, township of Belmont, < ^ 'a^ Ithe n deposits known, 1 1, ' of Bagot, county .,f Clarendon, county of y developed. All-'soii Portland, county .,f tJen White and Cascade feet. F. A. Fenton, vdon, county of Hali- tterworth, county of vdon, ,.-'nty of Hali- irton. T. D. Ledyard, p of Bagot, county of )ntenac. Allison v*:- fell, county of Hali- ity of Hastings. R. P. C. Campbell, • -rston, county of cent, iron, 2.14 per rio Government col- lot 4, concession 13, feet by 15 fe^ t. d .009 phosphorus. county of Lanark, lis by analysis 05.33 Extent of location, Campbell, Algoma t. P. C. Campbell, '" It analyzes 68 s in combination ; [1 require develop- in the same geolog- ■e of lake Superior ar, Fort William. n, county of Hali- mship of Belmont, *Ss^s^ - Patron.—" Let the fellows carry the ithe future." load who get the pap. I am out of it for I'. ll 48 TIIK IRON IVni'MTRV. ifyV>fH;im!u?h.r\!^l"**"f*^^^ L-t 25, concesHion 4. township of Hnowdon iron. 62.57 : \axu»u)u..,J lor: \'A\V' ^'t"""'"- . From lot 27 guvo n.otallic COUI intorvals ovo lZlrl'!l{ i&"^^^^^^^^ '^^^' »"ll'»>''r unci titunium, none iJimcrott and OttdWH RhiIwhv nins tl necting w-'^' "' tliu ininuH 1H8. Heiimtite Carloton Place wnshipof Miidoc, county ..f Hastings IHt). Hematite bridge, Belleville. 190. Hematite collection gav( '^'"'"'*'"I' "f Durling, county of Unark. Wylie ct C..., MrH. .1. A. Wall- Iron island. Thunder Bay district. Ontario CJovernment been estimated that this ore bed c o^.tai ove 1 L L M '"""f ""'"'•- , ^' ^'* feet of the surface, and the Htn,>nin?bx^^^^^^^^^ ""1 f ^ )vithni 10«> oughly explored, and of the uulner.fu s um.lerwkic?/ 1 u e ^'^^^^ '''''' example is a fair average. Tt will t,o not3ThuTf^ ' nalyzec the al)ove , j:i%!:;n':^f„;.^'''-"'"'''''°"''™(»"^"')'T'-..de,.B„y district. W, W. K.ddc'kSr,!''"" ''""'■"""' "' I""«l"»-"gl>. county „f Frontanac. W. G. coUeSn.*''"" ""'" ^ '^""■■"'"'' "' ^■°''" C'^l-y' -"""^ "f L-4- W. G. Kidd 371. M«g..^ite :^ R»^»rt»ville „,i„e, „.„i,„|,ip „t P„l,„er,l„„, couuty „f Fro„. tenac. W. (J. Kidd collection. G. klS oSbn." '■ '"'""■ '"=""""• '""-""P "f I-"™"', """tyof Lanark. W. hurt™' • A,xii"i.y pr:/'\vr Mr t-r ":;■,■' i,'""""-"' r™'^ -' "»"■ phosphorus .0/2, sulphur .038, 'titaSa"ic?»:ce\ ,y'. "'^i 'CtT'^oZ!""' IS' lir' M*- *'¥"<'"'« • Uelniout, county of Peterlx.rougli. Hali^trtof- T''Tte^ard^"i,L°;,t:-°^'™" *' '°""*'" "' «»"»». »™t^ "f hurt™'- ^^Tt^y^Vd': Tor!,;r'"'''"" *' '"""*'" "' S""^''™'. -""'^ "f Hali- FronttLf 1vt."ki!JdSS, '"""' "'""^'"" "' I"«"™-'™. ™unty of Kidcfn^ilS." ' ■*" '■ '■'''"<'°»'«- "'in''. Janesville, c.unty of Addington. W. G. FroutSaf 1i-' i'^S'ddl^ltdSr''"''^"'''' ""™''"'' °' P^'"--'»' -""'y of FUHLIO OPfNION. 49 owiiHhip of Sn()wd«)ii, (>, Hiid 27, oxtonding at UJiti'd oil high grouml •iided on the cars fi.r ic iron, (J2 per cent.; 11 lot 27 guvo luotallic J'>ne. The Iioiidal.'. iid in front of 27, con- 'Ut eight iiiileH west of uirk. Wylie & Co., gs. Mrs. J. A. Wall. Ontario Govornment lont, county of Peter- iiiont mine. It has IS of ore within 100 hed has been tlior- ! analyzed the above nals tJie l)©8t of the liorous contents, con- 'on." Will. Molin in ?, p. 484, Bessemer ;ownshipof Bathurst, uWe silicious matter umina .00, lime .10. iay district. W. W. Frontenac. W. G. Leecjs. W. G. Kidd ton, county of Fron- inty of Lanark. W. iounty of Frontenac. ;on, county of Hali- iietalic ir(ni 09.246, -.edyard, Toronto, ixowdon, county of gh. >nowdon, county of on, county of Hali- erston, county of Lddington. W, G. merston,. county of 570, 581. Magnetite (black Itomoiner) : Fiasterly 90 acres of each lots 3 and 4, ooncunsion 9, township of I'alinorston , county oi Frontenac. Pro»)erty known as the Roliorts mine, on Kingston & Pembroke Itailway, about »'>() miles from Kingston. Assay by .1. FI. Hulbert, Duluth, shows r»7. II of iron, with remarkable freedom from deleterious matter. When the mine was worked, consignments of ore were for- warded to Pittsburgh, Pa., and guaranteed 05 per cent. f)f iron, free from sulphur. The main shaft is upwards f>f .'<00 feet deei), and the ore appears to exist in immense quantities. F. W. Ferguson, Winnipeg, Man. 028. Hematite : Wallace mine, north shore of Lake Huron, Algcmia district. ThoiuHH Frood, Little Current P.O., Algoma. 740, 751. Hematite (gray): I.^)t 7 concession 10, township of Portland, county of Frontenac. Ontario (Jovernment collecti(m. 7M. Magnetite : I>)t 7, concession 10, township of Portland, county of Frontenac. Ontario (jrovernment collection. 752. Bog ore : Lot 28, broken front concession, township of Gainsboro' county of Lincoln. Ontario Government collection. 70;{. Hematite (deep rod and soft): Lot 7, concession 10, township of Portland, county of Frontenac ; two miles from Kingston & Pembroke Railway. Drill shows a depth of 05 feet. This ore seems well adapted to the manufacture of pigments. Ontario Government collection. 7H7. Magnetite : Glendower mine, township of Bedford, county of Frontenac; Analysis gives 62 percent, metallic iron. Good railw ly connection on Kingston & Pembroke Railway. Ontario Government collection. 788. Magnetite and Hematite: Lot 17, concession 10, township of Portland, county of Frontonao. Ontario Government collection. 813. Magnetite : Lot 25, concession 5, township of Darling, county of Lanark. , At • shows from 6(5 to 08.85 metallic iron, earthy matter 28.624, silica 2.00, phos- iphoius .026. Robert McGregor, Calabogie. 814. Magnetite : Lot 38, concession 1, township of Clarendon, county of Frontenac. Pro{)erty has not been worked. Vein from to 10 feet wide ; thirteen miles from Lavant station, Kingston & Pembroke Railway, Ontario Government collection. 855. Magnetite (large sample) : Atik-Okan location, Thunder Bay district. (See No. 101.) A. L. Russell, Port Arthur. 850. Hematite : Nipigon, Thunder Bay district. Wiley collection. 872. Hematite : Lot 13, concession 9, township of Marmora, county of Hastings. 897. Magnetite , Township of Glainoragan, county of Haliburton. Haliburton Mining Co., Tonmto. 008. Magnetite : Coe Hill, township of WoUaston, county of Hastings, on the line of the Centnil Ontario Railway. The deposit is about 2,000 feet long and over 100 broad, forming a high ridge from which a large quantity of ore has been mined. The analysis gives nearly 70 per cent, of metallic iron, with a small proportion of sulphur; but no titanium. J. D. Riddell, Supt. C. O. R., Trenton. 10()4- 1076. Magnetite and Hematite : Cabinet 8i)ecimens from various localities in eastern Ontarii). J. L. Aunger collection. 1170. Magmitite : This specimen is part of a boulder found by Mr. Willliam Jenkins of Madoc, within a few miles of that town. It is so strongly magnetic as to constitute loadstone. James F. Boyle, Toronto. 1177. Magnetite: Lot 10, concession 0, (known as " The 49 acres " ), town- ship of JMadoc, county of Hastings. Mrs. J. A. Wallbridge, Belleville, 1178. Hematite: Lot. 12, Concessions, township of Madoc, county of Has- tings. Mrs J. A. Wallbridge. Belleville. 1^33- Hematite (kjdney) : S*. G. Fogg,, Rat Portage, 1423. Ilemabite : Lot 2, concession 0, township of ShetKeld, county of Adding- ton. This mine is three-fourths of a mile from Tamworth, on the Napanee & Kingston Railway. Leonard Wager, Tamworth. 4 mmmmm i/l 50 THE IRON INDUSTRY. O. Caldwell Lanark ^^"'^^''^ ''^''"' "^'^^ freedom from deleterious matters." W Henry JohS^Co: Hm"'"" ™""' '"""'^'^^ ^' ^^^"^^^"«' ^^^^^^ «f Peterboro'. Hen^TohS^rCo'effilf "' ""'^^' ''""''''^'^ ^^ ^h^^-' — ^y of Peterboro' son, ITmr"'''' '■ ^^'""^'"P ^' '^^^"^«*^-' -""^y "f Hastings. Henry John- 1561. Limonite : Echo Bay. Nelson Simmons, Echo Bay. A COUNTRY TO BE PROUD OF. and dhinatta^rrvlTrv^^v ZZ""'' ^'1^^'^'^ ^^1^''^ features and its so'l part of Canada, fn^^the Athntic to l,!"" ''^^P^^'t^r. The whole of the eastern formerly one vast forest and is stil in In " l ""''' boundaries of Ontario, was duction of timber in vari^urforn s bdn "Xe^?^^^^^^ '''^- ^^ ",^ ^""^'^^' '^' P'^' admiVably adapted for ^i^Xreo? all kinSs " '"""^ of great richness, and north-west and south-earTnto/hJfVf- ^''/^«^"". along Imes running generally fur-bearimr animSs R,^ "^^ir , /i? ^®<^*^ «'nent and only useful as a preserve for the Sermte^eld an invfstUtfonlnto ThT"" t^f "-"^/"J "^ 1888 a cLnuttee oJ being that all previc^riJl'Ze^i^^^^^^^^ 'Sf arif'"^ these regions, the result square miles, and of these it was es^imatd Sn nrl? "^"'""^m '"*" ^'^^ 1,260,000 ment, and about 400,000 sou arrmnr,!«p?.f?'^uJ"l'-^ ""^^' ^^''^ ^^ for settle- were suitable for potatoes T07 00^^ "'f ^ = «56,000 square miles for wheat. There isTrh^rnavi^^Hr ?!? T^ able for stern-whee slamers S 1 3^ ^'r ^^Z^^"'' P^^ ^nle^ being suit- There are large auriferous deposits as wp ?1 • '^''^ • '^"«^*^ '"^'^'^^'^g ^^^^n^^^s. and pottery clay micaTvns..m iVr^'/ »« ^iver, iron, graphite, ochre, brick so extensi/e as to ustify^tTb^iienhatT^'irtfl?"'; "-n^'"^ *^?^ P^^^^'«""^ ^^^^^ i« this continent. " Furs are at irresent tt^h f ^ '^ will supply the larger part of wliich is the lastgrerfur prLerve f tHp ^j'^^f ^^^'""^^rcial products of this region, the extinction of anhna^s Xo'e furs be ' Z' '1''"'^ u, "^'^-^ "^ ^^^ S*-*^**^ ^anglr of committee that fur disWs slLld L IZ^ t'^lT^^^''^ '^ "^""^ suggested bj the placed on the catch ofcertin k^Ss of f^^^^^^^^ by the Government, and a limitation especially whitefish and kke trout ^''^^' ''"^ "^"'•^ ^^^""d in fish, sparsdriltl^f SS^'^^^^^^^^ in the poorer or more the average United States ci?Ln flf ^"<\"",«*^'? hardly be less than those of there are few States of the Americ'an Unl'n '^''''^ ul'^"' '^^^ ^'^ ^'S^er, since -hich the requirements^if^nllirXan^drmmer^i^^^^^^ ^re^t^ .^^r^' - - PUBLIC OPINION. 51 hstrict. "This is said to everal analyses show not jleterious matters. " W. line, township of Tudor, )8' county of Peterboro'. 9, county of Peterboro [astings. Henry John- Bay. •F. 3al features and its sol whole of the eastern daries of Ontario, was idvily wooded, the pro- 1 industries in Ontario, lated that the timber e of the heavy inroads ears to come. Under- of great richness, and :ky Mountains lie the est Territories. This les running generally , or plateaux, as they River Valley, ling from the Rocky d has generally been seful as a preserve for f 1888 a committee of 36 regions, the result i into was 1,260,000 les were fit for settle- 056,000 square miles 316,000 square miles ,390 miles being suit- t sea-going steamers, raphite, ochre, brick he petroleum area is >ly the larger part of iucts of this region, F the great danger of as suggested by the mt, and a limitation vers abound in fish, I the poorer or more e less than those of ey are higher, since lis Province, or in as great. ANXIOUSLY AWAITING THE »'LOCAL. f > I Oliver has more than he can manage, and good Mr. Tait, vainly strutfKlintr '^vitiitiic xuuugjians \ ores \aiise, IS not within sight. Kli EAISB THE FLAG! Marcato. b ^ , — Words and Music by E. G. Nrlson. e;p?^^^^|S-^^ I. Raise the Flag, our glo-rious ban-ner, O'er this fair Ca - na - dian land, ^~^-~'-4 ^3^^~jEt:^ t: , I -\ — I- r^z:— >J From the stern At ■ Ian - tic O - cean To the far Pa - ci zt-~-zz^: ci • fie strand. I: I Raise the Flag o'er hill and valley, Let it wave from sea to sea ; Flag of Canada and Britain, Flag of Right and Liberty ! Cho.— Raise the Flag, and, with the banner. Shouts of triumph let us raise ; Sons of Canada will guard it, And her daughters sing its praise. Cho.- Raise the Flag of the Dominion, That the world may understand This will be our ensign ever In our broad Canadian land. Cho. Raise the Flag ! Who dare assail it. Guarded by the Empire's might ? Raise the Flag of our Dominion,— Stand for Country, God and Right ! Cho.- CHORUS. Raise the Flag with shouts of glad-ness,. 'Tis the ban - ner of the free 1 - — . ^^~ zzz: Jiizut:* — ^ Efe-sj^^qj Bright, ly gleam-ing,proud-Iystream-ing,'Tisthe Flag of Lib er - tyl Used by permission of Whaley, Rovck & Co., owners of the copyright. G! PUBLIC OPINION. 53 by E. G. Nrlson. ■a ■ na - dian land, \ — !- a - ci fie strand. TREATING IRON ORES AND METALLIC IRON. It has been shown that we have iron ores in many localities, east, west and north. We have bog ores, red and brown hematite ores, magnetic ores and car- bonate ores. But we have not one working mine in the Province, nor one blast furnace for the smelting of iron ores. The United States is making and using about 9,000,000 gross tons a year, being at the rate of one-seventh of a ton, or 320 lb., per head of the country's population. What the consumption is in Canada cannot be so definitely ascertained. A small portion of the whole is produced in the country, the quantity of which is known. The great bulk is imported, chiefly from Great Britain and the United States ; part of it as pig iron, but much the larger portion as manufactured goods, or as iron and steel in various stages of manu- facture. The Trade tables of the Dominion classify the imports by articles and values, and to a certain extent by weight also. In so far as the latter classification is given we have a basis upon which to estimate the total quantity of our iron and steel imports, and for the purpose of making such an estimate the following com- parative table of quantities and values has been compiled from the trade reports of the Dominion for the fiscal years 1881-2 and 1891-2 : - Dominion, ' understand n ever, ian land. Cho. — ) dare assail it, pire's might ? Dominion, — iod and Right ! Cho.- •-\ 1—1 of the free ! IMPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL. Articles. 1881-2. 1891-2. cwt. cwt. Band and hoop iron 73,860 $ 129,931 92.014 % 143,853 Bars, rolled, etc 891,494 1,328,610 133,353 231,468 Plates and sheets 271,805 714, 187 442,038 1,067,027 Carwheels and forgings 27,326 74,492 25,541 105,036 Chain cables 31,084 79,103 23,803 63,263 Slabs, blooms, etc 203,888 222,056 64,397 56, 186 Bridge and structural iron 49,664 212,527 6,018 27,363 Nails and spikes 11,382 51,217 9.871 40,276 Scrap iron and steel 26,545 20.4-06 740,687 507 018 Pig iron 1,268,620 l,023,u;'2 1,378,.360 886^485 Railway ir rails, fish plates, etc) 117,667 184,459 126,320 189,199 Rolled L. ms, etc 41,921 83,852 153,510 220,287 Nail and spike rods 16,661 24,806 16,795 36,090 Wire 121,328 455,464 72,149 219,643 Locomotive tires 8,943 45,180 27,609 80,294 Iron and steel for ships 8,978 45,819 36,703 70,663 Steel ingots, bars, etc 328,382 895,857 159,994 421,530 Steel rails 2,279,959 3,531,330 1,654,935 1,738,661 Steel for manufacturers 1,002 5,074 45,683 180,901 Totals $5,780,509 9,127,382 5,209,780 $6,291,243 The average value per net ton in the first of those years would, therefore, be f31.58, and in the second 824.15. In 1881-2 the total value of our imports of iron and steel was $17,075,588, and in 1891-2 it wos $12,641,442. --A— -ib -^-m—Gf jht. 11 er - ty I I M THE UTILIZATION OF PEAT. The interest which was noted in the Report of the Bureau for 1891 as having arisen on the question of a possible supply of cheap and efficient peat fuel for Ontario, has been niiiint-ainprl fhronrrhou*" ♦"'^^ nuof iroai. Tn t-V... oK<..»,.r^,> ^c ^-.-.i the circumstances of the Province are such as to require that all available informa- I m'§ 54 THE IRON INDUSTRY. peat at the present mon ent in vl vluiVn . • ^''^^ f^'^^'^" ^«J«w as to the use of the hope tha^t some meS 2v b alSed h^e W ^"^^^^"^"J'-^' JT?^ ^"^'^^^^^-^ peat bogs may be made> to Jr\.a . '^^'^^P ^d here by means of which our extensive and Sweden. ' TL'dffftilVcXweer^h^^ ''-^T' ^^™^">^' ««"-" and Ontario, though considerable is not ,two^y« '"^ Germany and Sweden impossible to produce an artice of siniUar ullitv HpT'.'" ^'""^ ^' ''' "^^^^ ^' advance in price. In Swedpn fi«T i ^^ 7 -^ ** ^ comparatively small placed at $104 to SI SO nlf i-^ ''^ producing well-made turf for fuelT pal item of cost M^ZlhZ''""""^'''^ }'l ^''''' "^ ^^^^or, this being the princ ^ higher price of labort Ontario tW^^ ' n^'^""' ^''' ."^^^^ «1^^^^«« and fS the left for profitable prodSonkf Tr ^'^ ^P-^^**" ^"^ ^ «"" considerable margin Germany the Average rate of ~ "fl""^ ^'''^ T""^' ^^^"^ ^^'^^ of coSX the Garo^inenho't^moor slaTdT^^^^^^^ the Government peat works on markedly so, to wages paid for corresoond ,fc.i?,r' ^^^7''- ""^^^ "^^^^i*'^' ^ut not duced there is sold in ccmipetitirwTtr?he nirnff.V' ^"'f'"" J'^ '^^ ^^^^ pro- the coal pits of Germany iselfwhnf in On£^^^^^ ^"^^ ^*^««d from coal burdened with freight charges for a rirtt ft TT^'^'""'' ^^^^^ be with customs duty. Nationl hawfs and custom!' '^ ^"''^'''^' ?^ ''"'^«' ^^^ides the adherence to old established ways w 11 hSHfiS^ 'T-^ ^°^ something, but of the peat industry in Europe and wh.nf if /i 1!^^ r^^^V'' ^^'^ vigorous survival find it to their advantagTtoX'rn peaTfnstea'd ?/ ^ ^."''^' ^^'"'^"^ ^"^ Swede, for the people of Ontario to con" d^er wl etter or n^^h "' '""^' '' '' ^^''^^^^ while n^eglSr^eX^^^ ^'^ ^^^^^ --^"^ ^"-^^^^^^ a^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ on F^l:J^Tl^SV8'93,t^^^^^^^^^^ :5^ Quebec held at Montreal ^^i^g read one by Dr. R. W. E lis LL D « Te fV l'' '^Tr^""' ^^^'« P^P^^^ ducts, while Mr. Gibson's, it Jill rore^^v-e^Sstftera^ ^ZT^;^^' P^ THE PEAT INDUSTRY IN CANADA. ^..^. PT. Em., LL.n., oftke Geological Survey of Ca,u,da, Ottau-a ^^'^:^n^Xts^::^::i^ rr^^ ^i^ p-inces of time to time to turn them to profitable account ^i^^^"^P/« ^^ve been made from penod given f;,irly3atisfactory result S an havpow' ^V^'''*'^^^''^ ^^^ ^ brief ally been abandoned. At present however there Lp^lrf tn T"""' '''''''' S*-^^"- m the question of their udliaxtion, and it is to hTC M .i l^ ^"""^''"g ^"^erest mistakes and the experience of the pkmeers in th? tF ! ^^'^^ ^'^^^^"8 '^y the scheme than has yet been in operation nmvM^ \"*^"stry some more practical peat either for fu^l or other puCrin^^e ^1^^^^^^^^^^^ T^XT^^'^'^' FEATURES OF A PEAT INDUSTRY !vt a„ ^, .^ne.. umt», „„d placed ,„ the Markets of OriraiSlltutt^rf PUBLIC OPINION. 55 vable from the experi- . supply may be fortli- uel will be placed on enable it to compete blem which has oeer h below as to the use of tal Europe encourage f which our extensive of Germany, Holland ermany and Sweden great as to make it comparatively small lade turf for fuel is this being the princi- charges and for the considerable margin 'W that of coal. In nnent peat works on rate inferior, but not '. Yet the peat pro- of coal raised from ition would be with 3f miles, besides the for something, but he vigorous survival rermans and Swedes al, it is worth while mot replace some of •oduct of their own •ec held at Montreal Hussion, two papers Survey of Canada, reau, both of which 1 peat and its pio- s a fuel only. Ottawa. the Provinces of ^e been made from B have for a brief rious causes gradu- a growing interest b profiting by the )nie more practical ;he manufacture of basis. •Well defined less rate as regards cost than 100 heat units of coal, taking the coals of^Nova Scotia and the United States in ordinary use as the standard, then it should be apparent that our peat deposits are worthy of attention as an important factor among the manufacturing or power producing agents of the day. To do this however we must first of all consider several very important features of the industry, such as the extent of our peat deposits, the calorific {)ower of well pre- pnred peat fuel, the convenience of handling and the advantages it possesses, if any, over the fuel at present at our disposal, and in addition to this, and this is an Especially important item, the cost of its manufacture. In the utilization of our peat bogs we must bear in mind the fact that other phases of the question possess an equal if not even a greater j (resent economic value than that of fuel supply. For instance the question of the application of •jpeat to sanitary purposes for the reception and economic disposition of the sewage ©f our large cities is now being largely considered, and it has been ascertained that in this respect no ubstance yet known possesses presumably greater or more 'Valuable properti ohan the produce of our peat bogs, so long regarded as Ipractically valueless. Further, a comparatively new industry has come into fcrominence in connection with these deposits, which in Holland and elsewhere ^pas already reached a very extensive development, and which should also permit handsome returns on capital in this country, viz., the manufacture of moss Jitter. This material from its great absorbent properties has been found to surpass all other substances in the utilization of stable waste, and for promoting the comfort ^nd cleanliness and as a consequence the health of all animals there kept. So ,^reat is the importance of this industry, as yet comparatively unknown in Canada, -that the peat bogs of Holland are now supplying the markets of London and New aYork with this prepared moss litter, with a demand apparently unlimited and at a )rice quoted in the London market of 21 to 26 shillings per ton according to "Quality, which should furnish highly remunerative results. t While the peat deposits of Quebec and Ontario are known to be very extensive, the greater part of these have hitherto remained untried. Among the •^ best known may be mentioned for the latter Province the vicinity of the Caledonia ■ that in developing CanaLn nunest sttVtf^Mlxl^^^^^^^ '^ "^"^"^ '"^ «P-^* —3^ referrertSrttlt:.atreKr:ubS^^^ '"^^ ^'^ "'^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ "^ -"--Is this paper. A iew doubtful ones havl an inf™ '?""""^^- '" ''^^ i>repHration of few others are rather synonyrrtnan din?., .^r-^^^^^ ^^^*^^" t^^'"' ^^^l a m preparing the list have wTchieX he 'e^ authorities referred to Hoffman's list, and Prof. Sln^'/uJ 1^ '^'"'"^ ^"'""^ ^^P"^<^«' ««P««i«"y Dr. '.''% he original lake bottom, f tamarac in a stunted lx>th of their stems and js. In bogs of a good .) the green living and nains of the plants are Jlent peat for certain which traces of organic brown color, and when / quality. ture of the underlying ly free from liuie, such sedgy peats are more ost thoroughly formed id the last stage, the mparatively dense and ay, and can be readily ird, having on cut or played in the collec- lude peat and lignite. If large seams of it ti for that part of the «ts widespread beds mfined chiefly to the lent. in the excellent col- •0 minerals referred le collection. Many are of any economic d fully the mineral by calling the atten- niilding in Toronto ■ntory as ours. To 16 Ontario minerals same museum for the public so that ing to spend money* ipecies of minerals the preparation of after then), and a lorities referred to orts, especially Dr. PUBLIC OPINION. THE POLITICAL HOUSE-CLEANING SEASON. y. MRS. PATRON : I think you'd better set ready to set out, sir. This House-cieanlns tias been put off too Ions as it is. S f hi I! im ; Si S8 THE IRON INDUSTUV LIST OF MINERALS FOUND I N ONTARIO/ Actinolite. Agate, Michipicoten, Thunder Bay. Allauite, Hollow lake, S. Muskoka river. Almaiidite. Amazon stone, Sebastopol. Amethyst, lake Supericn-. Amphibole = Hornblende. Analcite, north shore lake Superior Annnikite, Silver Islet. Anthraxolite, lake Superior Apatite. Apophyllite. Argentite. Aragonite, lake Superior. Avsenopyrite, Marmora. Asbestos (also mountain cork and ka- ther) a variety of hornblende, Jaeaver mine, etc. AsphaJtum, LambtonCo. Augite. Aventurine, Axinite, boulder, Prescott Co. Azurite, Batchawana bay and Prince's mine. Barite, McKellar island. Beryl, Rainy lake. Biotite. Bismuth, native, Hastings Co. etc Bismuthinite. Bismutite. Blueite. Bog iron ore. Bomite, lake Huron. Bournonite, Marmora and Darling Cacoxenite, near Brockville. Calcite, Lanark, etc. Cassiterite, Vermilion mine. Celestite, Kingston, Credit Valley. Chalcedony, lake Superior. Chalcopyrite, Chert. Chlorite. Chondrodite, Leeds Co. ChrysocoUa, lake Superior. Chrysolite. Copper, native, Mamainse. Coracite, Mamainse (pitchblende partly altered to gummite). Corundum, light blue and rose red, Burgess. Cuprite Cyanite. Datolite, Lacy mine, Loughboro . Diallage. Diopside. • Dog-tooth 8j)ar. Dolomite, Niagara. Domeykite, Michipicoten island. Eleolite, drift. Epidote, Mamainse. Epsomite, Marmora. Erythrite, Prince's mine, lake Superior. Essonite ( Fluorite, lake Superior. Folgerite. Galena. Garnet. Genthite, Michipicoten. Gold, native. Graphite. Gypsum. Halite. Hematite. Hornblende. Humboldtine, Kettle Point on black shales. Huntilite ? Huronite (altered anorthite) near Sud- bury. Hypersthene. Iceland spar, St. Ignace Island, lake Superior. Ilmenite ? Ilvate i Ottawa. Iron ocher. Grey Co., Simcoe Co., etc. Isante, part of black magnetic sands. Jasper, Kalinite, near Kaministiquia. Koalinite. Labradorite, lake Huron. Laumontite, north shore of lake Su- perior. Lead, native, Kaministiquia. Lepidomelane, Marmora. Lignite. Limonite. Macfarlanite ? Silver Islet. Magnetite. Malachite. Malacolite or Diopside. Marcasite. Martite, Bass lake. Melanite, Melanterite, lake Superior and Hast- ings. Sc -& TARIO. le, Loughboro . icoten island. I. mine, lake Superior. nor. jten. e Point on black orthite) near Sud- ;nace Island, lake X" PUBLIC OPINION. 59 Ineghinite, Marble lake, Frontenac. ^eoric iron, Madoc. jroclin. Illerite ? )lybdenite, Ross. )lybdite, Ross. M'enosite, Wallace mine, lake Huron, iscovite. ccolite, Michipicoten and Sudbury, iguclase, Lanark. thocla.se. Irgasite, Renfrew Co. irl spur = Dolomite, in cavities andStilbite ? Selonite. Serpentine. Siderite, lake Superior. Silver, native. Smaltite, McKim. Soapstone. Sodalite. Sperrylite. Sphalerite. Spinel. Spodumene, boulder near Perth. Stibnite, Marmora, etc. geodes, Niagara formation. ^ctolite, Thunder bay. ►risterite or albite, Bathurst. Srthite, North Burgess. stalite, Toronto (boulder). Btroleum. ilogopite. ^tchstone, Michipicoten. :)lydymite, Sudbury. rehnite, lake Superior. ^rallolite, Ramsay and Rawdon. »^rite. ^rolusite. /^roxene. (^rrhotite. luaitz. iphilite. thodochrosite. lutile, Madoc. \hlite? 3apolite. Sulphur, native, Clinton. Sylvanite, lake Superior. Talc. Tetrahedrite ? Thompsonite (zeolite. Chap.) Mamainse. Titanite. Tourmaline. Tremolite. Uraconite, Madoc and Snowdon on iron ores. Vesuvianite. Wernerite = Scapolite . VVhartonite. Wilsonite. Witherite, Twin Cities mine, lake Su- perior. Wolframite, gneiss boulder, lake Couchi- ching. WoUastonite, North Burgess, etc. Zircon. Zonochlorite, Nipigon Bay. , Simcoe Co., etc. magnetic sands. listiquia. ron. hore of lake Su- stiquia. ora. Islet. )erior and Hast- THE IRON INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. Reading has a population of 06,000, It is situated on the Schuylkill river, oflf U the chief lines of traffic in the state ; yet it is a hive of industry, and for more lan thirty years blast furnaces have been producing pig iron in the town and the juntry tributary to it. In a paper read at the meeting of the Institute by the president of the Board of Trade the following statistics were given of the value of ron manufactures in the city for the year ending September 29, 1892 ; Stoves ^659,00a Boilers and flues 323,000 Hardware, locks and butts 1,650,000 • Pig iron, wrought iron, pipe and machinery 8,400,000 Iron beams, bridge work and steel . . 4,000, (X)0 Bolts, nuts, rivets, etc % 1,000,000 Total ■ $16,032,00a 1^1 60 THE IRON INDUSTRY. These industries givo employment to 6,850 people ; Vjut they do not embracei all the manufactures of Reading. Other lines of goods produced during the SHmel year, with their values, are shown in the following table : Hosiery $550,000 Bi>ot8 and shoes 150, (X)0 Silk and cottim goods 1,725,000 Rope and cordage 600,000 Fire-brick, terra cotta and glass 320,000 Wool and fur hats 3,(KM),000 (Cigars 3,150,000 Total 89,495,000 More than half of the whole population of the city, I was informed, is fcu( portv^d by its manufactures. ) South of Reading about twenty miles, on the line of the Reading Railway.' and 4also upon the Schuylkill river, is the town of Pottstown. Tt has a po[)ulatioji of 15,000, and it is said that almost every workingnum in the place is employed ejiher in making or manufacturing iron. There are blast furnaces, bridge works, biuler works, stove works, mill iron works, cut nail works, pipe iron works and steel l-ail and plate works. The last named establishment was started about t'lirty ytars ago in the interest of the Reading Railway Company, and after changing hands two or three times it is now controlled by three men organized as the Pottsf:)wn Iron Co., with a capital of $1,000,000. The plant consi.sts of a blast furnace^ wliich smelts Lake Champlain and other ores high in phosphorus and silicon, producing 800 tons of pig iron weekly ; three basic Bessemer converters, the largest oF^heir class in the United States ; a mill for niaking tire-brick to line the converters; rolling millR /or rolling boiler and other plule ; nail mills, etc. Two thou.sand. men are employed by this company alone, whose yearly earnings foot up $1,()'J0,(MH0, or one seventh as much as all the wages paid by all the iron industries of Ontario in 1880, and thi.s in one town of 15,000 inhabitants. There are several other active manuficturing towns in the Schuylkill valley, above and below Reading, one of which is Birdstown, made famous recently by the construction in one of its inm-working establishments of the wire gun — which members of the Institute had the privilege of seeing in a partly finis Jied state. Less than fiiiy miles eastward of the Schuylkill is the Lehigh river, a tributary of the Delaware. From the gap at Mauch Chunk, where the Lehigh breaks through the Blue mountains, down to its mouth, this river is ahnost one continu- ous line of blast furnaces and iron works. Chief among these are the works of tbo Bethleheni Iron Company, with eight blast furnaces for smelting iron ore (Cuba red hematite, Elba specular and New Jersey magnetic— one latter treated by the Edison magnetic separators), a steel plant with four Bessemer and four Siemens open-hearth furnaces whose aggregate steel-making capacity is 915 Utns per clayi steel rail mill, and forging and machine shops for the manufacture of guns an( nickel steel armor plate for the United States navy. These works give employ ment to over 4,000 men, and the ground occupied by them extends a mile and i quarter along the Lehigh river by a tjuarter of a mile in width. But the great centre of the iron industry of Pennsylvania as well as of th# United States is in the western part of the state, in >llugheny county, whereOT Pittsburgh is tae chief town. i 1874 there were eleven blast furnaces in thfc country which produced in that year 143, 6G0 net tons of pig iron, an average p^' furnace of 13,000 tons ; in 1891 the number had increased to twenty-six and thi production to 1,635,531 tons, an average per furnace of 03,289 tons. In 1874 ther were also forty-two mills and steel works in the county whose total make of) crucible, Bessemer and other steels was 23,91f net tons, an average of 570 tons ;| in 1891 the number of mills and works had g own to sixty-three and the produc-, tion to 1,542,921 tons, an average of 24,49P to is. PUBLIC OPINION. 61 ;hoy do not enibracel ;ed during the 8Htne| §550,000 150,000 » 1,725,(X)0 HOO.OOO 320,000 . 3,(KM),000 3,150,000 . 89,495,000 IS informed, is Uup- jading Railway.' and has a |)o[)ulatioji of e is employed e iridge works, b works and steel about flirty yliars fter changing hands [1 as the Pottstpowii blast furnace^ wliich (1 silicon, producing the largest oF^heir ino the converterH ; Two thousan4 men .tup$l,()'30.(li|0, or itries of Ontario in ! Schuylkill valley, famous recently by le wire gun — which ■ finis Jied state. fh river, a tributary the Lehigh breaks ilmost one continu- ,re the works of the ting iron ore (Cuba tter treated by the r and four Siemens 915 t(tnH per day "acture of guns am ivorks give employ :euds a mile and ia as well as of th ly county, where(ff ist furnaces in th [•on, an average p iwenty-six and the >ns. In 1874 therd iose total make of| erage of 570 tons ee and the produc I Further and more imposing evidence of the value of the iron industries of this great centre is found in the assessment rolls of the city of Pittsburgh. For the purpofcu of levying a business tax, every person or firm engaged in mercantde pursuits in the city is" obliged to make each year a swom return of the gross amount of business done, and the Imsiness tax is levied thereon. The following list shows the amount of such business in iron and steel for the year ending 31st March, 1893 : Atwood & MeCatt'rey, foundry, A. M. Byers ctCo., iron, U. Baird, Machinery Co., machinery, H. L. Childs &Co., mill supplies, Crescent Steel Co., steel, The Harmes Machine Department, machinery, The SlM)ok Anderson Machine Co., Sijiger, Nimick & Co., iron, S. Severance, spikes. Smoky City Boiler Works, boilers. The Birmingham Iron and Steel Co., iron and steel, Charles A. Turner, mill supplies, W. G. Price & Co., plumbe s, Pittsburgh Supply Co., oil well supplies, Riter& Conley, boilers, etc., Joseph Woodwell & Co., hardware, Neal Bros., iron and steel, Oil Well Supply Co., McGinnis, Smith & Co., heating apparatus, Apollo Iron and Steel Co., iron and steel, Bovaird, Seyfang & Co., oil well supplies, Pennsylvania Tube Works, iron Robinson Rea Machine Co., machinery. The Kelley & Jones Co., steam fitters, Bradley iV: Co., stoves, Clinton Iron & Steel Co., iron and steel, Frick & Lindsay Co., mill supplies. National Tube Works, iron, A. Garrison, Foundry Co. , foundry, Jones & Lfiughlins, iron and steel, Woltf, Lane & Co., hardware, Bindley Hardware Co., hardware, Demmier Bros., hardware, Carnegie Steel Co., (Ltd.), Benny Bros., machinery, Babcock & Wilcox, boilers, Dilworth, Porter & Co., railway supplies, Lyle & McCance, hardware. Steel and Iron Implement Co., H. K. Porter tfeCo., locomotives, Standard Mnfg Co., plumbers' supplies, W. A. Giles, engines, Nease, McLain & McGinnis, hardwaie, Brown & Co., steel, McWhinney & Co., hardware, H. Lloyd's Sons & Co., iron, Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., foifnders, t Joseph C. Lindsay & Co., hftrdvv.are, Logan, Gregg & Co. , hardware, James Rces & Son, engines. $308,489 875,832 130,000 215,000 420,000 100,000 120,000 J,0():i,339 179,000 100,(.M)0 1(X),(XK> 125,000 226,000 625,000 1,016,871 208,701 100,000 300,000 100,000 100,000- 100,000 1,982,040 600,000 2o0,000 100,000' 650,000 100,000 200,000 515,765 5.500,000 278,486 600,000- 335,000' 9,582,328 150,000 200,000 1,500,000. 127,000- 100,000 437,620- 219,059 100,000 120,000- 800,000- 200,000 411,912: 890,870 315,000 600,000 161,04a I 62 THE IHON INDU'*TRV. m./ Mi ifl Bi8»ell & Co., stoves, Singor Sewing MuchinoCo., StHiiflarcl Hewing Machine Co., I. N. Scott i^' Co., H^ricultunil implements, Scohle tt Parker, Hgricultural iuiplements, A. Speer & Sons, plows, Johji Hall jr. it Co.. agricultural implements, Consoliilated Steel ''o., wire. Standard Tndei (roii'id Cable Co, Zug ifc Co., iron, Sohoenhergor it Co., iion, Howe, Brown A Co., steel, 8. .larvis Adams ifeCo., foundry, Jarocki Manufacturing Co., pipe, Hainsworth Steel Co., Cold Rolled Steel Co., steel, Hubbard tt Co., shovels. Hydraulic Machine Co., machines, Carbon Steel Co., steel, Wm. Clark's Sons & Co., iron. Iron City Tool Works, tools, McCullough, Dalzell it Co., crucibles, Pittsburg Malleable Iron Co., iron, Pittsburg Bi'dge Works, iron bridges, Keystone Rolling Mill Co., iron and steel, Linden Steel Co, steel, Moorhead, McLean Co., iron and steel, A. French, Spring Co., springs, Westinghouse Machine Co., machinists, McConway, TorU y & Co., iron, Schiffler Bridge Co. , bridges, Seaman, Sleeth & Black, rolls, Marshall Foundry Co., founders, R. Munroe & Son, boilers, L. M. Morris, foundry. Park Bro. & Co., stool, Pittsburg Steel Oasting Co., steel, Scaife Foundry and Machine Co., foundry, Totten, Hogg A Co., foundry, Oliver tt Roberts Wire Co., wire, Oliver Iron and Steel Co., iron and steel, Koehler tt Strong, scrap, Morris tt Bailey, steel, Phillips, Nimi-ik tt Co., iron, M. Lanz tt Son, nuts, bolts and bricks, Lewis P'oundry and Machine Co., The Klein Logan Co., tools, C. J. Reiling, iron railings, Marland, NeelyttCo., nuts and bolts, Phillips Mining Supply Co., Republic Iron Works, Union Foundry and Mf,chine Co., Making a total of $59,] 15,709. ^17<>,00<) 100,2(10 172,000 200,(X)0 206,100 184,^28 1;).),0<)0 100,000 021,901 705,700 2,(ii:i,ooo 100,000 180,0(K) 125,000 1,000,(K)0 250,000 161,714 100,000 400,000 1,0(K),000 158,186 200,000 154,809 271,(i(iO 848,550 098,810 914,507 l,180,(if)0 450,000 1,477,000 500,000 435,000 521,593 260,000 210,0<)8 2,048,540 204,072 114,738 158,300 1,800,000 2,000,000 165.000 138,000 708,975 125,000 271,(577 100,000 100,000 108,098 100,000 600,000 150,000 PUHLIC OPINION. 63 $17<>,00() 100,2()() 172,()(MJ 200,000 206, 100 184,^28 1;>«),000 100,000 (521,901 71)5,700 2,()i:i,0(X) 100,000 180,0(K) 125,000 1,000,000 250,000 151,714 1 14 8 39 41 27 21 34 1 12 3 36 2 29 18 10 23 37 28 5 40 15 Populat'n. 1870. ^ a op ft o i Populat'n. 964,201 435,460 379,994 34,277 460,147 4,837 112,216 75,080 140,424 1,057,286 1,711,951 1,350.428 674,913 107,206 1,155,684 708,002 628,270 687,049 1,231,066 749,113 172,023 791,305 1,182,012 28,841 6,857 336,073 672.035 93,516 3,880,735 992,622 2,339,511 52,465 2,906,215 174,620 703,708 1,109,801 604,215 40,273 315,098 1,596,318 11,594 775,881 31,443,321 16 46 26 24 41 25 45 35 34 33 12 44 4 6 11 29 8 21 23 20 7 13 28 18 5 43 36 4C 31 17 37 1 14 3 38 2 32 22 9 19 39 30 10 42 27 15 47 1880. M6,992 9,658 484,471 560,247 39,8(>4 537,454 14,181 125,015 131,700 187,748 1,184,109 14.999 2,539,891 1,680,*)37 1,194,020 364,399 1,321,011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,069 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 20,595 122,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 91,874 4,382,759 1.071,361 2.665,260 90,923 3,521,951 217,353 705,606 1,258,520 818,579 86,786 330,551 1,225,1(53 23,955 442,014 1,054,670 9,118 Populat'n. 38,558,371 17 44 25 24 35 28 40 38 36 34 13 46 4 6 10 20 8 22 27 23 7 9 26 18 5 45 30 43 31 19 41 1 15 3 37 2 33 21 12 11 39 32 14 42 29 16 47 1890. aP ft o 0. ^ 1,262,505 40,440 802,525 864,694 194.327 622,700 135,177 146,608 177,624 269.493 1,542,180 32,610 3,077,871 1,978,301 1,624,615 996,096 1,648,690 939,946 648,936 934,943 1,783,085 1,636,937 780,773 1,131,597 2,168,380 39,159 4.-2,402 62,266 346,991 1,131,116 119,565 5,082,871 1,399,750 3,198,062 174,768 4,282.891 276,531 995,577 1,51'>,359 1,591,749 143,9<53 332.286 1.512,565 75,116 618,457 1,315.497 20,789 50155,783 17 48 24 22 31 29 (41 "(37 42 39 32 12 45 3 8 10 19 11 25 30 27 6 9 20 21 5 44 26 49 33 18 43 1 16 4 46 38 o 35 23 13 7 40 36 15 34 28 14 47 Populat'n. 1,513,017 59,620 1,128,179 1,208,130 412.198 74b, 258 al82,719 b328,808 168,493 230,392 391,422 1,837,353 84,385 3,826,351 4192,404 1,911,896 1,427,096 1,858,635 1,118,587 661,086 1,042,390 2,238,943 2,093,889 1,301,826 1,289,600 2,679,184 132,159 1,058,910 45.761 276,530 1,444,533 153,693 5,997,853 1,617,947 3,672,316 C61.834 313,767 5,258,014 345,506 1,151,149 1,767,518 2,235,523 207,905 332,422 1,655,980 349,390' 762.794 1,686,880 60,706 62,622,250- The total number ofilndians, exclusive of Alaska, in the United States on June 1, 1890, was 248,155, divided as follows : ^ , go oio Reservation Indians and other Indians not taxed ta'soR Taxed Indians counted in the general cenaus _____ Total. 248,156- a North Dakota. c In'cluding5!3^' persons ir Greer County (in Indian Territory^ claimed by Texas. d Includes 5,318 person on public ships in the service of the United fetates not credited to anj e includes Mob" persons on public ships in the service of the United btates not credited to- any State or Territory. €G H M It, H % C o H !z; ■«3 00 to c as p: H Eh SB C C 0^ (M H a (—1 111 i'i Q < C O ^ — I w o < S >' < Pi o ^ PE4 o tz; O O O! c c o s s p c S « X S I 31-1 a « s s s s £ S5 00 §8 6 WW. I" S3 PUBLIC OPINION. •1-1 i^iMOS 00 (M CC M >2 'C 21 1, 1.5 w '-< *3 30 » o e-i 1-- ccest- — CO 1— < CO Cs eo' 'c?SS?S??S8 .-I O 00 C5 I- 00 CO S? 1^' ?S 155 •* I IN i- CO — I ^ !0 © ■>> 'Q -« ■>! ?:1 ?1 91 "5 'C :£ 'M,c;_e'i Jo '.M — '-il ='«'{m""5'co' IM M ""S" 'O i~ o C5 !C 'ra C" (M WM'Ma(>lc^ COC3I-00»5C ; C1 11 iO t™" O ^ ' (M «0 W JO tC 50 00 1-1 £1 -H fri a 35 Ss ■* C5 Td c; o I— ao "-"WlM CO "In 00 »* ^ o oc t— »-l 1-1 CO "? «- X JO coirai>5a'ic: ''?•* - ^ sis? IN ifm 'O W ^ »^ OS S-l OJ -* l^ I- 05 i~ to e<" -f t- 1^ OS ■"i' ■a COt^OSt-M SJoSoboo M 1— — *J IN-H CO I'I on Q d c t^ CO C15 Oi 50 S 1^ '1< Oii S5 S I 00 IN •«* S 1 £ I '*' ill 1(5 I oJ =° Is cc' (N •H I >Q CO ' ■* OS u s I -Hco 1-1 a i-iC5!MiCCr;©^^-*1i 1^ "S=5:£5t-ES*Js !i- ■»i; C5 'f5 CO ?i 5: _ »r 5j i co '(i M co'?s CO i' --i si of I o c r 0— c o eogcNg-H^jgo ,53 in »j i^ 00 eo c '2 ri 1 © ■^a -HrHcoi-co iSs •»*i"noiN ^ 11 1^ -151 fo^ 06 OS 1-1 -Hoeo CCOS Tn'bf-T ^ I OS S i § 1-H i^v; i^ ,-N OOfflt-^CO !N CO OS CO M*l — 4^ (NO i-^COl~^ NO.— rt 1-- IN S;rot~os eo!Ot~eo n OS ©0C'(5CO Nee — odt^COQ 1-1— '1-1 OS 1-1 p; to CO •^1— CO^- ^>--roi— 1 tH^«i5ieo_^ ilOS 'A 5 * X 5-1 -^ 5— lOOtOr- 1-^ in UJIN te'io'- §s s OS IN- 00 2S lis t-of5 «00i-c 00 OS CO a 00»S — MCSH , ■* '(it- 00 I- 00 o JOCO I •* i*es(N — H 10 lO CO eeeijrt Jo so w't-T ' o 1(5 o-w t ^ I ® IMC looc IN *J»100'«t-2J-C«O Q N ^- iC OS Q ^n I lis 94 1—1 CO 1-1 •^ SL' ffs "* '5 5S '^ Ss .^ w OS CO o5 S» S so i-TF^odi-^t—i—'^etf (! M « SI I- ■ „• ?i-i-hOM 5 c-> t^ ?i -H - — ifl IM O 1—1 I t— 'A ^. S IS ill lO i8 :i soo ;g5 s S5 1— t in IS s « 00 1-C 00 •(it- 00 I- 00 o >oeg 1 -^ f-H to i75 ro MW'l-T ' o >(5Qi«l ' t •5 I p IMS looc ri-^iCi-TiI'ttf 00 OO'lt- 00' iKiOintcoo , .-1 '5o*g5SS ? M S 1— Of-. I 00 c-5.- ••-< C « ■ in o I a o ** '^' 03 Q ^ a & 1 2 • o W ?J 03 C<1 W h fe -11 ^ H 7? X ■iz; H o 0^ S53^- THE IRON INDUSTRY. K'«»»'g3'*'S? 1^ 3g gg 38 ig I "5 93 I o8«oif5oSe5(>i,oo '. S ?1 Oi 'O ?* S !0 ■» 1 iM 'f5 Ci ;s M 2 00 'M 1-1 ir5 c »« 1 1 ec 00 -f 1-- CO e-i 2J I •^ CO 00 OO IM I- ffl S'l [ s-1 S'*^ S^S IS — in -^ SS «0 •-> O i M CSi-i»*& t-t-^ 1 S — Si'O to p I 3 C5 ^ c<5 00 'o t- in I ej so -1" 1— 5^ OTtt -«< 5 S-l M iO !>l gj i>> !0 '5 M »* — !0 C- CO I- O -* H X -m O W -- 1- 1— I Ol 30 N t— -«''Qoe4'o5'(5eo © ©C<3>S 00 t- -H »n©t— o»-«cooo i-^H o5 to — • ift qcvOTOO_C>'S I i-*^ cs'-^oc-Hi-^rfcT I ttf 'fj-*-* t- M to N -H i-( W © ¥ r5 00 wn ti © 1^ © 'M 3 C-l ■«J! « © © 0^ 'n »c © to oi ■"T frcsM-Tcc'i-fto © m'O'ftoctoeo I to M © 'M fi — ^iS O , 1< ©oo'© ©■*© CO tew* ?i •* I -J 1-^ I— < 1— I 1 »n oc©P- •■"j'Se'i I 03 ©«i . tO-^'O 1 'O ec © 00 . © «■! © — 1-1 . 1-1 1-1 ! o IN to I- -^ -- © 'M 1 sJ 'nM©_^i-©^tot- i-<, l-Mi-T 00 M"* 00 00 Ml* t- '- I S 1(5 © -* t- to - ■< © I ec s ci : k^ cc 03 ^ o a t- C X u I I 30 I I Is I- « © 00 IN od a IS' © 1 1- Si to I (M 15 3 00 ,© ;;a g 1^ 00 1 1- I ■^ ,to IM :2 12 |2S . IS I in is 1— I IN ■=3 !« I'n . .H I in I "^ : I 15. 5.1 Soo 1^: 1 m 00© to' I 12 IS CO I "S 1- IS I 1^' r\% I \^ rttO eo'in r: iss ijS -h' ! ©' -iT 1'" l-S. 1 I'- I ! ■ I I o H <5 O . c :2 ■■ : sc . c .^ •2 =? ee s I 67 68 THE IRON INDUSTRY. ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICES OF DOMESTIC PIG IRON, ROLLED BAR I^ON, IRON AND STEEL RAILS, PER TON of 2,240 pounds, and of CUT NAILS PER KEG OF 100 POUNDS, FOR EACH YeAR FROM 1850 TO 1893, INCLUSIVE. [Furnished by the American Iron and Steel Association.] Calendar Year. Pig Iron, a ^^{w^'^h' Iron Ralls, c Steel Rails, d Cut Nails. 1850 $20 88 1851 2138 1852 22 03 1853 30 12 1854 30 88 1855 27 75 1856 27 12 1857 26 38 1858 22 25 1859 23 38 I860 22 75 1861 20 25 1862 2388 1803 35 25 1864 59 25 1865 46 12 1866 46 83 1867 44 12 1868 39 25 1809 4063 1870 3325 1871 35 12 1872 48 88 1873 42 75 1874 30 25 1875 25 50 1876 22 25 1877 1888 1878 17 63 1879 21 50 1880 28 50 1881 25 12 1882 25 75 1883 22 38 1884 19 88 1885 18 00 1886 18 71 1887 20 92 1888 18 88 1889 18 75 1890 18 40 1891 17 52 1892 15 75 1893 14 52 rolled, b $ 59 54 $47 88 $3 71 54 66 45 63 . 3 28 58 79 48 38 83 50 77 25 91 33 80 13 74 58 62 88 73 75 64 38 71 04 64 25 62 29 50 00 60 00 49 38 58 75 48 00 60 83 42 38 70 42 41 75 91 04 76 88 146 46 126 00 106 38 98 63 98 13 80 75 87 08 83 13 85 63 78 88 81 66 77 25 78 96 72 25 78 54 70 38 97 63 85 13 86 43 76 67 67 95 58 75 60 85 47 75 52 08 41 25 45 55 35 25 44 24 33 75 51 85 41 25 60 38 49 25 58 05 47 13 61 41 45 50 50 30 / 37 44 05 / ,... 30 75 40 32 / 28 50 43 12 / ,.... 34 50 49 37 / 37 08 44 99 / 29 83 43 40 / 29 25 45 92 / 31 75 42 56 / 29 92 41 89 / 30 00 38 08 c a -D Sag b o ^ a 02 $166 00 158 50 132 25 106 75 102 50 112 00 120 50 94 25 68 75 59 25 45 50 42 25 48 25 67 61 48 50 13 50 75 III / .. 28 12 a No. 1 anthracite foundry pig iron at Philadelphia. 6 Best refined rolled bar iron at Philadelphia. c Standard section of iron rails at mills in eastern Pennsylvania d At works in Pennsylvania. 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 5 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 13 85 76 10 92 72 53 86 13 75 47 la 85 08 97 92 18 87 40 52 46 90 99 42 98 57 31 69 68 3 09 3 47 3 06 2 2 2 2 2 39 3a 27 30 03 2 00 2 1 1 00 86 83 I! ROLLED BAR ) POUNDS, AND OF OM 1850 TO 1893, Ralls, d Cut Nails, e $3 71 3 28 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 5 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 13 85 76 10 92 72 53 86 13 75 47 la 85 08 97 92 18 87 40 52 46 90 99 3 42 2 98 2 57 2 31 2 69 3 «8 3 09 3 47 3 06 39 ;33 27 30 03 2 2 2 2 2 2 00 2 1 1 00 86 83 Y<" W^^^^^^^ ^m But Ontario will press the button on June 26. 70 THE IRON INDUSTRY. M ■ i^l i' « e Wholesale sfore prices in Eastern markets from 1840 to 1849, inclusive ; since 1849 the quotations are wholesale store prices at Philadelphia. / Since the l)eginning of 1883 the manufacture of iron rails in the United States has been almost entirely superseded by the manufacture of steel rails. g Eiiily in 1893 a new classification for cut nails was adopted, the base price and schedule of extras being changed to correspond with the wire nail schedule. We have therefore thought it advisable to omit cut-nail prices for 1893 entirely from the above table, as prices since that date, if compared with those ruling when the old classification was in operation, would be misleading. Both cut and wire nail prices have declined in 1892 and 1893 in sympathy with other iron and steel prices. OF UK-'TED STATES. POPULATION OF CHIEF CITIB Population, Rank. Cities. 189(). 1 New York 1,513,501 2 Chicago 1,098,576 3 Philadelphia 1,044,894 4 Brooklyn 806,343 6 St. Louis 460,245 6 Boston 446.507 7 Baltimore 434,151 8 San Francisco 297,990 9 Cincinnati 296,309 10 Cleveland 261,546 11 Buffalo 254,457 12 New Orleans 241,995 13 Pittsburg 238,473 14 Washington 229,796 15 Detroit 205,669 16 Milwaukee 203,979 17 Newark 181,518 18 Minneapolis 164,738 19 Jersey City 163,987 20 Louisville 161,005 21 Omaha 139,526 22 Rochester . 138,327 23 St. Paul 133,156 24 Kansas City 132,416 25 Providence 132,043 26 Indianapolis 107,445 27 Denver 106,670 28 Allegheny 104,967 29 Albany 94,640 30 Columbus 90,398 31 Syracuse 88,387 32 Worcester 84,536 33 Scranton 83,450 34 Toledo 82,652 35 New TTaven 81,461 36 Richniund 80,838 37 Paterson ' 78,358 38 Lowell 77,605 39 Nashville 76,309 40 Fall River 74,351 Population, 1880. 1 1,206,209 4 503,185 2 847,170 3 666,663 6 350,518 5 362,839 7 332,313 9 233,959 8 255,139 11 160,146 13 155, 1134 10 216,090 12 156,389 14 147,293 18 116,340 19 115,587 15 136,508 38 46,887 17 120,722 16 123,758 63 30,518 22 89,366 45 41,473 30 65,785 20 104,857 24 76,056 49 35,629 23 78,682 2i 90,768 33 51,647 32 51,792 28 58,291 39 45,850 36 50,137 26 62,882 25 63,600 34 51,031 27 59.476 40 43,360 37 48,961 849, inclusive ; since in the United States 1 rails. ed, the base price ivire nail schedule, r 1893 entirely from e ruling when the cut and wire nail con and steel prices. STATES. Population. 1880. 1,206,209 503,185 847,170 56(>,663 350,518 362,839 332,313 233,959 255,139 160,146 155,134 216,090 166,389 147,293 116,340 115,587 136,508 46,887 120,722 123,758 30,518 89,366 41,473 55,785 104,857 75,056 35,629 78,682 90,758 51,647 51,792 58,291 46,850 60,137 62,882 63,600 51,031 69.476 43,360 48,961 . PUBLIC OPINION. POPUTiATION OF ClTIKB-iCtmtintied.) Population, Population, Rank. Cities. imi. Rank. 1880. 41 Cambridge 69,837 31 62,669 42 Atlanta 66,614 48 37,409 43 Memphis 64,586 64 33,592 44 Grand Rapids 04,147 58 •^2,016 46 Wilmington 61,437 42 42,478 46 Troy 6(),f)06 29 66,747 47 Reading 58,926 41 41^,278 48 Dayton 58,868 47 ,38,678 49 Trenton 58,488 64 29,910 60 Camden Totals 58.274 44 41,669 11,286,500 7,760,715 71 PENSIONS AND PENSIONERS FOR FISCAL YEAR, 1892. Amount. $400,729 44 2,22() 80 65,268 07 l,470,9<»;i 77 2,204,934 69 66r),697 98 1,238,256 83 433,252 (59 1,632,861 88 319,021 32 274,117 65 113,628 60 9,343,996 80 10,435,629 43 244,<)21 89 6,310,988 96 6,986,691 03 4,466,812 11 494,120 08 3,272,112 77 2,164,775 66 6,319,957 66 7,471,548 90 2,155,096 80 363,432 37 7,780,616 86 143,259 83 2,486,030 03 36,409 30 1,297,415 40 2,937,666 31 149,340 88 11,762,390 64 496,187 91 193,686 79 16,113,541 34 United States, No. Albania 2,775 Alaska Territory 16 Arizona Territory 412 Arkansas 8.835 California 11,292 Colorado 4,902 Connecticut 10,956 Delaware 2,527 District of Columbia 8,581 Florida 1,947 Georgia 1,868 Idaho 789 Illinois 63,230 Indiana 66,120 Indian Territory 1,590 Iowa 36,()42 Kansas 42,402 Kentucky 27,708 Louisiana 3.099 Maine 18,256 Maryland 12,212 Massachusetts 34,787 Michigan 42,268 Minnesota 14,623 Mississippi 2,769 Missouri 47,345 Montana 977 Nebi-aska 16,746 Nevada 215 New Hampshire 8,994 New Jersey 18,779 New Mexico Territory > 918 New York 77,920 North Carolina • 3.461 North Dakota 1,366 Ohio 93,386 72 THE IRON INDUSTRY. { -1 ' fi PENSIONS AND PENSIONERS- -(Continued.) United States. No. Amount. Oklahoma Territory 2,984 $468,891 63 Oregon 3,452 425,033 97 Pennsylvania 85,370 12,506,167 92 Khode Island 3,690 437,880 18 South Carolina 1,209 171,126 27 South Dakota 4,756 711,343 03 Tennessee 17,031 2,434,508 73 Texas 6,388 905,230 94 Utah Territory 692 89,737 84 Vermont 9,662 1,406,633 79 Virginia 6,078 1,047,952 16 Washington 4,238 524,137 32 West Virginia 12,290 2,158,703 12 Wisconsin 26,382 3,977,258 oO Wyoming 506 83,643 14 Total 872,621 $139,504,201 91 Foreign Countries. No. Amo^tnt. Argentine Republic 1 $646 33 Australia 21 3,149 20 Austria-Hungary 1 144 00 Belgium 11 1,650 00 Bermuda 2 311 00 Brazil 4 478 13 British Columbia 27 1,927 60 Bulgaria 3 480 00 Canada 1,759 246,980 75 Central America 1 72 00 Chili 8 797 93 China 8 565 87 Corea 1 360 00 Cuba 7 744 00 Denmark 17 2,099 20 Fiji Islands 1 96 00 France 67 8,747 15 Germany 583 80,354 27 Great Britain 618 85,004 02 Guatemala 1 96 00 Hawaii 17 2,124 00 India 1 111 47 Italy 29 3,845 91 Japan 6 432 00 Liberia 1 360 00 Madeira 2 288 00 Malta 2 144 00 Mauritius 3 456 00 Mexico 41 4,860 25 Netherlands 14 1,954 00 New Zealand 4 324 00 Nicaragua 2 351 00 Norway 22 2,246 66 Portugal 1 54 00 li./ Canada, the Gem in the Crown. Words by J. Davids. Allegro modarato. Music by F. H. Torrington. E^^^^^^?^-^ ^=*: sissiiE^ii Can • a - da, tht Star and Do-min-ion, That shines in the beau-ti - ful west. Where the ereac. dim. — i — ^ — ^ — ^ — « — "H-| F=- — "H-* — iri — ■d^ — ^ ^ — PI- i I — ji sun in a robe of ver - mil • ion, .Sinks soft - ly and sweet - ly to rest, The land of a great fed - er - a - tion, Which time will nev -er un • tie. Till it erese. »f mf swell lo a glor • i - ous na • tion, With a char - ter that nothing can buy. Then •§: CO I tplrito Se SfEEt=ls3 H- eresc mf -MzuM. m^k cheer, cheer for Can - a • da, For her sing loud and long, We marcato. / -S 21 will de • fend dear Can - a - da, In bat - tie and in song. CHORUS. ;Bl?^liiPP§iii?l-=i!i?^ :S=rpi: Then cheer, cheer for Can da, For her sing loud and FINE. i long, We will de-fend dear Can - a - da In bat -tie.... and in song. Used by permission of Whaley, Royce & Co., owners of the copyright. 74 THE IK"V INIUSTHV. :, fj Fore i(jii Co u nlries, KuuiuHuiu Russia Spain S. AfricHU Republic SwedfH Switzerland West Indies Total Addresses unknown Grand total PKNSIONS AND l'KNSIONEKS-(Co«^/jutrf.) \o. 1 1 I 33 70 14 3,472 35 876,008 Amount. 240 00 207 00 866 00 288 00 4,221 47 9,302 (H) 1,81)0 00 $469,25(i A6 2,164 12 $139,036,012 08 'M\ ;i' n r. PENSIONERS, APPLICATIONS, CLAIMS AND PAYMIIENTS. Fiscal Year Applica- KruliiiK tions Claims PeiiHioners on Roll. June 30. Filed. Allowed. Invalids. Widows. Total. Paid for Pensions. 1861..." 4,377 4,299 8,630 $1,072,46165 1862 2,487 462 4,341 3,818 8,169 790,384 76 1863 49,332 7,884 7,821 6,970 14,791 1,026,139 91 1864 53,699 39,487 23,479 27,666 61,135 4,504,016 92 1865 72,684 40,171 36,880 50,106 86,986 8,626,153 11 1866 65,266 60,177 65,662 71,070 126,722 13,469,990 43 1807 36,753 36,482 69,665 83,618 153,183 18,619,950 46 1868 20,768 28,921 76,967 93,(i86 169,643 24,010,981 99 1869 26,066 23,196 82,859 106,104 187.963 28,422,884 08 1870 24,851 18,221 87,621 111,166 198,686 27,780,81181 1871 43,969 16,662 93,394 114,101 207,495 33,077,383 6:i 1872 26,391 34,.'«3 113,954 118,275 232,229 30,169,341 ( j 1873 18,303 16,062 119,600 118,911 2;.'8,411 29,185,289 62 1874 16,734 10,462 121,028 114,613 236,241 30,593,749 56 1875 18,704 11,152 122,989 111,832 2.34,821 29,083,110 63 1876 23,523 9,977 124,239 107,898 232,137 28,351,599 69 1877 22,715 11,326 128,723 103,381 232,104 28,680,157 04 1878 44,587 11,962 131,639 92,249 223,998 26,844,416 18 1879 57,118 31,346 138,615 104,140 242,756 33,780,520 19 1880 141,466 19,545 145,410 105,392 250,892 57,240,540 14 1881 31,116 27,394 164,110 104,720 208,830 60,626,538 61 1882 40,939 27,664 182,633 103,064 286,097 54,296,280 54 1883 48,776 38,162 206,042 97,616 303,658 60,431,972 85 1884 41,785 34,192 225,470 97,286 323,756 57,273,536 74 1885 40,918 35,767 247,146 97,979 345,125 65,693,706 72 1886 49,895 40,857 270,346 96,437 3(i5,783 64,584,270 45 1887 72,465 55,194 306,298 99,709 406,007 74,815,486 85 1888 76,726 60,252 343,701 108,860 462,657 79,646,146 37 1889 81,220 51,921 373,699 116,026 489,726 89,131,968 44 1800 105,044 66,637 415,654 122,290 637,944 106,493,890 19 1891 363,799 166,486 536,821 139,339 676,160 118,548,959 71 1802 198,345 224,047 703,242 172,826 870,068 141,080,948 84 Total.. 1,915,334 1,236,291 ~T. 77" $1, 718^348; 21 791 n»nt. 240 00 207 00 356 00 >88 00 >21 47 302 00 ^1)0 00 im «6 L54 12 }12 (58 MieNTS. 'aid for Pensions. $1,072,461 65 790,384 76 1,026,139 91 4,504,616 92 8,626,153 11 13, 469, 9! Mi 43 18,619,966 46 24,010,981 99 28,422,884 08 27,780,811 81 33,077,383 6:i 30,169,341 ( J 29,185,289 62 30,693,749 56 29,683,116 63 28,361,599 69 28,580,157 04 26,844,415 18 33,780,526 19 57,240,540 14 60,626,538 61 54,296,280 54 60,431,972 85 57,273,536 74 65,693,706 72 64,584,270 45 74,815,486 85 79,646,146 37 89,131,968 44 06,493,890 19 18,648,959 71 41,086,948 84 18,348,211 91 PUBLIC OPINION. 7» The Evoniufi Star, whi :h certainly cannot be 'tsHed as anything but;- Kf't'orm imper, thuH HHiaK up Mr. McCartliy'.s Bp«ecli ui Wvvdiesday night : *' If Met rthy had been a man of immature mind at the time ho sang j> otec- tiun in the Co serviiLiv* oh(" excused for the char'e .n hi* (jpinion respiting Canauian politics. He was n ihen a ntriiiling, but he nas sinoe been «i dimvppoitiLod man, whosw prime obiect in life hooms to bo to defeat S'ir John Thompson, who interfered with his life's lesirt^- th. of being statesman. Un- fortunately in his etfort.H he has degeneralod into u destroyer, who offers no sugges- tions us to' how this country 8 cndition can be impnvod. He exprnae ,d a desire that protection should be abolished, but ho gives no explanation as to how tlu revenue is to be raise<]. He would open the Cann/' an market to the worhl, but he has no ideas regarding the extens -n of the niav nt fov Uanadians. His H])eech last night was the" effort; of a malcontent, whose lirst o')jec is to slaughter his enemies and whose sec* nd is to pinfit by their fall. CANADIAN FI8HER.es. The annual report of the Fisheries Department has been j»res< nted to Parlia- ment. The total catch of the Canadian ti heries for the calendar year 1893 i& valued at 820, 68(5, (>«)0, subdivided as follov 4 :— Nova Scotia ^(i, 407,279 New Brunswick 3,746, 1 21 British Columbia 4,343,083 Quebec 2,218,905 Ontario 1,694,930 Prince Edward Island 1,133,368 Manitoba and N. W. T 1,042,093 These figures do not cuinprise the quantity of tish consumed by the Indiana of British Colunibia, which is estimated at about $3,(XKJ,000. The total value thu» shows an increase of $1,500,000 over 1892. 1" large increase is entirely ^ue to the enormous catch of salmon in British Colum la. It must be remarked, how- ever, that there was a decrease in the output of the Bi i.h Coluinbii canneries in 1892 from the previous year of 3,600,000 cans. Ontarit) shows the largest fallmg off in 1893, namely, $347 000, but this is more than made up by the incre* of over $500,000 in New Brunswick. The yield in the other provinces difterb but slightly from the previous year. CANADA'S EASTERTIDE. Atlantic fastest Tames L. Huddart, who is now herein connecti ai with the fa service, has engaged Mr. White, who supervised thu building of tl steamers afloat, the Cunard liner's Campania and Lucania, to supervise the build- ing of the new fast Atlantic steamers to run between Liverpool and Canada. The tonnage of thes'> vessels is to be 10,000 and not 3,000 tons each, as at first reported, Mr. Huddart is most hopeful of forming a company with a capital of $10,000 as soon as the subsidy bill has been passed by the Canadian Parliauient. The Times' weekly letters on the Dominion of Canada are helping to shatter any of Goldwin Smith's theories which may be lurking in the minds of English- men. To-day's letter deals with Ontario and the Maritime Provinces in a most appreciative spirit as fields for British' land settlement and British investment. In its editorial The Times says that Goldwin Smith's theory that Canada's only future is annexation with the United States is crumbling away before T madian enterprise. The Earl of Derby, the late Governor-General of Canada, ide an eloquent and earnest plea on behalf of Canada before the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, I 76 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 'kfi Vm- He sHid that English CapHli8t8 should look more carefully than they do into the «xcelh7it oh». ^068 for mvestment that Canadian mines, forests and agriculture offers, ihe gpeches (at the United Empire Trade League) showed that the Austral- asian colonies were uniting stron^-ly with Canada • , urging the British Govem- Thio server ^.ul ?h P ""7 "^ t^^'^'''^ '" ''I'' P'''^''"'^^ ^^^""t'« *"^ I^'^^'fic »team- h«rv TZ ' ^'^'^'^ *^^^^' ^'*^^ "'"^^ I'^"«P««^ «f «"cce«» under the Rose- 'uory legime. The above are all extracts from the cable despatches of the past few days. Canada w to-day iii the Eastertide of her nationality. Her pulse is that of a ^rSirer Jf^'dS*^' '." '^' .ainute strong, and of chronometL-like regularity 5^i nat o^ if« fW*""* uncertainty has passed. She feels the cjuickening power ?he nast T ill f V. ^""^'^ ^*^ pulsating more vigorously. Her glory is m>t in the past. Like the young man she rejoices in the future. Cmiada has pusaerl through a rugged childhood. Few countries in the world have such a rigorous chm.tte hh she. This youngent of the nations, however has a winter hir r '"^'^'f , "' i^' ^"'^'- '^^ ' ^^'•^"r^ '*» J hardsMps of her Arc ic infuoalhisvo'^.n "^r^- No puny infant could have survived so stern a bring- iiig-up as this young nation has been subjected to. ** Not climate alone has Canada had to contend with. To the south of her is an overfed monster that has sucked her blood. For a long timrthnrowin^ nition remamed quiescent. The blood that should have gone fe) Zelope^her8e tentacles were Canada has had a ! can a nation with udacity this little J have cut through o ocean. No dtilce public works that amid so many dif- rhe worst of our rnestly. Confident illy now does the ot harm us. Eng- )ject8 we have in ^e are pushing her lat a few months i last link of the jhor of it all. And THE CANADIAN IRON INDUSTRY. *' There is a tide in the affairH of men, Which taken at the flo«)d, leads on to fortune : Omitted, all the voyage of their life, Is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea a'-e we now afloat. And we must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures." These lines apply with peculiar force to Canada, in the present stage of her Iron Industry. Events are transpiring from day to day in the neighboring Republic, which demonstrate that the Iron Industry jf that great country has now reached such magnificent proportions, under the wise protective policy, so well maintained for the past forty years, that A merican iron masters are able to compete on equal terms with the world. History repeats itself. As with England at the middle of the century, so now with the United States. Her Iron Industry has reached that stage when the Government of the country can consider the question of a reduction in its protec- tive tariff, with comparative safety to the Industry itself. To produce Pig Iron, the basis of all subsequent stages of the Iron Industry, a very heavy initial expenditure has to be made in the prospecting, securing, and developing of mines, woodlands, lime stone parries, railways, shipping docks, etc., necessary to ensure a constant supply of raw material. The establishment of the plant demands a heavier outlay, in proportion to the value of the product, than is rerjuired for the production of any other staple. It is the experience of almost every iron master, that in the early period of "iron making in all countries, the work is more or less of an experimental nature, and as it must be carried on upon a large scale, and if unsuccessful the investment becomes, worthless, the risk of ruin to the first adventurers is great. It has necessarily resulted from these causes, that to start an Iron Industry on an important scale, in any country, however favorable its apparent natural condi- tions, state aid, eithnr by a direct bounty, by a heavy protective duty, or by both combined, has been found necessary, and it is those countries whore this has been effectnalhj done, which are to-day the large producers of iron, not only supplying their own wants, but also those of other countries. To deal with this question intelligently, it is well for Canadians to review , aa briefly as the importance of the issues will permit, the history of the establishment aud successful development of the Iron Industry in other countries, and particu- larly note the broad liberal policy of protection under which Great Britain and the United States alike built up the greatest and most successful iron industries of modern times. The national importance of the question will perhaps in some measure excuse a lengthy reference to the splendid equipment in furnace plant, shipping docks and other accessories necessary to economical working, now possessed by our power- ful competitors in the neighboring Republic. GREAT BRITAIN. The history of the British Iron Industry, dates back to the Roman occupation, as evidenced by the fact that in Kent, Gloucester, Yorkshire, and many other parts of England I'lrge quantities of iron cinder, as old as the Roman era, have been discovered. This has bepn further proved by tho finding of Roman coins, pottery and alt^ in connection with the cinder. From the days of the Ronians down to the middle of the 17th Century, the furnaces and forges of England were operated altogether with charcoal as a ifuel , 78 THE IRON INDUSTRY. up 1? I *i ^^■•\ : Aided by the protection to native iron inaugurated by Edward III, during his reign from 1327 to 1377, the Iron Industry uide very good progress. In the 14th century the ironsmiths of Eiigland had brought the trade to a fine art, aiding there- by to establish the present industrial pre-eminence of England ; locks, keys, hinges, aiid bolts produced during tliat period having never since been equalled in beauty of design. In 1015 it is said that there were 800 furnaces, forges, or other mills mak- ing iron with charcoal, of which Dudley a few years later estimated that about 300 were furnaces, the weekly product of which was about io tons each. The charcoal Iron Industry seems to have reached its height towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth, when the trade became so prosperous that instead of im- porting iron as she had hitherto done, England began to export it in considerable quantities, in the shape of iron ordnance. The extent of the operations, howevor, began to exhaust the forests of England about the beginning of the 17th century, and the British Parliament had to give its serious attention to the question. In 1740, the production of pig iron in Great Britain was only 17,350 tons, her Iron Industry at this time having been almost destroyed by the decreasing supply of charcoal. About 1750 mineral coal, in its natural state or in the form of coke, came into notice as a substitute for charcoal. The Iron trade of England and Wales at once revived, while that of Scotland may be said to have been actually created by this new fuel. Great improvements were introduced in the furnace plants of Great Britain, and the Industry from that date forward advanced steadily. In 1787 the British Government adopted a strong Protective Tariff for their Iron Industries, the duty on pig iron being placed in that year at 67/2 per ton, with higher rates for manufactured iron. This duty on pig iron was later on increased in 1819, and again in 1825, and the Protective Tariff in this department was main- tained down to the year 1845. The effect of the introduction of mineral coal, and of the protective duties lev- ied on foreign iron was most beneficial. The Industry at once showed strength, and from that date continued to grow rapidly, until in 1796 there were 104 furnaces in England and Wales producing 108,793 tons of iron, and in Scotland 17 furnaces producing 16,086 tons. In 1820 the total production had reached 400,000 tons ; in 1825. 581,367 tons ; in 1840, 1,396,400 tons ; and in 1854, 3,06'c*,838 tons, this quantity being then esti- mated as fully one-half of the world's production of pig iron. In 1889, Great Britain's production of pig iron had reached 9,321,563 tons of 2000 lbs. This, with a population estimated at 38,000,000 giving the enormous production of 495 lbs. per head. Of this t>utput Great Britain herself consumes 250 lbs. per <^apita. In considering the progress made it is well to remember the various Acts of Parliament enforced from time to time by England to protect her national Iron Industry, by preventing the emigration of her skilled artisans to other count- ries, by guarding against the sale of her inventions to competitors, and by the im- position of Customs duties upon foreign products. Fot instance, whiL the growing scarcity of wood for the supply of charcoal convinr^d the Government and people of England, as early as 1750 (before min- eral fuel had come into use,) that it would bo to their advantage to allow the free admission of iron in its rudest forna from the American Colonies, and that as a matter of fact thoy passed an Act, in that year, setting forth that it would be of great advantage not only to the colonies, but also to the kingdom, that the lumufactur- ers of England should be supplied with pig and bar iron from the colonies free of duty, yet they so fully believed in protecting their own home industries, that the same Act that made the rudest forms of iron free of duty (ibecause England was unable to pioduce the material herself), contained the following clause : "That pig and bar iron made in her Majesty's colonies in America may befnr- PUBLIC OPINION. 79 ], during his reign s. In the 14th ftrt, aiding there- .nd ; locks, keys, ! been equalled in other mills mak- jd that about 300 3h. towards the close lat instead of im- it in considerable rations, howevor, bhe 17th century, question. 17,350 tons, her ecreasing supply f coke, came into ad Wales at once T created by this f Great Britain, I Tariff for their )7/2 i^er ton, with .ter on ineraased tment was main- ective duties lev- howed strength, re 104 furnaces in land 17 furnaces 15. 581,367 tons ; being then esti- 1,321,563 tons of ig the enormous lierself consumes ber the various tect her national \ to other count- s, and by the im- pply of charcoal r50 (before min- :o allow the free !S, and that as a would be of great the mmufactur- ! colonies free of ustries, that the ise England was ause : erica may be fur • CROSS-ROADS— Mow AT v. Hardy. ■itfl 80 THE IRON INDUSTRY. •i k ther mannfactnred in this kingdom, be it further enacted .... that from and afcer the twenty-fourth day of June, one thousand seven hundred and fifty, no mill or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or any plateing forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, shall be erected, or after such erection continued in any of her majesty's colonies in America, and if any person or persons shall erect, or cause to be erected, or after such erection continue, or cause to be continued, in any of the said colonies, any such mill, engine, forge, or fur- nace, every person so offending shall, for every such mill, engine, forge or furnace, forfeit the sum of two hundred pounds of lawful money of Great Britain, and it is hereby further enacted .... that every such mill, engine, forge^ or furnace, so erected, or continued contrary to the directions of this Act shall be deemed (I common nuisance, etc., etc.," By the Act in question Great Britain undoubtedly encouraged the production of pig and bar iron in America, by exempting them from duties to which like com- modities were subject when imported froiii any other C(.untry, but she did this simply because she had not until that date found a fuel substitute for charcoal. A glance at the Act will moreover show that she imposed an absolute* prohibition ipon the erection of steel furnaces and slit mills in any of her American cohxtyiH. Various other restrictive Acts of Parliament were passed in 1781, 178t, 1785 and 1795 to prevent the exportation t(i foreign countries of machinery and tools used in the manufacture of iron and steel, and to prevent skilled mechanics from leaving England. For example, an Act in 1785, 25 Geo. Ill, c. 67 : " To prevent, under severe penalties, the enticing of artificers or workmen in the iron and steel manufactures out of the kingdom, and the exportation of any tools used in these branches to any place beyond the seas." The penalty provided in this Act read : " If any person or persons shall contract with, entice, persuade, or endeavor to seduce, or encourage, any artificer or workman concerned or employed, or who shall have worked at, or been employed in the iron or steel manufactures in this kingdom, or in making or preparing any tools or utensils for such manufactory, to go out of Great Britain to any parts beyond the seas (except to Ireland), and shall be convicted thereof .... shall for every artificer so contracted with, enticed, persuaded, encouraged or seduced, or attempted so to be, forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred pounds of lawful money of Great Britain, and shall be committed to the common gaol .... there to remain without bail or main- prize for the space of twelve calendar months, and until such forfeiture shall be paid, and in case of a subsequent offence of the same kind, the person or persons so again offending shall upon a like conviction, forfeit and pay for every person so contracted with, enticed, persuaded, encouraged, or seduced, or attempted so to be, the sum of one thousand pounds .... and shall be committed to the common gaol, as aforesaid, there to remain without bail or mainprize for and during the term of two years, and until such forfeiture shall be paid." In addition to these restrictive measures, a glance at the protection afforded to the British manufacturers of iron from 1782 to the close of 1825, will demonstrate to Canadians the fact that England owes her greatness in the Iron Industry very largely indeed to the protection granted to her native industries in the early years of the trade. Quoting from Scrivenor's History of the Iron Trade : "From 1782 to 1795 the duty on foreign bars was £2 16 2 per ton. It rose to £3 4 7 in 1797. From 1798 to 1802 it was £3 15 5. In two years it had got to £4 17 1, and from 1806 to 1808 it stood at £5 7 5|d. In the three years between 1809 and 1812 it was £5 9 10, and in the five years ending with 1818 it had been £6 9 10. " At this date a distinction was made in the interests of British shipping, for whilst thenceforward till the close of 1825, the duty on foreign bars was £0 10 if imported in British ships, it was £7 IB 6 if imported in foreign. Nor was this all : . that from ed and fifty, no forge to work i, or after such if any person n\ continue, or e, forge, or fur- •rge or furnace, Great Britain, engine, forge, his Act shall be ;he production fhich like com- t she did this e for charcoal. it« protiibition can col«i*»&e8. 81, 178f, 1785 lery and tools lechanics from , under severe 1 manufactures ranches to any 3, or endeavor aloyed, or who tctures in this lanufactory, to ind), and shall titracted with, orfeit and pay , and shall be t bail or main- dture shall be son or persons i'ery person so tempted so to mitted to the iprize for and on afforded to ll demonstrate Industry very he early years ton. It rose 3 it had got to yefkYs between 8 it had been shipping, for s was £G 10 if r was this all : PUBLIC OPINION.. 81 iron slit, or hammered into rods, or iron drawn down, or hammered, less than three-quarters of an inch square, was made to pay a duty at the rate of £20 per ton ; wrought iron, not otherwise enumerated, was taxed with a payment of £50 for every £100 worth imported ; and steel, or manufactures of steel, were similarly loaded with a fifty per cent, duty." Mr. James Mavor, the present Professor of Political Science in the University of Toronto, quoting from Conrad's Handworterbuch der Staats Wissenchafter, Vol. Ill, page 45, and also from various other authorities, give the following data in regard to the duties imposed at various times by Great Britain, in the interest of her Iron Industry. " The duty imposed on pig iron in 1787 was 07/2 per ton. Duty increased lf<19 to 130/- per ton on pig iron. Duty raised 1825 by 10/- per ton. Duty altered 1842, 25 per cent, ad valorum on pig iron. Duty abolished 1845. *' Duty on manufactured iron altered 1845, 15 per cent, on manufactured iron and steel, this subsequently reduced to 10 per cent. Duty on iron wholly abolished 1H60." Among other measures quoted by this authority are special rates for carrying CiifiiH to iron works, embodied in the earlier railway acts. The period of protection by high Customs duties extended from 1787 until 1860, giving t» the Iron Indut^ry protection of a permanent character for upwards of 73 years. The restrictive measures cf*M, although they were in many cases harsh, undoubtedly resulted in building uy mi industry of great value not only to Great Britain. but to the world at large. UNITED •TATES. Great as has been the progress made in h^ Iron Industry of Great Britain, still more marvellous has been that of the I jti&oa .Vates, especially when we con- sider that the development of the American Iron Industry has been made very largely within the past thirty years, and a full consideration of the facts will show that this rapid growth has been due almost altogether to the fact that during that thirty years, the Government of the United States has stood firmly by the policy of protection to the native Industry, and that the greatest progress was undoubtedly made when the protection was at its highest point. The first attempt to establish iron works in the United States was ni*m the James Hiver, in Virginia. This was unsucccessful, but during the 18th century Virginia became quite prominent in the manufacture of Iron. In 1643 an Iron Works was started in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which claims to be the first successful iron works established in America. Several other forges were erected at various points throughout New England, in all csMis the fuel being charcoal. In the State of New York the first iron works would seem to have been erected in 1740 on Ancrum Creek, Columbia County, close to the Hudson River. This furnace was contemporary with our own St. Maurice forge erected A.D. 1752, In 1800 the celebrated Champlain iron district was developed, and in 1801 the first iron works in the district were built. As in New England, so in New York and throughout the United States charcoal was the only fuel used at this period . New Jersey saw her first iron furnace in 1676, and Pennsylvania, the greatest producer of all the States, saw the inauguration of the Industry under tie able administration of Wm. Penn in 1716, the iron produced by one Thomas 'iwtt,*>r Smith, who lived not far from German Town, being said to have proved eqi»i to the best Swede iron. In 1728 there were four furnaces in blast in Pennsylvania, and from that date forward the Iron Industry of the State was assured. 6 1^ 82 THE IRON INDUSTRY. Space prevents u more minute description of the difficulties experienced and overcome by the pioneer furnacemen of the United States. Coming down to more modern days, the following statistics, dating from 1854 to 1890 will serve to show the magnificent development of the American Iron Industry, under the Protectiv Tariff shown in the list. PKODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1864 TO 1890. Net tons of 2,000 pounds. X Anthracite d I" and mixed < Coke and i Duty on Pig Iron anthracite BS raw bi- tuminous. 1 of all kinds. u and coke. o 1854 .. 339,435 342,298 54,485 736,218 30 per < :ent. 1855... 381,866 339,922 62,390 784,178 30 fc( f t 1856... 443,113 370,470 69,564 883,137 30 i( it 1857 . . . 390,385 330,321 77,451 798,157 30 (( t ( 1858... 361,430 286,313 58,531 705,094 24 <( it 1859... 471,745 284,041 84,841 840,627 24 4 i it 1860... 519,211 278,331 122,228 919,770 24 (( it 1861 . . . 409,229 196,278 127,037 731,644 24 • « i t 1862... 470,Jil6 186,660 130,687 787,662 $6.00 per ton. 1863... 677,638 212,006 167,961 947,604 6.00 ii it 1864... 684,018 241.863 210,125 1,135,^96 6.00 t ( it 1865... 479,658 262,342 189,682 931,682 9.00 it it 1866... 749,367 3:^2,580 268,396 1,350,343 9.00 n it 1867... 798,638 344, :ui 318,647 1,461,626 9.00 t ( ft 1868... 893,000 370,000 340,000 1,603,000 9.00 (( 1 1 1869... 971,150 *f«.150 563, ;ui 1,916,641 9.00 it it 1870. . , 930,000 8tJ6,»K)0 570,000 1,865 000 9.00 (( tt 1871... 956,608 386, (KM) 570,000 1,911,608 7.00 tt t>. 1872... . 1,369,812 500,587 984,159 2,864,668 7.00 (( tt 1873... . 1,312,754 677,620 9: 7,904 2,8(i8,278 6.30 n it 1874... . 1,202,144 676,567 910.712 2,689,413 6.30 (( it 1875. . 908,046 410,990 947,646 2,266,o81 7.00 (( tt 1876... 794,578 308,649 990,009 2,093,2;^ 7.00 ii it 1877... 934,797 317,843 1,061.945 2,314,586 7.00 (( ft 1878... . 1,092,870 293,399 1,191,092 2,677,361 7.00 t ( if im. . . . 1,273,024 368,873 1,438,978 3,070,876 7.00 ii ft 1880... , 1,807,661 637,558 1,960,206 4,296,414 7.00 a It 1881... . 1,734,462 638,838 2,268,264 4,641,564 7.00 li ft 1882... . 2,042,138 697,906 2,438.078 5,178,122 7.00 (1. tt 1883... . 1,885,590 571,726 2,689,650 6,146,972 7.00 a it 1884... . 1,586,463 468,418 2,644,742 4,669,613 6.27 a ft 1886... . 1,454,390 399,844 2,075,636 4,529,869 6.72 it if 1886... . 2,099,597 469,567 3,806,174 6,366,328 6.72 a ft 1887... . 2.3;38,389 678,183 4,270,635 7,187,206 6.72 it tt 1888... . 1,926,729 598,769 4,743,989 7,268,607 6.72 ii It 1889. . . . 1,920,364 644,300 5,961,426 8,516,079 6.72 it tt .1890... . 2.448,781 703,622 7,154,726 io,;w,oa8 6.72 ti it 8 experienced and , dating from 1864 he American Iron ) STATES Duty on Pig Iron of all kinds. 30 per ( lent. 30 (t 4 t 30 K it 30 (( t ( 24 <( it 24 4 i it 24 (( it 24 • « if ^.00 per t. 7.00 (( tt 6.31/ (( tt 6.30 (( tt 7.00 (( tt 7.00 a it 7.00 (( tt 7.00 4( 4 4 7.00 44 tt 7.00 44 44 7.00 14 tt 7.00 41. tt 7.00 44 it 6,27 t( it 6.72 44 tt 6.72 44 tt 6.72 it tt 6.72 4i ti 6.72 4 4 tt 6.72 ti tt 84 THE IRON INDUSTRY. I In an able article, "From Mine to Furnace," Mr. John Birk bin bine, Pa President, Am. 1st. M. E. recently said : *' The following remarks concerning tl progress of the Pig Iron Industry, and a prophecy as to its future, appeared Vol. XV of the tenth consua, that of 1880, which is presented ht^re to snow he much more rapidly the Industry has developed than was then nnticipated wou be the case eight years ago, when it was written. " 'In 18i)6 the United States had reached the production of Great Britain 1835, that is to say, she was then thirty-one years behind the latter country. ] 1844 she w".a about twenty-one years behind England, and at the same rate increase for both countries the United States will be about fifteen years behii England in the year 1900,. and will reach and pass her in 1950. The productic of Pig Iron of each country for that year, as determined from the equcttion of the respective curves, being a little over thirty million tons.' "The facts are that in 1890 the I'nited States passed, and has since that tin led Great Britain as a producer of Pig Iron." In a paper read at a meeting of the American Institute t>f Mining Engineer in October, 1890, by its then President, Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, he showed comparative rate of increase in population and pig iron production in the Unitt States for six decades, and brought out the striking conclusion that the productic of pig iron has always increased more rapidly than the population, and that tl ratio is an increasing one. Between 1830 and 1860 the production of iron increased twice as fast as tl population. Between 1860 and 1890 it increased four times as rapidly, in realil over four times, thus proving that the national v. c'.lth continues to grow fro: decade to decade, at a rate of acceleration of which the world affords no pievioi example. Inasmuch as during all this time the United States have imported iron i addition to their native production, it follows that the consumption per capita lu also increased more rapidly than the population. In 1855, according to careful calculations made by Mr. Birkinbine, the Unite States was consuming iron at the rate of 117 lbs. per head, whereas in 1890 th consumption had increased to rather more than 300 lbs. per head, the whole ( which, fo ■ the lirst time in the history of the country, was being produced with) American borders. Mr. Birkinbine, in speaking of the present and future of the iron industry deplores the fact that part of the development has been brought about by rei estate speculations, which he rightly conjectures will exert a restricting intluen( in the near future. He is, however, of the opinion that, " If political action does not disturb the industry, or if labor troubles do n( seriously interfere with the development, there seems to be no reason for expec ing that the pig iron industry will remain dormant, but we may rather look for nearly steady growth, which at the expiration of twenty-five years \Yill probabl make the annual requirements of the United States in pig iron, or its equivalen amount to between twenty and twenty-five million gross tons." These figures Mr. Birkinbine scates are the result of a caretul study of statii tics, taken in connection with an intimate knowledge of the present state ( development, and a personal acquaintance with the possibilities of various portioi of the country. He says : "There will be times of depression like the present, preceded and followed b others of unusual activity, but we may confidently look forward to a materif advance, perhaps greater than estimated, but certainly much more pronounce than was believed possible ten years ago. " IRON ORE. The following figures taken from the " Report of Mineral Industries in th United States " at the 11th cansus, 1890, will give some idea of the magnitude c tlic iiuii iiiuUaii-y ui Zuc c iiitcu oluluS. John Birkbinbine, Past remarks concerning the ) its future, appeared in jented lu^re to snow how then nnticipated would ition of Great Britain in I the hitter country. In knd at the same rate of 3Ut fifteen years behind 1 1950. The production >ni the equation of their and has since that time e of Mining Engineers, I. Hewitt, he showed a roduction in the United sion that the production jopuhition, and that the ised twice as fast as the les as rapidly, in reality continues to grow from orld affords no previous^ have imported iron in sumption per capita has , Birkinbine, the United d, whereas in 1890 the per head, the whole of } being produced within re of the iron industry, I brought about by real t a restricting intluance if labor troubles do not e no reason for expect- e may rather look for a [ive years \Yill probably ; iron, or its equivalent, ns." careful study of statis- if the present state of ities of various portions ■eceded and followed by forward to a material luch more pronounced neral Industries in the lea of the magnitude of PUBLIC OPINION. 85 In 1889 the production of iron ore in the United States including red hema- tite, magnetite, brown hematite and carbonate, amounted to $14,618,041 gross tons, of a total value of $33,351,778. The total capital invested in the ore mines in the same year is given as $109,706,199. This is all expended within the country on the native ores. In addition to this iron ore was imported in the same year from foreign countries to the extent of 853,573 tons, valued at $1,852,392. With reference to foreign ore imported into the United States, Mr. Birkinbine in his "Production of Iron Ore," 1892, says : " While the United States has large deposits of iron ore of all kinds, widely distributed throughout the various States and Territories, still the low rates of wages in foreign countries, and cheap water transportation rates, have admitted considerable quantities of iron ore into this country, in spite of a specific duty of 75 cts. per ton, which is collected on all iron ore imported. In the year ending December 31st, 1892, iron ore to the amount of 800,585 long tons, valued at ^1,795,644 or $2.23 per ton, was thus imported. All of this iron, however, is con- sumed near the ports of entry, and much of the ore entering the port of Baltimore is unloaded direct from the vessels to tiie stock piles. This is also the case with one Pennsylvania furnace." All the iron ore imported from Cuba is taken from the mines operated by American companies. Until 1892, but one company was mining and shij)ping ore from Cub;., but last year a second enterprise was represented by actual shipments, and 1893 is expected to add at least one more active corporation to the list of Cuban mines. It is significant, in looking over the list of imports for 1889, to find that where- as Cuba supplied 243,255 tons, of a value of $535,524, the Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and the North West Territories combined, supplied (be it remembered under equal conditions as to the tariff) only 4,091 tons, of a total value of $10,697. Again in 1892, statistics show that whereas Cuba supplied 307, 115 tons, valued at $618,222, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and the North West Territories supplied only 8,606 tons, British Columbia 2,749, a total export for all Canada of 11,355 tons, valued at $27,340. Spain was the largest supplier of ore in 1889, sending 298,568 tons, of a value of $621,481. These statistics prove that up to the present time Canadians have found it im- possible to compete successfully against the negro labor of Cuba, and the cheap labor of Spain in supplying iron ore to the American market. The question Cana- dians have to ask is whether under uniform free trade Canada can hope to improve her position as against her Cuban and Spanish compatitors. This seems highly im- probable. All tho facts point to one conclusion, viz., that Canadians must turn their attention to smelting their own ore for the home market. EQUIPMENT AND SKIPPINO FACILITIES. The equipment of the American mines and f urnacer, surpasses in excellence that of any of the European nations, and the facilities they possess for cheap transportation of ore from mine to furnace is unrivalled. The shipping docks at Marquette, L'Anse, and St. Ignace, Mich., are worthy of special notice. These docks have been constructed at a heavy cost by the railways which pene- trate the interior, for the special purpose of facilitating the handling of Lake Superior ores at the minimum of cost, and they furnish a very striking example of the foresight and enterprise of American railroad men, who perhaps more than any other class, realize the national importance of the Iron Industry. These terminal facilities consist of shipping docks, vith elevated railroad tracks from 35 to 47.5 feet above water level. By means of drop bottoms the ore is dumped from the cars into pock^tn, thence to be discharged at will by means of *l (!|f 86 THE IRON INDUSTHY, iron chutes let clcwn into the vessers hold. By this system the ore is rnrely, if ever, handled, from the time it lea\-es the mine until it reaches lower lake ports. The total investment for dock 1, especially for handling and shipping iron ore is placed, by so good an authority as Mr. Birkinhine, at approximately $4,000,000 in the year 1889. KEC'EIVING DOCKS. Of equal inir; rtance is the system of receiving doc? i, specially erected for the purpose of liHU(!k>ig t.v« to blast furnaces, or at i)oint8 from which railroads radiate to blast furnji'jes . These :h-cks are of vatious types, generally furnished with swing bocmi derricks operated by atoa 11 power. By moans of tllef^o derricks iron buckets are lowered into the holds of the vessels. After being tilled with ore by the navvies the buck ets are raised ag^in, and swung to the point where the ore is to be deposited, or u for distant points, into hoppers, thence to Ijo discharged into cars. The bucket!* dump automatically at the point desired, and return to the hold without detaching from the machinery. It is estimated that the capital invested' for receiving docks fully equals that mentioned for shipping docks, and that one such receiving dock alone costs, equipped, fully ^800,000. The investment, although large, is well spent, for by menus of these facdities it has been found possible to handle quantities of ore, which cinild not have been moved in any other way, while the cost of handling has lieen reduced minimum. Mr. Birkinbine give;? the following data as to the co»t of handling ore by the new system of receiving docks, "The expense of shovelling ore into Imckets in the holds of vessels, varies from 10 to 15 cents per long ton, the rate being controlled by stevedores, while with the approved apparatus at some of the docks, this ore in buckets is lifted from the vessel, carried back 850 feet, and dumped, at a total cost, including labor, wear and tear, interest, fuel accounts reported, of from 1 to 1.5 cents per ton. " With 21 men in the hold of a vessel carrying 2,000 long tons of iron ore, the entire cargo has been stocked in 17 hours. Other instances are mentioned where with 28 inen 2,200 long tons were similarly handled in 15 hours, and 2,100 long tons were haiidled by 18 men in 17 hours. " In using these improved apparatuses in loading from stock ])iles to railroad cars, it is not uncommon to have a gang of men shovelling into buckets, and load- ing the ore on cars at the rate of 8 or 9 tons per man per hour." In addition to these unrivalled facilities for economical handling of raw material, the American fumaceman works under most advantageous circumstances with regard to the large output of his furnace. As an example, one of the furnaces in connection with the Edgar Thompson Steelworks, of Pennsylvania, recently produced the remarkable output for a single day of 623 tons of iron. In a week one furnace stack in connection with this company produced 3,203 gross tons, and in a month one stack produced 12,800 gross tons. That is, in one month, one of these furnaces produced fully as much as twenty-five years ago would have been turned out in a year, from the best and largest of the American blast furnaces. With such splendid facilities for economical working, with ample capital, and many other benefits accruing from a long continued policy of protection, the American Iron Industry stands to-day in a perfectly safe position, the trade (aside from the ordinary periods of depression common to all industries) bound to increase in volume, the whole future of the industry linked with the life of the nation. CONTINENTAL STATES. Following the example oi Great Britain and the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and other Continental States established, and still maintain, le (jre is rarely, if lower lake ports, shipping iron oi-e imtitely ^4,000,000 *lly erected for the ;h railroads radiate iving bofmi derricks ickets are lowered navvies the buck be deposited, or u ;urs. The bucket!* without detaching fully equals that dock alone costs, I of these facilities lid not have been een reduced andling ore by the of vessels, varies stevedores, while ckets is lifted fvom ;, including labor, cents per ton. 3ns of iron ore, the mentioned where i, and 2,100 long ck ])iles to railroad buckets, and load- l handling of raw eous circumstances Edgar Thompson output for a single nnection with this I produced 12,800 iced fully as much from the best and imple capital, and of protection, the )n, the trade (aside lustries) bound to h the life of the d States, France, Euid still maintain, four/CK'- fftoxjB'-^^ ^/fPlC'^^TlE^ Sir Oliver—" Oh, don't go Christopher, at this critical time ? " Thk Departing One—" I am not going, Captain ; I will sit on the wharf and watch you." I 88 THE IRON INDUSTRY. ■!»l P .♦«! high protective duties with most beneficial results in many branches of the Iron Industry. Germany's case is especially worthy of mention. On the 14th May, 1882, Bismarck, in a speech before the German Reichstag, said ; "The success of the United States in material development is the most illustrious of modern time. The American nation has not only suocessfnlly borne and .supi)re8sed the most gigantic and expensive war in all history, but immediately afterwards disbanded its army, found employment for all its soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt, gave labor to all the unemployed of Europe, as fast as they could arrive within its territories, and still by a system of taxation so indirect as not to be perceived, much less felt. Bemuse it in my delibemte jmhjmetit that the prosperity of America is mostly due to its system of protective laws, I urge tha Germany has now reached that point where it is necessary to imitate th" tar iff' system of the United States." " ^ Bismarck gave to Germany a protective policy with something of a permanent character, and the result has been the building up of a great national industry in that country. In 1834 Germany and Luxemburg, included in the Zollverein, profluced only 110,000 metric tons (2,204 lbs.) of pig iron. In 1881 Germany and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg produced 2,914,009 metric tons (2,204 lbs.). In 1890 the production had increased to 4,637,2139 metric tons. This increase in pig iron has been accompanied by an enormous increase in the output of coal and lignite. As an illustration showing Germany's progress in the manufacture of basic steel, in 1890 England produced 603,400 tons of basic steel, Germany, Luxemburg and Austria produced 1,695,472 tons. CANADA. Canada's " natural fitness " for the successful establishment of the Iron Indus- try is beyond question. The earnest work performed by the Geological Survey of Canada, and by pri- vate prospectors, has well established the fact that throughout a very large part of her vast territory (three and a half millions of square miles in extent) she is rich in iron ores of ahnost every variety known to metallurgy. Commencing at the Atlantic seaboard, Canada can claim in CAPE BRETON extensive deposits of brown hematite, magnetite and spathic ores, lying side by side with coal fields of great magnitude. NOVA SCOTIA. The limonite, specular and spathic clay iron-stone and hematite of Pictou county, specular ore in Guysboro county. At Londondeny an immense vein of anchorite holding brown hematite. Between Truro and Windsor numerous deposits of brown hematite, often highly manganeferous. A range of ferro-ferous strata extending from Digby to Windsor, embracing red hematite and magnetite of Nictaux and Clementsport. Throughout the whole of this district mineral fuel and fluxes occur in close proximity to the iron mines, affording exceptional facilities for economic furnace practice. NEW BRUNSWICK. Magnetic and bog ores, with coal fields at Grand Lake and elsewhere, and a plentiful supply of hardwood for charcoal purposes. The bog and lal deposits of a like nati l)orders of ( )ntHrio in the eastern townshipi torical Three Rivers * Good deposits of in the vicinity of She An inexhaustible coal is everywhere foi flux is most abundant Vast deposits of head of Lake Superici The ore is of mai occasionally bog ores, At the recent W fc .mples of iron ore t> and over in metallic i Most notable among ing Lanark, and the the county of Hastinj Peterboro, East Algt In the matter of extensive forests of h She is also rich i Deposits of nia< growth of hard wood While the work ore deposits at Texat by actual work. 1 Wash., U.S. British Columbi ies at Nanaimo, Wei While in the acl to the present accor plorations already re has unquestionably c Satisfied as to t tion for Canadians ii prove that for manj within her own bore According to tl the products of iron roughly speaking, ai "Bureau of Mines u to equal (after maki % W'. 1 iT BLIC 'NION. 89 QrKBEC. The bog and kke ores of this pruvince are probiibly the mohi extensive deposits of a like nature in the worUl. The ere bt- ug area extends from the Ixirders of Ontario in the west to Giispe in the ' tat, n un the other hand from the eastern townships to .the Laurent'an Range of mountains, embracing the his- torical Three Rivers ore district. Good deposits of magnetic ores are found throughout the province, especially in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, Leeds, Sutton, St. Jerome, and in Pontiac county. An inexhauHtiy)le growth of hard wood, suitable for the manufacture of char- coal is everywhere found in close proximity to the iron deposits, '^jimestone for riux is most abundant throughout the province. ONTARIO. Vast deposits of ore exists throughout Ontario from the Ottawa' Valley to tl head of Lake Superior. The ore is of many varieties, magnetic, red hematite, limonite, specular, and occasionally bog ores, all more or less rich in metallic iron. At the recent World's Fair in Chicago, Ontario exhibited no less than 120 fe.mples of iron ore taken from her various mines, all these samples averaging 00% and over in metallic iron, and many of them exceptionally freo from impurities. Most notable among the localities sending exhibits were the Ottawa Valley, includ- ing Lanark, and the Kingston and Pembroke districts, Madoc and other points in the county f»f Hastings, Haliburton, Coehill, and other locations in the county of Peterboro, East Algoma, Thunder Bay district, including Atak-Okan Range. In the matter of fuel, Ontario, like her sister province Quebec, possesses most extensive forests of hard wood, admirably suited for the production of charcoal. She is also rich in fluxes. MANITOBA. Deposits of magnetic and box ores on Lake Winnipeg, with an abundant growth of hard wood suitaVjle for charcoal in the vicinity of the mines. BRITISH COLUMBIA. While the work of exploration has necessarily been limited, yet the Magnetic ore deposits at Texada Island, and Cherry Creek Bluff are already fairly well proved by actual work. The ore from these mines has found a market at Tacoma, Wash. U.S. British Columbia is very rich in both coal and wood, the outputs of her collier- ies at Nanaimo, Wellington and Comox showing a steady increase in tonnage. RAW MATERIAL. While in the actual work of proving and developing her mines Canada has up to the present accomplished comparatively little ; yet the careful preliminary ex- plorations already referred to make it most evident that in raw materials Nature has unquestionably endowed Canada with everything necessary to success. MARKET. Satisfied as to the possession ot raw materials, the next most important ques- tion for Canadians is a market for the finished product. All facts and figures go to prove that for many years to come Canada's natural market for iron products lies within her own borders, side by side with her mines and forests. According to the best authorities, .Canada uses to-day upwards of 250 lbs. of the products of iron per capita. This on a population of say five millions means, rouehlv sneaking, an annual consumption of 600,000 net tons. In his report of the "Bureau of iVimesol untano loricsyi;, ivir. iiruii. jjiuucawiiutLcatnc i;minUini--vi'^n to equal (after making all due allowance for waste in converting pig iron into fin- .i^Hlk IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^ i— |||||22 lii WQ i III! I ,1= us I 4.0 2.0 .8 • 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ►> '<3 Photographic .Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4303 90 THE IRON INDUSTRY, '1 i h'i ished iron and steel) say, 604,262 tons for 1891-92. To better realize the accuracy of these hgures, it must be remembered, for instance, thnt Canada jjossesses to-day noc less tnan 16,000 miles of railway, standing high among the nations in this i)ar- ticular regard. When her 16,000 miles of railway line is kid with standard 72 lbs ^xWrJ^^**^^ "^^ }^^ future) she will have at 113 ton,s per mile, in rrMind figures, 1,50U,»J00 tons of steel rails. The average life of a raii is 15 years, therefore re- newals are being made continually, and as a matter of fact the Dominion is usine m this department alone, 100,000 tons of the product of iron annually. o.. ivS"/^"^' ^^^ P*?*^ ^®*^ ^^*^ ''^ ""'' g^®**^ Trans-Continental Lines alone imported db,000 tons of steel rails. . J^^^ Canadian Railway Companies, if they follow the example of their American rivals, will heartily support the production of steel rails from Canadian ore by Canadian labor The revenue to be obtained from the carriage of raw materials to the furnace, and of the finished product to the market, as well as through an in- creased pa.S8enger traffic, will more than ccmipensate for the extra price °they will be called upon to pay for rail equipment during the first years of the industry All the rails used m Canada to-day are of foreign make As a further illustration, the Rolling Mills at Montreal, Hamilton, Swansea, «ff^». ^'''';., •' T^ elsewhere, are producing annually, at a fair estimate, 80,000 tons of the products of iron. L nfortunately the raw material for this great output IS very largely foreign, although there is no good reason why within the next few year^ every ton of this should not be supplied by Canadian labor from Can- Our iron founders use annually about 80,000 tons of pig iron in castings such as stoves, agricultural implements, and machinery of all classes, one-half only of the material used m this class of work being the pr2, the output had increased to about 51,000 tons for twelve months, a gain of upwards of 110 per cent. Sixty thousand tons will be a fair estimate ot the output to the close of the present fiscal year. n ■92 THE IRON INDUSTRY. <( H The following will show the furnaces now in blast, with capacity and output : LONDONDERRY IRON CO., LONDONDERRY, N.S. Description of Plant, with Capacity. Thirty-six thousand acres free hold land Ore Mines, yield from 60,000 to 70,000 gross tons. Limestone Mines, yield from 12,000 to 16,0OJ gross tons, itailways— about 12 miles. Company's own property. Onf p^f- ^^T^lT^^P**'^^-^ ^^^"'^ 40'000 gross tons. One Rolling Mill-Silent, capacity about 8,000 gross tons. One Pipe Foundry-Silent, capacity about 5,000 gross tons. Number of men employed— about 350. iull, 80?'"'""' """'^^'' '^^'^'^ ^^^ ^^^" employed when running all departments, Make of Pig Iron— 1892— 28,052 net tons. Ore charged (partly bought)-64,430 net tons. Coke charged— 41,006 net tons. Coal charged (all jought)— 1,740 tons. Flux— 14,907 net tons, ^f ^■^^^^ Londonderry Co. purchase from outside sources a very large uronortion CrLXTd in'th" ^''\'^-^^[ore.-^^o,ether fair to credit tifem^wFth he ff?vp7« f^Fi?^^ f 1, ^^ production of this material, in all some 450 men. This S?hetptlt7c;X\r^^^^^^ — ^^^ '^-^'y -^ ^-^^-% THE NEW GLASGOW IRON, COAL & RAILWAY CO.. FERRONA, PICTOU CO., N. 8. annum'^ Mines-Limonite and Hematite, yielding 60,000 to 75,000 tons per Coal Mines. Limestone Quarries. 100 ^: pi"!^"™""-'*^ *'■ ■■'*"■• "-" 26 ft- 6 in., hearth 9 ft. 6 in. Capacity Battery of Coppe kilns. Number of men employed— 425. OrJruT^,S»Tt t'r '" '"™*' »».paign-22,600 net ton. Coke-30,000 net tons. Flux— 13,000 net tons. To.f'^^® Company purchase all the coal required for the operations of the furnace Last year they bought, washed, and consumed 90,000 tons of coaL ItTonlTfafr IsO men and mZ^' "''' '^'^^ '"'^^"^ ^"^P^^^^^ ^^ '^' fuel deparimen^ ti ^heCrona Works ^™^ " *"**^ ^^^^^^e of 625 employees in connection 'with is th^"'^ "^'^^ ^^'^ Company, and as an important consumer of its forge iron, NOVA SCOTIA STEEL & FORGE CO., LTD., OF NEW GLASGOW, N.S. Indult'ry.^''"'''^'''^ description will show the great importance of this Steel THE MAPLE LEAP FOR EVER. output tments, portion ith the . This lirectly ns per nnect- pacity ALEXANDER MUIR. i^-Ez^. -t -js^-^ — \— ?: 1. In days of yore, from Bri 2. At Queen -ston Heights and Lun 3. Our fair Do • min • ion now 4. On mer • ry Eng • land's far tain's shore, Wolfe the daunt - less dy's Lane, Our brave fa • thers, ex ■ tends From Cape Race to famed land May kind Ilea - ven P :1=t v:^: ■X \ ^-1 X m he - ro came. And plant • ed firm Bri - tan side by side, For free - dom, homes, and loved Noot ■ ka Sound ; May peace for e - ver be sweet - ly smile ; God bless Old Scot - land e nia's fl^ig, On ones dear. Firmly our lot, And ver - more. And tz^i ■:X '-X 'an - a - da's fair do - main. stood and no - biy died ; plen - teous store a - bound ; Ire • land's Em • er - aid Isle ! Here may it And those dear And may those Then swell the wave, our rights which ties of song, both :t: •■X- er, er ! boast, our pride, And joined in love to - geth- they main-tained, We swear to yield them nev - love be ours Which dis - cord can • not se • ver, loud and long, Till rocks and for • est qui - ver, The Our And God i riizif--,— 1^:=^] :1: ■-X- :zl^- q: #---^ ^— 1^ I This - tie, Sham-rock, Rose en-twine The Ma -pie 1 eaf for ev - er ! watch-word ev - er-more shall be. The Ma -pie Leaf for ev - er ! flour - ish green o'er Freedom's home.The Ma -p'e L-af for ev - er ! save our Queen, and Hea-ven bless The Ma -pie L.af for ev - er I CHORUS. -\ -n 1— »- •^-#_ -# q=:q=h- u^--y- • mace, y fair b, viz, I with iron. N.8. Steel i 1. The Ma-ple Leaf, our emblem dear. The Maple Leaf 2. The Ma-ple Leaf, our em-blem dear, The Ma-ple Leaf 3. The Ma-ple Leaf, our em-blem dear, The Ma-ple Leaf 4. The Ma-ple Leaf, our em blem dear, The Ma-ple Leaf X for ev - er ! God for ev ■ er ! God for ev • er 1 And for ev ■ er! God 1*=?^ H- jtlTJt. It t: :X mm save our Queen, and Hea-ven bless The Ma - pie Leaf lor ev • er ! save our Queen, and Heaven bless The Ma - pie Leaf for ev - er ! flour - ish green o'er Freedom's home, The Ma - pie Leaf for ev - er I save our Queen, and Hea-ven bless The Ma - pie Leaf for ev - er 1 ^y khzd {JcriiiiaSiuu Oi MESSRS. n. ut S. NORDHEIMBR M IHE IJtOJr T^DU8T»Y. lii The plant consists of : — Two Siemens Melting Furnaces, 20 tons capacity each. Throe gas heating furnaces. Five reverberatory heating furnaces. Twenty-six" reversing cogging mills with train of live rolls. Heavy vertical hot billet shears with live rolls. One 20" plate mill. • )ne 16" bar mill. One 12" bar mill. One 9" guide mill. Ten pairs Shears, forty tons and smaller. One 5-ton steam hammer, with 15-ton hydraulic crane. Four smaller sttvim hanuuers. Machine shop 175 ft x 75 ft. with ;30-ton travelling crane comm.-.miing whole «hop, e,iuipped with 24" slotter, six drills A,ne a i).it. radial, 5" spindl J), nh e ^7 ff ' W ""'"'^i ""'" "^''H "' ^^^ ''''^'' ^•■•^^'•'■■'^*^' '^"^1 8 ^ 10" in the gat), wi 1 take 37 ft. between ce^itres, small sbapers, etc., etc. P(,vvei is supplied by some fifty ce^t'^ighf pTant.^ ' '^''"^''"- ^"'^''^ *"^'^" '''' ^'^''"^ ^^^ '^^^ ""^ ^^''^'^^^ Output 100 tons of steel ingots per day, all of which is worked up into bars, sheets, axles and other forgings. ^ ' Over 97,000 axles of this comi)any's make were supj.lied to Canadian railways av. 3^Ji^ «'"'P^"y ««»Pl«yed ni ISm an average of 425 men at the works, and expended in wages to this staff §186,471.00. A.side from this they should be credited with the labor necessary to mine and raise the average quantity of cc«J lI'ir'^E tK"' ^^q^' l^ f •'"" l'""^^^*'^ '"«"' «i^"'g » t«t«i «f 650 men connected "Avith the Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Co., Ltd. ""at-iea The company consumed 37,000 tons of coal in J 893 wards! SieV.Gl"^'''"'''^ *'^''* ^^""^ ^^""^ ^'"'"^ ''' ^^' '""' ^'^^^^*^'' ^^^''"^^ *^"^ «"*' THE PICTOU CHARCOAL IRON CO., LTD., BRIDGEVILLE, N.8. iurna^' '^'"''~^™''''' ^^^'"^^^^^ ^"'^' Limonite in the immediate vicinity of the r.r-ir.^lf ^'"^P^?/-The Company controls 8,500 acres of hard wood lands, yielding fhSic^ei^ ' '^' ^"""^ ^^"^ "^'^P^'- '^'"^ ^'^"^ ^« «**"«^«^ «^^«» mifes from 5 (m^Jrll Furnace-o5 ft. high. 11 ft. bosh, built of red brick. Capacity o,UUU tons ciiarcoal iron j)er annum, ^ •' auucoal Kilns-mneteen beehive kilns, capacity fifty cords each. inis company has barely commenced operation. So far only 700 tons of iron liave been produced. Working full blast, however, it will give employment to sSS men in the woods, mines, and at the furnace. empioymenc to aw JOHN McDOUCALL & CO., DRUMMONDVILLE, QUfi. rhnZ^i'VT 1^7/^'^ within a radius of twelve miles of Drummondville. .<.lIy^:::me^ulic'l\rir""P^"^ '^^"" ^"' «P^"^^' «^^^^^ '- ^^^^'^^ tonj;::l;'zsX:;:^t^:^:' -''--^ '' ''■ ^^^^- ^^^-^^^ ^^^^ % f b« J"^ P'^'''"^ ^^^, ""^^'IV'^ *^''^ ^"^P"*^ ^« ""^"^^ in <^he manufacture of car wheSf^t .the company s works in Montreal. The campaign is therefore largely regSted by 4:he requirements of the car wheel department. iegiuatea oy to. < Pt'BUC OPINIOK. 96 ng whole le), nine will take ouie tifty tncHndes- nto bars, railways, •rks, and [lould be y of coal onnected and out- r NaSa jy of the yielding les from IJapacity i of iron t to 300 dlle. I practi- out six heels at ated by THE CANADA IRON FURNACE CO., LTDa, RADNOR FORGES, CHAMPLAIN, P.Q. Ores — Bog and lake. The Company control 100,00(> acres of ore bearing I'tnds in the districts of St. Maurice, Three Rivers, Vaudreuil, .Toliette, St. Ambrose de Kildare, Point du Lac, Gentilly and lieaconcour, including the important deposits , of lake ores at Lac-a-la-Tortue and L»tc-HU-Sable, which the Company hold in fee simple. Also magnetic iron mines at Sherbrooke, St. Jerome, and other points in the Province of Quebec. W(H)d Suppbt— Free hold and royalty rights on hard wood lands extending throughout the country north of Radnor Forges. The supply of wo(xl is practically inexhaustible. The Company's location at Qrandes Piles securing to them practiadly the "Key " of the St. Maxuice River, and the control of most va.luable hard wood lands on either bank of the river for seven miles of the navigable waters (»f the St. Maurice. The wo(xl is principally hard maple, birch and beech. Charcoal Kilns — A battery of 11 kilns on the furnace property at Radnor Forges, capacity 55 cords each. A l)attery of 14 kilns at Grandes Piles, capacity 55 cords each. Charcoal also made in pits in the Swedish manner. Limestone Quarry — The comi)any owns what is perhaps the most important limestone quarry in the Three Rivers district. This lies within 50 yards of the furnace. Railways— A railway line from Piles Branch, C.P.Ry., to the furnace. This, together with ^witches, is three miles in extent, all the pro] rty of the Company. Car Wheel Shop — Located at Three Rivers. Furnace — Iron shell, height 40 ft., bosh 9 ft. diameter. Crucible and bosh from mantle down is encased and protected with a Russel Wheel «fc F(jundry Co. water jacket. The furnace is complete with all modern accessories. Hot blast stove, Drummond pattern. Steam and water power. New Weimer blowing engine, also complete auxiliary plant, blowing engines, steam and force pumps ready for use at any moment should the permanent plant become disabled. Capacity — 40 tons per day of high class charcoal iron, specially adt)pted for the manufacture of chilled car wheels. This iron stands an average breaking strain of 63,000 lbs. per sijuare inch, the testbgingon sta ndard Im rs 1 in. x 12. DurmiglSnS'the Companypfoauce3~7,423 net tons of charcoal pig iron. They made all their own raw material, not alone for the production of the quantity of iron named, but also for sufficient stock to provide for a largely increased output during the present year, 1894. The average number of men employed is 660, with about 400 horses. During the winter months when the company recpiire to cut all the hardwoo^ necessary for the year's production of charcoal, and when they take delivery of a great deal of the ore made during the summer months, they often find it necessary t,n /Ln|p loy aataff of u pwards of 860 men, with about 55 horses. CwTEeTarge staff of men, at least three-quaFters are drawn from the ranks of farmers and habitants, and the operations are carried on by them over a very large territory. ^ "%. Politicians will do well to notice that each and every one of the Canadian blast furnaces are located in rural districts, and that in a very peculiar degree the pig iron industry is one closely identified with the interests of the farmers. 90 THE IRON INDUSTRY. NOVA SCOTIA. j^ farm i \. The coke furnaces of Nova Scotia draw a large proportion of their employees at niines and furnaces from the farmnig class. In many instances the farmers take work in the mines, while other members of their families look after their aL'ri- cultural interests. The charcoal iron furnace especially may well be classed as a farmers industry. For example, m the case of the Canada Iron Furnace Co Jready cited, out oLa^st^ 850 men employed at the present time, 700 at least ortne employees a?^7a?fii5Fs or habitants, who work for the Company during the winter months and m their slack seasons, between seed time and harvest These men find that the arduous ^vork of clearing their land is no longer unprofitable as it has been m the past, but that on the contrary they are now able to derive a very good living from the earliest days of settlement by supplying wood to the charcS Another ready source uf employment is the raising of ore on portions of their own and neighboring lands which would otherwise be wholly unproductive The successful re-establishment of the charcoal iron industry at KadnorForces has greatly improved the condition of the farmers of the historical Three Rivers distnct Quebec. They now find steady and profitable employment on th eh- own Shortr'''"'' ' '''^^y^'^'^'^''^^^'- their farm products, and ample workTor During the present season the Canada Iron Furnace Co. are using in their ^am^sandc^fields upwards_ot 500 horses, 80 per cent, of which are theVroperty ~ ThTTcSdi^i^dtTof interest between the farmer and the manufacturer is also characteristic of the work done at Drummondville, in the provincrof QuXc It will be largely in the interest of the farmers of Ontario if the charcoal iron A industry IS allowed to grow and prosper. What has been possible in £ case of Sweden is equal y possible for the provinces of Ontario, where the mw matenal and the market lie side by side. In 1890 Sweden had in ^"7164 cScoal iron furnaces, producing 456,102 metric tons, an industry of which that nItTnn ZZ well be proud The utilization of the ha^d and soft woods of our forest 'at 71 sent waste material would be of incalculable benefit to the province of Ontario" and above all to the agriculturalists of this province Ontario, Next to the farming ckss the railways of Canada would perhaps be the great est gainers by the establishment of an iron industry. In the case of the go ven-' trUnfer^^ Lrs^.nt iJirsLircrcti st^^r^^ ^^s^^^^^'^' ^^•' ^"-^^^ one-fifJrof iiit:^^^^^^^^^^^ z r.r.5i^%^^^%^''^''''^ n ^^"^ C*"«dian Pacific Railway, on which the works of the Canada Iron Furnace Co. are located, is perhaps the best paying piece of I'ne dos sessed by that great trans-continental road, and this is ver? largely due to the fact that every pound of raw material inwards to the furnace and finished product out wards to the market contributes to the revt^nue of the railway company It IS quite Plam that any policy that would serve to cripple these iron indn<, tries vnll be sete rely felt by the railways. mdus- Perhaps the greatest difficulty that has stood in the way of the advancement of " Free TraL," and " Revenue VS/'have'sr^d to M^ ^1 ^^^0 'L Canadian iron masters have found it ve^- difficult to obtaiS investoHor the carrv mg forward of the work on a proper basis. When the difficulties are all coMide7£ It IS remarkable that the industry has reached even its present stage °°'^"^'""^ Vi ^ r ^i employees irniers take their agri- lassed as a urnac-e Co. rOO at least during the !st. These itable, as it ive a very le charcoal ns of their ive. nor Forges 'ee Rivers their own ) work for ig in their 3 property facturer is )f Quebec he Pictou ircoal iron he case of V material rcoal iron ition may ts, at pre- ■ Ontario, ;he great- e govern- ■ations of , and the Jss of the ks of the line pos- ) the fact duct out- n indus- 3ment of ty of the arocity," , so that le carry- nsidered 98 THE IRON INDUSTRY. If The United States at the present tiine presents an example of what uncer- tainty regarduig tar.tf cha.tges will do. During the past *ix u/ontha bush or ll been completely (le.nomli^ed in the iron trade of the Republic bv the fea^ ofa possible change in the duties. Thi,. in face (,f the fact ti.at both mrt es a* Con gresH are ^nown to be more or less protectionist in theory anrSice ho ditter«nce beniR only one of ,legi-ee, whereas in Canada politicittrarmoi? extrep.^ ,n their views and the battle against protection to native ndust^eslmB W-th such a nucleus as the existing establishments afibrd, with unlimited supp hes of raw n.aterial, and possessing the best of all markets-^; hon% marke - .the Canadmn ,ron industry cannot fi^l to expand rapidly and safelV S^Sv a. in the ease of the United States much more rapidly than the nnn.d:.tfi.^ i? ^ ? he Government of Canada will establish confiJeZ in the fncLT^pr^^^^^^^^ in sonu. nmnner giving a degree ..f permanency to the .jresent prfSive tariff Minor details will from time to time rec,uire «djustment/but?L' broad rrin^^^^ of protection to an industry forwhich Nature has so eminentlv fitfll VhoV • •' must be endorsed by both Government and op;osi;i:nTF Jjerd and L^/^^^^^^ Sr^ ^'>^>"g^^ «"• Penod of time in which to secure a full devehZent of the i^' dustry, so that it may meet, on somethin-^ like eaual tfirms f h« ^t !.^iV % •?' ,IK.werfulcompetitoi.sinthe\lnited States ^ndoZ^^^^ dustry will be restricted, and in time of degression such as at x^rlZ.^ X to cm. „illh«ve exactly the Jm. t^A.,cyZtST^fl^t!iZT'^-^''T any foreign competitor can do in his^own country ^^^"' ^"'" '^^^ LOCATION. competitors, viz., the furnaces of tlTsoutl ern U^^^^^^^^^ present greatest A full and nnhinoaQfl i-n- - " ^ m..-...ga.u,n into alitne lauts concerning the successful PUBLIC OPINION 9» iiat uncer- e fear pjf a 68 .ill Con- icti,ce, tho are mopt stries has i National unlimited market — obabiy as 1, ^ only aHsts by, ive tariff, principle )omini()n, al Parlia- jf the in- on of its lis the in- the iron Canada, Ity. uts of the ron, and liy $3.00 me years », viz., to n control rice than. e settled 3 does a luce the .^ed from sition in greatest the past n plants 3 is paso in con- iieet the istrative tates to leman^. jharcoal t as the •io now rig coal 3n from STOLE THE SPURIOUS ARTICLE. Dalton MacCarthy (as Bufglar Foster disappears through the window) — ** Gosh ! 1 got a scare that time ; I thought the fellow was going to steal my genuine tariff reform, when all he \^anted was that old bag of antique relics." ccessful TT- 100 THE IRON INDUSTRY. P/ estiihlishinont of tho iron industry in other countrieH, und of the circuinstunceH at- tending the work already done in ChiiiuIh, lends to the following concluHions : First — Thftt the Ciiniidiiin iron industry 1ms greater and more just claims to the good will and HUj)j)ort of the (i ivernnient and ooople of Canada than perhaps any other of the great industries of the country. In tobacco, sugar and cotton, splen- did progress has been made, yet these industries, whilst r.f un<|ue8tionable benetit to the country, all contribute more or less tc the labor of foreign countries, by us- ing raw in.iterialsof foreign growth, for which nature has in)t fitted Canuda. The iron industry is alt(»gother dilforeiit, being purely Canadian from raw material to finished product. Nature has riddy ei. lowed Canada with every ing that goes to make success in this special line of enterprise. It rests with the (iovernment and the people of the great province of Ontario to foster the industry to a perfect development. Second— The Dominion and Ontario Parliaments must immeaiaiely adopt a course that will give confidence t-^ investors, by demonstrating that th»i protective tariff and l)ounty will be well maintained f(»r some time to come. The (iovernment must rectify judiciously any errors that may have arisen, and must seek at least approximately to grant a nnifirrm protection to labor, in whatever branch of the industry it maij be employed, be it at the mines, furnace, rolling mills, iron foundry or machine shop. Third — The Provincial Govennnents must cjike steps innnediately to encourage by every reasonable concession the develoriment of the iron industries now within their respective borders. In Ontj./io every facility should be granted by the Prctvincial Govern- ments in the way^ of privileges for the clearing of hard and soft woods from Crown lands. This course will not only strengthen and build up the charcoal iron industry, but will bring about a rapid settlement of Goven: ^lent lands. Hitherto settlers have avoided the forest lands of the East, in favor of the more easily cultivated prairies of the West. Establish the Charcoal Iron Industry in Ontario, and the settlers will find a sure and profitable return for ' tbor ex- pended in clearing the wood, an inducement that will make the bushlands of these Provinces more attractive tlian the prairies of the West. The section ot the different provincial mining laws, providing for a proper expenditure in the development of uiining locations within a given tim^, should be strictly enforced, and if possible the obligations made even more stringent than t, present, so as to ensure a fair amount of work being dona promptly, and prevent as much as possible the "locking up" of valuable mines by speculators. WHERE 'THE OWNERS OF LOCATIONS ARE TOO POOR TO CARRY ON • THE WORK OF DEVELOPMENT IN A PROPER MANNER, then the Provincial Government should do so by some equitable arrangement with the owner. For this purpose the Provincial Legislature should vote in each year's supplies a reasonable sum of money. This would serve to bring about a business-like development of some very valuable mines that now lie dormant, and must in time bring a very profitable return to the Government by the settlement of Crown lands. Further, it would tend to prove to capitalists that the ort supplies are all that they are claimed to be, and ample for all requirements. The Provincial Governments require to deal with the whole question in a business-like manner, strictly enforcing laws that will tend to an early develop- ment, but at che same time they must be heartily in accord with the Dominion Government in granting every legitimate encouragement and facility that will tend to build up so valuable an industry. Fourth— Canadian Vmnkers, capitalists, and men of affairs generally will do well to give the native industry more attention in the future than the^^ havp. in the- past. An industry that is peculiarly Canadian in every branch, drawing all its ' wealth from Canadian soil, is surely worthy of their legitimate support. :l -nrr- MY OWN CANADIAN HOMZ. Words by E. G. Nrlson. If Tempo d( Marola, NATIONAL SONG. Music by Mora.RY McLauchlin. U W Tempo at Marofa, 1. — Though oth ■ er skies may be as bright, And oth - er lands as 2. — liiy lai.v.^ and riv • ers, as •* the voice Of ma • ny wat • ers" ^SE?r iixip: z:t3it:--:^z±: tit: fair ; Though charms of oth - er climes io • vite My wand'ring foot-steps raise To Him who planned their v^st ex • tent A sym • pho - ny of there, Yet there is ipne, the peer of all, Be ■ neath bright hea--ven's praise. Thy moun-tain peaks o'er-look the clouds — They pierce the a - zure y- ¥ ^^^iii^H dome ; Of thee I sing, O hap-py land, My own Can - a - dian home, skies; They bid thy sonsbe strong and • rue— To great achievements rise. A noble heritage is thine, So grand and fair and free ; A fertile land, where he who toils Shall well rewarded be ; And he who joys in nature's charms, Exulting, here may roam 'Mid scenes of grandeur, which adorn My own Canadian home. Shall not the race that t;ead thy plains Spurn all that would enslave ? Or they who battle with thy tides — Shs-U not that race be brave ? Shall not Niagara's mighty voice Inspire to actions high ? 'Tweie easy such a land to love, Or for her glory die. And doubt not should a foeman's hand Be armed to sirike at thee, Thy trumpet call throughout the land Need scarce repeated be ! As bravely as on Queenston Heights, Or as ill Lundy's Lane, Thy sons will battle for thy rights And freedom's cause maintain. Did kindly heaven afford to me The choice where I would dwell, Fair Canada that choice should be, The land I love so well. I love thy hills and valleys wide, Thy waters' fla'h and foam ; May God in love o'er thee preside, My r* ,-j: I 1 Used by permission of Whalbiv, Rovcb & Co., owners of the copyright. m m ^02 lyHJB ip9y T^D^STB^. Let the Government of Ofli^ti^o find pf>op^^ go ^t^ily onward, and by every ZW *"l«y'«P'*thy build up great Prcrv/& l^duZies and interests. neithS doubtnig their^^^lves nc^ their resources, out rather cultivating in eve'; depart' ment oArade and commerce, and in the hearts of the people, that natici^al'Se m national products so characteristic of Englishmen and iWejicun^ FoSowine quch a course Ontario must soon develop not only in hef Iron Sstry Tut^ every department of national life. ^ ^ «»-» ^fon mauscry, bitf i/i BUT MR. MOWAT'S GOVERNMENT WILL GRANT NO I^GISLATION t^ste ^r'ZThiT^T¥'H ^^ f^^^«>t"^l ^^^h «.r prQ^efit^the farmers' in- terests, on Mie other ha«4. the (IpgaUnd othjer .prpfessio^is and capitatsts loaning njoney can get all the encouragement required and be protectTtTany extent they demand The suspension of Mineral Royalties is only an ambush for the Government to jump on investors after they have their works establ shed w.d in «tead of encouragement to adventurous spirits ^ill act as ap intimiSn and Z only remeuy the people have is to cast tl^eir votes against every reforTcandidate therefore every elector leaving home to Vote on election day shoSHrst coSi his own interest and leave his personal friendship, if he has any for Mowat Sr^tthe'rure""^ '''' ^^^^'^^^^ orOnt,,io^i„a,>,,lc^ some^og^etTni Sir Oliver has drifted out of sight of the shores of Liberalism and has -one on END THIS ANOMALY. ^fy,oJ^M^''^''''L^"'*^/!'^^.'l^''^^''^^^ ^repermitted to discriminate in favor of each other in the matter of tanfT rates, but they are n« i allowed to show like favors to continrt""""'''''"'^''^'^^' dependencies of the Empire outside the klanS Canada's -freedom of action is also limited. She cannot admit British annrlo f.ljiu'm'^''''^'^'' ^*"^ "'^^^"^ extending the ^i;.o privile^'to Srnt/Tnd ah 7^f I»iperial legislation which restricts the pommeicial freedom of Australia should be aojeuded and the Lnperial treaties that tie the hands orCaLdaoSht to be abrogated. Every obstacle that stands in the way of closer trade relation^ between the various sections of the Empire should be removed Great B'Jkairwruld''lo^. '^" argument that is argued against 'this proposal-that vrreat lintain would lose more by abrogating treaties which give her certain advantages in* foreign markets than she would gain bv allowinlcolonfes to di, cri^unate in her favor. But that argument is only^ood as app^l to the present' The future IS al against it. Britain's foreign market is growing less year bv vear «nnrS'?^"'*'^''i'IT^^"S greater, and the expansion in the latter woufd be enormously accelerated by a preferential trade policy within the Empire The mother country should, fof business reasons, allow the colonies to mv« preferential treatment to her and to each other W«Iwi 1 ^^^® doSn'^P^^ l^^ '"^ ^'^ ^^"'r '"'«^- Atmt^cial'irn If ^JTer M^^ dommions would »iean a political union that would be able to defy a world ^n The anomaly of a system under which fellow-oitizens in one part of the Fnmir« t":'soon:'"'" " ^"'"'"^^ ^" ''"^^ '"^ fellow-citizens in m^^^^^l^^ .W TMBME A FAnflLY COMPAt^,? PUBLIC OPINION. 108 WHERE THE ROAD DIVIDES. Sir Oliver : — " Gents, I say, gents, give a fellow half a chance. Why the deuce can't all three of us ride peacefully along the same old road together, same as we used to, in my rig, instead of getting out here to scrap ! " 104 THE IRON INDUSTRY. ^ concentrating offices in its power. The old family compact which the old Reformers struggled against and finally overthrew through the aid of Lord Durham's report and the aid of Robert Baldwin in 1841 had the great evil of concentrating all offices in itself, from sheriffs, registrars, commissioners, even down to the lowest bailifts in courts. It appointed all magistrates in the quarter sessions, county court judges and every officer in the division court, allowing no patronage to any other party but itself. The peojile thought it most intolerable, and, as is well known, some of them were forced to rise against the system in arms. Nothing is so intolerable as this Cabinet aristocracy in a country. Now the question is. Have we too much family compactism in the Mowat Government ? I mean among his close Liberal friends. Even the control of all the division court officers, license commissioners, and especially registrars, sheriffs and inspectors has been taken possession of for many years by Mr. Mowat's Cabinet. The Patrons have lately made a great outcry against such a system, and Mr. Mowat has commenced to reform it. Another thing the people do not like in his Cabinet is the tendency to yield to Roman Catholic influences. Had Separate Schools and the Confederation Act been left as originally enacted by the North American Act it would have been bad enough. The people generally of all parties are opposed to Separate Schools in Ontario, because tbey tend to distract and divide the people. The old family compact of 1837 and prior to it had universal power over all offices. Now look at our Ontario House of Assembly. There are 92 members, of which about 30 are in the Opposition. How many of the balance, say 60, in the House of Assembly are looking for office, expecting it, apart from his Cabinet of six members ? Look how many porsons have been appointed from this House of Assembly during the past ten or fifteen years to public offices by the Mowat Government — the sheriffships, registrarships, inspectorships and other fat offices. Can ^uch an Assembly be true and independent where a Cabinet has such a tendency to appoint to office, and is this not as bad as the old family compact in many respects ? Ontario is full of county court judges who are supposed to be impartial gentlemen. Why was the power taken from them to appoint their bailiffs and clerks by Mr. Mowat 1 Would the judges not have been the best persons to have chosen their own officers ? The old family compact used to say : W^e, the executive power of Toronto know whom best to appoint throughout the country, and thus often con- trolled the House of Assembly. Is the same reason not resorted to at present by the six Cabinet ministers of Mr. Mowat ? It must not be supposed that I approve of concentration of offices by the Ottawa Government, I condemn misgovernment everywhere as an independent politician. I believe it not well to leave any Cabinet too long in office. Look at the legislation of the past session and consider the dis- honest manner in which Mr. Conmee was allowed to bring in the power to vote in Separate Schools. Why did not Mr. Mowat's Government bring that bill in if it was proper to do so ? Consider the manner in which his favorites have been appointed to offices in Osgoode Hall and in the family of Sir Richard Cartwright. How many offices has Mr. John Winchester, of Osgoode Hall, held ? and Mr. Scott, the Examiner of Titles 1 Have the inspectors of registry offices done their duty ? If so, why are such things as this Peter boro abuse allowed ? Now I am not for the present going to enlarge this letter. Charles Durand, Barrister. One of the Baldwin reformers. A warrior under William Lyons McKenzie. in 1837. Eighty years ago eight merino sheep were landed in Australia. These eight have since increased to 130,000,000. Our cousins at the Antipodes have an even greater source of wealth in their sheep runs than they possess in their gold mines. % u Trei the peop] too soon. PUBLIC OPINION. 10i> A SURPLUS ON PAPEU. (After a Celebrated Painting by Sir John Millais, R.A.) Treasurer ^arcowr< .—"That's a lovely surplus bubble and will please the peo~mensely if those arbitration fellows at Ottawa don't burst it too soon." 106 tHj^ iron industry. HI The imports and exports of Australia amount to $430,000,000 a year And this trade has been mainly built up within the last 50 years. Canada can not fail to derive advantages from closer trade relations with a colony that is developing so rapidly. By using the highway across Panada, the journey bofcween y4igla?id apd Australia is shortened by a weeli. When this fact beeomes generally fenown a stream of travel will set in from which the direct anc( indirect advantages to this country must be enormous, Ceylon is one of Britain's innumerable colonies. It ia almost too small to be; seen on the map. And yet that one little island exports 90,OOp,OPO pounds of tea per annum, or 14,000,000 pounds in excess of the entire im- port of the United States. What possibilities of development there are in a^ Inter-Imperial policy that will bring the various parts of |.be JJippiro Wto closer tra^e relations with each other. The ac(vai^tage to Great Pritaiu of possessing an alternative route to her Eastern possessions via Canada was striUingly illustrated by Hon. Jlob- ert Reid yesterday, In the event of war the highway through the Miedi- terranean and Suez Canal would be in danger of attack at a dozen points by ships sent out from fortified harbors to which they could return for safety in the event of meeting a force too strong for them. That via Canada, on the other ' and, would be absolutely safe so long as England controlled the open sea. The net amount of premiums paid on the life insurance policies in Canada last year was ."i?9, 600,000. Of this total Canadian companies received $5,156,000 : American $2,403,000 and British $1,041,000. Mr. Grundy, the deputy registrar of Peterborough has been duly dismissed. He told some unpalatable truths before the Public Accounts Committee, denied certain of them under pressure, and. reiterated them all when later on he came to reflect. Mr. Grundy seems to have expected punishment from the first. He is, therefore, not in the slightest degree a surprised man. But what has the public to say on the matter 1 Here was a person employed in a public office. He was compelled to testify before the Public Accounts Committee. His compliance with the requirements of the committee, to- gether with what arose out of it, has lost him his situation. What degree of truth can be expected from officers under examination in future if for tel- ling the truth they are to be discharged 1 Possibly Sir Oliver will compel the registrar to take Mr. Grundy back, or step out himself. Four years ago the colony of Victoria, Australia, did not export a pound of butter. Next year she expects to ship 10,000 tons to England. Ontario as well, bu for my poc PUBLIC OPINION. 107 EXPENSIVE, BUT USELESS. Ontario — " I'm inclined to be a trifle conservative, and I like ornaments as weirbut for hard times like these your office is altogether too expensive for my pocket." I 4.... 108 THE IRON INDUSTRY. The population of Victoria is a little over and the area somewhat under one half that of Ontario ; it is over five weeks' journey from London ; we are less than two weeks. And yet that one colony sends treble the quantity of but- ter to England that is sent from the whole of Canada. Our butter makers should be ashamed of themselves. The different Australia Governments en- courage the export of chee' e and butter by a bounty. So should Ontario Government. ' Mowat party will do nothing. In concluding a summary of the work done during the session of the Ont- q,rio Legislature, the Montreal Gazette says : — ' >iir Oliver Mowat neither in the past, in connection with his financial administration, nor in the present, in connection with the issues of the hour, has done anything that a man of ordinary capacity could not accomplish ; and there are evidences on the sur- face that the Ontario public recognizes the fact, and that he recognizes that the public recognizes his weakness." If drifting away from Liberal prin- ciples is an indication of weakness, Sir Oliver is about to face the country in a condition of political emaciation. EVIDENTLY A MAN WITH A PULL. It is reported that the Hon. C. F. Fraser is to succeed E. F. B. Johnston as inspector of Registry offices, and that the latter is to be given some other position. Does this mean that Mr. Johnston is to be a permanent pensioner on the Province 1 That gentleman has been Deputy Attorney-General and is now Inspector of Registry Offices. How many more fat berths are the people of Ontario to be called upon to provide for him 1 One would suppose that his apparent inability to discover irregularities on the part of registrars that were afterwards brought out by a committee of the Legislature should be a bar rather than an aid to future preferment. ?. NEPOTISM AND SINECURES. ANOTHER INTERESTING LETTER FROM DR. RYERSON. The Question Historically Considered — How Sinecures Were Created in Eng- land — And Hoiv the Feojde Dealt With Them — A Parallel to What is Done in Ontario — Will Punishment Follow Here as There ? To the Editor of The Empire : Sir, — The merits and demerits of the fee or sinecure system have been pretty thoroughly discussed, except from an historical point of view. I nro- pose to offer a few observations on that important phase of the question. The sinecure system dates from the reign of Charles II., vhen a desire to provide for noble families, impoverished after the civil war, and a general, looseness of public morality permitted the easy entry of abuses. Offices were granted, or were continued to be held long after their usefulness had ceased. Office-holders were Daid bv fees so as to avoid the scrutinv of Parliament. These offices were avuilable as rewards and menaces in public life, the faith- PUDLIC OPINION. 109 Old Mother Hubbard, she went to the cupboard, To get the poor dog a bone ; But when she got there, the cupboard was bare And so the poor dog got none. hood, just keep sitting up." no THE IROii tNDUSTRf . ful were recompensed just as they are to-day in this "Province, the wavering were held to their allegiance, the kickers were coerced a hundred years ago by Walpole, as they are to-day by Mowat. So great was the abuse of public office that ladies dhd cliet^*^®" ^^^^ offices in the law courts and custom house, the work being done by deputies. Meii di*few large incomes without having the least idea ot tH^ Wotk^ have been quartered upon the public. Mr. O'Connor, member for South Bruce, Mr. Sp dred could enl out the provin The list of me several cases, fessiona of big House'? Sir Olive venture to sa carefully aft* named relati^ 1, Fred( $8,416. Mo Chief Justice 2. Mow in his official .3. J. F. 4. Mr. 5. Mr. 6. Mr. sums for ext The lisl for Sir Oli' member of public welfa list of Mr. ] 1. Bus .. •■ 2. C. J 3. 11, 4. T. ] 5. a partment, t sons. I repe I may hav( Mr. A who have 1 One was a pool, a sec the Londo income frc other self- Enou the Conse reduced tl there are h&ve man there are exploitati retafeion», PVKLIC OWHIOS, 119- B..uoe, Mr. SpeaW Dallantyne -d otherj wh h , o^.^^^^^^^ dred could enlighten me li they would. Meanwhile i^^g y ^^^^^ ^^^^ out the province to send such information ^\^^\^^^^^^ probably omits The list of member, who have secured othces f^^J^^^^^^^^^^^^ pro, several cases. However that n.ay be, » J^^^^^^^^J^^^^'^rZ S ^^^ ^^^'^ fessiona of high and unselfish patriotism which we hear irom m House'? , , , , ^„t^ t,hem a bad example. I Sir Oliver's followers can plead that he h^^n Vana^a who look d more venture to say that there never was a "^^ ex pete T^ following ^(..\Ur nftpr his own household at the puDUC expeuac. r>ed"r'ei:ti:es o^hXve been saddled upon the prov,nce^ , rrederick Mowa., f ^"'^ ^^^ w'^rCnf^^n o^^'o^the $8 416. More than the salary oi the i'lemiei oi Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada^ .^ ^^^^^^ 2. Mowat, MacLennan, Downey & Co., are soncuors in his official capacity (fees). . License Branch, Toronto (salary.) 5 J F Mowat, assistant accountant i.icense ^'■'^ 4 Mr Duff, stipendiary magistrate, Kingston (sak^^^^^^^ t Mr. Fras'er, irk of the c-wn etc W^^^ ',? odpient of large 6 Mr. Thomas Langton ha* figured for yeais as in t' 8ums for extra legal work in ^^^^ ^f P^;^*™.^^;': .„„,, ^^ it speaks eloquently -zrwlit^:t\tx-^ sx:: *x. .^.d. He. . . pa*. list of Mr. Hardy's operations ; Asvlum. 1 Russell Hardy, storekeeper, London Asyiuiu. • - 9 C J M Harfy, clerk. Crown Lauds Department. ■' 3 ii R Hardy, clerk, Crown Lands Department. I T.'Botham, clerk, license and !"^'-J^,^ranch ^ ^^^ ^^ ^:^ t i^^^^r^^^^C^o. one o. Mr. Hardy. '""^ repeat that this is only a partial list of Mr. Hardy's feats in nepot^n. I may have a more complete one "y^^fj/^-^j^rod ;„ the roll of members kr. A. M. Ross, the former Treasurer "P^f^* >" ^^^^ i,is relations, who have looked after 'l-^^'^''^^' l^^lttio immTgration Bureau at Liver- One wa« appointed to an ,^5^'" ^^^.^tment, a third to be physician at pool, a second to the P^acm.ks Depart ,.^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ , the London ^J^ »" . J,', ^Je not had time to look into the case of income from fees ot )|54,»**. .^ n„Viinet other self-sacrificing P*^^.^^%"V'^,.^to Xw ""^^ '^" ^''''''' '''' ^•'' '^" Enough has beeri said, h^^r^^' ^/^ , 5?^^^ cost of government is to be the Conservative Opposition believe ^^^^^^^^^ ^,,,, ,h,t reduced the men now in offic^ mu ^-^Jj^^^^^^^^^ ,f .ff^irs, because they there are no money scandals "^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ad on^^ from buftg uncovered y have managed thuB far to prevent 7> T^^^ ^^ ,^^dals, and thi3 whplesal^ there are scandals which are ^«r««J\\^ ^^t ^ rnern^ and. members' exploitation e!.^^LL"„^iT^?^±:^^ certainly one of 0 32 28 6.89 Russia 1889 2,740,477,085 29 80 6*53 Spain 1889 1,221,585.596 69 63 . 7-84 Sweden 1890 70,002.200 14 m 3-00 Switzerland 1891 13,84(t,800 4 74 , 1-03 Turkey 1887 522,293,530 56 .30 7-09 .Asia- China 1890 24,3aS,338 06 0*61 Japan 1890. 301,260,180 7 89 3'72 Africa — Egypt 1889 516,249,211 75 72 lO'Sl America — Argentine Republic . . 1891 .372,965,631 9127 5.10 Brazil . 1891 509,571,2(J0 32 11 6-5 Chili 1890 W.(X)0,(KX> 35 61 1-9 Mexico 1890 110,576,000 9 52 3*0 Peru 1888 259,000,000 96 00 41 -2 United States 1892 1,588.464,144 25 61 3-7 Uruguay 1891 106,000,000 . 134 90 6-7 The public debt of France is the largest in the world, and no two esti- mates agree as to its exact amount. The figures in the table are taken from the Statistical Abstract for Foreign Countries, 1890, published by the Imperial Government, while the latest estimate, made by a French writer, places the amount.on 1st January, 1893, at $6,959,072,733. The debt of the German Empire is the federal debt only, exclusive of the debts of the several states, which amounted in 1890-1 to about $2,344,.S36,000. There are, however, considerable investments and a large amount of Government property held as a set-off both against the federal and state debts. Next to that of France, the public debt oi the United Kingdom is the largest, followed by those of Russia, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spam and British India, in the order named. The united debt of Germany amounts to $2,646,492,000 and would place that country fourth in the above list between Russia and Italy, while tne united debt of Australasia, amounting to $892,882,466, places these colonies im- mediately following British India. In proportion to population, France, Uruguay and Portugal are the most heavily indebted countries in the above table, being, however, far exceeded by the Australasian colonies. In propor- ^ X PUBLIC OPINION. 125i M6 THB IRON INDUSTRY. tion to revenue, however, Peru would appear to be in almost a hopeless flnan- cinl plight, as it re(iuires more thati forty jcirtj of its revenue to redeem its debt, while its uup'iid intei't)»t. 'roteptptate8, 9,040,497 •quarfe miles. The combined atea, therefore, of Canada arid the Australasian colonies, exclusive of New Guinea, comprises rather mor^ than seventy per ,cent. of the whole Empire. The area of tlie whole cpiftinent c>f Europe is about 3,661,380 square n^ile^. lit is therefore only aJboux 20i,980 square miles larger thai the Dominion of tCanada. .i j i The area of Great Britairi and Irpland is |20,849 square mile^, so that Canada is nearly twenty-nine '^iraes as large as the whole. p.ttJb'e United King- idom. It is 4oO,7c5iJ square railcs ja,rgcu- tha'fx the tJuited Status without .Alaska. December 18 April 8 do 1 May 1 do 8 April 25 November 26 do 25 December 13 May 3 November 29 April 27 December 10 do S, January 3, '78 Match December Zi A§-il 24 do 19 t ' ' do 3 do January 2. '82 do i: December 9 do 27 do 16 do 18 do 22 May 5 do 7 April 24 do 4 May 1 do 23 April 29 do 14 do V do 29 do U do 3 do 14 do 17 Februarv 2 do 13 Deee£dHer 1 do i5 November 28 Deceriiber 18 November 30 December 18 do 19 do 26 do 19 November 22 January Decemoer 2, '82 9 do 21 do 19 January 8, '88 December 4 do 24 do 20 March 1,'90 December 28 January 5, '92 February 2 March 11 April 12 do 14 March 16 April 16 do 11 March 25 do 9 do 25 February 13 April 16 February 19 April 14 do 8 do 25 March 20 April 12 do 11 March 15 do 15 do 20 do 31 do 20 I !l. /I ,, ^ •- _^-^ ,.^., oT-o Anmrnitted to stand your your Mlcw-couitrymen, and that I fear the worst. 138 THB IRON INDUSTRY. The area of the world, as eHtiiuated bv Mr. E. G. Ravenstein, is 51,250,8(J(> square miles, ami its population l,4,878 U,mt2,'^^ 1888 4 Chili 2iKS,S>70 2,817,552 1891 9 Colombia 504,773 3,878,(J(XJ 1881 8 Costa Rica 37,000 aii4;3,205 1892 7 Ecuador 120,000 1,271,861 .... U Guatemala 46,800 ol,460,017 1880 27 Hayti 10,204 572,(X)0 1887 56 Honduras 46,400 431,917 1889 9 Mexico 767,006 11,395,712 1890 15 Nicaragua 49,500 312,845 1889 6 Paraguay 98,000 «459,(M5 1887 5 Peru ..... : 463,747 a2,971,844 1876 6 Salvador 7,225 777,895 1891 108 San Domingo 18,045 610.000 1888 34 United States 63,602,990 «62,022,250 1890 17 Uruguay 72,110 676,955 1889 9 Venzuela 593,943 a2,323,527 1891 4 Total America 11,634,036 113,214,652 .... 10 Oceania. Hawaii , 6,640 a89,990 1890 14 Total 31,684,619 1,028,358,903 . . ^. 32 a Census. b Including Alaska, 577,390 square miles. The next table gives the revenues and expenditures in the United King- dom and British possessions, principally in the year 1891, with the proportion of each per head of population. I'l lil.rr ol'INION, 12tt 4 4 4 9 8 7 11 27 56 9 15 6 5 6 108 34 17 9 4 10 14 32 I 130 THE IRON INDUSTRY. REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Revenue. Expenditure. County. Year. Amount. Per Amount. Per Head. Head. $ $ cts. $ $ cts. Umted Kingdom.. 1892 442,841,292 1162 437,ftl8,495 1141 Gibraltar 1891 297,528 15 58 300,040 16 02 Malta 1891 1,338,942 8 11 1,371 767 8 31 India 1891 417,276,025 1 89 399,326,926 1 81 Ceylon 1891 6,374,267 2 12 5.832,169 1 94 Straits Settlement. 1891 2,967,995 5 78 3,567,251 6 95 Labuan 1891 33,366 5 70 22,644 3 87 Hong Kong 1891 2,053,431 9 27 2,077,545 9 38 Africa — Mauritius 1891 3,696,550 9 97 3,978,354 10 74 Natal 1891 6,418,a)9 11 80 6,783,627 12 47 Cape of Good Hope 1891 20,116,863 13 17 20,969,308 13 73 St. Helena 1891 a3,453 8 13 40,3^1 9 80 Lagos 1891 382,641 4 47 323,088 3 77 Gold Coast 1891 905,1306 60 649,247 43 Sierra Leone 1891 437,3(J " 6 84 379,430 6 07 Gambia 1891 151,051 10 59 134,791 9 45 America — Canada 1892 36,921.872 7 54 36,765,894 7 50 Newfoundland .... 1891 1,845,240 9 32 1,663,957 8 42 Bermuda 1891 163,184 10 79 155,874 10 31 Honduras 1891 255,0:36 8 12 220,314 7 00 British Guiana ... 1891 2,726.316 10 05 2.584,681 9 54 West Indie8 — Bahamas 1891 257,023 5 40 271.579 5 71 Turk's Island 1891 35,789 7 54 38,914 8 20 Jamaica 1891 3.789,260 5 93 3,805,163 5 95 Windward Islands, 1891 1,435,170 4 24 2,5:36,270 4 54 Leeward Islands . 1891 &11.592 4 26 818,013 4 87 Trinidad 1891 2,375,999 11 88 2,386,720 11 93 Australasia- New South Wales. 1891 48,890,1,39 43 19 50,996,208 45 04 Victoria 1891 40,005,461 35 61 44,426.:3:35 48 96 South Australia. . 1891 " 13,770,004 42 97 13,472,051 42 05 Western Australia 1891 2,421,994 48 05 2,120,026 42 59 Qutensland 1891 16,304,418 41 41 17,931,988 45 55 Tasmania 1891 4,298,230 29 31 4,144.254 28 26 New Zealand 1891 20,178,324 32 20 20,126,314 32 12 South Seas- Fiji 1891 aiO,750 2 76 3130,057 2 63 Falkland Island . . . 1891 50,215 31 42 64,736 36 19 Total ium548,697 3 97 1,087,070,964 3 91 The revenue exceeded the expenditm-e in 18 out of the 36 countries and colonies named in the list, the total revenue having been $15,477,733 more than the expenditure. In proportion to population, both the revenues and expenditures of the Australasian colonies are very high, the chief explanation of which is that " a considerable revenue is derived from the usufruct of the " vmsold lands, which is not generally the case elsewhere ; the revenues also "are swelled bv the large surxis which are received annually from the aliena- non ui i^ruvv'n lanus, and iruui mr nvjiivm^ wx iHc otd..^. i,, ,,,.,._- •., •* practice of treating money derived from the sale of Crown lands as revenue " obtains in all the Australian colonies, and the money so raised forms one of "the largest be deriving } of treating s railways art Colony, as v Governmeni * Victoria 1887, p. 383. The ord countries, a table :— R Co Europe— Austria-! Belgium Den marl France German Greece I':alv Netherl; Norway Portuga Roumai Russia . Spain . Sweden Switzei Turkey Asia- Japan Africa- Egypt Tunis . America Argeni Brazil . Mexicc Peru Unitec Urugii *Inclu The given al about .1 revenue the Uni named, largest 10 74 12 47 13 73 9 80 3 77 43 607 9 45 7 50 8 42 10 31 7 00 9 54 5 71 8 20 5 95 4 54 4 87 11 93 3 91 131 PUBLIC OPINION. "4- i^^naAa in a few vears should " the largest ite.ns of their annaalincome Canada n ^^^^ .j be deriving a large revenue from ^^^^^'^'^.^'L force, but all the pnnc pal of treating%uch nioneys as revenue shoul^^^^^^ .^^ j^^^^i^^ , (^ape railways are in the hands of private PO'"P'J"^*^^- principally owned by the CoSTy, as well as in Australasia, t^^^.'-fj^Srence m thTaniount of revenue. Soverlment, producing ^^7^^^^^^^^-^ "^ ^^^^ '""' '"^''" ♦Victorian Year Book, 1884-0, P- "^- Amount C„„ntHe». Year. Revenue. J.;r^ Expe„<.,tu-e jw $ $ cts. a> **^ Europe- ^enn 416 071,000 10 08 ^'JHS'S in 15 Austria-Hungary 1890 ^^ j^ ^ 62.oW 466 10 1- Belgmm ^^^ 14 722,000 9 73 l^;?,g' :]« 16 43 France ("^ .xw xri7 333 5 94 ^"''■^'I'T.!!; « ly German Empire ^ ^i^;- ji 7 4^ 17,^^ ^ ^^ Netherlands 890 50,4^,^^ ,^,^ 6 13 Norway Jg^,j 40,893,349 8 69 if;'rs im 5 02 Portugal \^^. 01' 117 330 5 65 •^^^'•^!!',„!, % -'S R««?^^ IS 1.55 740,277 8 87 ^^^ 3 77 Spam |r.pf) 23,572,240 4 93 ^.'^'fd riv> 4 44 Sweden 1°^ j|' 104 333 4 51 1?'^?]^' JS ^ 76 Switzerland -1^ ^mM 3 25 104,140,006 3 76 A^a- '^ 1890 96,687,979 2 41 79,713,672 2 00 Japan , - o--? u'W 6 65 Af'"^^'^7 ..1890 47,791.000 7 01 ^^-^^/^^ 2 64 Egypt 1891 4,123,085 2 7o 3,9o^,oon 18« 1« "5 1 |fe | - Ko::;:.;::::::::.:- f^ T2K 1| Jfe IS Peru 5^9 425 868,260 6 80 *l^'2o . 1 m 19 46 United States W]] \m S.oliS^X) 19 22 13,834,140 19 4.5 4ncSnK expenditure on puWic works German Empire, are The federal revenue and expenditure oni>, j^ting in 18MI lo Klftl„lSe''I?|eS (^iKvatio,. and Uruguay.