IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. / {/ ^^% 5r /^/^ /A 1.0 I.I 1.25 HIM IIM - IAS i 10 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 # \ V \\ ^9) V 'c> ^ 4^<^% a^ CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques f\f\ Technical and Bibliosraphic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best orisinal copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couverture do couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee Covers restored ar?d/or laminated/ Couverture restauree et/ou pellicu signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre fitmis d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque !e document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul ciich*, il est film* d partir de Tangle 8up*rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n*cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 22 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRirULTl'RE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM OTTAWA, CANADA EXPERIMEiVTS IN POKK PRODUCTIOxN BY J. H. ,GRrSDALE, B. Agr AyricuUnrist, Central Experimental Far J ni Bacon Hog.s. BULI^KTI]^ ]sro. 33 JUNK, 18})9 Published by diuection ok the Hon. Sydney A. Fishe isHER, Minister of A(!Ricui/riRE. if iiH i §1 { - H m f- u K U C To the Honou ruble The Minister of Agriculture, Crista? r: "■"; "r^^ "E.xperin.entsin Pork Production". Atricuhui f^r''p "r "■ "'' ''''•^"^''" '^^ ^'^'■- J- "• ^-dale, the Agriculturist of the Central Experimental Farm. In this bulletin all the experiments M-hich have been conducted in the pttZ;::' '^'T'f ^^^'T '^^ ^"^ ^^"^"^' Experimental Fann or past e,gh years h.ve been tabulated a,.d summarized so as to present in a condensed form the whole of the infonnation .vhieh has been gamed by the investigations made regarding pork production during that time Useful conclusions are also drawn from the results of this woi^. Information is also given in this bulletin in ref. ■■ nee to the care of the breeding stock and the management and feeding oi ., .. pi„, it's hoped hat the facts presented in this publication. basl.d on :,he%' p^rien e ^ of Canada and aid in advancing the pork industry which has made such rapid progress during the past few years. I have the honour to be Your obedient servant, Ottawa, 20th June, 1899. WM. SAUNDERS, Director, E.rperimental Farms. EXPERIMENTS IN PORK PRODUCTION. BY J. H. GRISDALE, H. Aou., ArUUCULTURIST, CENTRAL EX PEKI. MENTAL FARM. Pigs were introduced upon the Central Experimental Farm in I.S!)0 Ihe breeds invested in were Berkshires, Improved Urge Yorkshires and Kssex .Since that time, Chester Whites, Poland-Chinas ai,d Tamworths have been secured, while the Essex is no longer bred here. Owin-' to lunited accommodation not many animals of each breed are kept, usu'lllv two sows and a boar. "^ Experimental work in breeding for hogs of a certain type has been carried on. As no other part of this bulletin will deal with the character- istics of the breeds and tlieir crosses, it might be well here U) say a few words upon this work. The Yorkshire-Tam worth cross has proven to be a most excellent one It IS eminently fitted to suit the market of the prcseit day. The Yorkshire-Berkshire cross has also proven to be a growthy pi" and well htted for general use. h y y>o '"I" The Berkshire-Tam worth cross seems to be an excellent pig where quick growth and early maturity are especially desired. Where these 1 i ds have been crossed witli the Chester White, the f oland-China or t.ie Essex, the get, in mosc cases, has proven to be of a rather short, blocky type. They have, as a rule, exhibited a strong tendency to lay on tat rather than develop muscular tissue. , Care of Breeding Stock. A few general statements might be made in this connection which would prove of some use. To begin with, the boar sliould be kej.t in fairly good flesh, care being taken to avoid fatness and some plan adopted to in- sure considerable exercise. Brood sows likewise should be kept in fairly good flesh. The best method of keeping these p imals is upon pasture in summer and in a large pen in wmter feeding them upon roots very largely, with bran, shorts or oats added. As farrowing time approaches, care should be taken by the attendant to get on friendly terms with them, so that there may be uo undue excitement at that critical juncture, should any assistance be necessary. To prevent the sow crushing her young, a board, about eight inches wide placed flat horizontally about eight inches from the floor will prove of "reat value. A small enclosure in one corner of the pen, kept dry and^well littered will also prove of great service ia protecting the little ones as they will naturally go there to sleep. The sow should be fed a plentiful ration of bran, shorts or oats, and milk while suckling her young. ifflXint'rW tfi ^WBi 11 The yotinR pigs should be early taught to eat. Thia may be 'lone by placing a Mniall trough in tlie above-mentioned enclosure. For a tew days a small supply of warm new milk might be placed in it, and later skim-milk warmed to blood heat. In two or three weeks or oven li'.ss some shorts or oatmeal might be added to the milk. Great care must be taken to keep the trough scrupulously clean. It should be washed thoroughly every day. If the young are dropped in winter, it is well to give them a few sods to tear up in their pen. The roots and earth appear to serve the important ends of supplying vegetable and mineral matter so necessary to the health and development of young animals. iiy pursuing tiiis or some similar method of feeding the young they will, at from seven to nine weeks, be weaned. Care should be taken at this time to reduce the sow's ration, especially tlio bran, shorts, oats or milk. Much of the trouble experienced in raising pigs arises from the feed ana care given the sow. If these are wliat they should be, no sickness is likely to occur in the young, sow or young. Variety in feed aids digestion Do not feed the sanu^ mixture for long to either Fattenino Swinb. Experiments have been conducted with all the common cerc.ls fed in ditl'erent ways and in different mixtures to ascertaii^ the amount of each required to make a pound of pork, when fed .separately and when fed with other cereals. Extensive exjieriments with skim-milk have also been con- ducted and a number of tests have been made of feeds not commonly u.sed by farmers. Below will be found a summary of the various experiments with a few comments by the compiler. The work summarized was conducted from 1890 to 1895, inclusive, by Prof. J. W. Robertpon, who during that time was agriculturist of the Central Farm ; from 1896 to 1898, inclusive, by Dr. Wm. Saundjrs, Direc- tor, and this year's work has been conducted under my supervision. No further reference will be made to the experiments, but where (juotations are made from the reports the year will be mentioned. Most of the data submitted have been collected from different years and classified under sub- jects rather than according to the date when obtained. Below is a diagram of the piggery on the Central Experimental Farm. This piggery was planned by Prof. J. W. Robertson in 1890. On another page will be found an engraving showing the building and part of the yard as they now appear. Plan I : Pioobry. The following figures illustrate the phm of the pons ^ STOCK. PIGS ^^^^^^^ ':\ I . I 11. 10 Plan II : Pigukry 11 -V Join tciJ ^■^>^ ^'^ W\\ \ 7 -Z- 16' Cent re \ XOTK. .>mK.--Thisfigiir.. shows tli.' details nf tliR pliioniR of tlw f..eding troutjli tlir lungrd oot-b,.ar(l ui front, of ttu' tmii},'li, tlic swintiiiiK' f.'c(lnit,-(loorovtT th.' tnuwli, a.i.l tlu. M;'ittfi '•Sr"'m^'"alltl.,MiqniafrW,eachlN The fall nitlu.Hoor tONsaid^ tli- f-e.ln.K-t.ougl. permitrt the swine to Hi- on a dry bed at tlif back of each Pen. 2^ Ire 1, till' liingcd 111 tliii K"tti'i' I'cliiiK-tfough COMPAKISON OF BrKEDS AS TO ECONOMY AS FkEDEUS. anges, from the report of The following report is taken, with slight che Comparison of Breeds and Breeding. Tho following ^•ll)ies show the (juantities of feed consumed per t)()uii(l of increase in live weight, by swine of different breeds or breeding durine dilierent feeding tests. ° Table I. shows the quantities of frosted wheat, ground and soaked in rohl svater for an average period of eighteen hours, consumed by swine of dittercnt breeding per pound of increase in live weight. They were fed for a period fif twelve weeks. Tahle I. No, of Swine 3 Crossbrccls. 4 (iradcs 2 Cnissbreds. 3 Purebreds. . Brt'odintJ. Date of Birth. 1892. Avfra<:(' uf licad. 1'" 1 con- sullied \H-V 111. of iiicrt'ii.si'. <)i,iv \ \ fniproved Largi; Yorksliire .Aug. -1 lbs. 100 !»4 ill lbs. 210 180 L'i;i lbs. ."103 ■••03 rv.-iB 5«7 lable IT. shows the quantity of a mixture of ecjual parts by weight of barley and frosted wheat, both ground and soaked in cold water for an average period of thirty hour.^, plus pulped carrots, consumed hy swine of different breeding per pound of increase in live weiglit. Thev were fed for a period of twelve weeks. Taiu.e II. No. of iSuine. Breeding. Date of ..Average of Birth. 18'.I2. live weight per head. Feed consumed (M-l lb. of increase. ig. 3. iTamworth ,, ;jO. I 2,Mivl7 ( \ 2, Aug. 4 J I iliiijiroved Large Yoi'kshire. , Feb. 7 or 14. lbs. 70 117 nil 114 ISll Mav2 or !l. lbs. 134 IrfO ISO 172 23(i drain ('arrots. Ills. 3 77 4 17 4-42 4 74 o\S3 7 S'.l llSd roG Table ITT. shows the quantity of a mi.xture coinpo.sed of measure of b.irley, rye, frosted 'wheat (all ground) and whe; in cold water for an average period of 8 or 18 hours, consu of increase in live weiglit by swine of different breeding, were fed for a period of fifteen weeks, and some of tTrem twelve weeks. equal parts liy it bran, soaked mt'd per piund Some of them for a period of u 12 TAiiLE iir. Xo. of Swine. Breeding. Date of Average of Birth. I I'Vf weiKht per { head. .5 Cro.ssbreds. . Iiiiprovecl Larjre Yorksliiic sire and lierlishire dam lune ".). 5 II . . lieil-sliiie >*ire and Improved Large Vorksliire dam ,, (}. 5 " .. Kssex .sire and lm|ir(ived Large York- shire dam M^y 3]. " .. Leiksliire sire and 'raiiiwiirtli dan] 7. 5 M . .'Berksliire siri'iind I'oland (Iliina arM;e '»'orkshirtity "t leed^consumed per p„„,„l „f p»^p:i:,1;??»;™ ■:,^!;:,:t;;?!:-,:'- nr::,;;;"'T - ."- -'«'■' better -osuit;;;*-;!.:";"'''" ■""■■"''" "»-'-''■■'»■""■ »..d »™.j:s.„.e iMI'liOVKI) L.\HV,V. YoHKSlllIlK SoU . E.XPERIMEXTS WITH DIFFERENT KINDS nv r.).,v- ,.. i^ii^ni KlMDS Of (lUAIN FED IN DIFFEHKNT WAYS. deu^rls;th:^s:fi.:rSs::;i'r'H-'"" r^'""^^^^ -^^^^ ^'- --^^ stuffs available to th I^er . e X No'LIv "' °', ^"'^ °' ^'^^ ^^''^'"S to any food as a pork produce but tliea^r'^'V'',"'' ''''"^' ^' ■'^^^*""^d peri.nents, some of t!„,m involvin^a Jo ,d T ^' ' '',''">", """•''^'' «^ ^^- und breeding, ma,- :. t.k^:t a I^S^^Si^^' ui""''?' ^^'^!;*^ grams or feeds tested. " * mmoation ot tlu; values ot the To economize .space, as many results »« r,r,=o;i,u i u subjoined table. ^ possible have been placed in the The numbers are prefixed for reference merely. »»-■ -.'I'^'tf'S.'^nfkTa H Table V. H ^ i-a ,i I- >. ■s V. 1 r Id"'—. X 3 , g ' 's 'C r3 * Feed. Ifnw l'ic|i:u'('d. VJ &c §i i. "* XW 0/+^ *'rt -S V 5 V *t* *^ ^ •.• -•• O „ S S -r = S.Lc :^, 1 Oat.« Skiiii-iiiilU ... Whole, soaked 54 lirs, . 4 1 4 4 lbs. !t7 54 73 lbs. 170 1S4 184 109 lbs. 73 130 111 lOO lbs. 84 87 lbs. 307' 252 424 750 lbs. 4 21 3 45 11. c. 74 67 2;0at.s Skim-Miillv .... fironnd, .soaked 54 hrs. 112 84 103 3 20 5-81 74 '87 3 4 Bailey (iround, soaked 54 his. lOO 483 4 35 74 .56 Barley Skimiiiilk . . Whole, soaked 54 hrs . . 1 19 304 252 3 64 2-52 74 19 4 3 . . . 74 72 172 1110 98 118 112 87 911-30 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Corn (Jror.iid, .soaked 30 hrs. 408 4 10 70 89 Corn Skiiii-iiiilk . . . Whole, soaked 54 la's. . 343 273, 350 252 440 750 ,503 750 2-90 2 31 3 33 2-35 2 70 408 81 74 Pea.se .Skiiuiuilk . . . 4 4 3 100 Ol' (il 207 224 220 107 102 105 84 127 1201-28 126 1 31 Whole, .•oaked.-)4 hrs.. 75 43 I'euse Skiiu-iiiilk . . . 2 ()6 •74 Skim milk. . . . 3 50 192 142 140;l 01 . . . Potatoe.s , . . Meal Cooked 1,034 140 420 7 -29 •98 2 96 376 7S 3il Skiiii-niilk . . . 4 4 CO 08 190 137 124 09 ' Oat.s, pease and liailey. (troiind. soaked 30 lira. 119 119 104 ■58 407 247 82 1 .f nats, pease and barley. It clover Ground and snaked. . . . 3 0O 120 1 15 p. c. :i 74 07 l:")' .... 10, 74-87 "l ml 74 56 3 04: 74 2-521 . 1 19 4-10: 70 80 2 '.10' 81 2-31i .. 74 V3:i 75 .'■35 . 43 2 70, TO 4-081 .. I 07 3 001 75 4-51|... 3-20: 7!1 2-00 .. 15 08 4 42; 77 73 3.10i 77 4 35: . 70 1 92 74 5 to .. 2 11: .. 40 1-37! 70 3-72; .. 58 ro«i .. 1 7-18; 1-52 ... 2 72, . •71 J 7i; 2-411 .. 2-28 . 1-52 . 09 5.l;l> , . . 2 05 . . •74 .. 7-20 7S -08;... 2-o«: . 39 Meal in eacl, ca.se i» the above table means a mixture, equal parts by weight, of barley, .-ye, wheat (frozen) and ^bran, the first' thre'e bein^ I'reparation of the Ff.ed. It will be „b.servf.d from a study of experiments 1 and 2, and 7 and 8 that gnn.nd .nun g.ves bott.r returns tor the an.ount fed than vhX i. in nf'u 'T T n" ■ «']"'V'-^lent to grinding, still addsn.aterially to theClue of the feed. On page 2 < w,ll be found an experiment whe.v whole m'^^ dry was eon.pared w.th groun.l gra,n dry. It is highly probabl tha"t he extra returns trum ground grain will nn.v tlmn pay for tL^^Jt of grinding The work m teed.ng at the Central Experin.ental Farm would >em to .nd.cate that the most economical n.ethod of feed preparatbn is t at of soaking for 24 hours or longer. * °^ Values o/./W.- Experiments with oats fe.l as the sole grain and skim mik added would nuhcate that as a feed for pork production ttvar^ unless con,parat>vely low priced, rather expensive, ground or X.le ' ' J>arley al.so .s...uns to be a rather more expensive feed than th-' farmer ::t';:zzr^ '" ^"^'^ '-' '' -"•'"'-^-' ^^^^" "^'^ ^^ --^' -- ad3];;o:t;;kl:::;;,;t;'th!:';;;;;:n^" '- '-'' ""^"'•"•"^- ^■'""--" 'y ^•- Pease seem to be profitable whether ground or whole. The a.ldition of an ex ra supply o milk in :i.:xpe,-in,ent S over Kxp..rin,ent 7 .' e a n an parently remarkable n,crease in gain, but it will be obser^-ed thai tl e 3e were ground m hxperunent 8, and whole in Experiment 7 ^ Ihe m.xiure ot oats and pease in Experiment 9, an.l the mixture of oats fnTHi" '"''"^ ■» ^^I'^;7«"t 10, both gave most excellent returns, prov- ing these grains when fed m conjunction, to constitute a good ation Ih.s exemphbe. and emphasizes a fact fandliar to all good tVeders tt t a mixed_^,.t,on gnes better results than a ration consistblg of one varie^f c5 of Canaiu"' '''''"' '"" '"'"'"' '" '" " '■"'*'"' ''^P^"^'^« ™tion for this part Sunflower seed was fed with meal (barley, rye, wheat and bran) and kun nnl k, but ,t ,s not possibl,. to draw any conclusions from this expert ment as to the value of this s.'ed as a feed for swine ^ U will be observed from a study of Experim.r.ts .S and 4, and A and 6, f;^"4-™n8 *'" '''' ^""''"'* •■' ^'- f-'ing of swine Potatoes are frequently available for feeding to pigs, especially small KXr ^rrr'' ''rV ■""^^■•^^•^ in%ou,e^.u.Lu,;. t/ie^alue o Ins tube, ^^hen fed raw. In Experiment 14 the swine were given all they vNc uld eat of raw potatoes tor son.e time, when it was found tluit they were no making any gain. Meal was then given for the rest of the expedme^t and the potatoes discontinued. Jn Experiment IG raw potatoes lere fed for a time and later they were cooked as it was found they did not cause Sewn H r' ?'■' °^ '"■^' ''"•' """''^'^'^ ^■"'"«' ''"t when cooke.1 they aie worth about one quarter as much as mixed .frrain formir* 'ri^^f'^f^'l ^^'-^"^ ^"-^ ^« '"^^ buckwlTeat, while sugar beets have formed part of the rations in a number of experiments Wbeat values may be ascertained f.'om Exj.eriments 1 to G, page 16 Buckwiieat is shown in table XN'III, page 30 >t b ■ 1 ■i^y'''' o-^^^ ^' P'"'^ "^ '' fattening ratio'n is illustrated in Experiment 16 Mangels constitute a very important part of our feed for the br^'edin" stock in winter and have been found to be of very great value as a feed for stockers. Clover when used as part of a ration for fatteriing swine, has shown itself (one experiment only) to be of very small vali.e, apparently about ^'^j- as valuable as an equal weight of mixed meal. The inliuences afi'ccting tlie relations between the dresised weight of a hog and its live weight are numerous. The average percentage which a large number of dressed carcases constituted of the fasted weight of the living animals was 70-3i per cent. Frozen Wheat E.i-periments. The un-^aleable character of some of the wheat which hn" been occasionally more or less affected I )y frost in some parts of Manitoba and the Territories led to some experiments being carriefl on to ascertain the approximate value of this injured grain as a feed for swine. It was fed alone, ground and unground, soaked in either case. It was also fed in conjunction with other cereals and along with skim-milk. The following table gives in condcmscd form a summary of this series of experiments. Taulk VI. liWliiMt. How iiriMiareil. '^ 5i. = J,' b 2 X i;£ f.f '- V c ~ i i« 'A < < < 'A <; I j ! llw- 11'-- \'>^'i. lbs. Ihs. lbs. (JioiiiiilandsdakfdlL'lirs.. 4 bS5 L>7u ;(0 771.17 ■17!i 5 30 2 Wheat Wlmle. scwkt'il 42 lirs i 4 | 186 27.'^ 8() 77,1-11 570 59 3 Wheat, barley and Wliolc, soaked 42 lira 4 : 187 278' 92 7711 19 557 007 , pease. i | 4 Wlieat Ground and soaked 12hrs.. i 5 5 Wheat iOronnd and .soaked 12; 4 Skini-niilk honr.s. i 61; 165 104 120 104 6 Wheat GnmndandsoakedlShrs..! 12 j 103 7lWheat and barley. Ground and soake'" ' '' ^^''^'^ «''"""^' '» ^^^ much too great to be ae~d for in this Z' ' ''""'""' ^'■'' '""'-^ '' botc:;t?7rL^x;rp:u:d^^';^::2 ^" --- — '^ - and bran^ This fs ex^l ned bv h! 1 11 ""^"''^ °^ '^'^'"'''y- --y^' ^h^^^t ration. (See pa4 oq ) ^ "'" '""^""'" P™Portion of skim-n.ilk in the ^s ariir :iz!iSng3:'^ ''' '""'-'''''^ °^ ^-^"-^ ^^ '^-^ -*^- Experiments in Jeeding Skim- milk. ^veKn?v;^anVtlt"fSv^r '*^*^' -'"^ ^"^"^ P^^^^ion has alwavs been giving .son.: Txlc^dlt: i^ir-^p^iirr ^^s:d' '"""' '?'■ ^'-^ p."-'?"^^ «^ rather than for the purnose of sef ifn 1 '" ''\ -""'^ *° ^^e feeder in« son.e doubtfH fe' d 'on bett "fnds"' S "'"''^? T^"''"" ^'^ ^^^^b''^''" niarizcd in the follouin-r S/ T^ "/ ^^'^ experiments sum- pose of determinin" t^^.r-d;onf7h''%'""'^"'',^ ^'^'^ '^'' ^'^''^ P"-- been introduced a illusLui'o. le. ^'^ T"'"''' ^''^'^ "^''^''^ ^^^^'^ fee^d. The very gre v J^e "f his sf K . "'" ^''' "^*''"*^ ^^^^ ^■■^^"^ ^^ tf»« chen^ical composi? on so el v • bu s l ' ''' '""■'' """^ ^^ "'^'^^"'•'^^' by its upon the gro.?th 'ofaSs n srbrct"rS"''^ThJ;';r"'^^'"f ''''''' accordingly submitted. coasideied. The following data are •:ii 18 Tadi-k VIT. a c X w llnw I'lfpai'l'll. s -r I :^ ! 1 1= I- rt -^ 2'« ''S-2-J *.S ?=■« J-B 3 Meal Soaked ;i() lidiirs., lbs. !lliH. 31 117 2:«i :i 2;MiMl(lialf(iimiitity S(akf(l;Wliom.s 4| 103 24( fed ill cxiit. 1). I ' Skiiiiiiiilk ' i....l I Us. 113 y. < < II'S. ]1«. llis. Ill' \ m \K\ t 27 Wheat .sliiuts Hoaked 30 liuuin. Skiin-iiiilk ... 143: 112 11'7 IHlj lao ...i....!.... 3,('.31| 2539 ,'■> 17!) 2(!1' 82 M(^iil: pcasf, whe.at (Jroiind and soaked 18 lu'H. 2 123 UIO; 73 and rye. T) Meal, as ill 4 (Imt Snaki'd IS liours,, (inly 'i' aiiiniiiitl. ISkim-iiiilk 2 120 C Meid, as in 4 (Init .Soaked 18 liours I only \ aiiiount I. Skiin-milk 7 Corn firoundand soaked 30 lir.s. 8 9 Corn .Skiiii-niilk. Whole, soaked 54 hours Pease Skim milk . . . Whole, soaked 04 hours. 10]5arley Gromirl, soaked ri4 liours. 11 Barley Whole, soaked 54 hours Skiin-niilk 2 11(1 5(Jl'4(i f.Oil 53(1 3 80 410 5 \n,u- the .Hatio,, ,.f S.S-J lbs. lo ..no of .....al vMll h, .hservf,! that m tho ono case the ..urn was whole wiil,. it was M ak...l Ml the „ne ca.se ,„uy be e.xpecte.l. h.,wever, to exert as -Meat a„ in able. Ihe ataobtann;.] run, tl„>.se ex,M.rinM„ts wuul.l imheate that 1 H.'^ bs. sk.n, ni.ik w,.,v ,.,|„,valent t., I lb. corn. While this is not exactly in ac..u dan... w.th the results uf other ..xpcrin.ents here, it serves toenmia s./e the great value of skinMnilk as a sn,.,,l..„H.ntarv f. -xl, an.l as a s n, iC meat to no uther .ra.n .loes its e.ieet .seem s u k...l a.; wl.n used ^Jith 4 In l':.x,...riments K.an.I II with barley a.id ,nilk the same ..on.iitiun.s po.k only ,3-0-Hbs. wer,. n .,u,r...I fur the .same ..fleet whJn f,..l with -.V lbs. ..t nnlk. Here alsu the f....,lin« valu.. of skin.-tnilk .seems v..ry mu(.h greater than most work ah.ng this line would indicate. ^ o.Jn Experiments IL' and l;5 the use of milk with a mi.xture of ,,..a,se, iHu.stiat. The mixture .s,.em.s to bear the r..|ation of 1 to OD!) of milk n.;:. 1 'l "V" '^ '"."' '^-' '' ""''^1 eomp.3sed of e.,ual parts of ground pea.se, barley au.l rye wan fed in the one case without milk when 4-;5G I Is were required to produc 1 lb. of pork and in the other case with all tl e kim-nnlk the pigs would consume in ad.liti.m to the grain ration l.n .5-4., lbs meal and -t-Bl lbs. skin,.nu!k pru.luced 1 lb pork, .skirn m Ik L^ cording to this experiment would be worth about one-filth (!-;) a.s much as an equal weight of the meal. v.,,i ,y ".-' "'"lii ab 4.45 13-92 4 36 3-46 4-81 I 'i N'uiiKSHinh ^'o|•Nl;s'^^:l(s. ! work a summarv of some other work is sub- 7. In addition to the mitted below. From tests made in 1892, 1893 an.l 1S91 with 4S swine it appears that when a small quantity (about :', pounds per head per day) of skim-milk was ted, a less ,,nantit,j ot it was e.,ual to 1 poun-l of the grain in the feed con- .C ff P™r' °^ |"'='T"^" '" l?'^ ^""'»'''' *'^'>'^ ^^hen a large .juantity (about 15 pounds per head per day) was fed. Tlie nisiilts ai'o sliowii in tlii' following tablf Tadmc VI I J. Nniiilii r 111' Sl< iiii-iiiilk 1 Sh iiii' t'lMll- Mined per hi'iul 1" •1' (lay. 11 IS. 4 1 •1 1 |>iiiiii 91 H 1 |>nlMI 4 r. 1 4 in (i 1 M H t 15 7 1 M 8 i 17 1 1 M 8 'S,i7 1 n I |ii)iiiiil ciiiii iM|iml til 1 Kit pinitids skiiiiniilk. 1 pipmid inivfd ^'laiii ('(|iiiil to li '_';! l«iiinclH skim-iiiilk. , 5 ;« friistc 1 Wlll'ilt . --ttl iiii\i'( Ki-iiin 7.;!4 . 8 S3 . 7-7(i I General Coyidusiont*. From these tests and from our experience in feed- ing young pigs, it appears thtit : — (1.) Skiin-milk may form the largest part of the feed of young and growing pigs with advantage and economy ; (2.) For the fattening of swine weighing on the average over 100 pounds eacli, live weight, it is eeonoiiiical tu give an allowance of skim-milk not exceeding 5 pounds per liead per day ; (3.) In every case the swine fed with part of their ration of skim-milk were lustier, iiion; rigoroiiti and of a more healtlty appearance than swine fed wholly on a ration of grain. (4) Skim-miik gives the best returns for the amount fed when it con- stitutes a comparatively small part of the total food fed. (5) Skim-milk may generally speaking, be considered to be worth from one-sixth to one-fifth as much as mixed grain. Experiments contrasting the value of tchole grain u-ith similar gram when ground, as a pork producer. It is generally conceded that there is more or less waste when grain is fed whole to swine. Many feeders maintain, however, that the gains are practically equal from equal weights of grain whether fed whole or ground To get some data on this point a numlier of experiments have been carried on hei'e. diSLri!reii:rt';;hS;;.:";;:;r "' ""■ '-""- »'•" ' - ''■•' »• Taiii.k IX. ■milk. 1 o I" I. IVliHc, luiilry mid lyr PriXMc, )mi l|.y ;,„r| lyc .'1 1'i'ii.sf, liaiNy and rye 'Skiiiiiiiilk I'li'liaivd, ^Vli..!.., .snakrd IS 1|IM1I> , , 'ii'i'iiiid, hiinkiil 12) lioiir, NVIi(.|..,>i,ak.-(| IM Ill's. 4# 1 is , 'I a i1 1^2 51' = i 4 fe. " > 3 ^ tl 2.= ' c£ ■:< |< ' M .. II.-. II,: I'. '■. II'H. ).. c. ■I I'l'R.sc, liaili'V and iv. Skiiii-iiiilk I ';'■• m 104 ll!( ,S7 l-M 1 ;t,i l.si;!( 13 >y2 '■>""M.l.snak,.diL'lus I 7,i :.i„ |:„ lu,, ,^, „,, *■ • '••' i ■.:....;..,. C-C, •■"i<>at>, luirlry, |,,.as,. and \ Wlml,. d,,- l>:iit liian ' ■ (JOats, l,ar|,.y. ,„.««. an,l .i, (;,•. I, dry part lir.'iii. , , . " ■' '"""■- ■* (',(1 171 Kir, i|,| **^'J!r;.M!';!7- '"■""■ "■"' i"^""Md, M,ak,.d ;)(! ■) ii-'i; 111! I (ii; .|,-,(i )i.iit i)iaii 1 m i!Mi i^i ||,| |.|,, „.- »!^:Si:=:;:;;;ia;S:::S;l;iX::,^ ;i Id I Ml ■t (l,S H ,SS ;i -r, .i i;i A M^dy of the above table w.nUcl secmi t„ ..l„.sv that •_ large gam is imlio.tetl, viz., 20 per cent f^ S^iiwl, a cent „ A,w„ i„ favour of the ar.m.ul te«l ° ^ *''"" °' "'°'"" * ?<"■ t./a:c:r„7hrpar* n^r,?, 'rt7'' "^^'■''"' "» ^ Whole. Tl,ee.er„L„'»L"LlS;L;t%TS,lre:.'u: at™,:' Xt^ t mi' g on n fixcfl nition of ono varietv o? grain for wotno weeks, and tlio fullowin result.t* iihtaint'd : «. In fftso of whoU- oats wliKfW It ibn. food was fed, 'J lbs. (1 uz of iiridi. gpRtod Kniin, or •Jl-fl per cftit of flip whole ainoiinf, was found in ilio Wtcrcinenl. ( hio tent li of tliin j,rerniinatrd. I). In the case of v\liol« haiiey uheic |7 Ihs. was fed, •_> Ih^, •_' o/. or 124 per cent, of the who'c amount was found in the exerenieiit. Xoiip ..f this would );erniiniit('. c. In the case of wliole pease whore 17 il)s. was fed, L' oz, o.ily, cr aliuut ,' of 1 p'rennt of the whole amount, was found in the ex per cent of the v.liole amount was found in (lie excrement. Ah lut one-twelfth of tliis Kf'i'iiiiiiiited. '■, [n the cise of uni,'round mixed j,'rain (oat-t, jw'asr and barley) where 11 Ihs. of j,riain was fed |() o/, or 5-7 per cent, of the whole amount was found in the excrement. Abjut one liftieth (oats) of this germinated. E.rperlnii'ii/i /<> tk/fniuw f/i'f mine of maheA Joni a» contntstel nnth niiiil/iir /''rdsfptl (hi/. \h>\\ I'li'ii.-iicil. 'I'.MII.K .\. y. •u. ^ y. 1 I'eiisf. lia r itiid rvf. o II'S. llw. Ills. IV Wliiilc, :iii(| .so:ike(l' 4 (ili 171 ;iil Ihiiir.-i. I . Wli.ile, (li-y. ... 4 tl7 17") . . liiMiiiul, siKikcd 'M\ 4 (id HID Ikiui's. . . (linmiil, dry 4 ()!• ]!t5 ' 1-1 U.S. •05 Il:< !li.s. s,s 4il!l Ills. ;i ■ s,s IMS l-.'4 Mil nil •'.III I 114 4n 1 OS ;! 70 ll-'tl ll!l 1 Oil 450 a 50 ■■■ 'i: he ob-;evved that in lots 1 and 2 where whole i,'rain was fed that a o'M.. -iruW!. s.iving was apparently wrouj^ht in feed by soaking the yrnin, Tiii:< .u,-uri\.al to abotr ■; per cent of tiie food fed lot 2". .{( iu'. • 3 and 4 it wi' be ooserved that ground grain was fed dry and compared with ground grain fed soaked. The data here would seem to point to a loss from soaking meal. While this may not be the actual ease yet it is probible that the result from soaking meal may not be so marke.i as from soaking whole yrain. \ study of .some other experimental work not submitted under this head would also indicate this. 23 Eo'perhnentx to rf./.r„a«« ,l,e rn 'ne n/ sf.nnn.l or .ooknl f, . d, frd nan. a, ron,rasl,d nUh nor /W, /«/ ,,V,/. inrlodl,.j ,n, -vy.'nLl" ' ii'ith pea emilaye. ^ Jh«J.,ll.,winK rep„..t is t„kea with «ligl.t change., fmn. cho report for The object of this (.xperiim.nt wns twofold (l)to (lim.ver tlu. ,llff»r Iho inixturo of <,'nvin was fed wt-t in luth n.ui.u r' i i of gmi,. ..OMSUM.eJ. '"' ^'''" '" ^^^''«''^ '^■" "'" 7 723 78Un:{(U n72 (iiiiti in wciKht Few! consiinicd. . . Fml cons'iiii.'d per li>. of umn in Iivo v,-*'ight :., ...10;iil83il20|58i 40 4U . 504. gain in w. igl.r. ... 348; 663' 558 W.V. -'m 237 '2,3i.H, ^rain c,„Mn„..,l. PciiK I and .' Averapo wi'ight of pigs ' 76 102.i Average find - ' " ^ 151 1!)1 212 225.1,' 231 4-2.") Ib.s. grain. fl . t! u [I em. leu nine weeks wl.,.n <-K,. f r ^ ■ steadily rlecrensed in w.-iijht tor Ti f n ' , , ^''^^''"S "t ensilage was ended. sum Taule Xll. S c ! t) ; Lut .1 -four nwnK, I'l'i "111 11 ini.\tiii-Lf of gi-oiind peasi!, barley and rvo, /«/, Mciiit'd iiii'l warmed, mul pea (Uisilage-- Livi; wciglit Gain ill weight .!!!..'..'. Fee;! coii.>(ume(l /*,|'''»i> T) , , Uca ensilage.. . Pea ensilage left une.aten ( wet) I Crraiii e„ns„nied per II,. of gain! ill live weight.... . I Lot -i— -Pour swine. I . til L'lid March— | Live weight | Loss in weight. . .'. i Pea ensilage fed . Pea ensilage left uneaten (wet) .' .' .' i lAfter 2nd March, fed on a iiiix-l ture of ground pease, barlevand yyii. fill raw end cold— ' Jjive weight 'rain ill Weight I' Feed consumed . .' ! ' Feed consiinied per lb. of gain' i'li! ' live weight I Loins and 4. |' Average feed consumed per lb. of! gam ill live weight j. Ills. lbs. !lbs, lbs. 254 267 13 63 IVJk 100 llw. lbs. ^ Totiils 414*;{7!M12 147 74 (i.3 471 3;r)287 (j«2 3(1-) (120 3Iil t!)4 r>2 260 lbs. lbs. 256,237 223 205 ... lit 14 IH • . ^3.5 1401 212; ...100 938 140!) .. 205 395.V5m lOOl 117' ...... 443" 3S,S 548 *Tliree swiiio only. 54 , 4(|H, gain ill weight.^ 243 1,662, grain consumed. 4']2, grain. 51, loss ill Weight" 571 .58A 327 ..J2-32 3 31I5.59 .. ■4-84J322 4-52 2.88 3'83'5-fl6 366, gain in we glit, 1,158, grain coiLsumed. 316, grain we'^fLLi^d Z^.S1!:'' '» '»" ' -" *■ -™ "■" -S«- l»e.s 25 qua^£^/}L?^;tr''''^ °' *'^ ^^■"^' ^^« ^-- - -ight, and the Table XIIT. Lot 5~Fovr Sin'nc. h,irl,.y and rye, /„/ ,t,;,mc'/ ami m,r„u:,j, and Migar beetn- ' ^^'^'^ "■^■'fe''"' ' 187 2^8 <^'.iin in weight ' j,j I'Ved consun...(l [ !,'''•'''" ' .... 333 I ^iigarlieets. A-i\ I'Ved ccmsinncdpor lb. .,f gain m wdght ^ Lotil-~FoiirS)ri7u: I'e.l on a mixt.iro of ground peas,, barley and. -ye, W,vn/v,„. Avei'age feed con- fGrain snnjed per 11). of{ Ran, inhveweighttSugar beets IVrcpiitage of increasi' in fp,,d Totals. 812 or*! 02."), gain in weight. oo? T'-.l'' ^'"'" '•""■'^iimod. /-4 jl.odS, sugar beets con- sumed. 3 80, grain. 2 '40, sugar beets. 772 ■11 ' o71, gain in weight. 320 307 310 3-'2 '^4? iT'^n^'*^™" ?''"'"'''■''• I .vo.^ 4.J ,|,o().i, sugar beets con ' ' ' sunied. r3-8(», grain. ' 1.2 73, sugar beets. m Tlie following table shows the quantities of feed consumed per pound of gain m live weight, during each of the six feeding poriods. The duration of each feeding period was four weeks, with the exception of the first period for pens 4 and 5, and the last period for all the pens, which was three weeks. The grain fed in each case was a mixture of equal parts of "round pease, barley and rye. No notice is taken in this table of the pea" ensil- age fed to lots 4 and 5, as it did not appear to have any appreciable feeding value in these cases : — ° Tahle XIV. Pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain in the live weight of swine. Fi'i'ding l\'riuil;i. P s 11 C w Im '""S'o h5 .S i 05 cS Q CO -J ' 6£ 3 a I Lot 5, f(nir L , ,. , and wanii, i ''''' ,'■;'"■ "V^ and I t^'Jl'l>inid sugar bi'ets, \ '*"^'«' ^'^"^^■ i- Is S T. rt 5 i ; too (j Fii-st... St'coiid Third. Fimrtli . Fifth. . Sixtli.. . Ib8. :<-3i 307 3-7!) 5 00 7 00 8 ."p3 , iH'CtS . I ISCl'U Avoragp. . . , 4 Ki lbs. 3, 30 307 4-43 7 07 5 OS 5-71 4 25 l'-'**- ' l'«. llw. lbs. j lbs. 'bs. ■♦•8-t ; I 4(!9 Ofil 3 17 0-84 3 :22 ! i> 4(; 2 00 2-7(; • 2 '>:i [ ■1'52 ! 3-46 200 ,S 81 2 32 4 55 : 2-32 5^0 ' 3 03 3 15 2 13 5 00 3-31 4-8S 408 !)-.51 S-'S 4-50 5 5i) 417 3 31 G'58 (! 00 4 12 3 10 3 8(> 2-40 : 3-8!) | 2 73 Conehusions.-The teaching of the.se three sets of experiments is to the eiiect that : — (1.) There is no api.reciable difference in the number of pounds of "riin required to pimluoe every pound of increase in the live weight of swine when tod steamed and warm, as against fed raw and cold ; (2.) On the average there is a gradual increase in the quantity of feed consumed, for every pound of gain in live weight of swine, after the second 100 ill." ' " "^' ^' ""'^ "^*'''" ^^'^ ''"^'■''8^ '^'''' '^^''"''^ •^■^«^''«'« (3.) It is most economical to market swine for slaughtering when thev weigh trom 180 to 200 lbs. alive ; » o ' ""ey (4.) The largest cunsuniption of feed p.r day by swine is at or near the p.-,io, .. their feeding when the number of pounds of feed consumed per Itounii ot increase in weight, is lowest ; (r,.) For the increase of weight by 3,23U ilis. in 24 swine, 4 14 lbs of a mixture of ground pease, barley and rye were re.juired for every ))ound of increase in live weiglit. E.rp.-rimeHts to determine the advimlnlitij of feeding a full or a limited ration. Many feeders claim tlmt a full ration should be fed all throu-h the tattennig period, while others iiiainlaia that during the earlv weeks of the hnishing or fattening period a comparatively scant ration" should be 27 swine. ; Sugar ) Hocts j -'■,;■ ant upon the . uestion ^"l^S^Zol'Z'v'"" T^''"""" r">' ""P^"'^- past not been o sre.t as at n ZnVa I n '^ " ''*'''""■"*' ''^'^ *" *h« ent is it .,uite so worthT^f ^urruTt riLe:^^'"'" "" ^''^ '""•"•'^"'" ^-^-- Uni.imitki) R,\ti().\ Lot rapid developement of our l.acon export trad^e ! hi ch 7 ^ ''^ ''^'^ '"''''' clasjs of hog lemands the former lin^u t^jiSr::;;;;. -rLtiJi^nf^'" "- ^-^ "-^ ^^'-'^ ^"^^ swine recently con,pl?t.d '"'''""^^^ "^^ an experiment with twelve J T \iiLt; \V 1« „ ^ 1 >^. ■ 4J : T ;^ ■4- .M r :: "" .::; *■ - 7. :^ - - - *-< llciw J'ri'iKirc 1 r. Ttf ^'•f tc ^' '^ r i; 3 jr •3 ■^ rf _; ^ :t > :^ '•it ,' >^ < < < ^'^ <; < I <'.-'t>, |,.,,M. ami i "'^ "'^ II'- 'n>s. ll,s. II,. sK^iik :..::: S;:;,^'"""™"''-^-' • ■• '••:' i^^ h. 7„,.ns ,,, ,.,, .,^J.\ : ■__ -11 11: _: --'^ •* **" _sid^;fc^Ls;^^ '"" ''' '"'■'"' ill"-' ij^;* •■•.■...|. ....... j....|. ...!.,. 254 2 !)9 ' ifi 2t To lot 1 vvas fed a mixture of pease, oats and barley, whole \ dailv TZ^1'7eT'' ^"' '""'/' -^'''""'"^ "^^^ g'^- '« ^*- three lot ' Jo ot J was fed a inix.uro of pease, oats and barley, ground. lo lot 3 was given a mixture of pease, oats and barley, mornin- and evening teed ground, but whole grain at noon ^ mornin^ and Lots 1 and ■> were given M poun.ls meal each daily at first, and this was g adually increased unti at the end of the feedingperiod they vere receivTn. 4-2o pounds meal each day. Lot ;5 started off with 5 pounds of meal e' ch daily, this amount being all they would eat up clean de^clv to I'it'^'.lffT .'"r^T"^' f^d t'''-^" l"t 3, for they exhibited no ten- dency to get off their feed at any time and made good progress Lot 3 took as much as 5] pounds meal per head when aboSt a month on feed, but they soon fell from this large ration, and during the la month were able to eat only 3^ pounds meal daily ° '' The p.gs in lot 3 after being on feed for some time had a dull look while lots 1 and 2 were nmch more lively and thrifty in appearance. IjIMiiki) Hation- Lot. It will be observed that the amount of meal required for the production of 1 pound of pork was considerably less in the cases of the limito.l at ons loHnd l7 "'^''r -"Vv!"'' "^- : I' P"""'^^ "^ *''^ --' °f the whol 'g a n lot and '41 pounds in the case of the ground -grain lot. To Discover the Causes of " Soft" Hogs. 7'o discover (he cause of " Soft " Hogs. of the'lir f ^•^P*^''™fnts were begun to discover the effect on the ,,uality swi 1 n *"? T'''^ ^'''"" *™"' ^'>° ^"*'^'"« °^ ^^heat and buckwheat to ThT^\.. ^"""P;""^^ Y""^ cummon from buyers of swine in Western Ontario tliat the quality of f esh was wft in n lircrpr t-cp -. , - e • ^ I form<.rIv ■ ..„,] • Mfger percctiiagu of animals than the rl fl/ f .1. . opmion was current to the effect that the '• softness " was the result ot the feeding of wheat or of buckwheat. 29 Fourteen swine of tlirpp (UfT^ro^f v.., «oarIy even as possible ''"' ^'"^'"■'^ "^''^ ««'-*^ ".to three lots as Lot No. 2 contained four swine of the following bree.iin. - 3riod of thirty hours '""' ''"'^'^"^ '" ^"'^ ^^^ter for an ai^ra^g Th w period Taulk XVI. Lot No. 2. Live wci^'ht .. ... Increase in weif^ht! .' i" eed coiisiiiiiefi ' .' " per I'oiiiifl „f in'_T0iisein live Weight First weifjht. llw. 477 Weight ' Weig)it "t end <,f ' at end „f ! , 1«t 2nd lour weeks., four we(^k.s '■ lbs. (524 147 014 417 1I.S. 718 !»4 382 406 Final Weight. lbs. 786 (18 479 ■J'oials ;iO!) h'A-22 4 '28 Lot Xo 4 contained o swine of the following breeding :- 3 crossbreds by Berk.kire sire and Lnprored l2je Yorkshire dam do Jamworth sire and Berkshire dam. ' peSd'fS/tj;:.^^^'^^^^ "-'-''' '^^'^' - -'d water for an average • Tahle XVII. I liOt \o, 4. Live weight . Increii*.; in weight.' ;.'; ] J'eed consumed. ... . ■' per ix-nind of increase 'in live weight First weigiit. lbs. 483 Weight I W.'ight It end of j at end of , 1st 2id tour wc«ks.jfour weeks Final W-eight. Totals lbs. lbs. 620 137 616 716 90 309 4-4!» 384 lbs. ills. 793 77 287 310 1,272 •V72 4 10 Lot No. 6 contained 5 swine of the following breeding :- 3 cross breds by Bfrkihi,-^ o;,.„ j r Al'o'fZr.Xrr"""' '"*■'-' """ed in cold w.,e,. f„, .„ .,,„,„ 30 Table XVIIT. Lot No. 6. Live Weight Incrciisi^ in weight Feed consiiiiK'd 11 |UT [kiuikI of increase li\e weight First weight. Uw. 515 Weight at end of 1st four weekn. lbs. 632 117 «55 5-59 : Weight ! at end of ; 2nd four weeks. 11 KS. mo 208 7!I4 Final weight. lbs. i)89 14!» 660 4 42 Totals. lbs. ' 474' 2,109 4 45 T T^®'^« 1* s^'ne were shipped alive to the Ingersoll Paokin- Company, Ingersoll Ont., to be slaughtered and cured in the manner followed by packers who .send bacon and hams to the British market. The swine of each lot were marked differently, and a report was marie upon them by the manager o. the Ingersoll Packing Company according to the descriptive marks. ^ The report on the condition of the swine, 10 hours after they were killed was as follows : — ' T ^^'^ h ^^"^ °" "'^''^'^ ^™'^ ' '^'^^ '"''^'' ^'^•'■13' fi'™ : hest of the three lots. T o f °" ground wheat ; lard softish ; not so firm as hogs of lot 1 JLot 3, fed on ground buckwheat ; lard soft, and hogs also soft. The report on the sides of bacon after they were cured was as follows :— Lot 1, fed on mixed grain ; four hogs ; all the sides turned out good hard meat, they were the best of the three lots. Lot 2, fed on ground wheat ; five hogs ; si.x sides were soft and four quite hrm. * Lot 3, fed on ground buckwheat ; five hogs ; two sides were soft and eit'ht sides were firm. " Co7,clusion.~¥rom these tests it is evident that the feeding of wheat alone and ot buckwheat alone is not ahvays a cau>se of 'soft' hos^s and soft sides, smce some of the swine fed on wheat and buckwheat yielded sides classed as firm." Eight swine of a litter of cross-breds of Tamworih sire and Poland China dam were put into three lots as nearly even as possible. Taislg XIX. Lot No. 1 contained 3 swine. They were fed on a mixture composed of equal parts, by measure of barley, rye, wheat (all ground), and wheat bran, soaked in cold water for an average period of 30 hours. Pen No. 1. Live weight Xncreiise in weight Feeti consiirried 11 per lb. of increase in live weight First weight. Four weeks, Eight weeks. lbs. 117 lbs. 177 60 198 3 '30 lbs. 238 (il 210 3 44 Twelve Sixteen Twenty weeks, weeks, weeks. lbs. lbs. 31 384 79 i (i7 239 5 i 233 lbs. Totals. lbs. 303 3-47 438 54 321 224 1104 5 414 3 44 I 31 TotalH. lbs. ' 474' 2,10!) 4-45 T.\nr,K XX. Lot Xo. 3 contained 3 swirio period of 30 l.ours. ^ ' "'''""'' '"'^'^^"^ '" ^"'^ ^^'^^t^'" f-'" a-i average Lot Xo. 3. i Fir.st Fdiir Kiglit weij,'lit. wei'ks. 1 w....ks. Tu,.Ivc. Wft'k.s. SixtriMl Wi'ck.s. Twenty wcek.s'. TdtaU. Company, ol lowed by le swine of liein by the descriptive ivere killed, three lots, of lot 1. follows : — 1 good hard four quite b and eight g of wheat hogs and at yielded 2nd China easure, of water for Totals. lbs. 321 1104 5 3-44 lb«. m Live wcifjiit ] IiicTcasc in Height . ' " \ ii l'ee(lcuiisuiii,.f| , 2,)'v5 per U). of increase in live weight j... I lbs ' 228 ' 47 I l-« Ib.s. 302 71 217 3-25 3-7.S 2 ■ \r.\ lbs. 370 (iH 242 3-.V) lbs. 420 50 212 4 24 lbs. 303 10,-)7 3M.S Taulk XXI. Lot No. 5 contained 2 swine average period of 30 hourf ^'"•^■-/"^«'. soaked in c,.:d water for an Lot No. 5. First weight. lbs. Fo Ill- weeks lbs Fight Twehej. Sixteen Twenty,,,, ^ , weeks. I weeks. I weeks. w<.eks'. ' "'••'1«- Li ve weight. 9(5 I ICG increase 111 weight. ,. . -n Feed cc.ilsiiiiied 9o3 " per lb. of iiicreu.se in live weight ' 2!)0 lbs. II1.S. lbs. 11 w. lbs. 247 337 3il5 445 81 2'!4 ilO 31ti 58 284 TjO ' 2."j(i 34!) 1323 3-25 H 51 1 Si) 5 12 .S'79 Eight swine of a litter of crossbreds of E'^ner sirf. -.r^A vlTi'- 1 — were put into tu>o lots as nearly even as possflila "'^'"^ ^^'" Tauli.; XXIL Lot No. 7 contained 4 swine ground, and wheat bran)T] , ; " "ea.sure ot barley, rye, wheat, all average peild S .30 hoiu-s ^"""' "''""' ""'^^•' '» -'S. I lb; 383 83 285 Ib.^ 82 288 528 03 .")(in 41 228 34(> l,40(i :{'43 3 51 4 04 5 -no 4'0(>. St Tahle XXIII. Lot No. 8 contained 4 swine. mixtm lr7 Ta!''''\ Tlr" w'°" «°"'P"««'l «f '.lual parts by weight of a are, ns fed to lot Xo. 1 (e.,ual parts by n.easure of barley, rye, wheat all sroun.l, and wl.eat bran), and ground buckwheat, soaked "in aJdwae; for an average period of 30 hours. — — :: Lot X(i. 8. First weight. Foni' Kight 'J'welve Sixteen Tsventv weeks. we<>ks. weekn. weeks. weeks. Totals. Livi' weight Iiici'i'iisi' ill weight l'\'f(l c'lmsuiMtMl. . . . . ' 11 pt'i' lip. of iiR'ifiiHi' in 11. s. Hks. lbs. Ills. lbs. lbs. lbs 220 32.'{ 103 401 4r)it 13(i 442 551 il2 411 (135 Kl 383 -^r. and XXil. was that he could not detect any dif- ffe ences in the ,,uabty of the meat ; from which it is evident that theied- ng of rations composed to the extent of <.ue-half of ground wheat and to the extent ot one-half of ground buckwheat is not a cause of "so?t" sides from'':!','' ^''^^^'' '^«''^^ '« '^ «"""''''^'T "f tl>e niore important data gleaned of 18 S ''''^T '''"•""^' Txi"'''^'''^- ^' '"'^'^ conduced here in the fa 1 i,?;^: i ''" r;f !"'!"'^ ^•^?':"'- •^- ^^- J^-l^ertson, the Commissioner of Agriculture and Dairying. This experiment included 44 ho-s of mixed breeding^ They were divided into 1 1 ,ots of four each and t.lt ind eld the OSM 1 1 f ^":, ^'"'^ r*""^ 8'ven ad they would eat up clean, until the 28tli day before the completion of the experiment, when it appeared as though most of the animals were likely to be too fat by the tin.e the 3^2?S-r ^^'^"'^"- ^^P'— '^^-^e ration ^f each lo: ^li: 33 iveight of a rye, wlieat, cold water 311tV sks'. T()tii!.-< Ills. 451 1,915 63 4 24 !,'e 29, it is one is not i Hwine fed ;ed oil in ct any dif- t tlie tVed- eat and to ;>ft" sides. a gleaned in the fall ssioiier of of mixed indicated Tlie hogs 3an, until ipeared as time the h lot was 5 a i'S^ i ■*• T!:' JL "^ '^' &r i' •i;^ c. .;_: -'- _-^ § t r 5^ . :- i^>^>.t.1,f" fc 1 '^ - .t; C'_ xi >. i *-=^.i *.= - * }; ^ ii .-:■>'. r J '. >^ -7. >< e:3 •pus o^ inaia.^Y •1.i»)8o; lii3[ft^^ A ■'■ '^ -a I 1 o -r f f 5 3 • • .' '. — -- T~2 '<£. 73 3 3 Si C 9 • 3 ? ■ 3 3 1 3 E to -/, o 1 CI c i C ci t O i2 8 . x ill Km '■'.'.'. a. ' i • ■ . . . c« • .3 C '• \ \ \ f- ^ c« . ■ ,, •-" ■ . . . cS ri u ^ ^ 5 >;■ : -^ ^ "S^ S a . aJ oj •c ■s-; 2 y ■ • 2 ^ si« ar T? - : :-^.^. y'iT ■■•§1 "t: % c o o d t^^" J. 2 ^^^iiJ f ■?0-£ -< N e»5 ■>!' o » s-< if i-oo cvo ^ 3t In ;i(ltlit,i,)ri to tlio roiiorts cciitiiitiiv] in tlic tfil)le ahove, tJic ♦'ollowin" criticisms of eiich lot were niiuli^ l)y Tlic Williiun l),ivit>s Conipany l,iinilec!° Toronto : Lot 1.--",'17 iukJ ■!(> almost soft, will <,'o into rejected bicon ; 30 and .'ill doulitfiil (|ii;ility." LotL'.— " II, 4l', 44, wreteiied (|uality with no redeem ini,' feature ; 43, doubtful i|uality." Lot 3. — "The fat on tliese 1iol;s luis a somewhat jiast\ feel, and if any hard suLstano- is ruhhed jcn.i^tl.wise or, it, it scrapes oj}' so".<)ewhat like lard." Lot 4. — "The fat in all these hogs feels somewhat greasy under the finger." liot ."). — '• Wiltshire side.«." liOt <').— " \Viitsliir(? sirlcs." Lot 7. — " One must he used for home ti'ade." Lot 8. — "Too f.it for export." Lot y. — " Distinctly doubtful (]uality." Lot 10, — " Wiltshire sides." Lot 11. — "This group is singular among all the rest in that ihe fat is firm and hard, an entire absence of the greasy feeling noticealde on nearly all the others. It would not surprise us if the tlesh' and fat in this parcel were tot) liaid ;ind firm." A Si .\nn:i! IIumi.;. SlJM.MAnY. The experiments conducted and reported upon as above seem to indicate that : L It will not pay to cook feed for swine where econon-.y of pork produc- tion is the Fole consideration. 2. There is a gradual increase in the quantity of feed consumed for every pound of gain in live weight after the average live weight exceeds 100 lbs. 3. The most economical time to slaughter swine is when they weigh frjm 175 to 200 lbs. u lie *'ol|i)win2 my J.iiiiittHl, ; 3G aiul .'ilt Fcaturo ; 4 3, , iiiid if (itiy ilt liki! lard. " • under the It vho fat is le on nearly 1 tl:i.s parcel switie are and 100 11.S. M.ix,.d ,..,i, , u ' /';o'V''''V-^ " ^"■"'" ••'^"'•". tive value of skin, .nilk in any u o ' ' . " . •'^'^"" •"'!'<■ 'H-e r.-la! est returns p.-r po.nd fel iZ/; .u^ ui: 1 ''"' '""'""■'' ^'"'' "'" I' - to the t.,ul foo,l is the ...oatest '"""' '^''"" "'" P''"I"^rtion of ski.., , nilk flJt::;r''' ''''''^' ""'^'"-^ s.in..isal.,.ut7.;.M p,.,. ,..„, .., ,,, HeS; ''i;::i";;'' '^ " """' ^'^'-"« -'.---^ to the ...... ..ati,.,. when ha,.l u. ' J?^f ;;1';;;;- ;;;;^ t!::'!:^3:.S;r :-^ • •;-- ^"- ,, . ... good bacon ca-case, hut th^.y ...us o \ ''''^'''■''' ^^"' ""^ ''-"''e a certain way. "^ "''' '"" '"' "* '^ ''"'^y t>|>" H..d fed in a insl^^S':;.;?'"' ""■'^' ^•"^'•'"^' P"'- -' --ts) with n.ilk, usudiy 11. The f^'icatest j,'ains from a siven an.ount nf „.. ■ when ,t s ...ou,.d and soaked f.a- .>4 TZ" l^") '"^^"'V: '"'. ""^'''^ frequently voided before b.^-n- .li-osted " ^"'"'" ^'''^ ""'''"'^ ''^ 1?" plrlr"'''*"" ;•'■' """■*'"<^''"non,icai tl.a,. f,nai..8 fed pure ga^ th^ ;S':Lu :;:;-^^;""-' -^^^■. -> ^..e who^^^e economical ^ ^- Matur.ty or .-ipcess of the aniu.al affects the quality of the flesh. : to indicate )rk produc- id for every ids 100 lbs. weigh fri)m