^, A^. nS- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) If {./ ,^\^ /^ /.. % ^ 1.0 ^laia 1.1 f.-^l^ llll^ - l^ L25 IfU. 116 ^=^ nil llHl ^ 6 ■vl pm 7. > ^ Oj^ >^ Photographic Sdences Corporation ^ 23 WIST MAIN STRKT WIBSTER.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)872-4503 ■^ ,A<^ 4^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ;\ \ ' f. THE Conquest to the Present Tim^;:. .4 Met*' Edition witA material additions 6 im/9rovements. \ London. Printed for T Ejferton.Whitehall; A" G.Kear si ev, Fleet Street. lOoi. X #' - » — ..— •■ I U A I 9^' % s 2G \« ^^' ii P R ^fi FACE TO THIS EDITION. iwn~TriTTta ■ ^ • 1 These MUUary Antiquities rej^e&itig a Hijiory of tbe EngUjb Army Jirjl appeared in 1786. Tbt former edition was received by tbe Public as one of tbofe works of rare merit wbicb claim a place in every welL fele&ed library ; and for fane time paft tbe bookfellers' fbops bave been without a copy. Tbis new edition, it may be hoped, will tiot be lefs ac* ceptabUf ai a time when tbe minds of men bave a greater tendency towards fucb invefligationSt and when tbe military fPirit of tbe nation, nam rr- vived, burns with as much ttrdmr as in tbe days of chivalry under our princes of the Norman race, or tbe Plantagenets. It is not, however, to profeffional men only that tbis Work will he found valuable. It cannot left interefi tbe curiofUy of Jbe general reader, as it iends greatly to iUuJlrate our bifhry ; and indeed affords to biflorians tbenifelves a a^ous fimd of information. Tbe antiquities ccUedled by the Author on tbisfufy'eSt take aftiU wider rtmge. They are not merely confined to Britain, but relate, in a great meafure, to tbe military Jy/iem of a con/iderable part (f Europe for feverd tenluries. Nor is tbis Hiflory, as far as it particularly reJpeSis England, the anmds cf an army of afecondary rate, nor of afervice eclipfed by the fuperior brilliaticy and utility of another : it is the Hijiory of an Army which, at feveral eeras, held a pre-eminent rank among the European' nations, andfcarcely at any time was inferior to tbofe of its moji warlike neighbours. Mr. Grose, tbe Author of this Hiflory (though bis diffidence would not allow him to give it that title,) was peculiarly qualified for fucb a work. He had entered tbe army early in life, and had ferved fuccefpvely in the Cavalry, the Infatdry, and tbe Militia. He ivas adjutant and paymafier of his lafl raiment, bad officiated often as deputy judge advo- cate, and befides heit^ an excellent draugbtfman, had confiderahle know- [Printtd by T. Dav\fon, A IVhUcfrian.} tt PREFACE. ledge as an engineer. His induftry^ in the purfuit of bis cbjeSt was indefatigable ; and bis profound knowledge of antiquities has been fuffi- ciently proved by former publications. He bad been the greatefl part of bis life colleSting the materials for tbefe volumes ; and be bad free accefs to the repofitorics of our antient and modem weapons, armour, and ordnance. Though at the cbfe of his work be modejlly intimates a wifb that fome per fan of greater ability ivould take up the fubjedl, it does not appear that there is, or has been, any one more able to do it jufiice ♦. The principal defedl of the laft edition was the want of arrangement and method, which caufed a certain degree of confufion, and made the workfeem void of chronological order. This the Editor has endeavoured to remedy in the prefent edition, by a divifion of the whole into difiinSl chapters. Some errors, ivhich will unavoidably find their way into every origittal work, have been correSledi and the biflory, which in no part reached later than 1785, has been brought down to the prefent year, 1800. // was not the wijb of. the Editor to add to the Author's refearcbes into antiquities, which, are already fo ample. The period between the year when the Author left off, and that to which the work is now brought, is but a fbort one ; yet in tbofe fifteen years our military injiitutions have undergone very material changes. Where the New Regulations partake too much of detail, the Reader, after fome flight notice in the text, wil often find them in the Appendix: and to this part of the Book the Editor has thought it proper to ajpgn fome articles, that were rather too prolix in the lajt Edition. Some other parts are comprejfed, the Editor trujls, without iryury to the Author, and he is fur e with advantage to the Reader. This comprefjion has enabled the Publifber to add to the Work the Treatife on AntietU Armour and Weapons, which was written about the fame time by the Author ; fo that both are noiv comprehended in Two Qjaarto Volumes. \^ Ta* The following Advertifement was prefixed by the Author to the Firfl Edition. . ii * Francis Grose, Efq. the author of thefe volumes, of the Antiquities of England and Wales, &c. died at Dublin, in an apople£lic fit, on the 12th of May, 1791, in the 52d year of his age. " ADVERTISEMENT. 5fij JL HE defign of this Work being to give an hiftorical and chronolo- gical detail of the different condituent parts of the Englifh Army, from the conqueft to the prefent time, with the various changes they have fucceflively undergone ; for the fake of method, they will be arranged, and confidered under the following heads : T#m* —'A* A BRIEF account of the Anglo-Saxon Army before the battle of Haftings. The general outlines of that part of the feudal fyflem which refpe6ls military fervice, inllituted by v/iiliam I. The con- Aitutional force of this kingdom Ihortly after the Norman invafion, with the fubfequent regulations relative thereto. Of fiipendiary or mercenary troops. Of troops, provifion, and munition, levied by the Royal Prerogative. ;mi itisfb . sfvim bnn OMir i''*t-».i4-^r/n,f»>s!» IsirtA :^%!rri\ trtib'%^i^i4^ The modes of funmioning the military tenants. The forms of aifembling the pofle comitatus. Of embodying and arming the clergy. Commifli(m of array. Methods of engaging for troops by n I . i **: r. hr ADVERTISEMENT. indenture, and other occafional expedients pradlifed for levying foldiers in cafes of emergency. The different kinds of troops of which our armies have from time to time been compofed. Their arms offenfive and defenfive, the divifion of the antient forces into troops and companies, the number and denomination of their officers, with the fucceflive alterations to the prefent time. The general, field and ftafF officers of different ranks. The antient manner of muftering the troops» and appreciating the horfes of the cavalry, with the prices allowed for them. ^' Tvts. ipay of the officers and foldien at different period*. Cloth- ing, t)u«rteit» caftirameUtioii, cokNir^, ftMidanls, and military mufic; eiefdfc, evidutions and manoeuviies. Artillery. The antient machines ufed for projedling darts and ftoncB» their oonftrttdion, power> ahd ranges. The machines hn- prilttd by human force. Thofe contrive for covering troops em- ployed in a fi^. The Greek fire v^ other artificial fireworks. Gunpowder* with aft inv«fiigation c^ the time -when and hy whom it was invented. Proportions obferved ftt difl^ent tiHfles in llie mAttriftIs of which it is compounded. The invention of cannooe and mortars, with their improvements. The mtroiUi^tioi of ham^ guns of different forts and denominations. _.r^._- _„' FoETiFicATioN. Tile ftntieBt manoer of attack and d e 6 n»f M ADVERTISEMENT. y towns, forts, and caftles, before the ufe of gunpowder; alterationa and improvements fince that invention. Mines and infemals. Administration of juftice, and the various manners of trying military delinquents. The military laws and ordonnances of different rdgns. Obfervations on the prefent articles of war. Military re- wards and punifhments. The laws and cufloms refpedling prifoners of war, their parote, and ranfom. These are the different articles under wliich the author propoles to condudl his enquiry ; an undertaking it mull be confefled of no fmall magnitude ; but as the due execution of it will depend more on indufiry than genius, he flatters himfelf a degree of patience and application, a- great liking for the fubje6t, and many years practical experience in divers branches of 't, will enable him to complete his undertaking, if not in a manner equal to his wiflies, at leail fo as to efcape the accufation of temerity for the attempt; and he farther hopes that his endeavours may excite fome more able writer to take up the fubje^t. It may be neceflary to obferve, that although the number of re- ferences to cuftoms and ufages obferved in France, brought as proofs of like practices in England, may at iirft fight be deemed incompetent evidence ; yet when it is confidered that the Conqueror would, un- doubtedly, with the feudal fyllem, introduce all the other Norman cufloms into his Englifh army ; and when we recollect the intimate VJ ADVERTISEMENT. ^ conne6^ion that long fubfifted between the two nations, and that mod of our great barons were formerly poflefled of eftates and feigneuries in both countries, with the number of French troops that ferved in the Englifli armies, this objection will vaniih, and the propriety of the introduction become apparent. Indeed the fimilarity of military ufages was not confined to France and England ; the number of dif- ferent nations aflembled by the crufades could not fail of making the military cuftoms, arras, machines, and difcipline, pretty much alike throughout Europe. \ As many records and other authorities are recited in fupport of aflertions, in which the mere word of the Author ought not to be taken as fufficient proof, fuch of them as cannot be conveniently inferted in the notes, will be placed at the end of the fecond volume, under the title of Appendix. r.;! id that moft feigneuries It ferved in propriety of r of miUttry tnber of dlf- f making the f much alike in fupport of ght not to be ; conveniently 'econd volume, CONTENTS OP THIS VOLUME. Chap. I. O F the Military EJlabliJbment under the Feudal Syjim II. Of the Formation, Progrefs, and frefent Efiahlijbmentt of the National Militia III. Of the Supplementary Militia _ - - IV. Of the regular flipendiary Forces - - - V. Of the different Kinds of Troops \ their Arms, (ffenfive and defenfive; their Organization and Appoint' ments ------ VI. Of the Method of arranging and muflering the Troops VII. Of the Stiff, Field, and Regimental Officers of dfferent Ranks ; xvitb thefucceffive Alterations to the prefent Time ------ WW. Of the Pay of the Englifh Armies - - \yi. Of the Clothing of the Troops - - . X. Of Quarters \l. Of Field Exercife and Taeiics - - - XII. Of Military Machines and Artillery - - - PAGE 4 SO 54 57 100 178 190 271 3«3 339 349 366 DIRECTIONS FOR placing the CUTS. NOR\f AN Soldiers A Horfeman's Armsi Armour^ and Accoutrementt ' « • Antient Dragoon _ » » - - Horfe-Guard — Light Dragoon . . ,. . OiEcerofPiks-Men . .• . « A Man at Anns in Plato-Armour, and an Archer (as a Frontifpiece) CrofleBoWe -...-- A Soldier, armed with a Calirer - - . - Infantry __---- An Officer and Serjeant of a Highland Regiment Highland Soldiers - - - - ' » A Piper of a Highland Regiment - . . . A Yeoman of the Guard - - • » Double-armed Man, 2 Plates - - - • Exercife of the Pike, 4 Plates . • . . Exercife of the Muflceteers, 5 Plates ... Muflcet and Halbert Exercife, 2 Plates - , • Standing and Marching Salutes, 3 Plates . . • Exercife of the Horfe, 6 Plates - • • < •• Antient Artillery, 4 Plates • • • » Onager .---». Machines for throwing Darts and Stones ... PaTifors and a moveable Tower ... .. Artillery, 4 Plates - « • - , .. The Partridges Pierriers, or Pattateros - - - - » Carts of War, 2 Prints - - . ; ^ The Petard - - - <| . - . . The Infernal - - - - - . - PAGE lOI 105 III 112 132 140 148 156 161 164 166 168 176 354 3SS 3^1 38« 38a 38S 398 400 402 407 408 410 t ■ ? ■Is HISTORY OF ■^ Off*. k) jimdiYli f. THE ENGLISH ARMY. > ii!;i'r ;-j,j^ /iUO i' .Although in the followmg work I propofe to commence my inveftigations from the period immediately fucceeding the Norman invafion, it will throw fome light on the fubje6l, briefly to defcribe the military ellablifhment of the Anglo-Saxons, at, and about the time of that event. By the Saxon laws, every freeman of an age capable of bearing arois, and not incapacitated by any bodily infirmity, was, in cafe of a foreign invafion, internal infurre6lion, or other emergency, obliged to join the army, that being one of the three ferVices comprifed under the title of the trinoda neceflitas ; thefe were, attending per- fonally in war for the defence of the nation, working at, and con- VOL. I. B ffi. H ISTORY OF 1 1 tributing to the building of the public caflles and fortrefles, and repairing bridges and highways. In forming their armies the following regulations were obferved : all fuch as were qualified to bear arms in one family, were led to the field by the head of that family. Every ten families made a tything, which was commanded by the borfliolder, in his military capacity flyled condu6lor. Ten tythings conflituted an hundred; the foldiers of each hundred were led by the chief magiftrate of the hundred, fometimes called the hundredary. Several hundreds form- ed a trything (a), which was commanded by the officer called a trything-man ; and the force of the county or fliire was commanded by the hertoch, dux or duke, and he by the king or an officer called the kynings hold, 4. £. the king's lieutenant or general, which office lafied only during die war. In times of peace, or when the king did not think it neceflary to have a general, the militia remained under the command of the dukes of each county. Every landholder was obliged to keep armour and weapons ac- cording to his rank and pofleffions; thefe he might neither fell, lend, nor pledge, nor even alienate from his heirs. In order to in(lru6l them in the ufe of arms, they had their flated times for performing their military exercife ; and once in a year, ufually in the fpringi there was a general review of arms, throughout each county. The clergy were exempted from perfonal military fervices, not only as being contrary to their profeffion, but likewife that they might the better attend to their religious duties. Their eftates. (a) Corruptly in Yorklhirc called a ryding, from the (Imilarlty of found; the eaft, north, and wed ridings, really meaning the eaft, north, and weft trythings. This officer was elcfted by the hundred, at their public court, where they met armed, and every member, as a token of his obedience, touched the weapon of the hundredary} whence thefe courts were. called ivaj>entakes, a name ftill kept up in Yorkfliire. u,.'!t.i i! J.' i THE ENGLISH ARMY. S though held in franc alnioigne, were however chargeable to the tri- noda neceflitas, the only injpofition to which they were liable. The greater part of the Anglo-Saxon forces confifted of infantry ; the cavalry was chiefly compofed of the Thanes, and fuch men of property as kept horfes. The Saxon cavalry are frequently delineated in ancient illumina- tions as riding without ftirrups, with no other defenfive armour than a helmet ; their weapon a fpear. It is neverthelefs certain, that de- fenfive armour was worn by their oificers and great men about the time of the Norman conqueft. Their infantry feem to have been of two forts, the heavy and light armed. The firft are reprefented with helmets made of the fkins of beads, the hair outwards ; large oval convex fhields, with fpikes pro- je6iing from the bofles ; long and very broad fwords, and fpears. The light infantry with fpears only, and fome no other weapon than a fword, befides which, different hiftories relate that they alfo ufed clubs, battle-axes, or bills, and javelins ; the latter they darted with great dexterity, and then inflantly came to clofe fight. The drefs of both horfe and foot was a tunic with fleeves, the (kirts reaching down to the knees : the -horfemen wore fpurs with only one point. The kings commonly wore their crowns in battle, which aHb in fome meafure anfwered the purpofe of a helmet, j > i^ t wr >r, ' rf . The Anglo-Saxon mode of drawing up their armies was in one large denfe body, furrounding their ilandard, and placing their foot with their heavy battle-axes in the front. . ., By the laws of King Eldward the Confeflbr, any man who from cowardice abandoned his lord, or fellow-foldiers, whilll under the command of the hertoch, in any expedition by land or fea, forfeited both his life and property, and his lord might refume any lands he had formerly granted him. Of him who was flain in war-fighting be- fore his lord, either at home or abroad, all payments due for reliefs on his efiates were remitted to his heirs, who were to enjoy his lands and money without any diminution, and might divide it among them. 4 / t HISTORY OP ' . - .i-,l.i' CHAPTER I. Of the Military EJiabliJbment under the Feudal Syjlan. ■T.nj_ ■-->* •Ml X HE introduftion of the feudal fyftem, which took place in this kingdom about the year 1086, gave a very confiderable change to the military eflablifhment of the nation. This alteration in the conilitu- tion was not, it is faid, effected by the fole power of King William, but was adopted with the confent of the great council of the realm, aflembled at Sarum, where all the principal land-holders l'ubje6):ed their poffeflions to military fervices, became the king's vaflals and did homage, and fwore fealty to his perfon for the lands held of him as fuperior lord and original proprietor. But when it is confi- dered, that the great land-holders at that meeting were moft of them Normans, the friends and followers of the king, on whom he had beftowed the eftates taken from the Englifh ; the fuffrage of fuch an aflembly, though freely obtained, will fcarce juftify tlie meafure being deemed a national choice. By this fyftem all the lands of the realm were confidered as divided into certain portions, each producing an annual revenue, ftyled a knight's fee. Our ancient lawyers are not agreed as to the quantity of land or fum of money of which it confifted ; it indeed feems to have varied at different periods: however in the reigns of Henry II. and Edward II. a knight's fee was ftated at sol. per annum ; the number of knights' fees in this kingdom was eftimated at fixty thoufand. By the feudal law, every tenant in capite, that is, every perfon holding immediately from the king the quantity of land amounting THE ENGLISH ARMY. '^B to a knight's fee, was bound to hold himfelf in readinels, with horfe and arms, to ferve the king in his wars, either at home or abroad, at his own expence, for a ftated time, generally forty days in a year (d), to be reckoned from the time of joining the army. Perfons holding more or lefe, were bound to do duty in proportion to their tenures ; thus, one poiTelTed of but half a fee, was to perform fervice for twenty days only (e). The lands of the church were not exempt, but eccle- fiaftics were generally indulged with performing their fervice by deputies. Although fometimes their perfonal appearance was infiiled on, poflibly from a fuppofition that their prefence with the army would give a confidence to the foldiers, and a fan^lion to the caufe, efie6ls not unlikely in thofe days of fuperftition ; or perhaps the in- ilance here particularly alluded to, was occafioned by fome new con- trivance of the clergy, to avoid the performance of their military fer vices, by calling a convocation ( f ). (d) Omnes comites et barones, et milites, et fervlentes, et univerd liberi homines totius' regni noftri praedi£ki, habeant & teiieant fe Temper bene in armis et in equis, ut decet et oportet : et fint Temper prompt! et bene parati ad fervitium fuum integrum nobis explendum et peragendum cum opus fuerit ; fecundum quod nobis debent de foedis et tenementis fuis de jure facere ; et ficut illis flatuimus per commune concilium totius regni noftri praedifti. Cap. 58, Wiik. 228. (e) Knights' fees were often divided into many parts, fome tenants in chief holding only a fourth, or an eighth part } and an inftance occurs of a tenant in capite, enfeoffed after the death of Henry I. who had only one twentieth. Thefe fmall tenancies are fuppofed to have arifen from the defire of holding in chief of the crown, though by ever fo fmall a fief, on account of the honour and fuperior prote£lion annexed to that tenure. (f) An inftance of this happened in the 41ft of Hen. III. as appears by the following writ, printed in Rymer's Foedera, which, as it feems extremely fingular, is here given at length. Rex H. Line. Epifcopo falutem. Cimi pro exercitu noftro, cum quo tendimus ad partes Ceftrise contra Wallenfes inimicos noftros, vos et omnes alios prselatos & mag- nates regni noftri fecerimus fummoneri, ad eundem nobifcum cum toto fervitio fuo, nobis debito, pro defenfione terrx noftrse contra prxdi£los Wallenfes. Et archiepifcopos Can- tuarienfis quondam convocationem epifcoporum fieri fecit London, in odabri afliimptionis \j]. :* ^ - Bcatae 6 Y V^ 5? HI STORY OF ^* »' The fervice being accompliflied, the tenant was at liberty to return home ; if he or his followers afterwards continued to ferve with the army, they Were paid by the king : certificates from the conflable or marlhal were fometimes required, in proof that a knight had duly performed his fervice. If a tenant in capite, or knight, could not perform his fervice in perfon, through ficknefs, being a minor, or any other caufe, he obtained leAve to fend fome able perfon in his (lead, an indulgence for which it was often neceflary to fine to the king ; a fine being in the language of thofe days, not only an amercement for an offence, but alfo the price of a favour. Our records afford feveral inftances, wherein feudal tenants unable to bear arms, were by proclamation dire6ted to find unexceptionable perfons to perform their fervices for than (g). r ' - ' Beatae Mariae ut audivimus } qux quidem convocatio, aut alii tra£latus vel concilia, nobis exiftentibus & agentibus in exercitu noftro, fieri non debent, eo quo finguli, tarn pmlati quatn allii in pnprih ptrfotm venire debeant ad defcnfionem corons et regni noftri, & per abfentiam eorundem grave nobis & terrae noftrse periculae poflet imminirc} inhibuimus diftride prsefato archiepifcopo, ne didam convocationem faciat, fed convocationem illam, dum fuerimus in exercitu noftro, rerocat & fufpendat. Unde fub debiti fidelitatis qua nobis tenemini & forisfadura terrarum & tenamentorum, quae in regno noftro tenetis, vobis diftri£te prohibemus ne ad convocationem hujufmodi, dum fuerimus in exercitu noftro, accedere prxfumatis, fed ad nos verfus Walliam pro defen- ilonem noftra et terrae noftrae contra praediftos Wallenfes fine morse difpendie veniatis, fer- vitium veftrum nobis debitum perfonalites impenfuri, ne pro defe£tu veftri, exhaeredationem perpetuam patiamur. Tefte meipfo apud Wodeft. 19 die Julii. EoDUM modo mandatum eft aliis epifcopis Cantuar. provinciae in Anglia exiftentibus. Et mandatum eft oiBcialibus epifcoporum ejufdem provincix agentium in partibus tranf- marinis, quod ad convocationem praediftam non accedant, fed fub amiflione omnium terra- rum dominorum fuorum mittent regia fervitia, quae domino fuo regi debent. (g) A. D. 1294, 22d Ed. I. that king granted a commiiTton to the bifliop of Bath and "Wells, appointing him, with the barons of the exchequer, to receive fines to his uft;, according to their diredlion, from archbiihops, bifhops, abbots, priors, and other religious and ccckfiaftical perfons, ladies, widows, and other women, in lieu of military fervice THE ENGLISH ARMY. 7 As a tenpnt who held feveral knights' feQS could pot 4o the fervice of more than one in his perfon, he might difch^rge the others by able (iibftitutes being knights, or by two efquires, fometimes ftyled fervipqtes, m lieu of ^ch knight (h). Sometimes the king compounded with his tenants for particular fervices, and fometimes for thofe of the whole year, accepting in Ueu thereof peci^niary payments, with which he hired ilipendiary troops : this is generally fuppofed to have introduced the pra6);ice of levying fcutages, firft begun by King Henry H. (i). The punifhment y>ir;-j:fl,\ ,1 10 ,*.attendance, when duly fummoned, was a heavy fine (k) or forfeiture of the tenure (1). The tenants in capite, in order to find fubftitutes for thofe fees for which they could not ferve themfelves, made under-grants to their favourites and dependents, liable to the fame conditions as thofe on which they held them from the crown, namely fealty and homage, and that their tenant ihould attend them to the wars, when they ihould be called upon by the king, there to ferve for a dated time at their own expence, properly armed and mounted : thefe again had their under- tenants and vaflals. Men at arms, or knights, were generally attend- ed by their tenants and vaflals, both on horfeback and on foot ; thefe ferved in the infantry either as archers or bill-men. The conftitutional military force of England, foon after the con- queft, confifted of the feudal troops and the pofTe comitatus. The feudal troops were either the perfons who held lands in capite (m), that is immediately of the crown, or their vaflals and charta, that no fcutage ihould be impofed without the confent of the common council of the realm. This claufe was indeed omitted in the charters of Henry III. where we only find it ftipulated, that fcutages {hall be taken as they were ufed to be in the time of King Henry II. yet afterwards by a variety of ftatutcs under Edward I. and his grandfon, it was provided, that the king (hall not take any aids or talks, any tailliage or tax, but by the common aflent of the great men and commons in parliament. Blactfione's Cemmentarie/, roil. I, p. 299, oAavo. (k) An hundred marks was the fine impofed on two defaulters of this kind. William de Haftings, and William bilhop of Winchefter, the firft in the reign .of Richard I. the fecond In the 30th of Henry III. See Madox^s Hiftory of the Exchequer. "' f f" ;' (1) Mathew Turpin was difTeifed of his land and ferjeantry in Wanterlow, becaufe he was not in the king's fervice beyond fea. Mag. Rot. ift of John, Rot. 13, f. Wilts. And Duncan de Locals was difleifed of three knights' fees and a half, for non-attendance in Scotland. Mag. Rot. 12, John 2. b. Many other inftances occur in our records. (m) By the ftatute of the nth of Henry VIII. every perfon bearing an office, fee, or annuity of the king's grant, was bound to attend him pei-fonally whenever he went himfelf to the wars (except certain privileged perfons mentioned in the aft, or fuch as had the king's licence, or were prevented by fome juft caufe), on pain to forfeit fuch office, fee, and annuity. it I THE ENGLISH ARMY. p under-tenants, both of whom were, as has before been obferved, obliged by their tenures to attend the king and their lords to the wars, at home or abroad, completely armed and mounted, for forty days in a year, or according to the value of the fees held by them. The pofle comitatus, or power of the county, included every free man above the age of fifteen, and under that of fixty, and although the chief deftination of this eftablifhment was to preferve the peace under the command of the flieriff, they were alfo, in cafe of hoftile invafions, called out to defend the country, and repel the enemy (n). The pofle comitatus differed from the feudal troops in this; they were only liable to be called out in cafe of internal commotions, or adtual invafions, on which occafions only they could legally be marched out of their refpe6tive counties, and in no cafe out of the kingdom (o) ; whereas the feudal troops were fubje6l to foreign fer- vice at the king's pleafure. That this body of men might be ready to take the field, the following law was ena6led by Henry II. A. D. 1181, in the 27th year of his reign ; which was in fubftance fimilar to that mentioned in treating of the military eftabliflunent before the battle of Hallings. J Whosoever holds one knight's fee fhall have a coat of mail, a helmet, a (hield and a lance; and every knight as many coats of ■f (n) He (the flierifF) is alfo to defend h'ls county againft any of the king's enemies, when they come into the land, and for that purpofe, as well as for the keeping of the peace and purfuing of felons, he may command all the people of his county to attend him } which is called the pofle comitatus, or power of the county ; which fummons every perfon above fifteen years old, and under the degree of a peer, is bound to attend upon warning, under pain of fine and imprifonment. Blackjlone's Commentaries^ vol. I. p. 332. 8vo. (o) Item le Roy voet deformes nul foit charge de foi armer, autrement quil ne foleit en temps de ces aunceftres Roys d' Engleterre. Et que nul foient diftreintz daler hors de leur countez, fi non par caufe de neceflite de fodeyne venue des eftraunges enemys en roialme et adonques foit fait come ad efte fait avant ces heures par defens du roialme. Stat. i. Ed. 3d. cap. 5. VOL. I. c mail, 0X 10 HISTORY OF i ^Ia ■•'-■ • * 1 i^ *_ mail (p), helmets, fliields, and lances, as he fliall have knights' fees in his domain. EvEKY free layman having in chattels or rent to the value of fixteen marks, fhall keep a coat of mail, a helmet, a (hield, and a lance. Every free layman who fliall have in chattels or rent ten marks, Ihall have a habergon (q), a chapclet of iron, and a lance. Also all burgeltes and the whole community of freemen fliall have a wambais (r), a chaplet of iron, and a lance. Every one of thefe (before-mentioned) (hall fwear that he will have thefe arms before the feall of St. Hilary, and will bear fealty to King Henry, to wit, the fon of the Emprefe Matilda ; and that he will keep thefe arms for his fervice according to his command, and with fidelity to our lord the king and his realm : and no man having thefe arms (liall fell, pledge, nor lend them, nor alienate them in any other manner ; nor fliall the lord take them from his vaflal by forfeiture, gift, pledge, or any other manner. On the death of any one having thefe arms, they fliall remain to his heir ; and if the faid heir is not of fuch age as to be able to ufe arms, they fliall, if neceflary, be put into the cuftody of him who has the guardianfliip of his perfon, who fliall provide a man to ufe them in the fervice of our lord the king, if required, until the heir fliall be of proper age to bear arms, and then they fliall be delivered to him. Any burgefs having more arms than he is by this aflize required (p) LoRicA. A coat of mail either compofed of ringlets of iron or fmall plates like fcales, fewed on leather, fo as to lap over each other. (q) Halbergellum et capelet ferri. The halbergellum or haubergeon was a fmall coat, compofed either of plate or chain mail, without fleeves ■, the chaplet an iron fcull cap, com- monly without vifor or bever. (r) Wambais, &c. Doublets compofed of many folds of linen, ftuffed with cotton, wool, or hair, and commonly covered with leather. 1- ii ■«l THE ENGLISH ARMY. SI s like fcalesi with cotton, to have, fhnll fell or give them, or fo alienate them, that they may bo retained for the fervice of our lord the kinp; of England ; and none of them fliall keep more arms than he is by this allize bound to have. No Jew fliall have in his cultody a coat of mail or habergeon, but fliall fell or give it away, or in foine other manner fo difpofc of it, that it fliall remain in the king's fervice. Also, no man fliall carry arms out of the kingdom, unlefs by the command of our lord the king, nor fliall any man fell arms to an- other, who means to carry them out of the kingdom. By other parts of this law, it was directed, that juries fliould be appointed in the hundreds and boroughs of every county, to difco- ver who had chattels or rent to the value exprefled therein ; on which inqueft no perfon wJio had not chattels to the value of fix- teen marks, or ten at leaft, was to ferve. The king's juftices in their circuits were required to enrol the names of the jurors, and of thofe who fhould be found to have chattels or rents to the value above mentioned, after which they were to caufe this afllze to be publicly read, and all the perlbns concerned were to be fworn to obferve it in all points. And if it happened that any one of thofe who ought to have thefe arms was not in his county at the time the juftices were there, they were dire<5led to appoint another time and county for his appearance ; and if he did not come to them in any of the counties through which they pafled, they were in that cafe to appoint him a time at Weft- minfter, at the o6laves of St. Michael, then to attend and take his oath, as he loved iiimfelf and all that belonged to him ; and he was likewife to be commanded to have, before the feaft of St. Hilary, arm.s fuch as he was by law bound to poflefs. Also the juftices were enjoined to caufe it to be notified over all the counties through which they were to pafs, that thofe who had not thefe arms as aforefaid, the king would punifli corporally in their limbs, and not in their goods, their lands, or chattels. Also none might a6l as jurors refpc6ling legal and freemen, who hath not fixteen marcs in land, or ten marcs in chattels. U I m HISTORY OF I Also the juftices to command in all the counties by which they (hould pafs, that no one as he loved hinifelf, and all that belonged to him, (hould buy or fell any (hip, to be taken out of England ; and tlie king commanded that none but a freeman (liould be admitted tu take the oath of arms. This regulation, or aflize, received a farther corroboration, by the (latute of the 13th of King Edward I. called the (latute of Wincheller^ by which every man was bound to provide and keep armour and weapons, according to his edate or goods. TuE armour and weapons directed by the (latute of Winchefter^ to be kept by perfons of different poflfeflTionSr were thus allotted : every one pofTelTed of lands to the yearly value of fifteen pounds, and forty marks in goods, to keep a haubergeon, an iron headpiece, a fword, knife» and horfe. Thofe having from ten and under fifteen pounds in lands and chattels, or the value of forty marks, the fame as the preceding clafs, the horfe excepted. Perfons having an hundred (hillings per annum in land, and upwards* were to keep a doublet, a headpiece of iron, a fword, and a knife. And from forty (hillinga annual rent in land, and upwards, to one hundred, a fword» bow and arrows* and a knife. He that had under forty (hillings in land, was fworn to keep faulchions,, gifarmes, daggers, and other fmall arms. Perfons pofTeflTng lefs than twenty marks in chattels, to have fwords* daggers, and other inferior weapons; and all others authorifed to keep bows and arrows* might have them out of the foreds. A review of thefe arms was to be made twice a-year, by two con- ftables out of every hundred, who were to report defaulters to the juftices, and they were to prefent them to the king in par- liament. This (latute was repealed in the (ird of Philip and Mary, and another ena6led, wherein armour and weapons of more modern date were inferted. *.% By that a6l it was provided that all temporal perfons* having eftates of a thoufand pounds or upwards, (hould from the id of May, 1588, keep fix horfes or geldings (it for mounting demi- launces, three of them at lead to have fufficient harnels, deel (ad- #** THE ENGLISH ARMY. »3 dies (s) and weapons requifite anrJ appertaining to the faid demi- launces, horfes or geldings ; and ten light horfes or geldings, with the weapons and harue's requilhc for light-horfemen ; alfo lorty corfelets furnifhed (t), forty almaine rivetts (u), or inftead of the faid forty almaine rivetts» forty coates of plate (x), corfelets or brigandines (y) furnifhod ; forty pikes, thirty long bowes, thirty Iheafs of arrowes (z), thirty fteele cappes or fculles (a), twenty black bills (b) or halberts, twenty haquebuts (c), and twenty morians (d), or fallets (e). (s) Saddles whofe bum or bowe were covered with llrel. (t) Thi corielet was a fpecies of armour chiefly worn by ptkemen, who were thence often denominated corfelets} ftri£kly fpeaking, the word corfelct meant only that part which covered the body, but was generally ufed to exprefa the whole fuit, under the term of a corfelet fumiflied or complete { this included the head-piece and gorget, the back and bread* with flcirts of iron called taflcs or taflTets covering the thighs. (u) Alamainb rivetts were probably coats of armour made flexible by meant, of rivetts» invented in or imported from Germany. (s) Coats of plate were made of thin plates of iron. (y) Brigandines took their name from the troops by whom they were iirft vrorn, theC: were called Brigans-, they were a kind of light-armed irregular foot, much addicted to plunder, frequently mentioned by Froidart: from their irregularities, the appellation of brigands was ufed in common to flgnify all forts of freebooters. The brigandine was conv- pofed of a number of fmall plates of iron (iewed upon quilted linen or leather through a fmall hole in the center of each plate, their edges laid over each other, like tiles or the fcale» of a fiflu Thefe fcales vkk covered over with leather or cloth, fo as to have the appear- ance of common coats ; they were proof againfl the (boke of a fword* or puih of a pike, and yet extremely pliable to every motion of the body. (z) A SHEAP contained twenty-four arrows. (a) The fcull was a head-piece refembling a bowl, or a bafon. (b) A BLACK bill was a fpecies of halbert, not commonly kept bright, whence they were called black and fometimes brown bills. (c) Haquebot, a hand-gun, called haque or hook-but, from it* ftock being hooked or bent. (d) A MORION was commonly an open helmet without vifor or bever, worn by the har- quebufiers and mufketteers j Guillim fays, it took its name of morion from being commonly worn by the Moors. (c) Sallets or celates were head-pieces without crcfts, fometimes having a vifor, and fometimes without one. :#' I* K HISTORY OF Temporal perfons having eftates to the vaUie o^ looo marks and upwards, and under the clear yearly value of icool. to maintain four horfes or geldings for demi-launces, whereof two, at the leaft, to be horfes ; with fufhcient weapons, faddles, meete and requifite to the faid demi-launces ; fix light horfes, with furniture, &c. neceflary for the fame, thirty corfelets furniflied, thirty almaine rivetts, or in lieu thereof, thirty coats of plate, corfelets, or brigandines furniflied; thirty pikes, twenty long bowes, twenty fheafs of arrowes, twenty fteel caps or fcuUs, ten black bills or halberts, ten haquebuts and ten morians or fallets. , Every temporal perfon having 400I. per annum, and under the clear yearly value of 1000 marks, to keep two horfes, or one horfe and one gelding ; for light horfes, twenty corfelets furniflied, twenty almaine rivetts furniflied, or inftead thereof, twenty coats of plate, corfelets, or brigandines furniflied ; twenty pikes, fifteen long bowes, fifteen flieafs of arrowes, fifteen fteel caps, or fculls, fix haquebuts, and fix morians, or fallets. Temporal perfons having clear 200 1. per annum, and under 400I. per annum, one great horfe or gelding fit for a demi-launce, with fufficient furniture and harnefs, fteeled faddle, &c. two geldings for light horfe, with harnefs and weapons as aforefaid : ten corfelets furnifhed, ten almaine rivetts, or inftead thereof, ten coats of plate, corfelets, or brigandines furniflied, ten pikes, eight long bows, eight flieafs of arrowes, eight fteel caps or fculls, three haquebuts, and three morians or fallets. » Every temporal perfon, &c. having lool. or under 200I. per annum, two geldings and furniture, &c. for light horfemen, three corfelets furniflied., three almaine rivetts, corfelets or brigandines furniflied, three long pikes, three bowes, three flieafs of arrowes, three fteel caps or fculls, two haquebuts, and two morians or fallets. Temporal perfons having 100 marks and under lool. per annum, one gelding and furniture for a light horfeman, two corfelets fur- m, THE ENGLISH ARMY. 15 niihed, two almaine rivetts, coats of plate or brigandines furnifhed, two pikes, two long bowes, two flieafs of arrowes, two fteel caps, or fculls, one haquebut, one morian or fallet. c Temporal perfons having 40I. or under 100 marks per annum, two corfelets furnidied, two almaine rivetts, corfelets or brigandines furniflied ; two pikes, one long bowe, one fheaf of arrowes, one fteei cap or fcull, two haquebuts, two morians or fallets. Persons having 20I. and under 40I. per annum, one corfelet fur- niflied, one pike, one haquebut, one morain or fallet, one long bowe, one Iheaf of arrowes, and one fteel cap or Icull. n^r^ ^ Ht4 a- ; Temporal perfons having lol. and under 20I. per annum, one almaine rivett, a coat of plate or brigandine furniflied, one haquebut, one morian or fallet, and one long bowe, one flieaf of arrowes, and one fteel cap or fcull. Temporal perfons having 5I. and under lol. per annum, one coat of plate furniflied, one black bill or halbert, one long bowe, and one flieaf of arrowes, fteel cap or fcull. Temporal perfons having goods and chattels to the amount of 1000 marks, one horfe or gelding furniflied for a demi-launce, one gelding furnifhed for a light-horfeman, or eighteen corfelets fur- niflied, inftead of the faid horfe and gelding, and furniture of the fame, at their qhoice ; two corfelets furniflied, two almaine rivetts, or in- ftead thereof two corfelets or two brigandines furniflied, two pikes, four long bowes, four flieafs of arrowes, four fteel caps or fculls, and three haquebuts, with three morains or fallets. Temporal perfons having goods, &c. to the amount of 400I. and above, and under 1000 marks, one gelding for a light-horfeman, pro- perly furniflied, or inftead thereof nine corfelets furniflied at his choice, and one other corfelet furniflied ; one pike, two almaine rivetts, or plate coates, or brigandines furniflied, one haquebut, two long bowes, two flieafs of arrowes, and two fteel caps or fculls. Goods, &c. to the amount of 200I. and upwards, and under 400I. one corfelet furniflied, one pike, two almaine rivetts, plate coatSj: or k HISTORY OF brigandines furnilhed ; one haquebut, one morian or fallet, two long bowes, two (heafis of arrowes, and two fcull or Heel caps. Goods, &c. to the amount of lool. or above, and under 200I one corfelet furniflied, one pike, one pair of almaine rivetts, one plate coat, or pair of brigandines furnilhed, two long bowes, and two Iheafs of arrowes and two fculls. Goods, &c. to the amount of 40I. and under lool. two pair of almaine rivetts, or two coats of plate or brigandines furnifhed, one long bowe, one fheaf of arrowes, one fteel cap or one fcull, and one black bill or halbert. Goods, &c. to the amount of 20I. and upwards, and under 40I. one pair of almaine rivetts, or one coat of plate, or one pair of brigan- dines, two long bowes, two (heafs of arrowes, two fculls or fteel caps, and one black bill or halbert. Goods, &c. to the amount of lol. and above, and under 20I. one long bowe, one fheaf of arrowes, with one fteel cap or fcull, and one black bill or halbert. .' " -^?l ' Temporal perfons not charged by this a6l, having annuities, copy- holds, or eftate of inheritance to the clear yearly value of 30I. or up- wards, to be chargeable with furniture of war, according to the pro- portion appointed for goods and chattels. And every perfon, who by the a6l of the 33d of King Hen. VIH. cap. 5. was bound by reafon, that his wife (liould wear fuch kind of apparell, or other thing, as in the fame ftatute is mentioned and de- clared, to keepe or find one great ftoned trotting horfe, viz. Every perfon temporall, whofe wife (not being divorced nor willingly ab- fenting herfelf from him) doth weare any gowne of filke, French hood, or bonet of velvet, with any habiliment, paft, or edge of golde, pearle, or ftone, or any chaine of goFj about her necke, or in her partlet, or in any apparell of her body, except the fonnes and heirs apparent of dukes, marquifes, earles, viconts, and barons, and others having hereditaments to the yearly value of 600 marks or above, during the life of their fathers ; and wardes having hereditaments of l,i I I THE ENGLISHARMY. 17 the yearly value of 200 1. and who are not by this a6t before charged, to have, maintaine, and keep any horfe or gelding ; Ihall from the faid ift of May, have, keep, and maintaine, one gelding, able and meete for a light-horfeman, with fuflficient harnefs and weapon for the fame, in fuch manner and forme, as every perfon having lord- Ihips, houfes, lands, &c. the clear yearly value of 100 marks is ap- pointed to have, jnifffisssb ban tssfi tnhiUi jbiiiialol'; ?b :'j:^ <; t-' ' Any perfon chargeable by this a6l, who for three whole montlis from the ift of May, fhall lack or want the horfes or armour, with which he is charged, fliall forfeit for every horfe or gelding in which he is deficient, ten pounds: for every demi-launce and furniture, three pounds ; for every corfelet and furniture of the fame, forty fliillings ; and for every almaine rivet, coat of plate, or brigandine and furniture of the fame, twenty (hillings ; and for every bow and fheaf of arrows, bill, halbert and hacquebut, (leel cap, fcull, morian, and fallet, ten fliillings, one half of thefe forfeitures to the king and queen, the other half to the parties fuing for the fame. The inhabitants of all cities, burroughs, towns, parifties, &c. other than fuch as are fpecially charged before in this a6l, (hall keep and maintain at their common charges, fuch harneis and weapons as Ihall be appointed by the commiflioners of the king and queen, to be kept in fuch places as fhall, by the faid commiflioners, be appointed. Indentures to be made of the numbers and kinds thereof, between two or more of the faid commiflioners, and twelve, eight, or four, of the principal inhabitants of every fuch city, burrough, &c. &c. one part to remain with the chief officer of the faid city, &c. and the other part with the clerk of the peace of the county. And if any of the inhabitants fliall be deficient for three months in any of the articles dire<5led to be found, they fliall forfeit for every article according to the proportion before mentioned, to be applied and levied as there directed. The lord chancellor for the time being fliall have full power to grant commiflions under the great feal of England, to as many juf- tices of every fliire or county as he fliall deem neceflary, for making this appointment of horfes and armour. This a(5l not to invalidate D '■fi i8 Y HISTORY OF ;i any covenant between a landlord and his tenant for finding of horfes, armour, or weapons. The juflices of every county are hereby authorifed to make fearch and view from time to time of and for the horfes, armour, &c. to be kept by perfons poflefled of aool. per ann. and not above 400 1. per ann. or to be found by perfons chargeable on account of their goods, chattels, &c. as aforefaid, and to hear and determine at their quarter feflions every default committed or done, Contrary to this a<5l, within the county, and to levy the penalties. Any foldier making fale of his horfe, harneis, or weapon, or any of them, contrary to the form of the ftatute made in the faid 2d and 3d year of the late king, i. e. the ad and 3d of King Edw. VI. (which fee in Captains), (hall incur the penalty of the faid llatute, and the fale fhall be void, the purchafer knowing him to be a foldier. All prefentments and profecutions to be within one year after the commiflion of the offence. >'*flt io ^Inrf ono 'I (WJ .tiLisi i ir. Persons profecuted for deficiencies of armour may plead their in- ability to procure it, on account of the want of it within the realm ; which plea, if true, fhall be a fufficient juftification ; if denied, ilTue to be joined, and the trial of fuch ifTue, only had by the certificate of the lord chancellor, lord treafurer, the lord prefident of the council, the lord fleward of the king's and queen's mofl honourable houfehold, the lord privie feal, the lord admiral, and the lord chamberlain of the faid houfehold, or by three of them, under their hands and feals, &c. &c. this a6l or any ufage to the contrary notwithf^anding. No per~ fons to be charged both for lands and goods. This a<5t not to repeal the a6l of the 33d Henry VIII. for having long bowes and exercifing archery.' ■. ,:.;■' r •••'.•«, -t Provided any horfes fhall die, or be killed, or armour be loft or expended in the defence of the realm, the owner (hall not be profe- cuted for the deficiency within one year after fuch lofs. The want of a gantlet or gantlets fhall not be reckoned a de- ficiency for a corfelet. The fcrvants of fuch perfons as are bound to find haquebut, may exercife themfelves in fhooting at fuch marks as are limited and ap- *'k THE ENGLISH ARMY. »5 pointed by the 33d of Henry VHI. (which fee in crofs boWes) fo that they do not ufe fuch haquebut in any highway. This a6t not to ex- tend to Wales, Lancaftcr, or Chefter, nor to oblige any one to have or to find a haquebut, but that they mky, at their will and pleafure, have and keep, inflead of every haquebut charged in this a6t, one long bowe, and one flieaf of arrows, over and above fuch other ar- mour and munition, as is by the laws of the realm appointed (i). The lord chancellor or lord keeper of the great feal may from time to time, by virtue of the king's commiflion, appoint commiflioners in every city, borough, &c. &c. as well in England as in Wales, confift- ing of juftices, with other perfons joined with them, as he fhall think meet, to take a, view of tarnltmt,- and to afligh whit harneis, &c. they ihall be bound to provide aind keep. In the reigns of Riqhard J I. Henry VH. and Henry VHI. four inilitary bo^iess were inllituted, which are ftill exifling ; the ferjeants ^t arniSx the yeonjen of the gUftrdi t1^ gentlemen pehfioners, and the artillery company ; the, firft are entirely degenerated into a civil em- ployment, and feveral of the Mhers have retained very little of their ancient military chara<5ler. An account of their eftablifhment fliall be given under' the head of thie different fpecies of troops, of which the Englifh armies have at various timies been compofed. During the troubles under King Charles I. the royal army con-- fifled chiefly of regiments, raifed by the nobility and gentry who ad- hered to the, royal caufe, from among their tenants and dependents* Moll of the militia, and particularly the trained bands of London, have Ijded with the parliamentarians, who llkewife employed the public money in levying and paying their armies, -rf tul (i) This claufe pliiiiily (hews that the rulers of thofe times were not very folicltous to in- troduce the ufe of fire-arms into the nation, but confidered the long bow as equal to a haquebut. In a fet of inftruftions for executing the commiflion for muftering and training all man- ner of perfons, 15 Eliz. 1572, fubfcrlbed by the privy council. No. 6844, Harleian MSS. in every hundred footmen, forty are direfted to be harquebufiers, twenty archers, if fo many van be procured, the remainder to be bill-men, halberdiers, or morris-pykes. f V I/. HISTORY OFlH j. . ■ / .' iiU^U.:' ■■■:■■- :'. , CHAPTER II. •M,itf\f( 'DO. '• '.V before fix of the privy council, or fuch other perfons as fhould be au- thorifed by the king. No perfon under the degree of a peer, could be capable of a6ling as a lieutenant, or deputy lieutenant, till lie had taken the above- mentioned oaths, before a juftice of the peace. A lieutenant of a county might adminifter them to his deputies. I ■ 1 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 81 The lieutenants of counties were authorifed to grant commiflions of colonels, majors, captains, and other commiflion officers, to fuch perfons as they thought proper, who, before they a6led, were obliged to take the oaths prefcribed, to be adminiftered by the lieutenants, or two of their deputies. It is to be always underflood, that the king had power to confirm or difplace fuch officers at his pleafure. The lieutenants and deputies, or the major part of them then prefent, or in the abfence of the lieutenant, the major part of the deputy lieutenants then prefent, fuch majority not being lefs in num- ber than three, had power to charge any perfon, in the county, city, or town corporate, wherein his cftate was fituated, having refpeft to, and not exceeding, the following proportions: ,. .- • No perfon could be charged with finding a hoffe, horfeman, and arms, unlefs he had a real eftate of 500I. per annum in pofleffion, or a perfonal eftate of 6000I. in goods and money, exclufive of the fur- niture of his houfe, and fo in proportion for a greater or lefler eftate. No perfon was liable to be charged with finding a foot foldier and arms, that had not a yearly revenue of 50I. in pofleffion, or a perfonal eftate of 600I. in goods and money, other than ftock upon the ground ; and after the faid rate, proportionally for a greater or lefler revenue or eftate. ^m i ^ ' ' •-' ■ v '( ' -. ■ • •;'•- But the deputy lieutenants might require the conftables to furnifh, at a reafonable time, and place, to be appointed, on a penalty not exceeding 40s. fo many fufficient arms, with wages, and other inci- dental charges, as they ftiould aflbfs, according to the faid propor- tions, upon revenue under 50I. a year, or on perfonal eftates lefs than 600I. And in order thereunto, if any perfon on demand refufed, or negleaed, to provide a foot foldier, or foldiers, according to tlie pro- portions aforefaid, or to pay any fums of money, whereat he was aflefled by a pound rate, according to a lift figned by the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, towards the defraying the neceflary charge in providing fuch arms as aforefaid ; the conftable by warrant might levy fuch fum by diftrefs and fale, rendering the overplus (the charge of diftraining being firft dciluaed) ; and the tenant was bound m HISTORY OF i ! fW to pay the fame, and dedu6t it out of his next rent, and in default thereof, his goods alfo were liable to be diftrained and* fold, u.^r^i. .. No perfon having an ellate of fiool. a year, or perfonal eftate of 2,4001. was liable to be charged with finding a foot foldier, or fol- Any one poflefled of an eftate of lool. per annum, or under 200I. or having a perfonal eftate of i,sool. and under s,4ool. might be charged towards the finding of foot or horfe, as by the lieutenant (hall be deemed moft expedient, but no one could be charged to find both horfe and foot in the fame county. Two, three, or more perfons, might be joined in the charge of finding an horfeman and arms, but no perfon who had not lool. a year in pollenion, in lands, leafehold or copyhold, or i,20ol. per- fonal eftates, was compellable to contribute towards the finding a horfe or horfeman. 3.5.1 u, <^, ,,,-5 No perfon chargeable to find a horfe and horfeman, or to be con- tril^utary thejreunto, could for the fame eftate be charged with find- ing a foot foldier with arms, or be liable to pay towards the coft thereof. When two,, or more, were charged to find any horfe or foot foldier and arms, three deputy lieutenants might appoint who fhould find the fame, and who fhould be contributors, and fettle the fums to be paid by each contributor, in cafes where the contribution was not afcertained by the agreement of the parties, /.u.in i ,'■-,' v.,u.j!.>(v And for the better difcovery of the abilities of perfons to be af- fefled and charged, and likewife of all mifdemeanors tending to the hindrance of the fervice, the deputy lieutenants were authorifed to examine upon oath, fuch perfons as they lliould think neceflary or convenient, or as fliould be produced by the party charged or ac- cufed, other than the perfons themfelves who were accufed, or to be aflefTed ; and they might likewife hear complauits, and give redrefs, according to the merits of the caufe. No peers might be charged other wife than as follows, viz. The king might iffue out commiflions under the great feal, to fo many I L THE ENGLISH ARMY. «3 peers (not fewer than twelve) as he thought fit, who, or any five of them, had power to aflefs all, or any peers, according to the propor- tions mentioned in the a6l (except the monthly taxes, hereafter fol- lowing), and to execute all the powers of the a6l, as well for laying afleflments, as impofing of penalties (imprifonment only excepted), which aflenment, or charge fo made, and penalties impofed, were to be certified to the lieutenants. And in cafe of default in perform- ance of any thing to be done, or paid by any peer, the lieutenant and deputies, or any three of them, might caufe diflirefles to be taken on the lands of fuch defaulter ; and if fatisfa6lion was not made in one week after fuch diftrefs was taken, then the fame to be fold : and if a tenant was diftrained, he might deduct the fum fo levied out of his next rent. - . Every commiflloned foot officer was exempted from finding, or contributing to find, any horfe or foot foldier, for his whole eftate, if it was but charged with one horfe, or lefs charge, or for fuch part of his eftate as was charged with one horfe ; if his whole eftate was charged with a greater charge than one horfe, in the county or lieu- tenancy where he ferved as a foot officer in refpe6t of the expence neceflarily incurred by the faid employment. '^' ' Any papift, reputed papift, or other perfon, refufing to take the oaths, who are chargeable in refpe6l of his eftate, the lieutenant or his deputies, or three of them, might appoint fuch perfons as they judge meet, to furnifli the fame, and might charge the eftate with iha payment of the' yearly fum of 81. for every horfe, horfeman, and arms, and of 30s. for a foot foldier and his arms ; and if he did not pay the fame on demand, tliey might, by their warrant, levy the fame by diftrefs and fale of the goods of fuch perfon, or of his te- nants, rendering them the overplus, all neceflary charges in levying thereof being firft dedu6ted : and fuch tenant might dedu6l the fame out of his rent. ^' '■''■ ^ . ip«n> • When any perfon was charged in the county, city, or place, wherein he did not redde, the deputy lieutenants were to fend him notice of the charge, if he had any land in his own occupation, to C4 HISTORY OF fucli perfon as he employed as his fervant in managing the fame ; and if all his eftate was let to farm, then to one or two of the moft fuffi- cient tenants; who were forthwith, with all convenient fpeed, to convey the fame to their mafter or landlord, and within a time ap- pointed, to bring an account of his anfwer ; and on negle6l or re- ful'al of the landlord to provide fuch horfe or foot, as was duly charged upon him for the yearly rent, referved upon every demife, or other grant, and not otherwile, within the time limited ; then the tenant to provide, and do as the landlord in that behalf ought to have done ; and if the tenant refufed or negledled within the time limited, the lieutenants, or in their abfence, or by their directions, the deputies, or two of them, might levy by their warrant, all fuch penalties as are appointed by this a(5l, by diftrefs and fale of th.i offender's goods. And the tenant might ftop out of his next rent, all fuch money «ia he had neceflarily laid out in providing the fame, or as had been levied on him by diftrefs for any default ; unlefs the landlord could make it appear in two months after fuch levying, before the lieute- nant, or by his direction, the deputies, or any two of them, that the default and penalty was occafioned by the wilful negii'^t of the te- nant. But this was not to make void any covenant between landlord and tenant, but all charges were to be borne by fuch tenant, accord- ing to the agreement. If any perfon refufed, or negle<5led, by a reafonable appointed time, to provide fuch horfe, horfeman, arms, and other furniture, or to pay fuch fums as were diredled towards providing the fame, the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, might inflict a pe- nalty on fuch perfon, not exceeding sol. and by their warrant might levy fuch fum, or the value of fuch horfe, arms, and furniture, and fuch penalty infli6led by diftrefs and fale, rendering the overplus, all neceflary charges in levying thereof being firft dedu6ted : the fame to be employed to the ufes, in default whereof the fame was impofed. And if any perfon refufed, or neglected, in a reafonable time to THE ENGLISH ARMY. «5 be appointed, to provide and furnilh fucli foot foldier and arms, as was cliarged upon liim, the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, might inflidl a penalty not exceeding 5I. to be employed to the ufes, in default whereof it was impofed. And the conftable, by warrant for tliat purpofe, might levy fuch fum by diftrefs and fale, rendering the overplus, charges of diftraining iirit dedu6ted, and the tenant might dedudt the fame out of his next rent. f - But no perfon charged with the finding horfe or foot, or with contributing thereunto, was compellable to ferve in perfon, but might find one to ferve for him, to be approved by the captain, fub- jedt neverthelefs to be altered upon appeal to the lieutenant, or in his abfence to two deputy lieutenants. Every man who ferved in his own perfon, or fuch perfon as was accepted in his Head, was at the next muder of his troop or com- pany, to give in his name and place of abode, unto fuch perfon as the lieutenant, or in his abfence, or by his dire6lion, any two deputy lieutenants (hould appoint, to the end that the fame might be lifted, that is, written on the lift. No one was capable of a6ting as a fol- dier, unlefs he had firft taken the oaths of allegiance and fupremacy before-mentioned, to be adminillered by the lieutenant, the deputy lieutenants, or any two of them. The lieutenants had power to call together the militia, to arm and array them, to form them into companies, troops, and regiments, and in cafes of infurredlion, rebellion, or invafion, to lead, conduct, or employ them, or caule them to be led, condu6led, or employed, as well within the feveral counties, cities, and places for which they were commiflioned refpedVively, as alfo into any other counties and places, for the fupprefling of all fuch infurredlions and rebellions, and repelling of invafions, as might happen to be, according as they fhould receive diredlions from his majefty. The lieutenants, and in their abfence, or by -their dire(5tions, the deputy lieutenants, or two of them, had power to lead, train, and exercife, or by warrant under their hands and feals, to caufe to be led, trained, and exercifed, the perfons fo raifed, arrayed, and wea- VOL. I. E i I H .''^ f'HlSTORY OF >f f'T poned. But nothing in thefe a^ls might extend to the giving any power for marching any fubjeits out of the realm, otherwifo than by the laws of England ought to be done. The ordinary times for training, exercifing, and muftering, were thefe : the general mufter and exercife of regiments, not above once a year ; the training and exercifmg of Hngle companies, not above four times a year, unlcfs I'pecial directions were given by the king, or his privy council, and fuch (ingle companies and troops, might not at any time be continued in exercife above the fpace of two days ; and at a general muller and exercife of regiments, no officer, nor foldier, could be conltraincd to Hay above four days together from their habitations. At every fuch muller and exercife, every muflceteer was to bring with him half a pound of powder, and half a pound of bullets, and every muflceteer ferving with a match lock, to bring with him three yards of match ; every horfeman to bring with him a quarter of a pound of powder, and a quarter of a pound of bullets, all whicii were to be at the charge of him wlio provided the faid foldier and arms, on pain of five fhillings for every omillion. i , mu The arms ottenfive and defenfive of a trooper, with the furniture for his horfe, were as follows: the defenfive armour, a breaft, back, and pot (a), piftol proof; the offenfive arms, a fword, and a cafe of piltols, tlie barrels not under fourteen inches in length ; the furniture for the horle, a great faddle, or pad, with burs and itraps for affixing the holllers, a bit and bridle, with a pe6toral and crupper: for the foot, a mulketeer had a mufket, the barrel not under three feet in length, and the gauge of the bore for twelve bullets to the pound, a collar of bandileers, with a fword. A jiikeman was armed with a pike of afli, not under lixtcen feet in leiigtii (head and foot included), with a back, breaft, head i)iece, and fword. It was enacted, that the (a) A CUIRASS confifting of a brcaft-pl.ite, joined to a backpiccc, with a pot or fcull cap without vizor or bever. Some of them have brims rouml them like a flapped hat. M Tin: ENGLISH ARMY. «7 mufter maflcr fliouUl be an iiiliabitant of the county, and that once a year each loldier Ihinild pay to him, I'lich fum, not CKCccding one ihilliiij^ tor a hovlbniaM, and (ixpenco for a footman, as the Ueutenants, and their dejur cs, or any three of them, Ihould under their Iiands and feals direct; who had power to levy the fame, by dillrefs and fale of the goods of the pevfon charged to find fuch horfeman, or foot foUlior, unlefs the default was caufed by the negle(^t of fuch fol- dier, who in that cafe was to be accountable for it. If any perfon charged, refufed, or ne_c;lc6ted to fend in, or deliver his horfe, arms, or other furniture, at the beat of the drum, found of the trumpet, or other fummons, the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, might inflidt a peiislty not exceeding ^1. to be levied by diftrefs and (iilc, rendering the overplus, after deducting the ne- ceirary charges incurred in levying it. It was provided, that no oflicer, or foldier of the militia, belong- ing to any city, borough, or town corporate, being a county of it- felf, or to any other corporation or port town, who had ufed to be muflered only within their own precin6ls, fliould be compelU' ble to appear out of any fuch precindts at any mufter, or exercife only. For the furnilhing ammunition and other neceflaries, the lieute- nants and deputies, or ai?y three of them, were empowered to lay rates on the refpe^tive counties and places, not exceeding in tiie whole, in any one year, the proportion of a fourth part of one month's aflelT- ment in each county, after the rate of 70,000!. a month, charged by the a6\ of the 12th of Charles II. c. 29. to be adefled, collcaed, and paid by fuch perfons, and according to fuch diredlions as fliould be given by the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, under the like penalties, and by the like way and means, as were prefcribed in the laid a6t. , , in? ; ; s. Which faid a^ of the 12th of Charles II. c. 29. dire6b the fum of 70,0001. a month to be raifed in the fame manner as by the a<5l of the 12th of Charles II. c. 21. which a6t did direft the fame to be raifed, according to the proportions, and hi fuch manner as by an HISTORY OF 'f ordinance of both houfes, made in his majefty's abfence : which or- dinance was as followeth, that is to fay, there (hall be raifed an afleiTment of 70,000!. a month, in thefe proportions: y}r m Bedford Berks Buckingham Cambridge Ifle of Ely Chcfter County - City ComMrali Cumberland Derby Devon Dorfet Town of Pool - Durham Eflex Gloucefter City - Hereford Hertford Huntingdon Kent Lancailer Leiceilcr Lincoln Middlefex London Northampton Nottingham Town Norfolk Norwich Northumberland Newcaftle Oxon £■ /. d. 933 6 8 1088 17 lo 1283 6 8 1 102 10 367 10 770 8s II 2 ><533 6 8 108 933 6 8 3003 «5 6 1311 10 6 10 14 153 14 4 3500 1626 6 8 162 II 6 1166 13 4 1400 622 4 6 3<5SS II 2 933 6 8 1088 17 8 2722 4 10 1788 17 lo 4666 13 .4 1400 903 4 4 30 2 4 3624 8 10 186 >3 4 179 19 10 35 11 8 1 127 15 6 Oxon City « Rutland >' t.lo Salop ... Stafford ... Litchfield Somerfet Briflol ... Southampton Suffolk Surrey ... Southwark SufTex - -r- . Warwick Weftmoreland Wilts Worcefter City - - York - - Kingfton orim TJfil i9 Anglefea Brecknock Cardigan Carmarthen Carnarvon Denbigh Flint . - - Glamorgan Merioneth Monmouth Montgomery Pembroke Radnor Haverford Weft - - Berwick £- /. 107 6 272 4 1322 4 919 6 14 2722 4 171 2 2022 4 3655 II 156s 5 184 14 1905 II 1244 8 73 19 1944 8 1182 4 62 4 3043 8 67 13 13s 14 361 13 213 10 3S2 6 202 4 272 4 13s 14 458 17 124 8 466 '3 295 II 406 254 6 •4 II S 16 d. 8 6 4 8 o 6 2 4 2 6 6 2 10 4 10 4 6 10 4 4 4 o 8 4 6 6 8 10 4 o o 8 8 8 And the commiflioners were to caufe the proportions to be equally afTeired ; and to appoint aiTenbrs in each parifh, who were to aflefs the fame by a pound rate, according to all eftates, both real and perfonal, within the limits of their pariflies. And in cafe the way of aifeiring by a pound rate, was found ob- ftruftivetothefpeedy bringing in of the affeflment; the commiflioners THE ENGLISH ARMY. «9 were authorifed to diredt the afleflbrs to aiTefs the fame, according to the moft juft and ufual way of rates pradlifed in fuch places : pro- vided that the appointment of the afleflment (hould not be drawn into precedent. No privileged place was to be exempted from the afleff- ment. But nothing contained in this ordinance, could charge any matter, fellow, or fcholar of any college, in either of the univerfitiea, or of Winchefter, Eaton, or Weftminfter, or in any other free frhools ; or any reader, officer, or minifter of the fame, or of any hofpitals, or alms-houfes, in refpedt of any profit arifmg from the faid places ; nor charge any houfes or lands belonging to Chrift Hofpital, Bartho- lomew, Bridewell, Thomas, and Bethlehem. But their tenants were to pay for fo much as their leafes were yearly worth, over and above the rents referved. : u;v:::u.-- ^ :'-=?/-/.■ i-: v.-; -'kW'' Persons in London were to be aflefTed in the parifhes wherein they dwelt, and perfons out of London, having offices in that town, to be aflefled where they refided. The alTeflbrs were obliged to deliver one copy of the afleffinent to the commiflioners, who were to fign and feal two duplicates, one of which was to be delivered to the fub-colle6lors, with warrant to col- le6l, the other to the receiver general. i?ii : . ■ ; r --^I'r ? If any difference arofe between the landlord and tenant concern- ing the rates, the commiflioners might fettle the fame, and perfons aggrieved by being over-rated, on complaint made to the commif- fioners, within fix days after the faid afleflinent was demanded, might be by them relieved. If any controverfy arofe, in which any one of the commiflioners was concerned, that commiffioner was bound to withdraw. In cafe of non-payment, the colle6tors might diftrain, and in the day time, taking with them the confl:able, might break open any houfe, cheft, or box, wherein any goods were depofited. And if any queftion arofe upon the taking of fuch diftrefs, the fame might be determined by the commiflioners. If any perfons conveyed away 4 ' \ .■|i*.' i .;!: E i'lji so HISTORY O F 1 their goods, the commiflioners might imprifon them (they not being peers), till payment, and tenants might dedu6l the fame out of their rent. f« 'm:i j* a.; L>>5v;%r And if the proportions were not fully paid, nor could be levied, the commiflioners might re-aflefs. If any perfon wilfully negledled to perform his duty in the execu- tion of this ordinance, the commiflioners might fine him in any fum not exceeding sol. to be levied by diftrefs, and paid to the receiver general, who had for his fees one penny in the pound ; the fame poundage was allowed to the fub-colle6lors, the head-colle6lors, and the commiflioners clerks. Nothing herein was to be drawn into ex- ample, to the prejudice of the ancient rights belonging to the peers. The fame power which the commiflioners had by this ordinance (which is much in the manner of the ancient fubfidies, and of the prefent land tax) the lieutenants and deputy lieutenants feem to have had by the a6t of the 13th and 14th of Charles II. The lieutenants and deputy-lieutenants, or the chief officers upon the place in the refpeilive counties and places, might charge carts, waggons, wains, and horfes, for the carrying of powder, match, bullet, and other ammunition or accoutrements, allowing fixpence a mile outward only, to every fuch cart, waggon nid wain with five horfes, or fix oxen, and fo proportionably, and for every horfe em- ployed out of waggon or cart one penny, upon the marching of any regiment, company, oi troop, on occafion of invafion, infurredlion, or rebellion. The lieutenants v.ere authorifed to appoint one or more treafurers, or clerks, for receiving and paying fuch monies as were levied ; of all which receipts and diflaurfements thereof, they were, every fix months, to give in written accounts upon oath, to the lieutenants and depu- ties, or three of them, which accounts were forthwith to be certified to the privy council, and duplicates thereof to be certified by the juftices at the next feflions. it « 1 ,'j ^i -. ■•>'.., .!-!} THE ENGLISH ARMY. d» It was provided that the lieutenants or their deputies fhould not iflue warrants for raifing any trophy money (b), till the juftices in felTions fhould have examined, ftated and allowed the accounts of the trophy money, collefted for any preceding year, and certified fuch examination. The lieutenants, or two of their deputies, might, by warrant under their hands and feals, employ fuch perfons as they thought fit (of which a commiflioned officer, and the conftable or his deputy, or in his abfence fome other perfon bearing office in the parifli where the fearch was to be made, were always to be two) to fearch for and feize all arms in the cuftody of any perfon whom the lieutenants or two of their deputies judged dangerous to the peace of the kingdom, and to fecure the fame, and thereof to give an account to the lieu- tenants ; and in their abfence, or by their dire6tion, to the deputies, or two of them ; provided that no fearch was made in any houfe be- tween fun-fetting and fun-rifing, other than in cities or their fuburbs, and towns corporate, market towns, and houfes within the bills of mortality, where they might fearch in the night time, if the warrant fo dire6led ; and in cafe of refiftance, might enter by force : but no dwelling-houfe of a peer might be fearched, but by immediate war- rant from the king, or in prefence of the lieutenant or a deputy lieu- tenant : and in all places and houfes whatfoever, where fearch was to be made, it was lawful, in cafe of rcfiltancc^, to enter by force. And the arms fo feized might be reftored to the owners, if the lieutenants, or in their abfence as aforefaid, their deputies, or two of them, fo tliought fit. If any militia man did not appear and ferve, completely furniflied with horfe, arms, and other furniture, at the beat of the drum, found of the trumpet, or other fummons : the deputies, or two of them, if ^ •^■r m M (b) Trophy Money originally meant a fund for providing ammunition, drums, colours, mufic, and other contingent expcnccs. m HISTORY OF the default was in that perfon, might imprifon him for five days ; or might infli6t a penalty, if a horfeman, not exceeding twenty fhillings, and if a footman, not exceeding ten fhillings : and the lieutenants or deputies, or chief officers upon the place might imprifon mutineers and fuch foldiers as did not do their duty at the days of mufter and training : and might infli6t for punifhment for every fuch offence any pecuniary muldt, not exceeding five fliillings, or imprifonment, not exceeding twenty days. No militia man duly enlifled, could be exchanged, difcharged, or leave his colours, but by the leave of the lieutenants, or two deputies, or his captain, upon reafonable caufe, firft obtained under his hand and feal, on pain of forfeiture of sol. to be levied as other penalties; and for non-payment, or want of diftrefs, he was to be committed to the common gaol of the county, for any time not exceeding three months. If any perfon detained, or embezzled his horfe, arms, or furniture, the lieutenants, and in their abfence, or by their dire6lions, the de- puties, or two of them, if the default was in fuch perfon, might im- prifon him till he had made fatisfa6lion. The pay of the dfficers, during fuch time as they were with their foldiers, not exceeding one month in actual fervice, was to be pro- vided for by the king, out of the treafury. And the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, were authorifed to difpofe of fo much of the fourth part of the 70,0001. a month, to the inferior officers, for their pains and encouragement, as to them fhould feem expedient. Every perfon charged, was on pain of 5s. to pay on demand, 2s. fid. a day to each trooper ; and on pain of ss. on demand, is. a day to each foot foldier, for fo many days as they were abfent from their dwellings, or callings, by occafion of mufler or exercife, unlefs fome certain agreement had been made to the contrary, before good witnefs, and the faid penalty was to be paid to fuch foldier, to whom his pay was denied : the refpe6live penalties to be demanded in fix i * 4 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 33 weeks after default, or at, or before the next mufter, or exefcife, and not afterwards. And in cafe of invafions, infurreftions, or rebellions, whereby oc- cafions happened for drawing out fuch foldiers into aClual fervice ; the perfons fo charged, were to provide each their foldier, with pay in hand, not exceeding one month's pay, as fhould be diredled by the lieutenants, and in their abfence, or by their dire6lions, by the de- puties, or any two of them, for the payment whereof provifion was to be made by the king, out of the treafury. > wfs >« ( . And in cafe a month's pay had been provided, and advanced as aforefaid, no perfon who had advanced his proportion thereof, could be charged with any other like month's payment, until he had been reimburfed the faid month's pay, and fo from time to time the month's pay by hlra laft before provided and advanced. All forfeitures, penalties, and payments, by the 15th of Ch. H. c. 4. not otherwife dire6led by this a6t, might be recovered by war- rant under the hands and feals of the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, by diftrefs and fale ; and if fufficient diftrefs could not be found, then the party to be imprifoned till fatisfa(5lion (hould be made. And all high and petty conftables, and other officers and minifters, were dire6ted to be aiding and aflifting to the lieutenants and their deputies, or any of them. These ordinances were for a while executed, and the militia occa- lionally muttered and exercifed, but being found expenfive and trou- blefome to the country, it was by degrees neglefted, infomuch, that, the city of London excepted, the name of a militia mufter was almoft forgotten : but about the year 1756, the nation being fo much alarm- ed by the apprehenfion of an invafion, that a body of Hanoverians and Heflians were called in for its defence; many leading perfons refumed the idea of inftituting a well-difciplined militia, which after fome oppofition, was at length carried into a law (c). ■f liil (c) The new militia laws were at firft fct on foot in the 30th of George II. which in a few years' time received fo many alterations, that in the 2d of George ill. it was thought VOL. I. F neceflary *, 'I M ]'■; HISTORY OF By which it was ena6led, that a body of thirty thoufand feven hundred and forty men, fliould be forthwith raifed in the different counties of England and Wales, in the proportions fpecihed in the note below (d). Thefe, in cafe of actual invafion or rebellion, might \: «M I neceflary to repeal the whole, and reduce the fubflance thereof into one adl of parliament. Since which time fo many other alterations have been made, that a new revival thereof feems very defirable, and this the rather as the leading ftatute, 2d of George III. c. 20. to which all the fubfequent ftatuf ^ refer, was founded on the principles of the original ftatute, of the 30th of George II. c. 25. being before any militia were then raifed, and confequently pro- ceeds all along upon that fuppofition, giving directions concerning the firft railing of the militia in the feveral places, which dire£lion$, when the militia are now already on foot, are in fome inftances fuperfluous, or otherwife inapplicable. Burn's Digeji of the Militia Laws, 1779. (d) Number of men to be raifed in the feveral counties. Bedford 400 Lancafter .... 800 Berks 560 Leicefter - . - . 560 Bucks 560 Lincoln, with the city and county n..<:, 1 Cambridge - . . . 480 of the city of Lincoln 1200 Chefter, with the city and county of Middlefex, (exclufive of the Tower thecityofChefter - - - 560 Hamlets) .... 1600 Cornwall . _ . _ 640 Monmouth .... 240 Cumberland .... 320 Norfolk, with the city and county Derby 560 of the city of Norwich 960 Devon, with the city and county of Northampton - - . - 640 the city of Exeter - - - 1600 Northumberland, with the town and Dorfet, with the Ifland of Purbeck, county of the town of Newcaftle, and the town and county of the and town of Berwick 560 town of Pool - - - 640 Nottingham, with the town and Durham - - - . - 400 county of the town of Notting- Effex 960 ham . - . . - 480 Gloucefter, with the city and county Oxford 560 of the city of Briftol 960 Rutland 120 Hereford . . - - 480 Salop ..... 640 Hertford . - . . - 5«o Somerfet .... 840 Huntingdon _ . - - 320 Southampton, with the town and Kent, with the city and county of county of the town of Southamp- the city of Canterbury 960 ton ..... 960 Stafford, THE ENGLISH ARMY. 35 be called forth, embodied, and put under the command of general officers, who might march them to any part of the kingdom ; but they might not on any account be tranfported out of the realm. The general outlines of the chief regulations of this a6l, flood in the year 1779 as follows: In order to put this law into execution, the lords lieutenants of counties were authorifed, with the king's approbation, to appoint twenty, or more, gentlemen, in each county, all having a freehold eUate of 200 1. per annum, in adtual pofleflion, being heirs apparent to double that fum (e), or pofleffed of an eft ate for Hfe, or leafe de- terminable on one or more lives. A certain number of thefe, might, in cafe of the vacancy of a lieutenant, or in his abfence, by the king's StafFord, with the city and county , York,EaftRiding, with the town and • of the city of .Litchfield - 560 county of the townofKingfton 400 Suffolk 960 Anglefea - - - 80 Surry - _ . . _ 800 Brecknock -^ - - . 160 Suffex 800 Cardigan - - - . . lao Warwick, with the city and county " "^ i i Caermarthen - - . . 200 of the city of Coventry , - 640 Caernarvon - - - _ 80 Weftmorland - - - - 240 Denbigh - - - - _ 280 Worcefter, with the city and county Flint - - - . 1 20 of the city of Worcefter - 560 Glamorgan - - . . 60 Wilts 800 Merioneth . ' m , 80 York, Weft Riding, with the city Montgomery - - . - 240 and county of the city of York - 1240 Pembroke - - - _ 160 North Riding . - _ _ 720 Radnor - - lao , \ - ^ • Total 30,740 (e) The qualifications for deputy lieutenants and officers. The counties of Cumberland, Huntingdon, Monmouth, Weftmorland, and Rutland, were for a deputy lieutenant 150, colonel 600, lieutenant colonel, or major commandant 400, major or captain 150, lieute- nant 30, and enfign 20, or the proportionable reverfions, &c. In the Ifle of Ely, the qua- lification of a deputy lieutenant was 150I. per ann. a captain lool. lieutenant 30I. and enfign 20I. ..;,.. m 36' HISTORY OF appointment, adl for him. They were like wife to proportion the numbers of men, to be raifed in the different divifions, or parilhes, and at their meetings to ballot for the men to complete the ellablilh- ment, and fill up occafional vacancies. The commiflion officers to be appointed by the lord lieutenant, the king's approbation firft obtained, he having a right to difapprove, or difmifs any deputy lieutenant, or officer, at his pleafure. That the command of the militia might be in the hands of perfons interefted in the defence of the kingdom, it was required that every commiffion officer fliould be poflefled of a certain eilate, according to the rank in which he ferved. The qualification of a colonel was loool. a year, in pofleffion, or double that fum in expedlancy, as heii* apparent. A lieutenant colonel 600I. a year, or being heir apparent to fome perfon poflefled of i,sool. a year. Major, or captain, an eftate of the yearly value of 200I. heir apparent to fome perfon poflefled of an eftate of the yearly value of double that fum, or the younger fon of fome perfon, who at his death was poflefled of an eftate of the yearly value of 600I. A lieutenant an eftate of 50I. per annum, with perfonal eftate of the value cf ioool. or real and perfonal eftate together, amount- ing to 2000I. or being the fon of a perfon wlio died poflefled of an eftate of the yearly value of Cool. An enfign, an eftate of sol. a year, with perfonal to the value of 500I. or real and perfonal together to the value of icool. or being the fon of fome perfon, who at the time of his death was poflefled of an eftate of the annual value of 50I. with perfonal eftate to the amount of loool. or real and perfonal eftates together of the value of aoool. a moiety of all thefe eftates to be fituated in the counties for which the officers ferved. On receiv- ing their commiffions, the different officers were obliged to lodge a defcription of their qualifications with the clerk of the peace, and to take the proper oaths, and fign the declaration. Tlie penalty of acting, not being qualified, or neglefting to deliver in their qualifi- cations, and taking the oaths, &c. was for a colonel, lieutenant colonel, or major, 200I. captain, lieutenant, or enfign, locl. half to the perfon THE ENGLISH ARMY. S7 who fued for it. The acceptance of a commifTion in the militia, diJ not vacate a feat in parliament, or prevent the party, if a reduced officer, from receiving his half pay, and exempted him from ferving the office of high fherilf. The pay of the militia officers, when called out for their annual exercife, was the fame as the fubfiftence of the officers of the army (f), but the field officers received no other fubfillence than as captains. ,- '< .: When the militia were embodied, and called out into aftual fervice, the officers were to rank with thofe of the army of equal degree, but as the youngeft of that rank, and during fuch time as they remained embodied, they were to be fubjedt to all the penalties in the mutiny aft, and articles of war, unlefs where Ipecially otherwife provided by the militia a6t (g). Officers might be promoted on account of military merit, in time of adtual rebeUion, or invafion, notv\ ithlland- ing they had not the necellary qualifications, but this was not to exceed the rank of heutenant colonel, nor could any perfon, not having the qualification for a captain, be promoted higher than that rank. .,i.. U, . • :-. '::u i:_ :A '■<:] i^vj^ij-jir'v, ^■('ii^tnr.-y'j'Jl -f .v'u*^^' In order to circulate the knowledge of military difcipline among the country gentlemen, the lord lieutenant, together with three deputy lieutenants, or on his death, or removal, any five deputy lieu- tenants, might, at the end of four years, at their annual meeting, the mihtia not being then embodied, difcharge one field officer, and a number of other officers, equal to the number of qualified perfons, giving notice in writing to the lieutenant, one month at leaft before fuch meeting, that they are willing to ferve. But to prevent a corps being left deftitute of a fufficient number of experienced officers, it (f) All the militia officers now receive the fame pay, when employed, with thofe of a correfponding ranii in the regular infantry j and the fubaltern officers of a certain ilanding arc to receive an allowance, fimilar to half pay, after their corps are difembodied. (g) Both officers and private militia men were llkewife fubje£t to thefe articles at the time of their annual exercife, but not to extend to life, or limb. ^ HISTORYOF was provided that the number fo difcharged, (hould not exceed one third of thofe who had ferved for four years. Any commiflTion officer having ferved four years, was not compellable to ferve in perfon as a private man in any militia, nor to find a fubllitute. No officer of the army could (it &s a member of a court martial, for the trial of any officer, or private militia man ; nor might an officer of the militia fit on the trial of an officer, or foldier of the army. • ^! '- ' For the due inftru«5lion of the militia men in tlie ufe of arms, the king was authorifed to appoint to each regiment, battalion, or inde- pendant company, a proper perfon then ferving, or who had ferved as a commiffioned officer in his regular forces. This qualification, after the militia had been fome time railed and embodied, was changed for that of having ferved in an embodied corps of militia. The ad- jutant, if appointed out of the army, retained his rank therein, during his fervice in the militia, and if on half pay, was entitled to receive it, notwithftanding his commiflion of adjutant, which was figned by the king. The lord lieutenant might alfo grant him an enfigncy, or lieutenancy, although he had not a legal qualification for either of thefe appointments ; his pay was 6's. a day, without deduc- tion, or arrears : it was commonly paid two months in advance. A provifion of half pay was likewife made for him, in feveral annual a6ls, for the payment and clothing of the militia. The adjutant, be- fides the duty of inftruc^ing, and drilling the officers and private men at their ani.ual exercife, had the particular care of the ferjeants and drummers, when not aflembled, and the charge of the arms. The ferjeants, that they might be properly qualified to inflru6t the private men in their exercife, were at the firfl raifing of the militia, to be appointed by the king cut of his regular forces, from perfons who had ferved therein for one year. This qualification, like that of the adjutant, was afterwards changed, and the having ferved in an embodied militia, was deemed fufficient. The proportion of ferjeants to be one to every twenty men. The fervice in the militia of perfons io appointed out of the regular forces. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 39 m vvVv entitled them to the benefit of Chelfea Hofpital, in the fame manner as if they had continued in the army. Serjeants taken from among the invalids or penlioners of that hofpital, upon their difcharge from the militia, provided they produced certificates of their good behaviour from the commanding officer, were to be put again upon that efta- blilhment. A ferjeant on the Chelfea lift at an allowance of lad. per day, being appointed to ferve in thn militia, might receive that allowance together with his militia pay. A ferjeant who had ferved as fuch fifteen years in the militia, and was difcharged on account of age and infirmities, on a recommendation to the Chelfea board, from the commanding officer of the corps in which he ferved, anfl the lord lieutenant or deputy lieutenants of the county, was capable of being placed on the penfion of 5d. a day. No ferjeant, during his fervice in the militia, was. liable to ftatute work, or to ferve as a peace or parifh officer. To prevent their enticing the private men to fpend their money in liquor, no perfon felling liquors by retail, could be appointed a ierjeant. ■'■' '-■■■'^<^ ^^t«^ ■^■>- '•■ ^'>"^ '';=. '■■:' The daily pay of a ferjeant was a fhilling, without dedu6lion, with an annual allowance, of 3I 10s. for a fuit of clothes, befides a billet on a public houfe in the uiftri6l to which his company belonged, but this entitled him to lodgings only. The commanding officer of a corps, being a field officer, might, on the application of the captain, difplace a ferjeant. A SERJEANT convi6led of milbehaviour, might by a court martial be reduced to the ranks, in which cafe, if he had been made from a private militia man, he was to ferve till he had completed his three years' fervice as fuch. If taken from the regular forces, he was within one month after fuch redudtion, if not reftored, to be fent back to the corps from whence he was taken. And it was afterwards added, that any ferjeant by the commanding officer, or the fentence of a court martial, reduced to the ranks for milbehaviour, befides the punilhment infiifted on him by the court, Ihould be obliged to ferve as a private militia man for one year, notwithftanding he might have 1 4© (• t HISTORY O F i i f already ferved three years, before his l)eing appointed to the lialbert; but this leems only to rel'pe^t thole promoted from militia men. The vacancy of a icrjeant happening in any corps, might he filled up by the captain of the company, with the approbation of the com- manding officer. A ferjeant on being appointed, was to fwear allegiance to the king and his fucceflbrs, that he was a protellant, and would faithfully ferve as a ferjeant in the militia, within the kingdom of Great Britain, for the defence of the fame, until he Ihould be legally difcharged. v » ... The duty of the ferjeant, befides alfifting in the drilling of the pri- vate men, was to attend the courts of lieutenancy for recruits, to take care of, and clean tiie arms, and air the clotiies when depolited in ftore, to deliver them out at the annual meetings, and to colle6l them in from the militia men, previoudy to tlieir difmillion ; they were when difembodied to take their orders from tlie adjutant. The commanding officer of the regiment might out of thefe ferjeants appoint one ferjeant major, to whom there was an addi- tional allowance of as. 6d. per week, over and above his pay as a ferjeant, and of il. in his annual clothing. These were the chief claufes and regulations refpe6ling the fer- jeants, a body of men who even in regular regiments are of the utmoft ufe and importance, but in the militia conllitute tlic mufcles and finews of the corps, and althougli by the above eftablifliment they bear a greater proportion to the private men than is allowed in the army, an increafe of them would highly benefit the militia fervice, although purchafed by the diminution of fome of the higher commif- fioned officers : if this obfervation be true, how falfe and deftru<3tive is that oeconomy which tends to diminifli their number ! The captain of a company was by this ail authorifed to appoint two drummers or lifers to his company, whom he might alfo for milbehaviour difcharge, and appoint others in their places. Their daily pay when unembodied was 6d. they were annually clothed, for which 2I. was allowed for each fuit, and they as well as the ferjeants were entitled to quarters. Having received pay, they were compel- I'l THE ENGLISH ARMY. 4t lable to ferve in the regiment or battalion, until legally difcharged. If any drummer deferted at the time the militia was not afTembled, he was when taken to be committed to gaol, there to remain till the aflembling of the militia, when he was to be tried by a court martial ; negligence, or difobedieiicc to the adjutant, or any other fuperior officer, when the militia were not aflembled, being proved on oath before a juftice of the peace, was punifliable by a fine of 40s. which if not immediately paid, the captain of the company was authorifed to ftop out of his pay, to be applied to the common Itock of the corps ; and by a fubfequent a6l, over and above this puniOi- ment, fuch offender might be committed to the common gaol of the county for which he ferved, for any time not exceeding fix months. In thefe claufes, ferjeant majors, drum majors, and ferjeants, were included. Perfons harbouring fuch deferters forfeited 5I. If any militia ferjeant, drummer, or fifer, inlifted into any of his majefty's other forces, fuch inlifiing was declared void. The commanding officer of the regiment might appoint a drum major out of the drummers ; he, like the ferjeant major, had an additional allowance for pay and clothing, the firft was 6d. a day, the latter aos. for the fuit. All perfons not labouring under bodily incapacity, were liable to be chofen for private militia men, and obliged either to ferve in perfon, or find a proper fubflitutc, except fuch perfons as were fpe- cially excepted in the adl. Thefe were, peers of the realm, com- miffioned and non-commiffioned officers, and private men ferving in his majefty's regular forces, or in any of his caftles or forts, commif- fioned officers ferving or who had ferved four years in the militia, members of the two univerfities, clergymen, and licenfed teachers of feparate congregations, conftables, and other fuch peace officers, articled clerks, apprentices, feamen, or feafaring men, perfons mullered and trained, and doing duty in the royal docks, freemen of the company of watermen on the river Thames, poor men having three children born in wedlock, and perfons of more than forty-five years of age. VOL. I. nil 4» .^/ HISTORY OF M The mode of making out the lifts of perfons liable to ferve in the militia, with divers regulations rel'pedting the balloting for, and fwearing in of the perlbns chofen, were as follows : A GENERAL meeting being held on the day appointed, confifting of the lord lieutenant, and two of his deputies, or in his abl'ence, of three deputy lieutenants ; the times and places for holding the fub- divifion meetings were to be fixed. Thefe to confift of three deputy lieutenants, two deputy lieutenants and one juftice, or one deputy lieutenant and two jullices, except in counties where the militia was on adlual fervice, where the bufmefs might be tranfa6led by two deputy lieutenants, or one deputy lieutenant and one jullice. At this general meeting alfo, precepts were to be ifllied to the chief con- ftables, or principal peace officers, of the feveral hundreds, rapes, or other great divifions of the county, requiring the conftables, or other fuch officers of each parifh, or place, to return to the deputy lieute- nants within the fub-divifions, on a day appointed, lifts in writing of the names of all perfons, ufually, and at that time, dwelling within their feveral parilhes, &c. between the ages of eighteen and forty- five, diftinguiftiing their ranks and occupations, and which of the perfons fo returned laboured under any infirmities incapacitatmg them from ferving, having firft affixed a copy thereof on the door of the church or chapel. Any chief, or other conftable, or officer, neglecting to return fuch lift, or making a fraudulent or partial return, was puniftiable by a fine not exceeding 5I. nor under ^,-}s. or a month's imprifonment in the common gaol, at the difcretion of the deputy lieutenants, and juftices on the bench. Perfons endea- vouring, by threats or bribes, to prevail on a conftable to make a falfe return, forfeited 50I. to any one that would fue for it, and any per- fon refufing to tell his chriftian and fur-name to the officer authorifed to demand it, for the purpofe of making out the lifts, forfeited 10 1. . On the day, and at the place appointed for the firft fub-divifion meeting, and the return of the lifts, the conftables were to attend and to deliver in their lifts, which they were to verify upon oath. At this meeting, perfons who thought themfelves aggrieved, ll H. THE ENGLISH ARMY. m either by being inferted on the lifts, or by any of their neighbours being omitted, might appeal, and the names of all fuch as were ex- empted by the adt, or any other caufe, were to be ftruck out, and the lifts fo corredled, to be returned to the next general meeting, where the number of men to be found by each hundred, rape, and otlier of the larger divifions of the county, were allotted : and thefe were again divided, and proportioned at the next fub-divifion meeting, for each parifh, tithing, or place. Where notice was given of the time of balloting, when the church-wardens might, with the confent of the parilh, offer volunteers, provided they were men able and fit for fervice, and at the leaft five feet four inches in height. The money for hiring thefe volunteers to be coUedled by a parifti rate, to which all were bound to contribute. > ' " ■' If no fuch volunteers were offered, the deputy lieutenants at the thiid fub-divifion meeting, proceeded to ballot, which being pub- licly done, notice was to be fent to the perfons chofen, diredling them to appear at a meeting to be held within three weeks, there to be fworn in, or to bring with them a proper fubftitute to ferve in their ftead. At this meeting the petty conftables were to attend, and ir^gke a return upon oath, of the time when fuch notices were ferved. Here the ballotted men were either to be fworn in themfelves, or to produce a fubftitute, fuch as was approved of by the court, and not being of a lefs height than five feet four inches. Sometimes, in par- ticular cafes, further time was given for procuring a fubftitute. The oath to be taken was this: " I, A. B. do fincerely promife and fwear, that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance, to his majefty King George, his heirs and fuccelTors : and I do fwear, that I am a pro- teftant, and that I will faithfully ferve in the militia, within the kingdom of Great Britain, for the defence of the fame, during the time wliich I am fo certified for, unlefs I fhall be fooner difcharged, fo help me God :" his name was then to be entered on the roll. Any perfon chofen by lot, quakers excepted, refufing to take the oaths, or find a fubllitule, if the regiment was not embodied, for- feited 10 1. to be levied by diftrefs, and at the expiration of three 4 1J ! , "u HISTORY OF years was liable to ferve again, or provide a fubflitute. The penalty to be applied by the deputy lieutenants for hiring a fubflitute, and the remainder, if any, was to be paid to the commanding officer of the regiment, for the ufe of the ftock purfe. If the offender had not goods fufficient to produce that fum, he was to be committed to the common gaol, for any time not exceeding three months, but in cafe the regiment was embodied, he was to be delivered over to the commanding officer of the regiment, and his name enrolled. In cafe of defertion, he was fubje6l to the fame punifhment, as if he had taken the oaths. . In order to alleviate the diflrels, that being drawn for the militia might occafion to a poor man, the church-wardens were, when a regiment was embodied, obliged to pay fuch perfon chofen by lot, within one month after he was fworn and enrolled, or had provided a fit fubflitute, fuch fum, not exceeding 5I. as fhould be adjudged by the deputy lieutenants, and juflices, one half of the current price of a fubflitute. No perfon having feryed perfonally, or by a fubflitute, three years in the militia, could be obliged to ferve again, until it came to his turn by rotation ; but having ferved as a fubflitute for another, did not excufe fuch fubflitute from ferving for himfelf, if chofen by lot. The men being thus fworn in, and enrolled, copies of the rolls were to be tranfmitted to the lord lieutenant, and within one month after they were fo returned, a general meeting was to be held, at which the militia was formed into companies and battalions, or regi- ments. A regiment was to confifl of twelve, and in no cafe of lefs than eight, companies, of eighty men at the mofl, and fixty men at the leafl. To thefe they were to pofl the following commifTioned and non-commiffioned officers : a colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major, who were likewife captains of companies ; alfo as many captains as there were companies, exclufive of thofe of the field officers. A captain lieutenant to the colonel's company, with a lieutenant to every other, and an enfign to each company, except the grenadiers and light infantry, to both of which an additional lieutenant was n THE ENGLISH ARMY. m allowed. The adjutant, ferjeant major, drum major, ferjeants and drummers, with corporals, made from the militia men, completed the regiment ; a quarter matter, furgeon and mate, were added when a regiment was embodied. Where the numbers of men were not fufficicnt to make a regi- ment, but were from five to under eight companies, fuch militia was to be formed into a battalion, with only two field officers, a lieute- nant colonel, and a major ; and where the number of private men amounted to only three companies, or any number under five, like- wife into a battalion, but with only one field officer, a lieutenant co- lonel, or major. The captains, lieutenants, and enfigns, and non- commiflioned officers, the fame as in the regiments. Where a lieu- tenant colonel had commanded a battalion for five years, or longer, the lord lieutenant might, with the confent of his majefty, give fuch lieutenant colonel commandant a commiffion of colonel ; and in all cot'n^' vere the militia amounted to four companies only, the lord lieui' i. 't might appoint two perfons, legally qualified, to ferve without pay as field officers, with the fame rank as if the number had been fufficient to form a regiment. i Wht.re the number of companies were not fufficient to form a regiment, or battalion, they were to be formed into independant companies, each company to confift of eighty men, at the moft, and fixty men at the leaft, with one captain, one lieutenant, and one enfign, to each. And his majefty might join together any number of fuch independant companies, as would form a battalion, or incor- porate them with any regiment, or battalion ; but fo that the number of companies in fuch corps did not exceed, or fall Ihort of the num- ber of companies by this a6t allowed for a regiment, or battalion. This claufe was however afterwards virtually repealed, by the a6t for raifing volunteer companies, by which fome regiments had four- teen companies. When there were two companies only, as in fome of the fmaller Welch counties, the eldeft captain ranked as a major. Having thus raifed our regiments, their pay and clothing comes next under confideration ; whence it is neceflary to begin, by men- i Jl r • i I'l 46' V HISTORY OF Jin tioning the regimental or battalion clerk, or in other words, the paymaller of the unembodied militia : the nomination of this officer was in the commanding officer of the regiment : his falary 50I. a year. To him the receiver general of the county, was by annual a6ls diredled to iffue the pay of the unembodied militia, four calen- dar months in advance : that of the adjutant, regimental clerk, fer- jeant major, drum major, ferjeants, and drummers, at the rates be- fore mentioned, and alfo 6d. per month for each private man, and drummer, for defraying contingent expences, id. whereof to be applied to the hofpital expences, when the corps was aflembled for the annual exercife ; and for half a year's falary for the clerk of the regiment, or battalion. The annual clothing for the non-commif- fioned officers, was alfo paid to him. The time being fettled by the deputy lieutenants for the annual exer- cife, and a certificate thereof being fent by them to the receiver general, fpecifying the number of men, and the days they were to be abfent from lK>me, allowing them fufficient time for their coming to, and returning from, the place of exercife ; he within fourteen days after the receipt of fuch certificate, was to iflue out the amount to the clerk of the regiment, at the rates for the commiHioned officers, ferjeants, and drummers, as has been before mentioned, and for the corporals, at the rate of is. 6d. and private men is. per day each, this to be paid by him to the commanding officers of companies, who were to account for it, according to a form prelcribcd by the a6t. In order to provide neceflaries, fuch as fliirts, flioes, and ftock- ings, for thofe militia men who (hould be deficient in thofe articles, the commanding officers of companies were aulhorifed to ftop any fum not exceeding 6d. per diem, out of the daily fubfillence, ac- counting with them for the balance, at their difmiHion, The private mihtia men and corporals, were by the a6V of par- liament to be clothed every three years : the funi allowed for that purpofe was il. 10s. ; this was to be paid by tlie receiver general, fo foon as he fliould receive a warrant under the hand of the colonel, or commanding officer, certitying the receipt of the clothing, and i ii THE ENGLISH ARMY. 47 an order for the fame, payable to the clothier. This clothing, with their arms, was to be delivered out to the militia men, on their af- fembling for their annual exercife, and to be by tiiem returned back into the (lores, previous to their difmiflion. Any militia man felling, pawning, or loiing any of his arms, clothes, or accoutrements, on convi6lion ' efore a juflice, forfeited a fum not exceeding 3I. and if he did not immediately pay the fame, might be committed to the houfe of corre6lion for one month, and until the fame was paid, and if he was not of ability to pay it, then for the fpace of three months. Any man negledting to return his arms, clothes, and accoutrements, in good order to his captain, or the perfon appointed to receive them, whenever demanded, on convidlion before a juttice, forfeited 10s. and on default of immediate payment, might be committed to the houfe of corre6lion, for any time not exceeding fourteen days. Any perfons knowingly buying, taking in exchange, concealing, or other- wife receiving any arms, clothes, or accoutrements, belonging to the militia, upon any pretence whatfoever, on convi6tion before one juftice, forfeited 5I. to be levied by diftrefs, and for want of fufficient goods for fuch diftrefs, was to be committed to the common gaol for three months, or to be publicly whipped, at the difcretion of the juftice. ^ ;;; . ,. ; At the end of three years, every militia man was entitled to his clothes. The regulations, refpe6ting the training and exercife of the mi- litia, were thefe : the militia to be trained and exercifed by regiment or battalion, twice in a year, fourteen days at each time, or once in a year, for twenty-eight days together, as Ihould be diredted by the lord lieutenant, and two of his deputies, or by three deputy lieute- nants, at fuch time and place as fhould be leaft inconvenient to the public, to be by the faid deputy lieutenants appointed at a general meeting ; and during fuch tinie, all the provifions in any a6l for punilhing mutiny and defertion, and the better payment of the army, and their quarters, waS to extend and take place, in refpe6l to the m .i m ff 43 HISTORY OF ' • officers and private men of every regiment, or battalion, but not to extend to life or limb. Notice of the time and place appointed was to be fent by the clerk of the general meeting, to the chief conftables, with diredtions to forward the fame to the petty conftables, or other officers of the feveral parilhes, or places within the county, who were to caufe fuch notices to be fixed on the doors of their churches, or chapels, refpec- tively ; or if any place being extra parochial, fhould have no church, or chapels, belonging to it, on the door of the church, or chapel, of fome place, or pariih, thereto adjoining. At thb place all militia men, not incapacitated by ficknefs, or other legal impediment, were dire6ted to attend, under penalty, if convidled before a juftice, of forfeiting sol. or being committed to the common gaol of the county, or place where taken and convi6led, there to remain without bail, or mainprize, for fix months, or until they had paid that fum. And any militia man, who having joined the corps, deferted, during the time of the annual exercife, was liable to the fame penalty, or punifh- ment, or if taken before the difmiffion of the corps, might be punilh- ed by the fentence of a court martial. Deserters taken after the expiration of the term for which they were enrolled, might be punifhed for their crime, and be alfo obliged to complete the remainder of their three years' fervice, which was unexpired at the time of their defertion. And to prevent tlie too frequent pra6lice of perfons taking money to ferve as fubllitutes, and deferting, who not having goods whereon to levy the pecuniary penalty, and the alternative of imprifonment tending only to corrupt their morals; it was ena6led, that every fubftitute who fliould defert, whenever taken, over and above any military punifliment tiiat (liould be inflidled upon him, fliould ferve for three years, to be computed from the day on which he was apprehended, and that the command- ing officer fliould order notice to be given to the clerk of the fub- divifion, in which he was engaged to ferve, of his defertion, and the time of his apprehenfion, in order that he might make a frefti entry of his name in the roll, to ferve for three years from that time. * r THE ENGLISH ARMY. 4d On the application made by the lord lieutenant, or the com- manding officer of the regiment, aflembled for exercife, to the mayors, bailiflfe, or chief magiftrates of the different places ; they were to billet the officers, ferjeants, drummers, and private men, on fuch houfes as foldiers were ufually quarte'ed on. And on the fame application, conftablos of thofe places through which they marched were obliged to find them carriages, at the fame rates as paid by his majefty's other forces. ' ' > The commanding officers of corps of militia, as often as they were called out to exercife, were to return to the lord lieutenant a true ftate of their regiment, or battalion ; and alfo, within thirty days after the exercife was fini(hed, to tranfmit to one of the fecre- taries of ftate a return figned by him, of the feveral officers, non- commiflioned officers, and private men, prefent at the faid exercife, with the number of days on which each commiffioned officer was prefent. A fimilar return was at the fame time to be fent by him to the auditor of the exchequer. A MILITIA man falling fick at, or in going to, or returning from, the annual exercife, was to be taken care of by the parifti in which it happened, who were to be reimburfed their expences from the county ftock. In cafe of a6lual invafion, or upon imminent danger thereof, or in cafe of rebellion in the kingdom, or any of the territories, or dominions thereunto belonging, it was lawful for the king (the occafion being firft communicated to parliament, if then fitting, or if not fitting, declared in council, and notified by proclamation), to order his lieutenants, or three of the deputy lieutenants in each county, with all convenient fpeed, to draw out and embody their refpe6live regiments, or battalions of militia, or as many of them as fhould be deemed neceffary. And in fuch cafe, his majefty might direft the faid (orces to be put under the command of fuch general officers as he Ihould appoint, and order them to be led by their refpe6tive officers into any parts of this kingdom, for the repelling, and fup- preffion of fuch invafion, or rebellion ; provided that neither the it VOL. I. H 1 I' 50 HISTORY OF J W militia of this kingdom, nor any corps, detachment, or draught thereof, Ihould on any account be tranfported out of the ifland of Great Britain. And the officers of the militia and private militia men, from the time of their being drawn out and embodied, and until they returned again to their refpedlive parifhes, or places of abode, were to remain under the command of fuch general officers, and to be entitled to the fame pay as was received by the officers and private men of the king's other regiments of foot, and no other ; and the officers of the militia were, during fuch time, to rank with the officers of the king's other forces, of equal degree with them, as the youngeft of their rank (h). (h) During the time the militia were lad embodied, a notion was propagated, that they were not liable to be commanded hj any regular officer under the rank of a general : this feems to have been a miftake ; the claufe which empowers the .ing to put the militia under the command of general officers, by no means implies, they are to be commanded by ge- neral officers only } the right of command, as far as the rank of colonel, had been fettled by that claufe in the a£t which provided, that militia officers, when embodied, (hall rank with thofe of the army, as youngeft of each degree ; but is there were no militia generals, that rule did not extend to generals of the army } a declaratory claufe therefore became nc- ceflary to fettle that point, and authorife their command. Rank, in the military acceptation, always implies command, a proof of which is fliewn in the regulations of rank between the officers of the navy and army, wherein it was thought neceflary to except the right of either to command out of their proper element, which would otherwifet have followed of courfe. The brevets of army rank, granted at that time to the militia colonels of a certain ftanding, fliew that the officers of the army occafionally, might command thofe of the militia } thefe brevets being given to prevent a very old colonel of militia from being com- manded by a very young colonel of the army, the multitude of new levies having tlien given that rank to many young foldiers. That the army and militia were meant to ferve together, is clearly exprefled by the a€t of the 1 8th of George III. cap. 59, where treating of fencible men, and corps whofe officers after reduction were not entitled to rank or half pay, it is faid, tliat during the time that the officers of fuch corps and the militia (hall ferve together, they (hall rank according to the date of their refpe£live commiffions : feveral new-raifcd regular regiments were then under that predicament. Should an a£tual invafion take place, the militia regiments would certainly be mixed and brigaded with thofe of the army, in which cafe there would arife an indifpenfable ne- ceffity, ^'^S M ( ( M ( .9 1 li N' c< el ot ri: fu or cc nc fu tri as St to to to 1 1 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 5t m the :urned •emain to the king's militia s other kk (h). that they eral: this litia under led by gc- een fettled (hall rank \ generals* lecame nc- is (hewn in as thought ;nt, which f a certain lofe of the being com- laving tlien i by the a£l hofe officers ime that the rding to the then under ly be mixed ■penfable nc- ceflity, 1 i .-It 3 And during fuchtime, as aforefaid, all the provifions contained in any a6l of parliament then in force for punifhing mutiny and defertion, and for the better payment of the army, and their quarters, were to extend to the officers, and private militia men (except only fuch particulars as were, or fhould be, otherwife fpecially provided for by any a6l, or a6ts, of parliament for regulating the militia forces) ; on being difembodied, they were to return to the fame regulations they were under before they were called forth. • The lieutenant of the coi'ity, on receiving his majefty's orders for embodying the militia, or in his abfence, three deputy lieutenants, were immediately to iflue their precepts to the chief conflables, with dire6lions to them to forward the fame to the petty conflables, or other officers of the parifhes, and places within the county ; and fuch conflables were, on the receipt thereof, forthwith to give, or leave in writing at their abodes, notices to the feveral nii^itia men, to attend at the time and place mentioned in fuch order. If any militia man, fo ordered to be drawn out and embodied (not labouring under any infirmities incapacitating him to ferve), did not appear, and march in purfuance thereof, on convi6lion before two juflices, he forfeited 40I. which if he did not immediately pay, he was ceffity, that the officers of both denominations ffiould roll together, and confequently the elder of the different ranks command. If the militia regiments are not bound to obey any other officers of the army but a general, they cannot be admitted into feveral of our gar- rifons and caftles, where the lieutenant governors are moftly under that rank ; as in that cafe, fuch lieutenant governor would have a garrifon he did not command. By a claufe in the articles of war, the officers and foldiers of the foot guards can be cried only by their own officers, except in particular cafes, where one half the members of the court may be officers of the line ; they likewife commonly do feparate duty ; yet I believe no inftance can be ffiewn, where any oificcr or foldier of that corps rcfufed to obey any fuperior officer, though of a marching regiment. Soon after the militia was firft embodied, Captain Linch of the Suffislk regiment was tried for difobeying the orders of Lieutenant Governor Thicknefs, of Land-guard-fort: as was Captain Lewis of the Surry, for difobedicnce of thofe of Lieutenant Colonel Strode of the invalids, both under the rank of generals. Had not the militia been fubje£l to their orders, fuch difobedicnce could not have been deemed criminal, nor would warrants to try them have been granted, the right of Mr. Thicknefs and Lieutenant Colonel Strode to iflue orders to the militia being thereby admitted. J:\ in Ml '' HISTORY OF :m I It 'I to be by them committed to the common gaol for twelve months, or until he had paid the fame. Any perfon harbouring or concealing a militia man, not attending when ordered into a6lual fervice, knowing him to be fuch, on convidion thereof before one juftice, forfeited 5I. to be levied by diftrefs; and for want of fufficient dillrefs, fuch juftice to commit him to the houfe of corredtion for two months, or to caufe him to be publicly whipped. In order to enable the militia men, ordered out on a6tual fervice, to provide themfelves with necefl'aries, it was enadted, that wlien the militia was fo ordered out, the receiver general of the land tax for the refpedlive county, or place, fliould pay to the captain, or other com- manding officer, of each company fo ordered, one guinea for each pri- vate militia man belonging to his company, to be by him paid to fuch militia man, on, or before the day appointed for their marching ; and the fame for every militia man who fhould afterwards be enrolled and ordered out, to be paid when he joined his company. But this mode being found produdlrve of great irregularities, the man fpending it in liquor, inftead of applying it to the purpofe intended, that claufe was afterwards altered ; and the commanding officer of the company was authorifed to lay out that guinea, in a manner moft advantageous for each militia man, giving him an account within three months, or as foon as defired, how fuch money had been expended. In cafe any militia man chofen by lot to ferve in a corps that was embodied and called into adlual fervice, left a family unable to fupport themfelves, one juftice might order the overfeers of the poor of the parifh, where fuch family dwelt, to pay them a weekly allowance ac- cording to the following rule : for any child under ten years of age, a fum not exceeding the price of one day's labour ; for two children under that age, a fum not exceeding two days' labour ; for three or four children under the age aforefaid, any fum not exceeding the price of three days' labour ; and for five or more children under the age before named, any fum not exceeding four days' labour ; and for the wife of fuch militia man, any lum not exceeding the price of one day's labour : the fame was to be forthwith reimburfed to fuch overfeer by the treafurer of the county, out of the county ftock. The families , I H?- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 53 of fubftitutes, hired men, or volunteers, were likewife to be taken care of by the parifh wherein they dwelt, without fuch allowance making them removeabie. Any perfon having ferved in the militia when called into adlual fervice, and being a married man, might fet up and exercife fuch trade as he was apt and able for, in any town or place within Great Britain or Ireland without moleftation, the fame as any foldier or mariner. The clothes of an embodied militia man were to be applied at the end of every year as the commanding officer (hould judge bed for the ufe of fuch militia man. . , f About the year 1780, it being thought expedient to increafe the militia, perfons duly qualified according to the militia a6l then in force, were authorifed to raife one or more volunteer companies, to be added to the regiment or battalion of any county ; and the lord lieutenant was, with the king's approbation, to grant commifTions to a fufficient number of officers for the fame ; and on a certificate from the com- manding officer of the regiment of thefe companies being complete, they were entitled to the allowance of bounty, fublillence money, arms, and clothing, and to be fubje6l to the fame regulations in every refpedl as the reft of the militia forces. By a former claufe, captains were authorifed when embodied to augment their companies with vo- lunteers, but then it was required tliey fliould be already trained, armed, and clothed. An a6t of parliament alfo pafTed in 1794, autho- rizing the lords lieutenants of counties to augment the militia by volun- teer companies. These are fonie of the moft important claufes in the militia a6l, a more particular account would have exceeded the limits allowed for that part of the work, a general outline of it being all that is meant td be delineated (1). (i) Such perfons as wifh to fee an entire code of the Militia Laws, will meet with ample information from a digeft of them, both old and new, drawn up by the Reverend Do£lor Burne, from which moft of thefe extrads have been taken. N.B. Since this note was written, the militia laws have been revifed, and moulded into one a£l of parliament, An. 26. Geo. 3. 11 i S4 i HISTORY OF vi CHAPTER III. lili Of tb€ Supplementary Militia, and the new Ejlablijbment of the Militia Forces. i't> i:u ♦ o (tfc'''!( .! . lu'r < 1 ill ! I In 1796, this country being threatened with an invafion from France, an a6l of parliament pafled to augment this part of the national force, by enrolling in each county a certain number of eftedlive men, to be trained to arms, and called out, either a part or the whole, whenever the executive government fhould judge it necefTary. This was called the fupplementary militia, and its force was double that of the old militia. It was not, however, taken in the fame proportion with the old corps from the feveral counties, but calculated to bring the number of the whole into a more equal ratio with the a6\ual population of each. The following was the number to be ballotted for in each countyT in the fame manner with the eftablidied militia, and to be commanded by a fufficient number of qualified officers, or if a fufficient number of qualified officers could not be found, by officers who had retired from the army or the militia. • ' County of Bedford - 254 County of Hereford - 662 Berks - - - 749 Huntingdon - Bucks - 662 Lancafter - 5160 Cambridge - 646 »),.' Lincoln - 2140 Cheller - 1460 Monmouth - 360 Cornwall - - 828 Northampton 1 1 28 Cumberland - 1180 Nottingham - 896 Derby - 1666 Rutland - - 80 Dorfet - - - 185 Somerfet - - 2960 Eflex - - -1756 Stafford - - 1095 . ill THE ENGLISH ARMY. County of Surry - 84.60 Warwick - - yoo Worccfter - - 885 York, Wert Riding 4694 North Riding 1360 Eart Riding 86' 1 Carmarthen - 790 Denbigh - 480 Glamorgan - 688 Montgomery - ^59 Radnor - sac Devon - i6\94 Durham ' t' ■ 800 Gloucerter - ^757 Hertford . • - 500 Kent !?» i - 1873 Leicefter ■-: - 928 County of Middlefcx ■ Norfolk Northumberland Oxford Salop Southampton Suffolk .. Suflex Weftmorland Wilt6 Angl'.iea Brecon t . ^■ Cardigan Carnarvon Flint I Merioneth Pembroke 5820 884 85a 1558 847 1470 1160 S50 380 340 474 331 His majefty was inverted with power to call out this fupplementary militia, in cafe of a6lual invalion, or other emergency : the confent of parliament was neceflary if fitting ; but in the time of a proroga- tion or an adjournment, liis majefty could embody either t 'lo whole or a part, of his own authority, at tlie fame time fummoning the parlia- ment to meet within fourteen days. The lupplementary militia was accordingly called out and embodied in the fpring of 1798 ; but previoudy to this an a6l of parliament had authorifed fupplementary militia-men to recc! ? bounties for enlifting into the marching regiments, not to a greater ui.iount than 10,000 for the whole, or the fifth part of the number ballotted for any particular county. When called out, the fupplement:>vy militia was incorporated with the old, where the numbers ve* ^ fmall ; the reft were formed into feparate battalions, and commanded by their own officers. The plan for recruiting the regular army out of the militia was af- terwards extended ; and another a6t of parliament in July, 1799, i m 11^ # HISTORY OF enabled the marching re^ments to enlift out of the old or hew militia any number of men not exceeding one fourth of the whole eftablilh- ment, or the fame proportion of any particular corps. The number of the militia was at the fame time reduced, fo that this voluntary enlifting would occafion no frefh ballotting in th6 counties. By thefe meafures many of the marching regiments, which were mere flcele- tons, were filled up, and government was enabled to fend a large force to Holland. By the original conftitution of the militia, this national force was to be confined to the ifland of Great Britain ; but on the rebellion taking place in Ireland, parliament authorifed the executive power to fend any number of the militia that would voluntarily offer into the filler kingdom. Near a third of the old militia regiments, with the excep- tion of a few individuals in each, accordingly tendered their fervices. A confiderable number of regiments were fent to Ireland, and were inllrumental in reducing the malcontents to fubmiflion. These innovations having been made in the conftitution of the mili- tia, it has finally been carried to fuch a length, as to make that force anfwer nearly all the purpofes of a regular ftanding army. The troops fent upon the expedition into Holland requiring reinforcements, a bill pafled both houfes in October, 1799, fcr reducing the whole of the militia forces, old and new, to the number of 30,626 men, and permitting the refidue to enter on bounties into the marching regi- ments ; but fuch volunteers from the militia, by this a<5l, were not to be fent out of Europe. i.,.j .y ■ - '"■: ■ .! 1 j •■'._: THE ENGLISH ARMY. : 7 CHAPTER IV. ' 0/" ment there. Thefe were fix years afterwards reduce d to eighty archers, and twenty fpear- men on horfeback. In the reign of Henry VIII. anno 1535, the army in Ireland confided of three hundred men, and in 1 543 was increafed to three hundred and eighty horfe, and one hundred and fizty foot, which was then the peace eftablifhment. When the Irifli were in rebellion, which frequently happened, the armies were ronfiderably increafed. In the reign of Queen Mary, the (landing forces in Ireland amounted to about one thoufand two hundred men. During the greateft part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the Irifli were in open rebellion, but when tliat was fupprefled, the force kept up was between one thoufand five hundred and two thoufand men, at which number they con- tinued till the army raifed by Lord Stafford, the 15 th of King Charles I. Anno 1680, the edablifliment in Ireland was feven thoufand eight hundred men, officers included. And in King William's reign, anno 1698, twenty-four thoufand eight hundred and ninety-one. — Trenehanfs Short Hiftory of Standing Armies^ Londttti 1698. (m) See Rymer in anno. (n) Ibis. THE ENGLISH ARMY. m ture to furnilh foldiers at certain wages,, mod of our armies confifled of ftipendiary troops: fuch wu5 the army rjufed and commanded by the bifhop of Norw-h, A. D. 138a, the 6th of Richard II. and in the army of the 16th of Henry V. In France there were fo many fti- pendiaries, that in his orders to the captain of Rouen, they,, and the foldiers, are feparately mentioned,, and that in feveral articles (o) ; the particulars of thefe contra6ts, both as to form and fubflance, wUl be elfewhere fully explained : but as the agreement with the bilhop of Norwich, refpe6ling the army here alluded to, gave caufe to a very extraordinary military trial, the fubftance of it, as extracted from the rolls of parliament, is here laid before the readers. The bifhop of Norwich, who had before made an offer for guarding the feas,, now came before the king and parliament, and offered,, if he would grant him the whole fifteenth, lately voted by the commons for carrying on the war, he would ferve him in France for one whole year, with two- thoufand five hundred men at arms,, and two thou&ndfive hundred archers, all well arrayed and mounted, of whom one thoufand men at arms, and the fame number of archers, fhould (God willing.) be at the fea fide, within twenty days from the payment of the money, pro- perly equipped, and ready to embark for the fuccour of the city of Gaunt, and the county of Flanders ; he likewife undertook to pay the expence of tranfporting this army,, and, all othcar incidental diarges, for the due performance of which he offered to enter into- fufficient obligations. This propofal appeared to the king and his parliament fair and advantageous ; but before it was accepted, the king defired that he and his council might be acquainted what leaders; the bilhop intended to procure for commanding thefe troops, their numbers, and names, as it was. well known, that unlefs an army had good officers at its head, it would foon fall to anarchy and ruin. To (o) The words foldier and ftipendiary are etymolbgically the fame ; foldier is derived from folde pay, and ftipendiary from ftipendinm, wages or hire. Cuftom perhaps made the difference ; the firft fignifying one of the conftitutional military and ftipendiary of the in^ dented troops. See the orders above mentioned in Rymer. i n 1 1 I : 6o HISTORY OF ■: I • 1 i j i u 1:1 1 ' ' ' 1 i i- this the hifhop anfwered, that if it pleafed the king to accejjt of his propofals, he would employ fome of the beft captains in the land, his majefty and the blood royal excepted, but that he would not give their names, till he was fure of having a grant of the expedition ; on this it was afked him, what lord he defired to have with him, to a6l . as the king's lieutenant, as one was abfolutely neceflary in fo high and weighty a bufinefs, who Ihould have power to take cognizance of crimes, and to do other things neceflary, vvhicii ofKce never was to this time granted to a prelate, or any man of holy cl lurch. The bifliop then offered to give the king in writing the names of a certain number of lords, out of whom he might feledt any one lie thought beft qualified for that office, who, on his appointment, fliould have orders to obey him (the bifliop), in all things appertaining to the crufade (p), and he on his part, would engage to obey tlie lieutenant in all things relative to his lieutenantcy ; and "moreover, if within the faid year it fliould happen, that the kingdom of France fubmitted to Urban the true pope, he would furl and withdraw the banner of the crufade, and ferve the king the remainder of the year with his llipu- lated number of men, under his own proper banner. Tliis being approved of by the king and parliament, the king granted his licence to all fuch perfons as chofe to accompany the bifliop in this expedi- tion, the royal retinue, and thofe of the great lords excepted, to leave the realm without moleftation. The bifliop then delivered to the king the names of four perfons of his kingdom, from among whom he might chufe his lieutenant ; this he did not do, for what reafon is unknown ; but granted, that if the bifliop could not agree with any of the lords by him named, or fome other fufficient perfon, worthy to bear fo high an office, he might in that cafe have the government and difpofition of the army in all things. These ftipendiary forces were, the garrifons and caftle guards excepted, kept up only in time of war, and though mercenary, were (p) A CRUSADE was at that time on foot againft Clement, the anti-pope, of which the bifhop of Norwich was by Pope Urban appointed general. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 6i not ftanding armies. Their fubfiflence was drawn from the grants made by parliament, in which their fpecific numbers were fometimes ftipulated. The firft ftanding forces employed by our kings were their imme- diate body guards, fuch as the ferjeants at arms, the yeomen of the guards, and gentlemen penfioners ; yet thefe were rather calculated for the fplendour of a court, than the operations of the field. During the troubles under Charles I. a number of troops were levied by both parties, without any attention to law or cuftom ; their inftitution does not therefore come within the fcope of this work. Many of the regiments raifed by the parliament were on the reftora- tion of Charles II. dilbanded, and the fame day relevied for that king's fervice. Two regiments of guards raifed by him in 1660, one of horfe, and one of foot, formed the two firft corps of our prefent army : thefe were afterwards confiderably increafed. In 1661, the firft regiment, or royal Scotch, were brought back from France (r), (r) This regiment is from its antiquity jocularly ftiled Pontius Pilate's guards. Father Daniel gives the following hiftory of it, under the title of the Scotch Regiment ©f Douglas. " This regiment ferved feveral years in France, and diftinguiihed itfelf very greatly. I find in the ordonance of Louis XIV. of the year 1670, for the rank of regi* mentsjthatit was one of the firft: it came from Scotland to France in the time of James VI. The chevalier Hepburne was the colonel ; he was a man of diftinguiflicd merit, and be.* loved by Henry IV. and Louis XIII.} he was called in France Colonel Hebron, the name of Hepburne being difficult to pronounce. Although he was killed (anno 1636) during the reign of Louis XIII. his memory was fo dear in France, that King Louis XIV. caufed a mag- nificent monument to be erefted for him in the cathedral of Toul. After the death of Hepburne, the Lord James Douglas was appointed colonel of the regiment, which from that time began to be called the regiment of Douglas. This colonel was killed between Douay and Arras, commanding a flying camp. He was a lieutenant general, and highly efteemcd in France for his bravery and conduft. His brother, the Lord George Douglas, who had afterwards the title of Lofd Dumbarton, was appointed colonelof tliisregimcnt, and did not yield in merit to his predeceiTors. This regiment of Douglas being in garrifon at Avennes in 1661, had orders to pafs over to England, where it rendered very confiderablc fervices to King Charles II. It confided but of eight companies when it left Fiance, but on its return a year after- wards. "t in i'v 4 ! «r HISTORY OF where they had ferved from the time of King James I. There were alfo, about the fame time, an EngUfli corps of cavalry in the French fervice (s). .« f • I. '■ ■ wards, had thirty-three companies, which were compofed at the leail of an hundred men each. Lord George Douglas always commanded it in France. It is to be obferved, that there was at the fame time in France another regiment of Douglas, the colonel of which was brother to the two lords before mentioned ; he was alfo called the Lord James Douglas. This re- giment, which conHfled of but one battalion, was incorporated with that of his brother. The regiment of my Lord George Douglas was recalled to England about the year 1678. After the lad revolution, the colonel who had then the title of Lord Dumbarton, lieu- tenant general in France and England, and a great number of officers, followed the late King James into France. Many foldiers imitated the example of their officers. This regi- ment dill fubGfts, and is inconteftibly the fined corps in England. It is commanded by the Lord Orkney, a lieutenant general, and brother to the late duke of Hamilton, and nephew to the Lord Dumbarton. It is called the royal regiment, or Orkney's regiment. This re- giment has furnifhed a number of excellent officers, many of whom are ftill ferving in France. What I have here related was taken from the memoirs of a Scotch officer who was well informed on this fubjedl. There were befides this regiment, another of feventeen hundred men, commanded by Colonel Rutherford, which ranked as guards in France } they came over from Scotland in 1643, 3"<^ ^^^^ 3t t^c battle of Lens, in 1648. When King Charles was reftored to the crown, he appointed Rutherford governor of Dunkirk, who quitted the French fervice without paying the proper compliments to the king of France, by whom he had been loved and entrufted. On his quitting France the regiment was reduced, and the ^baltems and fuch foldiers as chofe to ferve in France, incorporated in Douglas's regiment. (s) The Englifh company of gens d'armes which is the fecond, was brought into France, in 1667, by the Count George Hamilton, lord of the branch of Hamilton Albercome, long eftablilhed in Ireland ; this company came into France on the following occafion. Charles II. having remounted on the throne in 1660, caufed fome cathoUck officers and foldiers, who had ferved in Flanders under him and his two brothers, to come to England j thefe he incorporated into his guards ; fome time after the parliament being at variance with the court obliged that prince to difmifs all thefe catholick officers and foldiers of his guards. On this occafion George Hamilton had pcrmiffion from the king his mader to enrol thefe officers and foldiers, and to take them over to France. There were in this company Englidi, Scotch, and Iridi. On Hamilton's arrival, the king of France, finding they were good and well-made men, formed them into a company of gens d'armes, under the title of the Englifli gens d'armes, excepting that he draughted out the Scotch, and incorporated them in the Ssotch gens d'armes } he declared himfelf captain of this new company, and appointed George \ THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^3 . Among other unconftitutional innovations made by the ill-advifed James H. that of difmifllng the proteftant officers from his army, and introducing Irilh papifts in their room, was the moll impolitic, and loft him the affedlion and fupport of his troops, which towards the latter end of his reign were increafed to upwards of twenty thoufand men in England, and eight thoufand feven hundred in Ireland (t). A lift of the military eftabliftiment for the year 1684,, is given in the appendix. George Hamilton captain lieutenant, who was killed at the head of the regiment bearing hit name, in an engagement neur Severne, in 1675. P. Daniel, torn. 2. p. 249. (t) These all, except the royal regiment, conflfted of independent companies or troops, till April 1683, when they were regimented by King Charles II. and formed into three re- giments of horfe, and eight of foot. The 1 8th was one of thcfc regiments ; the earl of Granard was the firft colonel; he rcfigned it to his fon. A Angular circumitance happened to this corps, in the year 1689, on the ditbanding of the Irifli regiments on the arrival of K. William III. which is thus related by one, then a foldier in it : " A moft unaccountable rumour prevailed throughout the kingdom, that nil the Irifli foldiers had got together, burn- ing and dedroying all before them, and this alarm had fo wonderful an eifefl:, that not a town or village but had an account, that the very next town or village was in flames : in fhort it had prevailed fo far, that the trained bands of London were all under arms, guarding the ftreets and avenues leading to the city. Upon this alarm the country people came down in great numbers, to be revenged on the Irifli regiment at Brentford, for the depredations their country, if^n were making all over the kingdom 5 Sir John Edgworth, our major, was commanding officer (for Lord Brittas, our lieutenant colonel, being a papift, had fled); he ordered the regiment to their arms imme- diately, and drew them with all difpatch he could, within the walls of Lord Oflinton's court yard. From thence he expoftulated with the populace, but all to no purpofe j they would have revenge. At laft, perceiving two gentlemen among the croud, he called them to him, and aflured them that his men were not Irifli papifts, as they imagined, but pro- teftants, and defcended from Engliflimen, though born in Ireland j and to convince them they were all true church of England men, he defired they would fend for the parfon of the parifli to read prayers to them ; the parfon was fent for, and to prayers they went. The foldiers had moft of them their common prayer books about them, and (whether it was out of fear or devotion) they anfwered the refponfss of the church fo diftindly, and behaved with fo much decency, that it furprized both the parfon and the gentlemen ; where- upon they returned to the crovrd who gave us a huzza j cried, the prince of Orange for ever ! and went away. This V 1 !' i- f ':1 ? > '51 ' % ^4 HISTORY OF y The revolution, which fliortly after fucceeded, caufed the military part of the conftitution to be new modelled, and the army to be voted from year to year only, by an a6l ftiled the mutiny bill, which is prefaced by a declaratory claufe, that it is unlawful to raife or keep a Handing army in time of peace, without the permiflion of parlia- ment. In this a<5l, the numbers of which the army is to confift are fpecified, and divers laws and regulations for their government are laid down; from thefe the king is authorifed to frame fuch other articles as he fliall deem expedient and necelTary. This a(5t has of late been regularly pafled every year, whence an opinion has arifen,, that fhould it be fuffered to expire, the army would of courfe be dif- banded, and that the foldiers might quit their colours without being liable to any puni{hment ; this is however not univerfally allowed (u), and cannot in time of war be legal. The declaratory claufe above- This regiment going to Flanders, a difpute arofe refpe£ting its rank in the army, which a board of general ofRcers was appointed to fettle -, but being all colonels of regiments in- tereded in the decifion, they would allow it rank only from the time it came on Englifli pay, by which it loll precedency of eleven regiments. It obtained the title of a royal re- giment for its gallant behaviour in mounting the breach at Namur, in 1695. See Captain Robert Parker's Memoirs. The lift of the army publiflied by Millan, and Kane in his Campaigns, date the raifing of tliis regiment April I, 1684. (u) Notwithstanding this opinion, the mutiny a(\ has expired, and been fuffered to remain for fome time unrenewed, more than once, fince its inftitution } the firft time was A. D. 1689, when the mutiny bill having expired the loth of November, the new bill, which originated with the lords, was not fcnt to the commons, till the 14th, four days after the former aft had expired ; and though it did not receive tlie royal aflent till the 23d of De- cember, it was direftcd to take place on the 20th. In the year 1691, the mutiny bill, which expired on the 20th of December, was not renewed till ftlarch 14th, 1692-3, but ordered to be in force from the loth. In the year 1694, the new mutiny bill was not pafled till the 16th of April, although it ceafed on the icth of the preceding month of March ; and in the fucceeding year it did not receive the roy.il alTcnt till the 221! of April, fix days after its expiration. After the bill which was paiTcd in the ift of April, iCgj, for one year longer, had ex- pired, no other bill was pallid or ordered till January 31ft, 1701, when one was offered which received the royal aff^nt, 2d of March, 1701-2. Sec the Journals of the houfes of lords and commous. R fci THE E N G L I S fl ARMY. f^j >QQiitioned being red ribbed to tlte tune of peace only ; ain4 it being de- dared felony by the a^ls of tlie 7th of Hwry VII. cap. 1, and 3d Henry VIM. cap. 5, for «ny foldier to depart fropa the army without (the king's licence, which a»its were, in ,tlje .resign pf Queen Elizabeth, pronounced by all the judges (x) perpetual ; ai^ Blackftone in his Commentaries, vol. 4, p. 101, Ipys, deiertipn from the king's armies in time of war, whether by land or f^a, in Euglapd or in parts teyond 4ihe feas, is by the (landing laws of tijie land (exclufive of the annual a<5ls of parliament to punifli mutiny md defertion), and particularly by ftatute 18th Hen. VI. c. jg, and 5th Eliz. c. 5. made felony, but not witliout benefit of clergy : but by the ftatute of 2d and 3d Edward VI. c. 2, clergy is taken away from fuch deferters, and the offence is made triable by the juftices of every fhire. The fame Itatutes pimidi other inferior inilitary qflfences, with fines, imprifon- ment, and other penalties. ^ ► .,... *; .,, » ■■ ;. The regular modes of afiembling the national forces were anciently as follows : the great barons, ;bifl)ops, abbots, and other tenants hold- ing immediatel from the king, were, wh«i circumftances permitted, warned to aflemble by both a fpecial and general fummons ; the firft was by the royal mandate particularly directed to each baron, biftiop, or abbot, fent to the flieriffs of the counties wherein they refided, to be by tliem or tlieir officers perfiMially ferved on the parties to whom they were addrell'ed (y). In tliefe notices they were pofitively en- joined on their fidelity, as they regarded the king's honour and the lands they held of him, to be at a certain time and place, with their due fervice of men and horfes, properly equipped, to fet out with the king or his general on the intended expedition ; this was peculiar to the tenants in capite or great barons ; they likewife partook with the (x) See Coke's Reports, p. 520, cafe of foldicrs. Trinlt. 43 Eliz ■ (y) See a fummons of this v.dVnrc to M'illi.uii ile Fortibus, A. D. 1257, 41 Hen. III. Rynier, vol. i, p. 635. The fummonfcs for fuch pcrfons as refided at the king's court were fcnt by the trcafurcr to the exchequer, and thence to the keepers of the king's jvardrobe, V'ho delivered thtni. AIck'hk Hjji> Excheq, VOL. I. -K t ' I: .: '1 fi HISTORY OF il 'tX |,: ,, |i : 1 ^ 1 r ! inferior feudal tenants, in being fummoned by public proclamation, made by the fherifts and their otticers, in all market towns and boroughs within their counties, commanding all jierfons bound to perform military fervice, to afTemble at a time and place therein named, duly mounted and armed, under penalty of forfeiting their fees, or being feverely amerced. Thefe pniclamations were made in confequence o. the king's writ to the iherift", many fpecimens of which are to be found in Rymer and the other public re- cords (z). See tlie form of one in the note below. If it was found neceflary to alter or poftpone tlie time or place of meeting, it was done by like proclamation. '' ' "* •'^^ ''^'' In cafes of popular infurredlion, rebellion, or tlie apprehenfion of a foreign invafion, where it was deemed neceflary to collet^t a greater force than the feudal troops, the king ifliied his writ to the flieritt's of thofe countie.s, whofe forces it was thought expedient to array and embody, dire«5ting them to ride night and day through their diltricits, caufing it to be proclaimed wherever they came, that iill perfons be- tween the ages of fixteen andfixty, not labouring under bodily difa- bility, called defenhble men, were commanded to join the king's army, with all poflible fpeed, at a place appointed, competently armed, accord- ing to their pofleflions, under pain of forfeiture of life, limb, and every other thing they could forfeit. x.f , » '• -,, rv_ :* '-i It was alio cuftomary, whilft the ftatute of Wincheller, or that of Philip and Mary, continued in force, for the king to iflue commillions of array, appointing certain experienced officers, in whom they could confide, to allemblc, muiler, array, and try, or exercife the inhabitants (7) ViCECOMiTi K.inciic falutem. Prtccipimus tibi quod fi'^e iklatione fuinmoneri facias per totam ballivam tuam archiepifcopos, epifcopos, abbates, priorcs, comites, baroncs, niilites & libcrc tentntes, & oninos alios qui fcrvitiam nobis tlebent, five fcrvitiam militare vci fcr- jeantix : quotlque fimiliter damari facias per totam baillivam tuani, quod fint apud Wij;or- niam in craftino St. Trinit.itis, anno regni noftri feptimo, omni dilatione & occafionc poft- poHtis, cum toto hujufmodo fcrvitio quod nobis debent, paratis cum cquis ct armis, ad cundum in fcrvitiuni noltium, quo cis prxccperimus. T. H. &c. apud Wtftmon. 25 die Mail, eodem modo fcribituv onuilbus vicccomitibus A- J'vx. Ci. 7. II. 3. m. 10. d/.fo. THE ENGLISH ARMY. f^ of certain diftri»5ts, with an intent to lee they had their proper armour and weapons ; and alfo in fonie mealure to in(tru6t them in the ufe of arms. Divers conunillions of array occur in Kymer's Focdera, two will be given in the appendix. The form of thefe commifllons was fettled in parliament the ^tii of Henry IV. Under the article of fummoning tiie defenfible men of the realm, may be placed fome very extraordinary writs, ifllied in the reigns of King Edward III. and Richard II. diredted to the archbidiops and bilhops, directing them to arm, array, and regiment all the abbots, priors, monks, and other ecclefiallical perfons, of what diocefe foever, between the ages of fixteen and fixty. As this appears a matter of great curiofity, a literal tranllation of one of thefe writs is here given. . ,. . ! . „ " The King to tiie Venerable Father in Chrift, William, by the faid grace Arclibifliop of Canterbury, Primate of all England, greet- ing. As in our lafl parliament, by your allent, and that of the other prelates, nobles, and commons of our realm, it hath been ordered that all the men of our faiJ kingdom of England, as well clergy as laity, to wit, every one of them according to their ftate, pofleflions, and abilities, fhould be armed and arrayed, to go forth, for the fafety of holy church and the faid kingdom, againft our enemies, if any Iliall prefumc to enter the faid kingdom. «• Wherefore, by divers of our commifTions, we have alfigned cer- tain of our trufty perfons in every county of our kingdom, for array- ing, and caufing to be arrayed and armed, all defenfible men there found, between the ages of I'lxtcon and fixty years, and to caufe them to be divided into tlioufands, hundreds, and twenties, fo that the faid men fo armed and arrayed, and well furnilhed with competent arms, may be ready and prepared to refift the faid enemy, for the fafety and defence of ilic laid churcli and kingdom. " And bccauft.' our enemies, the French, having broken the peace between France and England, lall entered into at Calais, have in an holtile manner taken our cities, callles, towns, and many other places, flaying our faithful fubjedts refiding therein, and taking them M ^v ? II m ^'^ II I S T O R Y OF '^ ^' into their own hands, thus detaining and occupying tlicm. And nbt content with this alone, they have aflemblcd and are diligently pre- paring with the utinolt expedition, in divers parts of the fea coafts, a large fleet of fliips, with a muhitude of forces and armed men, in order fhortly to invade our faid l as Matthew Paris relates, being taken prifoner by King Richard I. in complete armour, was confined in prifon ; the pope, interfering in his behalf, folicited his releafe, under the title of his fon and the fon of the church : in anfwer to which, the king fent him the coat of mail, wherein the bifhop was taken, with the following queftion, " Is this thy fon's coat or not .''" to which the pope ingenuoufiy anfvvered, it was neither his fon's coat, nor tiie coat of the fon of the church ; thereby difavowing him, and declining to intereft himfelf for an ecclefiaftic fo improperly employed. n ii m I ! i', |£f I t; (ii* u: fp^ HISTORY OF This bifhop» in order to avoid offending the letter of the canon and other regulations, did not ufe a fword, but fought with a mace, of which he made fo powerful an ufe, that at the battle of Bovines, he beat down Long-Sword earl of Salifbury ; how he contrived to avoid the fpilling of blood, is not fo evident, fince it would be next to im- poflible, to beat out a man's brains, without caufing the prohibited efRifion. In the ancient poem of the fiege of Caerlaverok, Anthony Jeck bifhop of Durham is complimented on his courage, and is th^ re faid to be the mod valiant clerk in the kingdom or indeed in Chriften- dome, but abfent from that fervice, on account of a wound he had received. Henry Spencer bilhop of Norwich, in the reign of King Richard II. not only raifed, but alfo commanded, an army in France ; and at Ickingham near Newmarket, leaped his horfe over fome bar- ricados and a trench, with which fome rebels had fortified themfelves, and Godwin fays, " rode into the very midft of them, and beftirred himfelf fo manfully, as, if it had been an a6lion agreeable to his calling, had deferved great commendations." Among the perfons indenting to raife foldiers for King Henry V. arc feveral bifhops : and at the battle of Floddon Field, there were flain of the Scots, one archbifhop, two bifhops, and four abbots. Father Daniel fuggefls a motive, which perhaps, befides the love of glory, caufed the bifhops and other great ecclefiaflics to follow the armies; which was, that by their being accuftomed tc the ufe of arms, they were the better able to defend themfelves againfl the encroach- ments oi the great barons, who fretjuently, particularly in France, feifed en tlieir revenues, under pretence of reimburfing themfelves the expences they had been at in fighting for the defence of the church and ftate. In France tlie abbots frequent"- impoveriflied tlicir abbies, by fitting out their equipages for war, although forbidden by the council of Soillbns, an. 774 (b). Perhaps likewife they were, by fome claufe (b) Pf.re Daniel, torn. i. p. 15. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 71 unknown to us, obliged by their tenures, on certain occalions, to attend perfonally. Indeed, one inftance has already been quoted in this work, wherein it is commanded (c), but at the fame time it is probable, the prelates and great abbots did not entirely diflike it ; otherwifc, confidering the many arguments to be adduced againft it, and the high power of the church, it would eafily have been over- ruled. The methods of raifing the ftipendiary, or mercenary troops, were cither by commilfions, in fubftance much like our prefent beating orders, authorifing perfons to enlilt volunteers ; or by indenture, a pradlice that began about the latter end of the reign of King Ed- ward III. (d) and in that of Henry V. became general. By thefe indentures, different perfons engaged themfelves to provide a certain number of able men, properly armed, to ferve the king for a dated time, at a ftipulated pay and bounty, then ftiled wages and regards ; both the wages and regards were calculated according to the nature of the fervice, and place in which it was to be performed : befides fettling the quantum of the pay and bounty, with the time and man- ner of payment, thefe indentures contained divers covenants re- fpefting the fharing of prifoners of war, or booty that might happen to be taken by the contraftor or his men, ranfom being at that time one of the principal emoluments ariling from military fervice, and confidered by the foldiers of thole days as an expectancy, fimilar to that of prize money in our prefent navy. Not only foldiers of for- tune indented for this fervice, but alfo bilhops and other ccclefiaftical and civil perfons. Specimens of thefe indentures (e) are given in the ; ..^-.i (c) Note, (f) page 5. (d) Although indentures with the king's fiibjefts wew; not common before this period, Rymer contains ftveral records of agreements with foreigners to find foldiers for our earlier kinjjs. (e) Indenture of war. John Haytely, Efquire, Dame Beatrice Shirley, BunJe! :). This indenture, made between the king our fovereign lord of the one part, and John Haw, ,, Efijuirc, of tin: other part, witnclTeth, that tlie faid Joh:t is bound to our fiid lord the k-n., to t \ K' I 78 HISTORY OB' ?-f notes and appendix : the originals are ftiH extant at the Paper Office, Whitehall. In thefe agreements it was ufual for the king to advance part of the pay beforehand, afterwards called impreft money, and alfo to give fecurity for the regular payment of the remainder ; for to do him fervice of war, in the parts beyond fea, for three quarters of a year, and the faid John to have continually remaining with him during the faid time, three archers mount- ed and arrayed as appertains to their cftate, and the faid joJin fliall take for wages for him- felf twelve pence a day, with accuftomed regards, and foi each of his faid archers fixpencc the day, during the time above mentioned, wliich wages and regards fliall be paid to him for himfelf and his faid archers, immediately in hand for two months, and for the third month at his mufter ; and for the fecond and third quarter above 'mentioned, the faid John ftiall be paiid from month to month, at the beginning of each month, in Englifli gold, or in fome other money then current in France, of the value of the faid gold in England above laid, by the hjinds of the treafurer of M'ar of the king our faid fovereign lord, for the time being. And the faid John iliall be hound to be with tlie people of his faid retinue at the port of Southampton, the ift day of April next coming, to make a full mufter of himfelf and his faid retinue, and the faid term fliall commence on the day of the faid mufter ; and our faid lord the king fhall have as well the third part of the gains of war of the aforcfaid John, as the third part of the thirds for which the people of his retinue fliall be anfwerable to him out of their gains of war, be they prifoners, booty or other things taken, and all the other accuftomed droits ; for which thirds of thirds and droits the faid John fliall be bound to anfwer to our faid fovereign lord the king, at his exchequer, in England, upon oath, to be taken by the faid John, or the executor or executors of his will, in his name and not otherwife, and the faid John fliall have all the prifoners during the faid time by him or any of his faid people taken, except kings and princes, and the fons of kings, and in particulai Charles called the Dauphin of Vienne and other great captains of the blood royal, alfo chieftains and lieutenants having power from the faid Charles, -nd excepting alfo thofe who killed and flew John late Duke of Bourgundy, or were knowing and confcnting, or coun- lelling and aiding thereunto, of whom all and every one fliall remain the prifoners of our faid lord the king, for whom he fliall make a rcafonable agreement to him or them who fliall have taken them ; and the f.iid John fliall perform watch and wai " •• "d alfo niuilcr himfelf and his retinue when aiul as often as it flnill be by our faid lord l'.\: king duly warned and required during tlie time aforcfiid ; and the faid John fliall have the tranfportation of him- felf, his men, and liorfcs, to France and bad: at tlie expence of our loril the king before named. In ikitncfj whereof the faid John has affixed his fcal to part of this indenture, before our faid lord the king. Given at Wcftminfter the 7th day of February, m the 9th year of tlie reign of faid fovereign lord. On the back. — Th-. indenture of John Haytelcy, Efqntre, for and in the name of Dame Beatrice Shirley. THE ENGLISH ARMY. n this purpofc King Henry V. pledged all his jewels, which were not redeemed till after his death. An expedient fonictinies pra6lifed by our kings to procure troops for foreign fervice, was to pardon criminals, on condition of their ferving in the king's army abroad, and finding fecurity to anfwer any profecution if called upon at their return (f). Some of the king's jullices were occafionally empowered to ifTue thefe pardons, and to receive the obligatjons of the criminals (g), after which they were allowed a fmall time to prepare for their voyage ; they were then airembled by writs iflued to the flierifts of the different counties of England, dire6ting them to caufe it to be cried throughout tlicir diftri6ls, that all fuch as had charters of pardon Iliould repair towards the fea, to enter into the pay and fervice of the king ; thofe in the weft at Dartmouth ; thofe in the counties of Kent, Surry, and SuTex, at Winchelfea ; in Cambridge, Huntingdon, Norfolk, Suffolk, Lin- coln, Northampton, or Rutland, and the neighbouring counties, at Yarmouth and St. Botolf's ; fo that they wei,° there by a ftated time, under penalty of lofing their charters of pardon (h). These were the regular and conftitutional modes of aflembling our armies in former times, befides which feveral of our fovereigns under the authority of the royal prerogative, obliged diftri6ls, cities, towns, corporations, and even particular perfons, to find men, horfes, and arms, or to pay contributions for that purpofe, not always according to any regular proportion or aiVefTment, but allotted folely by their will and pleafure. This being contrary to the ftatute of the ift of King Edward I. was complained of by the commons in the reign of King Edward HL when although a more ftri6l obfervation was pro- mifed, and alio dire6led by a ftatute, yet botli in that and the fuc- ceeding reigns, particularly thofe of Henry VIH. and Elizabeth, the fame was frequently prat!:fifed. The following curious abftra^l of the different kings wiio have {f: See Hal. PI. Cr. vol. ii. p. 145;, and Baningtf>n on the Statutes. (g) Rot. Vafcon, anno Fa!. M. 8. N. n. M>. Ytlvcrt. (ii) Rot. Pari, anno 13 Ed. Ill, VOL. I. Si n< 5ti 74 HISTOllY OF Si'-: V exercifed this prerogative, was drawn up by Sir Robert Cotton, as it appears, by the order of the king, and laid before th^ lords of the privy council, it is now in the Cotton library, in the Britifli Mufeum. Julius, F. 6>. r . / . ,,.-.,• . , ■ ■'!,'• Raifing Forces at the Counties" Charge, King John ordered in councill, that every nine men fhould find the tenth at their own chardges. — 'Pat. 6 Jobs. Hi-NRY III. of every two ploughlands commanded one man to attende his i'ervice for 40 daies, at the publique chardge of the vil- ladge. Dorf. Clauf. 14. Hen. ill. Scutage he aiTefled feveral times, for his fervices, and for fuch fervice unto Gafcoigne, Wil^-m de Umfreville made fine 100 marks, many others at the fan..; time. Rot. Fin. 26" H. III. & clauf. 15 H. III. In the 14th be caufed his fubjefts, jurare ad arma, proportion- able from a knite fee to 20s. to be ready at the Whitfuntide follow- ing (i). Thefe men the year following were reminded to furnilh themfelves at the country's chardge with munition and vidlualls for 40 daies (k), making fine of fuch as held in capite, and attended not, and levied vi6tualls upon his people for fupplie of his army. And 27 the like fervices were commanded in Gafcoigne, the names of the at- tendants entered upon the roll (1). The nobles by Ed. I. were enjoined fervices into Gaicoigne in the C2d, and their names entered upon the roll (m). The like the fame year to go againft Wales (n). Edward II. impofed fea fervice twelve feveral times upon the porte towns at their owne cofte, fometimes for a month, as iimo. fome for four, as i2mo. fometimes for feven, as 4to (o). In his 17th yenr Southampton is charged with fixteen fliipps, and I * (i) This was only ad defcnfioncm nri & fua regui. Dorf. clauf. 14 II. III. m. 6. (k) Dors, clauf. 15 H. III. ni. 8. (1) Rot. Vafc. 27 H. III. (m) Rot. Vafc. 22 Ed. I. in dorf. (n) Ror. Wall, 22 li. I. dorf. (o) Rot. CI. tt Pat. dc Ans. ijifra. THE ENGLISH ARMY. f$ one hundred and eighteen fea townes more ratably. And he caufed fome of them to build gallies at their own charges, as he did South- ampton of one hundred and twenty oares, in the 23d of his reign. By E4. H. in his firft yeare, men at amies, the countrey vi6tuals and the poll towns lliippes. The charges of men and munition for them for feven weeks, in his 4th yeare, and one out of every towne for fixty daies, and to feize their goods, and imprifon their perfons that refufed (p). The D. of Lancafter is commanded out of his land to levy two thoufand foot, and bring them to Newcaftle ; the like to other no- blemen. The cities and villadges to find for forty daies men and fur- niture at their cofte ; the number in this roll is exprefled, and there an ordinance of the K. and Cls. to furnifh the armes of every degree is entered. Five hundred men are afefled on London fumptibus pro- prijs in his 12th year (q). In the 13th thofe of 40s. land that attended not upon the king's fummons, were fined for the firft default, at a third of their goodes, and the refte for their fecond, and their bodies to be at the king's pleafure for the third ; and of every knight's fee twenty pounds were taken of him that fay led (r). In the 15th one of every town fump- tibus proprijs for 40 daies and the (hire of Bucks redeemed their fer- vice of their men with 600 marks fine, all that had 40I. land, were commanded at their own chardges to ferve tlie king, at the forfeiture of their lande and chattels (s). The nobility with horfe and armea are commanded in the 18th year, and their numbers entered on the roll (t). Edwakd in. in his firft yeare, charged upon the fea towns, all their fliipps from 6'o tonne upwards, and the year following 76' poort townes are commanded to furnilh all their barks above 40 tonn (u). The (p) Rot. Scac. I. Ed. II. dorf. (r) Claus. ct Pat. in 13 Ed. II. (t) Vasc. 18 Ed. II> (q) Claus et Pat. 12 Ed. U. (s) Rot Claus. 15 Ed. II. (u) Pat. and Claus. de ami. i and a Ed. III. i '•^' i'i ■i.f iH 1/ sr* iS ( 1 1^ ^■iiifiV/fc..^, Mi- re V R HISTORY OF ( !^j nobility are fummoncd in his eightli year to attend att Rokelburgli with armed men (x). The like in the loth, upon the citle of London, he impofed a levy of men (y), and airefTed upon the fliires of England certaine horfeman, as eighty out of Suffblkc, he difpenfeth with their fervice, fo they fend him money after the rate they fhould be at (z), and the fee towns are enjoy ned to build barges lo attend the king's fleete at their own chardge (a). • - > . - In the nth yeare the towns and bon ^vvghs are commanded to fur- nifli men (b) All men cnjoyned to find men according to their tenures. The clergie furnili the king with armed men, and all from fixteen to fixty, to be "o.^dy to ferve, the impotente and aged to contribute tOr the Ciiar 'v J a.jd 'r'.or given to arreft goods of fucli as fliould refufe, tanqiam dnniu icis (c). The cinque ports maintained thirty fliipps, durin " ilie i;ri% )f war, and when the fubje6ls complained in parlia- ment f thcfc cli:^' !p.^'?, they received no farther anfvver than this, " it •' fliall be .IS beibre (d)." In the i6ih diveiTe men exprefledby name in the record, do fur- niilie the king with men at amies, and archers (e) ; and pardon is granted to all felons, that "'• of the contents of thefe inltructyons ; and that you and the rell of the jultices of the peact; of that flieire doe, notwith- Itanding your boll endeavours as necL; Ihall refjuire, and as you (lialbe appoynted to farder the fayde fervice in your ievcral divilions, and be in all reafon.ihle thinges aidingc and airillinge the reil, to whonie this fpeciall care is comyted. And for t! at you, that be afare fj jciallye named to have this fpeciall care, may, perchance not be refident within that countie at all times rcquifite, for thexecutyon of this com- milllon ; therefore it is our intent, (notwithllandii g the abfence of fome few of you, lb the moft parte be not abfent out of tbe flieire, that you the rell beinge within the (beire Iball proceede in the fayde commifllon according to thefe inllruflyons, in like cafe as if you were TV grf>ii>fl M>-' of all there prefent as you are named. And in cafe the :!^^/ 7"!^::^ '"^'-^ P^'-t« of y«»' ^ al>o^c iiJeciallie named, fliall 0/ othfri. be abfent out of that fbeire, at the tymes requifite to execute tus commiflion, then you the relle, fhall fo certifie us with yuur opymons who were mete to fnpplie the rooms of the perfons abfent, v hereupon dire6lions flialbe given accordinglie, for fupplie of thofe defe6ls. And confidering it may feme inconvenient, to call men to fuche generall mufters, before the feafon of the yeare Ibalbe more apte thereto, for fayrenefs of weather, and yet the benefit of this fervice requireth all good expedition, confideringe the Itate of matters in other countries, neare to this realme ; therefore it is left Beginning thf mufieru to the dlfcrccyon of you the commidioners, fpeciallie rtfcrrnitoibecommif- • , , ,. n r j'.nmdn'fio,,. ' named, to begyn with theie mufters, at fuche tyme a3 you fliall finde mete, and to contynevve your travells thert-in as you VOL. I. . M \'i 0^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 Ifi^ 1^ ^— i^ liii ||2.2 — m 1.25 lU 11.6 ; ► ^ w ^ '-^ (^ « ^^=^' ^' ^¥^v ^y / '^ > y /A Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4- % ^o 8s HISTORY OF n }(:',' .ttlli I i- :■ fliall finde mete, for feafonablenefs of weather and eafe of the people to be muftered ; and yet neverthelefs you male aflwnble your felfes and confider your commiffion and thefe inftru6lyons, and devife upon the manner of the execution, and by your precepte caufe all perfons Toaffemtuaficipre. ^o be Warned to prepare themfelves, and their armour tbemufler. and weapons m reudynefs to be muftered, whenioevcr theie (halbe called ; and generallie to caufe all things to be don that iriaie convenientlie be don without any notable trouble to the people, by reafon of the feafon of the yeare ; fo as when tyme fliall come to mete for the mufters to be made openlie in the fieldes, you may finde all thinges in the better redynefs to haften the fervice. The Articles of the htflruEiyms, '!;>';x. ••]■-'* fftcepn vfjimmionr ^^ IS neceflarie that by your precepte to the conftable i»aiiper/onuoapi,m. of the hundreds, or other officers thereto requifite and ■ufuall, all hable perfons from fixteen upwards, which are within the lymetts of this your commiffion in any parifli, hamlett or village, be lummoned to appere at daies and places, certain and mete for the mufters, fo none beinge hable of any degree be forborne, to be warned and called to the fame general mufters, otherwife than in fome fpeciall cafes hereafter flialbe remembred. And therefore, it ftialbe well don, to commande in your precepte that the names and furnames of all perfons in everie pariflie, aperte hable to bear armour or to ufe weapons, as above is faide, be ymmediatelie colledled and put in writing, by the faide conftables of the hundreds or other like officers, ufed in fuch cafes ; namyne in the faide writinge or note, everie houleholder by himfelf, with his fonnes, fervants, prentices, journey- men or any other fojourners or indwellers remayninge in their houfes, being hable to weare armure or ufe weapons mete for the warrcs. And that the faide houfeholders be charged to bringe all the faide perfons by name, with their armour and weapons at fuche feveral tymes and places, as Ihalbe thereto lyraited. And fo after the returne THE ENGLISH ARMY. 83 to the commiflloners of tlie faid writinge, conteyniiig tlicire names, the faid commiflioners (hall call for the perfons, and proceed to the mufters of them, and regifter the names of fuch as fliall appear, with notes of their armour and weapons ; and when fome fliall not have armour or weapons mete there, it fhalbe noted to what kinde of fervice for the warres, everie of the faide perfons fliall feme mete, wherein is meant, not to omytte to note what number of them male ferve for laborers or pioners, and who are alfo carpenters, fmythes, or fuch like artificers, fo as there maye be fome ufe had of their ha- bilities for fervice of theire countrie, as caufe fliall require, though theie fliall nott have armor. And of fuche as fliall not appere, hav- ing ben warned, to make a fpeciall note and cheke, and to examyne dulie the caufes of their abfence, and according to reafon to allowe or punyflie, and redrefle the defaultes, that no forberinge be had of any without verie evident neceflarie and lawful 1 caufe, but that the parties being abfent at one tyme, upon reafonable caufe maie yet at fome other tyme appere, to be viewed, mufl;ered, and regillered as others of the like condycion flialbe ; and becaufe it maie feme mete, that the houfeholders in all places flioulde not be compelled to bring all their fervants, or indwellers and hable perfons, at one tyme from tlieir dwelling houfes, it flialbe well therefore, that in the warrants to the aforel'aid conllables or other officers, it maie be exprefled, that theie conferre with the houfeholders, upon the makinge of theire firfl bookes of names, to briiige as manye as maie reafonablie be fpared at the firft daie, and thereafter to appoint theire appearance ; wherein the commiflioners maie alfo, as theie fee caufe, direct the order how many fliall come at the firft tyme, and howe manye at other tyme ; and yet that the writing contayne trulie the names and furnanies bothe of them that fliall appeare at the firft daie, and of them that fliall remayne at home, and the houfeholders to be charged by the commiflioners or otherwife to bring or fende the reft of the perfons at fome other daie, to be by them lymited, to be viewed, multercd and ufed, as hereafter fliall appere theie oughte to be, fo as all tiie nombers of the perfons hable maie at feveniU tymcs be viewed and iu m -'■1 1 ii 1 • > ; I. .1: H {' HISTORY OF ii h4 niuftered; or if conty nuance of ficknefs fliall deteyne any perfon from accefs to the mufters, during this commiflion, yet the name of fuche perfon (halbe certified and regift^red with a note of his habilitie to ferve, when his ficknefle fliall ceafe, and of his furnyture to ferve according to liis degree. ..r,..: ; , ir,-. um . = , ! Item, it is to be underftood, that no houfeholder of any degree, except the prelates and lordes of parliament, and othei's of the p,eiaifs,ioTdsoft>ur. privic couniail (the certain nomber whereof is alreadie liament, prruj'^n. ^^jj ijno^ve„> fljaibg forbome, if he be hable for fer/oHai afjx-arance. helthc or llrcngthe to come himfelf to thofe mufters ; and as for all other inferior perfons ecclefiafticall, beinge not lordes of parliament, whofe vocation is to attend perfonallie upon their mi- nifterie and cures, and for the jullices of the one bench or other, or fuch other bed officers of any of her majefties courtes of record, oc- cupienge judiciall places ; it is ment that as well the faide ecclefiafti- call perfons, as the faide juftices and other judiciall officers, fliall not be compelled to appere at thofe mufters, but fliall fende them hable Hw/tbou/eriauii, fc- fervants and houfehold men, at fome convenient and (Irfiafikal ftrjom and c y\ i i i . i n i » judgts. leverall tymes and places, to be viewed, muftered and regiftered as others are or ftialbe, with their armour and weapons, fo as there maie be neverthelefs a feveral mufler book made of all the houfeholde fervants of the faide clergie aparte. And as for the fer- vants of the faide judges and judiciall officers, with all their furnyture of annour and weapons to be added to the mufters of the layitie, according to their feveral dwellinge places. And as for any lioufe- hold fervants of any of the prelates and lordes of parliament, or of any of the privie counfail, becaufe the laid prelates for their perfons are to be fpared, and the perfonal fervices of the faide lordes tem- porall, or counfaillors are to be dire6\ed by fpeciall commandment of her majeftie, about her perfon, or otherwife accordinge to their cal- linges ; there is another fpeciall order appoynted aparte from iier majeftie to the faid prelates, lordes and counfaillors, to certifie in writinge to her majeftie, the numbers and names of their houfehold fervants mete to ferve with them, being their lordes and mafters> % THE ENGLISH ARMY. 85 with the furnyture alfo of theire horfes, geldinges, armour and wea- pons, which theie have or oughte to have in readynes, or will en- creafe for her majefties fervice, and for all others that are not hoiife- hold i'ervauntes, or dalie attendauntes, to anie of tlie iaide temporall lordes of parliament or counfaillors, and yet.havinge their dwelUnge and proper houfeholdes in that fliire, pretending tliat theie doe belonge to any of the faide lordes temporall or counfaillors as retaynors, fuche ihalbe fummoned in like cafe as others flialbe at theire dwelling houfes to appeare, and Ihalbe muftered and charged accordinge to theire habilities to be furnilhed with armour and weapons, and ihalbe charge- Sirv.inis ntayneJ by able to repair therewith to all mufters, and to reforte anj court/ j/hrs. to any fervice within the fheire, as any other of the fame flieire ihalbe charged, upon calling for to the defence of the fea coafte or invafion of the realme. And yet there flialbe a particular note and regifter kept of the perfons beiiige fo retayned, and theire dwellinge places, and in what forte theie do pretend to be retayned by their lordes and mailers. And the commiflions fliall forbear to make entrie of anie fuche, fo knowen to be lafullye reteyned by their lordes and mafters, into any fpeciall companyes and bands of the reft of the foldiers to be appoynted for that country. But to be chargeable as is abo'efaid onlie to reforte with the reft of their neighbours and parifliioners in warlike manner to the defence of theire countrie at all tymes, when theie fliall not be called out of the faide countrie by commandment of they re lorde or mafters ; in which cafe in refpec^l of the fervices to be done perfonallie to their lordes and mafters as caufe fliall requier, the faide perfons, fo lafullye reteyned, flialbe excufed duringe the tyme that theie flialbe abfent upon the commandement of the lordes and mafters. ,. Item, the commiffioners fliall upon the firft mufters confider par- ticularlie all the imperfeccyons in the perfons appearing, and in the armures, weapons and fuch like, and fliall give particular inftruc- Ymper/iccioni of men cyons and cliardgc how to remedie the fame by ibme LliSS'S'/^ ty'"^^ ^^^''""to to be fpedalie lymitted, and fliall ap- '""■/'"''' pointecertaine perfons in the mean tyme witliin everie J^ If M: If-- ' Ml:] 86 i'^ 'J HISTORY OF hundred or other divifion, to fee to, and give order for the reforma- cyon thereof againftthe tyme of the nexte mufters. ...^ ♦ Item, where alwaies of verie ancyent tyme there hath been and ftill are a nomber certain of foldiers furniihed of armure and wea- pons, to be founde of the comon chardge of everie towne or parilhe, over and befides fuche particular perlbns as are by the late ftatutes chargeable, by reafon of their own private poflefTions or^ goods to finde foldyers, arhlure and weapons. iffioa;!;! wi bai.o.ii'm/l.jdic'U The commiffioners fhall do well upon the regiftringe of the faide generall mufters to caufe fpeciall entries to be made aparte of the faide nombers found by the jiarilhes in the raufter books diftinfte from the others, that therbie it maie appeare how manye are of one forte, and Howe many of the other. And for the more encreafe of hable men to be furnifhed with armour and weapon, the commiffioners fliall caufe the meaner forte of freeholders, franklyns, fermors or iner- chants, beinge not of fufficient valewe of freeholde or of goods to have one whole furniture of armour or weajwns, to be treated vvithall by good perfuafion, and for the love of their countrie to be induced to joyne together by two or three or more, in the provifion of a fur- niture, eitlier of a pikeman, archer, or harquebufier, to ferve as occa- fion fhall requier. And furdermore they fliall perfuade all manner of riche ffannours and freeholders to keep in their houfe perfons mete for archerie and fliott, left when the faid farmours and freeholders fliall for their owne exj)ence otfer to finde other to ferve in their fteade as foldiers, by hiringe them againft the daie of mufters, tlieia doe nott feeke for fuche perfons dwellinge out of their houfes, for fuche borroNvinge of men to farve mult not be fuffered, but that either thefe kepe fuche hable men in their lioufes to be alwaies ready, or els that theie be compelled to ferve in theire owne proper perfons when necelfitie fliall requier. -•*' . tji> r.-fj *,w ; .j >.;r-/- ' • Item, that after the commiflioners fliall have don theire uttermofte in procuringe of thefe generall mullcrs in fuche forte as none be fuf- fered to be abfent, that is hable to carrie armure or weapon, other- wife than afore is lyniitted ; and that the full nombers flialbe knowen THE ENGLISH ARMY. 87 of all hable perfons and their qualities, and that the quantities of armure and weapons flialbe alio feene and confidered in everie divifion; the faide commiflTioners with good deliberacyon fliall make choice of perfons meteft to be captaynes and petty-captaynes, not forbearingo any under the degree of a lorde of parliament, to tacke chardge of certaine nombers according to their qualities, fo as concyderation be had, that perfons of molle worlhippe, creditt and valewe, be appoynt- ed to take chardge of more or lefle nombere, accordinge to theire degrees, that is to faie, fome of the bell worfhipp to have chardge of 200 or 300, ' and that others of meaner degrees and values in livinge, doe take chardge under them, of everie of the faide hundrede aparte; and that there be alfo, with confent of the captaynes, a charge made of the (kilfull and experte perfons, to be lieutenants of everie hundred, and neceiTarie officers to governe and lead the faide bandes. In choice whereof, fpeciall regarde alfo fhalbe had, that no perfons being knowen, or havinge given manifeft caufe to be fufpeft- ed as unwillinge to ferve the queen's majeftie and the realme, have any truft of chardge or leadinge of men comytted to them. • Item, becaufe the trayninge and exercife of a multitude of people, in their armour and weapons, and namely archers and harquebufiers, may feme coftlie and chardgeable, and that it fhnll not feme neceflarie in many places, to have the wliole nombers of the hable people, to be armed and weaponed. Therefore the faid A, B, C, D, &c. with the afliftance aforei'aid, fliall therein ufe theire difcrecyons, after theie Ihall have made a generall mufter of the nombers of the whole fheire, and fliall confider and determyne, what were, or maie be a convenient nomber in everie parte of the flieire, to be colledled out of the totall nomber, mete to be forted in bandes, and to be trayned and exercifed in fuch forte, as maye reafonablie be borne by a common chardge of the whole countrie, and thereof, and alfo of the reft of the whole nombre, theie fhall fpedllie certifie the queens majefties privie counfail in a briefe manner, notynge holie the nombres, where- bie to have theire opynions concorninge the lymitation of the faid nombers to be fele(^led, fo as the fame bcinge fo allowed, or other- ir! h ,^ 1, ill 'i h fe-* rM! ! ■■^'TSS'' 88 HISTORY OF ^ ' r r wife altered, there may thereupon be a diredtion to the commiflloners to putt the fame in execucyon, and the chardges alfo, for the tray- ninge of the faid nomber, ys to be confidered, that being reafonablic allotted by the divifions of the fchire through all the pariflies, it may be as eafie a chardge as reafonablie maie be borne, and yet fo necef- farie a thinge it is to be procured, as without that helpe, the reft will ferve to fmall purpofe ; wherein it is to be remembered, that it is not cbardgeifortrayn- vd&M to Iiavc a contynuance of any i'uche chardge, but '*■?'• now at the begynninge, fome reafonable allotment vvolde be made to beare the chardges of them that (halbe occupied under the commifTioners in the muftringe and trayninge of the faide bandes of foldiers that flialbe fo felefled out of the toatal nomber muf- tered, and alfo to paye for the powder that neceflarilie flialbe fpent in the faide exercife, befide other neceflarie chardges, to be imploied by fome allowance upon the foldiers therafelves, that flialbe trayned, for fome helpe and reliefe to them, in refpedl of the tyme theie fhall fpende, in refortinge to their mufters, attendinge upon their exercifes, to be ufed ; and in taxatyon of any fuch fomes of money regarde woulde be had to fpare as much as maie be, the poor huftjandman, the cotager and artifan, and to chardge fuch chieflie as be riche and not mete to ferve in theire own perfons, and where any ftrangers flialbe refident, beinge njt naturall borne fubje6ls, it flialbe reafonable to chardge them accordinge to their powers, confideringe theie are nott perfpnallie to be ufed in fervice as others are. i Item, there flialbe regarde had howe to divide and diftribute the iufe of the weapons, in the fortinge of the bands, that there maie be in everie hundred footmen, at the leaft, fortye harquebufiers and twenty archers, if fo it mai be convenientlie procured ; and to that end, the faid commiflioners fliall ufe all good perfwafions, and fliall give fome good exanii)le in the countrie, by exercife in games and matches, to encreafe thofe two weapons, forefeyenge, that the archers maie be men of (Irengtiie, and fo the more hable to flioote in the longe bowes ; and becaufe it is not lafuU for any perfon, but fuch as by the ftatute are thereto licenfed, to flioot in any handgonne, or ill \ t THE EyCLISH ARMY. H he as or liarquebufs, her majeftic is pleafed, that all fuch as (halbe appoynted by the commiffioners to be harquebufiers, to ufe their faide weapons without daunger of the lawes, fo astlieie do nott ufe the fame other- wife than others may do that are by the ftatute hcenfed ; and for the manner of the trayninge and exercife of the faide felediled nomber, the faid commifTioners alfo ihall ufe theirc difcrccyone, for choice of tyme and places mete and convenient for fuch aflemblies, in everie feveral divifion of the flnre, for the more eafe of tlic people, and that the aflemblies be nott greater, in any one place and tyme, than is convenient ; and fpeciallie to forefee that no publique aflemblies, nor exercife of weapons, be had for this purpofe, but that there be at the faide place and tyme, two jufticcs of the peace, at the leaft, ly- mitted to be prefent, or elfe one of the fpeciall commilfioners here before named, fo as bothe good order may be ufed for the faid exer- cife, and that no other unneceflarie nombers of people reforte thereto, but fuch as are to be exercifed and trayned, or otlier neceflarilie attendinge upon them, or thereto liccnfed by tlie commiflioners ; and fpeciallie to fee that the peace be dulie kept, or otherwife that the Prace 10 be hft in the fliarpcft and fpcedicfl punyfliment be ufed without ajmbius. delaye, that can lefullie be upon the breakers of the peace at any fuch aflemblies ; and it be alfo ordered that no foldier do come to any fuch aflemblie, but fuch as flialbe appoynted by their captayns or officers, or with the knowledge and permifllon of the commiflioners. Item, when the nom» • is of the feled^ed hable men fliall be knowen, and ho ve many fliall be furny filed with armur and weapon, and the fame diftributed to the captaynes and leaders, everie captayne fl^iall have a fpeciall roll made in writinge, of the names and furnames of the perfons, and theire dwellinge place, lymitted to his chardge and leading, fubfcribed by the fpeciall com- miflioners, or one of them ; and as any of the foldiers or officers fliall either dye, or fliall upon juft caufe, remove to fome other dwellinge, out of the flieire or the lymitt of the divifion where his mufter place ys appoynted, which he fliall nott do before knowledge given to the VOL. I. N Everie band to be muf. hred. m so HISTORY OF Pi is 'M •f captayne ; then the captaine (hall give notice thereof, to his fuperior captayne, if he have any, or elfe to one of the fpeciall commiflioners, i'o as the roome may, by warrant from one of the commiflioners, be fpedilie fupplied, and an hable man armed and weaponed may be pro- vided, and his name entered into the place of the former roll. T„firvaiioncf ar- Item, tlic commiflioncrs fliall alfo appoynte fome we*. «« forimyiKH^ bitants tlicTcof bc ratablyc chardgcd, without bourdo- 10 bt borne by ibt tn'ji jiyngc foiHe more than other, otherwife than theire hahihtics Ihall rcquier. And thus farrc ys fulhcient for fo much as conccrnethc the mufteringe, trayninge and exercifinge of the footmen, within that countie. And if there flialbe any towne corporate, or other place priviledged, tliat fhall pretend to have by efpeciall grante, avaylable in law, exemption from appearauncc to mufter before any other commilFioners, then fuche as be juftices or officers of the faide townes or places ; in fuch cafes upon the (hewinge to you the fpeciall commillioners of fuch grauntes, and of the ufage thereof, if it (hall apperc that their claymes of fucli exemptions are good and reafonable, you Ihall forbere to entermeddle with the inha- bitants thereof, and (hall chardge them that fpedilie theie do make fuite to the lords of tlie privie counfaill, for a fpeciall commiflion to take the like mullers of the faid inhabitants as of others, within the bodie of the countie ; and if you (hall underftand, that theie fliall make delaye fo to do, you, the fpeciall commi(fioners, (hall thereto certifie her majeflies counfaill, that in fuch cafe you fliall enter and take mufters of them. FiNALLYE, where in the beginninge of thefe inftruccyons it is or- deyned, that you A, B, C, D, E, F, (hall take efpeciall care of the executynge of the commiflion ; yet for your more eafe in devydingc of yourfelves accordinge to the places of your rcfidence, you fliall do well to order, that in everie fuch divifion, the reft of the juftices of peace, accordinge to their habilities and underftandings, maie be fo appoynted to affift you, and, as caufe (hall rcquier, to join with you, and in meaner poyntes of fervices, to fupplie alfo your roomcs ; for otherwife the burden of the fervice will prove too great and troublefomc. • " I * '^ t ; I . \ 'm^ IP \ ^}^ ' <, f mA I briit gu HISTORY OF Articki fcr Furniture of Horfemen. I; Item, bccaufe one of the beft ftrengthes to be required for defence of the rcalme, and that which is thoughte to be mode decayed and ymperfedte, and moft neceirarilie to be increafed, is the furniture of horfes and horfemen within the reahne, it fhalbe well confidered by the faide A, B, C, D, &c. prelentlie upon the rcccipte of the com- inifTion, and without delay, by good and advifed conferences amongft themfelves upon theire firft metynge, howe manye perfons within the (hire, in every hundred and divifion, in refpedl of theire true, juft, and rcafonable clere yerelie valours of their landes and poflelTions or fees, or of the clere value of their goods, are by the lawes and fta- tutes of the realme, chargeable to fynde and have in readynes, horfes or geldinges bothe for launces and for light horfemen, with armour and weapons mete for the fame ; wherein is to be remembered, that the lawes do exprefslie prefcribe the chardge and nomber of the faide horfes, or geldinges, to be accordinge to the juft value of everie perfons landes and fees, and of their goodes ; and nott (as a common fuppofityon is made) that the faid values of landes, fees and goods, (hould be accompted accordinge to the common and eafy taxacyons ufed for the payment of fubfidies . And therefore, thoughe the faid taxations for the payment of fubfidies, it is fene by experience of her majefties clemencye and goodnefs, that theire hath not byn ufed any better inquifycion of the furder values of any perfons for their landes or goods, to encreafe her majefties fubfidie, as in reafon might be, fpeciallie where there appeareth great partialities in the faid taxa- cyons ; yet, in this fpeciall cafe, wherein confifteth a matter of fuche weighte for the fervice, furetie and defence of the whole realme, yea, the particular defence of every fpeciall perfon, her majeftye fyndeth it moft neceflarie and jufte, to have a furder regarde, and not to fuffer the iiitencyons of fo neceftarie and reafonable lawes to be in that wife fruftrated, to the weaknes and danger of the realme, as it is like it Ihoulde be, if everie perfon chargeable to fynde horfes ler- x):m THE ENGLISH ARMY. 9'3 vi fable (houlde be no furder charged, than accordingc to the common eafie values afefled by the felTions of the fubfidies, whiche her majeftie verilie fuppofeth, no good fuhjedls being hereof dulie warned will thinke reafonable, where thefe are in dedc well knowen otherwife more hable by their landes, fees and goods to anfwer a greater nomber of horfes and geldinges ; for fo alfo by experience of former muflen of horfemen in fondrie partes of the realme it hathe bin well fene, that a great nomber of worlhipfull and honeft well difpofed gentle- men, for love of their country, have had in readines more horfes or geldinges for fervice furnifhed, than tlie rate of the valcws of theire lands or goods certified for fuWidies, have prefcribed, and yet none of them have therebie byn the more chardged towards the payment of any fubfidies, neither in reafon oughte to be, but doe rather deferve to be favored in all other manner of chardges, and to be efteemed the better and more naturall fubjedts. And therefore, the faide A, B, C, D, &c. &c. after that they have amongfl tiiemfelfes eonfidered, and well perufed the nomber and ftate of the pofeflioners refident within that flieire, whom they fliall thinke to be indede hable in land, fees or goods, accordinge to the rates as by the laws ys ordeyned, ftiall make a book thereof, and confequentlie fhall fend particular precepts to every of them, to prepare and put in ready nefs, fuch nomber of iiorfes and geldings for fervice, as they oughte to have by the ftatutes and prrcrf,, to warn a.'i lawes of tile Tfalme ; with fpeciall rcqueft in the faide mr>n:bjr^i.M ipjy'idi prcccpt, to cncreafe the faide nomber as farre forth. horfes, * *■ as their habilites may rcafonablie extende, without regarde to their values as theie b^* ailefled in any fubfidie books ; and of the nomber that willinglie they will offer to find and have in ready- nes, to commande them to make anfwere by a day to be lymitted„ which woulde be fjiedie as may be ; and upon receipte of the fame an- fwers, if the faide A, B, C, D, &c. fhall thinke that any of the faide parties have not yelded to fuch a nomber as they fhall thinke reafon- able they oughte to do, they Ihall commande them to appeare before crrnficaiaoftbcfiun. them, and there (hall ufe all the bell perfwafions that ^tumgeiofindeborfeu ^j^gy ^an, to induce them to increafe the nomber and furniture, whereuiito if thei fliall not agree, they ihall immediatelie: M ^1': ; I- :%i P4> HISTORY OF certifie their names with their own offers, and the nombers whiche the faide commiflTioners Ihall have lymited to them, with a note of their vahies in fubfidies, and what the commilfioners fliall conceive them to be more in value. And as to the reft that flialbe conformable to the mocyons of tlie commiflTioners, it (halbe ordered, that they may be lymited a reafon- abletyme to have the faide horfes and geklingcs in readynes to be fene and muftered. And the faide commiffioners fliall at fome convenient place and tyme, as foon as the fame maye be, take the mutters of all the faide horfes and geldinges, and of fuch mete perfons as ihalbe ap- poynted to ferve uppon them, with theire whole furniture of armour and weapons, accordinge to theire feveral degrees and habilities : and in treatinge with any prrfons for encreafe of the nombers of horfes and theire furniture, the faid commiffioners fhall let them knowe, that theire (halbe a feverall regifter booke made of the horfes or geldinges, which theie fhall kepe, accordinge to their values taxed in the fubfidie bookes, and another book aparte contaynynge the rell, which theie ihalbe content to furniflie as an encreafe of theire good will which theie beare to the fervice of theire countrie, fpeciallie as this tyme nowe requireth ; and for the further probacyon of them to this en- creafe, they male be perfuaded, that it Ihalbe ordered, that the nom- bers of horfes and geldinges fo encreafed above the value rated by the fubfidie books, ihall not be ufed or fent abroad to fervice, but when the owners thereof themfelves fhalbe fent to ferve, or any other by their confent and agreement, upon great, urgent and generall caufe for the neceflarie defence of the whole realme. And of the confor- mities of fuch as fhall in this forte agree to an encreafe, the fame Cniificoift of i VOL. I. i'i'f ■ HISTORY OF bad expedient, and in general timidly, partially, and improperly exe- cuted (t). The army, as it ftands at prefent, may date its origin from the re- ft oration ; though fome of the eftablifhment, formed by Charles II. was taken from corps raifed during the civil wars ; for inftance, the firft regiment of foot, and the Coldftream regiment of guards, which laft came with General Monk from Scotland. The royal regiment of horfe-guards, commonly called the Oxford blues, is among the firft on this eftabliftiment. It does not derive its name from the city of Oxford ; but from Aubrey, Earl of Oxford, who was its firft colonel, in 1661. The two troops of horfe-guards, which Charles embodied about the fame time, and of which the pri- vates were all gentlemen, have been fome years abolifhed, and in their ftead have been fubftituted two fine regiments of cavalry, fubje6t to military difcipline, like the reft of the army, which are called the ift and 2d regiments of life-guards. The regular army, eftablilhed by Charles II. confifted at firft of very little more than 5000 men, including garrifons abroad. It is curious to trace the large military force now on foot from fuch fmall ■I \ii I I ii (t) An aft for imprefling foldiers took place in 1779, when all the thieves, pickpockets and vagabonds in the environs of London, too lame to run away, or too poor to bribe the pariih oiEcers, were apprehended and delivered over as foldiers to the regiments quartered in the very towns and villages where tliefe banditti had lived and been taken. Thefe men being thus fet at large in the midft of their old companions and connexions, immediately dcferted, whereby the whole expence, by no means an inconliderable one, was thrown away : nor did the foldiers of the regiments on which they were impofed, take the lead pains to prevent their efcape, or to retake them ; as they juftly confidered being thus made the companions of thieves and robbers, a moft grievous and cruel infult, and loudly com- plained of it as fuch, to their officers. Indeed it feems to have been a very ill judged mea- fure, tending to dedroy that profcffional pride, that efprit du corps which ought moll affi- duoufly to be cultivated in every regiment. The profeffion of a foldler has long ceafed to be lucrative, if it ever was fo. If it is likewife made dillionorable, where (hall we get foldiers on whom we may depend ? when the exigencies of the times make it necefFary to take fuch men into the fervice, they fliould at lead be fcnt to regiments quartered in a diftant part of the kingdom, where they and their characters are equally unknown, or divided among the regiments on foreign fervice. THE ENGLISH ARMY. m exc- le re- esll. B, the which )xford nve its )xford, ruards, he pri- in their bje6tto the ift firft of . It is fmall en beginnings. In 1684 the (landing army amounted to 8000 men ; that on the Irifli eftablifhment had been by the fame time augmented to 7000. During the two fucceeding reigns the army was much increaled, the nation being then engaged in continental wars. Under George I. in 1717 the forces voted by parliament amounted to 16,000 men. The foreign wars and the internal difturbances during the following reign caufed a confiderable augmentation of the (landing army. In 1746, the troops on the Britifti ellablifliment confifted of two royal troops of horfe-guards, two of horl'e-grenadier-guards, one royal regiment of horfe-guards, four regiments of cavalry, ten of dragoons, three regi- ments of foot-guards, and thirty regiments of foot. Every fucceffive war has increafed the ellablifliment of the army, in proportion to our acquifition of territory abroad. At the conclufion of the American conteft, the forces were reduced to about 40,000 men for Great Britain and Ireland, confifting of two troops of royal horfe-guards, two of grenadier-guards, one royal regiment of horfe- guards, four regiments of cavalry, nineteen of dragoons, three regi- ments of foot-guards, and feventy-three marching regiments of foot ; befides the royal regiment of artillery, and thirty-fix independent companies of invalids (*). m m pickpockets to bribe the :s quartered Thefe men immediately ivas thrown ike the leaft g thus mnde oudly corn- judged mea- ht moft affi- ceafed to be get foldiers to take fuch iftant part of :d among the * The prefent eftablifhment of the army for as follows : Two regiments of life-guards. One regiment of royal horfe-guards (blues). Seven regiments of dragoon-guards. Twenty-nine regiments of dragoons. Three regiments of T , . , ° , / one havmg 4, one foot-guards, I . j- , " , f 2> and feveral 2 Nmety-two regular I , ,. : , ° 1 battalions, regiments of foot, J Five battalions of artillery in England. One invalid ditto. One battalion of Irifli artillery. A corps of royal engineers. Thirty-fix independent companies of mvalids. Great Britain and Ireland is (November, 1 799) Twelve Weft-India regiments. One regiment of mounted riflemen. Six troops of horfe-artillery. A corps of infantry for New South-Wales. Ditto for Jamaica. Ditto for Upper Canada. Ditto for Minorca Ditto for Jerfey. A Scotch brigade in the Eaft-Indies. Thirty-one regiments of fencible cavalry. Forty-four regiments of fencible infantry, and Six corps of provifional cavalry (erobodied). !{•:'« lOO ' '^ HISTORY OF U * » f j^ I : ' . J ff CHAPTER V. iiO .,,:.t Of the different Kinds of Troops, their Arms offenfive and defenfivet their Organization and Appointments. "II m f' I HE cavalry of our ancient Englifli armies foon after the conqueft, confifted of the knights, or men at arms, and hobilers ; the infantry of fpear and bill men, crofs-bow men and archers (u). The men at arms derived that appellation from being completely armed de cap-^-pied, or from head to foot ; they were chiefly com- pofed of the tenants in capite, holding by military fervice, or their fubflitutes, fometimes called fervientes. The defenfive armour of a man at arms, was a hauberk of double mail, compofed of ringlets of iron linked together like a net (x), this covered the body, and to it were joined a hood, breeches, ftockings and fabatons or (hoes of the fame conftru6lion ; the hands and arms were alfo defended by gauntlets and fleeves of mail. In France the hauberk was armour peculiarly appropriated to per- fons poflefled of certain eflates or feigneuries called fiefs d'haubert, and might not be worn by perfons of an inferior degree (y). ' > (u) In garrifons the men at arms occafionally ferved on foot. Anno 1442, Thomas Hoo was retained by K. Henry VI. for the defence of the city of Mante, for which purpofe he was to keep conilantly fifty men at arms on hotfeback, twenty men at arms on foot, and two hundred and ten archers fufficiently armed, mounted, arrayed, and cloathcd. P. Daniel, torn. I. p. 226. (x) Sometimes, but not commonly, men at arms wore habergeons made of plate mail, formed of fmall round plates of iron, laid one over the other like fcales of fi(h. (y) The hauberk was the proper armour of a knight ; an efquire might wear a fliirt of mail over his gambefon, but might not ufe the hood, breeches, hofe, nor fleeves of mail. See Father Daniel's Hift. de la Mill. Franc, torn. i. p. 393 and 394. An extraft from an old I i I <• , > -. AO -. ■'■'•. »'■ ■^ nfivct ;■;;> iqueft, ■ • itry of jletely • ♦ com- r their . double :), this ■ • ■, , ■:■ ILtvlIIgS d arms to per- aubert. Vf ' .' jmas Hoo ', V ■ urpofe he foot, and ' P. Daniel, }late mail, •••" -A-f • a Ihirt of ' " ■ s of mail. ^ from an , >"' ' ' old * •># I ' I' A * P .■■5. '! «& ■>■ '! ■ ! ..1 !■ . .— V, MK^ Gorman Soldiers. ••-.I-* :-. . - -*.•■* '* THE ENGLISH ARMY. 101 Commonly under the hauberk, though fometimes over it, was worn a loofe garment called a gambefon, which defcended as low as the knees ; it was ftuifed with wool or cotton, and quilted ; the ufe of it was to deaden the ftrokes of the fword or lance, which, though they did not divide the mail, might, without the interpofition of the gambefon, feverely bruife the body ; under or between the hauberk and gambefon, a breaft plate of forged iron, called a plaftron, was occafionally put on ; over which all men of family wore fur-coats of fatin, velvet, or cloth of gold or filver, richly embroidered with their armorial bearings (z). ' By a ftrap, hung over the neck, the men at arms carried a Ihield made of wood, covered with leather, bound or llrengthened with h*on or brafs, having handles on the infide for brafing it, which was the term then in ufe, to exprefs the putting it over the left arm (a). Thefe (hields were for at leaft a century after the conqueft of a trian- gular form, pointed at the bottom, and a little convex in the direc- tion of their breadth. The helmets worn by the men at arms were of different forms (b). I* i ' ■I' ^1 old regulation for tournaments, quoted by Du Cange in his feventh diflertation on the hif- tory of St. Louis, thus defcrlbes the armour of an efquire ; Item, the harnefs of an efquire ftjall be fimilar to that of a knight, except that he fliali not have the hofe of mail, nor coif of mail over his bacinet, but a hat of Mont AUianj nor ou^jht he to have fleevcs of mail: in all other points he may arm Iiimfelf like a knight. (z) One may judge by all this how our knights were loaded, wlien they had all their arms, for they had befides their ordinary clothes, the gambefon, which of itfelf muft in fummer have been very hot, being fluffed with wool or cotton, above this was their coat of double mail, and confequently of an extraordinary weight. Princes and certain great lords had over all their coats of* arms, which held the place of the paludamentum of the ancient Roman captains, and was in figure like a dalmatick without fleevcs, and defrending to the knees ; it was charged with the efcutcheons, or armorial bearings of the wearer, and often was of cloth of gold or filver, rich furrs, or cut velvets. But Fauchet has forgot in his de- fcription, another fpecies of defenfive armour which was worn under the gambefon j this was a plaftron of iron. P. Daniel, torn. i. p. 388. . "(a) From the French word Bras. Arm. . - (b) Specimei^s of every fort here mentioned may be feen in the great feals of our kings and ancient barons. :l , 108 '/■ HISTORY OF ^' !l .11 fome conical or pyramidical, with a fmall projed^ion called a nafal, to defend the face from a tranfverfe ftroke ; fome cylindrical, covering the whole head down below the chin, with apertures for figlit and breath ; and others in which the face was totally uncovered. Helmets with bevers and vizors do not feem to have been in ufe till the mid- dle of the 14th century, about which time, the hauberk was ex- changed by many of our men at arms for plate armour, fo called from being formed of plates of iron (c). •; : . - •. •• ; . On the crefts of their helmets, kings (d) frequently wore their crowns, earls and dukes their coronets, generals or other officers of rank either their armorial cognifances, or any other device they thought proper ; this was done to make them look larger and more terrible to tlieir enemies, and to render themfelves conipicuous to their officers and foldiers. To this lift of defenfive armour may alfo be added the war faddle, whofe arcon of bows of fteel, covered the rider as liigh as the navel. The knights of the three or four reigns next fucceeding the con- queft, commonly wore the pryck fpur, which had only a fingle point, after which the rouelle, or wheel fpur, came in fafhion ; fome of thefe rouelles were near fix inches in diameter. Thus enveloped and loaded with fuch a number of weighty incum- brances, it is by no means wonderful, that in the midft of fummer, m the heat, duft and prefs of an engagement, men at arms fliould be fuffocated in their armour, an event which we learn from hiftory has fometimes happened ; befides the inconveniency arifing from the (c) P. Daniel, vol. i. p. 396. (d) In Bab. Cott. Tiberius, E. VIII. is a manufcript, written about the time of Henry VIII. wherein among divers military arrangements, is one entitled the Order of a Kynge, if he entered to fyghtc. The kynge, arrayed in his own coat of armes, muft be on horfe- back, on a good horfe, covered alfo with his armes : the kynge muft alfo wear a crown upon his headpiece. Henry V. wore his crown at the battle of Agincourt, part of it was cut off by the duke of Alen9on, with a ftroke of his fword. King Richard III. wore his crown at the battle of Bofworth, which was, according to Rapin and others, after his death, found in the field of battle by a foldier, who brought it to the Lord Stanley. r I t ti THE ENGLISH ARMY. 103 heat, a man thus fwathed up like an i^gyptian mummey could have but fmall powers of adlion. Indeed in a charge of cavalry very little exertion is required on the part of the rider, the fuccefc chiefly de- pending on the ftrength of the horfe. All that the ancient knights had to do, was to keep their feats, and direct their lances ; but how they were able to ul'e the fword or mace to any eHe6l, feems incom- prehenfible (e), though indeed, this in fomc meafure accounts for the imall number of knights flain in many engagements between cavalry only, in fome of which we read not one knight was killed ; probably, as ranfom was fo great an objeft with foldiers of thofe days, they rather wiflied to capture than to kill their adverfaries ; for this pur- pofe therefore they endeavoured to unhorfe them, as a knight when overthrown was immoveable, and lay on the fpot till remounted by his friends, or feized by his enemies. The offenfive arms of a horfeman, or man at arms, were a fword, or fwords (f), a lance and a fmall dagger, called a mifericorde, either from its being mercifully ufed in putting out of their mifery perfons defperately wounded, or from the fight of it, being apt to caufe thofe againft whom it was drawn (commonly knights unhorfed and lying on the ground) to cry, mifericorde, mercy or quarter. Men at arms alfo frequently carried iron maces, fufpended at their faddle- bovve. The horfes of the men at arms, were fcarcely lefs encumbered with armour than their riders ; their faces, heads and ears were co- vered over with a fort of matk, fo contrived as to prevent tlieir feeing ^ 1 I (e) King James I. obferved in praife of armour, that it not only prote£led the wearer, but alfo prevented him from injuring any other perfon. (f) The ancient knights frequently carried two fwords, one in a belt by their fide and the other fixed to their faddle-bowc. In the Speculum Regale, written about the 1 2th century, among other directions for the arming of a horfeman, are thofe: " let him have two fwords, one in his belt and the other hanging to his fatldle-bowe, with a war-knife." P. 406. In a military treatife attributed to Guillaume de Bellay, it is faid, men at arms (hould have their fword of arms at their fide, the eftoc (a long fliarp-pointed fword) at one bowe of their faddle, and a mace at tlie otlier. ai: r 104, 1 HISTORY OV'itur 'HI h right before them, in order that they might not be terrified from charging or (hocking with vigour : this malic was called a chafron or fliafront. Frequently from the centre of the forehead proje6led an iron fpike, rcfembling the horn given to that fabulous animal an unicorn ; their necks were defended by a numlier of fmall plates connedled together, called a criniere, or inanefaire ; they had poi- trinals for their brealts, croupieres and flancois for covering tlieir buttocks and flanks, reaching down to the hocks ; all thefe pieces were generally of iron or brafs, though fometimes of cuir-bouiirKi, i. e. jacked leather. Occafionally they were covered all over with mail, or linen Huffed and quilted like the gambefon and adorned with rich embroidery. Horfes thus covered, were called barded, and corruptly barbed horfes : they were alfo frequently Ililed covered horfes (g). To prevent their horfes from being fatigued under all their own incumbrances, and the enormous weight of their riders, and to pre- ferve their vigour for the charge, the men at arms had commonly hackneys for riding on a march, and did not mount their war horfes till they were certain of coming to action ; a circumftance which has frequently occafioned them to be furprifed and defeated, before they could mount their chargers and form. Barded horfes were in ul'e in our armies, at the time of King Edward VI. • When plate armour came into general ufe, which, as has been be- fore obferved, was about the middle of the fourteenth century (h), the different pieces for a man at arms, were thefe ; a clofe helmet, having a vifor to lift up and let down, or one with a vifor and bever, both revolving on the fame pivots (i). When thefe were clofed the air was admitted through apertures made alfo for fight, and other 1^ (g) Barde', in old French, fignifies covered. (h) It is not to be fuppofed that before that time plate armour was unknown ; hiftory affords us plenty of inftances to the contrary ; but probably, it was in the earlier periods too dear to be generally worn : there are ftill many fpecimens of Roman plate armour in the mufeums of the curious. (i) The vifor was opened to obtain a Icfs obftru^led fight, and the bever, to enable the wearer to converfe more freely, and to eat or drink ) their ufe is pointed out by their names. ^r T' iii IN 1 1 ' ■ , . ■■'( t ^\ f i^ I ! ': r» I i I I I n "A 3iloRsi;MAN% AKyjs,A«.Mor"«,77Xr<'ox'TRKM"E?fTs; ^ t'lii'i'tiiiiM/ .ttnifi ' THE ENGLISH ARMY. iQS I'lnaller perforations oppofite tlie mouth and noftrils. The neck and throat were defended by a gorget, or hallercet ; the body by a cuirafs, formed of two pieces hooked together, denominated backs and bread pieces, from the parts they covered ; to the back was joined, a gard de reines, or culet ; the arms were covered with braflarts, called alfo avant bras, and corruptly vambraces, the hands b; gauntlets, the Ihoulders by pouldrons, the thighs by cuiflkrts, and the legs by iron boots, called greaves, and fometimes by boots of jacked leather. Under all thefe, was worn a jacket of thick fuflian or buff leather; fliields feem to have been left off by the cavalry before this alteration. Plate armour was, forae time after its introdu6lion, made of a prodigious thicknefs ; Monfieur de la Noue, in his fifth military dif- courfc, fays, that to guard againft the violence of harquebufles and pikes* the men at arms loaded themfelves with anvils, inllead of . covering themfelves with armour ; it was alfo fo clofely fitted as to make it difficult to penetrate the jpints with the mifericorde, bt dagger. Fatlier Daniel quotes from Philip de Comines, an inftance of this at the battle of Fornoue, under Charles VIII. where a number of Italian knights who were overthrown, could not be flain on ac- count of the flrength of their armour, till broke up like huge lobfters, by the fervants and followers of the army, with large wood-cutters' axes ; each man at arms having three or four men employed about him (k). •• ■■ ■ .■ . \ . . ■. . About the time of Queen Mary, the appellation of men at arms, fignifying the heavy-armed cavalry, feems to have been changed to that of fpears and launces, and afterwards to cuiraffiers. The armour of a lancier was much the fame as laft defcribed ; their offenfive weapons wore, a Innce of fixteen or eighteen feet long, a fword and petrencls (1); the lafl were fomewhat longer than the piftols then in ufe. (k) Hist, de la Mil. Fr. vol. i, p. 396. (I) The prcfKlent Fauchct, the French antiquary, who lived at the time of Fiancis I. and (lied in the veign of Henry IV. fays, witiiin thefe twenty or thirty years, the name of VOL. I. P petrenel 'ft' i;f m ■ (» ;-■■? t; ¥ \ 1^. J hV 106 HISTORY OF The cuirafier was alfo armed cap-a-pie, and had under his armour a good buff coat ; his offenfive arms were a fpit fword, with a (harp point, piftols, or petrenels, his faddle and bit ftrong, and the reins of his bridle ftrengt+iened with an iron chain to prevent their being cut. HoBiLERS, were a fpecies of hght horfemen chiefly calculated for the purpofes of reconnoitring, carrying intelligence, haralfing troops on a march, intercepting convoys, ana purfuing a routed army ; the fmallnefs of their horfcs rendering them unfit to Hand the fhock of a charge : they feem alfo to have been occafionally like the original dragoons of the French (from whom we borrowed both the name and eftablifliment of thofe troops), who, Father Daniel fays, were rather confidered as infantry mounted on horfeback for the fake of moving with celerity, than cavalry fit to charge in the line. petrenel has been given to a weapon between the harquebufs and piftols, having a ftronger and more fudden wheel ; it is thought this weapon was the invention of the bandouliers of the Pyrennean mountains. Nicot, who was his contemporary, in his diftionary thus de- fcribed the petrinel ; it is, fays he, a fort of harquebufs, (horter than the mufquet, but of a greater caliber ; which, on account of its weight, is carried in a large fiioulder belt, and when fired, is refted on the breaft of the perfon who difcharges it ; whence it is called the petrinel, or poitrinal. The piftol was of more ancient date, it derives its name from having been made at Piftoya in Spain ; Sir James Turner fays, the piftol was invented firft by Camillo Vitelli, an Italian, when Ferdinand of Arragon reigned in Spain, Charles VIII. and Lewis XII. in France, Henry VIII. in England, and James V. in Scotland, not above one hundred and fifty years ago, and confequently more than two hundred years after the German monk had found out gunpowder. The harquebufs is of older date. The bore of the piftol long ago was made for twenty bullets in one pound of lead, but it being found that the ball entered not eafily, generally they caft one pound of lead into four and twenty piftol balls ; the half of the weight of the powder ferves, if it be good, if not, they take two thirds ; as for one pound and a half of lead, one pound of powder } but if it be fine, half will ferve, as for two pou' ds of lead, one pound of powder : the barrel of the piftol may be two foot for the longe:.^ .'"ixtcen inches for the fliorteft. The French ufe locks with half bends ; and fo do for the moft part the Englifti and the Scots *, the Germans, rore or wheel works ; the Hollander makes ufe of both. If the chamber of a piftol be loaden three times the diameter of her bore with powder (which is tafily meafured by her rammer), (lie hath her due charge, but all horfemen fliould always have the charges of their piftols ready in patrons, the powder made up compa£lly in paper, and the ball tied to it w.th a piece of packtliread. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 107 rmour Iharp eins of g cut. ;ed for troops y ; the ck of a )riginal e name 5, were fake of ; a ftronger jdouliers of ry thus dc- uet, but of :r belt, and s called the rom having ted firft by arles VIII. , not above irs after the The bore of leing found and twenty :, they take ,f it be fine, f the piftol locks with ins, rore or loadeii three immer), flie liftols ready a piece of Some, among whom is Bailey (m) derive the term hobiler from a Danilh word, fignifying a mare, not confidering that any confide- rable number of mares, could not have been fuffered in an army where the men at arms were chiefly mounted on ftoned horfes, and that befides in the days of chivalry it was confidered as a degradation for any knight, or man at arms, to be feen mounted on a mare (n): moft probably they borrowed their name from the hobbies, or fmall horfes on which they rode : hobbies are defined by Johnfon and others to be fmall Irilh horfes. (m) See his diftionary, hoblers, or hobilers (hobelarii) erant milites grcgarii levi arma- tura & mediocri equo, ad omnem motum agili. Sub Edwardo III. in Gallia moventes didlL (ut reor) vel ab iftius modi equo, an hobby appellato, vel potius a Gal. hobille tunica. Tabulx clafles defcribentes in exercitu ejufdem Edwardi Caletam obfidientes, anno 1350, fie habent. Sub Comite Kildarse banerets i, knights i, efquires 28, hobilers 27, &c. Thefc were light horfemen, or certain tenants, who by their tenure were bound to main- tain a little light nag, for certifying an invafion, or fuch-like peril, towards the fea fide, as Portfmouth, &c. of which you may read, i8th Ed. III. ftat. i. c. 7 and 25. ejufdem ftat. 5. cap. 8. and Cambden's Brit. fol. 272. Duravit vocabulum ufque ad setatem Hen. VIII. fays vSpelman, Gentz d'armes & hobelours. See Prin's Animadv. on the 4th inft. f. 307. Hobeleries. Rot. Pari. 21. Ed. III. Sometimes the word fignifies thofe who ufed bows and arrows, viz. pro warda maris tempore guerrae pro hoberarlis fagittariis inveniendis, &c. Thorn, anno 1364. So in the Monafticon. Pro munitione & apparatibus hominum ad arma, hobelariorum fagittariorum, Cowel, edit. 127. Cunningham's Law Diclionary. Camden fays, in the paflage above quoted, p. 273, " In old times there were fet horfemen at parts, in many places, whom our anceitors called hobelers, who, in the day ihould give notice of the enemies approach." (n) In a writ to the bilhop of Durham, A.D. 1324, 18 Ed. II. dire£ting liim to raifc within his dioccfc, the grcatcft; number, and molt valiant men at arms, hobilers and footmen he can poffibiy, there is the following exception to mares : Des hobelours convenablcment apparaillez mor.tcz a chivaux autre qe jumentz. Rymer. Coi.uMBiCRE fays, if any one prcfcnted himfelf at a toin-namcnt, under falfc proofs of nobility, he was then cond "Tined to ride upon the rail of the barrier bare headed, his Ihicld and cafque were revcrfed and trodden under feet, his horfe confifcatcd and given to the oiTicers of arms, and he was fent back upon a mare, which was deemed a great ihame, for a true knight would anciently have been equally diflionoured by mounting a mare, whether in time of war or peage ; even geldings, fo much efteemed at prefent, were baniilicd from among them. !« ;,'.'' I W?: J 08 HISTORY OF It is commonly fuppofed that the eftabhfhment of hobilers did not take place, till the reign of Edward III. This is evidently a miftake, for they are mentioned as part of the Britifli army that attended King Edward II. into Scotland, in the year 1323 (o): the name feems totally loft, about the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. or Queen Mary, thefe troops being then diftinguidied by the appellation of demy launces and light horfe. The arms and apjrointments of a hobiler as dire6led by King Edward III. were, a horfe, a haqueton, or armour of plate, a baci- net, iron gauntlets, a fword, knife and a lance (p). Sometimes archers were mounted on light horfes, whence they were ftiled hobi- ler archers : thefe frequently occur in hiftory. The arms, both ofFenfive and defenfive, of a demi launce or light horfeman, are thus defcribed by Markhim (q). " The fecond troop of horfe were launciers, or demy launders, they were armed at all pieces, from the head to the knee, like the gentlemen at arms, and their offenfive weapons were a launce, a cafe of ihort piftols, a battle axe, fword and dagger, ftrong horfes, well ridden for the field, armed with a fteel faddle, headftall, raines, bitt, breaftplate, crooper, trappings, girtes, ftirrops and leathers. " The third fort of ancient horfemen, were called light horfe, and they were armed for defence with burgenets or fteel caps, gorgets, curats, or plate coats, gauntlets or gloves of mail : for ofFenfive arms they had a flender chafing ftafFe, a fingle piftol, and fometimes a cafe, a fword, and dagger. Their horfes were nimble light geldings, fair trotting and well ridden : the furniture for the horfe was a headftall and raines, a bitt, a morocco faddle, pettrell, crop- (o) TiTULUS de Denariis folutis diverfis comitlbus, baronibus et aliis pro vadiis fuis & hominum fuorum ad arm.i & hobelariorum tam in guerra Scotie quam in munitionibus caf- troruin in marchia Scotie & Anglie a primo die Maii, anno quintodecimo, ufque feptimum diem Julii anno Regni ejul'dem fexto, decimo finientc tempore Rogeri de Waltham tunc . " _' .odis et Robcrti de Baldoii tunc contrarotulatoris garderoba MS. in Bib. Tho. Aftle Ar. (p) Yelverton MS. in the fame library, (q) P. 34. In tlie Souldiers Accidence, publiflied A.D. 1645. a* THE ENGLISH ARMY. iof> per, light trappings, and other neceflaries fuitable; the men to be handlbme yeomen or ferving men, light timbred and of a comely fhape, where it fkills not much for the tallnelTe or greatnefle of body, but for the height of fpirit, and the goodnefle of the inclination ; in which little David (many times) puts downe the greateft Goliah." The fame author then proceeds to defcribe the cavalry of his time : " Thus (fays he) for your knowledge, not your example, I have fliewed you the feveral compolitions and armings of liorfemen, ac- cording to the ancient times, when the bow and the hargobus had the firft place, and the mulket, and other fiery weapons, lay obfcur- ed. But to come to thefe our prefent times, wherein the uttermoft ilrength of the fire is found out and explained, and to fliew you that which you mull only imitate and follow, you fliall know that all our horfe-troopes are reduced to one of thefe three formes. ," The firft and principall troop of horfemen, for the generality, are now called cuiraliers, or piftoliers, and thefe men ought to be of ths beft degree, becaufe, the meaneft in one of thofe troops, is ever by his place a gentleman, and fo efteemed. They have for defenfive armes, gorgets, curats, cutafes, which fome call culets, others the guard de reine, becaufe it armetli the hinder parts, from tlie wafte to the faddle crootch, then pouldrons, vambraces, a lefthand gauntlet, taces, cuifles, a cafke, a fword, girdle and hangers. For offenfive armes, they fliall have a cafe of long piftols, firelocks (if it may be), but fnapliaunces where they are wanting ; the barrels of the piftols would be twenty-fix inches long, and the bore of thirty-fix bullets in the pound, flafk, priming box, key and mouldes ; their horfes fliould be ftoned and of the beft races, faire trotting and well ridden for the wars, that is to fay, being able to pafle a ftrong and fwift cariere, to ftop clofe, to retire at pleafure, and to turne readily on both hands, either in large rings or in ftrayt, efpecially the turn called terra, terra ; the horfe fliall have a faddle, bridle, bitt, pettrell, crooper, with leathers to fallen his piftols and his neceflary facke of carriage, with other neceflliry things according to the forme of good horfe- manfhip ; the fecond fort (of whicli many troopes of horfe arc com- < I \ 1 I V, ' ,1" ■fftl ' H *! 1= < ». !' I I:* II ^4 r.- '! II * f no H ISTORY OF pounded) are called hargobufiers or carbines, thefe men ought to be the befl of the firft inferior degree, that is to fay, of the belt yeomen or bed ferving men, having active and nimble bodies, joyned with good fpirits, and ripe underllandings ; thefe men Ihall have for de- fenfive armes, gorgets, curats, cutafes, pouldrons, vambraces, and a light head-piece, wide fighted, and the bevers to let downe upon bars of iron ; for ofFenfive armes, he (hall have an hargobus of three foote three inches long, and the bore of twenty bullets in the pound, with flalke, priming box and moulds, or inftead of thefe, cartalages, which will ferve either for this, or any other piece on horfebacke ; alfo a good fword, and other accoutrements according to his place. His horfe fliall be either a faire Honed trotting horfe, or a lufty llrong guelding well ridden, he (hall be armed with a morocco faddle, bridle, bitt, pettrell, and crooper, with the reft before fhewed neceflary to his place. " The laft fort of which our horfe troops are compofed are called dragoons (r), which are a kind of footmen on horfebacke, and do now indeed fucceed the light horferaen, and are of Angular ufe in (r) According to P. Daniel, torn. 2. p. 498, dragoons are of French origin, and were invented by Charles dc Cofl'e, Marefchal de Brifac, when he commanded the army of that nation, in Piedmont, fometime about the year 1 600 : he fuppofes they were called dragoons, from the celerity of their motions, and the rapidity with v Inch they ravaged a country, thereby refembling the fabulous monftcr of that denomination. Sir James Turner feems much of the fame opinion : " For what they got the denomination of dragoons (fays he), is not fo eafy to be told, but becaufe in all languages they are called fo, we may fuppofe, they may borrow their name from dragon, becaufe a muflceteer on horfeback with his burning match, riding a gallop, as many times he doth, may fomething refemble that bead, which naturalifts call a fiery dragon." The oldeft regiment of dragoons in the Englilh army is the Scotch greys, who were raifed 19th Nov. 1683. Capt. Cruso, in his Military Inftrudlions for the Cavalry, publifhed A.D. 1632, fays there are two forts of dragoons, the pikeman and the mufkcteers ; the pikenian is to have a thong of leather about the middle of his pike, for the more commodious cairying it. The mufketcer is to have a (trap or belt fadened to the flock of his mulkct almoft from one end to the other, by which (being on horfeback) he hangeth it at his b-^ck, his burning match and the bridle in the left hand. r t to be / eomeii :l with , or de- ■'- *. s, and '_ i upon f three . pound, alages, backe ; h place, llrong bridle. • fary to ; called >N' and do ufe in if' f ' «• ; 5 and were y of that dragoons, country, ler feems rs he), is )ofc, they burning !t, which army is ^32, fays to have a it. The one end ng match w 1 i \a I. 1 1 j \ ■ \ Ih 1 ' *2 ' ;■ rl ■ ■ , 1] r ''i i' , 1 ( ' ■. 1 M ; mm P: i iif / » y',7/.'. » •/■ l)Ji. 'l(iO(K \ .:^ WpcfffU^ntjaiip THE ENGLISH ARMY. Ill all ad^ions of warre ; their armes defenfivc, are an open heatl-piece with cheeks, and a good buffe coat, witii deepe flcirts ; and for offen- five armes, they have a faire dragon, fitted with an iron worke to be caryed in a belt of leather, which is buckled over the riglit flioulder, and under tlie left armc, having a turnill of iron with a ring, through which the piece runnes up and downe ; and thefe dragons are fliort pieces of fixteen inches the barrel!, and full muf- quet bore, with firelocks or fnaphaunces (s) ; alio a belt, with a fiafke, pryming box, key and bullet bag, and a good i'word : the horfe fliall be armed with a faddle, bridle, bitt, petterell, crooper, with ftraps for his fack of neceflaries ; and the horfe himfelf fhall be either a good lufty gelding, or a nimble floned horfe. Thefe dragoons in their marches are allowed to be eleven in a rank or file, becaufe when they ferve, it is many times on foote, for the maintenance or furprizing of ftrait wayes, bridges or foords, fo that when ten men alight to ferve, the eleventh man holdeth their horfes: fo that to every troope of an hundred, there is an hundred and tea men allowed." A MANUSCRIPT in the Harleian library, marked No. 6008, and entitled, A Brief Treatife of War, &c. &c. by W. T. in the year of our redemption 1649, on the fubjedl of dragoons, has the following paflages : " As for dragooniers they are to be as lightly armed as may be, and therefore they are onlie to have as followeth, calivers and powder flafkes. I would alfo have each dragoonier conilantly to car- (s) The piece here niciitioiicd feems to have been a kind of carabine, or blunderbufs, which is thus defcrlbed by Sir James Turner, p. 137. " The carabiners carry their cara- bines in bandllccrs of leather about their neck, a far eafier way than long ago, when they hung them at their faddlcs; fome inftead of carabines carry blunderbuflcs, which are fliort hand guns of a great bore, wlierein they may put fcveral piftol or carabine balls, or fmall flugs of iron. I do believe the word is corrupted, for I guefs it is a German term, and fliould be donmrbucks, and that is thundering guns, ilonner fignifying thunder, and bucks a gun." Lord Orrery in his Treatife on the Art of War, propofcs tliat every regiment of cavalry fliould confift of fcven troops, fix of heavy-armed horfe, and one of dragoons 5 an idea that was afterwards adopted, by the attaching a light troop to every regiment of dragoons. "'I i I: i ■' /i '.-5 I ;f i ; I 118 II I STORY OF rye at his girdle, two fwyn feathers, or foot pallifados, of four feet length and a half, headed vvitli fliarp forked iron heads of fix inches length, and a fharp iron foot, to flick into the ground for their de- fence, whereas they may come to be forced to make rcliflance againfl horfe." When the bayonet was firft introduced, the ufe of it was chiefly confined to the dragoons and grenadiers (t). After the revolution and difbanding of the army in 1698, the Englifti cavalry confifted of the life-guards, horfe-grenadier-guards (u), horfe, and dragoons, till the year 1746, when a regiment of light dragoons was raifed, chiefly in the county of Nottingham, and the duke of Cumberland appointed colonel of it (x) ; the fame year the third and fourth troops of horfe-guards were dilbande-:), and three regiments of horfe reduced to the pay and fervice of dragoons, but as fome compenfation, they were gratified with the hoiiorary title of dragoon-guards, and precedency of all other dragoons." In the year 1755 a light troop was added to each regiment of dragoons, and feveral regiments of light dragoons have been finoe (t) The bayonet is much of the fame length as the poniard ■, it hath, neither guard nor handle, but only the haft of wood eight or nine inches long} the blade is fliarp>pointed arid two-edged, a foot in length, and a large inch in breadth. The bayonet is very ufeful to dragoons, fuftleers and foldiers, that are often commanded out on parties } becaufe that when they have fired thehr difcharges, and want powder and (hot, they put the haft of it into the mouth of the barrel of their pieces, and defend themfelves therewith as well as with a partizan. Engliih Military Difcipline, &c. printed for Robert Harford, 1680, p. 13. As late as the year 1750, dragoons were armed with iron fcull caps, which they carried at their faddle bow. (u) The grenadier-guards were firft raifed as grenadiers to the troops of horfe-guards, in imitation of the grenadier companies annexed to the regiments of infantry. (x) The warrant for raifing this regiment was dated 8th Sept. 1746; it was dift)anded in 1 748 or 1 749. Upon the raifing of this regiment, the printer of the London Evening Poft obferved, that formerly our cavalry refembled giants mounted on elephants, but this regiment was like monkies upon lean cats. For this and fome other unhandfome reflec- tions on the corps, they deputed one of their officers to give him fome proper correftion, which he moft faithfully and ably adminiftered : the expences of the profccution were paid by a regimental contribution. N 5: Cj -« Ml I ^ ^ ^ THE ENGLISH ARMY. 11$ raifcd. The gallant behaviour of one of them in Germany (y), their general utility, and the fmartnefs of their appearance, has of late brought them into fuch eftimatioti, that fevcral old regiments of dragoons have obtained leave to change their heavy black horfes, for others of a lighter breed, not confidering that as they now oc- cupy the place of cavalry, there being but one regiment of horfe on the Englilh eftablilhment, they Ihould not rifque that fuperiority the ftrength, fize and weight of their horfes have hitherto given them over the cavalry of every other nation. Light troops are extremely ufeful on divers occafions, but it is the heavy horfe only that are fit to charge in the line. The band of gentlemen penfioners was a corps of cavalry infti- tuted by King Henry VIII. for an honourable body guard, and to form a nurfery for officers of his army and governors of his caflles and fortified places. The orders and regulations in the note below for raifing and governing it, approved of, and figned by tiiat king, will bell defcribe what he intended it fhculd be (z). (y) The 15th regiment of light dragoons. This corps when firft completed, is faid to have confided chiefly of taylors •, If fo, they demonftratcd that Sir John Hawkwood was not the only inftance in which the vulgar joke on their profeflion has proved a falfity. (z) This curious manufcript is preferved in the Cottonian library, it is written on five fmall quarto leaves of indented vellum, marked Titusi A xiii. N. 24. Certain ordinances and ftatutes devifed and figned by the king's majeftie for a retinewe of fperes or men of arms, to be chofen of gentlemen that be commen and extra£te of noble blood. "With a forme of their othe. ,..,,. ' , ; Henry R. ' '' "'■ '" ' ^'''^'•'' '"-' \'" :•"'•"' FoRASMOCHE Hs the king oure fouveraine lorde, of his greatt noblenefle, wifedom and prudence, confidreth that in this his reame of England be many yong gentlemen of noble blod, whiche have non exercife in the feate of armes, in handling and renying the fpere and other faits of werrc on horfebackc, like as in other reames and cuntreys be dailey pradlifed and ufed, to the greate honor and laude of theim that foo dothe, his highnes hath ordeyned and appointed to have a retynue daily of certaine fperes called men of armes, to be chofen of gentlemen that be comen and cxtra£te of noble blod, to thentent that they VOL. I. (^ fliaU f '\ • '■ i, ■ )l 114 HISTORY OF ^ m I As there is no date to thofe regulations, it is uncertain when they were made, but from divers concurrent circumftances, there are good fliall exercife the faid feate of armes, ami be the more mete and able to ferve thcire prince, as well in tyme of werre as otherwife, and to have good wages to levc upon accordingly. And to thcntcnt alfoo, that every of them fliall knowe howe to order and dcmeane thcmfelfs, his highnes hath made, ordeyned and eflabliflied certaine ordenances and ilatutes foltowinge. FuRST, Evry of the faid gentlemen fliall have his harneys complete and nil other habili- ments mete and neceflafy for him, with twoo double horfes at the leeile for himfelf and his page, convenient and neceflarye for a man of arms ; alfo his couftrell, with a javelyn or demy-bunce, well armed and horfed as it apperteyneth. And they fliall obeye, in everye condicon, the captaine that fliall be ordeyned and deputed by the king's highnes, or his deputie lieutenante, to have the rule, conduite, and gov'nance of thenim, in all ihii gs that thei fliall be commanded to doo on the king's behalf. Itu. iThat they fliall make their abode in fuche places as the king's grace fliall appoint theim, or the faid captaine, or the deputy lieutenante in the king's name, whedder it be in places nigh his perfon, or elfcwhere, upon pain for every fuch defaulte to lofe fix daycs wages. Itm. Evry of the faid fperes and couftrellys fliall, at every time, cary with theini thire hqrfes, harnys, and other habiliments of werre as thei have, and fliall multer with, not lacking, at any time, pece or parcel of theire faid habilynients of werre, nor horfes, upon payne of lofing fix dayes wages for every fuche daye and tyme as he fliall be founden in defaulte, beini' afore commaunded by the king, captaine, or lieutenaTite. Itm. In likewife that non of the faid fperes nor couftrells fliall in no wife departe oute of the place, where they be aingned to make theire faid abode, withoute the fpccial licence of the king our fouvraine lorde, or of theire faid captaine, or deputie lieutenante : and to fuche as llcenfe fliall be granted unto by the king's grace, or the faid captaine or lieutenante, and the daye appointed theim for their returne not to faille, withoute lawfull excufc of ficknefle or otherwife duely proved, upon paine of the lofle of double theire wages for every daye, as thei fliall faille in comying after the faid daye to them lymited and affigned. Itm. That evry of the aforefaid men of armes fliall furnyflie and make redy twoo good archers, well horfed and harnefled, and to bring theim to mufter before the king's grace,. or fuche perfones as his grace fliall appointe, within a monetli at the fartheft after tlie daye that they fliall be commanded foo to doo by the king's grace, or theire captaine or lieutenante, and not to faille foo to doo, upon paine of lofing their romes, and their bodie* to be ponyflied atte the king's pleafurc. Itm. If any of the faid archers after they be admitted, fortune to dye, the faid fperes fhall P?t admitte any other in tlieire place, but ihall name oon mete perlon for tliat romc of THE ENGLISH ARMY. Its reafons to fuppofe they were compiled, and the corps formed hi the year 1509, the firft of that king's reign ; what was the original of archer unto the king's highnes, nnd bring him to his prcfens, to be admitted at his plea- fure, or els to the faid captaine or licutenante. Itm. For rie wages and ent'tcyniiig of the faid fperes and archers, the king's highnes hath ordeyncd and appointed, that every fpere (hall have and receive for himfcif, his cou- ftrell, his page, and his two archers, thre fliillings and foure pens (Irlings by the dayc, to be paid by hands of the trcafourer of the king's chanibre, whiche is appointed by the king's highnes to paye them the fame. And futhermore the faid fperes (hall receive theirc faid wages for them and for theirc archers at thend of every moneth. Itm. The king's pleafure is, tliat the faid lieutenantc (hall have for tlie wages and enter- taining of himfelf, his cudrell, page, and fix archerS) fix fliillings by the daye, to be payed in like manner as tlie faid fperes (hall be. I iM. The king's grace woll that the falde captaine or lieutenante, with fuche other pfones as his grace fliall appointe, fliall evry quarter of tlie yere, as it (hal be the king'* pleafure, fee the mufters of the faid 'men of amies and theire company, if any of them lakke horfe, barneys, or if any of theire faid horfes and barneys be not fuflicient as they fliould be : if thei be not, that they be commanded by the forefaid captaine or lieutenante, to provide for fuche as flial be good and fu(Rcient, upon raifonable daye, by the faid cap- taine or lieutenante to be appointed. And fuche as foo be founden in defaulte, that the faide captaine or lieutenante, fliall refliraiu his wages in the hands of the faid treafourer of die chambre, till he be fuihciently apparelled of fuche thinges as he foo (hall lakke, and thus the faid captaine or lieutenante to doo upon payne of the king's difpleafure, and lofmg of his rome. IiM. To thentent tliat the faid fperes fliall alwaycs be in the more arredynes (readinefs), with tlieire retynue, and fuche horfe and barneys, and other things as (hal be nece(rarye in that behalf, the king's pleafure is, that the faid fperes (hal be redy always to mufter befor the faid captaine or lieutenante at fuche tyme or tymes as they flial be by them commauiided foo to doo. Itm. It is tlic king's commaundement, that the faid fperes and theire companye fliall ob- ferve and kepe good rule and gov'nance, and nothynge attenipte againfte the king's fubjedts, contrarye to his lawes } and tliat thei duely and truely content and paye in redy money for vittals and all other necefl;irie3, that thei flial take for themfelfs, tlieire (;ud fervants and liorfes, upon payne to be ponilhed after the king's pleafure. And if any of theim fliall be founde three times culpable in any fuch defaults, then he or thei to be deprived of his rome, and his body to be poiiiflicd at the king's pleafure. 1 1 M. It is the king's pleafure and commaundement, that none of the faid fperes fliall prcfuiue to take his lodging by his owne audoritie, but be ordered tlicirui, and take fuch lodging. r af! W4 m' ki „ j \ • ■ ' IJ^ i ■■! Ill 116 H ISTORY OF number is not there mentioned ; mod of the chronicles fix it at fifty. . , - lodging, as by the king's herbergiers (harbingers) for that purpofe deputed, fliall be ap- pointed unto theim, upon ponyfhement aforfaid. Itm. It is the king's pleafure and commaundement, that non of the faid fperes (hall geve wages unto any archer, couftrell, or page of any other fpere, nor to reteigne him as his frvante, excepte he be put to him by his own mailer, being oon of the faid fperes. The O T H E. I SHAL be true and faithfull fubjefte and fervante unto oure Soverine Lord King Henry VIII. and to his heirs, kings of England, and diligently and truely give myn attendance in the room of one of his fperes ; and I Ihall be reteyned to no man, pfone, ne pfones of what degree or condicon foever he be, by othe, lyvree, bagge [badge], promife or otherwife, but oonly to his grace, without his efpeciall licence. And I (hall not hereafter knowe or here of any thing that flial be hurtefull or prejudicial! to his moft royal pfon, fpecially in treafon, but I flial withftand it to th' utermoft of my power, and the fame, with all dili- gence to me pofflble, difclofe to the king's highnes, or to the captaine of the faid fperes, or his deputie lieutenante, or fuch others of his counfaile as I (hall know woll difcover the fame unto his grace. I (hall not leye to pledge, nc putte awaye fuche horfe and barneys, as I now have muftered with before the king, to any pfone or pfones, ne put oute of fervicc any archer, cuftrell or page, that I have nowe with me, onles I have before (hewed caufe reafonable foo to doo, to the king, or the faid raptaine or his deputie lieutenante in his ab- fence : nor I (hall knowe of any of my company in likewife to leye to pledge or put away any horfe, barneys, or archers, but that I (hall (howe the fame to the king's grace, his faid captaine, or deputie lieutenante, in as brief tyme as I conveniently maye. I (hall alfo truely and faithfully to my power obferve and kepe from this daye forwards, all and evry article comprized in a boke alTigned with the king's hand, and all manner of ftatutes and ordi- nances in the fame and in evry of theim conteined. On this I (hall be obeyfaunte unto my captaine or deputie lieutenante, and the commaundements I (hall obferve and kepe at all tymes, foo the fame be or concerne the fervice of the king's grace. And all fuch caufes fecrete as (hall be (hewed unto me by the king's grace, the faide captaine, or deputie lieu- tenante, I (liall keep counfaill, without difcov'ring of the fame to any pfone or pfones till I be commaunded. I (hall diligently give my attendaunce with my retynue upon the king's grace, in fuch wife as I (hall be commaunded and appointed by the faid captaine, or his faid deputie lieutenante ; and not abfente or departe from the courte without licence of the king or of the faid captaine or his deputie lieutenante, in his abfence, by the fpace of foure dayes. And alfo all fuche horfe, hameys, and other habiliments of werre, as I nowe have muftered with before the king's grace, the faid captaine or deputie lieutenante, be my own proper If li ■ f 1 1 or THE ENGLISH ARMY. 117 This eftablifhment being, it is faid, found too expenfive, the corps was ditbanded, a fliort time after its inftitution, and before the year 1526 revived on a fmaller pay ; it is mentioned that year in the houfehold ftatutes made at Eltham, under the defcription of the band of gentlemen penfioners, their prefent title; when the corps flood thus: A captain with the falary of _ - - 200 marks A lieutenant -- - - - - - - 100 pounds A ftandard bearer (a) _ - _ _ - 100 marks Fifty gentlemen penfioners, each (b) - 46I. 13s. 4d. A clerk of the checque ----- 40 pounds A harbinger (c) -------18 pounds About this time they appear to have done duty on foot in the court, probably armed with their battle-axes. Towards the latter end of his reign, King Henry indulged them with permifTion to do their duty by quarterly attendance, half the band waiting at one time ; for which favour each of them was to furnifh an additional great horfe (d) ; they were neverthelefs all obliged to attend at the proper good: and non other man's : nor alfo I fhall not mufter at any tyme before the king's grace, tlie laid captaine or deputie lieutenante, with any archer, couftrell or page, but oonly witli fuche as I have rcteyned with me to ferve the king's highnes for the fame entent. And thus I fliall well and truly obferve and kepe, and ferve the king in the faid rome of con of his fperes : fo help me God and theis holy Evangelies. (a) According to Dodlor Chamberlayne's Anglioe Notitia of the year 1672, the band had two ftandards, one St. George's crofs, the other, four bends ; but in the latter the colours of the field and charge are not mentioned. (b) This feems a Angular fum •, but as it is the amount of 70 marks, the common mode of reckoning at that time when wages did not often run per diem, probably on ac- count of this diminution in their wages, a lefs retinue might be required of them. Hol- lingfliead fays, fol. 1 5 74, they were only bound to fupply two horfes, or, optionally, one horfe and a gelding of fcrvice. (c) Neither the ftandard bearer, clerk of the checque, nor harbinger, are mentioned in the original ordinance. (d) Item, in confideracion whereof, whereas now they are bounden to the fiadinge of two I? s I \-' A h\ ■ , >. ■> \i ii8 HISTORY OF I 'II four principal feafts of the year, Chriftmas, Eafter, Wliitfuntidc, and Allhallowtide. King Henry VHI. was attended by the band at the fiege of Boulogne, and after its furrender, they made part of the cavalcade at his triumphal entry into that place. In the fuc- ceeding reigns of Edward VI. Mary and Elizabeth (e), they were occafionally muftered with the other forces of the kingdom, and frequently performed their military exercifes before the court. During Cromwell's prote6lorfhip, this corps was fufpended, but was embodied again foon after the reftoration. King James II. in the firft year of his reign gave a new fet of orders to the band, differing much from thofe of Queen Elizabeth and King Charles I. Some of the moft remarkable may be feen in the note underneath : the band at that time confifled of forty gentlemen in ordinary, and eighty extraordinary (f). two greate horfes only, they fliall each one from henceforthe, keepe three horfes furniflied accordingly. Thefe orders were iflued, when Sir Anthony Brown was captain of the band. See Curialia, No. 2, p. 25. (e) From fome articles made for the government of the band, It appears, that in this reign there was a table allowed to the gentlemen in waiting, as well as to the officers j this was relinquiflied in the reign of King Charles II. on their pay being raifed to its prefent amount, which took place, A.D. 1670 : part of the fund for that augmentation arofe from the redudion of the band from fifty to forty. (f) Art. 3. If we or the captain of tlie faid band fliall think fit to remove any or all of the forty gentlemen penfioners in ordinary now of the band, thofe who have bought their places, that Oiall be fo removed, fliall receive half pay during their lives refpe£lively, and thofe that fuccecd in their places the other half, and after their death the whole. Art. II. The faid gentlemen penfioners in ordinary being required by their inllitution every of them to be well and fulHciently provided and furniflied with three great horfes for himfelf and his fervants, with arms and all other habiliments to fhe fame appertaining, tlie performance whereof our late brother King Charles II. was picafed to (iifpenfe with till he Ihould think fit to require the fame ; it is our pleafure, that from hencefoitli the forty gen- tlemen penfioners in ordinary, and the eighty gentlemen penfioners extraordinary, fliall each of them be fufficiently furniflied with a cafe of pillols, a broad fword, an iron back, breaft:, and head piece, with proper furniture and accoutrements to the fame appertaining, to be ready therewitli, within two days warning, to be given to them by their c.iptain, lieutenant, or ftandard bearer, on failure whereof t!ie gentlemen penfioners in ordinary to forfeit ten dayii THE ENGLISH ARMY. J19 During the rebellion in 1745, when the king fignified his intention of fetting up his ftandard on Finchley common, the gentlemen of the band had notice to hold themfelves in readinefs to take the field, with their fervants, horfcs, and arms. The captain of this corps carries an ebony ftafF, with a gold head, which, on his appointment, he receives from the king, without any days wages, for the firft default, and for the fecond default to forfeit a month's wages, and for the third default to be clearly expulfed and put out of the room of a gentleman pen- fioner in ordinary, and to lofe his whole quarter's wages. And every gentleman penfioncr extraordinary, who fhall fail to be furniHied and provided with horfe and arms as aforefaid, and to be ready therewith, within two days notice, to be given him by his captain, lieute- nant, or ftandard bearer, {hall be clearly expulfed, and put out of the room of a gentleman penfioner extraordinary. Art. 1 2. Every gentleman penHoner In ordinary fhall alfo fufficiently furnifh and provide himfelf with three great horfes, with piftols, fwords, iron backs, breafls, and head-pieces, with proper furniture and accoutrements to the fame appertaining, for himfelf and two fervants, whenever we (hall think fit to require the fame, to be ready therewith within four- teen days notice, to be given unto them by their captain, lieutenant, or ftandard bearer, under the penalty for every default to be chequed, or expulfed clearly, and put out of the room of a gentleman penfioner as aforementioned. Art. 1 5. The captain of the band (hall have a due regard that fuch gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and gentlemen penfioners extraordinary, whom he (hall appoint to do the duty of corporals, fub-corporals, file-leaders, and adjutants to the band, fhall henceforth always be fuch of the gentlemen as fliall have the moft knowledge and experience in military difci- pline, without having regard to the feniority of admififion into the band. Art. 16. The habits, arms and cloathing of the gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and of the gentlemen at arms, or penfioners extraordinary, ftiall be fuch as we or their captain {hall appoint. Art. 18. The trumpeters of our houfehold attending on the faid band, when they arc under arms, fhall, on every fuch attendance, henceforth be mounted upon white horfes. Art. 21. The gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and the gentlemen at arms, or pen- fioners extraordinary of the faid band, fliall be advanced to be commiflioned officers in our army, preferably to all other perfons whatfoever. The idea of providing for the gentlemen penfioners in the army was refumed by the earl of Lichfield, when captain of the band, in the prefent reign ; he propofed giving companies to a certain number of them, but fome difficulties arifing concerning rank, the matter dropped. An idea was lately fuggcfted of filling up the vacancies in the band, from the half pay of the army and navy. ■ ^f li ) ■: m II ISO . HISTORY OF other commiflion, but is fwom into his poft by the lord chamberlain in perfon, by virtue of the king's warrant ; the lieutenant and ftandard bearer have fimilar ftaves of ebony with filver heads, which they like- wife receive from the king, as inveftitures in office, after which they are fwom by the clerk of the cheque, who, fince the year 1737, has alfo carried an ebony ftafF, with a head partly filver and partly ivory, but lefs ornamented than thofc of the other officers. The uniform of this corps is fcarlet, richly laced ; the clerk of the cheque wears an officer's uniform. The gentlemen carry pole-axes, an elongated kind of battle-ax. Five of them, who are on the quarterly rota, now appear every lev6 day and drawing-room day, in the prefence chamber, and iland to tlieir arms when any of the royal family pafs through. When the king goes to chapel and other like times of ceremony, the whole quarterly guard of twenty, appear under arms. By a petition prefent- ed to the houfe of commons in the year 1782, it appears that the office of gentleman penlioner has been generally purchafed at the price of a thoufand guineas, in confidence of being permitted to fell it again with the approbation of the captain. Tlic falary, after the various deduc- tions to which it is fubjcdled, witli the purchafe of the uniform, is reduced to about. feventy-iix pounds per annum. Thefe are the general outlines of tlie eflablifliment of this corps, confidered in their military capacity ; a very particular account of them in every refpedl is given by Mr. Pegge in the fccond number of his curious and ufeful work, filled Curialia, from which the preceding account is chiefly col- lected (g). The infantry of this country, at, and fome time after the conqueft, not being the pofle comitatus, were formed of the yeomanry, vafTals, dependants of the feudal tenants, and afterwards of indented foldiers ; moll of thefe in the earlier periods were defenfively armed, with a !-.ind of iron fcuU-cap, named a bacinet from its fimilarity to a bafon, and a coarfe leathern or linen doublet, fluffed with cotton or wool. (g) The militia cavalry have been ilefcrlbed under the article of the pofle comitatus. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 121 called an acketon, or hoqueton, and fometimes a jack (1) ; from the Verfes quoted below, it feems as if Englifh jacks were not famous for the elegance of their make (m). Such men as wanted thele appoint- Jhents, were returned under the denomination of naked foot(n), and received an inferior pay. The weapons chiefly ufed by the infantry were the lance, fword, and dagger, the gifarme, battle-ax, pole-ax, black or brown bill, mallet, morris-pike, halbcrt, and pike. The archers had the long and crofs bow, which after the introduction of fire arms were gradually fuperfeded by the hand-gun, harquebufs, mulket, caliver, and firelock, as was the pike by the bayonet. Of thefe the lance was the moft ancient ; it was ufed by the Anglo-Saxons, both horfe and foot ; thofe ufed by the latter, and by the Englilh after the conqueft, were fhorter and ftronger in the ftaff than thofe borne by the cavalry ; indeed. Father Daniel tells us, that when the men of arms difmounted to fight on foot, they cut off part of the Haves of their lances, to make them more manageable ; if any dependance may be placed on illuminated manufcripts, the lances of the infantry were, according to their reprefentations, about nine feet long. Sometimes the lance-men carried targets or bucklers. •ful col- (1) In the wardrobe account of tlie wagss paid tlie army raifed to go againft the Scots, A. D. 132a, 15 Ed. II. the original of which is in the library of Thom-.s Aftle, Efq ; are the following entries. De Com. Norf. Ricardo Warin, Johanni D cr>- -.ienrlco de Norton, & Johanni Plaice cciitenariis pro vadiis fuis, 436 pedites, cum aketon & bacinet, &c. De Com. SulT". Witto de Ryhall & Henrico Poer centenariis pro vadiis fuis, & 240 peditum cum akton & baciiict, &c. This frequently occurs. (m) Cetoit un purpoint de Chamois Farci dc Boure fus et fous Un grand vilain Jaque d'Anglois Qui lui pendoit jufqu'aux gcnous. Coqiiillaii, dans fon livre des droits miiveaux, quoted by P. Datiiel, torn, i.p, 240, KSff, (n) Com. Lincoln, Jordano de Blackeneye duftori peditum de Keftevene, in Comitatu Lincoln pro vadiis 100 peditum nudorum, &c. De Com. Norhpt. Edmundo de Lckcnore, Stephano Scott, Thome de la Hufle, & Johanni Jewel, centenariis pro vadiis fuis & 440 peditum nudorum de comitatu Northampt. &c. Wardrobe Jcct. 1322. VOL. I. D. i -f: ;,..|.^.;:i ^: w^-^ vt Kf I IH ii- I 1 in I ■ M 122 HISTORY OF The gifarme is fo varioufly defcribed, that its form remains doubtful ; it is, however, moll probable, that it was fomewhat of the bill kind(o). It is directed by the ftatute of Winchefter to be provided and kept by perfons poflefled of lefs than forty (hillings land, and is defcribed among tlie inferior weapons. Of the battle-ax there are various forts and forms, fome calculated for being ufed with one hand, and fome with both ; the latter were chiefly carried by the foot, and were commonly put into the hands of ftrong and a6live men. The battle-ax was alfo confidered as a royal weapon, and was borne as fuch, at the funerals of Henry VII. and Queen Mary, and folemnly offered up at the altar, with the helmet, gauntlets, and creft. This weapon is by the French called hache d'arms. Richelet, in his Dictionary, thus defcribes it : " an oflfenfive arm, fometimes made like a common ax, except that it has a longer handle, and that the blade is broader, ftronger, and fharper ; it had formerly a great handle like (o) This weapon is alfo called gifaring and by Fleta fifarmes. Du Cange in his Glofliiry renders it by fecuris, and derives it from the geefuni of the Gauls ; La Combe in the Supple- ment to his Dictionary of old French, defines the term gifarme, to fignify a fort of lance or pikej Bailey calls it a military weapon with two points or pikes } Strutt, I know not from what authority, has, in his Horda Angel-cynnam, reprefented the gifarme as a battle-ax on a long ftafF, with a fpike proje£ling from the back of the ax. This weapon is mentioned in the ancient poem of the battle of Flodden Field, Some made a mell of mafley lead, Which iron all about did bind. Some made ftrong helmets for the hea a {■ l|i (p)'i''his curious ni;inufcvipt is the property of Guflavus Br.iiukr, TSq; of CI-.rMl C'lUrch, Hants. (q) I'oi.UAXES witli gonncs in tU' cncles XXM. PoLmxcs without gonncs, II. .Slixirt poieaxes pl.iyne C. Two hand polfaxes IV. ILnul pok'axes with n gonnc and a c.ifc for the fame oone. Tolcaxes giltc, the flavcs eovercd with cremyfync vch-et, fringed with filkc ofgoldjIV, 'i i:.'5 30 30 40 20 40 160 laft. 60 10 20 24 10 ' 20 20 30 12 24 30 10 10 16 10 20 20 30 12 24 80 2. Furniture : Harquebus .... Bowes .... Arrowes, fliecvcs of, Pikes ..... Bills - - . . , Corflets . _ _ , Marriners . . - , 3. Burthen XXII. HANDMATD. Men, Furniture, and Burthen, as the laft XXIII. BARKE OP BULLEN. I. Menn 50: whereof Marriners .... Gonners .... Souldiers ... 2. Furniture : Harquebus .... Bowes .... Arrowes, fliceves of. Pikes Bills Marriners .... 3. Burthen ■ XXIV. GEORGE. 30 10 none 12 10 20 '5 20 30 60 Marriners Gonners Souldiers I. Menn 50: whereof 2. Furniture, Harquebus Bowes Arrowes, flietvcs of. Pikes - Bills - Marriners 40 10 none 12 10 20 15 20 30 Thb I t . "1 I l^'H,! I I' ' ,'i fm iliii is8 HISTORY OF i . Eiiglifli champions, named Billefort, was anned with a leadm mallet weighing twenty-five pounds (y). Father Daniel, in his Hiftory of the Frencli Anny, quotes the manufcript Memoirs of tlie Marquis de Fleurange, in the library of the King of France, to prove that the Englifli archers ftill ufed mallets in the time of Louis XII. who began his reign in the year 1515, and died in 1524. In the ancient poem of the Battle of Flodden, leaden mallets are feveral times men- tioned ; from the following defcription there given, it feems as if the head of the mell was entirely of lead, hooped round at the ends witli iron: . . If Some made a mell of mafley lead, ' Which iron all about did bind. Ralph Smith, in his dire6lions for equipping an archer, gives him a mawle of lead, of five feet long, and a pike with the fame, hanging by a girdle with a hook: this defcription, though fomewhat obfcure, feems as if he meant that the handle of the mell fhould be five feet long, the end armed with a pike or fpike ; but how fuch a weapon could be worn hanging at a girdle, is not eafily conceived, as, if carried oblkjuely, it would be likely to wound the legs of the foldiers in the rear of it ; probably it was worn at the back, hung by a hook fixed in the centre of its handle, with a loop or forae other contrivance to keep it nearly perpendicular. Father Daniel has engraved one of thefe malicts, which, in form, exactly refembles the prefent wooden inftrument of that name, except that its handle is fomewhat longer. In Mr. Brander's MSS. among The fum of all others, as well merchant fliippes as others, in all places of Eng- land of an hundred tunns and up- wards - - - - 135 The fum of all barkes and fliippes of 40 tunne and upwards to an 100 tiinne . _ - - 656 There arc bcfidcs, by eftimation, 100 f.iil of hoycs : alfo of fnuU barkes and filhcrmen, an infinite number of through the realme caiuiot be lefle than 600 bcfides London. Peck's Deftderaia Curkfa, lib. il. p. 22. (y) Hjst. dc Bretagne par Dargentre, Liv. vi. p. 393. '(']■ I THE ENGLISH ARMY. 129 the different ftore-houfes at Calais, there named, one of them is called tlie malle chamber : in it were then eight hundred and eighty leaden mallets. There is alfo an entry of two hundred mallets in a ftore-houfe at Berwick. This weap(j;i feems to have been of French extraction : it was once in fuch efteem in that kingdom, that in an infurredtion which happened in Paris, on account of fome new taxes in the begin- ning of the reign of Charles VI. when the populace forced open the arfenal, they armed themfelves chiefly with mallets, whence they were ftiled mailliotins. Perhaps their choice was guided by the confidera- tion, that the ufe of the mallet requires very little more than ftrength and refolution, not confidering that in the mel^e which fometimes attended the ancient method of fighting hand to hand, an awkward man would be as likely to knock down his friend as his enemy. Mallets were however tremendous weapons in the hands of ftrong active men, fuch as are defcribed in this poem to have wielded them : Two Scotch earls of an ancient race, One Crawford called, the other Montrofs, Who led twelve thoufand Scotchmen ftrong, Who manfully met with their foes With leaden mells and lances long(z). The mells feem at this battle to have been mixed with the bill and morris pike men, for lb thefe lines import : Then on the Englifli part with fpeed The bills ftept forth, and bows went back ; The Moorilh pikes and mells of lead Did deal there many a dreadful thwack. The morris or Moorifh pike was a weapon much in ufe in the fixteenth century, both by fea and land : fome derive its name from Maurice, Prince of Naflau, whom they fuppofe the inventor of it ; but this is certainly an error, as that weapon frequently occurs in defcrip- voL. r. (z) V. 74. s m 'J f M Si ;i J s, 1 iiii J 30 HISTORY OF /'.■! ^ ■ I. /^^xvy''/^', .\.(''.ihH'Jniahf .fri,//\tf . .r .* ///f // \ ■ f ^ h m i^ ,„ jl: f ! l=- n' ' ■r i; i ■ '« i 'lU 1 \ THE ENGLISH ARMY. 133 fword (c). The tailed and ftrongeft men were generally feledled for the pike, and in France their pay was foraewhat greater than that of the mulketeers. The general introdu6lion of the bayonet fuperfeded the pike, the ufe of which was abolifhed in France, by a royal ordonnance, iffued in the year 1703, with the ac/ice of the Marefchal de Vauban, though contrary to the opinion of Monfieur d'Artagan, afterwards Marefchal of France, under the name of Montefquiou. The exadl period when pikes were laid afide in England, I have not been able to difcover : it, however, certainly took place about the fame time as in France ; a book of the exercife of the foot, publiflied by the royal command in i6go, has the exercife of the pike, which proves it was not then laid afide ; and the Gentleman's Dictionary, publiihed in 1705, defcribes it as a weapon formerly in ufe, but then changed for the mufket, fo that the alteration muft have taken place fome time between the years 1690 and 1705(d). . > ,, a, r r ■rr«, (c) Tlie Prices of a Pikeman's -Armour and Pike as eftablijhed by the Council of Wary 7th of Charles I. - - The breaft - - - The back . - . Thetaflets . - . The comb'd head piece lyned The gorgett lyned Total - - - - 120 If the bread, back and taflets be lyned with red leather, tlie price will be i 4 o 1. o o o o o s. d. 5 6 4 6 5 o 4 6 2 6 Price of the Pike. The ftaffe The head Socket and colouring Total 1. o o o s. d. 2 6 I 8 o 4 (d) Pikes are the arms carried by pikemen, who ufed formerly to be the third part of the company, but they are now turned to mufquetteers. The pike is made of a point of iron, in form of the leaf of an apricot tree, called the fpear, about four inches long, and broad in the middle, from whence it runs to a point : the fpear has two branches or plates of iron, to fix it to the ftaff, of about a foot long, and ftrong enough to refift tlie ftroke of a broad fword. The ftaft' or fliaft of a pike is about thirteen or fourteen feet long, made of a flip >f a(h, very ftraiglit, about an inch and a quarter thick at the greatcft end, which is fliod with brafs or iron, fliarpcned to a point, to ftick in the ground. Gcntkman's Viclianary, Part ii. I- !( , I ■ i h I' Ih ^34. HISTORY OF ( 1 ' 1 t'l ' 1 m fl 1 i hi > \Ui 'h (; TiiK long bow was firft introduced here, as a military weapon, by the Normans, who at the battle of Hallings too fully demonflrated its utility and excellence, as they are faid to have been, in a great meafure, indebted to it for the fuccefs of that day. It is not to be fuppofed that the Englifli were ignorant of the bow and its ufes ; they undoubtedly knew and ufcd it in the chacc, but had not then admitted it into their armies. »•• , ' " It is probable that the Conqueror, fenfible of the importance of archery, encouraged and commanded the pra61:ice of it ; for in a fliort time we find that art much cultivated, fo that the Englilh archers formed a very confiderable part of the national infantry, and were univerfally confidered as fuperior to thofe of moft other countries. To preferve this fuperiority by conftant practice feems to have been the ftudy of many of our kings, divers ftatutes enforcing it having been enadled, even long after the invention of fire-arms '; and a number of laws, ordonnances and regulations made, for procuring a conllant fupply of good bow ftaves, for furnifliing the counties diftant from London with bowyers, firing makers, fletchers and arrow head makers, and for guarding againft the frauds and negle(^ls of thofe artificers. To enforce the pra6lice of archery, it was enabled by a fiatute of the 33d of Hejiry VIII. that every man under the age of fixty not labouring under fome bodily incapacity, ecclefiailics and judges excepted, fliould ufe the exercife of (hooting in the long bow, and keep in their poirefTion, bows and arrows. The fathers, governors, and mafters, fliould inftruct and bring up their fons and youths under their charge in the knowledge of fliooting ; that every man having a boy or boys in his houfc, fhould provide for cacli of them, of the age of feven years, and until he arrived to that of fevcntcen, a bow and two fliafts, to induce hiirl to learn and pra6tile arciiery ; if a forvant, the coft of the bow and arrows might be deducted out of his wages ; and that after fuch youtli had arrived at his feventeenth year, he fliould then buy, and conllantly keep a bow and four arrows. That if any parent or mailer, having a youth or youths under fevcntcen years of w tr *■»■> THE ENGLISH ARMY. 13: 11, i^y ed its jfure, i bow It had ice of L fliort irchers I were 28. e been having and a uring a diftant \v head thofe itutc of x.ty not judges w, and crnors, s under aving a the age ow and ervant, wages ; fliould if any cars of age, fliould fuffer any one of them to want a bow and two arrows for one month together, he fhould for every fuch negledl forfeit 6s. 8d. and every fervant above feventeen years of age, and under fixty, who received wages, negledling to furnirti )umfelf as here diredled, for every default fhould forfeit 6s. 8d. Juftices of aflize of gaol delivery, juftices of the peace and ftewards of franchifes, leets and law days, had power to enquire refpe6ling the obfervance of this law, and to punidi perfons want ng bows and arrows, as here dire6>ed. That the young archers might acquire an accurate eye, and a ftrength of arm, none under twent3'-four years of age, might flioot at any ftanding mark, except it was for a rover, and then he was to change his mark at every fhot, under the penalty of four pence, for every (hot made contrary to this regulation. It was alfo enadled that no perfon above the faid age Hmuld flioot at any mark that was not above eleven fcore yards didant, undt*' pain of forfeiting for every fhot fix fliillings and eight pence. The inhabitants of all towns and places were directed to make up their butts againft a day affigned, and to maintain and keep them in repair under penalty of 20s. for every month they were wanting : they were alfo commanded to exercife themfelves with fliooting thereat on holydays, and all other convenient times (e). To fecure a proper fupply of bow ftaves, merchants trading from places whence bow ftaves were commonly brought, were obliged to import four bow ftaves for every ton of merchandize, and that in the fame ftiip, in which the goods were loaded (f ) ; they were alfo bound to bring in ten bow ftaves of good and able Ituff, with every ton of Malmfey or Tyre wine (g) . To encourage the voluntary importation, bow ftaves of fix feet and a half long or more, were excufed the pay- (e) So jealous were the Englifh of other nations acquiring a (kill in archery, that by the 33d of Henry VIII. aliens were forbidden to (hoot with long bows, without the king's licence, under penalty of forfeiting their bows to any perfon who would feize them. (f) 1 2th Edw. IV. under penalty of 6s. 8d. to the king for each bow Have deficient, (g) I ft Rich. III. under penalty of 13s. 4d. '' t''- • I ' f 1 iif '■V i 136 U I S T O 11 Y OF ment of any duty : and the chief magiftrates of the different ports were authorifed to appoint proper and fkilful perfons to examine the bow ftavos imported, and to fee that they were good and fufficient (h). To prevent a too great confumption of yew, wliicli was the beft wood for bows, bowyers were to make four bows of witch-hazel, afli, or ehn, to one of yew, and no pcrfon under feventeen years of age, unlefs poffefled of moveables worth forty marks, or the ion of parents having an eftate of ten pounds per annum, might flioot in a yew bow, under a penalty of fix fliillings and eight pence (i). That every man might be able to furnifli himfelf with thofe inferior bows on tiie fliorteft notice ; every bowyer dwelling in the cities of London or Weftminlter, or the borough of Soutiiwark, was always to have in liis cullody fifty good bows of ehn, witch-hazel, or afli, well and fubftantially made and wrought, upon pain that every of the faid bowyers, vvlio for the fpace of twenty days fliould not have the number of bows of thofe materials, ready made and fit to be fold and ufed, fliould for every bow wanting of that number, forfeit 10s. one half to the queen, and tlie other half to any armourer, fletcher, or maker of bow firings, that would fue for it. The prices of bows were occafionally regulated by a6ts of parlia- ment, from whence we learn, that the price of bow ftaves had increafed from 2I. to 12I. the hundred, between the reigns of Edward III. and the 8th of Elizabeth, though this is faid to have been partly effected by the confederacy of the Lombards. In the reign of Edward III. the price of a painted bow was is. 6d. i"'\ (h) This feems to (licw that our ancient bows were at lead fix feet long. A gentleman of the fociety of archers, who has made the properties of the long bow his particular ftudy, fays, that the beft length for a bow is five feet eight inches from nock to nock ; and that of an arrow two feet three inches. We however in ancient poems read of arrows a cloth ell long. (i) It has been fuppofed tliat yew trees were originally planted In church-yards, In ord .'r to furnifli bow ftaves ; but it is more probable, that they being evergreens, are plantetl there as an emblem of the immortality of the foul, which, though the body is dead, ftill exifts. Sec B^ttrifi Aiitiqiiitks of the Coiiii::cii Pfople, ch. iii. i THE ENGLTSH ARMY. 137 were ibovv 3 bcil I, afti. f age, larents V bow I I thofe ; in t\ie rk, was azel, or every of have the fold and [los. one clier, or parVia- aves had Edward partly en . 6d. ■as IS A gentleman ticulav ftudy, ■ami that of NVb a cloth til r.uds, in oril-'V planted there aWl cxirts. Sec that of a white bow is. a fheaf of arrows if " accrata," or with (Iceled points, IS. ad. if non acerata, blunt or unftceled, is. In the a4th of Edward IV. no bowyer might fell a yew bow to any of the king's fubjedts for more than gs. 4d. and in the 38th of Henry VIII. the price of a yew bow, for any perfon between the ages of feven and fourteen years, was not to exceed lad. The bowyers were befides to have by them inferior bows of all prices from 6d. to lad. The price of a yew bow of the tax called elk, to any of the king's fubjedls, was limited to 3s. 4d. In the 8th of Elizabeth, bows of foreign yew were diredled to be fold for 63. 8d. the fecond fort at 3s. 44. and the coarfe fort, called livery bows, at a price, not exceeding two {hillings each, and bows of Englifh yew at the fame. A claufe of a former a6l, dire6ting the bowyers of London and V^eftminfter to make four bows of different wood for one of yew, was repealed, with refpedl to thole artificers dwelling in thofe places, on their reprefentation that the citizens of London would purchafe none but yew bows. Aliens might not convey, fell, nor exchange any bows or arrows to parts out of the king's obeifance, without his fi^ecial licence, under pain of forfeiture of the fame, or the value thereof, and imprifonment, till they had paid fuch fine as fhould be impofed on them, by two jullices of the peace, or find furety for the payment (k). All bow- ftaves brought into the kingdom were to be fold open, and not ii> bundles, to the intent that tiie buyers might know their qualities (I). Arrows weW made of different kinds of wood, but, according to Roger Afcliam, aih was the beft. Their heads were of the beff iron, pointed with ftcel ; for this purpofe, the flooks of anchors were fome- timcs uled (in). Arrows were armed with iron heads of different forms (k) Stat. 33 Hen. VIII. chap. 9. (1) Ibid. (m) Tht. ilicrift'of Norfolk being ordered, 4: F.d. III. to provide a certain number of garbs or (lieavcs of iirrows headed with ftecl, for the khig's ufe, is diretlcd to feize all tlie flooka of anchors (omnus alas ancurum) nccefliiry for making the heads. Steinden's Hi/}. Great Tur- tnoittk. VOL. I. T S SI .i^.,V' . n m n. ij f 138 HISTORY OF and denominations ; fome were barbed, which rendered it impoffiblc to (haw them forth from the wound, without laceration ; they were featl ered with part of a goofe's wing(n). Arrows were reckoned by (heaves; a fhcaf confided of tweiity-four arrows. They were carried in a quiver, worn on tlie right fide, or at tlie back. This ferved for tlie magazine ; arrows for immediate ufe were often worn in the girdle. By an ail of parliament, made 7th of Henry IV. it was enacted, That for the future, all the heads of arrows and quarrels Ihould be well boiled or brafed, and hardened at the point with Heel ; and that every head of an arrow or quarrel fliould have the mark of tJie maker ; workmen ottcnding againfl this a6l, were liable to a line and impri- fonment, at the king's will ; and the juftices of the peace in every county in England, and alfo the mayors, flieriifs, and bailifls of cities and boroughs, were authorifed to enquire concerning all makers of arrow-heads, and to punifli defaulters. In order that the diilant counties might be furnillied with the ne- ccflary artificers for making bows and arrows, bowyers, llclchers, llring-makcrs, and arrow-head-makers, not being freemen of London, might be lent, by the appointment of the king's council, the lord chancellor, lord privy fcal, or one of them, to inhabit any city, bo- rough, or town within the realm, that was dellitute of fuch artificers. Any of thefe workmen, being duly warned, negleciting to repair to the places directed, were liable to a penalty of 4,0s. for every day's neglect, and contrary abode (o;. For the foreign garrifons of calUes m the time of Edward II. one artificer, Itiled artillator, was appoint- cd(p). I (11) Many inftaiices occur in our ancient records, where the flierifts of difFcrcnt counties are dircded to find leathers from the wings of geefc for arrows. (0)3 3d I [en. VII I. fee. 8. (p) IihM ordinatum eft, quod fit unus artillator qui facial balliftas, carellos, arcos, fagittas, lanccas, fpiculas ; & alia arma ncceflaria pro garrifonibus caftrorum. D^ Oj^ao St/itfiul/i jiquitaniy quoted by F. Danul, vol. i. p. I(j6. 1 1 ' THE ENGLISH ARMY. >39 [he ne- ichers, ndou, lord bo- hccrs. air to day's calllcs point- TiiE raiiRc of a. bow, according to Neadc, was from fixtccii to twenty fcore yards ; and fo quick were the ancient archers, or fo (low the nni(kcteers, that lie fays, an archer could flioot fix arrows in the time of diargin^^ and difchargincf one mulkct. Tni: force with which an arrow Itrutk an objedl at a moderate diltance, may be conceived from an inflance given by King Edward VI. in his journal, wherein he fay.s, that an hundred archers of his guard (hot before him, two arrows each, and afterwards all together, that they fliot at an inch board, which fome pierced quite tlirough, and ftuck into the other board, ilvers pierced it ruite through with the heads of tlieir arrows, the Irards being well feafoiied timber: their diftancc from the mark is not mentioned (q). In ancient times phials of combuftibie cjmpofition for burning houfes or lliips were fixed on the heads of a\ rows, hia fhot from long bows(r). Neadc fays he has known by experir;v, •, that an ardier may (hoot an ounce of fire-work upon an arrow, tv elvc fc re yards. Arrows with wild-fire, and arrows for fire v crk s, are mentioned among the ftores at Newhaven and Barwick, in tlic lit of Edward VI (s). Chaucer, in his prologue to the Canterbury Tales, thus defcribes an archer of his time : And he was cladde in cote and hocie of grcnc A fhefe of peacock arwes bright and kene Under liis belt he bore ful thriftily, Well coude he dreile his takel yewmanly. His arwes drouped not with fethcres lowe, And in his hand, he uixe a mighty bowe, : counties f.\gittas. ((j) She K. Ell. VI. Journal in Bi"-tiet's Hi/}, cf the Refwmation. (r) Missnius igitur fupcr eo? -'.ncuh igiiita. Mat. Plihs, p. 1090. And, p. 1091, Et phialas plcnas calcc, arcubus pei parva haftilla ad modum faglttarum fupcr holies jaculaiidas. Arrows of this kind were ufcd by the Romans, and called falariea and mallioli. (s) In Mr. Brander's MSS. Where, in ihe armoury at Weftminfter, tlicve is alfo an entry of " two longe bowcs of cwghc to fliote itoncs in, witli cafes of Icthgr to them."' ^i ^i .1 t \: .U |.'«.:',:J m Hi I 140 HISTORY OP A not-hed hadde he, with broune vifagd. Of wood crafte could he wel all ufage ; Upon his arme he haj a gai bracer (t), And by his fide a fword and a bokeler. And on the other fide a gai daggere Harneifed wel, and fliarp as pointe of fpere : A crillofre on his brefl: of filver Ihene, An horn he bare, the baudrik was of grene, A forefter was he fothely as. I gefle. The drefs of our ancient archers is given in feveral chronicler Fabian (u) fays the yomen hadde at thofe dayes their lymraes at lyber- tye, for theyr hofyn were then faftened with one point, and theyr jackes were longe and eafy to fliote in, fo that they mighte drawe bowes of great ftrength, and (bote arrowes of a yerde longe ; and according to Caxton (x), the yeomanry hadde theyr hofen terven or bounden bynethc the knee having long jackys. But every man hadde a good bowe, a iheaf of arrowes and a fword. The following defcription of an archer, his bow and accoutrements, is given by Ralphe Smithe. Archers of Long Bows. Captains and officers (hould be fkilfuU of that moft noble weapon, and to fee that their foldiers according to their draught and ftrength, have good bowes, well nocked, well ftrynged, everie ftringe whippe in their nocke, and in the myddes rubbed with wax, brafer, J Ihuting ^1^ |;: in in 'll (t) A DRACER fcrvcth for two caufes ; one to fave Ms armc from the ftrype of the ftringe, and his douhlct from wc.iiiii(,% .inJ tlic other is, ihat tlic ftringe gliding fliarplyc and quiciilye off the bracer, may niukc the (li.irpcT fliot. A fti\X)ting glove is chiefly to fave a man's fingers from hurti.ig, tliat he may be able to bear the (harp ftringe to tlie uttcrmoft of his ftrength. Roger /■IJ'cham. (u) Vol. ii. p. 172. (z) PoLYcii&ON, book vui. chap. 13. ^il THE ENGLISH ARMY. 141 MiicleS'. lyber- 1 theyr drawe » ; and rven or ti hadde ementSy weapon, rength, hippe in (huting the ftringe, nd quicklye lan's fingers lis ftrcngth. glove, fome fpare ftringes trymed as aforefaid ; every man one fliefe of arrovves, with a cafe of leather defenfible againft the rayne, and in the fame fewer and twentie arrowes, whereof eight of them Ihould be lighter than the refidue, to gall or aftoyne the enemye with the hail iliot of light arrowes, before they Ihall come within the danger of their harquebufs ihot. Let every man have a brigandine, or a little cote of platCj a Ikull or huf kyn, a maule of leado, of five foote in lengthe, and a pike, and the fame hanging by his girdle, with a hooke, and a dagger ; being thus fumifhed, teach them by mufters to march, Ihoote and retire, keepinge their faces upon the enemys. Sum- tyme put them into great nowmbers, as to battell apperteynctli, and thus ufe them often times praftifed, till they be perfe«^)^e ; tFor thofe men in battell, ne Ikirmifh can not be fpared ; none other weapon maye compare with the fame noble weapon. The bow maintained its place in our armies long after the intro- du6lion of fire-arms, and many experienced foldiers liave been advocates for its continuance, and even, in fome cafes, pret'erred it to the mu{ket(y). King Cliarles L granted two commiflions under the great feal, for enforcing the ufe of the long bowe ; the firft in the 4th year of his reign (z) ; but this was revoked by proclamation, four years afterwards, on account of divers extortions and abufes committed under fandlion thereof. The fecond, an. 1633, in the cjth year of his (y) The long bow might on fome occafions undoubtedly at this time be ufed with great advantage, particularly againft cavalry : a few horfes wounded by arrows left Iticking in them would probably become fo unru'y as to difordcr a whole fquadron ; befides tlie fight and whizzing of the arrows before tlie heads of thofe horfes th'-y did not 'lit, would keep them in a conftant ftate of terror and reftivenefs. Nor would a flight of arrows falling on a battalion of foot fail of a confidernble effedt, independent of the men they kill -d or mounded, as when fhot with an elevation they would be vifible almoft from the time they left the bow, and it would require a more than ordinary exertion of cour ige to refraiu froir, looking at them, and endeavouring by fome movement to avoid them ; this, by engvnfling the rttcntion of the men, would prevent their a£ling with vigour agnuft a b.ittalion cj-ipolcd to them } archers could a£l in the rear of a battalion of infantry, and even ef a fquadron of cavulry. {?.) To Timothy Taylor, John Hubert, Henry Hubert, Gentlemen, and Jcflery Lc Neve, Efq. Ryiner. "v.'^l: iS: m 1." I ii 143 H ISTOR Y OF reign, to William Neadc and his fon alfo named William, wherein the former is ttiled an ancient archer,, who had prefented to the king a warlike invention of .the pike and bow, feen and approved of by him and his council of war ; wherefore his majefly had granted them a commillion to teach and extercife his loving fubjecls in the faid invention, which he particularly recommended the chief officers of his trained bands to learn and praitife ; and the juftices and the other chief magiftrates throughout England, are therein enjoined to ufe every means in their power to affiit Neade, his fon, and all perfons authorifed by them, in the furtherance, propagation and pra6lice of this ufeful invention. Both the commillion and proclamation are printed at large in Rymer (a). At the breaking out of the civil war, the earl of Eflex ifllied a precept, dated November, 1643, " for ftirring up all wcll-aflTetfted people by benevolence, towards the raifing of a company of archers for the fervice of the king and parliament." And in a pamphlet printed anno 1664, giving an account of the fuccefs of the Marquis of Montrofe againit the Scots, bow men are repeatedly mentioned, - • -' To prote6l themfelves againft the attacks of cavalry, our archers carried each of them one or two long ftakes, pointed at both ends ; tliefe they planted in the earth, floping before them, the points pre- fented to the height of a horfe's bread. In the ill of P^dward VI. three hundred and fifty of thefe were in the ftores of the town of Berwick, under the article of archers' fiakes ; there were alfo at tlie fame time eight bundles of archers' ftakes in Pontefrac^l caftle(b). (a) This cxercife w.is printed, A.D. 1625, under the title of the Double- anncil Man, with figures reprefcnting the motions. From the preface it appears, that Nead caufed a foldier to pcrfu, n this cxercife before the King, and petitioned him to give orders for its being pra£tifed in the artillcrie gardens of London and Weftminftcr ; to which the King anfwercd, " Tliat it were meeter for them to pradife it of tiieir own accord :" he ncverthe- lefs was afterwards prevailcii on to ifluc the requeued orders. This cxercife, with the expla- natory figures, will be given under the article of tlie cxercife of the pike. (b) Mr. Bkander's MSS. ii i n tlia ,ng a r him em a ; faid jrs of other :o ufe 3rfons ice of )n are il war, lirring g of a And xefs of eatedly archers ends ; Its pre- ird VI. own of ) at the ftle(b). mcd Man, caufed a ers for its the King ncverthe- thc cxiila- THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^4:3 Stakes of this kind were ordered by the earl of Salifburye, in the wars of Henry V. in France ^^c). ;!i i! ili. <■ ,•> To the many laws, ordonances and regulations iffued for the fup- port of archery, may be added the inftitution of the artillery company, which was incorporated by the patent of Henry VHI. in the year 1537, to Sir Chrillopher Morris, Knight, mailer of the ordnance, Anthony Knevett and Peter Mewtes, gentlemen of the privy chamber, overfeers of the fraternity or guild of St. George, granting licence to them to be overfeers of the fcience of artillery, videlicet, for long bows, crofs bows, and hand guns ; and the faid Sir Chrillopher Morres, Comelys Johnfon, Anthony Anthony, and ■ Henry Johnfon to be mailers and rulers of the laid fciqnce of' artillery, during their lives ; and to them and their fucceflbrs for ever, being Engliflnnen or Denifons and the king's fervants, authority to ellablifli a perpetual fraternity or guild, and to admit all honeft perfons whatlbever, as well llrangers as others, into a body corporate, having perpetual fuccefliori, by the name of mailers, rulers, and' commonality of the fraternity or guild of artillery of long bows, crofs bows and hand guns, with the ufual powers granted to corporations of purchafing lands, and ufing a common feal. This fociety might ele6t four under mailers, either Englifli or llrangers of good chara6ler, to overi'ee and govern the company, and to have the cuilody of their property, real and perfonal ; thefe might be chofen annually. The fraternity wer'.. alio authorifed to exercife themfelves in lliooting in long bows, crofs bows and hand guns, at all manner of marks and butts, and at the game of the popymuye(d), and other game or games, as at the fowle (c)FoR tc ni.ike iLikes ngainft a battayle or journey. Alfoe that every captayue doe com- pell their yoonien, every man in all liaRc to make him a good fubftantiall ftake of a xi ftete in lengthe for certain ticings (tidings) tliat lords have heard, and in payne to be puniflied as hereto belongeth-" AISS. of Air. Pitji's in the Iiiiur TempU; eiititUd Co/hJla/ieti, vol. i. p. 509, f< feq. (d) So in the Cliirter : undoubtedly the popinjay. Maitland fays the crofs bow makers ufi;d to exercife themfelves in fliooting at the popinjay or artificial parrot, in a field called Tallel ! W. f&l' \ , i ^ '1 i:' ■M It ■ I- !ii ! i I, •; 1 I' 144* HISTORY OF and fowles, as well in the city of London and fuburbs, as in all other places wherefoever, within the realm of England, Ireland, Calais, and the Marches of Wales, and elfewhere within the king's dominions, his forefts, chafes and parks, without his efpecial warrant referved and excepted, as alfo game of heron and pheafant, within two miles of the royal manors, caftles and other places, where the king fliould fortune to be or lie, for the time only. The mailers of this corporation were authorifed to keep long bows, crofs bows, and liand guns in their houfes, and their fervants to carry the faid weapons, when and where ordered by their matters, which fervants carrying fuch crofs bows or guns might not Ihoot at any fort of fowl, under penalty of paying the forfeiture according to the ail. No other fraternity of this fort might be formed or kept in any part of England . thout the licence of thefe matters and rulers. The patent alfo permitted than to ufe any foi t of embroidery, or any cognifance of filver they ttiould think proper, on their gowns and jackets, coats or doublets, and to ufe in them any kind of filk or vel- vet, fatin or damafk (the colours of purple and fcarlet only excepted), and alfo to have on their gowns or other garments all forts of furrs» not above that of Martyns, without incurring the penalty of any ait or proclamation refpe<5ling apparell (e). Taficl Clofe, in London, from the number of thidles growing there ; this was afterwards hired by the Artillery company, and is called the Old Artillery Ground. The cxercife of the popinjay was an ancient amufement in France, as is flicwn by the fuUowiiig pnfi.ige : L'excr- cife du papegaye ou papegault,que Ton fait encore aujourd'hiii dans c]uclciiics villes de France, ou il y a des prix propofez pour celui qui tirera le micux, ell un rcfte dc I'ancicn exercife, fju'on faifoit faire aux Bourgeois. F.t je crois que cet exercife en qttclqm's cndroits ell aulH ancien que I'inftitution de la milice des coninuines, & dc la jurIfdl£lion ties maifiviis de ville, qui furcnt inftitutiec fous le rcgne de riiilippe I. quatrieme Roi de la prcmive rnce ainfi que je I'ai dit aillcurs. P. Darnel Hijl. de !a Mil. Fr. torn. i. p. 379. (e) Many fumptuary edicts were in former times publiflicd by proclamation, regulnting the materials, colours and decorations of tlie garments to be worn by difllrcnt ranks of people ; among the trimmings, furi of diflercat animals made a very diftinguiflilng part, and were particularly appropriated. f ^M ^H;3 THE ENGLISH ARMY. H5 other is, and >iis, his id and of the 'ortunc P long 'ants to nafters, hoot at ding to or kept I rulers. , or any vns and , or vel- cepted), )f furrs, any a6t afterward* rcife of the e : I/exer- le France, 11 exercife, lits ell ;iuiri lis lie vilk, e ainfi q"<; Tul;>t'ing the of people i ami were The maftcrs and rulers of this fraternity were exempted from fcrving on any inquell within the city of London or any where cU'c within the realm : and the king further granted, that if any of the fraternity fliooting at a known and accuftomed butt, having firft pronounced or fpokcn the ufual word FAST(f ), Ihould after that hap- pen by mifchancc to kill any palfenger, he fliould not fufFer death, nor be impeached, troubled, or imprifoned for it. The patent was directed to be made out under the great feal, without the payment of any fees to the king, his heirs, or the hanaper, and was pafled the 2()th of Henry VHI(g). Another patent was granted by King James L in the 3d year of his reign, A.D. lOo.-;, to the lord mayor of London, the lord Ellefmere, lord chancellor of England, Thomas earl of Dorfet, high treafurer, Thomas carl of Suftblk, chamberlain of the houiehold, Charles duke of Devonfliire, mailer of the ordnance, Robert earl of Salilbury, prin- cipal fecretary, with divers judges, knights and gentlemen for the en* couragement of tlie artillery company, and the maintenance of archery and artillery within the realm of England. In this patent, after reciting the national utility of this company, it is ftatod that divers pcrfons for their own gain and advantage have plucked up the ancient marks ufed in (hooting, raifed the banks and hedges, and deepened the ditches, thereby preventing the neceflary connnunlcations in the fields, anciently appropriated to this exerciie, contrary to tlie ancient cuftoms of London, ftatutes, provilions and proclamations, whereby there is a danger that many perfons being deprived of their ufual amufements, might haunt and frequent unlaw- ful games ; wherefore the commiflioners, or any fix of them, were empowered to i'urvey the grounds near the city of London, where the archers had been accuftomed to flioot, and to caufe them to be ff ) 1'as 1 , i. c. ilaiul r..ll, ii notite not to move till after the perfon giving fuch notice had made his lliot. (g) This eh.ivtcr is pvlvitcu in a brief Iiiitorieal account of the artillery company, by Mr. Blaekw^ll, adjutant and eierli to the company, anno 1726. VOL. I. U m i A i I mm 51 < 14^ HISTORY OF reduced to the ftate in which they were in the beginning of the reign of King Henry VHI. by calling before them the owners and occupiers of thofe lands, where any alterations had been made lince that period, to be proved by oath, by fuch honeft and lawful men as they fliould deem competent witnelTes, and ordering the laid owners and occupiers to do the neceflary work, at their own coft and charges. Any per- fons refifting, refufing, or neglc'6ting to obey thofe orders, were to be puniflied with fine and imprifonment to the king's ufe. In this patent the coat of arms they now bear was granted them. A SIMILAR commifilon was granted by King Charles I. in the 8th year of his reign, A.D. 1633, wherein the grounds ufed for archery were dire(5led to be reduced to the Hate in which they were in the beginning of the reign of King James I. (h). In the year 1638, the company performed an exercife of arms at Merchant Taylors Hall, before the lord mayor, court of aldermen, and many other eminent citizens, fo much to their fatisfadtion, that in teftimony thereof, they made a prefent to them of the ground they now enjoy, to ferve them for a military field of exercife ; it was then called the Artillery Garden. The company was alfo enriched by many gifts and legacies. Anno 1641, Charles prince of Wales (afterwards King Charles II.) the duke of Bavaria, and James duke of York (afterwards King James II.) entered themfelves members of this company. It received fome interruption during the civil wars, and had no exercife from 1643 to 1656, at which time it was again revived, many citi'zens entering themfelves members of it. In 1644, the duke of York was appointed captain general of the company, and exercifed it ; the fame year, the dukes of Monmouth, i !k I i (h) Under thefe claufes, a cow-kcepcr, named Pitficltl, was, fo late as 1746, obliged to renew one of the {hooting marks which lie Iiad difplaced, on which the artillery company cut the following infcription, viz. PilfidcCs Repentance: and the Hon. Uaincs Burrington, in his ingenious treatife on archery, publilhed in the 7th volume of the Archa:ologia, (;iys, he is in- formed that Mr. Scott, the great brick-maker, hath been under the ncceflity of making hit. (ubmillioa on a like occaficn. / 1 THE ENGLISH ARMY. H7 Albemarle, and Onnoiid, the earls of Sandwich, Manchcllcr, Anglefca, and the Lord Craven, became members of it. ArTEtt the revolution, King William, in the year i68(), reftored the Company to the right of annual eledlions of its officers, which in the two preceding reigns had been interrupted from political motives ; he alfo declared himlelf captain general, appointing his grace the duke of Norfolk his deputy, during his abfence abroad. On the accefllon of Queen Anne, {he appointed her royal confort, Prince George of Denmark, to be captain general (i). L\ the year 1719, his majefty ordered that all the commifllon and ftaff officers of the city trained bands Ihould become members of the artillery company, and exercife with them at all convenient times, in order to qualify themfelves the better for their refpe6live Nations. It was alfo ordered, that the abovementione'^ officers fliould not fail to to make their appearances at the three annual marches or exercifes of the faid company, unlefs hindered by fome extraordinary bufmefs, and in fuch cafe, that they {hould provide fome other perfon to appear in their ftead : fince which, no perfon can have a commiffion in the trained bands from the court of lieutenantcy, unlefs he produces a certificate, that he is a member of the artillery company. On the Soth of May, 1722, his majefty caufed the company to march in review before him in St. James's P^rk, and was pleafed to make them a prefent of five hundred pounds*. » Altholg;i both long and crofs bows have for many years been laid afide, the company ftill continues to exercife in the artillery ground. His Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales is captain general ; there is alfo a prefident, vice prefident, treafurer, colonel, lieutenant (i) Archery feems at this time to have been totally laid afidc by the company, who exer- cifed themfelves in the ufe of the muflcet and pike. • The artillery company Hill fubfifts ; but the city trained bands have been abolifhed. Inftead of thofe irregular corps, the city of London now furniflies, for the defence of the country, two regiments of militia, on tlic fame footing with the other militia corps of the fcvcral comities. L! j. ')': '■ ■ i 1 5 1 ''« 1 t K • i "4 '' k I i| 148 HISTORY OF colonel, and major (ufually chofcn from tlie court of aldermen or other fubftantial citizens), with an adjutant, engineer, furgeon, chap- lain, clerk, fergeant major, drum major, and mcllengcr. The crofs bow, or arbalift, called in Latin arcus baliftarius, or balifta manualis, and in French arbalet, is laid by fome to be of Sicilian origin ; others afcribe its invention to the Cretans. It is fuppofed to have been introduced into France by the tirll crufaders, and is mentioned by the abb(i Suger in the life of Louis le Gros, as being ufcd by that prince, in the beginning of his reign (k), which commenced in the year 1 108. Verstigan feems to attribute the introdu<5lion of this weapon into England to the Saxons under Hengill and Horfa, but cites no authority in fupport of that fuppofition. In a print reprefenting the landing of thofe generals, the foremoft of them is delineated with a crofs bow on his fhoulder, and others are feen in the hands of the diftant figures of their followers, landed and landing from their fliips ; of tliis print he fays, " and becaufe thefe noble gentlemen were the firft bringers in and condudlors of the anceftors of Englilhmen into Britaine, from whence unto their pofterity, the poneflion of their countrey hath enfued, I thought fit here in pourtraiture to fit down their firft arrivall, therewithall to ftiewe the manner of the apparell which they wore, the weapons which they ufed, and the banner or enfign firft by them fpred in the field." Some writers fay, William the Con- queror had crofs bows in his army at the battle of Haftings. The Genoefe were reckoned flcilful in the ufe of this weapon ; a great number of them were in the French fervice at the battle of Crefcy. The effefts of this weapon were deemed fo fatal and cruel, that the ufe of it was forbidden by the fecond Lateran council, in 1 139, under the penalty of an anathema, as hateful to God and unfit to be employed among Chriftians ; which prohibition was confirmed by Pope Innocent III. It was neverthelefs introduced into our armies by (k) P. Daniel Hift. de la Mil. Fr. torn. i. p. 425. CltOSSE BOIVE. JX(^tcf} fiidp ' % s'-'i if-' B^\i 1^/. )-f ??H'.ai ■s *l^ ■111 fi THE ENGLISH ARMY. 14.^ King Riihaid I. who being flaiii by a dart (liot from one of tliem, at the fiegc of the cadle of Chaluz in Normandy, liis death was confidcrcd as a judgment from Heaven, infli(51:ed upon him fur his impiety. Notwithllanding this example, the crofs bow continued to be much ufed by the Britifli troops, and in the lift of the forces raifcd by King Edward II. againll the Scots, the crofs bow men make the fecond article in the enumeration of the different kinds of foldiers of which it confifted(l). The crofs bow kept its footing in our armies even fo late as the year 1572, when Queen Elizabetii, in a treaty with King Charles IX. of France, engaged to furnidi him with fix thouland men, part of them armed with long bows, and part with crofs bows. And in the attack made by the Englifh on the ifle of Rhee in i6'27, fome crofs bow men were, it is faid, in that army. Cross bows were of different kinds, fome called latches, and fome prodds. The bow was commonly of fteel, though fometimes of wood or horn ; the fmaller bows were bent with the hand by means of a fmall fteel lever, called the goat's foot, from its being cloven or forked on that fide that refted on the crofs bow and cord ; the larger were bent with one or both feet, put into a kind of ftirrup : fome were alfo bent with a machine called a moulinet. Cross bows not only difchargcd arrows, but alfo darts called quar- reaux, from their heads, which were fquare pyramids of iron, corruptly named quarrels; thefe were fometimes feathered (as the term was) with wood or brafs : crofs bows alfo fliot ftones or leaden balls. According to Sir John Smith, in his Inftrudlions and Obfervations, &c. p. 204, a crofs bow would kill point blank between forty and fixty M (1) TiTULUs de vadiis tam peditum, baliftariorum, lanceatorum, & fagittariorum Anglix, Walliae, & Vafcon ; quani quorundam hominum ad arma et hobclariorum, retentorum ad vadia domini rcgus Edwardi, filii regis Edwardi, in gucrra Scotix et alibi, a primo die Maii, anno quinto decimo, ufque feptimum diem Julii, anno regni ejufdem fexto decimo, finicnte tempore. Rogeri de Waltham tunc cuftodis, et Robert! de Baldok tunc contra rotulatoris gaidcrobx. Jl/SS. in the Library of Tko. AJle, Efq. li r 1, i J';^::il i.io HISTORY OF i'M P li M I' ! ■■-;' I yards, and, if elevated, fix, feven, and even eight fcorc yards ; tlic range indeed depended on the fize and rtrength of the bow ; but the diilnnces here given are fuch as a common crofs bow would carry. Monsieur m: Bella y, in the treatifc before quoted, fpeaks liighly of tile crofs bow, which he prefers to the liarquebiis.and fays it would kill an hundred or two iiundred paces (ni) ; probably he here meant only military paces, of two feet, or two feet and a half. Cross bow men were drelTcd, and otherwife armed, much in the fame manner as the archers, and like them were frequently mounted on horfeback. The invention of gunpowder and its application to artillery and fmall arms, did not produce that fudden change in the art of war, or weapons, that might, on a firft confideration, be ex|x:dted. Mankind, in general, have an almoft fuperftitious reverence for old profeflional cuftoms, which they ever relinquilh unwillingly, and flowly, adopting improvements by degrees only. This arifes, not only from a ilrong prepoileflion in favour of opinions they have been taught all their lives to confider as uncontrovertible, but becaufe improvements tend to fhew that tlie rifing generation is wifer than their forefathers and feniors, a pofition old men will never willingly allow ; this diflike to innovations is peculiarly found in old foldiers, becaufe by adopting new weapons, and confequently a new exercife, the old and expert foldiers find themfelves in a worfe ftate than new recruits ; as they have not only a new exercife to learn, which after a certain age is no cafy matter, but alfo the old one to forget: for the truth of this obfervation, I appeal to every military man, who has feen any altera- tion made in the ordinary routine of duty or exercife. Tins was the cafe, with rcfpett to changing the long bow for the harquebufs ; to prove it a number of infiaiices might be produced, which nuifi occur to every reader of ancient military books ; it likewife is flrongly marked by a letter written by Camden, tranfcribed in" the (m) Book i. p. 25. Til E ENGLISH ARMY. >5i note hL'low{ri). Indeed many of the ancient foldicrs were much cliviilcd on that fiibj>.6t, nor does it appear that the government of thofc days had formed any decided opinion upon it, as the Orongell llatiitcs for enforcing the practice of archery were enabled after the introduction of fire arms: and fo indiH'erent were our rulers under Queen Mary to the introdui!:tion of them, that in her ordonnance refpecHing armour and weapons, the alternative is left to the choice of the people, whether they would find a long bow and fheaf of arrows, or a harqucbut, in every cafe where they were by law charged with the latter. Tiiis national backwardnefs to a general adoption of fire arms muft ftrike every perfon, when it is Ihevvn how long hand (n) Camden to Sir Ed. Cecil. Honourable Sir. The propofitiori yoii make is outt- of the reache of my profcflion, an»■> VOL. I. V • l6'2 HISTORY OFHT r3 U ' • A- grenades, th^ were on the word of command " fall on," to rufli upon the enemy. The pra^ice of fcrewing the dagger into the muzzle of the piece, is alfo there diredled ; it likewife appears that they then loaded with cartridges, and that the matchlock and fire-lock or fnaphance, were both then in ufe, the exercife for both being laid down in that book. In another book of exercife, publifhed alfo by royal authority, in the year 1690 (c), the match>lock exercife and the ufe of the bandileers are Hill retained, but the grenadiers appear to have been armed with fire-locks, and to have ufed cartridges ; their daggers are here ftiled bayonets, but were Hill fcrewed into the muzzles of their pieces. Bayonets were folely appropriated to the grenadiers and dragoons. The hatchet is not mentioned in this book. I HAVE in vain endeavoured to afcertain the precife time when the bayonets of the prefent form were firft adopted here ; that improve- ment, as well as the original invention, is of French (d)extra6lion. m Hllli l!]' i (c) The Exercife of the Foot, with the evolutions according to the words of command, as they are explained } as alfo the forming of battalions, with dirediions to be obferved by all colonels, captains, and other officers in their majefties armies : by their majefties command, 1690. .:- .-- , . The 42d regiment of foot differs from all the others in his majefly's fervice in their drefs and appointments, their uniform being the ancient habit of the Scottifh Highlanders, confifting of the bonnet, plaid, red jacket faced with blue, the Philibeg and Tartan hofe. Their arms, befides thofe borne by the other regiments or infantry, namely fire- m 1 I ' J-' 1 i ■■ ! t! ;. I ■ . } ' I 164 .-/ HISTORY OF HT locks and bayonets^ are Urge bafket-hilted broad fwords, and dagger^ of about eighteen inches long, called dirks (e). Tms regiment was compofed of independent compaiues rauiied for the prote6lion of the country agalnft robbers, thence called the high- land watch ; they were regimented 06lober 25th, 1739, when John carl of Crauford was appointed colonel (f ). Some of the chiefs in raifmg thefe companies had given them promifes they were not authorifed by government to make ; among other inducements to enlill, thus im- properly held forth, it is faid, the men were aflured they (hould not go out of their own country ; under the faith of this promife, many reputable farmers and yeomen's fons entered themfelves as privates in the corps, who would not otherwife have thought of ehlifting. • It being found neceflary to fend this regiment on foreign fervice, it was ordered up to the environs of London, in the b^inning of May, 1743, ^^ ^^ ^^ fourteenth reviewed on Finchley common by General Wade. > •'-^ /in^ivofi v^^ffi ;,: A REPORT having been circulated that it was deftmed to the Weft Indies, a great uneaiinefs arofe among the private men, which was increafed on account of fome ftoppages in their pay, probably only the ufual arrears : thefe difcontents were fomented by fome evil- minded people, who magnified to them the unwholefomenefs of the country, to which they were fuppofed to be ordered, and terrified them with the fate of the troops on the expedition under General Wentworth. Under the influ^ice of thefe notions a body of one hundred and fifty of them aflembled, on the 17th, about Hampftead and Highgate, with their arms, fourteen cartridges each, and fix days* provifions, and -putting themfelves under the command of a corporal of the name of i .» (e) I DOUBT whether the dirk is part of their regimental arms, but I remember in the year 1 747, moft of the private men had them, and many were alfo permitted to carry targets ; the regiment was then on fervice hi Flanders. (f ) See Milan's Succeflion of Colonels. CI r » • ■..'It :-'J'- !.';! Jn fWfr/T( n.i!i If ,1- THE ENGLISH ARMY. i«5 Nl»i! Highland Soldiers. w ^M ■i; ' vll ii^ i' ' i 1 i '» ( 1 ilfiwi '< THE ENGLISH ARMY. 1^7 There were during the laft war and that of 1760 feveral other Highland corps, which have been reduced. It having been found necelVary on many occafions to embark a number of foldiers on board our (hips of war, and mere landfmcn being at firll extremely unhealthy, and for fome time, until they had been accuftomed to the fea, in a great meafure unferviceable, it was at length judged expedient to appoint certain regiments for that fervice, who were trained to the different modes of fea fighting, and alfo made ufeful in fome of thofe manoeuvres of a fhip, where a great number of hands were required ; tliefe, from the nature of their duty, were dif- tinguifhed by the appellations of maritime foldiers and marines. The precife time when this inftitution firll took place is, like many other pieces of military hiftory, involved in obfcurity. The oldeft corps of this kind I have been able to difcover, ftands the third regi- ment of infantry in the Lift of the Army for the year 1684, before quoted ; it there appears under the defcription of " the Lord High Admiral of England, his Royal Highnefs the Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot, commanded by the Hon. Sir Charles Littleton, called alfo the Admiral Regiment." It then confift- ed of twelve companies, without grenadiers ; the men were clothed in yellow coats, lined with red, their colours were a red crofs, with rays of the fun iflliing from each of its angles. This was not the pre- fent third regiment now diftinguidied by the name of the old buffs ; that regiment then ftood the fourth on the lift, and was commanded king in one particular corps and no other ; that an agreement to ferve in the cavalry does not bind the contracting party to ferve in the infantry or marines ; nor will an undertaking to ferve as a private foldier in the 19th or any particular regiment of foot, compel the under- taker to ferve in the 20th, or any other corps but that fpeciiied. It may be faid that thefe diftin£tions are too like the quibbles of an attorney j it is granted : but would it not be beft to avoid every (hadow of doubt, or means of quibble ? which may be done by inferting the power of draughting in the atteftation. Should it be afked, how is any corps on foreign fer- vice to be otherwife recruited ? the anfwer is, by volunteers from the different regiments at home, a meafure never known to fail, and by which a corps gets rid of thofe relUefs fpirits^ who are beft when employed on a^ive fervice. ^ t ' ( ; ! / 'i1 i 'm |;- ' ^\ '• 4,.i if- t I. \i 'n 168 H ISTORY OF 'V by John Earl of Mulgrave(hV Probably the admiral regiment was reduced, by which the buffc gained a ftep in feniority. Nothing refpedting it appears in Millan's Liil. ; i-:v - . In the reign of King William III. there were feveral marine regi- ments, particularly thofe of Colonel Mordaunt, Colonel Thomas Brundell, Colonel "William Seymour, and Colonel WilHam Dutton Colt. By a vote of parliament, ill AuguU, i6j^, three of the above- mentioned (jorps, namely, Mordaunt's, Seymour's, and Colt's, were |i>ut on the efiablifhment of the navy, and were afterwards dilband- ed(i). In the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne, fix regiments of marines were railed : the following account of tliem is given in Bur- chet's Naval HiUory (k): ♦* Here let me take up a little of your time by acquainting you, that her majeily was pleafed to ellabliih iix marine regiments ; but they were put on a different foot than thofe which were thought neceffary at the beginning, but difcontinued before the clofe of the laft war ; for as the foldiers were formerly difcharged from the regiments, and entered on the fljip's books as foremaft men, when they had qualified themfclves to ferve as fuch, and no money allowed to the officer to procure others in their room ; fo now when any of the marine foldiers died, or were otherwife milFuig, the companies were only made full by levy money to the officers, without £■ (. .'^' \i^. (h) Tins agrees with Millan's Lift of the Succeflion of Colonels, according to which, this regiment was raifed 3 ift of March, 1665, and J. Earl of Mulgravc, the fecond of that name and title appears colonel, 26th January, 1684. This regiment is faid, by Major Dunkin, in his Military CollcAions and Remarks, publiflicd at New York>. A.D. 1777, " to have the privilege of marching tlirough the city of London, with drums beating, and colours flying, which the city difputcs not only witli all other marching corps, but even with the king's guards, going on duty to the tower." It was called the Holland regiment, from having been, with divers others, in the fervice of the ftates. The fame privilege of marching through tlie city, is, it is faid, claimed by the marines. (i) The Journals alfo mention the Marquis of Cacrmarthen's, Sir Cloudefly Shovel's, and Lord Torrington's, regiments of marines, diibanded about the year 1698. (k) Book 5. chap. 9. p. 615. , . . ! . ■»'■: I" ?w lit m ! i '!». f ti ,; 5 h'^f i Ij- ' ( A J'ipfr (}/' a //nr/i/a/td /ifoimff7t. p m THE ENGLISH ARMY. 169 toy riegard to their being a nurfery for feamen, which was one of the principal motives for the firft raifing fuch a body of men. The Charge of thefe regiments was defrayed by the navy, as being part of the men voted by parliament for fea fervice, and money was iffued out from time to time, by the treafurer thereof, by warrants from the lord high treafurer, to a perfon particularly appointed to receive and pay the fame ; fo that the navy board, who as well as the admiralty, were, in the former war, put to a confiderable trouble on this account, had no other now, than the ordering the payment of money, from time to time, in grofs fums ; and that the reader may be informed what the annual charge of thefe regiments was, I have hereafter inferted the eftablifliment (1) ; and in the next place, the rules eftablilhed by her majefty for their government. Experience hath fliewn that thefe regiments have been very ufeful, but more efpecially upon fitting out fquadrons of fhips for an imme- diate expedition ; for as they are conllantly quartereJ, when not at fea, as near the principal ports as poflible, namely, Plymouth, Portfmouth, and Chatham, fo were they with great facility put on board fuch fliips as had moll occafion for them ; for they were under the immediate direftion of the admiralty ; and the rules and inftru6lions for the better government of them, fettled by her majefty in council, the ill of July, 1702, were as follows, viz. I. They were to be employed on board her majefty's fliips, as there Ihould be occafion, arid quartered (as I have already faid) at or as near as might be to the dock-yards, when on fliore, to guard them from embezzlements, or any attempt of the enemy. II. In all matters relating to their fubfiftence and clearings, wlien on board or on fliore, they were to be paid in like manner as the land forces, and the fame dedu6lions to be made from them for clothing, and one day's pay once a year from each foldier for the hofpital. III. They were to be allowed an equal proportion of provifions with the feamen, without deductions from tlieir pay for the fame. VOL. (I) The cft.ibli{hment will be given under the article of pay. I. Z li I m p k' - y< i li'^^ I', I: 'I k 17© HISTORY OF ^f" ; f: : u IV. And to have the fame allowance for (hort proviflons as th^ feamen, to be paid to them or their afligns. V. Such part of the regiments as Ihould be on fhore were to be mullered by a commiflary or coramiflaries, in the fame manner as the land forces, excepting in this cafe that they, the faid commiflaries, were obliged to allow at each mufler on his or their rolls, all fuch ofiicers and foldiers as ihould appear to him or them, by authentic vouchers and certificates, to be put on board any of her raajeily's fliips or veflels : and that fuch part of the aforefaid regiment as (hould be at fea, might be pjud whilfl; they were fo, it was direfted, that the commanding marine officer with them fliould, every two months, return to the commiflary-general of the mufters, a perfect lift of all the officers and foldiers on board each fliip, figned by himfelf and all the marine officers, expreffing the times of entry, death, and difcharge of each man, fo that the commiflary might compare the faid lifts with the monthly books fent to the Navy Office, and allow fuch of the faid officers as fliould appear to him fit to be allowed. VI. To prevent confufion, not lefs than fifteen marine foldiers, and with them an officer, were to be put on board a ftiip, at any one time, unlefs in cafes of neceffity. VII. And for tlie eafe of the whole, a particular paymafter was appointed, with power to folicit the arrears of the regiments, and to receive all fums of money from the treafurer of the navy, and imme- diately upon the receipt thereof to ifllie the fame to the refpe6live colonels or their agents ; he was alfo required diligently and carefully to adjuft all accounts relating to the regiments, according to fuch mufter rolls as ihould be delivered to him by the commillhry, or com- miifaries, and thofe mufter rolls were to be allowed of, as fufficient vouchers for the charges in the accounts, and for making out deben- tures and warrants. VIII. To enable the aforefaid paymafter to keep an office, and to defray the charge thereof, and of clerks and other contingencies, he was allowed fixpence in the pound, purfuant to tiie fubfcription of the refpedive colonels, which he had power to deduct out of all monies Id to he the biiies THE ENGLISH ARMY. 171 iflued to him, in the fame manner as the poundage is dedu6led from the land forces. IX. For rendering fuch part of the regiments as (hould be on fliore the more ufeful, her majefty declared it (hould be left to herfelf or the high admiral, to difpofe of them at fuch places neareft to the fever al dock-yards, as might be judged moft convenient : and fmce there might be occafion for labourers to difpatch neceflary works, her majefty empowered her high admiral, or commiflioners for executing that office, to caufe to be employed in the aforefaid dock-yards, fo many of the marine foldiers as fliould be judged fitting, and to make them fuch daily allowance for the fame, befides their ordinary pay, as to him or them fhould feem reafonable. And for the better regulating of thefe regiments, his royal highnefs, as lord high admiral, empowered Colonel William Seymour (brigadier, and fince lieutenant general of his majefty's forces) to take upon him the command of them, and not only to fee that they were well quar- tered, but that the refpe6iive officers diligently attend their duty, and that, when ordered on board her majefty's ftiips, the foldiers were fupplied with proper fea clothes, chefts, and other necelTaries. In the war preceding the peace of 174,8, there were ten regiments of marines, which were dilbanded about the year 1749; thefe were under the direftion of the lords of the admiralty, and when afhore were quartered in the neiglibourhood of the docks and fea ports. In the year 175,5 a number of companies of marines were raifed, under the diredf ion of the fecretary of war : they were afterwards formed into three divifions, and ftationed at the towns of Plymouth, Portfmouth, and Chatham ; and at each of thefe places have now con- venient barracks. Thefe companies, A.D. 176'!, being 130 in num- ber, were, from the time of their eftabhihment, put under the immediate dire6tion of the lords of the admiralty. At the peace many of them were rcclucecl, and in 1770 there remained only feventy com- panies; but in the year 17852, they were increafed to one hundred and fifty. The marines are clothed aiid armed in the fame manner as his i ^M ;! J: } ( I '1 !'■ J: i7« V. H I S T O R Y O F uu •A' '«!(> X, > majefty's other corps of infantry ; their uniform is fcarlet, faced with white, white linings, waiftcoats, and breeches ; they alfo wear caps, like thofe of the fufileer regiments ; this caufed them when ferving on Ihore, at the fiege of Bellifle (where they gained great honour) to be called by the French les petits grenadiers. ,v , , . The invalids form another department of the Britilh forces. Thefe confifl of foldiers partly difabled by their wounds, and veterans, who from old age and length of fervice are rendered incapable of the duties of an a6live campaign, but are ftill judged fit for garrifon duty. Of thefe the 41ft regiment was compofed (m), and there were likewife, in 1782, thirty-fix independent companies, forming the garrifons of Jerfey, Guernfey, Scilly, Portfmouth, Plymouth, Chefter, Hull, and other forts and caftles. Invalids have been known in this kingdom ever fince the reftoration of Charles II. The invalids are armed like other regiments of infantry ; their uniform red, faced with blue, and plain button holes. . - , The fencible corps were a fpecies of militia, raifed for the defence of particular diftricls, from which feveral of them could not by the conditions of their inftitution be detached. The firft of thefe corps were the fencible men of Argylefiiire, who were raifed the 21ft of July, 1 759 ; their fervice was reftridled to the county in which they were raifed. The adjutant and quarter mailer of this corps were the only officers entitled to half pay. Several of thefe fencible corps, and others called provincial regi- ments, both foot and dragoons, were raifed in the years 1778 and 1779, when by a claufe in an a6l of parliament, their officers were declared to rank with thofe of militia, according to the dates of their commiffions (n) ; confequently they ranked with the army as youngeft of each degree. (m) The 41ft regiment was regimented nth March, 1719 : in 1782, there were ten in- dependent companies of invalids in Ireland. The 41ft has fince been put upon the fame footing with the other regiments of the line. (n) And whereas it is neceflary to afccrtain the rank to be held by the officers of certain corps wH THE ENGLISH ARMY. 173 m About the fame time many new regiments were ralfed, feveral of whofe colonels, field officers, and captains, having never ferved before, or having no military rank, it was ftipulated by the fecretary of war with them, that they fliould not be entitled to either rank or half pay after the redu61ion of their corps, but the enfigns, or thofe officers who came from the half pay or out of eftablifhed regiments, and gained only one ftep, were permitted to retain their acquired rank, with the half pay belonging to it (o). These are tlie different fpecies of troops, of which the Britifli armies have at different times been formed (p); two only remain to be defcribed, who, though originally deemed military bodies, have long fince been confidered as part of the fuite of the king's houfehold ; they are the ferjeants at arms, and the yeomen of the guards. The ferjeants at arms were firft inllituted by King Richard I. in imitation of a corps of the fame name, formed by Philip Auguftus, corps rnlfecl or to be raifed, within that part of Great Britain, called Scotland, called fenfible men, or of any other corps of men, which may be raifed within Great Britain, wherein fuch officers fliall not be entitled to rank or half pay, except during the time of the a£tual fervice of fuch corps, with refpeft to the officers of the militia of that part of Great Britain called England, during the time that the officers of fuch corps and of the militia fliall ferve toge- ther ; be it therefore enacted by the authority aforefaid, that the officers of fuch corps and of the militia, of equal degree, fliall rank according to the date of their refpedtive comniif- fioiis. Stat. 18 Geo. III. cap. 59. (o) Divers independent companies were alfo raifed towards the clofe of this war and that; of 1762, fome of which were afterwards regimented. Thefe were moftly raifed by fubal- terns, who undertook to complete them againft a dated time, and at their own expence, on condition of being appointed to the command of them. The beil idea of thefe companies may be gathered from the definition given of them by a private foldier at Bcllille, during the fiege of Palais. A number of thefe independent companies being regimented, were fent out to that place ; one night in the trenches an officer overheard feveral of the men in liigh dif- pute concerning the meaning of the term iiidepcndenty in which tliey could by no means agree, till one of them, an old grenadier, raifing his voice, called his comrades a pack of llupid fel- lows, for puzzling at fo obvious a term : " You fee what ftufl" they are (faid he), now it is plain they are called independents becaufe they are not to be depended upon." (p) The royal regiment of artillery and corps of engineers will be v.onfidcred under the: article of artillery. \ ■ .1 ':^^| ^ mm 174 HISTORY OF m \ King of France, when on a crufade, to guard him againft the fubje«5ls of the old man of the mountain, famous for their daring aflafllnations. The duty of thofe ferjeants originally was to watch round the king's tent in complete armour, with a mace, a bow, arrows, and a fword, and occafionally to arreft traitors and other offenders about the court, for which the mace was deemed a lufficient authority. They were called the valorous force of the king's errand, in the execution of juftice ; they held their places for life ; their number was originally twenty-four, all perfons of approved worth, and not under the degree of the fon of a knight : and afterwarda tlie fons of gentlemen were admitted into the body. « ': . ; ' In the reign of Edward I. the ferjeants at arms were allowed two marks for winter, and the fame for fummer robes. Their pay in that of Edward II. was twelve pence per diem, when they attended on horfeback, and eight pence when they attended without a horfe. In a MS. of the expences of Ed. III. in the 21ft year of his reign, there is the following entry of the " Sergeauntes at armes, with their retinew. Standard-bearers 4, fergeauntes Sy, men at armes 3, archers of horfe 7, archers on foote 9 (q)." Their allowance, when abfent from court on the king's affairs, was I2d. each by the day; and under another head (r) they appear charged at 26s. 8d. each for winter, and 20s. for fummer. They were befides entitled to certain fees from perfons arrcfted ; thcfe were in proportion to their rank and degree. ■I ■■ ri-^H i (q) The title of this MS. runs thus : " Here enfue the ntcs of wages, of peace and wan-e, expences, necefl'aryes of officers, and other charges concerning the houfehold of the prince of noble memory, Edward III. as well in tyme of peace as warre ; and alio the number of foldiers, as well by land as fea, and Ihippes retayned in the warres of the f;iide kinge, as by tlie parcells of the accompte of Walter Wentwayt, treafurer of the faid houfehold, from tiic 21ft day of April), in the i8th ye.ir of the raignc of the fame kinge, unto the 24th day of Decem- ber, in the 21ft year of the fame kinge's raigne." (r) " Rates of wages in time of peace, fees of banneretts, and bachelors of the king's houfe, robes, and all other places, officers, miniders, and fervauntes of the fame, and lyveries of mens iiervauntes, intitled Calciatura, beiides all wages in manner as followcth." • .iii-i waiTC, prince mbcr of , by tlie the' 2 1 ft Decem- 1 houfc, of mens THE ENGLISH ARMY. '75 According to the orders given by Thomas of Lancafter, conftable at the fiege of Caen, Sept. 3d, 1417, a ferjeant at arms was to appear in the king's prefence, with his head bare, his body armed to the feet with the arms of a knight riding, wearing a gold chain with a medal, bearing all the king's coats, with a peon royal, or mace of filver in his right-hand, and in his left hand a truncheon (s). In the 7th of Hen. VII. they were ordered to attend the army (t). The number of this corps has varied exceedingly. In the reign of Edward IV. they were reduced to four; in that of Edward VI. they were increafed to twenty-two ; and in the fucceeding reign to twenty- three ; but by King James I. retrenched to fixteen ; at prefent there are only eight (u). > , The yeomen of the guard were raifed by King Henry VII. in the year 1485. Rapin, who calls them archers, fays they were inilituted on the day of his coronation, which was the 30th of 06lober, and that they then confifted of fifty men, to attend him and his fucceflbrs for ever ; a precaution which, in all appearance, he thought necefTary at that juncture. By the firft regulation, every yeoman of this band was to be of the beft quality under gentry, well made, and full fix feet high. Their numbers have varied in almoll every reign, and formerly confifted of a certain number in ordinary, and an indefinite number extraordinary ; and in cafe of a vacancy in the former, it was fupplied out of the latternumber(x). Their drefs is that which was worn in the reign of King Henry VIII. and which on many occafions was put on by that king : it con- fifts of a fcarlet coat reaching down to the knees, gardcd with garter blue velvet, and rich badges of the rofe and crown on their breafts (s) Bib. Had. No. 297, fol. 254. (t) Vide Raftall, chap. 3. (u) Most of the writers againft (landing armies commence that eftablifhment with t'^^s ferjeants at arms, (x) Miege's New State of England, A J). 1703, and Chamberlain. , Tl a 1 H. :!(' !.-: J ■,,?; J[ 176 HISTORY OF and backs ; tlieir breeches are" alfo fcarlet gardcd with blue velvet ; their caps are of black velvet, with broad round crowns, adorned with ribbons of the royal colours, viz. red, white, and blue ; one half of them formerly carried bows and arrows, the other half harquebufes ; both had large fwords by their fides. Chamberlain fays, the harquebufes have been difufed ever fmce the reign of King William (y). ' In the reign of King Edward VI. this corps was very numerous, for in his journal, publiflied in Burnet's Hiftory of the Reformation, he fays, " there muftered before me, an hundred archers, two arrows apiece, all of the guard ;" and afterwards, " fo it was appointed there fhould be ordinarily one hundred archers, and one hundred halbertiers, either good wreftlers, or carters of the bar, or leapers or runners, all tall men of perfonage." In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the yeomen attending her 'n her different progrefles were occafionally mounted ; a print of one of them on horfeback is given in the work (z) ;•'•"';. ' In the reign of Queen Anne half this band were armed with har- quebufes (a), the other half with partizans, and both with fwords; they had then wages and diet allowed them (b), their duty was to wait upon the queen in her ftanding houfes, forty by day, and twenty by night. At St. James's they waited in the firft room above (lairs, called the guard chamber. It is alfo their duty to attend the fovereign abroad by land or water. (y) Present Statv.', A.D. 1735. In Rymer there is a grant made by King Charles I. June 31!, 1642, to Thomas Clarke, of the office of taylor for the making and fitting of th.e clothes for all and fingular the yeomen of the guard, during life. (z) This print is copied from a work entitled Diverf.irum Gentium Armatura Eqiicftrii. Ubi fere Europse, Afix, atq ; Afriex equitaiidi ratio propria exprc iT,i, et Ar.,llcloiiami im- prefl'a in x'dibiis Nieolai Johanni Vifeheri, 161 7. This yeoman is calicd Rtgin.v Anglivt fatclles fcrentarius, probably from being without defenfive armour. (a) Chamberlain fays, A.D. 1705, " one half of them of late bear ia their hands h.ir- quebufcs :" how to reconcile this with the aflertion in note (y) I know not. (b) In a MS. of the expences of the royal cflabliniment for the year 1727, the charges of the table of tlxe yeomen of the guard waD 273I. 15s. .VC (^cdfu&ht iht/^ /llevmtin if ///>• (^/m/;/. ,i//r/itf//i(' (>/ur// r:/(:t/^f//i r// a /'mriy/} \'A li I ^^^■x .:.|::y THE ENGLISH ARMY. 177 At profciit tlils corpi* c oiififls of a captain, lieutenant, and enfign, four exons, a clerk of the clircque, two mcflcngcrs, and an hundred yeomen, eight of wunn are called ulhers. Six are called yeomen hangers, and two yeomen \)'l goers. The pay '^f the captain is loool. per annum, the lieutenant ^ool. and the eniign jjool. 'I'he exons i^ol. each, the clerk of the checijue the fame. Each of the ulhers 4yl. lis. «3d. each hanger and bed goer the like pay as the ulhers, and every other yeoman ;jwJ ->:<•'■ 'i 'I i *■•^-. ■ ) IP 1 •.'; ^ VOL. I. A A '■:; \- '*-"'■ - < 1 % ' \. \ il li i 1 %7^ HISTORY OF i I ■ I ' CHAPTER VI. Of the Method of arranging and mufteririg the Troops. JIN ancient times, when an army was to be raifed, either for foreign fervice, or to guard againil invafions or domeftic infurre(5lions, the feudal tenants and the pofle comitatus being aflembled in their proper diflri6ts, they were infpe6led by certain provincial officers, termed arraitores, in Englifh arrayers. Two or more were commonly appointed by the king's commiffion for each county. It was the duty of thefe arrayers not only to infpedl the foldiers, and fee that they were able-bodied and fit for fervice, but alfo that they were properly armed, accoutred, and otherwife appointed, according to the ftation and nature of their fervice. They were likewife to arrange both tlie cavalry and the infantry into their proper bodies, equivalent to the prefent divifions of troops, fquadrons, companies, and battalions*. * The Britifli army, when it takes the fielil, is ftill divided into brigades, and thofe bri- gades into battalions, fquadrons, companies, and troops (refpeftively in the infantry and the cavalry). The French have lately made a different dillribution. Their infantry is divided into half brigades, each half brigade confifting of three battalions, and each battalion of nine companies. A company of artillery is attached to each half brigade, for the manage- ment of its field-pieces. The half brigades are either of the line, or light infantry ; each battalion of thofe in the line has its company of grenadiers, and each battalion of light in- fantry one of carabineers. Each company is compofed of : Captain Lieutenant Under-Lieutenant Serjeant Major Serjeants I I I I 4 Brought over Corporal or Fourier - - . Corporals - _ - _ Grenadiers, fufileers, or carabineers Drummers - . - - A battalion confifts (including officers) of - - 1036 men. A half brigade, with its ftaff and company of artillery, of 3225 8 I 8 96 2 "5 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 179 The ancient cavalry was divided into fmall bodies called conftabu- laries, from their being commanded by officers ftiled conftables ; this we learn from a writ of the 18th of Edward HI. 1324(c); how many men a conftabularie confified of, is not there faid ; but in a fimilar order of John king of France for dividing the French foot, a ./nfta- bularie is ftated at twenty-five or thirty men(d). In a MS. account of the pay of the army of K. Edward I. in the library of the Antiquarian Society, as well as in one printed by Brady refpe6ling tlie reign of Edward III, it appears that thefe conftables received the fame pay as efquires, ranked with them in the army (e), and probably had in common with them, under certain circumftances, the right of difplaying a pennon of their arms(f ). The title of con- ftable applied to the commanders of fmall bodies of men, occurs as early as the reign of King John. It was alfo given to naval officers (g). The next divifion feems to haye been that arranged under a banner, and commanded by a banneret, a rank originally conferred on luch only as by their eftates were enabled to bring a certain num- (c) " Ita quod omnes armis fufficientibus muniti, videlicet equites in conilabularils & pcdites in ccntenis & vintenis arraiati prompti fint & parati." Rymer, torn. 4. p. 78. (d) " DiscRiBiTUR ftatutum Johannis Regis Franc, quo ftatuitur ut in poflerum, tous pietons foient mis par conneftablies ou compagnies de 25 ou 30 hommes, & que chaque conneftable prenne double gages, & que les marefchaux pour les gens d'armes, & les maitrcs dcs Arbalcftriers pour pietons aflifteront aux monftres deux foix le mois." Du Cange. (e) Domino Roberto de Barton clerico aflignato ad vadia peditum veniencium de com. Northumbr. ufq ; Berwic fuper Twedam ad proficiend. cum rcge in exercitu fuo verfus Stry- velin pro reccfl'u cnftri regis ibidem, pro vadijs IIIIo'- conftabular. cum equis coopertis, et 392 (^jglttar. peditum de eodem com. per unum diem, videl'. 1 5 diem Decembr. quo die vifus fadlus fuit, de eifUem apud Twedemuth, cuilibet conftabular. per diem i2d. cuilibet vintenar. par diem 4d. et cuilibet alii pediti per diem 2d. (f ) The pennon was the proper enfign of a bachelor or fuiiple knigl.t. Du Frefnc Hiews that even cfquir.'s might bear pennons, provided they could bring a fufficient fuite of va^flals into the field. (g) Et LXXVII. Walcnfibus peditibus & VII. conftabulariis eorum, et 4 archerlis cquiti- bur, qui miffi fuerunt in Norwciam XXVII. 1. & 14 d. de llberatione fua de i nienfe per breve regis. Mag. Rot. 3. 1. Rot. 1 1. b. Duftores et conftabularii navigii regis. Hovcd. P. 2. p. 666, n. 10. temp. R. I. m |:::li IP ! If >'\:? m Mm 1 ' ■ ^^1 ■M^l ^ ■X'J ti- f' « 'fl m (■ . H ■nr 180 HISTORY OF ber of valTals into the field ; for in the petition for that rank, fuch abihty was always premifed(h), and the ufual mode of conferring that promotion was cuttirig or tearing off the point of the pennon of the candidate, and thereby rendering it fquare, i)erhaps in allufion to the command it conferred, whicli was that of a fc^uadron, fo denomi- nated from being a fquare body, confifting of as many rank as files. Father Daniel quotes two different regulations, refpedling the number of vaflals neceflary to be brought into the field by a petitioner for the rank of banneret : the firll was twenty-five men at arms, each attended by two horfemen, in all amounting to feventy-five men ; the fecond at leaft fifty men at arms, accompanied as before, making together one hundred and fifty men ; taking then an hundred for the medium, that numbc'r forms a iquare of ten in each face, and is the loweft efiimation of our proleiit fquadrons. Ancient writei-s defcrib- ing the firength of the cavalry in different armies, ettimate them according to the number of pennons and banners. . =, , > Although the bands of cavalry were only divided into coriftabu- laries, knights might ail as intermediate ofiicers, between the conftable and banneret, commanding two co;iftabularies under their pennon. (h) Froissart thus recites the petition of John Chaundos to the black prince and Don Pedro, king of Caftile, for the dignity of banneret, jult before the battle of Nafars. " Mon- feigncur. Veez cy nia baniiiere je la vous bailie par telle nianiere qu'il vous pluife h d'tvelopper, & que aujourduy ic la puifle lever, car (Dieu mercy) Jay blen de quoy en terre Si heritage pour tenir eftate ainfi come apparticnt a ce." A BANNtRi-T was originally one entitled to f'Tplay his ilandard in the field. " When a bachelor (fays the Ceremonial) has long folic "..d the wars, and has land fufiicient to have gentlemen for his vafialb, and to accompany his ilandard, he may lawfully raifj his banner, and not othervvife ; for no man ought to difplay his banner in battle, if he has not at leaft fifty men at arms, with ;'ll the men, archers and cvofs bow men appertaining to them; and if lie has them, he ought at the fird battle at which he is prcfent, to bring a pennon of his arms to the conllabie or marefchal, or the king's lieutenant in the army, requefting to bear a banner, which if granted, he mull call the heralds for witnefles, when the gen;:ral or chief oflicer will cut oft" the tail of the pennon. Bannerets arc mentioned m our hiltorics as early as the time of King Edward I. J THE ENGLISH ARMY. i8i J M Ihen a have [.mner, It leaft ■i-, and of his Ibcar a chkf k early Father Daniel fays, that in France the bannerets formerly commanded the different bodies of cavalry (i) under the counts and dukes. The denomination of captain and lieutenant, applied to officers commanding fmall bodies of men, equivalent to our troops and companies, was fcarcely introduced into our armies before the reign of Henry VII. and VIH, where we find them borne by the officers commanding the yeomen of the guard and the band of gentlemen penfioners, and their occafional reprefentatives. We likewife read of captains and petty captains in a6ts of the 4tli and 5th of PhiHp and Mary againft defertion : probably the former meant a colonel, or one commanding a corps, band, or regiment ; the latter the captain of a company (k). In the lill of the army employed at St. Quintin's, A.D. 1557, the cavalry was divided into troops of an hundred private men, command- ed by a captain, lieutenant, and llandard bearer, having each a furgeon, a harbinger (fimilar to a quarter mailer), a chaplain, a trumpeter, and a fmith. This lill is among the tirft where a body of cavalry is diftinguilhed by the appellation of a troop (1). '" « In an eftimate for a royal army, made anno 1623, when it was intended by King James I. to recover the palatinate, the cavalry were (i) liE titre de capitnine a I'egard des Officers de I'armee, excfpte le general, ne fut gueres en ufage dans les temps les plus reculez de notre ancient mihcc Francoife ceaux qui commandoit fous les conites & les dues aux temps de la premiere & de la feconde race, etoient les viguiers, les centeniers, &c. depuis rinftitution de la chevaliero un peu avant Philippe Augufte, c'etoient les chevaliers bannerets avec ce titre de banneret, qui comman- doit les diverfes brigades de gendarmerie. Le titre de capitaine commence a etre en ufage dans le fignification qu'ou y donne aujourdhui, quand nos rois outre les troupes de leur vaffaux, donnerent des commilfions a quelque feigneurs pour lever des compagiiies de gend- armes. Ces feigneurs prierent le titre de capitaine dc ces compagnics comnie on le voit par un ordonnance du Roi Charles V. de laqueile jai parle ailleurs. P. Danid, torn. 2. p. 58. (k) The term regiment was not then in ufe, being in all likelihood borrowed from the French, whofe bands were, according to Father Daniel, firft formed into regiments in the year 1562. Sir James Turner, whofe book ftiled Pallas Armata was publiihed A.D. 1683, fays, the term regiment was not then an hundred years old. . (1) No. 6848. Hurl. MS. i'Ml i %\ i ■ \ M ■, I* .; IS 1 ? I VI n i8a H ISTORY OF H,-f . ^n :> iJ ^> to confift of independent troops of an hundred men each, commanded by a captain, lieutenant, cornet, and quarter raafter, three corporals, and two trumpets (m). The Englilh infantry, from the time of Edward I. and probably from that of the conqueft, to the reign of Henry VII. was divided into thoufands, hundreds, and twenties ; anfwering to our regiments, companies, and fquads ; this appears from a variety of writs and commiffions for aflembling the national forces on different occafions, wherein they are conftantly dire6led to be arranged in tliofe numbers. The fquads of twenty were commanded by officers thence ftiled vingtners ; tlic companies or hundreds by centenaries, but the title of the officer ])refiding over thoufand?, is not mentioned in any lift I have feen. In a lift of the St. Quintin's army before mentioned, the companies of infantry then conliiled of an hundred private men ; their officers were a captain, lieutenant, and enfign, a ferjeant, a harbinger, and drummer to each company. In the army defigned for the palatinate, the infantry was computed by regiments ; each regiment to confift of thirteen companies ; the colonel's company to have 192 private men, four (n) gentlemen, four corporals, two ferjeants, and two drummers; the other companies only one hundred and forty-four privates, three gentlemen, three corporals, two ferjeants, and two drummers. The commiffioned officers to each company, a captain, lieutenant, and enfign. But more of the officers in the next chapter. The different bodies, both cavalry and infantry, being affembled and thus arranged, were then to march to the place of general ren- dezvous, ufually appointed as near the place of embarkation, or part (m) No. 5109, Harl. MS. (n) Gentleman of a company is he who is Ibmething more than an ordinary foldier, hath a little more pay and doth not (land centinel } in French he is called Appointe, and with tlie Germans, he is called Gcfreuter, they march and watch with arms, they go com- mon rounds and patrouilles, and near an enemy they are to be tlie forlorn centinels whom, the French call perdus. Sir J. Turner, Pallas Armata, p. 218. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 185 of the kingdom likely to become the fcene of adlion, where on their arrival they were to be muftered (o). It is needlefs to enquire into the antiquity of mufters, fmce they mull have exifted from the firft time an army was affembled ; without a mufter it could not be known whether the feudal tenants or others liable to fumifli foldiers, had provided their due number, nor could a general otherwife know the true ftrength of his army, the ground they would occupy, the quantity of provifion and forage neceflary for their fubfiftence, and that of their horfes, nor the money required for paying them. The object of a mufter was not only to afcertain the number of men and horfes, but likewife to examine their armour and weapons. In the ordinances of war made by K, Henry V. the office of a com- miflary of mufters is mentioned, and his power and duty thus de- fcribed : " It is our will, that every captain of our army, without any fraud or referve whatfoever, Ihall make a mufter or Ihew of all his foldiers, as well men of arms as archers, fully and perfectly, ac- cording to their afligned number, before us or our commiflaries, as often as the faid captain fhall by us or our faid commiflkries, be duly and legally required. Alfo that the captains fhall {hew only their own foldiers, with whom they have agreed for the expedition, and no others, under pain of perpetual reprobation (p) and the lofs of their wages for the faid expedition. We alfo prohibit any one from retain- ing in his fervice any foldier, fervant, or boy (q), who was lately in . 1^ ■■ I II— I ■ M ■ ■ ■- » I.M I II . I, ,1 , I ,1 ■! ■■ ■ — - .1 ■ ■■■-—.■.,■ .^ (o) The term mufter is derived from the barbarous Latin muftrum & monftrum, or the old French monftre, a fliew or exhibition. (p) Perpetual reprobation was a perpetual difqualification to fcrve, or what in modern terms is exprefled by " rendered incapable of ferving in any military onice." Captain here meant the commanding oflicer of a body of men, and not the regimental ofBccr of that de- nomination. (q) The boys following an army were in the Latin of thofe days called Garcioncs, they were the fervants of the foldiers. In father De Aquino's Military Di£lionary, Garcio is explained to be a camp fervant, one who fetched water for tlic foldiers: thefe boys were l)y the French termed goujats, and according to Riehelet were the fervants of foot foldiers ; but Boyer calls them, the fervants of horfc or foot foldiers. 1 i '\ H", ni , I V '.'II m ■ i i 1^4 HISTORY OF i'(- 'N tlie fcrvice of another, \vitliout tlie coiiient and permiflion of his prior captain or malier. We moreover dire6l and command, that all our commifl'arics in the aforefaid mufters do diligently enquire after, and fee that tlie foldiers flievv their proper arms, without fraud, and this we would have more efpecially obferved refpe6ling the bowes and arro^^s ; and, if r.eceflary, it is our will, that on this article our commif- faries may compel the captain or mafter to ajifwer upon oath." In Rymer we meet with many more ancient diredlions for mufters, fome of them as old as Edward III. but none of them fo fully defcribe tlie duty of the commiftary as that here cited ; it was therefore felet^ted in preference to the others, fome of which are given in the note(r). Certificai Es of thefe mufters were frequently ordered to be fent to the king and council, and fometimes to tiie great wardrobe, under the feals of the comm flioners or commiftaries. The method of mullering the troops in the reign of Queen Eliza- beth differed very little from that diredled by King Henry V. The duty of a mufter mafter is tlius defined by Ralph Smith. " The mulier mafter, takinge the mufter, muft have a fpeciall eye and rcgavde unto thofe officers appointed the leading of men, that they bee M (r) A. D. 1343, 16 Ed. III. a commifTion was granted by that king to Oliver de Ingham, fenefclial of Gafcony, and Mafter Walter de Wefton, tlic king's treafurer for the army in that duchy, whereby on account of divers mifmanagements of the king's money, they are dire£lcd tliat before the wages of the men at arms are paid, they do make diligent fcrutiny, that they have their due appointments of hcrfcs and armour according to ancient ufage; and that there might be no deceit in the article of numbers, they are commanded with the con- ftabk and marcfchal of the army to caufe frequent mufter to be made, one at kaft in every month ; and at the fame time to infpedl the number and equipment of the armed men : That payment fliould be made for tlie efFedlive only, without favour ; and to avoid the frauds which frequently happen in the reftoration of horfes, all thofe whicli, according to the cuf- tom of war, were to be appreciatetl, fliouId immediately ou their arrival be valued, and mark- ed with fome particular mark, by which they might again be known. Rymer. In the year 1415, Richard Redman and John Strange were appointed to take t'le mufter of the forces of Thomas Duke of Clarence, going abroad with the King, and to certify the numbers of the men at arms, armed men, and archers, under their feals." Ibid. t ■ M THE ENGLISH ARMY. 185 Imuller fy the men of fervice, and not chofen without great experience, alfo fober and of good counfaile ; and to fee that the fouldiers be fumifhed with armour and weapons as followethe, commandinge them to bee obe- diente and truely to keepe all fuch lawes and ordenances, as by the faid lord lieutenante and his counfaile fhalbe commanded, fette downe and appointed bye his authoritie ; likewife he is to fee howe everye captaines bande is furnifhed, and thereof to make a booke to the treafurer, that paymente bee made to the coronalls and captaines, according to the nomber of fouldiers under every of their bandes." The following method of calling the roll at a mufter is the fame as now practifed. " At every mulleringe or affemblinge, the captaines bill fhalbe called by the clarke, every man anfwearinge to his own name, marchinge foorthe as he is called, that noe man unto twoe names make anfwere ; yf any fouldier bee ficke or hurte, being not ferviceable, paye him his wages, give him his pafporte, fend him home, furniflie his roome with an hable fouldier ; yf any helthfuU fouldier abfente himfelf at fuch tymes, let him be puniflied as in the Ilatutes is mentioned, to the example of the reft." The following regulations were laid down for the mufter mafter, in the lawes and ordinances of warre, eftabliftied by the earl of Northumberland, lord general of the armie and fleet of K. Charles I. 1640. " I. No mufter mafter fliall wittingly let any pafle in the mufters, but fuch as are really of the troop or company prefented, upon pain of death. "II. All captaines fliall caufe their troops and companies to be full compleat ; and two dayes after the generall muftering, they fliall fend to the lord generall a perfect lift or roll of all the officers of their troops and companies, and likewife of all the troopers and fouldiers that are in a6luall forvice, putting down diftinitly on the head of oach man his monethly pay. " III. The like roll or lift fliall the captains fend to tb<; lord gene- rall, and to the treafurer of the armie upon everjr pay day, during the fervice, with a punduall expreflion at the bottome of the laid roll, VOL. I. DC >i %''■■■ i i'l i ,| is :!il' 1 '* j86 HISTORY OF Vf M what new troopers or fouldiers have been entertained fince the laft pay day, in lieu of fuch as are either deceafed or cafleer'd (s), and hke- wife the day whereon they were fo cafleer'd and entertained. "IV. Which faid lift or roll fhall be fubfcribed not onely by tlie cap- tain, his lieutenant, and cornet, or enfeign, but alfo by the fergcants and corporals refpedlively ; who fliall declare upon their oaths, that the troopers and fouldiers inrolled in the faid lilt, are reall and a<5luall troopers and fouldiers, of the refpe«5tive troops and companies ; and whofoever Ihall be convidled of falfehood in any of the premifes, fliall be puniflied with death. " V. No mufter matter fliall prefume to receive or accept of any roll to make the mufters by, but the forementioned rolls, upon paine of the lofle of his place, and other punifliment at difcretion. " VI. No man fliall prefume to prefent himfelf to the mufter, or to be enrolled in the mufter rolls by a counterfeit name, or furname, or place of birth, upon paine of death *." (s) Casseer'd, from the French word cafTe, difbanded, difcharged ; this word did not originally mean difcharged with ignominy, as it now generally does. " Cafllr. En parlant de foldat, c'cft dcfarmer un foldat a la tete de la campaigne, ou du regiment, et le rcniercier de fon fervice, mais en parlant d'officier c'eft le faire remercier de la part du Roi, par un commifTaire dcs fcrvices qu'il a rendus et le renvoir." Rkblet. This word is now written cafhier'd, which has caufed an opinion that it had fome relation to cafli or money. * Great abufes having crept into the practice of muftering the troops half-yearly, fo that the real effe£live ftrcngth of the army could never be exa£lly afcertained, a new regulation has taken place, in virtue of which the feveral regiments and corps are muftcred every month by the regimental paymafter, and detachments of regiments in the refpeftivc diftridls in which they are Rationed by an officer called paymafter of the diftricl. Thefe have fupcr- feded the commiffaries of mufters ; and the pay-lifts and mufter-rolls of the army arc thus made to tally with each other. The following is the affidavit made by the diftridl paymafter, when detachments are muftered by him. 1 do fwear, that on the of I muftered the ftaff of the diftri£l and tlie i«^ruiting parties of his majefty's regiments hereafter fpccified, viz. Party of the — — regiment of , ftationcd at , under the command of — — — ~ ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto Oittn ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto, &c at THE ENGL ISH ARMY. 187 At or immediately after the mufter, another important bufmefs took place : this was the appreciation of the horfes of the cavalry ; in which the marflial and fome other officers appointed for that purpofe fet a certain price upon eacli horfe, which the king was to pay to the owner, in cafe fuch horfe was either flain or incurably lamed in fervice ; this payment appears in our ancient records under the Latin title of Reftauratio (t), or the French one of Rellour. In order to make this valuation with the greateft exaftnefs and impartiality, the clerk of the marflial was to a6t the part of an appraifer in behalf of the proprietor, in oppofition to an officer called the king's clerk : the marflial fat as judge or umpire between them ; this particular we learn from a manufcript refpedling the rights of that office, as claimed by Thomas de Brother ton (u). Sometimes this appreciation was 11 ■i at which time I faw fuch commiflioned and non-commifTioned officers, privates and recruits, as are borne on the foregoing mufter-rolls and pay-lifts of the faid detachments, exc>.pting fuch of them as are therein ftated to be abfent ; and that to the beft of my knowledge and belief, after the moft careful inveftigr.tion, the reafon of abfence fpecified oppofite to the refpe£tive names on the faid mufter-rolls and pay-lifts are the true and adtual reafons thereof. I DO further fwear, that all the names fet down in the foregoingrolls and pay-lifts liave been paid by me, to the refpedive perfons, and for the refpedive fervices therein fpecified, in ftrift conformity to the king's regulations. (t) Of this word Du Cange gives the following explanation and inftance, in the treaty made between Philip the Fair, king of France, and William, earl of Hainault, 28th October, 1 3 14. ♦' Li dui marcfchal de France, ou li un d'aus, ou aucuns prudhoms a ce commis, priferont ct eftimeront loialement per lours fcrmens les chivals morts, et Ics chivals de nos gens ; et nous en fcra nos dis Sires plain rctour felonc leur prife. Et le dit marefchal ou cil qui le prife devroit fere, entendent tant que aucun cheval fcufie mort ou perdu, fi rcndroit nos fires devant dit, de valcur des chevals par prife de bon Gent. Et infra Afquiex li Roi nos Sires pricra gages et retors. Occurrit palTim in compatos Thefaurariorum Guerram. Hue etiam pcrtinet vetus charta, apud Ughellum in Epifcopis Teatinis. Quod fi miles dex- trarium aut loricam in obfcquio illo perdiderit, mihi Goffridus vel fuus lixrts rcddere debet, et tamdiu ei nullam debeo facere fervitium. (u) Et enfi doit le marefchal, eftre prefier des chivaux q ferront aprefiez, et fon clerk doit eftre contreplafdour encontra le clerc nrc, Se le Roy. Brotherton's Claims. Nero, I), vi. Bib. Cott. \% fl Iff '{i]\ li if I. 188 J^ H I STORY OF u I • made by fpecial commiflioners appointed for that purpofe, and in France by a fort of jury upon oath. None but tlie war horfes or charges were appreciated. Baggage horfes were Jiot inchded in that regulation. Blount mentions a tenant in capite, who held lands on the condition of ferving King Edward II. in his wars, with a horfe not to be appreciated (x). The accounts of thefe appreciations were frequently ordered to be given in at the great wardrobe. Rymer, in his Foedera, has a variety of inftances of this apprecia- tion ; fome as old as the reign of Henry I. where, in feveral agree- ments between that king and the Earl of Flanders, for furnilbtng trooj^s, it is llipulated, that reftauration of horfes fhall be made to the earl in the fame manner as is done by the king to his own fubie6^s(y). ^ In the account of Roger de Waltham before cited, we meet witii the particulars of a reftauration made the i^th of Ed. II. as follows: •* Nicholas Defpenfay had reftour for two of his horfes, viz. one for- rell killed in the king's fervice at York, in the month of May, in the 13th of the faid reign, and one bay killed as aforefaid, at Fellerham, on the 13th of September, 4,1." A number of fimilar entries follow, which feem to fliew that 40s. was the fum generally allowed for an ordinary troop horfe (z). " To Edward, Earl of Arundel, on account of two of his horfes appreciated in the faid war» one for his knight, Robert de Swinbum, and another for the Lord John, extraneous another of his knight's, which died in harnefs, in the king's wars, on the faid day, ib'l. 14s. 4d. in ' f ! f ! i 1 M i i tl (x) Pasch. i^. Edw. II. Dorf. Blount, 31. (y) See other agreements in the fame Colleftion, torn. 2. p. 265, A.D. 1284, et A.D. 1295. ^^^ ^•'^ ^^'•'^ ••" agreement maile 23 Edw. I. with the Duke of Brabant for two thou- fand horfenien, armed with iron, to fcrve for half a year, for which 160,000 livrcs Tournois was to be paid for all demands, except the horfes of arms, which were to be replaced as ufual, and the king of England to caufe them to be valued. (z) A SORT of rcftoratlon of liorfcs is Hill made in our armies, there being, as I am in- formed, an allowance to the regimental (lock purfe, and officers of the cavalry, of 15I. for each officer's charger, or private troop horfe flain in battle ; the like allowance is made to the contradlors m THE ENGLISH ARMY. (~) et A.D. ■vo thou- ournois laced as am in- 15I. for ■de to the .traders •• Aymer de Vallf.nce, Earl of Pembroke, for reftauration of twci of Ills hodes appreciated in the Scottifli wars the prefeiU year ; the one a forrel, for John de Freville, his retainer or fervant, and the other a brown bay, for John de Berne, his fervant, dead in the king's fervice, in the month of Augufl ; by a vahiation made of them by Thomas de Cheftcr and Godrick his clerk, at Newcaftle upon Tync, the 19th September, when thefe men appreciated them at lol." contradors for furnifliing horfes to draw tl\e artillery, for every horfe that adually dies in harncfs. According to recent regulations, the following indemnifications are allowed to ofEcers> whofe liorfcs have been killed or taken by the enemy, or fliot for the glanders. CAVALRY. Heavy dragoons, or horfc, i ft charger - - - 4750 Light dragoons, - - - ift ditto - - - 36 15 o Heavy or light ditto, - - 2d ditto - - - 31 10 o Quarter-mader's horfe ----•• 29 80 i INFANTRY. - • . i Field officer's charger - - - - - - 31100 Adjutant's ditto - - - - - - 31100 Captain and fubaltern's horfes, each - - - 18 18 o Battalion horfes, both cavalry and infantry, eacli - 1 8 1 8 o General officer's ift charger .-_--4yjo Ditto ditto 2d ditto - - - - - 31100 Staff officers' horfes, each - - - - - 18180 AiD-du-camps, brigade-majors, and other flafF officers, whofe fituation requires their keeping good horfes, receive as the light dragoons. II (. } * " \ M il ^| \ I ■' \ '% ■ 1'^ -i. f,l A I R n „. , 190 HISTORY OF ' CHAPTER VII. Of the Staff", Field, and Regimental Officers of different Ranks ; with the JucceJJive Alterations to the prejcnt Time. I • If"* jf IRST among tlie flaff officers of our ancient armies ftood tlic high co'iftablc, who was the fuprcme commander of the army next the king ; and his authority, in fome cafes, even leemcd to cladi with that of royalty, infomucli that it was deemed too great to be entrufted to any fubje(5i, and was therefore by Henry VIII. laid afide. The title of conftable is by fome etymologifts derived from Comes Stabuli, the earl or chief officer of the king's flables ; others deduce it from the Saxon terms koning-ftablc, the king's Hay or hold. If it was at firft a civil office, it foon became a military one, fignifying the commander of an army. The firft conftable of England is faid to have been created by the Conqueror (a), and the office was afterwards held by the Bohuns, earls of Hereford and Eflex, in confequence of their being poflefled of certain manors (b). whence it came to the Staffords and dukes of Buc- kingliam as heirs general ; but Edward, Duke of Buckingham, being attainted of high treafon, anno 13th of Henry VIII. the office became forfeited to the crown, and fince that time has been oi]ly granted occafionally (pro hac vice) to be excrcifed at a coronation, or fome other great public folemnity. By ftatute the high conftable of England had cognizance of all things appertaining to war and arms, and abroad fat as I'upreme \\\ I (a) Jacobs's Law Di£lionary. (b) The manors of Harlcfickl, Newmarket, and Whitcnhurft. THE ENGLISH ARMY. i9» judge on a\\ trials, ns well for military offences as other matters of litigation, between I'oldiers or the followers of the army, in which he was alll'kd by the earl marlhal, three or more doctors of the civil law, an a clerk, whofe duty it was, like the prefent judge advocate, to profecute all military delinquents. He was alfo at home a fupreme judge in all matters of honour and difputes refpe(^Vmg aimorial bearings, taking precedence of the earl marflial, even in what was denominated his own court. In a return made by the officers of the exchecjuer to King Edwtird I. on being ordered by iiim to fearch their records for the fees ufually received by the high couftables, they Hate, that having confulted a book of the conllitutions of Henry II. and other authorities, they find, that the conllables of Englasid ought and were accullomed to receive, by virtue of their ollice, two pencj out of every pound paid by the king to his Itipendiary troops, with the army, or cirewherc, on his fervicc ; and alfo that he was entitled to ♦he fame doUveries for his fubiillence as the chancellor and fentfchall ; wl;'ch w. s, when they cat abroad, five fliillings a-day, with one dominical (c), iViid two falted femnels (d), two quarts of claret (e), and one of ordinary or houfehold wine(f ), with wax and other candles but if they eat in the palace, they were to receive only 3s. 6d. a-day, two fait femnels, one quart of houfehold wine, and a fufficicncy of candles (g). Over and above thefe allowances, the high conftable had divers other privileges and emoluments ; the latter fliall be mentioned under the head of pay. Besides the high conftable of England, other conftables were fome- 1 ((•) Dominical fimnel, .\ better fort of blfcuit made for Sundays and holidays. (d) An inferior kind of funnel, mixed with fait } this, by miftake, is printed in Rymer, ii folidos, inftead of ii falata. (e) Vino claro, claret. (f ) Et unum fextariiim de vino cxpenfali ; which is thus explained by Du Cange, vinuni cxpenfabilc, quotidiana potus in ufus domefticorum ; vin de dcpenfc, noftris vulgo boite, vel bouvande. (g) For tliis return, fee Rymer, Feed, torn. 2. p. 191. Madox's Ilift. of Exchequer. ♦. ' 'I ^ •1 U'i. P ■!' ■ i •I. 192 HISTORY OF 'Mill times appointed to command the king's armies, perhaps when parti- cular circumftances prevented the high conftable from attending ; or, they might be his deputies, when more armies than one were raifed and employed. An inftance of this is found in Rymer, in the 2()th year of the reign of King Henry III. when William de Cantilupe, the younger, John de Gray, Philip Baflet, and Paul Peyvur, were appointed by that king to command his army in Poi6lou (h). The rights, privileges, and power of a high conftable of France are ftated at large by Father Daniel, and will be found in No. 2 of the Appendix. •- ■' '''--: ? .- w .:. ..,:i,: ■ The marefchal, or marlhal, was the officer next in command to the conftable*. This office is as old as the conqueft ; there were two marflials created by William the Conqueror, Roger de Montgomery and William Fitzofljome. It was conferred, for feveral generations, on the family of the Clares, carls of Pembroke ; after which, reverting to the crown, it was held by different great perfonages, till the 25th Henry VIII. when it was granted to Thomas Howard, Duke of Nor- folk, and his heirs male for ever, with power to execute it by deputy ; fince which it has with fome interruptions arifing from attainders, and other confequences of civil diftenfions, continued in that family. Besides the earl mardial, it appears that other marlhals have occa- fionally been appointed to command our armies, perhaps for the fame reafons as were fuggefted refpe6ling the conftable -f-. (h) Rymer's Feed. torn. i. p. 410. torn. i. p. 173. * Some derive the term marefchal from the two Saxon words, mar, march, or marncli, equui, and fcalch, prafeHns ; that is to fay, that the office of marflial was formerly the fuper- intendency of the king's horfcs, like that of the conftable, but fubordinate to it. f King Henry VII. albeit there was an earl marflial of England in being, appointed Sir Robert Willoughby, Lord Brooke, to be marfliall of his army or hoaft, in the eighth yeur of his reign } and gave authority to Sir John Digby, knight, marfliall, and Sir Robert Cliflx)rd, to ufe marfliall law againft rebclles, in the twelfth year of his reigne. Hiftorical Anecdotds of the Howard Family, p. 171. ''k- 1 1 . i 1 i 1 ■ THE ENGLISH ARMY. 193 The following lift of droits and fees claimed and enjoyed by Thomas de Brotherton, fon of King Edward I. in virtue of his office of mardial of England, is preferved in the Britifli Mufeum, written in the old French (i). ited Sir ycur of (i) Cotton, MS. Nerv. D. VI. An Englifli copy is printed in the Hiftorical Anecdotes of the Howard Family, p. 151. faid there to be truly copied out of a book, written in the time of King Henry VIII. alfo in the Cotton collc£lion ; as this copy is, in fome articles> fuller than the French, and differs in others, it is here given. " First, The marefliall, by authority and power of his oHice, ought to have the foreward in every field, aud to have it by the king's affignment. Of the number offoldiers. The marelhall ought to appoint the number of the noblemen, of what arms, and of all the chiefed in battaile, and other routs, and of all archers. Of the appointment of lodgings. The marefliall, with his officers, and lawful deputies, when tliey ride out, to appoint lodgings for every eftate after their degrees. Of the mare/hall's -watch. The marefliall ought to be abroad in the field, untill the other be lodged, for many confiderations ; and ought not to come to his own lodging, untill the carri- ages be come into the faid field. Of the watchinge banner. The marefliall to have borne before him a watchinge banner^ whereby every captain fliall know him by the fame. Of the mare/hall's, courts. The marefliall ought to have all the courts and leetes holden under him, and in the name of the marefliall of England. Offuch caftles as he taken in time ofiuarre, "within the roade. The marefliall ought to have, when he maketh any roade, all manner of beafls that have no horns, and all the horfes un- fliodd, and all hoggs, and other gelded beads. JVhat he fhould have of every buyer and feller ; andoffuch as fet up lodgings. The marefliall ought to have of every merchant, buyer, or feller of any thing amongft the hoft, every week,, foure pence ; and of every one that fetteth up lodgings, foure pence. How he ought to have all forfeitures. The marefliall ought to have all forfeitures of harnys, of fuch as be mifdoers, either by day or night. Hvw he ought tofett price, and have afftxe of ale and beer. The marefliall ought to fett price of all wyne and ale, and have aflize thereof ; and alfo to fett price of all other viftuals that are fold in the hoft ; alfo, he ought to have, of every barrel of ale or beere fold in the hoft, one penny. Ho-w he pall have all new pelfrey. The marefliall ought to have all fuch towns as are taken and given up without compoficion, all the harneys, hole clothes that be new, all manner of vcflels, coats, flieets, coverletts, feather bedds, table clothes, towells, with all other things of pelfrey to his advantage. How the conflable and marefhall fball watch. The conftable and marefliall fliall ordeyne and devife the manner of watching, and the marefliall to fett the watch, and the conflable to VOL. I. C C vifit !:'!l li f ^\ f I'M n 154. HISTORY OF These are the ufages that Thomas de Brothcrton claimed to ufc, by his office of marflialfey. : _ , :, . .:.•■;., '■' I > , viCt them, and to give them the watch word ; and all thefe things mult be obftrved at the fiege of a town, or a caftle, or when they remove, whither foever it be. How they ought to ivatch in the king's campe cr hojle. TiiE conftable one night, and the marefhall another night, (hall make certain watch, to ride out for to fcoure, and aflure the hoft ; alfo to take all ftrangers out of the hoft ; and as for the conftable and marelhall, they ought not to watch nightly, but in default of others. Hovi the mareJJjall admittcth all the ki/ig's fervanfs in luarrcs. The marefliall, and tlie clerke of the kinge's wardrobe, ought to receive all the fervants that fliall come to ferve the king, by XL dales : and after they have fcr^'ed out that terme, they ought not, nor may not depart from the hoft, until he or they have a letter of tcftification from the conftable or mareftiall, witnefling that they have done their fcrvice. Forprifiiig ofhorfis. The marefhall, or his deputies and officers, fliall prize the horfes that (hall be fold. Alfo, the marefliall's clerke, when any plea ought to be pleaded, ought to make plea againft the king's clerke. the ordering oftfje king's battaiU: The mareftiall ought to be with the conftable before the king, at the ordering of the battailcs ; and he ought to ha\« in his companic, all manner of men of warre, as well footmen as horfemen, as the conftable hath j and thereby he may the better devife to lodge all the hoft, and the fcouts to the fafeguard of the hoft. How the pleas belong to the conjlahle and marejlndh .'.. [.so, when the battailes be ordeyned, the fteward ought not in any thing to inter-meddle with the pleas that be in the hoft, but only the conftable and mareftiall ; of which the conftable (hall have the fines, and the marflial the amerciaments and forefeitures of them that have deferved juftice, and the profits of them tliat be commanded to prifon. What ilc fnare/}}all Jhall have of every artificer. The mareftiall ftiould have of every mer- chant, armorer, taylor, Larber, and of every man that buyeth and fclleth in the field, every Saturday, in and for aftigning of them their places for keeping of their fliopps, four pence j and in likewife he fliall have, if the faid perfons fojourne but only two or three dales in one place. For the marefhaWs court. Also, no order ought to be made without the conftable and marefhall, and in every company ought to be a khiglit, or an efquirc, under the high conftable and mareftiall, to appoint their lodgings, and to clayme their fees, and the mareftiall fliall have, as is aforefaid, all the gelded beafts, horfes, and fuch other beafts as have no horns ; and the conftable hath been accuftomed to have all the fliorne beafts, or fuch as have ufcd to be fhorne ; and all colts and other beafts, as maires, ftieep, and goats, and hoggs, except fuch as have been gelded, to be free and common to all them that may get them ; and likewife, be all mamicr of beafts, when they be brought into the field and cried havoke, then every man to take THE ENGLISH ARMY. 195 Also, It is right, that the conftable and marefhall fhall have the number of the armed men, and the names of evory one embodied, and under arms, as alfo of the archers ; ahd when they ride forth, the conftable and mardiall fhall alhgn their quarters ; firft, as is reafon- able, to the van guard, and every other battaile to remain in the field till the preceding one is quartered ; v/hen they are lodged in tents or pavilions, the white banner fliall be the rear guard of the whole ; and no carriage to remain behind it. When an inroad takes place, the conftable fhall have, out of the plunder taken, all the beafts without horns, all the unfhod horfes, and hogs ; the marfliall fhall have all the caftrated beafts. Item, The conftable fliall liave of every merchant or futler, buying or felUng in the army, 4d. and for a barrel id. and fliall have the aflize of all things fold, wine or beer. - ;j ' Item, He fliall take of every proftitute, 4d. a week ; and from thofe who ere6l lodges or ftalls, the marfliall fliall have four pence. Item, The conftable fliall have all the forfeitures of armour, of thofe who mifl3ehave, day or night ; and alfo in towns taken and furrendered at difcretion, he fliall have the armour, and all the entire or uncut cloth. Item, The marfliall fliall have all the veflels of filver, cotes, fea- thers, fheets, coverlets, table cloths, towels, and other kinds of pelf. Item, The conftable and marfliall fliall order the maner of thofe take his part, if the time therefore be convenient, and that the fame may be done without prejudice of the hoft. For prifoners that efcape and be taken againc. Also, if it fortune any prifoner to be taken in warre, and the faid prifoner efcape out of the hold of liim that took him, and if he fortune to be taken by the watch, they fhall bring him to the marefliall, and the mareOiall ought to have the prolBt of his ranfome, for he is taken as an eftraye. Ofeviiy homager iirmed. If any do homage armed, or on horfebacke, the marefhall fliali have the horfe, with all the barneys. Of the mareJfjalPs court. And at fuch times as the king is in warre, then ought the confta- ble and marefliall to liold the courts, and the marefliall to have the amerciaments and for- feitures of them tliat bceak the commandements of the conftable and the marefliall." ni 1i ([ - : ^i. !1: ■*i|! m m .r* J t .1 tl ■!; i ti' HISTORY OF M is /.■ I ' .■ ;ii * / who watch, and the marfhall (hall caufe them to make themfelvcs ready at the hour of eating. The marftiall fhall poft them, and the conftable vifit them, and give them the watch word ; and thefe tilings Ihall be done at the fiege of town or caftle ; and when the army is in tents or paviUons, the conftable one night, and the marfliall another, fliall caufe certain perfons to ride abroad, to prote6t the army from marauders belonging to it ; and the conftable and marfhall ftiall not watch, but on default of others. Item, The conftable ought to have from the army, Iiorfes for himfelf and fuite ; and the marfhall, and a clerk of the king's ward- robe, ought to receive all the perfons who come to ferve the king for forty days, who, when they have performea their fervices, cannot depart from the army, untill they have letters from the conftable and marftiall, teftifying, that they have duly performed them : and the marfliall ought to appreciate the horfes, which are to be prized ; and his clerk ought to a6l as counter pleader, againft the clerks of our lord the king. Item, The marfliall fliould be at the ordaining of the battailes before the king and council, refpedting their arrangement into con- ftableriers ; and he ought, as well as the conftable, to have a roll of all the men of arms in the army, and of all the infantry, to be the more able to appoint the watches, fentinels, and fcouts, for the fafety of the army ; and when the battailes are arranged, the fcnefchal ought not to meddle with the pleas in the army, which belong only to the conftable and marfliall, of which the conftable is to have the fines, and the marfliall, the amercements and forfeitures of all thofe condemned, and the profit of all thofe committed to prifon. The marfliall fliall have of every merchant that follows the army, of every armourer, taylor, futler, barber, or cook ; and from every man that buys and fells in the army ; and from every proftitute, every Saturday they fojourne there ; and of every one keeping a fliop, 4d. ; and in the fame manner at every removal of the army, after their fojouming two or three days ; and the marfliall fliall have all the gelded beafts taken by the foldiers of the army in any inroad, V ■: ' THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^97 irmy, every itute, fliop, after ve all road, and no parties to go forth on any enterprife, without the permilTion of the conftable and marfhall ; each party fhould have a knight, or in his place, an efquire, to quarter them, that is to fay, the marfliall fhall have all the caftrated beafts and the conftable all the colts, thefe are the fees of the conftable and marfhall ; the mares belong to thofe that can take them, and the Iliod horfes to the conftable. Item, All the ftieep and hogs belong to fuch private foldiers of the army as can take them ; and when they come into the army, and havock is cried, every one may take his part. Item, If a prifoner is taken in the feat of war, and Ihall efcape from the cuftody of him who took him, and is retaken by the guard, they fhall take him to the marlhalfea, when the marlhall ihall have the advantage of his ranfome, he being a kind of eft ray. These are the principal rights and privileges of the marllial, con- fidered as a military officer ; he had divers others in virtue of his duty about the king's court, which are alfo fpecified in the anecdotes before mentioned ; and as fome of them are of a very Angular nature, and ftrongly mark the barbarity of the manners of thofe times, they are tranfcribed in the note (k). At prefent the earl marlhal is not confidered as a military officer. (k) The marflialfey is a ferjeantry granted to the Earl of Norfolk in fee, who when he cannot perfonally execute the office, may appoint a knight, but with the king's confcnt. If the knight mar(hall fo appointed, do make any default, tlie earle marfhall Ihall not be amerced as earle, but only as fervitor. He hath a vierge to be carried before the king, when upon the fpace about the king, wherefoever he be in England, conteining twelve miles (leucarum) is called the vierge. In warre he is not bound to keep watch, but every night (liall place the watch, and dif- charge them in the morning ; he fhall go out with the forragers, with banners difplaied for their proteftion. He fliall fee execution done upon the judgments of the king's ftewards within the vierge. He (hall have the charge of the prifoners. He fhall have all fpotted beafts, or of divers colours ; and of every pound of that fee, he {hall pay two pence to the king. There is afTigncd unto him one clerk, and one ft-rjeant, for keeping of them that are attached. It If \ i M ! m 'I :\3 i- It ■1 f '! 1. ■•i \ "f «98 HISTORY OF Next in order to the marfhal, was the mafter of the ordnance, but this was no farther back than the firll year of the reign of King Richard III. when " Rauf Bigod was appointed to the mafterlhip of the ordnance, during hfe, with an hundred marks fee for hiinfelf, and the wages of 6d. per diem for a clerk, and 6d. for a yeoman, to be paid out of the ifliies of the manors of Kyrton and Lyndefay in Lincohilhire, with the knight lyvery of houfehold (1). This is the firll mafter of the ordnance I have been able to find on record ; the clerk of the ordnance is mentioned in Rymer as early as the 5th of Henry V.(m). It does not appear that the Englifli had any particular officer prefiding over their projedlile machines or artillery, previous to the invention of gunpowder and cannon (n), although in France they were under the dire(5lion of an officer ftiled the grand mafter of the crofs .'iiit ^ . I'f : I i\ I'i '■ i It is their charge to keep the vierge from harletts. The marfliall (hall have of every common harlett, within the limits of the houfe, four pence the firft daie. If flie be found againe, (he fliall be forbidden, before the fteward, not to enter into the king's houfe, nor the queene's, nor their children. If the third time fhe be found, flie ihall be imprifoned or abjured the court. Ir Ihe be found the fourth time, her private parts fhall be fliaven. * If the fifth time, her upper lip (hall be cut off. And it was wont, that the marlhall had belonging to the court, feventeen fingle women, tliat (hould fwcere to the knight mar(hall, that they knew no more common women but themfelves following the court, no thief, no mefcll,but they (hould utter it to the marelhall, and they ought to fcrve the court, and no other. (1) No. 433. Harl. MS. p. 105. (m) Where a writ is direfled to John Louth clerke of the ordnance, and John Benet of Maidftone, mafon, reciting that a fuflicient number of mafons and labourers had been aflign- ed for mak; \g fcvcn thoufand ftone fliot for guns of different forts, with a fudiciency of (tone for the fame, as well in the quarries of Maidilone or elfewhere, as (hould be moft for the benefit of the fervice. The workmen to be kept till the whole war completed, and men to be imprefTed for the carting, boating, or otiier carriage of the faid ftones. (n) Machines for (hooting (tones and darts, ufcd in fieges before the invention of fire arms, were called artillery. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 199 ;net of \flign- af ftone for the for the of fire bowes, an office of great antiquity in that kingdom, at leaft as old as the reign of St. Louis, who died anno 1270, From this and the httle mentioned in our public records refpedting thefe machines, it feems they were not very numerous in our armies, but that they had and ufed them in fieges, we learn from a variety of hiftorians. Besides the grant to Rauf Bigod before mentioned, there occur in the fame reign and manufcript divers others refpei^ling the ordnance, which though not immediately in point to our prefent fubjeit, yet as they ferve to fliew the very low Hate of that eftablifhment in its in- fancy, I fhall here tranfcribe in the note below (o). From this Render beginning, the office of mailer of the ord- nance foon grew into great importance, as may be feen by the (o) To Richard Warmyngton th' office of the artillerie within the town of Calais, with the wages of 1 2d. by the day, and 6d. for a yeoman under him for life. John Stoke th' office of clerk of th' ordonnance within England or elfewherc, for tyme of his life, with the wages of 6d. by the day, to be received of the lordfliips of Wrytell, Havering, Boyton, Hadleighe, Rayleighc, and Rochford in Eflex, and of the manors of Tun- brugge, Penfhurft, Middleton, and Mardcn in Kent. ... ■ . .. WiLiTiAM Tempill th* office of yeoman of th' ordonnance for life, with wages of 6d. by the day, to be received out of the lordfliips as above. To Richard Garnet the office of ferjeant of the king's tents for life, with wages of i ad. per diem for himfelf, and 4d. per diem for a yeoman under liim, and loos. for - houfc to hy the tents in; 46s. 8d. for lils robes; 13;-,. 4d. for his yeoman's robes, to o'' .ken from the the iffiies of the lordfliips of Wrytell, Havering, Boyton, Hadleighe, Rayjcighe, and Roch- ford, in CO. Eflex, and the lordfliip of Tunbrugge, Penfluirfl;, Middleton, and ftlarden, in co. Kent, by the hands of the receyvours. . John Atkynson kep. of the armour, in the tower, or elfewhere, within England for life> with fee of 6d. per diem, to be received as above. To Henry Grey the younger fquier, the king hath confirmed unto him th' office of the keeping of the armoury within the tower of London for term of his life, with the wages and fees accuftomed to be received by fee farm of Norwiche. Vincent Teniler, armourer ; the king hath confirmed unto him to be his armourer during his life, with 20I. fee by the hands of the treafurer and chamberlain of the exchequer. Sir John Donne, knight ; th' office of ferjeant or mafter of the armoury within the tower of London, during his life, with wages of i2d. for himfelf, 6d. for a yeoman, and 3d. for a gowne, by the hands of the flierifF of London and Midd. of the illues, &c. tills lail grant was in the 3d, all the reft in the ill, of K. Richard IIL y. !'■ !'.. i \ y ii^if i -4 I '■:)' I! SOfr HISTORY OF eftablidiment for the expedition to St. Quintin's, in the year 1557, given in note(p) from a manufcript in the Britifli Mufeum. ? An ancient manufcript in the Harleian CoUe^ion, marked No. 4685, entitled " The Order of a Campe or Army Royall, with the Dutie of every Officer belonging to the fame, per B. Con Milit. 1518," defcribes the duty of the mailer of the ordnance in the field, in thefe words : First, it is the office of the Mr. of th' ordonnance, after that he hathe recy ved his charge at the councelles handes, he mull firfte of all, in anie wife before he (hall goe fowrthe to the campe, fe that they lacke no kynde of municion or fucli other necefTarics whiche apper- teine to the faid Mr. of th' ordonnance. And there are apperteyninge to the Mr. of th' ordonnance, a leyve- tenent and certaine clerkes, which are all in wages. Also the fayd Mr. of th' ordonnance mufl alio firfte of all receyve the ordonnance, fliotte, come powder, ferpentine powder, match and all other municions, as fire-workes, bowes, arrowes, ft rings, pikes, billes, halbertes, harquebulTes, qualivres, launces, light horfemen's ftaves, javelins, and bore fpeares. And further the faid Mr. of th' ordonnance muft recyve all kinds of neceflaries, that is to faie, ladders, ladles, and fpunges, for artillerie. , -.' , Per Diem. , - Per Dienu (p) 1. s. d. 1. s. d. The mafter of th' ordynance I 6 8 Three fmythes , - - 3 His lieutenant - '3 4 Three guyders of th'ordonnance 4 Mafter of the carriages - 10 Twelve carriages 3 The trenche mafter - S A drumme - , - I A chaplain - I A phife _ - - - I A clerkc of tli' ordynance - 2 A hundreth and twentie fymyres ' S Two clerkes - 2 Ten halberdyers - - - 10 A furgeon - - - - I Hacquebutters on horfeback J for the lieutenant - ' 6 Q Sixe boweyers - 6 Sixe fletchers - 6 Mr. gonner » . . 3 4 Three carpenters - 3 Twelve gonncrs - - - 16 See No. 6844, Harl. MS. 1 1 ' THE ENGLISH ARMY. QOl Dienu s. d. 3 ° 4 o o o I o I o S o 10 o 6 o 3 4 \6 o iJfS. mattocks, fpadcs, Hiovells, pick-axes, crowes of iron, cart wheeles for ordoniiances, carriages for ordonnancc, axcltrecs, hand-axes, axeltreos for ordonnances, vvindofes for tiic defence of ordonnancc, cart traces, vvitli all kind of cart v.ares, as ro])cs, cred'ed and crcflbttcs, lights, lanthorns, candell and linkes, with all other necefl'aries, whiche niulte be forefeno, that there be no lack before their goinge on. FuHTHEK yt is tile office of the Mr. of th' ordonnancc, after he comes into campe, and the provoll marfliall luithe appointed the grovvnde moft mete and neceflarie for the artillerie, then nuilt the aforefaide Mr. of th' ordonnancc caufe the faide ordonnancc to be brought to the faide place appointed, there to be placed to the moll advantage. Item, the faid Mr. of th' ordonnancc mult caufe the faid municion to be brought to the place appointed and mete therefore, w hich mull be trenched about, for the danger of fyre ; and the aforefaid Mr. of th' ordonnance mull charge fome difcreet man withe watch, yf it llande in neede. Also the faid Mr. of th' ordonnance mull fe that there be attend- inge on the office of ordonnance, certaine artificers,' as carpenters, wheele wrights, fmithes, bowyers, fletchers, mafons, and fuche other neceflarie men, mete and convenient therefore. The faid Mr. of th' ordonnance his office is, that yf there be any capteinc that lacketh municion for his foldiers, the faid capteine Ihall come to the Mr. of th' ordonnance, and he mull commande theclerke of th' ordonnance to deliver fuche municion as he lacketh ; provid- inge alwaies that the clerke of th' ordonnance do take a bill of the captaine's hand, or of his lyvetennent, for the faide municion, and at the paye daye the clerke ihall deliver the faide bille unto the treafurer, that he maye llaye fo much monye in his handes as fliall anfwer the queen for the municion fo delivered. Furthermore yt is the office of the Mr. of th' ordonnance that if the eneniye and yowe joyne battaile, the grownde beinge appointed by th* officer of the field, where the battaile fliall be pytched, to repaire to the field, there to fee th' ordonnance planted to the moll VOL. I. D D -■•4 'Sii' i: '■> '■is •m: 1 iw A >' -J ■I '' ir m i' ti U' !; 'J 02 HISTORY O l- advantage ; and yf occafion flial be given, to remove the faid artillerie, as Ihall feme good to the Mr. of ih' ordonnance, and in anye wife to be circumfpe<5l that the Mr. gonners do their duties belonging thereto." Another, and feemingly a more ancient manufcript, late the property of Mr. Anftis, has feveral curious particulars refpe6ling the power and perquifites of the mailer of the ordnance, intermixed with the duty of the provoft marfhal of the artillery, under the following head: ij ' ! i ?i " These be the Authorities and Power that the Provoste Mar- shall and his Liei- tenant have in the Jurifdidlion of the Artillerie. FiRSTE, the provofte marlhall hath none authoritie to bear his ftaffe nor his lieftenante within the jurifdi6lion of the artillerie, with- oute licence of the provofte of the artillerie, but to lett his ftaffe before the artillerie gate, as the antient cuftome is in the realms of France, Spayne, Portingale, Naples, &c. &c. Cicellie and Levant. Item, if there be anie perfon found in the artillerie, charged with a cryme, foe muft the provofte of the artillerie deliver him out of the artillerie unto the provofte marfliall or his lieftennents, refervinge allwayes that the faid provofte of the artillerie fhall keepe for himfelfe all thofe goods and clothinges belonging to the forefaid " crymeneux. dedely patient (q)." Item, all thofe of the fmall artillerie, as ferpentines, courtoux, bombardes, are bounden and muft forth with eache of their mafter gunners and other gunners, at the commandement of the originall mafter gunner, uppon the payne and correire, or by anie other manner given up, be it towne, callell, pyle, church, or baftile, or fortrelTe, the chief mailer of the artillerie, or his lieftennent, fliall ordayne, that the mafter gunners and their companie fhall have the bell bell within that place foe wonnc, or the church- wardens Ihall appoynt or compound with the great mailer of the artillerie and his counfell ; and that to be reported by the provolle of the artillerie, and given knowledge to the lords and rulers of that place foe wonne, with the comons of the fame, what that the mailer of the artillerie, his counfell and mailer gunners, and their companie have determined and ordeyned, by a convenable and reafonable eflimacion, to fee and knowe if the lordes and commons will hold the ordinance and appoyntment made(s). (s) In France this pcrquifite belongs to the grainl niaftcr of the artillery, " Le graiul nuitrc a encore unc privilege doiit il n'eil point fait mention duns fcs provifions ; c'eft cjue quand une ville ou forterelTe a laifl'c tirer le canon, les cloches des cglifcs, Ics utenfils de cuivre & autre nietail lui appartienncnt, i*l f.... Hi Charles Blount, Earl of Devon, ftiled ) general of the ordnance - - 3 10 Sept. 1603, during pleafure George Carew, E^rl of Totnefs Horatio, Lord Vere - - - - Sir Richard Morrifon - - - - Sir Thomas Stafford - - - - Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport Sir William Compton - - - - John, Lord Berkely - - - _ Sir John Duncomb, Knt. - - - SirThomasChicheley,Knt. firft call- ed mafter general of the ordnance Thomas Chichely ----- Sir John Chicheley - - - - - Sir William Hickman - - - Sir Charles Mufgrave - - - - . George Legge, Lord Dartmouth - Frederick, Duke Schomberg - - 27 June, 1609, ditto 5 May, 16*17, for life 26' Aug. 1623, ditto — — 1628, ditto 2 Sept. 1634, ditto 22 Jan. 1660, ditto 21 061. 1664, during pleafure ditto, ditto I ditto, ditto 4 June, 1670, ditto •23 Jan. 1679, ditto 28 Jan. 1681, ditto 28 Apr. 1689, ditto I t THE ENGLISH ARMY. fto7 Henry Sidney. Vifcount Sidney, af- ) g j^^ ^g ^^^ p^^^^^^^ tenvards Earl of Romney - - 3 John Churchill. Earl of, and after- ^^^ j^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ - . . . wards Duke of Marlborough - 3 ' Richard Savage, Earl of Rivers - lo Sept. 1711, ditto James, Duke of Hamilton - - - 5 Sept. 1712, ditto , John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough 4 06t. 1714, ditto William Cadogan, Earl of Cadogan 22 June, 1722, ditto ■ John Campbell, Duke of Argyle and I j^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ Greenwiclv ------ j John Montagu, Duke of Montagu 30 May. 1740, ditto CharlesSpencer.DukeofMarlborough ^755* ditto ' Tohn Ligonier, Vifcount, afterwards )^ XT - , ,^ ^ j-** J f. .' 1 30 Nov. 1757, ditto Ear! Ligonier ------ 3 John Manners, Marquis of Granby 1763, ditto George Townfliend, Vifcount ^ ___ Townfliend ------ 3 Charles, Duke of Richmond - - 1772, ditto • - 1782, ditto Charles, Marquis Comwallis - - 13 Feb. 1795, ditto ^ In fmall armies, and after tlie difufe of the office of high conflable, the officer commanding in chief was ftiled captain general. This was the cafe in the lift of the army fent to St. Quintins, before quoted ; where next in fucceflion to the captain general, ftands the lieutenant general, and the high marfhall occupies only the third place in order and command. The ftafFe and fuite, &c. of the captaine general were, a fecretary, another for the Frenche tongue, two furgeons, a trounchc man (t), ten carriages, for tranfportingo his baggage, two trumpetters, a drum, a phife, and thirty halberdiers for his guard. The ftaffe and fuite of the lieutenant general, were a chaplaine, a (t) Probably a truncheon man, or tipftixff, commonly attendant on pcrfons of liJgh rank, as well military as civil in ordev to clear the way, in procclRons, &c. II •■I WM C:> I' »,f. ! "'. 30B HISTORY OF furgeon, a trouncheman, three carriages, a trumpetter, and fifteen halberdiers. -_ - •• ■• r ;■ ) -^llo li;-.: ';>" 7.-v;v The highe marifchall had a mafter of the campe, a chaplain, a fur- geon, three carriages, a tnimpetter, a drum, and fifteen halberdiers. The next officer in rank in this army, was the generall of the horfemcn, his ftaff", a lieutenant, a chaplain, a furgeon, four commifla- ries, his trumpetter, and fifteen halberdiers. The infantry was commanded by an officer ftiled captain general of the footmen, and had a lieutenant, a ferjeant major (u), fix wyf- flers(x), a chaplain, a furgeon, three carriages, a drum, a phife, and fifteen halberdiers. . «■; : . .: > i f v ,•. i h i, i-. ' ^ The duties and powers of the mafter of the ordnance having been defcribed, and thofe of the captain and lieutenant general differing i ii' i\ i! (u) Serjeant major here feems to mean a general officer, afterwards called ferjeant major general ; ferjeant major commoniy meant, in the language of thofe times, the office now ftiled major. (x) Wyfflers are commonly underftood to mean a fort of fers, yet from the following paflage in an ancient MS. late in the colle£lion of Mr. Anftis, they feem to have been coh- cerned in drilling of the men ; this manufcript is anonymous, but from the hand writing, feems of the time of Queen Elizabeth, " ^ charge for every ivyjler" ftyrfle, that they in- ftrufte the fowldyers how they Ihall carry there weapons. Secondly, to fliow what fpace bctwixte rancke and rancke, i betwixte every gunner, twife the length of his gunne, and betwixte every rancke of .irchers, as nioche fpace as he may goe his bowe by thend and to reche to his foer goer. Betwixte every rancke of pykes, half the pyke length, that thendc of his pyke may be within a foote of his fcllowc, he that goeth before hym. And betwixt every bill man, the lengthe of hys weapon ; and they (hall not tomotche, neither ftay to drinck*.*, and that when any rancke is la(t behynd to haft the follower } and yf the followers cannot conveniently overtake the foregoers, that one whyffler call to another before hym, to ftay the whole armye, that all may goe together ; and in any wyfie, when they ringc be a makcinge, which bcginneth as fone as the fyrft rancke ys entered the fylde, that then every whyfFeler doo greate diligence to keepe men together in order, and that one rancke doe not laggj bchynde another at the entry of the ringe, and likewife within the ringe, that every rancke follow inftantly an«l diredlly his foregoer, and that the ftiowlder of one man to be from another, that they may eafily handell there weapons for to fight ; and when they ftand to ftay, that every man ftayeth, a pyke, to fet up his pyke on hys Ihoulder, and that the hand that holdeth tlie pyke fett the bought of his elbow out warlycke, and the other hand to be fett under his fyde; elles upon the hylte of his fworde, and likewife the bill. * ! I THE ENGLISH ARMY. 201) Very little from thofe of the conftable and marflial ; we come next to general of the horfemen. '-^^ ot ,c?>5|rtoj;' i \;^m - : . n , *. v ■ The offices of generals of the horfemen and footmen require no particular explanation, exc^ that their duties were generally re- ftri6led to their different fervices; the generals of cavalry rarely inter- fering with thofe of the infantry, or thofe of the infantry with the caval.'y(y). Nor did officers of tiie fame rank always command acco ding to their feniority(z). In fome inflances the command betv een the officers of the fame denomination was thus fettled. In the iield the officers of cavalry commanded thofe of the infantry of the far e rank, and vice verfd in garrifon, the infantry commanded their e(|ials in the cavalry, without any refpe6t to the dates of their ajipointments. , In the reign of King James II. the officers of the cavalry took rank on detachment according to the dates of their commiffions, but thofe (y) The title of general is not of very ancient date in the £ngli(h armies, as Vre do not find it till about the reign of Henry VIII. after which wc meet with the term captain general of the horfemen, and captain general of the footmen, in armies commanded by perfont bearing only the title of general. The fame army fometimes had a captun and lieutenant general, and alfo a captain general of the horfemen or foot. An indance of this occurs in the army fent to St. Quintins. (z) See an inftance in Rymer, 34th of £liz. A.D. 1592. In fome regulations refpe£ling two thoufand footmen, and one hundred horfe, to be fent from tlie Low Countries into France, wherein is the following paflage : ** And becaufe it ftandeth with fome good order, that all the feveral captains with their bands, may orderlie take their voyage, with one con> fent, and agree amongft themfelves, confldering, as they are captaines, they will everie of them accompt themfelves equal one with another ; Sir Robert Sidney and you (hall let them know, that it is thought convenient that Sir John Pooley, Knt. (hould take the charge of the (hipping of all their forces, and that they (hall for their palTage, and during the time untill they (hould land, be advifed by him, as we doubt not but he will perform the fame difcreetly to their contentation; and at their landing. Sir John Pooley (hall have knowledge of her majefty's pleafure from hence, under whofe commandement both he himfelf and all the reft (hall there ferve in France." From this it is evident, that it was not then tlie praftice for the oldeft officer to command on detachments, where there were feveral of equal rank; had it been fo, there would not have been any occafion for the regulation here cited, in favour of Capt. Pooley. VOL. I. E E I ; i' I i ill -ii' !J; \r i \\s i ii »i| ■I iJlO 7 f/ H I S T O R Y OF Ml # eV :'lt ':' U I 1 ^ of the infantry on like occafion commanded according to the feniority of the corps to which they belonged ; fo that a captain or any other officer of the firft regiment, though but juft appointed, would have commanded a captain, or other officer of like rank with himfelf, of ten years Handing, in the fecond or any other corps. For this regulation, fee the note below (a), a mm The ferjeant major general, fometimes denominated ferjeant major of the camp or field, was what is now called major general, as ferjeant major of a regiment formerly fignified the officer now ftiled major. The duty of this officer is thus laid down in.thc fame manuCcript with that of the matler of the ordnance. iif: " The Office of the Serjeant Major iii the field or campe, with the , , Duties thereunto belonging, viz. rUXK-i >(ro? v-'ir.-- ° ° iri, ,r ■ ?.' '. l Ffirst of all the ferjeant major of the campe ys to receive at the handes of the high marthall the whole nomber of footmen, that be in the armye, and beinge fo recey ved he mufl divide the weapons feverallie, that he may perfe^llie knowe what nomber he hathe of everie kinde of weapon, and fo to fet the order of the battaills accordinglie. Item, the faid ferjeant major mufl recey ve commandement from the leyvetenent generall, and he muft put in order of battaile all the battaile aforefaid, as he is appointed to do, by the faid leyvetenent, his commandement, in ufe. r- ; '^y '. - ; ., Ffurther yt ys the office of the ferjeant major, that yf the enemie drawe fo near unto yower armye, that the battaile is appointed, then is it moft mete and convenyent, that the faid ferjeant major repaire to the highe marifliall, to attend on him when he goeth to viewe the field, (a) Upon detachments or parties, all oQiccrs of horfe are to command according to the dates of their commiffions, and all officers of foot according to the ranks of their regiments, and not according to their commiflions} but all lieutenants and enflgns of the fame regiments, upon fuch detachments or parties arc to command among themfelves, according to their com- miffions, and not to the rank of tlieir companies. yibrulgmrnt of the Eng/l/h Militan Difciplinr, piiblifhed by authority, 1680. , xH THE ENGLISH ARMY. Ull where he iiitendeth the battayle Ihalbe pytched, and he to take viewe ol" the growade of advantage for fettinge the battayle, and that beinge done, to return and make reporte to the lord leyvetenent generall, howe he hathe furveyed thegrownde, and the moil advantage thereof; and to make declaration what order he thinketh mofte mete and convenient to fe the battaile in. And if it be the aforefaid leyvetenent's pleafure, the faid lord generall being therewith well content that it Ihalbe fo don. The ferjeant major muft then repare alfo unto the faid field, there to let the order of the battaile to the moll advantage according to the ground. And ffirll of all, he mull divide his weapons, and appoint everie ranke withe weapons moll convenient according to order ; that being done, and the battailes beinge fet, and everie weapon placed in everie rank moft convenient, then mull the faid ferjeant major fe that the kinge's ftandard be placed in the middell of the mayne battaile, and the marifhall's enfigne in the right hand of the kinge's ftandard, and the treafurer's enfigne on the left, and to appoint three or foure other enfignes, as the ferjeant major fliall thinke goode, for the fumy (hinge out of the faid rank. Alfo the faid ferjeant major muft appoint cer- taine drumes and phifes to attend on the aforefaid enfignes. .ruji Also the faid ferjeant major muft appoint fix ranks of halbertes, that is to faie, three rankes to be placed before the kinge's majeftie's ftandarde, and other three ranks behinde the ftandard, of the moft talleft, and beft armed, that can be found in the whole battaile, for the garde of the kinge's majeftie's ftandard : The aforefaid ferjeant major muft alfo appoint the refidewe of the enfignes, everie of them in the places, as the faid ferjeant major fliall thinke moft mete. That beinge done, and all the battailes in good order, the weapons with their drumes, enfignes and phyft'es accordinglic, then muft the faid ferjeant major appoint unto everie capteine their fpeciall places within everie battaile ; fome in the fore part of the battaile, fome in the myddeft, fome in the fydes of the faid battaile, and other fome in the hindermoft part of the faid battaile, as he (hall think meteft. f'r I ' ) 111' i. ^'^ \i IE '< • ■' U * f the Harbinger in the field or campe, with the Duties thereunto belonginge, videlicet. ,.,,,.., ,, Ffirst, the harbinger, after that he is appointed unto his charge, ought to refort io the lord lieutenant general, to enquire of him the names of all the officers of honor and counfeillors, belonginge to the armye, and alio all other meane officers apperteyninge to the fame, that he may appoint lodgings for them accordinglie. Alfo, he mufl know of the faid lord lieutenant generall, the place where the armye ihall alTemble to be muilered ; and thither muil he repaire, callinge before him the cheefe rulers of the towne, declaringe unto them that he is come to provide lodginge for the lord lieutenant generall and the armye ; and to charge the faid rulers, that they fend fome of their officers, to bringe him to everie houfe in the towne that is hable to make any lodginge, that he may take a note what beddes they make within the towne, or fubberbs of the fame, and to command them to provide viftualls fufficient for fuche fouldiers as they do lodge, upon prices rea:'."onable ; and after that he has divided his lodgings, and made his booke of them, he muil iiril appoint for the lord generall, the chiefe l<3dgings, and next after him his two lordes lieutenants of the fore and rear wards ; the mailer of the ordinnance, and all other meane officers, (c) No. 4685. Harl. I. !lt ' -y Iff ,.i i u &14 { H ISTORY OF H 1; to be lodged as near to the counfaile as he convenientlie male, that they may be readie to attend uppon the lord lieutenant generall, when they (hall be called for: and after he hatlie lodged the lord lieutenant generall and the counlaile, he muft referve certain of the beft lodgings for the captaines and men of worihip that ferve in the field, deliveringe to every man's fervant that cometh for a lodginge for his mafter, one billet, naminge therein the lodginge for him, and what number of beddes are appointed for him, whiche billet he muft enter into a booke for his remembrance. The faid harbinger oughte to have alfo fome under him, and he ihould deliver toeverie of them a booke, devidinge the lodginges in the towne in four partes appointinge to everie clerke one part of the towne to make lodgings in, whiche clerkes muft appoint no lodginges but fuch as the harbinger appointeth by billet. . And their office ys to fe that no man take any lodginge in their quarter, but where they be ailigned ; and yf they do, and will not be avoyded, then mufte they refort to the highe marifchall, who may re- move them; the harbinger muft alfo make lireight commaundement, that no houfeholder, upon paine of impriibnment, doe take into his houfe anie man to lodge without billet from him, upon paine of anfweringe to the fame. .iw; Ffarther the faid harbinger and his fervants muft give their attend- ance upon the high mariftiall, when he goeth to viewe the ground where the camp fhalbe pitched. And after that the highe marifhall liath appointed the ground for the camp, then the provoft marifchall makethe devifion of the quarters of the camp, affigning a place for the market, or place of aflemblie, and the ftreetes for the fame ; and the harbinger being made privie thereunto muft remaine upon the fame grounde, readie to anlwer all fuche as come before, to knowe where they Ihall pitche their tentes and difcharge the carriages. Also for that every man Ihall knowe where to pitche their tentes, and to be lodged in fuch place as they marche in ; that is, he that marcheth in the waward to be placed there ; and in the battailes, the harbinger ought to have one of his clerkes to give attendance, to THE ENGLISH ARMY. ai5 afllgn tlie places appointed, and one other being the fourthe clerke Ihall attend on and uppon the grownd appointed for the horfemen likewil'e, to fet them in order for their lodginges. And the cheefe harbinger lliall have ynough to doe, to fe all thefe thinges done ac- cordinge to his dire6tion : and his' office is to amende fuche faultes as he Hiall finde done contrarie to his order ; and if he be letted fo to doe, then niufl he complaine to the highe marifliall, which ought to reforme the fame." The provoft marlaall or chief provoft of the army, feems to have been formerly an office of much greater rank and authority than it is at prefent. This we learn from tiie manufcript quoted in the preced- hig article, and according to the detail of the duties of that office, there laid down, in feveral inftaiices bordered on thofe of the quarter mafter general ; a tranfcript of that article is here given. ;, uk\I\ " The Office of the Provost Marshall in tbe fielde or campe, with the Dew TIES thereunto belonginge. Ffirst, yt is the office of the provoft marlhall to receyve at the handes of the highe marifchall the whole nomber bothe of horfemen and footemen tliat are in the armye, to the ende, the faid provoft mariihall male bothe order and appointe the campes accordinge to the nombers. > =' ' - '■ • ' Item, the faid provoft marifliall, after that the highe mariihall hathe appointed the grownd where the campe fhalbe, then muft the provoft marlhall divide the ground into feverall quarters, appointinge to everie battaile their quarter, and to everie capten their feveral growndes within the quarters of the faid battaile. The provoft marfliall muft alfo when he maketh the campe, appoint within the faid campe, a large market place of aflemblie, and to ap« point certaine ftreetes in the faid campe, between the quarters of everie battaile, and to appoint the ley vetenent generall's place> giving him the place of honor in the fielde. ■ ' Ffurther, that the faid provoft marifchall muft give ftraight com- mandement, that no man pitch anie tente near unto the ryng of the w 1 1 i ■!..(• ■ i i:il iv, 1^: Hr f t V mH * . ♦ Wi 1 < ' 1 I if ' •16 HISTORY or ■Mr;- i "• >f :r ' faid campe by fome fcore foote at the leall: ; and everie captaine, after they be encamped, (hall command thai their carriages Ihall go to the impalement of tlie faide campe. Also the faid provoft marfhall muft give commandement to the captaine of the pyoners, to appointe certain of his labourers to entrench the faide campe or place of aflemblie. And further the faid provoft marifhall muft appoint in the ringe of the campe, grownd of advantage for th' artillerie mete and convenient. And further the faid provoft marilhall muft fe all watches to be fet himfelfe, and alfo give to everie watche their charge, with the watche worde, then muft he twife or thrife in the night himfelf goe to fearche them, that goode watche be kepte, and that everie man doe his dutie accordinglie. Also the faid provoft marifhall muft appoint within the market place or place of aflemblie, within the aforefaid campe, a place for the munition, not neare the danger of fire. And the aforefaid provoft marifhall muft caufe it to be trenched about, and to give charge and commandement unto the Mr. of th' ordinnance, and he (hall command and appoint fome difcreet honeft man to have the charge of the watch thereof. ' i > ' Item the faid provoft marilhall muft appoint near unto the place where the municion is fet, a place convenient for the mafter of th' ordonnance, with the office of th' ordonnance. If it chance that the enemy and you joyne in battaile together, then is the office of the provoft marfhall to ferve in his owne perfon with the footmen, in the rank with the ferjeant major. Th'' provoft marfhall alfo ought to fee all proclamations to be proclaimed with the harrald at armes, and the trompetter, in the lorde leyvetennente generall his name. * • ' ,< t Item, the faid provofte marifchall muft likevvife gyve ftreighte commandement that after the watch be fet, and the watche piece fhotten off, there be no maner of noyfe in the campe, but that all men be at quiet. Moreover, the tipftaves of the faid provoft marifchall ought to fe TH E ENGLISH ARMY. 217 to be lorde that good order be kept witliin the aforefaid campe, that there be no brawHnge nor tighthige within the faid campe, but forthwith tlie iaid tipftavcs to bringe them that fo offend unto the njarifhalfje, and there to be punifhed at the direction of the faid provoft marifchall ." At prefent the chief duties of the provoft marlhall of an army are : the keeping of all prifoners, particularly thofe confined for great offences, apprehending deferters, marauders, or foldiers ftraggling beyond the limits of the camp : at night, by his rounds or thofe of his deputies, preventing any difturbances among the petty futtlers in the rear, and apprehending all foldiers out of camp after gun-firing ; caufing the butchers to bury all their offal ; alfo to kill all glandered horfes, and to bury them, and all others dying in the camp, in order to prevent infedtion. To enable him to perform thofe duties, the pro- voft martial has a ferjeant's, and fometimes a f'ubaltcrn's guard ; and occafionally to give him tlie more authority, has the rank of captain ; befides which, he is jjermitted to make out a contingent bill, for his fees for executions, and other expences attending his office. A very curious one of Affarias Van Velthoven, a Dutchman, provoft general in Ireland, under King William III. is prefcrved in the Mufeum, which in one cmapaign amounted 307I. 10s. (d). This being thought an enormous charge, fome perfons were authorifed to enquire into it ; what was their report does not appear, but there is the king's order for paying tlie bill. As a matter of curiofity, feveral fpecimens of his charges are given in the note (e), with fome of the evidences (d) No. 6844, Harl. MS. (e) Account of the Charges and Disbursements done by the Provoft General Veltho- ven, concerning the prifoners, who by order of his Excellency and by the High Couufel of Wnrr are acquitted, as alfo of thofe that are executed in order of the fentence. Kilkenny, pth of June, (1691.) Hane bene fend in arcft by order of his ex- cellency the Lord of Sgravemore, two perfons, named Tliomas Trafli and . Philip Wodli, being both raperies, and remained in the areft until the nth of Feb. when the fame in purfuance of the fentence and approbation of the Lord of Sgravemore in Kilkenny, hane bene punilhed with the rope to death, VOL. I. F F amounts / M';! h? ■v ! i: i *; ', t'i' Vi ',: %^ 218 H ISTOR Y OF brought to invalidate them. His cAablifliment was a lieutenant, a I'ub- lieutenant, a fcrivener or clerk, an executioner, eight horfcmen for his amounts for 33 daics diet, from the 9th of January untill the i itli of Feb. 1. 1. d. at 6d. a day, is for both of them - - - > - - - 1130 For extraordinary treats, after the fentence of deatli of the patients ns other- wife, each one fix (hillings, is together • - - • • • oiao Paid unto the thre fervants that hane fit up with and ferved the patients, after the fentence of dcath« accordinge to cuflome, half-a-crowne a day, is for two days and a night - - - - - - - - • - 0150 For the reading of the fentences --------oifi Unto the executioner, for hanging and takeing downe, as otherwife, ten (hil- lings apiece, is together -..-.---. 100 For the ladder, ropes, and bolts ..-..-..030 7or the locking and unlocking of each, as. 6d. - - - - • 050 For afliding in the execution according to cuftom for mc - - - - 0100 For the liftenent ...........040 Paid for burying unto the fcrvant, at. 6d. each - - - - - 050 ^ec. 19th. Hane bene fend in areft by the CoUonel Floid, John Gerritfe, , drummer, and John Wright, fouldier, under do. regiment, under the com- pany of Capt. Perfon, deferters, and remained until the 13 th of Feb. when the fame by the fentence of the high counfel of warr and the approbation of the General Ginkel (hould haine bene puniihed to death, but John Gerritfe has got his freedom with diceing under the gallows, but John Wright has puni(hed with the rope unto death : for 57 dales diet, from the 19th of De- cember to the 13th of February, at 6d. a day, amounts to ---370 N. B. Charges of execution as before. Feb. a5th. Brought in arreft William Waters for a repery, and do. remained to the 5th of March, after he had feverely bene whipped with rods, without Kilkenny, accordinge to his fentence, upon the aSth day of February. For 9 dales diet, from the ajth of February to the 5th of March, at 6d. a day, is -..--..----. -046 For reading of the fentence -.- - - - - - - - oa6 For whipping ----.._---. 050 For locking and unlocking -_-__. -..oa6 Feb. 26. Made by order of the Lord of Sgravemore, a new gallows without Kilkenny. Paid for wood for the fame --------- 1150 For making and ere^iing the fame - - - - - - - - 0150 For THE ENGLISH ARMY. «»9 guard, a prifon, a prifon keeper, with four fervants ; he was likcwife allowed two waggons with eight horfes, for the carriage of fick IS o a 6 o o o o o 046 026 050 026 I IS o o 15 o For Li. d. For the ladders and bringing ....>.•• 030 For ----....---.-oao March 20. By order of the Lord General ordered to be brought into a romc, and there given them notice of their death, the following foldicrs of the regiment of the Earl of Naflkw, having bene abroad upon partie, .md not done their dutie, namely Abraham de Vlieger, Peter de Moy, Hery G^rn- raed, Cafpcr Willem Hager, Pieter Etterfon, Jacut Slim, Benedi£lu8 M et, and have accordingly to the fentencc the next day (laid at dice, ar I the lot for to dye is fallen upon Cafper Willem Hager, but have aftenvavds bene pardoned, and on the 23d acquitted. Their ordinary diet was fent to them from their regimen', but for -...cir extra • ordinarys after their condemnation to death, 29' 6d. each is - • o 1 7 6 For five fervants that waited on them after their condemnation to death, a: m. 6d. a day, for two days and one night is . - . • ■ i o For locking and unlocking, 19. each, is« - • • ^ • - 070 Lift of the fervants of the executioner concerning the horfes in he late camp, as alfo by the head quarters and the particular regiment are buried,, as alfo fome dead bodies in Athlone, and before Limericke.buried. Jan. 4th, Buried horfes, 7. In all buried horfes 1 02, at 2S. 6d. each. January 24. Buried before Athlone, 7 men. For each 2s. 6d. ' July 31. Buried before Athlone, 30 men. Thefe are particular articles extra£^ed from the bill, and often occur in it : the objections againll it were thcfe. Objections againft Aflarias Velthoven's Accoun > j< Disbursements hereunto annexed. 1. s. d. That he gives no particulars how he laid out the 60I. he owns by his fir ft arti* clc to have received, yet charges the fame ?^ain in fol. 32. - - - 60 o o Overcharged the 9th of June - - - - - - - -47 00 From 3d June, 1691, to 2d Novem^.'^r following, charges 6d. apiece, 1669 days, 41I. 143. 6A. wlien he allowed them but one ammunition loaf for 2 days, which (when he pavcr Mr. Perrara for) will coft him 3|d. apiece^ over- charged --------- ---27 13 9 That if / i i ^^ i S80 HISTORY OF ,H prifoners, with carters to drive them. As Velthoven was a foreigner, it will account for the extraordinary bad Englifti in which his bill is written. ,. .^_„.._ , . -' ,.~~ '' — ,.„;--„.. — w '•■■ '^J;' That he chargeth for extraordinary treats to 26 perfons after fentence of death paffcd upon them, 7I. ids. whereas he gave fome only one pot of beer, fome had a pot of beer, and two pounds of meat and bread, and fome nothing at all, at IS. a head, which is far more than they coft him, is il. 6s. — orer- charged ------------ Feb. 25 th. He chargeth for 3 days diet of 68 officers, 30I. 12s. whereas all the meat coft him but - - - - - The beer at 3d. a pint - - - - The cheefe at 6d. per lb. - . - The biftet at id. per piece - - - 3 >7 8 II •') j: -i; •F i..t overcharged He charges for watching condemned perfons, but inafmuch as where one watched, he fets down two, and where two he chargeth four or five, and when one night, fomctimes a night and a day, or two nights ; if he pays the men (which as yet he hath not) it will coft him 3I. los. — overcharged 7thly. He charges for executing 24 men, as paid by him 1 2I. when he pays the executioner, it will coft him but 61. — overcharged - . - - 8thly. He chargeth for whipping 3 men, paid by him ijs. if he pays the exe- cutioner, it will coft him but 7s. 6d.— overcharged . - - _ pthly. When one or more arc executed, he is allowed to charge los. for him- felf, for his day's attendance, and no more, as appears by his own account, fol. 14, where he chargeth but los. for executing 5 perfons. On the 13th of February, 1691, John Langton and John White were both hanged, fol. 3, he chargeth 1. 8. d. For himfelf - - - - - 10 For his lieutenant - - - 4 For watching - - 10 For reading the fentence - - 2 6 For ladder - - - - - 1 7 6 1. 8. d. 6 10 o ,'> '1 ■,,.■' 26 12 o ... J..A o o o o 7 . . -007' More ftrong drink - - - - . . . -006 :'- ' ■ . - I _ ., , , . , .. r. 029 Befides what is undifcovered, there is overcharged . - . - - 21 ■:■_ -^i;^.:.(;,> -... .. ,^ .^ ..^.(x-? ;;■:,. y.'.,...i.\ r; ' , ni '/. '' J. HOFFELINGH, JOHN GOEDART. 1. 8. d. I 13 •V. •. ,1 3 5 ..'1 . :, > t H- 7 18 9 Johannes Hoffelingh, native of the Hague in Holland, aged 34 years, or thereabouts, maketh oath, that about the beginning of the month of October, Ao.Oni, 1691, Aflarias Van Velthoven, the Dutch Provoe being in the camp before Limerick, in Ireland, gave one of the beft horfes in his troop to his fon John Chriftian Van Velthoven, cadet in another company, making his trooper fcrve on foot. That in the month of November following, the faid Van Velthoven gave Mrs. Mary Valentine (his lady of pleafure) one tent lyned with blew, and four very good harnefles for waggon horfes belonging to their majefties. That the faid Van Velthoven bought very bad horfes for his troopers, one whereof coft him but three pounds, another two guineys, and another but two cobbs, or nine (hillings and fixpence, in- fomuch, that if they had occafion to ride five or fix miles in one day (leaft they (hould fcunder) faid Velthoven would often caufe them to lite and walk on foot in their jack boots, to their no fmall fatigue. That whilft the army was before Limmerick, and many died for want of bread, the faid Velthoven, under pretence he had many prifoners in his cuftody, fent for great quantitys of bread tl ii • h :if t )!l h 11, 'J-!^ Q99 ('I/ HISTORY OF !-J •»• " The Office of the Scowt Master in the fielde or camp, with the Duties belonging to the fame. Ffirst, the oflRce of the fcout mailer is, that he attend upon the highe marifliall when he goeth to viewe the ground, where he in- tendeth to campe. Then muft the faid fcowte mailer both view and fee in what fort he may fet the fcowte, that when the trumpet foundeth to the watche at night, then muft the faid fcowt mafter I W i i ' II i bread from the king's ftores, wherewith (to fave charges) he caufed his whole troop of horfes to be fed, yet at the fame time brought their majeilies a Dutch guilder a day to account, for the keeping of each horfe in his troop, giving as a reafon for his knowledge, that he the deponent was under lieutenant to faid Aflarias Van Velthoven, and privie to the premifes. i.uaj' J. HOFFELINGH. Swome before tlie Commiflloners of accompts, the 27th day of September, 1692. Ztrach Gout, one of the troopers in his troop, alfo fwears, that although the faid Velt- hoven received money from their majefties in 1690, for the purchafe of new boots and piftols for his troop, he bought fuch old ones, that the piftols were unferviceable, and the boots obliged to be new footed on their aitival in Ireland, for which he obliged his troopers to pay. John Goedart alfo confirmed the former evidence, and further accufed Velthoven of fwapping away one of the beft horfes of his troop with one Capt. Young, for one fo very old, that he wat left behind in Ireland, as unferviceable, and alfo that before the faid Van Velt- hoven went to Ireland, he kept three men for feveral months, ready for a falfe mufter ; that he received pay for a clerk, and an allowance for his horfe, 37 guilders ten ftivers for the iirft, and a guilder a day for the horfe, and kept neither. This deponent was his upper lieutenant. His fervant John, borne a Polander, alfo on oath, confirmed thefe accufations, and added feveral inllances of his chani^ing and felling the horfes, furniture, &c. and alfo accufed him of leaving in Dublin, with a coufin of Mrs. Valentine, a large portmanteau full of iron bars, chains, fetters, and other things ufeful for fecuring of prifoners, one other tent lined with blue, and the harnefs for four waggon horfes, all which belonged to their majeilies. In Van Velthoven's anfwer to thefe charges many he denies, for feveral he pleads cuftonv in Holland, and refpe£ling Mrs. Valentine, he fays the irons in queftion were fent to Hol- land by miftake, but that he has more irons with him than he received from the king, out of which he will make them good ; with refpedl to falfe mufters, he never was muRered him- fclf, nor his company. THi. ENGLISH ARMY. fi83 that repaire to the tent of the generall of the horfemen, there the faid generall or his lieutenant (hall appoint certaine horfemen that attend on the fcowt, to be in the fcowt that night. Ffurthermore, the faid generall muft in anie wife gyve ftraight conimandement unto the faid fcowt matter after the relief be Ibunded, that they Hiall not, upon paine of deathe, ftirre from their charge before the fcurriers be come into the field to take their places, and then they may depart. Also the faid fcowt matter, when the trumpet foundeth the relief of the watch in the morniiige, mutt repair unto the lieutenant of the horfemen, there to receive at his hands fuche horfemen as the faid lieutenant fliall appoint to be in the fcurrage that daie. Item, it is the office of the fcowt matter, when he cometh into the field to fet and appoint the fcowrage, he muft appoint fome to the high hilles, that are thereaboutes, to viewe and fe if they can difcover any thinge. : '- - ■ '■'•- ■ ■.. '■ ■,, i.- 'ti; s .?;•.; >;:•: , • Also the faid fcowte matter mutt appointe one other companie of fcuragers, to fearche and viewe every valley thereabouts, that there be no enemies laid privilie for the anoyange of the faid campe, and if they do difcover anie, they are to advertife the fcowt matter ; and he mutt either bring, or fend worde to the high marifchall of their ad- vertifement, with fpeed. The faid fcowt matter mutt alfo contynuallie, bothe daie and night, be in the fielde himfelf, or appoint fome difcrete honett man, whom he may trutt in his abfence, to forefee that bothe the fcowte in the night feafon, and fcurriers in the daie, may do their duties that apper- tene to their charge ; for there lieth a great charge of yt, as much as the life of the fcowt matter is wurthe, if any thinge happen amifle : and the faid fcowte matter mutt contynuallie bringe advertifement of all thinges that the fcovn'iers here or fe." " The Trench Matter (fays Markham) hath command over all the pyoners, in all their works, and by his directions (i.e. the matter general of the ordnance) feeth all manner of trenches caft up, whether it be for guard and inclofing of the campe, or for other particular annoyance to the enemye, or for the building of fconces, or other iM ;ii I ,: I : p I T \ h ,? !< I. U*' S24 Y i HISTORY OF hUi rl defence or offence, as dire6lions fhall be given (f ). This officer feems fometimes to have been ftiled * Devifour of the fortifications to be made.' In the lift of the ftaff of the Duke of Somerfet's army, employed againft the Scots, at the battle of Muffelborough, Sir Richard Lee, Knight, held an office fo denominated (g). " The Carriage Mafter-general or waggon mafter, amongft the Romans, was called impedimentorum magifter, the mafter of the im- pediments or hinderances in the warres ; for it is true, that from niceneffe and curiofity, firft grew the foundation of this office ; he bathe fupream authority over all waggons, carriages, fledds and the the like, and forefeeth that they march orderly, without cloying up . the high waies, or doing foule annoyances one to the other in their marches, with a world of otV?r obfervations which are too long to recite in that place (h)." Sir James Turner (i), under the head of the waggon mafter, has the followiiig curious particulars refpe6ling that office. Every regiment, whether of horfe or foot, fhould have a waggon or a baggage mafter, and where the eftablifliment of the prince doth allow him no pay, the colonel ftiould order a fufficient ferjeant or corporal to exercife that office by turns ; thefe are to fee, that every officer's baggage, from the higheft to the loweft, march accordingly to the dignity and precedency of him to whom it belongs, whether it be carried on waggons, carts, or horfes ; but thefe regiment baggage mafters are not to fuffer the baggage of the regiments to march, till they have received their directions from the waggon mafter general, when and in what manner it fliall be done. The waggon mafter general's charge is extremely toylfome, when an army marcheth, every night after the army comes to quarter, and every morning before it march, he muft attend the major generals of the cavalry and (f) Soldiers' Grammar, p. I a 8. (g) See Patten's Account of the Expedition, printed by Richard Grafton, 1548. (h) See Markham's Soldieri' Grammar, p. 128. (i) Pallas Armata, p. 276. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 225 feeins to be army, h, Sir yft the lie im- t from :e; he md the ^ing up in their long to •, r 1 ■ • ter, has waggon ice doth eant or it every )rdingly lether it )aggage rch, till general, mailer archeth, morning ilry and infantry, and receive his orders from them, if the whole army march together ; but if the cavalry march apart, then the major general of the foot gives the waggon mafter his inflrudlions, particularly a lift in what order the army is to march ; for ordinarily, regiments and brigades charge by turns, and their baggage muft march in the fame order that themfelves do : the waggon mafter having got his lift, he accordingly orders the regiment baggage mafters (who are obliged to wait on him every morning) to caufe their luggage march, wherein they may not fail ; for (unlefs fome extraordinary occafion alters it) the prince, or in his abfence, the commander in chief, his coach or coaches, with his waggons, go firft ; then the whole train of artillery behind it ; the coaches and waggons of all the general officers, according to their dignity; after them the waggons of that brigade that hath the van for that day, and fo all the reft in order, according as the regiments or brigades march. If any waggons or baggage horfes prefs to be before thefe, behind whom the waggon mafter general has ordered them to march, he may fafely make prize of them, owne them who will. When the waggons come to a heath, or a champaign field, the waggon mafter (hould order the waggons to draw up, two, four, or five in rank, and to drive in that order fo long as the ground permits them to do fo, and this faves time, and makes difpatch ; and when they come to ftrait ground, they are to fall off, by the right hand, in that order wherein they were before ; the fame courfe he is take with baggage horfes. This baggage mafter general is allowed to have two lieutenants ; fo that if the army march three feveral ways (as fometimes it doth), himfelf and his two deputies ferve to marfhall the baggage of all the three. If the army is divided into two, or the cavalry march alone, one of his lieutenants goes along with the horfe, the other ftays with himfelf, and he is conftantly to be there where the general of the army and train of artillery either marcheth or ([uartereth. Many times waggons are commanded to be burnt and deftroycd ; fometimes all the women and moft of the baggage are left behind at fome garrifon, and fortified place, or with the body of the infantry VOL. I. G G 'I' . i •'■■ I ■'1 . I-:'" i ■ I'M! . i lit 'il!; I, , U 226 i J HISTORY OF M Mm '^y^'M I ("■•a Mi ' , !i %'y ' |j ki and artillery, when expedirion calls away all the horfe, dragoons, and as many foot as are able to march lullily. In fome of thefe occafions officers go fair to lofe their waggons and fome of their moveables. Women who follow an army may be ordered (if they can be ordered) in three ranks, or rather in claffes, one below another ; the firll fhall be of thofe who are ladies, and are the wives of the general and other principal commanders of the army, who for the moll part are carried in coaches ; but thofe coaches muft drive according to the quality of them to whom the ladies belong, and as the baggage of their hulbands is appointed to march by the waggon mafter general. The fecond clafle is of thofe who ride on horfeback, and thefe muft ride in no other place than where the baggage of the regiment to whom they belong marcheth, but they are very oft extravagant, gadding here and there, and therefore in fome places they are put in companies, and have one or more to command and overfee them, called in Germany HuREWEiBLEs, Tulcrs or marflials of the whores ; I have feen them ride, keep troop, rank and file, very well, after that captain of theirs who led them, and a banner with them which one of the women carried. The third claflTe is of thofe who walk on foot, and are the wives of inferior officers and fouldiers ; thefe muft walk befide the baggage of the feveral regiments to whom they belong, and over them the feveral regiment marfhals have infpedlion. As woman was created to be a helper to man, fo women are great helpers in armies, to their hulbands, efpecially thofe of the lower condition, neither (hould they be ralhly baniflit out of armies; fent away tliey may be fometimes for weighty confiderations ; they provide, buy and drefs their hufljand's meat, vvlien their hulbands are on duty, or newly come from it ; they bring in fewel for lire, and walh their linens ; and in fuch manner of employment, a fouldier's wife may be helpful to others, and gain money to lier hulbcuul and herfelf ; efpecially tiiey are ufeful in camp and leaguers, being permitted (which fliould not be refufed them) to go fome miles from the camp to buy vit5luals and other necefl'aries (k). (k) Formerly the foldiers had boys to attend tliem, to provide fuel, fetch water, &c. thefe were THE ENGLISH ARMY. 227 , and ifions s. iered) (hall other arried lity of [bands fecond > other belong there, I have !rmany 1 them theirs omen xe the ide the :r them ireated o their id they mes for [{band's ; they liner of money np and to go (k). At the long fiege of Breda, made by Spinola, it was obferved that the married fouldiers fared better, looked more vigoroufly, and were able to do more duty, than the bachelors ; and all the fpite was done the poor women was to be called their hulbands' mules, by thofe who would be glad to have had fuch mules for themfelves. Among all thefe kinds of women in well ordered armies, there are none but thofe who are married ; if there be any elfe upon examination made by the rainif- ter, prieft, or confiftory, they are put away with ignominy, at leall fliould be, conformably to all articles of war. ' ' •. • . But a ftrange ftory is writ by good authors of that famous duke of Alva, whofe name is yet fo hateful to moft of the Netherlands ; they fay, at that time that he marched from Italy to the Lowe Countries, to reduce them to the obedience of his mafter, the i.I.g of Spain, a per- miflion was given to courtezans to follow his army, but they were to ride in troops with banners ; they had their feveral captainefles, and aliieras or fhe cornets, and other officers, who kept amongft them an exa6t difcipline in all points that concerned their profeflion ; they were divided into feveral fquadrons, according to their quality ; and that was diflinguiflied no otherwife but by the difference of their beauties, faces, and features. Thofe of the beft fort were permitted only to traffick with men of the higheft quality ; thofe of the fecond rank with com- manders of great note ; thofe of the third with officers of a lower con- dition ; and thofe of the fourth degree with officers who were of the meanefl quality, and fouldiers, whom thofe of the other three ranks rejected. An excellent commonwealth ! where it was prohibited un- der all grievous pains, not to fuffer themfelves to be courted by any either above or below the rank wherein they were placed, and that was impartially done, according to the talent nature liad bellowed upon them ; fo that every common fouldier, inferior peribn, or low officer, enfign, captain, colonel, or general commander, knew to whom were called, garcioncs and goujats, and in the French army fo late as the beginning of the 16th century, one of thefe goujats was allowed to every two foldiers : tiie Englifti troops under Henry V.had a number of thefe boys. T"\i it •St h '.fi ■■■■f cs8 iv HISTORY OF \Kii '^i'C?'""" ■*-^ T9- f^n I? 84P William Coke Richard Smythys John Stanley John Denyfe Alexander Ledell H ISTORY OF - y Other furgeons, every one at VId. per diem, for their attendance in the faid fervice beyond fea. * '^ '/• ''-■=; «"'-i' lit m 1 1 ' ' il II ) ff I Ml i'[ V M .1 .' f, , t ' it; M « 1 i It is remarkable, that here are juft twelve furgeons, the fame number that api)ears to have been employed on the expedition under Henry V. In the expedition to St. Quintin's, in the reign of Philip and Mary, ^d57> to an army confifting of five hundred heavy armed horfe, five hi>u'nv<;d light horfe, four thoufand foot, and two hundred pioneers, v'th oflScers and a train of artillery proportionable, there were fifty- ffven furgeons, two of them belonging to the fuite of the general, one to the lieutenant general, one to the high maril'chal, one to the general of the horfemen, one to the general of the infantry, and one to tlic mailer of the ordnance ; all thefe at the daily pay of is. each. The remainder belonged to the corjis of horfe, light horfe, and infantry, in the proportion of one furgeou to an hundred men ; the daily pay of a furgeon of heavy horfe was as. of light horfe is. 6d. and of infantry is. No furgeon is charged for eitlier the ordnance or pioneers(x). •• ''■ '- i'. n.;-/' *' i ..■■-^• i '"-,.;, •• i.-.:.-'. Besides the kings pay, it feems as if the furgeons of former times, as well as thofe of late, received a weekly ftoppnge from the private men. This may be gathered from the following defcription of the duties of a military furgeon, written in tlio icign of Queen Elizabeth (y). " Surgeons fliouldi. be men of fobrietie, of good confcience, and Ikillfull in that fciciice, able to heal all foares and woundes, f{X3cially to take oute a jK>l!eti .f the fame All captaiiics mufl have fuche furgeons, and ought to fee them to Irnc all their oylefi, balmes, falves, and inftruments, and neoi'lfary fiufti to them belonginge, aliowingc and fparingc carriadge for the fame. Tliat every fouldier, at the paye (x) No. 6844, Harlcian M8. (y) Ralph Smith's MS. before quoted. ;>|-^r^ THE ENGLISH ARMY. 341 daye, doe give unto the furgeon ad. " as in tymes paft hathe beene accuftomed," to the augmentation of his wages; in confideration whereof, the furgeon oughte readilie to employ his induftrie uppon the foare and wounded fouldiers, not intermedlinge with any other cures to them noyfome. Regarde that the furgeon bee truelye paid his wages, and all money due to hym for cures, that bye the fame bee maye bee able to provide all fuche ftuffe as to him is needfull . Such furgeons mufte weare their baldricke, whereby they may be knowen in the tyme of flaughter, it is their charter in the field (z)." In an eftimate made anno 1620, for an army of twenty-five thou- fand foot, five thoufand horfe, and twenty pieces of artillery, propofed by King James to be fent to the Palatinate, a number of furgeons are appointed, but no allowance or provifion whatever appears in the eftimate, for medicines or an hofpital, although there is a very minute detail of almoft every other neceflary ftore ; and this feems the more extraordinary, as many of the moft experienced officers of that time were called in to affift in forming the eftimate. The medicinal lift appointed for this expedition were : " In the general's trayne two phyficians, at 6s. 8d. per diem each ; two apo. lecarys at 3s. 4d. and two furgeons, each at 6s. 8d. " Every regiment of foot confifted of twelve companies of one hundred and fifty men each, and had one chief furgeon, at 45. per diem, and another furgeon to each company at is. per diem. " Among the general officers of horfe is one ciiief furgeon at 4s. a day, probably to fuperintend the furgeons of troops. " To every troop, which was to confift of an hundred men, one furgeon was allotted, his daily pay 2s. 6d. " To the ordnance, pioneers, &c. there was allowed one barber lotcd. (z) From this paflagc it fliould feem that furgeons formerly wore a tUllingulfliing belt over thtir fhoulders, like that now ufed by the itinerant farriers, vulgarly itiUd fow-gelders, in order to proteft their perfons whilft adminiftciing to the wounded in the field of battle, a circumftancc now rendered unnecefHiry by the apparatus of bandages, &c. earned by furgeons a'tendii\g a party where fervice is expeifted, or in a Held of baitli-. VOL. I. II :X III iv ' «42 HISTORY OF Iv'llt' i ,!| 1 /I furgeon, at ss. per diem, and two under barber I'urgeons, at 6d. a day each." One reafon may be afTigned for our ancient armies being able to do with lb fmall a number of furgeons, which is, tliat immediately after a battle fuch of the meaner fort of foldiers whofe wounds feemed to require a ccmfiderable time for cure were by the general difmifled, with a imall pecuniary provifion to carry them home : this, according to Barnes's Hiftory of Edward III. was done immediately after the battle of Poidliers. Perhaps likewife the inferior furgeons, ftiled barbers, were taken from the ranks, and therefore paid and muttered as private men. So much for the general and ftafF officers of our ancient armies. We now proceed to the enumeration and defcription of the duties of the officers attached to the feveral regiments and corps. It feems uncertain at what time our armies were firft divided into regiments, or rather, at what time that term was firft introduced into our fervice ; and the fame difficulty occurs with refpedt to the rank and title of colonel (a). Sir James Turner, who appears to be the beft informed military writer of his time, cannot folve that queftion ; fpeaking of a regiment he fays, " I Ihall define it to be a certain nimi- ber of companies joined in one body under one head. This definition agrees with all regiments of whatfoever ftrength they be. There is not a definite number of companies ordained for each regiment ; fome confifting of fix, fome eight, fome twelve, and fome of twenty ; but ten is now moft ordinary, and formerly it was fo when regiments were three thoufand ftrong, and each company three hundred ; yet I find, that in every French legion (which confifted of eighteen companies) there were about three hundred three and thirty men in each company, for every legion was fix thoufand ftrong. Nor is this word (regiment) one hunched years old, nor do I know of what language it is ; in the (;t) Smith, in his Military Didionary, fays, regiments were firft inftituted in England A.D. i66o, but cites no authority for his affcrtion. 1*1 THE ENGLISH ARMY. '■^43 I day to do fter a led to niffed, jrding er the taken n. armies. uties of led into ced into he rank be the ueftion ; m num- iefinition here is t; fonie [ity ; but snts were iid, that is) there lany, for igiment) in the in England French and Italian tongues it was called a legion, and fo it was in Latin, and he who commanded in chief over it was called colonel and colonello (b) ; in Spanifli it was called a terzo (c), and its commander maiftro del campo ; in High Dutch it was called faulein, and he who commanded it, oberfter, which fignifies fuiierior or fupreme. But colonel is now underdood in all languages, and the word (regiment) however barbarous it be in itfelf, hath fupprell all other names and titles, and is now only ufed in all Euro]>ean tongues." From this aflertlon, and divers other concurrent circumltances, we may, without being very much miftaken, place the introdu. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I lA^IM |2.5 Ui feu 1 40 2.0 L8 1.25 1.4 1 ''^ -^ 6" — ► v^ '3 / ^>: M w^w '/ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation >^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 873-4503 44^ M HISTORY OF ' U, . {'■ ** A LIEUTENANT colonel of a regiment is a place of high confe- quence and great dignitie, being the fecond peribn in the regiment ; hee is not to be deficient in all kindes of literature, but to bee as able both in valour and experience as the colonel ; in regard in the colo- nel's abfence, hee hath the fole ordering of the regiment, and upon all occafions as his colonel fhall command, hee is to bee ready and dutifull to performe : there is much toyle and paines belonging to his office, in regard he frees the colonel's execution of his duties ; hee ought, in time and caufes of prefent perill, to give his befl advice to his colonel, and to give him notice of every particular paflage in the regiment ; hee is not of his owne authority to adl any thinge without his colonel's command ; all the captaines and officers of the regiment ought to refpe6l and obey his commands ; hee is to fee the regiment well ordered ; the watches fet, and the guards duly relieved ; in time of battell, he is in many times commanded to draw up divifions to chai^ tlie enemy : in befieges liee relieves his colonel, taking his command by turnes : it is his charge to fee to the regiment that all things are ordwly |>erformed, and that all neceflaries be provided both for food and ammunition ; hee is to fee every captaine demeane themfelves faire to their companies, that their pay be duly diftributed amcNigft the fouldiers ; hee is to fee their armes fixed and fitting for fervice : every captaine is to have two powder bougets, with powder, bullet and match ; hee is to command the captaines to drawe out their companies into the field, and to fee tliem exercife them ; hee is to exercife every company in the regiment himfelfe at his pleafure ; hee is to obferve how every captaine clothes his fouldiers, and to have his eare open to the complaints of poore diftrefled fouldiers, and fee them righted ; hee is to take notice of all quarrels and difputes among the officers, and endeavour to reconcile them, otherwife to lay his command on them, and to confine them to their lodgings untill his colonel underilands of it ; hee is to releafe no delinquent from prifon, tiiat is laid in by the conient of his colonel ; hee is to fit in the marfhall's court in the abfence of his colonel ; hee is to fee the ferjeant major order the regiment for the march, and hee is to affill km THE ENGLISH ARMY. 247 him in ordering and drawing up the divifions into battalia ; and to conclude, hee ought to be difcreet, wife, valiant and religious, fo that hee fliould be a patterne to all the officers of his regiment to fteere their courfes by. " A SERJEANT major is tlie third and principall officer of the field ; hee ought to participate of all the perfedlions that officers of higher authority ihould have; his place and office doth fomewhat correfpon4 with tlie major general's, onely his duty is tending to officiate bcf tweene the colonel and the officers of the regiment ; he is to be learned in all tlie liberal fciences, he ought to have both fpeculative and pra6licke knowledge in all things belonging to his profeffion, be muft be very civill, wife and difcreet in Ks carriage and a6tions, in regard lie is to manage a world of affiiires of high confequence, which may ferve to the conCerving or ruining of the army ; he is duly to attend his colonel's pleafure, and morning, noone, and night, he is to watch upon the major generall, and to receive fuch orders, as are by the generall of the army delivered unto him ; hee is fpeedily to certHie his colonel what the orders are, and what the general's pleafure is, and alfo, with all celerity, to execute fuch things as his colonel (hall give him in charge ; he is not onely to be a good fcholler and witty, but he muil be quick in apprehenfion, and furniflit with an able memory ; he muft have a paper book, with pen and incke, to fet down all orders and commands, that he may not erre nor vary one tittle from what was delivered him in charge : at drums-beat he is to repair to the general's tent, and take the word of the major general, and orders for that night's proceedings ; then he is to re^aire to his colonel's tent, where he is to deliver him the word, and to his lieute- nant colonel, with fuch orders as he has received. " The ierjeants of every company of his regiment are to repaire to him, to take the word from him, with fuch orders as he ftiall give them, and they are fpeedily to acquaint their captaine and other officers with it ; all the inferior ferjeants are to ftand round about him, and he is to deliver the word very privately in the ear of the ferjeant which (lands at his right hand, and he is fecretly to whifper it in the eare of vi ''■ it' V 3 \> m^- ■'■ :ti t?t V ' HISTORY OF r in the next, and fo from one to another round, and the lall man is to give it to the ferjeant major againe, if the laft man give it him wrong, then he muil give it over again. He is to have them draw billets for their guards, in regard much difputes may arife, becaufe many guards are more fubje6l to the danger of the enemy, than fome others are ; and alfo to prevent treafon, fo that no oflficer know his guard before- hand : hee is alfo to provide powder, match and bullets, and diftri- bute it among the officers of his regiment ; he ought to have able officers to his owne company, becaufe hee cannot tend unto them, his employments are fo great ; hee ought to have a fwift nagge, to carrye him about the quarters, and to vifit his guards, for his bufmefle lyes very confufedly in the army ; hee is likewife to view all outward guards, both in the day time, and in the night, where his regiment hath command, every captaine is to give him the word, and from one guard to another he is to be guarded with certaine mufquetiers ; hee is to in(lru6te and (hewe fuch of his officers as are to pafle upon watch, where to place their fentinels and perdues ; he is likewife to Ihew every officer whether to draw his company to join with the reft in batalia ; if the enemy (hould give an alarme. He is to exercife all the companies of his regiment at convenient times. " The office of a captaine being fo honourable and a place of fuch great confequence, that it ought not flightly to bee confidered of, wherefore they ought to be men of excellent quality, and of un- daunted valiant refolution ; hee ihould not be inferior in knowledge and (kill, and in all the circumftances and adtions belonging to warre, in as profound a manner as the chiefeft officer of the field, for he hath a charge of great importance committed into him, hee being many times called to execute the office of ferjeant major, or lieutenant colonel ; befides hee is expofed to all manner of danger in the warres, for no captaine but mufl leade on his men in the face of an enemy, and charge them in the teeth, which if he be not Ikilfull as well to leade them off as to draw them on, hee may be the occafion of fpilling much bloud ; hee ought not to be a mah cliofen altogether for birth, meanes, perfonage, favour or affeftion ; but for his wifedome, civility. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 84^ valour and experience ; the unexpertnefle of a captaine hathe beene the ruine of armies and deftru6lion of commonwealths : in the time of peace, every brave fellow defires to bee honoured with the name and chiarge of a captaine, but when warre approacheth, and the enemy is at hand, they quake their fwords out of their fcabbards, and had ra- ther make ufe in fight of their wings then their tallents. A captaine oughte to be well feene and read in all the liberal fciences, to be ac- quainted with hiftory, and to have what fpeculative knowledge that may be to joyne with their pra6tice ; all kinde of llratagems (hould be familiar with him, and nothing (hould be wanting that might make him an accomplifhed fouldier : a captaine ought to have regard to the due exercifing of his fouldiers, fitting them m all points for fervice ; he ought to fee his fouldiers fumiflied with all things needful ; as armes, munition, and their weekly pay duely at the appoynted times ; hee is to be very confcionable in delivering them their off-reckonings and apparell ; he is to pafle very ftriftly (if it be in time of warre) upon his watch ; being captaine of the watch, he is to command the gentlemen of the rounds to be fet out, and to have the word ^ven them ; if he be in the field he (hould lead out the perdues, and fee them vifited in due feafon ; then afterwards his lieutenant and other inferior oflScers are to do the like. If he be in garrifon, in time of danger, hee is precifely to go the firft round himfelfe, being ayded with his ferjeant and divers gentlemen, where he may viewe the (Irength and fufficiency of every guard, and how every officer doth difpofe of his fouldiers ; hee is to take the word of every officer in his round at every corps du guard. If he be incampt in the field, then he is to goe the patroule through his owne regiment, and caufe all futlers to extinguifli their candles, and to fuflfer no drinking after the warning peece is difcharged : if his company be two hundred ftrong, hee is to have foure corporalls, and to divide his company into foure even parts, viz. fifty fouldiers in a corporal-fhip : in the time of peace and being in garrifon, one fquadron onely watcheth, beginning with the eldeft corporal-(hip the firft night, and fo fuccelfively, one corpo- ral-(hip relieving the other : in time of warre, halfe or whole compa- VOL. I. K K ii> m r- r. hV ^t .,1 > ^ ^, f!- ■■,■1. l-i «50 HISTORY OF ■1 amr m-' ' wL- lit if;; ^fl i:i I Urn' ■ r * fl^i:;!' nie8, fpecially being in the fielde ; no guard fhould be relieved but once in twenty-four houres, hee is to make the choyce of the chief and ablell fouldiers being men of quality, to be gentlemen of his company ; they are to guard with the captaine of the watch by turns, and to walke the round aboute all the walls and bulwarkes ; they are to give the word to the corporalls at every guard ; they are to difcover tlie enemy, and to fee the fentinells doe their duty ; which if they cannot, or miftake it, the guard is to charge them with their weapons, and apprehend them as enemies ; the captaine is to lay out thefe gentlemen perdue upon convenient paflages and apt places, to difcover if the enemy (hould fally out ; accordinge as the place is in diftance from the enemies trenches, fo muft the number of perdues be laid, one a pretty diftance behinde the other, fo thatif occafion bee, they maye retreate backe one to the other, and fo give notice to the campe, that they may prepare for an aflault : thefe are to be relieved every hour or half houre ; alfo the captaine to inftru6t his fouldiers how to make an af- fault againft the enemy, and alfo how to defend an aflault : hee muft be a good engineere, to knowe howe to raife all kinde of workes and trenches, and how to place his men upon the flankes to fcowre the bulwarkes by the lyne of levell, upon a brefte worke in the campe, hee is to place betwixt every two mufquets, a pike, the mufquetiers are to give fire and fall off, and another immediately to prefent in his place, the pikes are to ftand firme : the captain is to have his armour of proofs and a faire pike, for his offenfive and defenfive armes : hee is to have two great bougets made of dry neats leather, which will hold a hundred weight of powder apeece, to furnilh his mufquetiers withall : hee is to fee the bandyliers filled with powder, with fufficient match and bullets ; hee muft ever be in readinelFe to anfwer an allarum, and the firft that ftiall charge the enemy ; if the enemy make his ap- proaches againft the campe, after the captr.ine hathe drawne his men up to the parapet, to make refiftance, and being all ready to give fire, hee is to command that no man gives fire until he gives order, and to fuffer the enemy to come in as clofe as may bee, and then give him a brave volley of Ihot altogether in his teeth, one mufquetire relieving THE ENGLISH AUMY a.li the other, the pikes charging manfully and fledfaftly ; at all conve- nient times hee is to drill his fouldiers very accurately, (hewing them all the poftures of the pike and mufquct, then how to march, counter march, to dosble their files and rankes, the middle men to double to the front, to advance forwards, and to retreat backwards at the found of the drumme, to wheele about his mufquetiers, to make redy, prefent and give fire, to give fire in the front, in the reare and upon either flanke, to fall oft' by files and give fire, as we fhall hereafter more largely difcourfe of. A captaine oughte to march into the field in tiie front of his .company, and his lieutenant in the reare ; but marching out of the fielde the cajjtaine's place is to bring up the reare, and the lieutenant to leade the company ; the enfigne is to march before the firft divifion of pikes, the eldeft ferjeant is to bring up the next divifion of pikes, and another ferjeant the laft divifion of mufquetiers. ** The captaine ought not to doe any reall a6t in the warres without commiflion from higher authority, he is to lead up the right wing of his mufquetiers, to charge the enemy, and his lieutenant the left : when a captaine makes choice of a lieutenant, or enfigne, he is to drawe his company into armes, and one of the gentlemen is to carry the pattifen or colours, and being marched into the field, the captaine is to deliver the pattifen or colours (in the head of the troope) to the officer he hath made choice of, commanding the fouldiers to take notice of him, and to obey him as their officer : he is to make choice of diligent ferjeants and vigilant corporals, a trufty clerke, and good drummes ; he ought to have one waggon at the leaft, to carry liis baggage, and to conduce ficke fouldiers ; hee is to be as little peftered with luggage of his owne, or his fouldiers, as poffibly may be, left it {hould hinder their march ; and alfo upon any fervice be rather for- ward to fight for goods, than have their mindes homewards, fearing to lofe their own ; he ought not to be covetous nor niggardly, but forward to gratify all good fervices, with fome guifts and courtefie, whereby he fliall indeere his fouldiers to be prodigall of their lives to doe him fervice : he muft be familiar and eloquent in perfuading and difwading his fouldiers, and to ftirre up their valors to undergoe pain ;■ Is H 552 HISTORY OF m.- and perill ; if a fouldier tranfgrefle, he ought not to beate him, but to fend him to the provoft marftiall, to have irons laid on him ; by beating of a fouldier, a world of hatred will be ftirred up, and happily private revenge ; he ought to be very careful to keepe his ibuldiers in a6tion, whereby idle expence of time (as drinking and playing) may be pre- vented, which ufually ends in quarrelling and bloud-lhed : he is- to have lanthornes and torches, fuche as will bume in any ftonne and tempeft, for they may Hand him many times in great (lead : he is to have his tent in the head of all his troope, and to be converfant with them, fliewing them enfamples of hardfliip ; he ought always to have his colours and drumme in the field when he cxercifeth his company, as well to give the more reputation unto the a<^Hon, as alfo that the ufe of them may be well knowne. " Lastly, a captaine ought to carry himfelf in fuch a way, that his fouldiers may both feare and love him ; too much familiarity breeds contertpt, and to fteme a carriage Ix^ets hatred ; and fo let him not over-value his life, but expofe it to the fortune of the warre ; ufing his beft {kill and indeavours to annoy his enemies, and to be diligent and forward in executing fuch commands as authority injoins him, and fo to perfift in a refolution to feare nothing but infamie. " And I will conclude with an exhortation to all noble captaines, defiring them for their credits fake, and for the honour of our gracious king and wellfare of our kingdome, to be more diligent in the difci- plining of their foldiers, and not to chop and change fo many new men in their companies, that betweene mufter and muller, the third part of the company are new untutored fellowes, that knowes not their right hand from their left ; fo that it is a labor in vain to inftrudl them, and they are the meanes of putting all thofe that have Ibme knowledge out of fquare, by their awckward doings ; befides all bafe beggarly fellowes are admitted into the mufter rowle, when as the beft and chiefeft yeomen ought to doe their king and country fervice in their owne perfons. Then laftly, that every captaine would command his officers to inftrudl the pikes and mufquets whilft the reft are a calling over, and then eyther himfelfe or his lieutenant to excrciib them in THE ENGLISH ARMY. «53 grofle all their poftures ; and caufe them to give fire in way of Ikirmilli ; and not to goe into the towne untill all the exercife bee finifht. " A LIEUTENANT is an office of high credit and reputation, and he ought in all refpecls to bee well indo«5lrinated and qualified in the arts military, and ought not to be inferiour in knowledge to any officer of higher authority ; for an unfkilfull captaine may better demeane him- felfe with an experiented lieutenant, then an unlkilful lieutenant can fadge with a fkilful captaine ; becaufe all bufinelTe belonging to a com- pany is for the moft part ordered by the 4ieutenant, the captaine having other imployments of greate importance, hee is to fee the com- pany fitted in all refpe6ls for fervice ; hee is the right hand to his cap- taine, in ayding and affifting him, as well in the brunt of battle, as in peace ; hee is to fee to the fitting and furnifliing of all things neceflhry belonging to the company ; hee is to keepe a perfevhich deferves gentlemen of quality to officiate, the office of the enfigne being a place of repute and honour, doth not fute every yeoman, taylcr, or fidler ; as I have knowne to one company in Eflex, all thefe or the like mechanick fellowes have had the honour to beare the colours before a generous captaine of noble birth, whofe name I forbeare to relate, but let it be an item to all generous cap- taines to make choyce of officers that are well bred and deferving ; other wife they doe but difgrace themfelves, and abufe his Majeftie's fervice, and the reputation of our countrey." .t u •• r.'Vrl.f > o-f i i' > , .t Venn, in his Military Obfervations (f ), is very copious in treating on enfigns or colours, their dignity, the difgraces to which they are liable, the ufe and ordering of them, with the poftures and flourifhes thereunto belonging : thefe, as they contain divers curious regulations, as well as ancient cuftoms, are laid before the reader in the Appendix, No. 3. The officer next in command, in a company of foot, is a non-com- miffioned one, namely the ferjeant, whofe duty is thus defcribed by Ward. ' "■ --■ ' -. • - • ' '" ■ . .-f-'-. :-f . ' , " A ferjeant of a company ought to be a man of good experience, and fufficiently inftrudtcd in all martial exercifes. He ought to be learned both in writing and arithmetic ; he is always to have a fquadron-rowle about him, wherein hee (hould diftinguifli every man by tlie anncs he beares ; his duty is, when the drumme beates for the watch fetting, to repaire with his holberd to his colours, where he ought to call over particularly every fouldier of that fquadron, and view the fixenneflfc of their amies, and what match, bullets, and pow der every man hath ; he is to rancke the fquadron ; and if no (f) Military and Maritime Difcipiine in three books, &c. by Captain Thomas Venn, [ublifhed 1672. ; 1 . . THE ENGLISH ARMY. '^59 that the of the ;aptaines officers, Utie mto :iate, the 1 not fute upany in lonour to h, whofe rous cap- ieferving ; Majeftie's n treating I they are flourifties jgulations, Appendix, non-com- fcribed by experience, ight to be to have a every man tes for the where he adron, and lullets, and and if no Thomas Vsnn, fuperior officer bee there, he is troope away with them to the guard, with his holberd advanced. " Hee is to attend the coming of tlie major of a garrifon, or the fer- jeant major of his regiment (if they bee intrencht in the field) for the watchword ; and to receive fuch orders from him, as he hath I'eceived from the ferjeant major general I of the army, or from the governor of the garrifon, he is to give tlie word to his captaine firft, if he bee in the place, and then to each fuperior officer, and laftly to the corporall ; the eldeft ferjant in a march leadeth up the divifion of mufquetiers in the rcare ; in time of training, they are to looke that every man keepes his rankes and files duly, liclpe order the company all the time of exercife : in time of warre, he is employed upon parties which are fent out to difcover, or to fetch in bootie and farrage ; likewife many times to the guarding of paflages ; alfo in laying out of perdues, and vifituig them : alfo in ordering of troops that are drawne out to charge fome part of the enemy, where he is to bring up the mufquetiers to his fuperior officer, in good order to fkirmifli, and to give fire upon the enemy, and fo orderly to leade them off againe, feeing them ranke themfelves fairly, and caufing them to make ready their peeces to come up . and fire againe j alfo in retreite, he ought to affift the fouldiers difcreetly in keeping their orders, left confufion betide them; alfo in time of fight, to fee the foldiers bandaliers filled ready, that no ftay bee made, and to fee the powder tranfported after them fecurely ; he is alfo (when his captaine is captaine of the watch) to call out the gentlemen of the round to doe their duties, and to give them the word ; he ought to afllgne every fouldier his due and proper place to marche in, that no contention may arife ; hee is to place the chief gentlemen in the front, on the right hand file ; the next in degree to lead the left hand file, fo placing every man according to his degree -, hee ought to fee that every corporall be a mufquetiere ; iiee is to fetch the powder, (hot, and match from the niagazene, and dif- tribute it to each corporall, and fo to each foldier of their fquadron : hee is, at his captaine's command, to carry all delinquents to prifon, and fee irons put upon them ; if fcarcity of vi(5tual.s fliould be in the 4 -I . S I'- c '■, m i\ f i i ' 1 1 s6o HISTORY OF catnpe, he is to procure it from the ammunitioner of the army, left the company fall in want, which being procured, hee is to diftribute it to the corporalls, and they to their fquadrons ; hee is alfo to inftru<5l the drummes the true tone of beating, viz. a call, a march, a troope, a charge, an allarme, a retrdte, &c. hee ought to be refolute and for- ward in times of Ikirmifhing, fhewing worthy examples to the fouldiers, that they might imitate him ; hee ought, by his ferviceablenefle and care, to gaine the love of the whole company ; it muft be farre from him to be addidled to the hellifli vice of drinking, drabbing or dicing, uflng his beft endeavours to Ihame fuche as fhould in that kind tranf- igreffe ; alfo he is not to permit any fouldier that is in drinke to performe any duty of charge for that time, for feare of fleeping or quarrelling, whereby much inconveniencies may enfuej but rather feeke to punilh him feverely, that all may take example by him, to beware of the like overfight : hee is every night at drum beating to draw billets for his guard, and accordingly to leade his fquadron to it(g); and thus behaving himfelfe wifely and valiantly, hee ihall galne hcmour and reputation, which will be Heps to advance him to liigher fortunes : and to define the office of a ferjeant truly, hee is to bee the eye, eare, mouth, hand, and feet of his fuperior officers. I could wifli our ferjeants of bands here in England were thus qualified, for their captaines fakes ; but I fear the blind will leade the blind, and fo fall both into the ditch ; it were happy if they would endeavour to leame to underftand their office againft his majefty (hould have occafion to ufe them." Sir James Turner in his Pallas Armata, p. aso, defines the duty of a ferjeant in fubftance pretty fimilar to the defcription of it here given ; but adds, that a ferjeant hath power to corre6l the foldiers with his halbert and fword, and commit to prifon any foldier. The corporal, or more properly the caporal, is the next in rank to the ferjeant; his title is of Italian origin, derived from capo, which I (g) If the guard bee at a port, then the ferjant is to guard with his holbert all the day, with the fquadron, and many times all night in times of danger. ly, left the ribute it to nftruft the a troope, a te and for- te fouldiers, lenefle and farre from 5 or dicing, kind tranf- \ drinke to fleeping or but rather I by him, to n beating to fqviadron to y, hee fhall ance him to ily, hee is to officers. I lus quaUBed, le the blind, Id endeavour Ihould have s the duty of ; here given ; iers with his xt in rank to capo, which olbert all the day, THE ENGLISH ARMY. uBl fignifies head, he being the capo de efcadra, or chief of his fquad or fquadron. " A caporal," fays Sir James Turner, " ought to be an experi- enced, vigilant, and laborious foldier ; he hath an abfolute command of his fquadron, neither may any in it difobey him ; if any do, the caporal may beat him with his fword, and commit him to prifon : when a mufquet reft was in fafhion, he was permitted to beat with it. He is to warn all his fquadron, or a part of it (according as he receives order) to the watch, or to be fent on party or other duties ; upon the watch the corporal (having got his orders from his fuperiors) appoints when, where, and how long each of his men are to ftand centinel, and he is bound to teach them how they are to behave themfelves when centinels, and is to vifit them frequently ; but if he finds any of them afleep, he m,uft not leave him as he found him, as an Atlienian captain did (who kill'd a deeping centinel), but he muft bring him to the corps de guard, and there make him prifoner till fur- ther order. The caporal is to receive the rounds at his court of guard, and take the word from them, but of this I fliall tell you more in an- other place; he is alfo obliged, when he is not on the watch, to teach all that belong to his fquadron their poftures, and to handle their arms. So you fee this caporal of ours hath work enough to do for all the pay or wages he gets." The lancepefata, anfpefade, or, as the prefent term is, lance corpo- ral, was originally a man at arms or trooper, who having broken his lance on the enemy, and loft his horfe in fight, was entertained, as a volunteer afliftant to a captain of foot, receiving his pay as a trooper (h), until he could remount himfelf ; from being the compa- nion of the captain, he was foon degraded to the afliftant of the corpo- ral, and at prefent does the duty of that officer, on the pay of a private foldier (i). (h) Pere Daniel, torn. ii. p. 71. (i) Lancespesate is a word derived from the Italian, lance-fpeHita, which is a broken or fpent lance. He is a gentleman of no ancient (landing in the militia, for he draws his pe-> digree ^ hi: f : •If; .( 1 I mi r'j :n If Ir I , '« 1 262 YM HISTORY OF Disbanded officers, called reformado's, or reformed, fometimes carried arms as privates, till they could be re-inflated. Thefe gentle- men, Sir James Turner fays, were in fome places permitted to be without arms. A GENTLEMAN of a Company is a term that frequently occurs among our ancient military writers ; thefe I'eem to have been a kind of cadets, except that they had greater pay than the private men, arifmg, as it feems, from fome allowance from the captain or colonel. Sir James Turner defcribes a gentleman of a company as one fome- thing more than an ordinary foldier, having a little more pay, and who did not ftand ccntinel . j; j nju-j . lmuvo r r " n. . A MILITARY manufcript in the Britidi mufeum(k), recommends, " that a number of wife and worthy foldiers fliould be retained by the colonel to be gentlemen of his company, lance fpezzates, or to ferve for extraordinary lieutenants, whom he Ihould not only ufe and entreat well, with an advantage in their pay, but alfoe feall them, cherifh them, and fet them oftymes by courfe at his own table, and always (hew them a courteous countenance." ^ . ..^ . The office of drum major does not apjMjar to have been univerfally admitted into our fervice till about the latter end of the reign of King digree from the time of the wars, between Francis I. and his fon Henry II. kings of France, on the one part ; and the Emperor Charles V. and his brother-in-law the Duke of Savoy, on the other part } in thofe wars when a gentleman of a troop of horfe, in any (kir- mifli, battle or rencounter, had broke his lance on the enemy, and loft his horfe in the fcufHe, he was entertain'd (under the name of a broken lance) by a captain of a foot company as his comerade, till he was again mounted. But as all good orders fall foon from their primitive inftitution, fo in a fliort time our Aloiifniir Lancefpifata (for fo he was called) was forced to dcfcend from being the captain's comerade, and become the caporal's companion, and affifted him in the exercife of his charge, and therefore was fometimes called by the French, aide caporal. But when the caporal grew weary of the comeradefliip of his lance- fpefata, he made him officiate under him, and for that, had fome allowance of pay more than the common fouldier. See Sir James Turner, in Pallas Armata, page 219. (k) No. 5 109. Bib. Harl. A colonel, his charge and emploiment notably demonftrated by E. D. late commander in the Lowe Countries. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 263 fometimes sfe gentle- :ted to be fVwri 1 .» tly occurs een a kind ivate men, )r colonel, one fome- ; pay, and :ommends, ned by the or to ferve and entreat nn, cherilh and always univerfally gn of King II. kings of w the Duke of fe, in any Ikir- lis horfe in the foot company bon from their vas called) was I's companion, called by the of his lance- pay more than emonftrated by Charles I. Sir James Turner pofitively denies the exiilence of fuch an officer in our fervice at the time he wrote. " There is, (fays he) another inconfiderable ftaff officer in moft armies, yet neceflary enough in all regiments of foot, and that is the drummer-major, the French call him colonel drummer : hee is to re- ceive his directions from the major of tlie regiment, at what hour he is to beat to the watch, when the dian, and when the tap-too, wherewith he is to acquaint the feveral drummers of companies and to appoint them by turns for their beatings : he is alfo to order them in what divifions each of them Ihall beat, when the regiment marcheth ; and they are to obey all his diredlions punctually. In fome places he gets a third more of pay than other drummers, but here at home we ac- knowledge no fuch creature." Notwithstanding this, the drum major is mentioned by Ward(l) and Venn (m), and his duty defcribed ; poffibly fome regiments who had ferved abroad, might have adopted that appointment. '.. .-.r^- EvERY company had one or two drummers, according to its ftrength, and fometimes a phifer, by old writers often ftiled whif- flers(n), tho' I am apt to think there was fome fmall difference in the inftrument, as in the lift of the forces fent to St. Quintin's, both iifers and whifflers are mentioned. The qualifications of drummers and fifers are thus laid down by Ralph Smith. (I) P. 194. (m)P. 193. (n) It is mentioned in this fenfe by Shakfpeare, in Henry V. aft 4. fc. ult. Behold the Britifli beach Pales in the flood, with men, with wives, and boys, ' '• Whofe ihouts and claps out-voice the deep-mouth'd fea, Which like a mighty whiifler 'fore the king. Seems to prepare the way. Some derive this from the old French word, viffleur, but no fuch word occurs in either Cotgravc, Laccomb, Richelet, or Boyer. The fife is of German origin, and called by Sir James Turner and other old writers, the Allairmine ivhiflk. Vi :» />;. .1/1 .; 1 '. r I • ^■mf w ii i u m ' "! ,1 i Wis I t&4 HISTORY OF ii r <* All captains mufl have drommes and ffifes and men to ufe the fame, whoe fhoulde be faithfull, fecrette, and ingenious, of able perfon- age to ufe their inftruments and office, of fundrie languages; for oftentimes they bee fente to parley with their enemies, to fommon thdre fforts or townes, to redeeme and oondu6le pryfoners and dy- verfe other meflages, which of neceflitie requireth language. If fuch drommes and ffifes fhoulde fortune to fall into the handes of the ene- mies» noe guifte nor force fhoulde caufe them to difclofe any fecrettes that they knowe. They mufl ofte pradtife theire inflruments, teache the compahye the foundes of the marche, allarum, approache, affaulte, battaile, ^etreate, fkirmifhe, or any other callinge that of neceffitie fhoulde be krtowen. Tliey mufle be obediente to the commande- mente of theyre captaine and enfigne, when as they fhall commande theM to hime, goe> or flande, ©r founde their retreate, or other callinge. Many thinges elfe belonge to their office, as in dyverfe places of this treatife fhal be faide." < j '"•' >Jii;.(n ;>./>ittii »r i .: • It does ttdt a^eaf that drummers were at this time employed to ejbeoute the fentences ^if 'courts martial ; indeed we learn from the account of AfTarrtts Velthoven, the provofl martial, page 253, that it was the 'ifed, by an allowance called condu6t or preft-money, which was generally paid by the flieriifs of the counties wherein they were raifed, or through which they pafled, according to the number of days' march, reckoning each day's march at twelve and fometimes fixteen miles. The pay and emoluments of the conftable in this reign were the fame as in that of Henry II. the regulations of that period being cited as an authority. The pay of a banneret was four fliillings ; from the paflage given in the note below, it appears that fome bannerets ufed to diet at court, till the pafling'of the ftatute of St. Alban's, when certain wages were ailigned them in lieu of their table (q). (q) D"no Willmo dc Cantilupo, baiicretto, qui folebat comcdcre in aula regis ante ftatu- tum fadlum apucl San£lum Albanum, de aula non tcnenda, et noii comedenti aniplius, fed percipienti certa vad. videlt, per diem 6s. — pro fc et milite fuo per ftatutum prediftum, pro Imjufmodi vadiis, a 27 die Junii, quo die venit primo ad curiam pod flatutum prsediftum, ufque fecundum diem Julii utroque computato per 6 dies, per quos fuit in Cur' et extra ro- tulum hofpicii per compotum factum, cum Domino Rico' ilc Nevill, militi fuo, apud Drom- bou. il. 163. THE ENGLISH ARMY. '■^73 IS due to icceeding s duke or itioned. . of King Aout Eng- horfe and 2s. by the lD. 1300. >wing arti- that reign. ce till after Bcruits fub- ifed, by an illy paid by >ugh which :oning each n were the being cited iffage given liet at court, iwages were Iregis ante ftatu- Inti aniplius, fed Iprediftum, pro Itum prsdiftum, :ur' et extra ro- Lo, apud Drom- The daily pay of a knight was as. and that of an efquire lad.; both were obliged to have barded horfes ; thofe who had them not, or neg- ledled to have them muftered and appreciated, had part of their pay ftruck off, of which an inftance occurs in an efquire of the name of John de Clothale, who inftead of i2d. received only 8d. per diem, till his horfe was muftered and appreciated (r). The pay of a conftable was alfo is. per diem : and though the ap- pellation of conftables in this reign was given to officers of infantry as well as cavalry (s) the former, like efquires, were obliged to have covered or barded horfes ; and we find, that fuch as were deficient in this article, received only 6d. a day, which was only half their ordinary ftipend (t). . In this account, under the article of efquires, we meet with many perfons entitled valets, with the daily pay of lad. Du Cange, and other writers, are of opinion that the appellation of valet was generally given to young gentlemen of rank and family who were not yet knighted (u). (r) JoHANNi de Clothale percipient' per diem 8d.— quia fine equo appreciate, pro vadiis fuis, a 20 die Novembr' anno prefenti incipient' ufque 23 diem Decembr*, utroque com- putato, per 34 dies, 22s. 8d. Eidem, pro vadiis fuis a 24 die Decembr, quo die equus fuus fuit appreciat', ufque ultimum diem ejufdeni menfis, utroque computato, per 8 dies, percipient' per diem I2d. 8s. per manus proprias ibidem, 29 die Decemb. fumma il. los. 8d. p. 211. (s) Galfrido de Ampleford conftabular' equitum, &c. the pay the fame as a conftable of foot, i. e. IS. per diem, p. 220. (t) cuilt. conft. per diem 6d. quia cum equis difcoopertis. p. 145. (u) Father Daniel in the Mil. Fr. fol. i. p. 131. from Du Cange, cites an ancient French manufcript Romance, called le Roman de Rou, wiiere in fpeaking of William the Conqueror it is faid Guillaume fut, valet petit A Falaife pofe & norrit. And in another place : Et me fit avoir en otage Deux valets de noble lignage, N'ert [n'etoit] mi Chevalier, encore m Valleton. iM ■ h VOL. I. N N Ami • '4 1 ,' «74 HISTORY OF \l ' If' ( -I i ^ i The term foldier frequently occurs, as if the party fo' diftinguifiied was of a different order from the other troops ; and there likewii'e ap- pears to have been different ranks of foldiers ; for we meet with the term fcutifer, or efquire foldiers, at i ad. per diem each, and others ftiled foldier conftables, and forae fimply foldiers, but all at the fame pay (x). The daily pay of a hobiler was 6d . A vintner of crols bow men, 6d. A private crofs bow man, 4d. An archer, 2d. There appears to have been but few hobilers at this time employed, and fcrnie of thofe were Irifli men, and moft of them belonged to different garrifons. The ferjeants at arms, of which there feem to have been many ad- mitted as volunteers, received alfo is. per diem (y) ; feveral of them appear to have been particularly adigned to different garrifons for their defence ; fix were fent to the town of Berwick (z). Here likewife we find fome flight traces of the engineers and their artificers under the following articles. Some of the engineers appear to have been monks. To Mafter Reginald, engineer, for going by the King's order from Berwick upon Tweed to Newcaftle upon Tyne, to the (lieriff of North- umberland, to procure and chufe timber for the making of machines for the caftle of Berwick ; for 78 days expences in going and returning, and for hackneys for riding, &c. 2I. 8s. (a) Another article charges his pay at 6*d. per diem (b). And fpeaking of Henry II. King of England : Cinquante trois ans plus fa terra juftifa Eniprcs la mort fon pere qui valet le laifl'a. (x) Page 216, 217, &c. Eidem pro vail' 50 '' utiferorum foldar' quoit, percip' per diem 1 2d. Eidem pro vad' 7 conftabl' quorum unus in numcro foldar', videlt Simon de Blakfak percipit vad* inter foldar. p. 145. Idem pro vad' Willi de Cartkvill, foldar', percip' per diem I2d. &c. P. 146. (y) Item 28 die Julii admifTus fuit Simon de Tardetz, tanquam ferviens ad arma, ad per- cipiend' ficut alii fervientes de hofpicio Regis. P. 211. Eidem pro vad' Robert! de Neketon, Henr' Nafard, Johis de Villers, Ranulphi de Charron, Ingelrami le Charron, et Dernardi de Grifmak, fervientum Regis ad arma alllgnatoruni ad' morand' in municione predida, per idem tempus, cuilt", per diem 1 2d. (z) P. 145. (ii) P. 78. (b) P. 148. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 27.'; iftinguiflied ikewiie ap- !et with the others ftiled [lie pay (x). ow men, 6d. lears to have f thofe were ns. 211 many ad- eral of them fons for their »rs and their ineers appear •'s order from :riffofNorth- of machines nd returning, Tticle charges f, percip' per diem Simon de Blakfak Ifoldar', percip' per ns ad arma, ad per- lobcrti dc Nekcton, Karron, et Bcrnardi Icione predl£ta, per ■ To brother Thomas of Bamburgh, a monk of Durham, for timber, and making two large engines conllrucled by him for the defence of the town of Berwick upon Tweed, in the time of Dom. Phil, de Ver- naco, then keeper of the faid town, 3I. 6s. 8d. (c). Brother Robert de Ulmo, mafter engineer, retained in the king's fervice for the Scottifh wars, with Alan Bright, carpenter ; Robert at ^d. per diem, Allan at 4d. (d) Gerard de Mayak, engineer, and Gaillard Abot, carpenter, em- ployed by the king to make the pele of Dumfries, at 6'd. per diem each (e). Three mafter carpenters employed on the pele of Dumfries, had 6d. per diem each; thirty-five other carpenters, each 44. and four pages, probably apprentices, ad. each (f ). A MASTER fmith, Thomas Furneys, working on the fame pele, had for his daily pay 6d.; and of feven other fmiths under him, two of them had gd. and five 4d. per diem each (g). ¥vR the rei>airs of the abbey of Holm Coltrom, againft the king and his army fliould come thither, perhaps to take i!ip his quarters, mafter Everard of Carlifte, and fix mal'ons his companions, were em- ployed, Everard at 6d. and every other mafon at 4d. per diem ; two labourers to ferve the faid mafons are charged at 2d. and a fmith to mend the doors and windows, at 4d. per diem (li). Two hundred ditchers, of whom ten w^^re vintenars, were employ- ed under a mafter ; the private ditchers at «d. the vintenars at 4,d. and the mafter at 6'd. per diem ; four men were alfo paid 4d. per diem, as overfeers. A number of women were likewife employed to aflift thefe ditcliers in clearing the ditch, at three half-pence per diem each (i) : (c) p. 78. (d) p. 257. (e) P. 268. (f) P. 263 and 264. (g) Ibid. (h) Ibid. (i) EinuM, pro vadiis 7 mulierum coadjuvancium diclos foflatores ad mundand' diftum lofl'.itum, per ununi diem, videlt. 2+ diem O£l:obr' cuilt. per diem id. ob. lod. ob. Eidem pro vadiis y mulierum per 3 dies, 27 die 0£lobr' pro ultimo computato cuilt. per diem ut prius. 3s. 4d. ob. Eidem pro vad' 10 mulierum per 28 diem Oftobr. ct 14 oiulierum per 29 diem ,i ''1 "•I l1 276 HISTORY OF a bounty was diftributed among the faid ditchers by the king, over and above their wages ; as alfo 5s. to the mafons. Some plaifterers were paid 3d. a day, others ad.; boys ferving as labourers to them were alfo paid ad. (k) Miners hired for the Scotch war, had each for their daily wages 3d. and their apprentices, ftiled pages, ad. (1). Four pence per diem is charged for an artificer ftiled attillator, in the caftle of Berwick, the fame for a chaplain, a clerk of the chapel, a watch-man, and a waflier- woman (m). Clerks employed to chufe and pay the troops, had moftly lad. per diem, others paying the artificers only 6d. (n). In Rymer, A. D. 1281, the 10th of Edward I. there is a writ for raifing a number of wood-cutters in the county of Gloucefter, who are diredled to join the king's army at Rutland in Wales, they were al- lowed 3d. each per diem, during their march ; this was to be advanced by the fheriff. The daily pay of the conftable of the caftles of Berwick was as., that of the conftable of Jeddeworth the fame ; this feems to have been the general pay for the conftable of a caftle, unlefs he was of I'uperior rank, as a banneret, &c. John de St. John, captain and keeper of the Marches of Cumberland and Vale of Annan, received 4.S. per diem for that office (o). Many marches and places were defended by perfons indenting and contract- ing for a certain fum. The account of Roger de Waltham, keeper of the great wardrobe, gives a very accurate lift of the pay of the army raifed againft the Scots in the 15th and 17th years of King Edward II. wherein tlie fums paid do not materially vary from thofe of the preceding reign ; but the titles of the officers are different in feveral inftancesj among others the 29 (iieni Oclobr' cuilt. ut prius 3s. Eidem pro v.nl' 25 mulierum per unum diem, videit. ^o diem Octobr. 3s. id. ob. Eidem ad dUlribuend' inter dittos foflatores de dono et cu- ri.ilitate Regis ultra vadia fua il. 5s. yd. P. 269. (k) P. 266. (I) Ibid. (m) The attillator was a kind of armourer. P. 152. (n) See p. 53 and 263. (o) P. 138. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 277 g, over and s ferving as y wages 3d. per diem is Jerwick, the id a waflier- 5, had moftly IS a writ for fter, who are hey were al- ) be advanced : was as., that lave been the LS of fuperior Cumberland (o). Many land contracl- iat wardrobe, Id againft the (rein the fums [eign ; but the )ng others the Inum diem, videlt. Ics de dono et cu- term conftable, applied to a regimental officer, is not once mentioned ; the denomination of conllable was afterwards chiefly confined to the cavalry (p). The account opens with the roll of the Welch foot, who have divers officers not found in the EngUfli corps ; thefe are leaders, fub-leaders, chaplains, phyficians and cryers (q). The pay of the leader was ss. per diem : the fub-leader, every efquire, centenary or commander of an hundred men, and chaplain, had is. per diem each. Phyficians 6d. Cryers, ftandard-bearers, and vingteners, each 4d. No regular pro- portion feems to have been obferved between the private men and ftandard-bearers. Some leaders of fmall numbers, not exceeding an hundred men, had only 6'd. a day. The pay of the other foldiers was, as is faid above, the fame as in the preceding reign, except that the foot foldiers, armed with acketons and bacinetts, received 3d. each per diem ; and thofe unarmed, ftiled naked footmen, had only ad. Some hobilers are charged 4d. and fome 6d. a day ; no reafon is affigned for this difference, but perhaps the former had no horfes, for we find in another corps that a centenary not having a war horfe, was credited only at 6d. per diem. Among the armed foot fent by divers ecclefiaftics and others to per- form their feudal fervices, fome of them having ferved the time for which they were liired, remained afterwards with the army, in the king's pay ; one of them, Andree de Netlee, is ftiled foldario ad arma ; his daily pay was lad. Divers crols bow men and lanceirs, infantry, from Gafcony, are charged 4d. a day. Adamar de Valence Earl of Pembroke ferving in thefe wars, re- ceived for his own daily pay 8s. for every banneret in his fuite 4s. every knight as. and every man at arms is. (p) This valuable manufcript is in the library of Thomas Aftle, Efq. (q) SrrLED in the manufcript, du£lor, fub-du£lor, centenarius, capellanus, medicus, claniator, llandardarius, vintenarius. In one account there were two ftandard-bearers to 1818 private men, but a third was added by the king, as appears by the following entry, Tres ftandardaii q habuerunt unu" Hand, de novo ex liberatione Domini Regis. Another corps of 968 men had fix ftandard bearers. p; ^C ■ I fri ' J '■■' :^ i it > IJ '■;,(!). * If 978 HISTORY OF An ancient manufcript gives the annexed eftabliiliment of the army of King Edward III. in Normandy and before Calais, in the aotii year of his reign, with their feveral Hipends (r). At per diem . 1. s. d. 1 o o o o o o o 6 6 4 s 1 o o 8 8 o o o 6 My Lord the prince _ - - - . Klhop of Durham _ - - - - 13 Earls, each ------- 44 Barons and bannerets - - - - - 1046 Kniglirs - - - - - - - 4022 Efquires, conllables, centenary, and leaders 5104 Vintenars and archers on horfeback 335 Paunceners 500 Hoblers 1.5480 Foot arcliers ------ iMafons, carpenters, fniiths, engineers,! Some at isd. tent-makers, miners, armourers, gun- .lod. 6"d. and ncrs, and artillery men - - 3d. per diem. ( Welch foot, of whom 200 vintenars at - - 44'74 \ the reft at 700 Mafters, conllables, mariners and pages 900 Ships, barges, balingers and vitiluallers Sum total of the aforefaid men befides Lords 31000.— 294 Of whom fome men from Germany and France, each receive for their wages 15 florins a month. The fum total of the wages of war, with the wages of the mariners from the 4th day of June in tiie 20th of the faid King Edward III. to the 12th day of October in the 21ft of the lame king, for one year 131 days, as appears from tlie book of j)articular accounts of NN'alter Wentwaght, then treafurer of the houfehold, entitled wages of war in Normandy, PVance, and before Calais, was 127201I. 2s. 9UI. o o o o 4 (r) Ex Rotulo quoilam penes Arth. Ag-.ird. Tlief. ia Novo P.ilatio, Wcllm. rcpollto col- le£t. V. I. p. 160. The original in Latin. I#! THE ENGLISH ARMY. 279 it the army e «oth year ,t per diem. 1. s. d. 1 o o o o o o o 6 6* 4 s 1 o o 8 8 o o o 6 ti i2d. and iem. o o o o 4 ■294 receive for the mariners Idward III. to for one year Ints of Walter igesof Nvar in 95d. :lbn. rcpofito col- 1-5 .; In the account of Walter Wentwaght here mentioned, in the aid year of the fame reign, there is the following article (s). Rates and Wages of Warhe by the Daie. The Prince of Wales - - - _ - A bilhoppe, or an earlu - _ _ - _ A barone, a bannerette, tlie king's chamberlaine, the ftevvards, the treafurer of the king's houfe, the keeper of the privy feale, every man by the daye - ~ ^ A knight, comptroller, coferer of the king's houfe, the king's ftandard bearers, the clerk of the kichine, pantry and wardrope, the clerke, comptroller, and the keeper of the vi6hialles, every man at - - The king's chaplines, efquicr, fergentes of armes, men of armes, fergeauntes of office, and other clerks of the king's houfe, marlhall of the hall, ufliers, and fewers of the hall and chamber, fewer at drefler, harbengers, pante- kers, butlers, furgions, minftrelles, du6tors or centeners, every man by daye, ------ The king's archers, vintners, yeomen of offices in the king's houfe, arciiers on horfe, hobilers, meflt-ngers, ar- tificers, chaplines of Welchmen, a mailer, a clarke, and conftable, and a carpenter of a fliipp, pannecos (t), couners, and crolsbowcs of Almaynes, Lorians, and Hymonde, every one at- - - - - -'- Archers on horfe, vinteners of footmen, ilandard bearers of \VeHhmen, furgeons of Wellhmen, and criers of Welflunen, every man - _ - - 1. s. d. 1 o 3 068 040 020 010 006' 004 (s) From a nvaiiufcript which feems a copy of that cited by Brady in his Iliftory of England. (t) Pannecos probably paveros or pavifors, perlbns bearing pavaifes or hirge fliiclds : a great number of thefe occur in the lift of the officers and foldiers that were with King Ed- ward III. at Calais, publiflicd by Rowe Mores. {lit n. I. ' .'I f c8o HISTORY OF ^l M ■if / ! ^Vi Ml ■■'. ill I T 'li Knights Sir Thomas de la Dale Sir Philip Topham Sir John Cornewall Sir Robert Clinton Sir Symon Flemniing The following lid of the army fent to Ireland 36 of Edward III. is taken from a manufcript in the Britifli Mufeum (u). A Roll of the Retinue of Lionell the King's Sonne, Earl of Ulfter, Lord of Clarence and Connaught, and Lieutenant of his father in Ireland. Himfelf at 6s. 8d. per diem, five knights at 2S. i^er diem, five efquires at lad. per diem, 70 archers at 6'd. per diem, for a quarter of a yeare, viz. from the 14th of Augufi till the 12th of November, 526I. 5s. 8d. and for regards (x) to the faid earl and his retinue, 155I. us. id. q. d. Total 68 il. 16s. ()d. After he was created Duke of Clarence his own wages was 13s. 4d. per diem, and eight knights at 2s. per diem. Total 582I. 360 Archers on horfeback of the county of Lancafter at 6d. per diem. 23 Archers on horfeback from Wales. Ralfe Earle of Staftbrde, for himfelf 6s. 8d. as aforcfaid, for a banneret, 4,s. per diem, 17 knights at as. per diem, 78 efquires at i2d. per diem, 100 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem, his entertaign- ment began when he and his ritinue came to Brillow to tranfmitt for Ireland, ffor a quarter 97 3I. 1 is. 7d. 24 Archers out of Stattbrdfhire -j 40 Archers out of Worceiierfliire I under tlie Earle of Strafforde. 6 Archers out of Shroplhire J James Earle of Ormond for himfelf 4s. per diem, 2 knights 2s. per diem, 17 efquires, i2d. |x?r diem ; 20 hobilers armed, at 6d. per diem, and 20 hobilers not armed, at 4d. per diem eacli, to guard the Marches of Leinfler for a quarter i^>.5l. 6s. 8d. O'Kenedy for himfelf, md. per diem, 1 1 Iiobilers at 4d. 88 archers on foot at lid. per diem. (u) Marked Julius f. 6. Cotton. (x) Regards was a kind of contingent allowance, which will be further explained in its place. TH K ENGLISH AKM Y. !8l ivvard lU- 1 of Ulfter, lis father in ive knights ■ It led. per diem, for a n the i4.tl» jmber, 526I. the faid earl q. d. Total s wasigs. 4d. I. Sd. per diem. brcfaid, for a quires at i2d. )is entertaign- tranfmitt for )f Strafforde. ^nights as. per 6d. per diem, [d the Marches Ld. 88 archers top billed in its place. John Carew, banneret, at 4s. per diem, one knight at as. two efquires at lad. 10 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem. William WiNDsoRE for himfelf, as. two knights as. 44 efquires at lad. fix archers on horfeback at 6'd. per diem each. For the quarter 493I. 16s. . ' ■'.- • Sir Thomas Hoggeshawe for himfelf, as. per diem, two knights ss. 30 efquires and 30 archers as above. ■ Sir John Shardlewe as. two archers on horfeback. Sir Thomas Nanton as, and his valet at 6'd. Donald Gall, an Irifh captayne, 4d. per diem ; 280 archers on foot at ad per diem. Hugh Swiset, an Irifli captayne, at 6*d. per diem, four hobilers not armed at 4d. per diem, 35 archers at i|d. to guard the Marches of BaltinglalTe. Richard Talbot, a captayne of the Irifli, and 17 archers on horfe- back of Darbyfliire, 14 of Shroplhire, 15 of Nottingham. Vintenaries at 4d. per diem, and la archers on foot 4d. per diem, 150 more archers of different countries. Sir Windesore 16 archers more. Sir Eustace Tabrickecourt, banerett, 4s. per diem, one knight, four efquires, and eight archers. Sir John St. Laude, five efquires, and so archers on horfeback. The paflage of the Duke of Clarence, the Earle of Stafford, and the reft amounted to .-jiool. or upwards. A vintenarius had 20 archers under him, and no more. , No alteration appears to have been made in the pay of the army during the reign of Richard II. But in the fucceeding reign there feems to have been fome irregularity in that article, which had like to have produced very difagreeable circumftances to Prince John, fon of King Henry IV. ; this we learn from the rolls of parliament A. D. 1404, being the fixth year of that king's reign, wlierein it is recited, " That whereas Monfieur John, the king's fon, was at the point of having been put to great difhonor, and danger of his foldiers, for de- fault of i)ayment, if it had not hapiiened that the Sire de Fournyvall VOL. I. o o C, ; "1 A': 'H M fh 'fmW . T^i if- lis'- ill ' HI' If?' fiSs H ISTOR Y OF affifted him and formed a credit in different manners ; for the faving ol the honor of the faid Sire John, as well as for the honor of the faid Sire de Fomyvall, the commons pray that payment be made, as rea- fon and good faith require. " Also the i'aid commons pray our lord the king, as they have before done, that he will pleafe to confider the good and agreeable fervice that the Duke of Everwyk has done him at the time he was lieutenant in Guyen, and that the faid duke for default of payment of him and his faid foldiers in thofe parts, had fold and pledged all his gold and filver plate, as well for the prefervation of the honor of our faid lord the king, as of himfelf and all the kingdomc ; and that it may pleafe our lord the king, to order that payment and fatisfailion may be made to him in thefe parts as he trufteth. " Also the commons befeech our faid lord the king, that it may pleafe him to have in efpecial recommendation Monfieur Thomas de Erpyngham, Monfieur Thomas Remptfon, John Norbury, and the other vailliant knights and cfquires who rifqued themfelves with our faid lord the king at his arrival in England, and that our faid lord the king himfelf would have them in honor and elleem for their good and agreeable fervice performed to him both here and abroad " Anothkr iK'tition appears in the fecond year of the fuccceditig reign, A.D. 1414, wherein the foldiers forming the garrifons of the caiUes on the frontiers of Picardy, let forth, that being obliged to come to England for payment of tlieir wages, tlie expences of their journey coll tlicm the greatcH part thereof, and alfo that the faid frontier was conliderably weakened by their ablence ; wherefore they prayed that tiiey might receive their pay at the exchequer of Calais, according to the tenure of their indentures : They were referred for an anfwer to the king and council, but their complaint feems not to have been remedied till tiie next reign. In an indenture between King Henry V. and the duke of Clarence, A.D. 1415, wherein the duke covenants to ferve the king for a year in Fiance with a certain number of men to be paid as follows. The duke for himfelf, 13s. 4d. for an earl 6s. 8d. a banneret 4s. a knight 2s. an efquire is. and for each archer 6d. per diem, with the ufual THE ENGLISH ARMY. uSj ; faving of )f the faid le, as rea- tave before ble fervice i lieutenant him and his d and filver lid lord the r pleafe our be made to that it may Thomas de ry, and the /es with our faid lord the eir good and fucceeding •iibns of the g obliged to ices of their lat the faid lerefore they of Calais, referred for feems not to of Clarence, for a year in Hows. The [.s. a knight Ith the ufual I'egards. It was alfo covenanted that if it happened that thefe troop.s Ihould be employed in the duchy of Guycnne, that he Ihould then receive for each efquire 40 marks, and for every archer so marks for the whole year, this to be paid half the firft quarter on figning of the indenture, and the other half after the mulier. The king to find tranfports going and returning for men, horfes, iiarnefs, and vi]6tuals, at the following rate : ,'50 Horfes for the duke himfelf 24 Horfes for an earl 16 Horfes for each banneret 0' Horfes for each knight 4 Horfes for each efquire 1 Horfe for each archer (y). In anotlier indenture made at the fame time with Henry Le Scroix;, as a fecurity for the i>ayment of the fecond quarter, the king cove- nanted to deliver in pledge on a certain day, jewels worth the lum of the faid wages and regards, which jewels were to be returned at any time his Majefty (hould chufe to redeem them within a year and a day from the time of their delivery, and if not redeemed within that time, Lefcrope was authorized to difpofe of them at his pleafure without hindrance from the king or his heirs, according to tlie contents of the letters patent under the great feal(z). The king likewife covenanted with the perfons thus indenting with him, that no i>rocefs (hould ifliie againd them for default of homage for any lands defcending to them during the time they were abroad in his I'ervicc. (y) Hv.ii Rymer, vol. 9, p. 227. (/) Ai the death of this king, many of his jewels were in the Itamis of captains who liud indented to fervt him, who applied to parliament to authorize tliem to outfet the thirds of the giiins of war due from them to the king, againd the arrears of pfiy due to tliem ; and alfo for permiflion to fell the jewels depofited in their hands, paying the balance, if any. Into tlic Exehetjuer ; this was granted to take place within half a year, if fuch jewels were not tlic jcw;.ls of the Crown. i>ee Rot. Pari, ift Henry VI. jU' a84 HISTORY O F 1 1 ^ n Besides the daily (lipend paid the troops, there was an additioiuil douceur (tiled regards (a) ; this was a kind oi' perquilite to the com- manding officer, or chief contractor with the crown for every body of men, to enable them to keep a table for their officers, and to provide for tile ditterent contingent exi)ences : the quantum of tliis allowance differed according to the nature of the fervice or country in which the troojw were to be employed ; the uliial fum was at the rate of an hun- dred marks for a quarter of a year, for every thirty men at arms, which amounted to near fix-pence a day each(b). Sonu limes we meet with a itipulation for regard and u half, and fometinies for dou- ble regards and double wages (c). It alfo appears that the troo|>s were occafionally paid half the quarter in advance, or had allignments on the fupplics granted to the king, and in fome indentures it is fjjecifiai, that in default of payment of their wages or other reafonable caufe, the parties iiulentiiig might dilband and go whither they pleafed, without any hindrance from tlic king or his heirs (d). Edward III. I think, more than once paid his army with wool. (a) Translated by Du Cange, Rcwanl. ' ' ' (b) Rymer, 3 Hen. V. torn. 9. p. 227. (c) In a MS. in tlie library of Thomas AiUc, Efq. entitled Names of the Nobility ami others retained to fcrve the kings of I'.iiglanil in tiair watrs from the lyth of Ed. HI. to Henry VIII. extradtd out the oihcc of the Pells, by tlio induilry of Sir Williini I.c Neve, knight, Clarentius King of Arms, digcfted by Sir Edward Walker, knight, Carter, principal King of Arms, anno 1664, with an index, by J. Anftis, Garter ; and the feals of the perfons indenting, neatly drawn with a pen in the margin. There are feveial inftanees of regard and a half, double regard, and even double regartl and double wages, in the reigns of Ed- ward III. and Riiliard II. The originals of thefe indentures were removed frcin the Pells by order of a Committee of the Houfe of Peers, anno 1719, and put into the Iwnds of Mr. Indedon, houfc-keeper of the Houfe of Lords, from whom they were delivered to Mr. Anftis to be arranged, they remained at his hrufe at Mortlake till after his death. In 1756 they were taken into the euftody of Mr. Carrington, in wliofe poflefiion they continued till July, 1770, when purfuant to an application made by a Committee of the lioufe of Peers to the Secretary of State, they were delivered into the State Paper OITice, where, anno 1784, they remained. (d) Rymur, A.D. 1347. 21 Edward III. ril E ENGLISH ARMY. 28./: additional ) the* com- rv l)o'■(/?, a loan, hein;^ con fuV ro' as .idvanced or lent to enable them to provide fea (lores, and other necefTaries. Thus 20 days' imprell was ordered to the 2100 men embarked for Flufliin?:, 34t!i ril/;'.beth anno 1592, under the com- mand of Capt. Pooley, and it was direded '.r at tliey fliould have fuch weekly lendings during the time they remained in France. See Rymer. I Si o *^i 1 Ml r >' H I STORY OF ' and on the lafl; day of* the month lb paid, he fliall receive another month in advance ; the money io received he covenants to pay within fix days to his foldiers, and in hke manner to continue receiving and paying, during the time of his fervice. Rel'pedting the payment of the thirds, and thirds of thirds of all plunder or prifoners of war(f) performing watch and ward, and other duties according to the llatutes and ordinances of war, made by the king, with the advice of tiie lords of his council, a copy of which was delivered to him, he acknowledges himfelf liable to them, and covenants that he will obey and fubmit to them and the jienalties therein contained ; and that if any of his corps or retinue Ihall do any thing contrary to tliem, he will do his utmoft to bring him to jullice according to the faid llatutes. This indenture was figned the 9th day of May. Very little, if any, alteration was made in the pay or eflablilhment of our armies from this period till the reign of Queen Mary. From the lift of the army (g) which ferved at St. Quintins, anno 1557, the following appears to have been the fubfiftence of the officers and foldiers. , ^. . Per diem. 1. s. d. The captain general The lieutenant general The high marihal Mafter of the camp General of the horfemen Captain general of the footmen His lieutenant 5 1 s 3 6 8 3 6 8 1 3 6 8 3 6 8 1 (f ) Every commanding officer was accountable to the king for one third of his gains of war, whetlter made by prifoners or plunder ; and he was entitled to one- third of the gains of war of every one lerving in his corps ; for one third of thcfe thirds he was alfo account- able to the king. This will be further explained under the article, prifoners of war. (g) There are feveral copies of this lift ; one in the library of the College of Arms, marked W. S. ; another in the British Mufeum, among tlie Harleian manufcripts, No. 6844. O another y within /mg and rment of war(f) B ftatutes the lords owledges fubmit to his corps lis utmoft indenture iblilhment y. From 1557. t^^e ficers and Per diem. 1. s. d. 5 3 3 1 3 3 I 1 2 6 8 6 8 o o 6 8 6 8 o o of his gains of ird of the gains IS alfo account- of Wi>r. oUege of Arms, ;ripts, No. 6844. THE ENGLISH ARMY. ■■,<\'r'. -...J-' fo'-j-.-; ■:■( ,i;j .<■!,,■ S887 1. 8. d. The ferjeant major (our major) _■. . . T m 15 The mafter of the ordnance . . _ « I 6 8 His lieutenant _ „ M ^ 13 4 Mafter of the Carriages . • :: • m \;'r\m .' a 10 The treafurer f .; r: / . • • . „ : i /. • . I 6 8 The mafter of the mufters M _ _ . 16 8 The provoft -' -^' i ' *. . : 1 m ■'■-'?; - 100 The chief harbinger - > • ,' . ' m ■■ «' ' • 40 Mafter of the forage W :*''' ,..'■; i,*il ..•t!.' 1^ .. 060 Mafter of the fcouts » - \ ■■-•.} i:^» ;■. m' 060 The herald - . 1 .• 050 Captain of armed horfemen - . «. /. ■» • 10 Lieutenant . . . ^ c Standard bearer _ m « ^ •J 03 4 Surgeon - ,' ■; . ',• - P 'i" ' Vii '<■• > ■ .. 1' ■ 020 Trumpeter and private - - .- _ 16 Captain of light horfemen - . _ _ 060 Lieutenant . . . m 030 Standard bearer - m ^ - . 020 Surgeon - ■m .. ,. 016 Trumpeter - . -' . I 6 Light horfemen - - - m 010 Captain of foot - - - * 40 Lieutenant - - _ « 020 Enfign > .. . m 01 Chaplain - - - ■» I Surgeon - - - - I Serjeant - - - m I Drummer and fifer - . _ . CIO Private foldier - - . . 008 The next eftablifliment of the Britifli army that occurs is that levied ^ ft'" o «> Wt ■MJt i" If ' I! 1 1.1 i 1 ' si -sBB HisrrottY. QF i n by .Quaen Elizabeth, to repel the Spanilh armada ; in which wc find ievciiBl officers ftated^it a much lower f)«y than In the preceding ac- ricount. I I o .j:\.,i\i •| III,: '!'H; •;ij(..;'f-- cThe Rates for the Entertainment of the Officers of the o t Companies appointed for thft fervice in the year 1588. r^. - - - The lieutenant general of the army, per-day I f Halberdiers, at per day The morfhal of the field per day 1 »» Halberdiers, at per day - The piOYoft marfhal per day - • The gaoler per day Eight tipftaves, at 8d. each per day Tew halberdiers at ditto The captain general of the lances, per day Lieutenant _ - - Guidon - - - - Trumpet - - - - Clerk - - - - Surgeon - _ - - Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each Tlio cAptain general of the light horfe per day Lieutenant - - - - Guidon - - - - Trumpet - - - - Clerk _ - - - Surgeon - - - Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each The colonel general of the footmen, per day Lieutenant - - - - Serjeant major « - - Four corporals of the field, at 48. each L s. 6 o ,ir 10 2 o o 15 o 13 O I o o I o o o o o o I o o o o o o 2 o o o s 6 o 10 I I I I 6 o 10 I I I I 6 o 10 10 16 d. o o o o 4 8 4 8 o o 6 6 6 6 8 o o 6 6 6 6 8 o o o o I i THE ENGLISH ARMY, 5189 ;h wc find ceding ac- ,t!i;:;t .t! '> R8 of the 588. 1. 3. d. 6 o o 1 10 2 o !; 10 X5 !..,..0 13 t O I OS ■■j<\ o 6 1 o o 10 O I o o o o I o 10 o o o o o 2 i i o o o 4 8 4 8 o o 6 6 6 6 6 8 o o o 6 6 6 6 6 8 o o o 10 o o 10 o o i6 o Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each - - The treafurer at war, per day - Four clerks at 28. each - • Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each The mailer of the ordnance, per day Lieutenant - . . - Inferior officers of the ordnance, per day Ten halberdiers, at The mufter mafler, per day * - - Four clerks at 28. each . * - The commiflary of the viduals, per day One clerk _ - - - - The trench mafler, per day - - - The mafler of the carriages, per day Mafler cart takers, each per day Four clerks, each at ■ The quarter mafler, per day - * Six farriers, each at The fcout mafler, per day - • - Two light horfe, at i(5d. each - The judge general, per day - - - The entertainment of the officers of the regiment The colonel, being a nobleman, per day He being a knight or nobleman's fbn, per day - Lieutenant colonel, per day - - - The pay of the captains and fubalterns of the different corps being here omitted, as well as divers other officers, another lifl of the army in Ireland, AD. 1598, is adduced from Fyne's Morrifon's Travels to fup- ply thofe and other deficiencies, from which it appears that the pay of the army was confiderably raifed in fo fhort a time as ten years. 1. s. d. 6 8 6 8 8 6 8 10 <9 6 8 6 8 •8 6 8 2 6 4 ,• • ■ > / rV 10 6 8 2 8 2 8 X 13 4 6 T \k §\l\ VOL. I, P P J;! iR'; ■ j If y 1: ■ 1 i-' ('\ iT'7 ,"• h l^'f i ! t i. id ; ) ii i 1! ■ r: P «;!'!! S to Ml •1: 290 ' HISTORY OF Pay of the Army in Ireland under the Earl of Essex, figned by Queen Elizabeth, 24th March, 1598. '• V Per diem. The lord lieutenant general - - - - The lieutenant of the army - . _ - General of the horfe • Marfhal of the camp <• Serjeant major _ _ _ . _ Lieutenant general of the horfe _ . . The quarter mafter . - _ . The judge marfhal general . - - . The auditor general _ . _ _ The comptroller general of the viduals Lieutenant of the ordnance . . . - The furveyor - . _ _ - Two clerkes of munition, each - - ,. Four corporals of the field _ - . - One commifTary of viduals . _ . - Three others, at each - - - - The carriage mafter Twenty colonels, each _ _ _ - Captains of horfe, each at - - - - Lieutenants of horfe, each at _ - - Cornets of horfe, each at _ _ - - Horfemen, (N. B. a troop confided of one captaine, one lieutenant, one cornet, with fifty private troopers) each Captains of foot, each . _ - - Lieutenants of foot, each - - _ - Enfigns of foot, each . . - - Serjeants of foot, each ; - . • ,- Drummers, each - _ » - - Surgeons, each « - _ - - 1. s. d. 10 3 10 10 u 13 4 10 10 6 8 S 6 8 8 6 6 8 10 4 2 6 2 I 3 4 2 I 6 I I I m THE ENGLISH ARMY «gt figned by 1. 8. d. lO o o 300 10 o o I 10 o 1 o o ,, I o o 1 o I o o 13 , o 10 , o 10 o 6 o 5 o 6 o 8 o 6 o 6 o 10 o 4 o 2 o 2 o o 4 o o 8 o 8 o o 8 o o 6 o o o o o o o o I 4 2 I I I I Each company confifted of a captain, lieutenant, and enfign, two ferjeants, one drummer, and one furgeon, with ninety-four efFedlive private men, at 8d. per diem each, and fix dead payes for non-effedtives allowed the captain. There is another lift anno 1599, ^^ *^^ army under Lord Montjoy, where all the aforementioned officers and men are paid as before, but there is the addition of a provoft marfhal for Lough Foyle, and another for Bally Shannon, at 4s. per diem, each, 1600 gunners, canoneers, armourers, and clerks of the ordnance, fome at 4s. fome at 2s. per diem, an inginere, at los. per diem, fixteen furgeons, the chief at 5I. the other at 5 OS. and 40s. a peece, the week ; the lord deputy's doftor of phy- ficke, at 5I. the week, and his chief chaplain at the fame rate, and other ten preachers at 308. or 40s. the week, and the commiflaries of mufters augmented from five to twenty, at 3s. 4d. per diem each ; one to follow the army in each province, the reft to refide in garrifons. The pay of the army in the fucceeding reign of King James L with the prices of all forts of military ftores are minutely exemplified in a manufcript frequently before cited in the courfe of this work (h). An extradl from this MS. may be feen in No. 4. of the Appendix. Rushworth has preferved an account of the eftabliihed pay for the army raifed by King Charles L againft the Scotch, in the year 1639, the fubftance of which here follows : A List of the feveral Entertainments of the Officers General of the Field, the Lord General his Train, Officers of four Regiments of Foot-bands, and Companies of Footmen ; Officers General of the Horfe, and twelve Troops of Horfe. Officers General of the Field, per diem. 1. s. d. The lord general - - - - -1000 The lieutenant general - - - - 600 (h)No. 5109. Harl. MSS. i •'ri «9« H ISTOR Y OF I!*, ! Per diem. Serjeant major general • Quarter mailer general . - - - Provoft marlhal general . - • « Waggon or carriage matter - - - - Four corporals of the field, at 6$. 8d. each The Lord General's Train. Treafurer at war - - - - - Mufter mailer general « , - - Commiflary general of the victuals - - . Judge marihal . _ - - _ Two chaplains, at 6s. 8d. each - > - Two phyficians, at 68. 8d. each ... Two apothecaries, at 3s. 4d. each - - - Secretary to the council of war - - . Two chirurgeons, at 4s. each - - - Fifty halberdiers, at is. each - - - Four colonels of four regiments of fooi, each regiment con- fifling of 1500 men, at il. each colonel per diem Four lieutenant colonels, at los. each Four ferjeant majors, at 68. each ... Four quarter mailers, at 5s. each ... 1. s. d. 2 I 6 8 6 8 I 6 8 2 J 10 10 »3 4 ^3 4 6 8 10 8 2 10 4 2 I 4 I If / If In. I I 1: h i i i A List of the Train of Artillery, according to his Majeily's Direction, reduced to fuch a numbo* of OfRcers and other Miniilers as will be merely necelTary for a mean Train of 30 or 40 Pieces of Ordnance, viz. The general of the ordnance - - - » 4 o o Lieutenants - - - - -100 Sundry other Oificers, Artificers, and Attendants upon the Ordnance and Train of Artillery, viz. A comptroller, per diem - - - -0100 THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^93 1. 8. d. 2 O O 1 O O o 6 8 6 8 1 6 8 2 O I o O lO O lO o 13 o 13 o 6 o 10 o 8 2 10 o o o o 4 4 8 o o o 400 200 I 4 ° 100 is Majefty's lier Minifters 40 Pieces of 400 I o o he Ordnance o 10 o Per diem. Two commiflaries of the two magazines of municion, viz. one for the train, at - - ,^ . ^ The other for the army, at - - • « Four clerks under them, each - - - Two engineers, one at - - - ■ And the other at - Two clerks for them, each - - - - Six condudlors of the trenches and fortifications, each at One fireworker - - - _ . His afTiilant * - .. . . One petardier - - Twelve afliflants, each • - - . One mafler gunner - - - - . Four gentlemen, each • • - . Gunner's mates, each .... Thirty gunners, each • • - . A paymafler - - • - . Captain of the pioneers « - - , Quarter mafttr - ~ - _ . Four condudors of the matrozes Forty matrozes, each .... A purveyor ' . One mailer fmith - - - . . Six fervants under him, each - , - One matter wheelwright, at - Four fervants under him, each „ - . One tent maker - . . . _ Two fervants, each - - ^ . . A tent keeper, at - - - - _ One affiftant to him - - - _ . A mafler carpenter • . . . . Six fervants under him, each ... 1. 8. d. 6 5 2 8 6 3 2 3 1 8 2 6 I 6 8 4 2 6 I 6 S 5 4 2 6 - 3 3 X 2 6 I 2 8 I I 6 8 3 I u I ''9i HISTORY OF m 1 /; '-i 'Hi U I ii^ i t i^ ^\^. ■fi^ One cordage maker * Two fervants under him, each One faddle maker - * One fervant under him One cooper - - - Two fervants under him, each Four armorersj each Four fervants under them, each Two gunfmiths, each Four fervants, each * One harnefs maker, at Two fervants under him, each One farrier, at - ^ - Two fervants under him, at each One bridgemaker - - - Six fervants, each - - - One provoft marflial Two fervants under him, each One chirurgeon - _ - One fervant under him One waggoner for the train One affiftant to him Two principal condudors, viz. one for the munition of the army, the other for the munition of the artillery, each ------ Forty conductors, viz. 20 for the waggons and 20 for the ordnance, each - _ _ - - One commiflary for the draught horfes, at - Two affiftants to him, each _ - - In all, per diem, - _ - Per diem. 1. s. d. - 2 ■ < - • " • I •1- ■ ■-- •" I 6 - 1 - 2 - I - 2 6 - I - 2 6 - I tm M I 6 ■r -'' * I - 2 6 - I - 2 6 m *^ I - 2 - I - 4 - I w «M 5 - 2 6 030 026 040 026 2176 p. THE ENGLISH ARMY. S95 i>i 1. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o : O O O o o o o o 8. d. 2 O Per diem. I I I 2 I 2 I 2 I I O 6 o o o 6 o 6 o I 2 I 2 I 2 I 4 I 5 2 6 o 6 o 6 o o o o o o 6 o 3 21 Four provoft marfhals, at 5s. each Four carriage mafters, at 3s. each Four preachers, at ,8. each Four chirurgcons, at 4s. each 1. I o 12 O 12 o 16 s. d. o o o o o The Pay of a Colonel's Company of 200 Men in each of the four Rtgiments. ■ A CAPTAIN per diem 8s. lieutenant 48. enfign 2s. 6d. three ferjeants at IS. 2d. each; three drums at is. each; three corporals at lod. each; 188 fouldiers at 8d. each. Being in all for one colonel's company of 200 men, 7I. 8s. lod. per diem. . , The Pay of a Lieutenant Colonel's Company of 150 Men in each of the four Regiments. A captaine per diem Ss. a lieutenant 4s. enfign 28. 6d. two fer- jeants at IS. 2d. apiece ; two drums at is. apiece ; three corporals at lod. apiece ; and 140 foldiers at 8d. apiece. In all, per diem, 5I. 148. 8d. And for four Lieutenant Colonel's Companies of 150 Men, per diem, 2 2I. i8s. 8d. . , Four Regiments of Foot, containing in Officers and Souldiers ; 6000 Men, being 1500 Men in each Regiment, viz. The Pay of a Company of 1 1 5 Men, viz. A captain per diem 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 28. 6d. two ferjeants at I4d. each ; three corporals at lod. each ; and 105 foldiers at 8d. each per diem. In all for one company of 1 15 men, per diem, 4I. i is. 4d. And fo for forty companies of 115 men the piece, being ten com- panies in each of the four regiments, befides the colonel's and lieutenant colonel's companies ; per diem, 182I. 13s. 4d. .{' h tgS HISTORY OF Officers General of the Horse. Per diem. 1. The general of the horfe - - - - ^ The lieutenant general - - «. - 2 Serjeant major or commiflary general - - - i Quarter mailer general - - - - o Provoft marfhal - - - - - o Waggon or carriage mafter - - - - o Preacher - - _ - - - © Chirurgeon - . _ - - © 8. d. o o o 10 6 3 3 4 4 o o 8 o 4 o o i .,! ^ \ Hit ik The Pay of a Troop of a hundred Horfe, viz. A CAPTAIN per diem Ss. (a) a lieutenant 58. a coronet 48. three corporals at is. each ; two trumpeters, one quarter mafter, a chirurgeon and 80 horfemen, at 2s. 6d each per diem. After which rates, the pay of a troop of too horfemen, with their officers, is, per diem, 13I. is. And fo the pay for 12 troops of 100 horfe the piece, with their officers is. 1. S. d. Per diem - 156 12 Per menfem - 4384 16 Per annum - 57159 Sum total of the entertainment aforefaid is Per diem - 442 17 8 Per menfem - 12420 14 8 Per annum * ' - 161652 8 4 Dauil i9ih Mdrch, j ' 1659. After the breaking out of the troubles between King Charles I. and his parliament, feveral alterations were from time to time made by the latter in their military eftablilhments. And, according to Rufhworth, (i) If not a niiftakc, Ruftiworth. — Probably the allowance for horfes is omitted ; the pay here ftated being the fame as that of a captain of infantry. A fVi, THE feNGLfstr ARM Y «5>7 1. ». d. 500 1 o o 1 10 o 068 O 5 O 04° 040 el 48. three a chirurgeon ates, the pay n, 13I. 18. e, with their 1. 8. d. 156 12 o 4384 »6 o ;7»59 o ° 442 17 8 2420 14 8 11652 8 4 :.harle8 1. and made by the |o Rufhworth, omitted i the pay an ordinance was alfo palFed, September 1643, wherein it was enaded, that all officers of Lord EfTex's army, whofe pay amounted to los. a day or upwards, fliould regularly receive only half* their pay, the other half to be rel^ited till the troubles were over. All officers whofe daily pay was lefs than los. to receive only two thirds thereof. When three months refpited pay became due, the gcner'al \VaS authorized to grant certificates thereof to the different officers. April i 3th, A. D. 1 647. The following entry appears' oH the joui-- nals of the Houffe of Commons, fliewing the pay of the officers of the parliamentary troops, ferving in England ; and thb manner in which that of the cavalry was computed. Resolved, &c. Tliat the proportions following are fit proportions of pay for the officers of horfe that arc tb continue in this kingdom' (k). ' ' 1. s. d. Per diem. Colonel Major Captain As colonel Four horfes As captain As major Three horfes As captain ( Captain I Two horles { i o o o o o o o o 12 8 10 5 6 10 10 4 o o o o o o o o 1. s. lO d. o I.- } o 14 (k) AvRii, ptli, 1647, Refolvfd, &c. That the pay of fuch commanders and ofiiccrs as llviU be employed In the fcrvice of Ireland, (liall be higher tlian fuch as (hall be employed in England. 1 2. Resolved, &c. That this Houfe doth agree with the Committee, that the eitablifli- ment for the ofhcers and foldiers, now in Ireland, and to go over thither, llrall be the fame with that of Sir Thomas Tairfiixe's army : and that the fame propo»tion of pay, which was refpited upon the public faith, to Sir Thomas Fairfaxc'a army, ftiall now alfo be refpited for the prefeiu, and made good unto them out of the rebels lands, by Englilh meafure, accord- ing to the rates and proportions fettled by aft of parliament, upon die finifhing of the war, after fatisfadion (hall be firft given to the adventurers. Refolvcd, &c. That coats and knap- f.icks (hall be provided, over and above their pay, for tlie foot foldiers of the army that are te go for Ireland, for their better encouragement. VOL. I. ^IQ i 1* : i* m ,,.--1^ ! I'i. ;*! ; i^ f M j i?i^' S98 HISTORY O F Lieutenant Cornet Lieutenant Two hoifes Cornet Two horTes Quarter mailer One horfe Provoft marflial Two men • Corporals and trumpets, each I I. o o o o o o o o o 6. 5 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 2 d. o o o o o o 4 o 6 Per diem. 9 o 8 o 7 5 1. 8. d. 8 4 2 6 12 12 12 Resolved, That the proportions following are fit proportions for the officers of foot that are to continue in this kingdom. Per diem. Captains ------ Lieutenants - - - ■ . Enflgns - - - - - - Serjeants - - - - • « Drummers - - - - • - Corporals ------ Resolved, &c. That there fhall be no officer within any garrifon, above a captain, but only the governor. Resolved, &c. That there fhall be no company in any garrifon, under the number of one hundred, where there is above one company in that garrifon. Resolved, That the governors of Pendennis, Chefter, Plymouth, Hull, Gloucefter, Leverpool, Lynn, Newcaftle, Portfmouth, fhall have for their pay, 12s. as governor, and 8s. as captain. Resolved, &c. That the governors of Weymouth, Tynmouth caflle, the caflle and great fort of Briftol, fliall have each of them 7s. as go- vernor ; 8«. as captain. Resolved, &c. That all fuch garrifons as have fifty foot, and under, their governors to have js. per diem only : the reft of the garrifons not u*:' THE ENGLISH ARMY. «i)9 Per dlcm. 090 •080 I [060 I o 7 4 050 cionB for the 1. 8. d. 080 026 o o 12 O O 12 O O 12 my garrifon, kny garrifon, jne company r, Plymouth, ihall have [mouth caftle, |m 7s. as go- It, and under, Igarrifons not named, that have above fifty, the governor to have los. per diem as governor and captain. Resolved, &c. That as many of the dragoons of the army as can be perfuaded to go for the fervice of Ireland may receive order for that purpofe. Resolved, &c. That the officers, &c. that (hall go for Ireland, may have their debentures for their arrears ; and that their accounts fltall be made up, according to their mufters, in their abfence. Amono the manufcripts in the Harleian Library is one marked No. 6844, entitled " An Eftablifhment of the Forces in England and Wales, as the fame flood the 27th February, 1659," wherein the pay of every officer and foldier is flatcd as follows. General Officers. Per diem. Commander in chief - . - - Lieutenant general of the army . . - Lieutenant general of the horfe « - - Major general of the foot _ - - - CommifTary general of the horfe - - - Scout mafler general , ■ _ - Quarter mafter general « . _ - Judge advocate to the army, at 1 5s. and his clerk, at 3s. 4d. One adjutant general of horfe and foot - , - One adjutant general of horfe and foot who hath command of a troop of horfe - - - CommifTary general of the muflers 15s. ten deputies each at 5s. and one clerk at 2s. 6d. - - - Surgeon to the commander in chief and his mates Marfhall general of the army los. and fix men and horfes, each at 2s. 6d. - - - - - 1. 10 I I I o I I o o 8. d. o o o o o o 3 18 15 o o o o o o 4 o 3 7 6 8 I 5 22 16 10 n Wi^^ 1^. Ifi -■WMI f i f!!'' 30? fllSTORy OF Field and Sta^ QiO^cers tq ^ Regjf|ie^; of Hqrfe Colonel, as colonel Major, as p^ajor - _ '- Surgeon 4s. and one horfe to carry his cheft 28. .fm:. ■■!. :..t hi.iit .hi r.f.i ■ 1,. ) Colonel's Troop. Colonel, as captain, los. ai^d two horfes each 3,1 2$. Lieutjenant 6s. and two horfes, eac^ at 28. Corner 58. and two horfes, ea^ch 28. - - Quarter mailer 4s. and one horfe at 2s. > Two trumpeters, each at 2s. 8d. Two coi^orals, above trooper's pay, each 5d. - Eighty fouldiers, each at 2s. 3d. - Major's Trqop. Major, as captain, loS. and two horfes, each at 2s. Lieutenant 6s. and two horfes, each at 2s. Cornet cs. and, two horfes, each at 2s. Quarter maftcr 4s. and one horfe at 28. One trumpeter Two corporals, above trooper's pay, jd. each - Eighty foldiers, each at 2s. 3d. - - ,. iem. 1. 8. 4. - Q 12 - P S 8 - Q 6 -'*"./ f >■ • ■ ' ■ •it T.^(^:l,' I 3 a fs 'i/fO'-..' 14 - 10 Q 9. Q T 6 - 5 4 - 10 1 9 n s ^ 14 Q 10 ^ 9 o O 9 6 2 o o o o 8 O 10 o o II The pay of four troops more to complete a regiment of * horfe, at the fame rates and numbers which are men- tioned in the major's troop - - - 44 10 o \ 3 a o 14 o p lO Q o 9, P 060 054 o o 10 9 o ^ U 5 * 14 o o 10 o 090 060 Q 2 8 O O 10 900 II 44 10 o THE ENGLISH ARMY. In all for one regiment confifting of 480 fouldiers befides officers - - - - , .f'^ .;' - In all for nine fuch regiments •; -> . r- Field and Staff Officers of a Regiment of Foot. Colonel) as colonel ... Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel Major, as major • - , - Preacher - - - - _ Surgeon 4s. and one mate 2s. 6d. Quarter matter and provoft marfhal, to be executed by one perfon (1) - - - - - 1. 8. d. 68 I 4 - 612 12 t. 12 - 7 - 5 - 6 8 • 6 6 A Company of Foot. Captain --_.-. Lieutenant - . - - . Enfigne -_-»-. Two ferjeants, each at i8d. - - - . Three corporals, at 3d. per diem each above fouldiers pay One drumm - - _ _ . One hundred and twenty fouldiers, each at gd. 040 I 2 o o o o o o 8 4 3 3 o I 4 iO o o o o 9 o o 5 9 9 The pay of nine fuch companys more to compleat a regi- ment of ffoot, confifting of 1 200 fouldiers, befides officers 49 7 9 In all for one regiment 54 «7 6 (1) At prefent tlie office of provoft marflial is executed by the adjutant, whofe duty it is to fee all fentences of regimental courts martial inflidled. / i 1^^ i ^ u f ^Kj:i^ ft:.! !'. : If / II m Ui III pi fi:; 3o« 5'- HISTORY OF 1. s. d. In all for twelve regiments of foot, eonfifting of 14400 fouldiers befides officers - - - -68 340 A regiment of foot more, eonfifting of nine companys and HOC fouldiers befides officers - - - 51 8 11 In all for two regiments - 102 17 10 Ffive companys of foot, eonfifting of 500 fouldiers befides officers, colonel's pay included - - - 24 5 9 Three companys more, eonfifting of 300 fouldiers befides officers - - - - - -14 43 In all for fourteen regiments and eight companies as above 824 II 10 Life Guard. Captain _ _ . - - mt »9 8 Lieutenant - - - - - M H Cornet - - - 12 Quarter matter - - - - - 9 Ffour corporals, at 5s. each - - - - I Two trumpeters, each at 3s. 4d. - 6 8 Two other trumpeters, each at 3s. 6d. ■ • 7 One hundred and fixty fouldiers, each at 38. 6d. 28 ': - ■ 32 8 4 '■' Engineer general - - - 10 Comiflary of ammunition - - 5 Vayne ■ Quarter mafter of the trayne - 4 A tent maker _ - - - 2 6 Three mattioffes, each at i2d. 3 I 4 6 8 n 32 17 10 32 8 4 THE ENGLISH ARMY. At this time we find that the governors of the feveral ties were paid as follows : Per diem. Governor of Carilbrook caftle - - - Guemfey - - - - Jerfey - - *. - Scilly Iflands - - - - Ifle of Man (befides his pay as captain) Pendennis caftle ————— Plymouth caftle and ifland Portland, Weymouth, and Sandford caftles — ^— — — Brun Sea caftle - - Calfhot caftle - - - - —Hurft caftle . . - - Portfmouth and South Sea caftle - _ — ~. _« Dover caftle - - - - — ^ ._ — Sandgate caftle - - . • Walmer caftle ■ Deal caftle _ - . ■ Sandown caftle * - ■ Upnor caftle _ - - ■ Tilbury fort _ - - ■ Landguard fort (as governor and captain) ■Hull - - - - • Teinmouth caftle ■ Berwick - - - ■Carlide Shrewfbury (as governor and captain) Warwick ... Windfor (as governor and captain) Chipftow, ditto Hereford, . ditto Beaumares, ditto Holyhead ... 303 forts and caf- 1. s. d. 12 10 10 10 6 6 8 6 8 3 4 5 5 8 8 3 5 5 5 5 6 10 8 4 5 12 10 5 10 10 10 10 5 K. I f[ ■:'"r>i- f ■■ t'^ r 304 HISTORY OF Total Charge of this Establishment. , Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Geneml officers - 22 16 10 639 II 4 Nine regiments of horfe - 612 12 17152 16 Fourteen regiments and eight compa- nies of foot - 824 II 10 23088 II 4 Life guard of horfe - 32 8 4 907 J 3 4 Trayn - . - - I 4 6 34 6 Guarrifons - 205 15 2 5761 4 S Contingencies - - 1500 Totall per menfem Totall for a year at thirteen months 49084 2 8 638093 14 8 i -11 This eftablifliraent confifts of nine regiments of horfe, with a Men. troop of guards, officers included - - - 4870 Fourteen regiments of foot, with the officers - - 18732 The fouldiers, gunners, mattrofles, and officers employed in the garrifons - - - - - 474° The whole army of horfe and foot as above exprefled, be- fides the general officers, officers of the trayne of artillery and ftaff officers, containeth in all - - - 2S342 Whereof the annual charge of their pay, with the pay of the general officers, trains of artillery and contingencies doth amount to the fum of - 638093 14 8 In the Journals of the Houfe of Commons of the ift of King Wil- liam HI. in the eftimate of the charge of divers regiments of horl'e, dragoons, and foot, to be employed in the fervice of Ireland, the follow- ing films were allowed for the pay of the officers and private men. Wi r menfem. I. 8. d. 39 II 4 52 16 388 II 4 907 34 761 500 J3 4 6 4 » )o84 3093 2 8 14 8 a Men. - 4870 18732 in 4740 ry 28342 38093 14 8 of King vVil- lents of horfe, id, the follow - ate men. THE ENGLISH AIRMY. '• iU-j.^. .. i HORSE. Per diem. Colonel, as colonel 128. as captain los. and two horfes, at 2s. each ---... Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 8s. as captain los. and V) y horfes, each 2s. - .. . * Major, as major (N.B. No troop) - - • r • Captain, as captain los. and two horfes at 28. each '*■ Lieutenant 6s. and two horfes, each 2s. Cornet 58. and two horfes, each 2s. - Quarter mafter 4s. and one horfe 2s. - Corporal 3s. - « - • . Trumpeter 2s. 8d. - - - a . Private trooper - - .,,,.. «, DRAGOONS. Colonel, as colonel 15s. as captain 8s. and three horfes, at IS. each - - . _ . Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 9s. as captain 8s. and three horfes 2s. • '-'•:• Major, who has no troop - - . Captain 8s. and three horfes, at is. each Lieutenant 4s. and two horfes - - - Cornet 3s. and two horfes - - - - Quarter mafter, for himfelf and horfe . * . Serjeant is. 6d. and is. for his horfe Corporal is. and is. for his horfe - , . Drummer is. and is. for his horfe - - _ Hautboy is. and is. for his horfe - - _ Private dragoon is. 6d. for himfelf and horfe - Adjutant >..... Surgeon - - - - • . VOL. I. R R 1. 8. d. 160 o o o o o 2 o o 14 c 10 o o o o o o o o o 9 6 3 3 2 ' 1 o o O II 6 5 4 2 2 2 2 I 5 6 o o o c o o 8 6 6 o o o o o o o 6 o o o 6 o o I ]i ill I ,.1,! hi ■I > I if? 306 { 1 HISTORY OF ff s .;i2!!Oii Per diem. Chaplain - >ilj iVU Gunftnith and his fervant wV T ':.i.1q-.3. ,: -■ii."> .-, .«: [ Jiii'j;;. ;;! f;.. .' '.o' FOOT. Colonel, as colonel 1 2s. as captain 8s. Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 78. as captain 8s. Major, as major 58 as captain 8s. - ,. - , .• Captain - - - _ ..» ' .i ; ', « Lieutenant - - . -.•.■,. ,^.. 'Hi ! 1 /-j^.. Enfign - -' - '••*•.;! ;,<;'Hj..- . 1. t. Adjutant ------ Quarter mafter - - • • j x- Surgeon 4s. and mate 2s. 6d. « - ^v, Chaplain 6s. 8d. . - . . . Serjeant - - - . - Corporal - - - - • - Drummer - .,.j.. , >.: [ j,.t ; „ Private foldier - -• 1. s. d. 068 f o 5 o 100 • o o ,0 o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 v;(i(.*)-) .-: O o 8 4 3 4 4 o 6 6 6 I I I o 8 6 o o 8 ^ In addition to the daily pay here flated, the officers of the different corps of the army had the following allowance of fervants, whofe pay they were permitted to receive. At what time it was firft granted, I have not been able to difcover, but in the year 1697-8, being the loth of the reign of King William III. it was allowed in the computation of the half pay, then firft eftabliflied, by the king's warrant (m) given in (m)WlLMAMR. " ''■ ■ ■ '' ' ' ■' ' Wnr.REAS our regiments of foot commandeJ by our riglit trufty and right entirely beloved toufm and counfellor, Charles Duke of Bolton, and our trufty and well belov.-;d Colonel Richard Coute. Colonel Thonus Brudcnell, Colonel Thomas 8aunder(bn, Major General Thomas Lric, Colonel John Gibfon, Colonel William Northcote, and Colonel Thomas Far- rinptcPj togctliLr with the independent companies commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Roufe 4iid Captain John Pitt, have bceti lately dilbundcd ; and we being gracioufly pleafed to allow hr.lf , i I [J ] tii; THE ENGLISH ARMY. 307 I. s. d. 068 o 5 ^^ '1 i/j .. M.T I o o o 15 ° o 13 <^ 080 o 4 "^ 03° 04° 040 066 068 o I 6 o 1 o o 1 <5 o o 8 the different s, whofe pay :ft granted, 1 nng the loth mputation of (m) given in it entirely beloved I beloved Colonel 1, Major General [ouel Thomas Far- [ant Colonel Roufc Ifly i^leafed to allow . lialf the note below, from the votes of the Houfe of Commons. It fcems as if this allowance was not at that time made to the whole army, for it is faid in the report from the committee appointed to cunflder the half pay to the oiHcers of our faid regiments and • ompanies for their fupport untill they (hall be fully paid off and cleared, and be otherwife provided for ; our will nnd pleafure is, that out of fuch monies as are or (hall come to your hands, for the ufe of our forces, you pay unto the fcveral olTicers of our faid regiments and compauies, tlie rcfpe^ive allowances mentioned in the lift and eftabli(hment hereunto annexed, being the half pay of themfelves and fervants, refpeftively ; to commence from the ift day of April next, and to be paid unto them by monthly or quarterly payments, upon certificates from our commi(rary general or deputy coromifTary gcnernl of the muOprs. of their beinc alive and qualified as afore- mentioned : and fbr fo doing, this with the acquittances of the faid otfacers, or of tJipir aifigns, (liall be from time to time your fuHicient warrant and difcharge. Given at our court at Kenfington, tlto i6th of March, 1697-8, in the tenth " of our reign, ...... .. By his Majefty's command. - 1 .) ; I '•••--. , ' > Ch A. Montague Ste. Fox « Tho. Littleton T. Pelham. To our right trully and right well beloved coufm and counfellor, Richard Earl of Raneliigh, Paymafter General of our forces. Vol. 12. 567. HORSE. Colonel, as colonel and captain For fix fervants, at ifd. each Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain For three fervants, each at 15 d. - . - Major, as major and captain ... For three fervants, each i5d. Per diem. 1. s. d. 1. 8. d. 13 7 6 I 6 II 3 9 14 9 9 9 3 9 13 6 " Captain t ! '4 ' km I i ii'M :iai ^ ao8 HISTORY OF fi . ftate of the land forces and marines in 174^, that " the firft increafe in the charge of the land forces (fince the year 1700), was by virtue of an eftablifhment figned the 15th of June, 1713, to take place from S^.l ^ ' r^'i I I'' m IIP' i^li- . .;.■', Per diem. •' ' ' . .! t i; I . i I. 8. d. I. s. d. Captain - - - - - - - -•» - 070 For three fervants, at I5d« each • • - - - - 039 .,.-;,■ .f.v .■■■'%.:' :,/^''. ;,■ -~— o 10 9 Captain lieutenant - - - - - • - - 050 ,1. For two fervants, ifd. each ------- 026 ■ 076 Tlic lieutenant the fame. '•■ 1 ■ . , ''i '' Comet ---.-.-.--046 For two fervantii, at ijdi each .... ..026 —-~— 070 Quarter mafter .........030 One fervant at I5d. -..-.--.013 043 Chaplain 3s. 4d. N. B. No adjutant mentioned. DRAGOONS. Colonel) as colonel and captain . - - - . . 0130 For fix fervantSi at pd. per diem each - - - . - 046 ■— - o 17 6 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain . - o 10 o For three fcrvants, at pd. each .-----023 o 12 3 Major, as major and captain - - - - - - 080 For three fervants, at pd. each - • - - - 023! o 10 3 Captain -.------..056 For three fervants, at pd. each - - - - - - 023 '■■ 079 Captain lieutenant - - - - - -.- - 030 For two fervants, at pd. each - - - - - - 016 — — . 046 Other I If, [I increafe by virtue (lace from m. '•' d. 1. 8. d. — o lo 9 O a O 1 ^ \ 6 I 6 3 ° 1 3 o 7 o 4 3 3 ° o 17 6 o o 2 3 O 12 3 8 o 2 3 10 3 5 6 * 3 079 3 ° 1 6 046 Other THE ENGLISH ARMY. 309 the S4th of that month ;" fo that it did not commence till almoft three moiRhs after th« ppare of Utrecht; and this firft addition to the Other lieutenants the fame. . Per diem. " ■'"• ' ■'' • ■■ • ''• 1. 8. d. 1. 8. d. Cornet ----«. ....oa6 For two fervants, at pd. eacb ----.-oi<$ ' -. ; ■ . • 040 Quarter mafter - - - - - - _.- . oao, For one fervant atpd. - - - • . - . . 009 -'— 029 Chaplain 39. 4(1. ' •- i' i. ;i, " N. B. Adjutant not mentioned. FOOT. Colonel, as colonel and captain - - - - . . oioo For fix fervants, at 4d. each - - - . . > 020 — — — o 12 o Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain - . b 7 u For three Servants, at 4d. each ----.. 010 '• 086 Major, as major and captain - . . . . . 066 For three fervants, at 4d. each ---...010 ' 076 Captain 040 For three fervants, at 4d. each - - - - - - 010 ■ 050 Captain lieutenant ----.... p^Q One fervant, at4d. - - - - . . . . 004 ■ 024 Lieutenant ---------020 One fervant 004 024 Enfign -----016 One fervant at4d. •--._.. .q^^ ■ o 1 10 Chaplain 034 Quarter mafter -------,-024 058 ' i I J If ih^i 310 /' 1 ' HISTORY O F f '; national oxjxjnce confifted entirely of allowances to commifnon officers in lieu of their fervants : this was afterwards twice inrroafoJ, onoo hy an efJnbliniinciu ngned the 2,9th of April, 1714,, to commence from the 2,/jth of December, 1 7 1 ;j, \n hen a further charge was introduced for fervants to officers and quarter mailers of horfe and dragoons ; and a fecond time by an eltablinnnent figned the a4th of June, 1718, when a further increafe was made for fervants to the quarter mailers of thirty battalions of foot. Although this allowance has continued ever fince, it was not conlblidated to their pay in Ireland till the year 1728, when it was done by the warrant tranfcribed in the note below from an aucheiitk; M3. eftablilhmcnt for that counfry (n) Two other fmall additions were likewife made to the pay of the army, one in the feventh year of King George I. when three-pence was added to the pay of the ferjeants, corporals, and private men of the dra- goons, and four-pence per day to the pay of the ferjeants and corporals of the three regiments of foot guards ; but at what particular time the laft addition took |)lace, the committee before mentioned reported they were not able to learn (o). Some farther little addition has '/ Iriii i ii ■ i ' li I .'■ V- k '.I I.I' (n) Whereas we have thouglit fit in the foregoing cdablidiment to add to the perfonal pay of the officers of our army, tlie number of fervants which have been ufually allowed tliem, whereby the cftedivc men do more plainly appear, and our faid officers are more regularly entitled to the pay of their fervants than formerly. Our will and pleafure therefore is, and we do hereby llridly require and command, that all the olHcers of our faid army, now and for the time being, do make their care, that their refpe£Hve companies are kept complete, and that they do contain the number of effective men fettled by our faid ellablifh- mcnt, under pain of our difpleafure ; and Jiereof our mufter mafters are to take particular notice from time to time, in the muftering of our faid forces, that the officers negleding tlie fame may be known. (o) There appears to have been great irregularity in the payment of the army during the latter end of the reign of King James II. and that of the reign of King William III. infomuch that the publicans of feveral towns where the troops were quartered, were not only obliged to truft them for their tliet, but alfo to advance tliem part of their pay. Of this we have an inflancc among many of the publicans of Royfton, in Lincolnfhirc, who, Janu- ary I2th, 1694, petitioned the parliament, letting forth, that Capt. Henry Cartwright's company THE ENGLISH ARMY. 311 u officers onoo by ;ncc from itroduccd iragooiis ; uic, 1718, cr imfters continued II the year note below pay of the !-pence was of the dra- id corporals ticular time led reported addition has I to the perfonal ufuAlly allowed ifficers arc more leafure therefore \i our faul army, .ipanks are kept ,ur faid eaablith- :o take particular frsnenleaingtlw I the army durhig ling William HI- Lteretl, were not leirpay. Of this Ijhirc, who, Ja"U- Ipnry Cartwright's company within five or fix years been made to the pay of the private men, by returning them the dcdu6\ion of one {hilling in thu pound made out of their full pay, and likewife abolifliing the weekly iloppage of 2d. per company in Colonel IIa(\iiig*s regiment of foot being quartcreii on them, demanded over and above Jieir loilgings, and otlicr neceflaries direfted by law, the following fubfidence to be paid them weekly, viz. to the lieutenant 173. 6d. the enfign 14R. the fcrjeant 6s. every corporal 4s. 6A. and every private centinel 3s. 6d. threatening in cafe of non-payment to take the petitioners goods. That tlie petitioners were wiiling to givj tlvm fu( h fubfiilence as they were able to do, and as the law dire£ls, but were not able to bear a grievance of this nature, having formerly been great fuflerers by quartering two companies of Sir John F.dgworth's regiment, from the 12th of February, 16S8, to the 151I1 of April, 1689, for which they were never paid one farthing. They therefore prayed th.ic the houfe would take the premifes into their confideration. On this the officers in queftion, itul tiic agents of that, and feveral other regiments, were ordered to attend the houfe, and were examined ; in confequeiice whereof on the a6th of February, 1694, the commons caufcd a reprefentation thereof to be made to his majedy, complaining of it as a violation of the liberty and property of the fubje£t, and dating that it was in a great meafure caufed by the extortions of the agents and impofitions of the colonel, who had alfo been guilty of divers z(\s of tyranny and oppreflion therein dated, for which he was by the king difmifled the fervice. About the fame time various petitions for long arrears of pay to the widows and reprefentatives of particular oiHcers occur in the journals of the Houfe of Commons. Another inftance in the fame reign occurs in Ireland, rcfpe£ling the Inniikilling regi- ment of dragoons, who for a long time received no pay, but fubflded themfelves at their own expence. At length, A.D. 1694, a great number of both olFicers and foldiers, unable to procure ariy payment, though repeatedly promifed by General Ginkle, furroundcd the coach of the Lord Lieutt nant Capel, when going in date to St. Patrick's church, and declar- ed that if they did not in a few days receive what was due to them, they would ufe force to obtain it. The Lord Lieutenant promifed them redrcfs, and threw out his purfe with thirty guineas in it, to one of the foldur., who conteniptuoufly threw it back into the coach through the glafs of the window. Queen Mary was then regent, the king being in Flanders, an account of this matter was fent to her, whereupon die ordered a tlioufand pounds to be paid to the ofiicers and men, out of her privy purfe, promifiiig that the remainder diould be diortly paid, their demands being then fettling by a board of olheeru. In the year 1 70a, 2000I. more was paid, whicli was all ttiey got for their pay, from the ye.ir 1689, ^ ^^^Y fmaJl por- tion confidering they were tli;;n a regiment of nine troops. Tliis anecdote was communicated to me by an old ofTicer, who had it from his grandfather. The I'.inic gentleman gave me the following account of a like irregularity, fo late as the latter ct:d of the reign of King George I. About r ( r 3i« « ' > H I S T O R Y O F } 'V i f! fl i.iii:i i #^]r. week from each ferjcant, ijd. from each corporal and drum, and id. per week from each private man, in the regiments of infantry, for the ufe of the payma(!er and furgcon. The full pay of the different corps of the army, with tlieir fub- fiftence, and nett arrears, is given under their feveral eftablifli- ments ; as it fti>od at the commencement of the prefent war. An augmentation took place in lyyy to certain branches of the fervice» which fliall afterwards be fpecified. About the year 171 8 or 17 19, the 7th regiment of foot, with another, whofe number is forgotten, were put on board Admiral Bang's fleet, after the action off Meflina i they were landed and quartered at the Devizes in Wiltfliire, Taunton in Somerfetfliire, and the neigh- bouring owns, at which time there was four years' pay due to mod of the officers and men, fvaiie excepted, who held employments about the court. Although no money was iflued for the above time, a kind of conmuflary, by the cotmivance of the colonel, attended the regiment, occafionally furniOiing neccfTaries to the diftcrent officers, and even fometimes paying their tavern bills, taking u furious affignments on their pay for fuch goods and dif- burfements. After fonie time, the officers prefcntcd a memorial to Lord Tyrawlcy their colonel i he referred them to Mr. Ford their agent, who faid he had not received any money from the treafury for fix years. On this they memorialized the colonel anew, and alfo the War-office ■, and after a courfe of time were promifed to be paid in the following propor- tions, till money could be raifcd to pay them in full ; a captain to receive lieutenant's pay, a lieutenant that of an enfign, and an enfign one half of his daily fubfiUcnce ; but this promife was not kept. In the mean time the officers paid none of their bills, and kept together in bodies, armed, to prevent arrefts, and finally embarked fur Ireland, without clearing any of their fcores. On their arrival in Ireland their pay being greatly diminiflied, by the diffirrence of the efta- bliihments, it caufed the officers more earneilly to folicit for their arrears of pay, and they accordingly filed a bill in Chancery againll Mr. Ford, who in his anfwer depofed, that Lord Tyrawley had for twenty years charged certain funis againft each officer's pay on their firft appointment or promotion, via. to a captain 120I. a lieutenant 70I. and an enfign 40I. fome more, fome led ; on complaint being made of this to my lord, he pleaded the cuflom of the army, and faid it was not unknown to the king. After many years thefe particulars were laid before King George II. who paid my informant, then a midfliipman, lool. as fome compenfation for the demands of his father, on account of his pay of lieutenant and adju- tant. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3»J for the ;ir fub- \abViih- xr. An fervice» "e nutnbet »» V they were id the neigh- officets and > money was ,ncl, attctided rcn fometimes joods and dif- ["yrawley their ,ed any money ,, and alfo the owing ptopor- tcnant's pay, a ,ut this promifc .cpt together in clearing any of ncc of the efta- ■ pay, and they ,ofed, that Lord oay on their firft [enfign ^o\. fomc he cuftom of the IparticuUrs were L, lool. as fome enant and adju- ROYAL REGIMENT OF HORSE-GUARDS. (Oxford Blues.) Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain . - - Lieutenant - - Cornet - - - - Quarter Mafter - Chaplain » - - Adjutant . - - Surgeon - - - Surgeon's Mate i and Captain Subnil cncc. Per Diem. For 365 Days, /. t. I ti 2 I 16 II 1 1 6 5 4 4 3 6 6 6 6 Kettle Drummer Trumpeter Corporal - - Private Man - 2 6 2 2 6 2 I, t. l^l 'S 410 12 39» 7 301 2 209 17 200 15 118 12 y s 82 2 82 2 S4 >s d. 6 6 6 6 Nctt Arrears. Per Diem. For365D.iy.s /. /. 7 S 3 3 2 2 I I Paris of d. 3^5 3 yj Irto 8 '59 7 78 A /. «3" '4 91 18 6- II 4 8 65 14 5 299 75 2.i ■ 2 76 74 7 ) 45 '3 37 "4 >i 26 3 4 22 I'. 9 3 ' 20 9 .- -. 5 DRAGOON GUARDS AND DRAGOONS. BRITISH. 1 IRISH. Subfiftence. \ 1 Full Pay. 1 Full Pay. Subfiftence. l^erlMem. For 365 D ays. jPerDiem. For 365 Days. Per Diem. Per Diem. /. i. d. /. s. d. /. /. d. /. s. f/. /. /. d. /. s. d. Colonel ■) ,„ , Lieut.CoI. f,f";. Major S ^"P"'" I 6 6 483 12 6 I '5 638 15 1 II 4 • 3 S 18 6 15 6 337 12 282 17 6 6 I I 4 6 6 J '1 2 •J- ; ; 6 6 19 4 •7 4 '4 7 '3 » C-iptain - - - II 6 209 17 6 •5 6 2,..: 17 6 12 4 9 2 Lieutenant - - 7 127 15 9 164 s 7 2 4 9 Cornet - _ - - 6 109 10 8 146 r. 2 3 '0 Chaplain - - - S 9« 5 6 121 13 4 6 8 <; Adjutant - - - 4 6 82 2 6 5 9' 5 Surgeon . - - 4 6 82 2 6 ( 109 10 4 3 Surgeon's Mate - 3 54 '5 ^ 6 ^>3 '7 6 Quarter Mafter - 4 73 5 6 100 7 6 4 2 9 Kettle Drummer - I 6 2 3 I 8 I Hautbois - - - I 6 2 1 6 I Serjeant - - - 2 3 2 9 2 8 I 7 Corporal - - - I 9 2 3 I 10 1 I,., Private Man - - ^ 5 I 9 > 6 II VOL. I. S S i I •f) 3H H ISTORY OF FOOT GUARDS. '.' Subfiftence. P. Full Fay. 1 Nett Arrears. 1 P. Diem. 365 Days. Diem. 365 Days. Per Diem. 365 Days. /. /. d. /. X. d. /. /. d. /. /. d. /. d. Paris of -^6^ /. s, d. Colonel - - - - I 10 547 »o I 19 711 15 6 II 116 12(5 M 3 Lieutenant Colonel - I I 6 392 7 6 I 8 6 520 2 6 h 5 352 100 6 S Major - - - - - o i8 6 337 12 6 I 4 6 447 a 6 u 8 121 85 »3 5 Captain - - - - 12 6 228 2 6 16 6 301 2 6 3 I 145 56 17 6 Capt. Lieut. & Lieut. 6 109 10 7 10 142 19 2 I 4 46 24 10 6 Enflgn _ - - - 4 6 82 2 6 5 10 106 9 2 II 228 »7 13 7 Chaplain - - - - o ? 9> S 6 8 121 13 4 I 2 360 22 15 10 Acy utant, Qu. Mader, Surgeon, Solicitor - 3 o 54 15 4 73 9 I «3 13 10 Surgeon's Mate - - o 3 54 IS 3 6 63 17 6 3 147 5 3 6 Drum- Major - - Deputy- Marftial o I o 18 5 6 27 7 6 o o 9 '3 13 9 18 ? Hautbois - . - I 18 ? 6 27 7 Serjeant - -' - - o I 4 24 6 8 10 33 9 2 Corporal - - - - o o 10 16 I 7 2 21 7 6 iTyrummer . - - o 8 '3 9 18 5 Private Soldier - - o 6 10 8 7 10 '5 4 2 PI,-- MARCHING REGIMENTS OF FOOT. N. B. The Pay of the Militia, Invalids, and Marines, the fame. Cobnel ---.-- Lieutenant Colonel - . - Major ------- Captain ------ Captain Lieut, and Lieutenant Enflgn ------- Chaplain ------ Adjutant and Surgeon - - Quarter Mafter - - - . Surgeon's Mace - - - - Serjeant ------ Drum-Major - - - - - Corporal and Drummer - - Private Soldier - - - - BRITISH. Full Pay. P.Diem. 365 Days. /. /. d. I 4 o o 17 o >5 o 10 o 4 3 6 4 4 3 016 o I o 008 /. s. 438 o 3«o 5 273 '5 182 10 85 3 66 18 121 13 73 o 85 3 63 »7 27 7 <5 18 12 5 o J_4 o 18 o 13 O II Subfiftence. P.Diem. 365 Days. 008 006 /. s. 328 10 237 5 209 17 136 17 63 17 54 15 9' 5 54 15 63 >7 54 «5 «2 3 4 92 6 Full Pay, P. Diem IRISH. U J. « 5 o 17 o 14 O 10 o 4 o I 6 020 I o 1 o 7 Subfift. Per Diem. /. s. o 18 o 12 o 10 o 7 d. 4 7 4 I 3 4 2 10 010 o 1 6 009 005 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 315 rears. _ 365 Days s '• J. d. 126 14 3 100 6 5 8"; 13 5 S6 17 ?' 24 lO 6 J7 13 7 22 '5 10 13 13 10 s 3 6 ROYAL ARTILLERY. P. Full Pay. Subfiftencc. Arrears. | Diem. Per Ann. PerD iem. Per Annum. P.Diem. Per Ann. /. J. d. /. s. d. /. s. d. /. s. d. /. /. d. /. s. d. Pnlnnpl • . • • I 9 45 _ Hautbois ----__ Private --•... 1. 9. d. »7 6 9 6 12 6 6 4 6 3 5 8 12 6 5 3 1 lOi I 41 I I 2i 9 I I I Infantry of the Line, Militia, and Fencible Infantry. Pay and Allowance per diem. 1. s. d. Colonel - •. - - . -126 Lieutenant colonel - - - - . Major ----.. Captain ----«. Captain lieutenant or lieutenant - - « Second lieutenant or enfign - - - « Paymafter ----«. Adjutant ---... O 15 M o 14 I 095 048 o 15 o 4 3 8 />' 320 HISTORY OF *v W. ft 4. Uifit liH 5 o o 6 If Pay and Allowance per diem. 1. s. d. Quarter madcr - - - - -048 Surgeon of the line - - - -09 Surgeon of militia and fencibles - - -04 Afliftant furgcou - - - - -05 Surgeon's mate - - - - -03 Serjeant major or quarter mafter ferjeant - -02 Paymafter ferjeant - - - - -01 Serjeant - - - -- -01 Corporal - - - - - -01 Drummer - - - - - -01 Fifer - - - - - -01 Private - - - - - -010 N. B. In addition to the rate of pay of the Infantry of the Line, &c. above fpecified, the colonel or commandant of a corps has an allowance for each company of which the fame may confift, of 6d. a day in lieu of the pay of a warrant man. Each lieutenant, enfign, adjutant, or quarter mafter, not holding another commiffion, has an allowance of is. a day in addition to the abovementioned rate of pay. The like allowance is made to each fur- geon, and furgeon's mate, of Militia and Fencible Infantry, in fimilar circumftances. In the Militia and Fencible Infantry, where the paymafter muft ne- ceflarily hold a commiflHon in the corps, his pay is made up to 15s. a day; and an allowance of is. 6id. a day is made for the paymafter's clerk, who is not borne in addition to the numbers of the corps. Independent Companies of Invalids. Captain Lieutenant Enfign Serjeant Corporal Drummer Private 9 5 4 8 3 8 I 6i I H I ^i ^'i THE ENGLISH ARMY. Sti s. d. , 4 8 3 9 5 3 4° 5 ° 036 020^ 1 6^ o I H O 1 2i o 1 H O I »i O I o ,e Line, &c. in allowance 1 day in lieu not holding lition to the to each fur- ANTRY, in ter muft ne- up to 15s. a paymafter's :orps. 095 n 1 8 O 1 O I O I o 6i H o iii Wfi have feen that in our ancient armies there were, in addition to the regular flipend of the troops, certain allowances, called regards. Such there are, though under diflferent appellations, at prefent. Among thefe we fhall firft itotice the non-effe£live and contingent allow- ances to the captains of troops and companies, l^ormerly the cap- tains received and kept the fubfiflence of the non-effe6live, or men wanting to Complete their companies ; but this becoming an enormous abufe, it has been fince reftridted to sol. for each captain per annum. The contingent allowance is proportioned to the ftrength of the company. Table of a Captain of Infantry's Allowance. Strengtli of the Company. Non^ffeftive Allowance per Aunum. Contingent Allowance. Total Allowance per Annum. Number of Con- tingent Men per Day. Amount per Annum. 50 and under Above 50 and lefs than 76 76 and upwards /. 20 ao ao d. 2 Men at 6 3 Do. at 6 4 Do. at 6 /. s. d. 18 5 27 7 6 36 10 /. s. i. 38 J 47 7 6 50 10 In the Cavalry and Dragoons, the allowances to captains for non- efFedtive men. Contingents, and a riding-houlip, are as follows : Captain's allowance. For a riding-houfe. 1. {!. d. 1. s. d. When lefs than 40 per troop .^o - 18 1 From 40 to 50 - - 30 - 23 6 From 50 to 70 40 23 6- From 70 upwards - 50 23 6" There are befides other allowances to officers in general, fuch as bSt, baggage and forage money in camp, and lodging mone}' in gar- rifon, when there are no barracks. Thefe allowances vary according to circumftances. The following table will flunv the allowance in the home encampments for 17.94 VOL. I. I I I! 'I M ' '/'i t i if 1 Hi y|l| ■( n- (..•i 3«> Officers. Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captains, each For every two fubalterns) and ftaff officers - ) Surgeon, for felf and me- dicine cheft HISTORY OF Allowance for bdt Allowance for 100 horfe. days' forage. 1. 8. d. 1. 8. d. 18180 - 27 10 18 18 - 22 10 18 18 - 17 10 18 18 12 lo } 18 18 O 12 lO 37 16 o — 12 10 The number of horfes allowed to a regiment of infantry, when it takes the field, are as follows : Colonel .-_-_-- Lieutenant colonel - - _ - - Major -_-_--- Captains, each ------ Captain lieutenant - - - - - Every two fubaltems and ftaff officers Surgeon, for felf and medicine cheft On firft taking the field the officers are alfo allowed for their tents in the following proportion : 9 7 5 3 2 1 2 I. 29 21 21 s. o o o d. o o o A field officer's marquee and tent A captain's ditto . - - - - For every two fubaltems on ditto - The captains of the regiment and the independent companies of in- valids, inftead of the contingent men and non-efFet^Uvc money, are now to receive, as an indemnification for the repair of arms and other expences, lool. each, when the eftablilhment of their company is at 70 and upwards, and 80I. when it is under 70 men ; the corps of invalids being confidered as an honourable retirement for officers of long fervice. i m THE ENGLISH ARMY. ii^li :e for lOO forage. • 8. d' lO o lO «> lO o 10 o lO o 2 to O ntry, when it 5 3 2 1 S for their tents 1. s. ^ltlvi> ilij Hii! '-' \'- I'! SaS HISTORY OF i fl a bilhop or officer of arinos, bear a crofs of Siiyiit (leorgc, fuflicknt and large, upon tlie payne that if he be wounded or flayne in the defalt thereof, he that I'o woundcth or flaeth him, fliall bare no payno therefore ; and if he for anie caufe palTe the bondes of the fields, that then he bare openly a crolle of Saynt George, upon payne to be ini- prifoned and punilhed at the king's pleafure. And that noe foldicr beare no cogneffance but the kinge's and his captaine's, upon payne of death ; and that none enemife bare the fayde ligne of Saynt George, but if hee bee a prifoner and in warde of his mailer, upon payne of death." The colour of the foldiers' coats, notwithlhuiding the particular before quoted exception, feems generally to have been white, as we learn from a letter, written by Thomas Lord Wharton to Francis Earl of Shrewibury, in the Shrewlbury letters, marked vol. D. fol. 109, in the College of Arms. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, anno \,^S^, the colour of the uni- form was changed again ; for Iho having caufed an hundred men to be railed in Lancalhire for the Irilh fervice, a letter from the lords of the council to the Iheritt" and juffices of that county dire6ts, " that befules the arms here fpecitied, the Ibldiers (hould bci furniflied with fwords and daggers, likewife convenient doublets and hole, and alfo a callbcke of fome motley or other fadd grene coUer, or rufl'et." Alfo every fouldier to have five fhillings to provide a mantle in Ireland, be- fyds his livery coat, when he (hall he there aryved (t). This was the regulation for the clothing of the infantry : but we learn from the fame authority, that the uniform cloaks worn by the cavalry were red(u) ; their fafhion is defcribed in a detail of the ap- pointments of the lanciers or horfemen, directed by Queen Elizabeth (t) Sf.f. Peck's Dcfidcrata Curiof.i. (u) Julius Ffrklius, a writer of the middle of the i6th century, in his Tieatifc on the Milit.iry Science, f.iys, that foldiers commonly wore a fliort red f.ij^um, or frock, whieli colour w.is cliofen tliut they might not be difcouraged by the fight of the blood from their 'wounds. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3^7 ., fuilicioit ync in tl\c c no paynu tielUs, that ,c to be im- noc foldii^*" on pay"^* "* ynt George, on pay"« "^ t\c particular ^^hilc•, as we ,n to Francis ;d vol. U. fol. ,ur of the uni- undrcd men to rom the lords dvrc6ls, " that t'urnifl^cd with oie, and alio a ruflet." Alfo in Ireland, be- mtry. but we cs worn by the [tail of the ap- lueen Elizabeth I his Tteafife on the n, or frock, which Le blood from their to be furnilhed by William Chalderton, bifliop of Chefter, and his clerpy, in part of a thoufand launces, to be fent to the alVidance of the Low Countries, «• And for their api)arell (fays the order) yt Ihall be convenient that yow fee them furnilhed of redd clokes, lined, with- out (leeves, and of length to the knee, (hibietts, hofe, hatts, boots, and all (ithtr nccenhrii.' apparell for thre bodies," A vr.KY particular jiccount of the cl'>thinjr of the army employed in Irelanil, anno i,>t)(), is given by Sir John Harrington, wherein the dif- ferent articles are fpcciHed, and tlje prices (lopped for thenj weekly from the fubaltcrn officers and private f()ldiers(x). But I mull not forget (fays he) nor ceafe to tell her majellic's good, wife, and gracious providings for us her captains and our foldiers, in fummer heats and winter colds, in hunger and thirll, for our backs and our bellies, Tliat is to fay, every captain of a hundred footmen doth receive weekly, upon every Saturday, his full entertainment of twenty-eight Ihillings, in like cafe every lieutenant fourteen fliillings, and every enfign feven fliillings, our ferjant, furgeon, drum, and fife, five fliillings pay by way of impreft, and every common foldier three fliillings, to be delivered to all by the pole weekly. To the four laft lower officers two Ihillings weekly, and for every common foldier twenty pence weekly, is to be anf^^'ered to the full value thereof, in good apparel of ditterent kinds, part for winter and part for fummer, which is ordered of good quality and fluff for the prices, patterns whereof mufl be fent to the lord deputy, to be compared and prepared as foUoweth. APPAREL FOR AN OFIICKR IN WINTER. A caflbck of broad cloth with bays, and trimmed with filk lace, 27 fliillings and 7 pence. A doublet of canvafs with filk buttons, and lined with white linnen, 14 Ihillings and 5 pence. Two fliirts and two bands, 9 fliillings and fixpence. (x) NuG.i Antliiux, vol. ii. p 17. , ( '\ I I 1 i "^ HISTORY OF i "r I*'; .11' Three pair of Kerfey ftockings, at two fhillings and four |)cnoe, 7 fhil^ lings. Three pair of ihoes of neats leather, at s (hillings and four pence per pair, 7 fhillings. One pair of Venetians (y) of broad Kentifh cloth, with filver lace, 15 (liillings and 4 pence. IN SUMMER. Two fhhrts and bands, 9 fhillings and fixpence. Two pair of fhoes, 4 fhillings and 8 pence. One pair of (lockings, s fhillings and eight pence. A felt hat and band, five (hillings and five pence. APPAREL FOR A COMMON SOLDIER IN WINTER. A cafTock of Kentifh broad cloth, lined with cotton, and trimmed, with buttons and loops, 17 fhillings and 6 pence. A doublet of canvafs, with white linnen lining, is fhillings and 6 pence. A hat-cap coloured, feven fhillings. Two fhirts of Ofnabridge Holland, and bands, & (hillings. Three |>air of neats leather fhoes, 2 fhillings and four pence each, 7 fhillings. Three pair of Kerfey (lockings, 8 fhillings. One pair of Venetians, of Kentifh broad cloth, with buttons, loops, and lining of linnen, thirteen fhillings and four pence. II' . I J) It IN SUMMER. Two fhirts of Ofnabridge, and two falling Holland bands, feven fhil- Two pair neats leather flioes, four fliillings and eight pence. One pair of (lockings, two fhillings and eight pence. A hat-cap coloured, three fhillings. f ' « ( I (y) Venetians, a fort of long trowfcrs. " To make Venetians down below the garters.'' See HiJrrington's Epigram on the Taylor. *!; THE ENGLISH ARMY. liV) 8, 7 fhil* encdper lace, 15 nmed, with tnd 6 pence. jence each, }, loops, and 5, 1'even Ihil- Ice. From the Votes of the Houfe of Commons, 30th of King Charles II. A.D, 1678, the prices of the clothing of the anny were as follows : 1. s. d. Foot per man Dragoons Horfe Horfe grenadiers 2 6 9 8 »3 10 o o o o o o The prices of the clothing for the non-commiflion officers and trum- pets and drummers is not mentioned. An original contradt in 1693, between the right honourable the Lord Caftleton and Mr. Francis Molineaux, a clothier, preferved in the Britifh Mufeura among the manufcripts of the Harleian colletSion, No. 6844, gives the prices of the different articles of clothing for a regiment of foot at that time, both as charged by the clothier, and eflimaicd by an after valuation, made by the officers of the regiment, the original contraft being deemed an overcharge. PRIVATE SENTINEL. llow the garters. Prices charged in contraft. Prices allowed. 1. s. d. 1. 8. d. Grey coat and breeches • » I 12 I 5 Hat - 6 6 5 Shoes - 4 4 Shirt - 3 6 3 Neckcloth . I 10 Stockings 2 I 8 2 9 I 19 6 SERJEANT. Grey coat and breeches - 4 12 3 12 Shirt - 6 (> 5 <-> Neckcloth - 2 2 VOL. I. I! i 1 1 -I , J ^ J.J i '} m ^ iw*nn If! ,■■1 ^ : i 1 ft III 334 HISTORY OF pipes, buckets, ftirrup leathers, and ftirrup irons, and nine bitts; and to each troop of dragoons, of twenty-two or twenty-four men, on the eftablifhment of Ireland, three new faddles, with a proportionable quantity of holfter pipes, buckets, &c. as before mentioned, and four bitts. New boots to be fupplied every tliird clothing to the whole regi- ment. New hsad ftalls, reins, bread plates, and crupiKjrs, to be delivered every third clothing to the whole regiment. Nea' h-r^ufmgs and caps to be delivered every fifth clothing to the whole regiment. Cloaks faced with the livery of the regiment, entirely new, to be delivered every fixth clothing to the whole regiment. Ne V accoutrements of the heft buff that can be had in England ; viz. .; fhouldcr belt with a pouch, a waill belt fufficient to carry the f'vord, tuiii a place to receive the bayonet, and fling for the arms, fuch lis the general officers appointed to iiifpert tlie clothing fliall approve of, to be delivered every tenth clothing to the wiiole regiment. The i'econd mounting is to confift of new laced hats, gloves, and horfe collars. And his majefty in purfuance oi' thcfe regulations required, that the colonel of each regiment Ihould regulate the delivery of each of tlie fpecies before mentioned, from the expiration of the tlien fubfifting allignment, which was to be in the year 1737, agreeably to the opinion of the faid board of general ofhccrs ; and directed tliat, as it fometimes liappens, that feveral of the abovc-mentioiK'J fpecies are loft, or totally deftroyed, by extriordinary accidents, the volonel, in fuch cafe, Ihould fupply the fame, that the regiments clothing may always appear in good order. A coM.MiTTEE of tlic Htv.ifc of Comtnons was appointed, in the reign of George II. to enquire into the ttate of the army. In their report, made anno ^7^(\ there was much intcrelling information refpe(^ting the clothing ; of which the leading particulars were as follows : i/ , a THE ENGLISH ARMY. 335 bitts; and [nen, on the )portionable ;d, and four whole regi- be delivered othing to the ^y new, to be [ in England ; t to carry the the arms, fuch fliall approve ;imcnt. , gloves, and [uired, that the >f each of the then fubfifting to the opinion IS it fometimcs s are loft, or llonel, in fuch |g may always lointed, in the •my. In their lig information Iculars were as It appeared by the evidence before the committee, that the foot received clothing annually, except waiftcoats, which were made out of the old coats of the preceding year * ; the horfe and dragoons every two years ; and the horfe and grenadier guards every three years. It appeared alfo, that the clotliing fund arofe from the ftoppage of fo much of the pay of the non-commidioned officers and private men as is above their fubfiftence, and is called oft-reckonings. The oft-reckon- ings from June 1740 to June 1743, f"^^' ^^^^ fi*'^^ troop of horfe-grena- dier guards, amounted to 2823I. 5s. yd. the payments for clothes in that time amounted to no more than 1946I. 2s. i-|d. The balance therefore appeared to be 877I. 3s. yld. out of which the colonel having provided feveral other necell'aries not particularly fpecified, but alleged to amount to about 300I. a gain of above 500I. clear accrued to him by the neat furplus. The otf-reckonings of a regiment of foot, upon the eftablidiment, then amounted to 2173I. os, id. The clothing of fuch a regiment amounted to lyb'il. 17s. 3d. Out of which balance the colonel was to find all forts of clothing and accoutrements loll by defertion, and otlxT incidental charges, which in fome ye rs were confiderable. HowEVEK, it apix'ared, that upwards of 378I. had been laved by a colonel, after clothing his regiment. The committee proceeding to enquire into the nature of the fund appropriated to the clothing, it appeared, that the grofs ofF-reckonings confifted of all the pay of the uon-commifiioned officers and private men above the fubfi Hence ; and that the nett oft-reckonings were the produce of the grofs oft-reckonings, referved for the clothing of the men, after the warrant dedu61ions of one Ihilling in the pound, and one day's pay of tlie whole regiment for Chelfea Hofpital, and alfo the deduction of two pence in the pound for the agent, were made at the Pay-Otfice ; that the balance of the officers' pay, over and above their fubfiftence after the warrant dcdu(l:tions were made, and the refpited pay, if any. * This regulation has been fince altered i the foUliers being now provid.d with fronts to their wuiikoats, and tlie backs arc made out of the old coat ^ as before. I ■'3 I \i n, mi i 1 (-. ! I i 33^ HISTORY OF charged to the officer, was called clearings, which was paid by the pay-mafter-general to the I'everal agents. It appeared alio that this balance was not paid to the colonels till a year or two after the clothing was provided : that it was ufually the cuftom for the colonel to adign the whole of the oft-reckonings to the clothier for his fecurity, or elfc to j)ay ready money ; and that, in the former cafe, the clothier was allowed intereU for forbearance. That the fubfillence of the men allowed for clothing, loft by defertion, was jxiid to the ref|w6tive colonels, the off-reckonings only being included in the anignnient ; and that there were I'everal other articles of ex- pence defrayed out of the clothing fund, as tlie charge of package, of carriage by land or water, of infurance when not abroad, of intereft more or lefs as the off- reckonings are paid, of fees of office, of fmall accoutrements, colours, drums, and other contingent charges. The clothes to be furniilied by the colonels were found to he as follows : To a trooper, a new coat, waiffcoat, laced hat, and large buff gloves once in two years: to a dragoon the fame, with the addition of breeches. At every clothing each troop of horfe of 31 or 33 men to receive four new faddles, with hoHter-pipes, buckets, ftirrups, and fix bits: each troop of dragoons of 50 men fix new faddles, with holfter- pipes, buckets, ftirrups, and nine i)its. The whole regiment, whether of horfe or dragoons, new Iwots, head-ftalls, reins, breaft-plates, and crupi^ers, every tlurd clothing ; new houfings and caps every fifth ; new cloaks every fixth ; and new fhoulder-belts, &c. of the beft buff, every tenth clothing. The fecond mounting, vix. the year they are not clothed, to confiff of new laced hats and horfe-collars to the troopers ; and to the dragoons the fame, with the addition of gloves. Each foot foldier a new coat, a waiffcoat made of the farmer year's coat, a pair of new breeches, a pair of Urong flockings, a pair of ftrong Ihoes, a good Ihirt and neckcloth*, and a ftrong laced hat every year. • At prcfLiit tho neckcloth is changitl to a black ftuc k and rolkr ; wludi, together with the fliirt, ihocs, and (lockings, is called the half-moiintiitg. THE ENGLISH ARM Y, 3[i) paid by the colonels till a IS ulually the onings to the id that, in the irance. That defertion, was being included irticles of ex- of package, of ,ad, of intereft )ffice, of fmall larges. found to be as irgc buff gloves the addition of 1 or 33 men to \irrups, and fix ;s, with holftcr- iment, whether [eaft-plates, and ps every fifth ; ,f the beft buff, a year they are collars to the ;ion of gloves, le f9riner year's a pair of ftrong iced hat every vhich, together witli VViiKN a regiment is new raifcd, or men added, fuch regiment or additional men to have new waillcoats, with two pair of ftockings, two Ihirts and neckcloths. To prevent abufes in clothing the regiments abroad, tlie governor of each place, as well as the commanding olliccr of each regiment, was to fee all thefe particulars delivered out to the men, and certify the condition of them to the clothing board. The committee examined the agents of feveral regiments, as to the expence of clothing, compared with the total amount of the off-reckon- ings : when it appeared, that the nett off-reckonings of Lord Mark Kerr's regiment of foot, for each of the years 1730 1. s. d. and 1731, amounted to - - - - 1713 5 7 That the exijence of clothing, including interelt, was for 1730 - - - - - 1570 16 2i Balance Ditto, for the year 1 73 1 Balance That the nett off- reckonings of Major General Bragg's regiment of foot, for the year 1742, were That the clothing and interell amounted to Balance Off-rerVonings for 1743 Clothing and intereft the fame year Balance 142 9 4i 1447 266 5 6i o| ^7^3 5 7 2173 1847 18 1 8 325 1 5 2179 1797 10 10 10 381 10 1;' VOL. I. X X If 1! \K. Ml I "■jPf' ' I! 338 HISTORY OF fp /" >■ n »: r That the ofF-reckonings for Colonel Murray '.s regi- ment in the year 174.'], amounted to - Difburlcments for clothing and intered Balance The off-reckonings of Colonel Thomas Murray's regiment of foot for the year 1745 Dilburfements for clothing and intereft Balance A STATE of the dilburfements for clothing and afUgnments of ofll- reckonings of General Campbell's regiment of dragoons, for twelve years, was laid before the committee, viz. from 173^'j to 1745, when it appeared that on an average the colonel's clear annual gain was 6*4il. 8s. 5d. Likewise that of Colonel Handafide's regiment of foot for fix years, viz. from 173CJ to 1744; when his clear annual profit upon the clothing appeaft;d to be on an average 348I. 2s. c)d. This report, containing much curious information, and being the lateft authentic ftatement ref^je6ling the clothing of the army, may be foen at large in No. 6. of the Appendix. 1. s. d. 2173 1 15^^ 5 li 6*21 14 loi 2 '73 1 l6'02 19 4i 570 s* ■ ,'i Tin: ENGLISH ARMY 339 I. s. d. 1173 ° ^ CHAPTER X. O/" Quarters. m 2173 o 1 i6o3 19 4a 570 o 8* nmcnts of off- ons, for twelve ) 1745. when it nual gain was ,f foot for fix profit upon the and being the army, may be HE ancient mode of quartering our troops may in a great meafure be gathered from the ordinances of war, and feems to have differed very httle from that now in ufe, except that tiiey were indihriminately quartered upon all houfeholders, as was jjrac^tifed in England lb late as the rebellion in the year 1745. The king, or Ibme officer autlu^rized by him, having direcled tlie march of the arni}', or any part >! it, iHiied out his mandate to the diief civil niagiilrate of that di(^vi6t to which it was deftined, requiring him to provide quarters and provifioiis for the cccafion (z). On tlic approach '^f the army llie marflial, who atini as (juarter-mafter- general, attended by the chief harbinger, thofe bclon;^ing to the dif- ferent corps, and the harbingers of the great ofiicers, went forward, when the general quarters being adigned to the marihal, were l)y him divided and delivered out to the regimental and other harbergers, whofe names had been previoufly given in to the conftable and marihal by their refpedtivc ofncers or lords : w hetlier the prefent form of billetting was then ufed, is not certain, though it is mod likely that it was. Rapin fays, that William the Conqueror quartered almoft all his troops upon the monaderies, and obliged the monks to find tluin in (z) In order to provide victuals for iIic ,irmy, it was fomctinu's oriicrcd tlMt no market fliouldbe held in a number of tlvj different counties : many proclamations of this kind, temp. Edward III. are extant, and one of tlie 13th Richard II. N.-herein it was direcled, tliat no markets fliould be held in thefe feven lliires, to wit, Berks, Suiixy, SutT.-x, .Scuuliampton, Dorfet, and Somerfetihire ; but that all viduals fliould be brought to Portfrnouth to tlio .irmy, where it lay waiting for traiifportation. ■5 A' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 !f BS la — ISO 112 /^n I.I 12.2 Hf 1^ 12.0 1.8 L25 |||||_U 116 ^ y] <9^ '/ /. ^ .^ V s^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST M AIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ // U. % /a i A UM THE ENGLISH ARMY. 949 I. for each This ad- is charged allowance s not diet lid candle, rhis allow- ead of tlie CHAPTER Xr. 'j!; Of Field Exercifi' and Topics. W HAT was the particular form of exercife ufed by the infantry in our ancient armies is uncertain, nor is it mentioned in any books I have been able to find ; probably it was fomewhat like that handed down to us by i^lian, in which was pra*5tifed the facings, opening, doling and doubling the ranks and files, counter-marching, and wheel- ing ; indeed, it would be an abfurdity to fupi)ofe, that an army could ever have been led to the field uninllru6led in fome uniform principles of movement, and handling their arms ; and it is alfo certain, as has I believe been before obferved, that the great number of various troops aflembled at tlie cru fades, would tend to aifimilate the ta6lics of the whole, as every nation would undoubtedly adopt the form of difcipline moft approved of in the army (g). (g) Thu French Military Hiftory is as barren on this matter as our own j from father Daniel, it appears, that the olileft form of military exercife, he has found, is of the year 1473, being a manufcript in tlie kijig's libra»7, containing the ordonances of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, for the corps of gendarmerie, fonncd on the model of thofe of France, and compofed of men of arms, archers, couililliers, and pages ; but tlie infantry, the Gcnoefo crofs-bow-men, and archers excepted, being long after held in fmall edimation, no great attention was paid to tlieir difcipline ; tlie free archers only aiTembled on holidays in their villages, to pra£tife fliooting, and the game of the popciijay, which was A.D. 1721, when fatlicr Daniel wrote, ftill in ufc ; a military writer (Montegon), who had ferved under Charles IX. and Henry III. contemporaries with Queen Elizabeth, complains (fays father Daniel), that in his time, no foldiers were made to perform an exercife except the regiment of guards ; this fad, incredible aa it may appear, is in fome mcafure confirmed by the tefti- mony of Monfieur dc Montgomnieri de Corbofon, who lived at the fiimc time ; for that gen- tleman in his Treatifc on the French Militia, fpeaking of the exercife of the Greek Soldiers, as 1 „< ints of direc^tion or aUignemeiit. The following cxtra(^l: from a fmall pamphlet entitled " A vvorthy f|X?ech f|)oken by his excellence the E. of Ellex in the head of his armic before his arrivall at Worceiler, on Saturday lalt, being the 24th Sep- tember, i6*4«>. Pub. September u.qth, ib'4.2," ihews the ftate of the difcipline of the ])arliamentary army at that period, and is replete with good fenfe. 1. I SHALL defire all and every otticcr to endeavour by love and att'able carriage to command his fouldiers, lince what is done for fear is done unwillingly, and what is unwillingly attempted can never prof[)er. LiKEwisi: 'tis my reciuell that you be very carefull in the exerciling of your men, and bring them to ufc their armes readily and ex|)ertly, and not to bufy them in pra6lizing the ceremonious formes of military tlifcipline, onely let them be well inllructed in the necelTary rudiments of warre, that they may know to fall on with dilcretion and retreat with care, how to maintaine their order and make good their ground: alfo I do expe^l that all thofe whicii voluntarily engaged themfelves in tliis fervice, fliould anfwer my expe6tation in the performance of thefe enfuing articles. '!• iMlf (li) Towards the latter end of the lail century, military manoeuvres were, particularly in l'"rance, io multiplied and complicated, as to exhibit as many ridiculous conceits, as a Dutch parterre ; an inflance of this occurs 'n Mr. Guibert's EiTay on Tadlicks ; who fays, ** when 1 entered into the fervice, this puerile exercife ftill prevailed ; though men's minds began to be enlightened for twenty years before ; they manceuvred with open ranks, and palled their time in countermarching by rank and hie, in grouniling their firelocks, and taking them up with- out bending their knees ; tliey formed battalions into circles, triangles, fipiarcs, and balHons ; M. de Chevert related, tliat when adjutant to the regiment of Ueaucc, he was much admired for having at the end of a fiehWay, he conducted before the infpetlor, delineated with the regiment, the words, • Vive Ic Roy,' and caufed this living alphabet to fire a feu de joyc." THE ENGLISH ARMY. 353 time were fs, the faw, he mode of ad the Icaft i' A worthy of his armic le 24,th Sep- : ftate of the i replete with by love and done for fear cd can never the exerciiing and exiiertly, lies of mihtary iiiry rudiments ion and retreat . their ground: god themfelves performance of Lvcvc, prtkHiLnly in conceits, as a Dutch l^'s minds began to be I and ralVecl their time [wking them uj^ v.ith- aiuares.niulballions-, Ihe was much acimirea Ir, aclineated with the L fire a feu ile j«y«;-" 1 . That you willingly and chearfully obey fuch as (by your owne eleftion) you have made commanders over you. 2. That you take fpeciall care to keepe your armes at all times fit for fervice, that upon all occafions you may be ready when the fignal fhall be given by the found of the drumme or trumpet to repaire to your colours, and fo to march upon any fervice, where and when oc- cafion Ihall require. 3. That you beare yourfelves like foldiers without doing any fpoile to the inhabitants of the country ; fo doing you Ihall gain love and friendfhip, where otherwife you will be hated and complained off, and I that (hould prote6l you, Ihall be forced to punilh you according to the feverity of law. 4. That you accept and reft fatisfied with fuch quarters as fhall fall to your lot, or be appointed you by your quarter-mailer. 5. That you Ihall (if appointed for centries or per-dues) faithfully difcharge that duty, for upon failure hereof, you are to undergo a very fevere cenfure. 6. You Ihall forbeare to profane the Sabbath, either by being drunke, or by unlawfull games, for whofoever Ihall be found faulty muft not expeft to pafle unpunilhed. 7. Whosoever Ihall be knowne to negledl the feeding of his horfe, with neceflary provender, to the end that his horfe be difabled or unfit for fervice, the party for the faid default Ihall fuffer a month's im- prifonment, and afterwards be cafhiered as unworthy the name of a fouldier. 8. That no trooper or other of our fouldiers fhall fuffer his Pad- dee (i) to feed his horfe in the come, or to fteale mens hay, but Ihall pay every man for hay 6d. day and night, and for oats 2s. the bulhell. Lastly ; that you avoid cruelty, for it is my defire rather to fave (i) The meaning of this word I have not been able to afcertain •, it is by feme fuppofed to mean Irifli boys ■, many of them were then, it is faid, ferving as grooms to the troopers : Paddce, according to this idea, originated from the vulgar appellation of paddy, given by the Englifh to the Iriflimen of all denominations. VOL. I, Z Z I •■ 1 I- / < t 354 HISTORY OF ¥ i ^ the life of thoufands, than to kill one, fo that it may be done without prejudice. These things faithfully performed, and the juftice of our caufe truely confidered, let us advance with a religious courage, and willing- ly adventure our lives in the defence of our king and parliament. The exercife adopted in the attempt to re-introduce the long bow into our armr^^s, by connedling it with the pike, comes next under confideration. The following are the diredlions given by Nead in his treatife, en- titled, The Double-armed Man (k). Now the perfcdtion of this exercife, if they have been bowmen, may be attained unto by practice without any great difficultie, and thereby he is a double armed man ; and for the order and pollures belonging to the pike and bow, for the true ufe thereof is as followeth. First, the whole body of pikes mull keep their fyles of pikes ftreight by line, for in fo doing, they may all fhoot, as well the middle and the rear, as the front, without offending one another. Secondly, every follower muft fhoot right over his leader's head, and fo fhoot tliorow his own fyle of pikes, for that muft be his true dire6tion to make his fhoot. Thirdly, after the enemy comes on, and that the leaders do fhoot I ' (M y lilt'' ill .i r L'''\ (: liL. ■I 'r t (k) Printed A.D. 1625. It appears by the preface, tl:at the author, William Nead, caufed a foldier to perform this exercife before King Charles I. in St. James's Park, and that he by pi."tition folieited the king to give orders for its being pradtifed in the artillery gardens of London and Weftminftcr ; to which the king anfwcrctl, that it were meeter for tliem to pra£life it of their own accord : he alfo there complains of having neither fupportation, nor countenance from any (but God aloiiL-) ; he, however, at length obtained a commifllon, about the year 1633, for himfelf and fon, alio named William ; wherein he (the father) is ililed an ancient archer, who had prefented to the king a warlike invention for uniting the ufe of the pike and bow, feen and approved by him and his counfel of war ■, wherefore liis majelly had granted him a comraiflion to teach and exercife liis loving fubjecfls in the faid invention, which Jje particularly recommended the chief officers of his train band to learn and praftife; and the jufticcs, and other chief magiftrates throughout England, are therein enjoyncd to ufe every means in their power to aflift Neade, his fon, and all perfons authorifed by them in the furtherance, propagation, and pradlice of this ufeful invention. .. m^ ne without our caufe [id willing- ment. 2 long bow next under reatife, en- wmen, may and thereby IS belonging h. likes ftreight ddle and the jader's head, be his true ers do fhoot William Nead, ;s Park, and that artlllevy gardens ECter for them to iipportation, nor ommiflion, about ather) is IViled an ng the ufe of the e his majeily had le faid invention, am and praftifcj n enjoyncd to ufc "ed by them in the ||{^:'» 1^ J'.f '.fn'i'i/^M4^/t//i^ '/'/l<' i/(}■ 1 i ; 1 1 1. ! I ' t 1)11 1 ! i \ \ \ y 1- \ '1 J .irMfT arfn'fi m'f^ a Taraet. P/Jr^m^n arme^ wM a B<^tm(ie/. 'tl'l p iiWwMiliHMiiiia « -1 i\ ' » ' I ■ lis t 1 ) tn ;!l i! k THE ENGLISH ARMY. 355 i bread high, then are the followers to bear their bowe hand even with the top of his leader's head, for that is the lowed and (horted didance that they can flioot, danding in their order and fquare body. Fourthly, after your lad dioot, which \^ about fixe fcore yards, you mud faden your bowe and come up to your clofe order for the charge ; and if it be for horfe, while the five or fix fird ranges dand charged with their pikes, reded at the foot, and their fwordes drawne ; the middle of the reare may flioot their voleyes of arrowes, and doe good fervice ; whereas, without their bowes they can doe nothing but dand with their pikes floapt or ported. These obfervations for the pra<5lice of this exercife, I have here fet downe for the indrudlion unto all thofe, that hereafter ftiall endeavour to pradlife the fame. Here folio weth the proper words of command belonging to this ex- ercife for the pike and bow, accordinge as it hath been pra6lifed by the worthie focietie in the Artillerie-garden, London. The proper words of command for this exercife are as foUoweth Order your pike. Slope your pike. Unfaden your bow. Draw out your arrow. Nock your arrow. Shoot wholly together. Port your pike and march. Port your pike and retire. Faden your bow. Recover your pike. Advance your pike. Come up to your clofe order. Charge your pike. Recover your pike. Shoulder your pike and march. Comport your pike and march. Here followeth alfo, fixe feverall portraitures mod proper for this exercife, with the pike and bow, by this invention, with the obfervations and words of command, properly belonging to each feverall podure(l). (1) Ward in his animadverfions of Warre, mentions this invention with approbation : " This invention of joyning a bowe to the pike, may bee of excellent ufe in the warres, to impale the flankes of an army ; for when the horfe (hall charge eyther in flank or reare, thofe arrowes will gaule them i they are very good to be drawn out to fafeguard fome fmall troopes to I) : k.r >■»■■ ■* '""jtv i'l.' 11 . .. ' .l^ I % \\ tj ^^ HISTORY OF Fig. 1. The pikemen Hands ordered. This portraiture is firft placed, being properly the firft pofture ; for the pikemen (landing ordered, is ready alfo for all other poflures or fervice whatfoever he 0iall be commanded, as Advance your pike, &c. Shoulder your pike, march. Sloape your pike. Unfaflen your bow and fhoot. Port your pike and march. Port your pike and retire, &c. Fig. a. The pikemen Hands floaped and (hooting. This portraiture is properly for (hooting with this obfervation, that the butt end of the pike be faft in the ground, at the right foot. The words of command for this pofture are as foUoweth : Sloape your pike. Unfaften your bow. Draw out your arrow. Nocke your arrow. Shoot wholly together. Fig. 3. The pikeman (lands ported, to march or retire. This portraiture is mod proper for the third place ; for after (hoot- ing the (ird volley of arrowes at the farthed didance, if any fall (hort, you are ready, fo ported, to march ten paces, or more or lelTe, as you (hall be commanded, to (hoot your fecond volley of arrowes, &c. After which, the words of command are ; Faden your bowe. Recover your pike. Fig. 4. The pikeman dands charged. This portraiture is placed next after the former; for when the ^■M. .i| i,V of fliot that fliall be fent out to difcharge upon the horfe '■, but for the placing of thefe in the front of the maine batalia's, I hold it not fo good, unlefTe it be only the two firft rankes, for it will be very troublefome when the troopes fliall joyne at pufli of pike ; befides, the pikes heads will foon cut their bow-ftrings in funder, and make them of no validitie } and quef- tioiiielTc in time of ftormie wet weather, thefe bowes would doe great fervice, when the muf- quct cannot be difcharged for wet. for when the Lcing of thefe in the (two firft rankes, for 1; befides, the pikes Ivaliditie } and qucf- vicc, when the muf- r^f.i nwir/i /■,■„,„ ,v;/,vy,/ 7';.xi;hcisi: ok tiik I'iki: PI i. \.C (U ■-'v/j.-,*.\«»,^ 'X m i W^ I HI '1 i,l ^ > ■ i [ t } : V i ii f ' ■ h I , \ flprf \-oiir JiA-t- //i,f rnt>/itvi,f 7'Ae :: Mit>/ii'n TAe J moficn. Tif fl, ntofion Mrio J^ftoiiMt'trt/. A PlKK KXKRCISK V\.2. N.C.O(H*HiuJtht ,rnUp. m \\ ■M f f 1 11 ■■ irRn tt ii [i?i ■ cP' !^i'! '■ it I* / I el • ""Ifcr -^ l^P^mM^nn^^^^ W V 1 II % f If*' 9n 1 ^w ^w* M. ^ISUHHK^IHb fAr J.mi'//i>/i //#/'./ mofti'ii Aw/t/ t^if/imf • ^^% tkM^2^^^^ / V ^^^ ^^^^^^ '/Si Ww^^y "^^ 'w^ ■■ " viA 1-4 ^'■a ■ HHBHHHnu^BkjHHHIHHHi ^^^^ -^1 Kiivirr vi'ttr/iAfk. fAi'ii/tffr iti;\ mrf/o. T/)i' ■y.//ii'f>'t>n . 77i<:\ //i(>/i<'/i />iy//ifj'//<'/>/ 1 y i i H. • ' ■ ! 1 1 ■') ' ■ i h ' '. '1 '0: ^ : 1 r' KXKHCISK OK TlIK I'IKK I'l. 4. ■■•;] (Ik '' #1 1 ' ' 1 ■ J ■ ' ! : ' »■ » ♦ 4 < 1 1 1 ■ < i THE ENGLISH ARMY. 357 fouldier hath (hot his volleys of arrows, and faftened his bow, if the enemy will come to the pulh, then is he readyly a pike-man, and fo to receive his epemy at the pufli. The words of command for this pofture are as foUoweth : Advance your pike. Come up to your clofe order. Charge your pike. Fig. 5. The pikeman Hands coucht and charged for the horfe, with his fword drawne. This portraiture of charging for horfe, is to fhew, that the bow is very material for this fervice ; for the five or fix firft rankes ftanding coucht at the charge, the middle and the reare may ftioot their volleys of arrowes, and therewith both gaule, wound, diforder, and kill the enemie, both man and horfe. The words of command are : Five firft ranks, draw your fwordes clofe to your pouldrons, charge at the foot and couch low ; middle and reare, port and come up to your order, and (hoot your arrowes. Fig. 6. The pikeman (boulders and marches. This portraiture of (houldering and marching, is placed to (liew with what eafe the bow is carried with the pike, and without incum- brance unto the pikeman, either for carriage or fervice. The words of command for this pofture are ; Shoulder your pike and march. Likewise comporting is very proper upon fome occafion for the pike and bow ; the words are. Comport your pike and march. By an abridgement of the Engli(h military difcipline, pubhlhed by royal authority, A.D. 1686, it appears, that great improvements had been made in that fcience in a very few years ; the troops were many of them armed with firelocks inftead of matchlocks ; the idea of the bayonet began to be adopted, and the mulketteers fired three deep, the front rank kneeling, the center ftooping, and the rear ftanding upright : in this firing, the platoon divifion or regiment having pre- I •-•■"■ * i) II 358 HISTORY OF k .' f^' ■: I'h I' *,„ mi A ... ,i pared themfelves as here mentioned, the center and rear ranks fired, and recovered their arms ; and laftly, the front rank did the fame ; the whole then clubbed their mufkets at the word given for that pur- pofe, and on the word, fall on ! rufhed forward with a huzza ! The grenadiers likewife pra6lifed the grenade exercife ; in which, after flinging their firelocks, they lighted and threw their grenades by ranks, and at the fame time feizing their hatchets, which made part of their appointments, at the word of command, '* fall on !" ruflied forwards hatchet in hand, as at an attack of the covert way, the hatchets being intended to cut down the pallifades. When a regiment was drawn up for exercife or a review, the files were fix deep, the ranks at o]>en order, the companies pofted accord- ing to their feniority, the eldeft on the right, the next on the left, till the youngeft came into the center : the battalion was then formed by the mulketteers facing to the right and left, outwards, and the pikes to the right and left inwards ; at the word '• march" they interchanged their ground, the front rank of the pikes palling before the front rank of mulketteers, and the remainder between tiie ranks, in the fame manner as was lately pra6lifed by the grenadiers in covering the flanks of the battalion ; by this movement the pikes were all in the centre flanked by the mulketteers. The ferjeants were pofted, part on the flanks to the right and left of each rank, and the remainder in a rank in the rear, three paces from the rear rank of the regiment ; the drummers on the flanks of the ferjeants, drefling with the front, or with the front and fecond ranks ; the mufick was on the right of the drummers of the right wing, and drefling with them. The officers were thus placed : the lieutenants were divided equally, half at the head of the right wing of mufl<.etteers, and the other at the left ; the enfigns at the head of the pikes upon the fame line with the lieutenants, and each of tliem two paces from the body ; the captains were divided equally, and placed on each wing, two paces before the lieutenants ; none were to Hand before the enfigns, but he only who commanded in chief, who was to be two paces before the captains ranks fired, i the fame; )r that pur- tza! I ; in which, grenades by h made part on!" rufhed ;rt way, the riew, the files oiled accord- n the left, till en formed by d the pikes to interchanged ^he front rank in the fame ing the flanks in the centre right and left ir, three paces [i the flanks of [nt and fecond :s of the right divided equally, [he other at the le line with the |y ; the captains paces before the Lt he only who Ire the captains I i' ij miMimtMviHiliiMUr,iti,iS»iJ.i f H • rest k open y^'^^'' ,-^iiriU> Ss- ii Ifr;,, i ii, " m 'ri'i 1 , mm[ 1 i \ /Jn/ii (Vif \t'iir matfA MrSKKTKKKS V\..\ voiir nirt/ffi ■ % JH I II. 1 if: i. • ^iu/ o/yotir /vote powiftr. 7)Am' I'/'vciu- /t'lKff pumifr 7rm/ yrur rivt. en your CAanTf ('/iii>\if ii'//r .\f/t.(/;et Ihmy /hrtAyi'ur jVoif/wt/Sfit/i. . t/ftf/'/ew I !"///• jtruirtrur , Wf^ MrsKtTKKHS I'l.;}. r .\tiisket. itr .Mit.i'fit't If. Vi-tS: J<t>ifn{J^t M r s K i; T K !•; u s V\ J r i ■ . Mi ! f'lri' < 1,1///' ttiafi'f) It VOUf fhl't yClifinh^jhi !5;- ■!* ji; ^ ■m' n M/rtii h'/'fA rt'irrrtiff m rr/tr /iir/uf. I'lirrv vow r,if/. rniAi'/iA/f'r \v//r }fii.fkrf-. M\Ni'M, t:\i:iu'isi-; ok tiik Ml'ski, tkkhs PI.i. .l[<'y«(»''*^-" W ymr Mf^ff'- 'rrffi vt''"" .?/r?/"! (1 . 1 .' i * 4 * 3- ■ t ! : m^ mm te 'ill i I i THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3d9 (that is), fix paces from the pikes, unlefs when a regiment made but one battalion, and the colonel and lieutenant-colonel were both prefent; then the lieutenant-colonel was to be pofted on the left hand of the colonel ; the major (who always was to be on horfeback,) in a dire(5l line before the ferjeants on the right angle, a little advanced before the line of captains; and the adjutant on the left angle in like manner on horfeback. To receive the king or queen, the pikes were advanced, and the mufkets fiiouldered ; but to all others the pikes were ordered. If there was a company of grenadiers, it was drawn up on the right of the battalion three deep, about two or three paces dillance between the drums of the battalion, and that of the grenadiers. The files were now opened to the right or left, and the officers took tlieir pods of exercife in the rear, forming two ranks, the fubalterns and colours eleven paces, and the captain thirteen paces, to the rear of the rear rank of the battalion. The ferjeants at the fame time moved through the intervals oppo- fite to them, into the front, forty-fix paces beyond the front rank ; that is, fix paces beyond the exercifing oflficer, and then divided them- felves at equal difiances along the front, in a line parallel to the bat- talion. The regiment then went through the manual exercife of the muflcet and pike ; this being done, both the pikemen and mulketteers were ordered to ground their arms, and to go to the right about, and march to the rear, and as foon as they were clear of the officers to difperfe ; on the beating of the preparative, the foldiers all drew their fwords, and carrying their points upwards, ran to their arms with a loud huzza, and ftood befide them, their I'vvords poifed before them : they then, on the word of command, returned their fwords, took up their arms, and the officers refumed their poils in the front. The evolutions and manoeuvres were opening, clofing, and doub- ling the ranks f.nd files, wlieeling forwards and backwards by fub- divifions, palling a defile, forming and reducing the hollow Iquare ; in tliis manoeuvre, the colours, one to each company, were in tlie center, and the grenadiers covered the angles. ff ,■ 1 '!'' ilf 1- I* t. / ' h i. 360 HISTORY OF '1 (t The firings were to the front, the rear, and the flanks, the ftreet firing, volley, and running fire, or firing by files. Firing to the front was thus performed ; the files being fix deep, the front, fecond, tliird, fourth, and fifth ranks, all kneeled ; the fixth, or rear, n.ade ready and fired ; the fifth then rofe, and did the fame, and fo on fucceflively till the front had fired j this firing was alfo per- formed by two or three ranks at a time ; in the laft cafe, the firft and fecond ranks ftooped, and the third Hood upright. This firing was likewife performed advancing and retreating, much in the fame manner as was lately pradlifed in the ftreet firings. Firing to the rear differed only in the battalion going to the right about, and the front rank beginning inftead of the rear ; firing to the flanks was performed by leaving an interval of fix feet on the right and left, between the divifion of mulketteers and pikemen : the battalion having faced to the right and left outwards, the right and left hand files made ready, prefented, and fired ; after which they faced out- wards, divided, and marched into the intervals prepared for them, where they joined, formed and reloaded ; this was fucceflively repeated till the whole had fired ; the officers after every fire taking care to make their men move forward a few paces, in order to keep thefe in- tervals open. Th£ volley and running fire require no explanation, as they were performed in the fame manner as at prefent (m). The ftreet firing differed very little from the prefent mode of per- forming it, that except for that purpofe the mulketteers occupied the center, and the pikemen the flanks of the divifions. The following regulations are given for marching paft the king or any perfon to be faluted. < 1 .%L f n (, ) 1? ^i-l . % (m) It may not, perhaps, be improper here to correal an error, into which many mili- tary writers have fallen ; this is confounding a general difcharge with a volley: the volley is a feu de joy, always fired with the ranks at half diftance without bayonets, and with the muzzles elevated, whence it derives its appellation of voile, or flight, borrowed from a flight of rockets } a general difcharge is always fired with fixed bayonets and well levell'd arms. m%- le ftreet fix deep, he fixth, he fame, alfo per- firft and ng, much the right ing to the the right e battahon [ left hand faced out- for them, ly repeated ig care to ip thefe in- they were Dde of per- ccupied the the king or lich many mili- ly. the volley is \, and with the Irrowed from a id well levell'd Jirifiir /t/t \riiiAUi.tAft . !'l i ) 1 1 t It m \i ' n U 1 \t THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3^3 changed by authority, three different fyftems having been pra6lifed within the fpace of about forty years ; among other improvements, the introdu6tion of the quick ftep in marching and manoeuvring, is not the leaft important ; before that, every movement wa«! performed with a flow, and almoil funereal folemnity ; till about the year 1750, the firelock was carried nearly in the pofition now termed floped, and held by the fwell ; the motions were all performed as flow as poflible, wide, and in the poize, and divers other motions, at the full extent of the arm. The exercife of the antient cavalry feems in a great meafure to have refembled that of modem times ; the methods of difmounting and linking their horfes pra6lifed by the archers on horfeback being very much like the mode now ufed by our dragoons ; this may be ga- thered from the following flcetch extracted by father Daniel, from a manufcript ii 1 th k: ng of France's library, written about the year 1 473 , containing in' ». ns for a corps of gens d'armes raifed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in imitation of thofe of France ; each lance, or man at arms, being attended by two archers, with a coufl;il- lier and page. My faid lord alfo ordains, that for the better accuftoming the faid body to the ufe of arms, and that they may be better taught and in- ftructed, when opportunity offers, the captains of the genfdarmes and chiefs of fquadrons being in garrifon, or havinge time and leifure to do it, fliall take parties of their men at arms to exercife in the fields, armed fometimes with their upper pieces only, that is to fay, with head pieces or caflcs, and cuirafl'es only, and at other times completely armed, and fliall pra6lice them in running at each other with the lance, keeping themfelves clofe and compaft, teaching them to charge brilkly, to keep to their enfigns, to leave them if ordered, and to rally, fuccour- ing each other when commanded, and the manner of fuftaining a charge : to inftru(5l the archers how to manage their horfes, to accuftom them to difmount and to flioot with their bows, caufing them to learn the manner of linking their horfes together with their bridles, and making them march after them to the front, fixing the horfes of the archers by their bridles to the cornets of the hinder part of tlie faddle of the ^i;i 364 HISTORY OF r.:i,.U I - If mf i\ \ thi 'UU tli wm . 111 ii: page to the men at arms to whom they belong : moreover to march brifkly to the front, to flioot without breaking their ranks, and to make the piquenaires, or pikemen, march with a clofe and even front before the faid archers, and on a fignal, to kneel on one knee, keeping their pikes lowered to the height of a faddle bowe, in order that the archers may fhoot over the faid pikemen, as over a wall ; and that the faid pikemen feeing their enemies fall into diforder, may be ready to fally forth upon them, and alfo to fet themfelves back to back upon a double defence, or in a fquare or round order, the pikemen being always in clofe order before the archers, to fullain the charge of the enemy's horfe, enclofing within their centre the pages and horfes of the archers ; and the faid conduftors or captains may in the beginning introduce thefe operations, by fmall companies, and as foon as one of them is accomplifhed, they fhall teach another. In the reign of King James I. the cavalry, according to Markham, was formed fix deep; the horfes being fet on their haunches were taught to run the circle in the lunge, to turn, paflage, and rein back. Only two forts of diftance were then obferved, in both ranks and files ; namely, clofe and open order ; clofe order in files was, cuifle to cuifle, or knee to knee; open order was fix feet, in both files and ranks ; clofe order in ranks was clofe to the croop, or in other words, the head of each horfe was clofe to the tail of his file-leader, leaving no interval between. The evolutions on horfeback were opening and clofing the ranks and files to the right and left, and to both hands by divifions. Doubling the ranks and files to the right and left, and to both hands by divifions ; middle-men and bringers up doubling the front to the right, to the left, and to both by divifions, turning to the right and right about, the left and left about by converfion, countermarching to the right and left, countermarching to both by converfion, wheeling to the right and left, and to both. The manual exercife of the piftol was alfo pra6tifed ; the motions and words of command are exhibited in the plates engraved from thofe pf Captain Crufe, publiihed at Cambridge, A.D. 1632. to march d to make ont before >ping their the archers lat the fold ady to folly on a double T always in the enemy's the archers; ng introduce e of them is to Markham, aunches were Fg^' and rem oth ranks and s was, cuiffe to both files and n other words, leader, leaving ofmg the ranks [vifions. nd to both hands the front to the to the right and countermarching verfion, wheeling ifed ; the motions graved from thofe 32. 1 f,# i ^1 ii # • ™ ■ i If M , ' •; ■ / ! ' il ;q w4 MBn 1 1 i !?l 11 I i , i^ T/ie JIiirMn ■ '' ' . f! I 11 Iff '''!!i mm f : EXKHCISE C)T THKHOKST. I'J.J. ler n> H 1, :€^ I f)'' m " "It? ill S mi ! ExEKCisE or ruK IhWSK PI.4. ■^i It, ■(' Fire >• fJ'- li n H ■'■ f/'i;.«i i ' HI I '''ill'- ^ •■■ 1 k ^w^ :..,. "•' "■•... ■ , ,..;».. . ..;. -w. ^ -;^»»"re--~- ^liL ^ f •V.I ' .» t». '■'«<«*• ' * •""",.. .. ••.•I*- ■ ■ . '5". ■■-"• ■ ■ ,,A •' Ofiffe your f//iA\ LfHif/ ^ war J*isfo/ . 1 is u 7» m^ vW; ^'^V^^^B_^^^^^^^^^^fc'''~^HBflK^v £Jm ^ 1 1 ^ iSl ^ wV^ [ .-^ -ftMM^^ /)niw I /////• Jfamrn/^: Load h'//// /}/////>/ A nun /lorne liXKRCISE or THE HOUSE /'l.,^. to I'J in home. % ; ; h. J)>a/ircw I'l.rfp/ Prune wi/r lis'fo/ S ,C/inf vortr J^r/n . foft about vour 1'i.ftol . Vl'in'.'Jttiaht ^nilf' EXERCISK OF THK HOKSE PL2. 'ifto/ a- I'lstof- H; rill '1 M ' \ I' 1 i /^ '' I I l^f ' i7^ fforse. /)niw your Piiit/i/fr voftr Pi.itu/ . \ t' ('I'.'iiniiifii j'f'/- KxKiK isi: ()!■ Tin; KoKsK ri I. I'i THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3^5 The cavalry occafionally formed, what was called, the fquarc battle, the wedge, and the rhombe, with divers other figures then in falhion. Towards the latter end of the reign of King James H. the cavalry were armed with carabines which they fired on horfeback. The horfe-grenadiers then aj^ted like a company of grenadiers to a battalion, and were armed with muflcets and grenades, linked their horfes, difmounted, fired, fcrewed their daggers into the muzzles of their mulkets, charged, returned their daggers, fired, and threw their grenades by ranks, the center and rear ranks advancing in fucceffion through the intervals between their file-leaders ; they then grounded their arms, went to the right about, difperfed, and at the preparative or beating to arms, drew their fwords, and flood by their arms, falling in with a huzza I they then returned their fwords, Ihouldered and flung their mulkets, marched to their horfes, unlinked and mounted ; aft^r which, they fired their piftok and muflcets on horfeback. The exercife of the dragoon differed very little from that of the horfe-grenadier, except in that part relative to the grenade. Very great alterations have of late taken place in the field exercife and manoeuvres both of the cavalry and the infantry. Moft of the dragoon regiments have been made light ; and a new fword exercife has been adopted for the cavalry. The whole fyftem of the army has been rendered uniform, by regulations iffued from the adjutant-gene- ral's office. Within the laft fifty years, the Britilh infantry has been gradually falling into the Pruffian fyftem ; and the new regulations are almoft wholly founded on the Pruffian inftitutions. The number of motions, which the foldier has to go through, in the exercife of the firelock, has been confiderably diminiflied; and the manoeuvres or principal movements for a battalion are confined to eighteen in num- ber. For the particulars, the reader is referred to the " Rules and regulations for the formations, field-exercife, and movements of his majefty's forces." I 'J ^a HISTORY OF CHAPTER Xn. ?! ll.^ = 1 ! W'' ir 1^1 1'! Of Military Machines and Artillery. HE prqjedHle machines, or antient artillery, ufed by our anceAors about the time of the Norman iuvafion, were the fcorpion, catapulta, balifta, and onager of the Romans, with divers other fpecies of the fame machines, under a variety of different appehations. These machines, their proportions and properties, are defcribed in the works of Vitruvius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and other writers ; but for want of illuftrative delineations the defcriptions are in general ^ extremely obfcure, and in fome parts unintelligible. Many mathematicians and engineers have at different times taken great pains to inveftigate this fubjedt ; among them is Mr. Newton, an ingenious architedl, who, meaning to favour the world with a new edition of Vitruvius, has been particularly attentive to the part which treats of thefe machines, and not only examined and compared the feveral authors who have written on that matter, but alfo, by models and experiments, has endeavoured to afcertain the theory of the dif- ferent confiruftions : the drawings and defcriptions here given are the refult of his labours, which he has generoully permitted me to copy, and infert in this work. I have been the more particular in the confi- deration of this article, as the moving powers of moft of the different machines fo varioufly named, the fcorpion excepted (o), depended on the fame principles as thofe of the balifla, catapulta, and onager ; (o) The fcorpion was only a large crofs-bow ; the balifta was at firft chiefly ufcd for throwing Hones, and the catapultafor lancing darts or arrows } but by degrees they were confounded, and indifferently appropriated to both. r anceftors catapulta, aes of the efcribed in r writers; in general ^ imes taken Newton, an /ith a new part which npared the by models of the dif- ven are the ne to copy, n the confi- de different epended on id onager; :hlefly ufcd for ;rees they were t I : ! '9 > 1 t ■ '■!■, i- i''' i i h t' (^ ■y\ hi Ill !!• I 111 11 f J li-'iN f * < Anciknt .Vrtillbry. Pl.iv. •>^. rr. r' h M lU i-i !2Sk — »ll^' ■■''"'/' !r^ m Vi'i .;'■■ ■i I •! JiyJ/. \ ' i'i-.-/hiMhl,''i'if ANCi>:>ir AnTiM.EnY.PJ 2. :i^f,f,3^-^f- .,.-^,,j '.-^JUr*-- ■ -1 - - .--.'"■' &i-> ,^w .: !1^, ■;•"'-'■ -^;^ „; • ■'«*\^^J*. * " uw Hi !t ' Hi' l\^' ro ; i! I I I ill m I » i 1 * I fli An( fi:N r Aitiii.i.Kin Pli. Tr7!r,3^/ :■.,./,• T H K ENGLISH ARMY. 3^7 namely, the elafticity of twilk'cJ cords formed of the bowels of animals, fmcws, human hair, flax, and hemp. TiiK fcorpion was the fmallcfl machine of its kind, and of the leaft cffei^t ; it was fo called, becaufc its form was thought to have fome refemblance to that of the infedt fo named ; it confilled of a bow AA., fig. 1., made of Heel, or of fome elallic wood, having a cord made of the bowels of animals, (I retched from one end to the other, and fixed through holes made for that purpofe at its extremities ; in the middle was placed the rcgula BB., which had in its upper furface a channel cut in the (hape of a i'wallow's tail, the lower part being the broadeft ; this regula was called thcfyrinx ; it was made of wood, and of fuch fize as was thought fuitable ; it was fixed on a board DE., fomewhat ex- ceeding it in length and breadth, called catagogis; upon the fyrinx was placed another rcgula, fig. s., equal to it in length and breadtli, having a mafculus FF. fwallow-tailed, fitting exactly for form and fize to the fwallow-tailed channel or groove, cut on the fyrinx, and which was joined to it in its lower part ; this laft regula was called the ' diojlra, and being placed on the fyrinx with its mafculus F. inferted into the fwallow-tail'd groove C, it might be made to Aide backward and forward without rifle of feparation. In the upper furface of this diojira there was a femi-circular channel G. of its whole length, called epitoxis, in which the arrow was placed ; and at the end of the faid epitoxis, which was fartheft from the bow, there were two perpendicular plates of iron HH., fig. 5., called caiochas, fixed on the diofira, at a fmall diftance one from the other ; between them was placed a hook, or hand of iron, I., called cbira, and manucla ; one of thefe extremities was bent back like a hook, and was flit, fo as to be able to receive the thicknefs of the arrow between its two parts ; its other extremity L. terminated in a point ; afterwards, crofs the fides of the catochas, and of the chira, was placed an iron axis K., fo that the chira could turn vertically about; under the pointed extremity L., of the chira, was the end of a thin bar of iron LM., which was fixed upon the upper furface of the dioflrot to the left of the epitoxis, by an axis of iron, on which it turned rrvr.^js?'' -■.■■'/■ ^ ■{ hT" fti '*t ! !. it',- f ' Hi ^'' if? . k r -.1 It 'ti H l¥ 368 HISTORY OF horizontally ; this bar was called the Jbajleria, and whilft its extremity L. relied under the end of the cbira, it hindered the latter from turn- ing on its axis ; but when it was difplaced by pulling forward the other extremity M., it permitted the hooked end I, of the cbira to turn over and to put itfelf in the place of the pointed end L., which confequently turned under, and put itfelf in tiie place of the hooked end, there being an opening cut in the diojlra, purpofely to let it pafs. The points AA. of the bow were bent upwards, fo that the firing or cord could pafs freely over the upper fur face of the diojlra, al- though the middle of the bow was lever than the mafculus F., which was under the diojlra ; the caiagog's was rounded off at its extremity E. near the bow, and was hollowed out at its other extremity D., the archer leant his body againfl the hollow, and then puflied the diojlra forward, until the cbira I., fig. 4., came to the cord of the bow, which he then put upon the hooks of the cbira, and to prevent it from turn- ing, and confequently letting go the cord, he put the J/^aJteria under its extremity, which ended in a point L., he then puflied with all his force the end F. of the diojlra againll fome wall, or againft the earth, keeping his body in the cavity D. of the catagogis ; In this manner he drew to him by force the diojlra and the cbira ; the chira having feized the firing or cord of the bow, this lall was in like manner drawn for- wards towards his body, and the bow thereby bent : the following mechanifm was made ufe of to hinder the bow from drawing the diojlra backwards : there was a rule with teeth, N., fixed on both udes the Jyrinx their whole length, and a hook of iron, O., called cataclida, which turned vertically, on an iron axis, on both fides of the diojlra ; when the dioftra was pufhed forwards, the cataclida fell fucceffively between the teeth of the rule, which ! 1 idered the diojlra from going backwards. When the bow was bent as much as was tliought necefiary, and re- tained in that ftatc by the cataclidas, the archer placed the arrow in the epitoxis, inferting its extremity where it is feathered between the parts of the cbira, quite to the firing of the bow, which entered into a cut made purpofely at that end of the arrow ; he then raifed the |{|i'?| ^ 'Ji;> if'' LJ. THE ENGLISH ARMY. ii'^l) SI rem'ity ti turn- e other rn over «iuently re being he ftring jflra, al- f„ which •xtremity ty D., the he diojlra ow, which from turn- \eria under ^ith all his ; the earth, manner he iving feized drawn for- ,e following hawing the an both ndes ed cataclida, ■ the diojlra ; fuccelhvely from going Ifiary, and re- jthe arrow in „ between the Ih entered into lien raifod the machine and took his aim by looking along the arrow, and taking the end M. of the Jhajleria, drew it towards him, and confequently drew the other end of the Jhajleria from under the chira, which by the tenfion of the ftring of the bow, inftantly turned on its axis, thereby difengaging the ftring ; the arrow was difcharged with a great force : this machine was called gajtrapheten, becaufe the bow was bent by the adlion of puftiing with the belly. The catapulta was a machine which ferved for the fame ufe, but which a6ted with a greater force ; to encreafe its force in a great degree without much augmenting its magnitude, which would have rendered tlio machine too heavy and difficult to make ufe of, it was neceflary to make fome alteration in its conftruftion, and above all in that part which was the firft caufe of its force ; that is to fay, in the bowe ; but in encreafing the force of the bow or the arms, it was alfo neceflary to augment the force which a6led on the bow or arms ; in- ftead of producing that eftedl by joining the force of many men, it was more conveniently and efficacioufly done by the application of fome mechanic power, which occafloned fome other difference in the ma- chine ; thefe differences confifted in that which follows : Instead of a bow, as in the fcorpion, the catapulta had a re6lan- gular frame of wood, ABCD, pi. 2, fig. 1, confifting of four uprights, placed at a convenient diftante, and two horizontal traverfes ; one AC above, and the other BD beneath tlie four uprights, with which they were ftroiigly joined by tenons and plates of iron ; the horizontal traverfes were called Jcutuhe by the Romans, and peritreta by tlie Greeks, becaufe they had jx^rforations on all fides. The two outfide uprights, AB and CD, were called paraftae, and the two others on the infide, EF and GH, mefoftae. ViTRUvius gives to all the frames the name of capitule, and Hero of plinthe: the holes IKLM were pierced perpendicularly through the two peritretas ; in the middle between the parajla and the mejojia, on the right and left fides of the capitule, oppofite to the holes of the peritrete, were placed two ftrong bars of iron, IL, and two others, KM. VOL. !. ;3 B I; I." Mt I ■ rs lit !?■ 870 HISTORY OF m HIW i '■' ''"nil I :k ill I t': were applied in the fame manner, oppofite in the holes under the lower peritreta ; thefe bars of iron were called epizygis. They then tied to the upper epizygis, I, one of the ends of a cord made of the bowels of an animal ; the other end was pafled through the lioles of the two peritreta to the lower epizygis, K, it was ftretched round it, and pafled again through the fame holes to the upper epizygis, I, about which it was ftretched, and again in like manner to the lower epizygis ; the fame operation was repeated till the holes were filled, and that the cord could no longer pafs there ; they after- wards inferted in the middle, N, of this aflemblage of cords, the end, N, of an arm of ftccl, or elaftic wood; the other end, O, projected out beyond the face of the parajla, AB, near it ; the two epizyges, I and K, were afterwards turned, fo that the cords were extremely twifted ; by this means they kept the arm, NO, quite firmly, and caufcd it to prefs backwards with force againft the face of the parafta, AB, where a femi-circular cavity was cut purpofely to receive it ; the fame manoeuvre was repeated exaftly at the other extremity of the capitule with the epizyges L and M, at the arm PQ, and the two arms being thus retained by the aflbmblages of twifted cords, made of bowels, will acquire a great degree of elaftic force, and produced ex- actly the fame effe«5l as the bow of the fcorpion before defcribed : the cord, OQ, made of the ftrongeft finews of animals, was pafled through the extremities of the arms, and fixed ; it was of fuch a length, as to retain the arms at a fniall diftance from the parajlte, fo that in the difcharge they fliould not ftrike againft and endanger them ; thele arms were called brachia, and likewife ancones : the "flcmblage or column, IK, of twifted cords, which retained the arms, \sas called tonus, and the frame, ABEF, about it, was called hemitonus, and fometimes unito- toinis ; the interval, FH, which was between the two hemitones, was left for ihv. J^.r if IX y and the diojlra ; the end of the fyrinx being ftrongly fixed upon ; ipper furface S, of thc/cutula, or lower peritreta. Hero gives a dofcription of another capitule, differing, though not ofiTcntiaiiy, from this ; the fcutula having the form of a denii-o6tagon, THE KNGLI8 1I ARMY. 371 • the lower ; of a cord d through IS ftretched the upper ! manner to I the holes they after- Js, the end, ), proje6ted fo epizyges, e extremely firmly, a»d : the parafta, !ceive it ; the emity of the md the two >rds, made of produced ex- efcribcd: the afled through length, as to "0 that in the n ; thefe arms re or column, ed tomis, and tictimes utiito- bemitones, was being Itrongly pcriiretd. g, though not demi-o(itagon, ABCDEF, fig. 2, fo that it was broader in the middle tlian at its ex- tremities ; and the two mcjojlcc, CiEHD, were confequently broader than the two parajlie, AFBC, their breadth boing determined by the interrelation of tlie interior lides of the parajltc, IK, and of the exterior fides, ED, of tlie mcfojhc, with the femi-circle, AIEDKB, as may be leen by the figure. When the capitule AM, fig. 3, was finiflied, there was fixed to it (as has been before faid) one of the ends, B, of the fyrinx, which has alfo the dioftra, CH, tlie cbira and Jhajieriu, D, and cataclida, O, were fimilar in all things to thofe which are defcribed in fpeaking of the fcorpion ; but it had no catagogis ; inftead of which it had nfuculay or axis, E, placed at the other end of the fyrinx, its fides, F, proje6l- uig properly to receive it. In the middle of this fucula, or axis, between the two fides of the fyrinx, was fixed a cord, GC, which extended from thence to the end C, of the diojlra, where it was fattened to a hook ; when the machine was prepared, as was faid, I'peaking of the fcorpion, that is to fay, when the dioftra was puflied forwards until the chira reached the firing of the bow, IKI, and was hooked to it, the dioftra was drawn back- ward by means of the fucula, which was turned by two men, uith the adiftance of the levers L, which pafl'ed through its two extremities ; by this means the arms, II, were drawn and bent, and when they were bent fuiticiently, the arrow, KH, was placed in the opitoxis, and dif- charged in the manner before deicribed. TnK large machines of this fpecies, whofe forces were very confi- derable, were worked by difi'erent combinations of pullies, or pullics combined with tlie Jhcuhe, inltead of fimple J'ucidas ; and inliead of fimple bars of iron, or epizyges, which fufiained the tonus, the ma- chines, M, called by Vitruvius modiols, and by Hero chocnices, were ufed ; they fliall be explained in the defcription of the baiilla. But as this madiine of war was infinitely too large and too weiglity to be managed by hand, and as it was recjuired to turn and elevate it IP difiercnt direilions, it became neceflary to fupport it upon a bafe k .'J72 HISTORY OV f- HI 1 ■ - 3f . r'\ (> . yi ■ f . which Ihould procure it tholie dift'erent movements ; that bafe was thus conllructed : A PILLAR, M, or columella (as Vitruvius calls it), in height two feet and a quarter, was fixed upright upon a foot with three branches, PQR, and fuftained by three props, SSS, placed there- ; on the top of the columella there was a cylindric tenon, T, upon which the cbal- cbejium, UV, turned, which was thus made: upon a horizontal and rectangular plane, UV, two perpendicular and re6tangular fides, \Ja and V6, were fixed on the right and left, and between thefe was fixed another fimilar horizontal plane, 6, c, d, a little above the firft. In the middle of thefe two horizontal planes were holes capable of receiving the tenon, T, of the columella ; the two perpendicu' • fides were at fuch a diftancc one from the other, that they could recce be- tween them the breadth of the fyrinx, which being placed there, an iron axis, E, was pafled horizontally crofs the two fides of the chal- chefium and of the fyrinx, binding them altogether, and permitting the fyrinx to revolve vertically about that axis, in fuch a manner, that the whole catapulta could be inclined in all pofiible pofitions, and by means of the chalchefium which turned upon the tenon of the colu- mella, it might be moved horizontally on all fides, and in this manner it might be pointed towards any objeCl: whatfoever. To keep it fixed and immoveable in the dire6lion defired, it was thus managed ; one end /, of a piece of wood, /, g, was joined to the top of the columella by a hinge or joint, which permitted it to turn vertically, fo that the other end, which refted on the earth, might be placed in different fituations ; this piece was called antcridium ; near its upper extremity, the anapauftria, b, i, was joined to it by a joint, which permitted it to turn vertically. When ihv fyrinx was placed in the propofed direction, the lower end g, of the atiteridium, was moved and fixed it on the earth, fo that the anapaujleria reded perpendicularly under the fyrinx ; the end /, of the anapaujleria, was then raifed and fixed under the fyrinx in the holes purpofely made : by this means the Jyrin.v was rendered immoveable in its polition, and then the archer lii! THE ENGLISH ARMY. 373 was thus t two feet branches, m the top ti the chal- zontal and r fides, Ua ; was fixed irft. 1 capable of licu^ -fides rece.«e be- d there, an )f the chal- 1 permitting lanner, that ,ns, and by ,f the colu- this manner e ked, it was oined to the d it to turn th, might be urn ; near its t by a joint, ^'as placed in , was moved ■pendicularly tn raifed and lis means the ;n the archer difcharged the arrow in the fame manner as is faid in the defcription of the Scorpion ; Catapultas were made of different fizes, but there were only two generally in ufe : the fmalleft was called trijj^ithamaly becaufe it threw arrows of three fpans long ; the largeft was called tricuhital, becaufe it fliot arrows of "hree cubits, or fix fpans long. ViTRuvius gives here the proportions of their different parts, but they are fo altered and corrupted by the copyifts, that they are not to be relied on. Hero fays, that they can only be fixed after the ex- perience of I'everal trials. Pliilo makes mention of feveral of their proportions, and differs mucli from Vitruvius ; they however all agree in this, that the proportions are regulated by the fize of the holes in the fciitula, and that the diameters or thele holes were always made equal to the ninth part of the length of the arrow that the catapulta was made to throw. The capitule, pi. 3, AB, fig. 1, of the balifta, was fimilar to that of the catapulta, except that the two hemitones, AE and BD, were placed at a greater diilance one from the other, leaving a larger in- terval, CE, between the two mefoftse, G, G, which in the baliila were called antijice. As this machine was defigned for throwing large ftones, it was ne- celfary to have tliis large interval, which, according to Hero, ought to be a little lefs than double the length of the arm, RS ; there was befides another difference, namely, that the fcutulce or peritretce AF and DI (which in the catapulta extended in piece over the two hemi- tones), were fepa^^ated in the balifia, and extended only over one hemitone, AF. The lowi-r peritretae, HC and EB, were alfo feparated in the fame manner, fo that the two hemitones were not united by their peritretge, but by two other pieces of wood, KL and MN, one of which, KL, ex- tended over the two upper peritreta.', and the other, MN, under the two bottom peritreta, being failened to the fame by tenons. The paraflia?, O, were made like thofe of the catapulta, but had on their back part a curvelinear proje<5lion, P, oppofed to the circular cavity, Q, in which was the arm, in order to fl rengthen it : The antijia, G, had alfo a curved I ■'1 f^ff ^ ' ■ '!! 1 iMi 374 IIISTOKV OF f < r ' VI I II , agaiuft im of the had both tered into ngles and iron ; the ler to per- j delcribcs . 2, whofe c; parallel I a, e, b, c, are enlarg- Drawing le ab, flicws bored." uity of the a femicircle o the center, •s from thefe a fixth part were added, ilta, as hcre- H'ritrfUi, ^vas It conliUcd of •rofs-w.ws at •ds, aiul Nvcrc I'o wood, Ab } over it Nvas vipper fur t ace on the tab nil \iuciclos, FGG, ladder, from THE ENGLISH ARMY. 375 whence it derived its name ; it was compofed of two long pieces, GG and FF, joined together by many tranfverfe pieces, HH, placed among themfelves at fuitable diftances. The breadth FG, of the climax, according to Hero, was equal to the interval between the antiftae, and its length was of nineteen holes according to Philo, although it was but thirteen according to Vi- truvius. The climax anfwered to the fyrinx of the catapulta ; it was placed on the tabula, fo that it proje6led from it on every fide ; upon two long parallel pieces v/ere placed t\vo others, called ala, II, and KK, equal in breadth and length : between the faid ala, and over the tranf- verfe pieces, HH, of the climax, was placed the dioftra, LLL, which was of the fame length as the climax ; the climax was ftrongly fattened to the menfa, and ftrengthened by the ant^rides, or (lays, MM, ex- tending from the extremities of the alae to the upper peritretas. The chira (or manucla), fhafteria, &c. OP, were fixed on the dioflra, in the fame manner as in the catapulta, but here the crooked extremity, P, of the cliira was not fplit into a fork, but was made like a finger, and was raifed 1 ^h enough above the dioftra, that the cord of the bow when difengaged might feize the ftone to be thrown, Q, towards the middle of its height, in order that it might a6t on. it with more certainty and Itrength ; with tht fame intention the arms, RR, were diipofed in that manner, that the cord of the bow in going back- wards might be moved at that height above the dioftra ; moreover, the cord of the bow, SS, was made broad like a girdle, and not round as in the catapulta, and had a loop, P, in the middle, which hooked upon the finger of the chira. These machines were mad(} with very ftrong and hard wootl, and as light as could accord wit'i thefe two qualities, in order that they might the morfi eafily be tranfported from one place to another ; for the fame reafon, the diifercnt pieces of which thefe machines were compofed, might be feparated one from the other, except the hemi- tones, which were always entire, on account of the difficulty and time S76 HISTORY OF neceflary for preparing the tonus ; the manner of doing it is defcribed in a chapter following. In baliftas and large catapultas, they made ufe of machines, that Hero calls, choenices, and Vitruvius modiols, pi. 4, fig. 1, 2, inftead of fimple bars of iron, or epizygcs, before mentioned ; if they were fmall, they were made of brafs, but if they were great, of fome hard wood : the upper part, a, a, was fquare, and was placed on the peri- treta, c, c, above the hole of the tonus ; the upper part was circular. In the middle of the circle was pierced a hole d, through the cboenicis, equal in diameter to the hole e, in the peritreta ; joined to the inferior furface of the fquare part were four tenons or teeth, called antitormi, f,f, which entered into a circular excavation, cut in the furface of the peritreta, in order to hold the cboenicis firmly in its place : and in the faid excavation under the teeth was a plate of iron, to prevent them from penetrating into the wood ; upon the upper furface of the cboenicis was cut a groove g, palling exa6tly through the diameter, and in that groove was placed the epixygis, b b ; one of thele cboenicis was put in every hole of the peritreta through which the tonus was ftretched, the teeth entered into the upper furface of the upper peritreta., and the lower furface of the lower peritreta ; tlien was put about the epizygis (as has before been delcribed) the cords, / /, which form the tonus. That being done, the cords were twitted by turning the cboenicis with a key of iron, fig. 3, having a fquare collet, abed, exa6lly fitting the fquare part of the cboenicis. When the cboenicis was mr.de of wood, the grain ought to be difpt)fed perpendicularly, but the epizy- gis was made of the ftrongeft iron, as having all the effort of the tonus to fuftain. The proportions of the parts of a balilla arc mentioned by Vitru- vius. I refer the reader to him, with the advice before given in the explication of the catapulta ; fome information might be there obtain- ed ; but as Hero remarks, it is only after exjxjrience and trials that they ought to be fixed. The balifta was mounted on a bale ; Vitruvius and Hero botli V f'^11 hH' I THE ENGLISH ARM.Y 377 dcfcribed ines, that a, inftead they were fome hard n the peri- as circular. le choenicis, the inferior Bd antiiormi, irface of the : and in the )revent them ■ the choenicis ', and in that ris was put in Iretched, the •eta-, and the t the epixygi>^ rm the tonus. the choenicis ;xaaiy fitting was mr.de of but the epizy- rt of the tonus ,ned by Vitru- c given in the e there obtain- and trials that md Hero both mention it, without defcribing it ; Vitruvius gives to many of its parts the fame names which he made ufe of in fpeaking of the bafc of the catapulta ; neverthelefs that bafe could not be exactly like that of tho catapulta, for the dittferent figure of that machine, and the difierent manner of making it a6l, will not permit it. For the balifia was not made to a<5l by means of the Jhcuhi, or any other power joined to it, as was the cafe in the catapulta ; but detach- ed povers of diverfe conflru6tions were ufed, diftbring among them- felves according as the force of the machine or other circumftances required. Vitruvius remarks, that fome were put in action with the J'ucula and levers ; others by means of the pulley, and others by com-' binations of wheels and cogs, placed at proper diftances and conve- nient fituations. Thk diameter of the hole of the tonus, pierced in the pcritreta, was proportional to the weight of the ftone to be thrown by the balifta ; when that was determined, all its members and parts were regulated by the diameter of that hole, as was pra6lifed in the catapulta. Seve- ral authors make mention of the fizes of the holes correfponding with difierent weights, but they differ greatly in their calculations. The following method was obferved in preparing the tonus, that is to fay, the combination of twifted cords, from the elaflicity of whicli was derived the force of thefe military machines. FoH tliis purpofe tiie machine, plate 4, fig. 4, was made ufe of, it was called cntonium. It confilrcd of two parallel pofis, AB and CD, fo joined by the two travcrles, UU and VV, as to form a rectangular frame, capable of receiving into its cavity either the capitule of the catapulta, or the hemitone, KLMN, of the balifta to which it was applied. The extremities of thefe two travcrles pafled through the ]K)fis, and had holes, X, in which, when the hemitone was inferted in the frame, wedges, \V, were driven in, and by thefe means the hemi- tone was held firmly fixed in the frame ; there was alfo cut a notch, GH, at the inner iide of each poll, to receive the hemitone, which was fixed in it with wedges, OO, fo that it could not move ; at each ex- tremity of the two polls there was an axis, FF, the ends of wliicli VOL. I. 3 c ' >!■ fifl I 'm'l If ! f 1 ! C: I ,t m I'M m U]'m\ ! i 378 HISTORY OK turned in the cheeks E, which were fixed to the ports. The faid capitulc, or liLinitono, KLMN, being tjjus placed between tlie pods nitii the two pcrilretre towards the two axles, and tlie cliocnices or niodiols, P, being placed in tlic holes, as has before been defcribed ; tlierc was lied to one ot" the ej)i/.yi;es one of the ends Q, of a cord, and the otlu r end, R, was paded throii<;h the boles of the two choenices at the farthed roller, FF, to which it was fixed ; the end of another cord, S, was, in like manner, faftejied to the other epizygis, and it was palTed in the fame manner through the two choenices to the other roller, bv means of levers, T, which llretched the two cords, R and S, until (as Vitruvius fays) in founding tiiem both, they founded in unifon. Wedges were then driven in the choenices, to hinder the parts of tlie cords which were between the choenices from Aiding, and to keep them in the fame degree of tenfion. After that, the parts of the cords which were about the rollers wcTC loofened, and they were put about the epizygis by palling them through the two choenices, in the fjime manner as before, and they were fafiened to their oppofite rollers, by means of which the cords were flretched till they had the fame degree of tenfion as thofe pre- ceding ; this procefs was repeated till the holes of the choenices were entirely filled by the crds, fo as to have no room for more. When the holes of tlie choenices were nearly full, and it became difficult to pafs the cords through them, an iron point, called ceftra, tig. 5, was forced in, which being well poliflied and dipt in oil in order to of-^en a palTage, afterwards a cord was palled by means of a j)oli(hcd iron needle, called ramphis, fig. 6, which had a hole near its point through which was pafied the end of the cord. At the other extremity there was a iuad upon which firokes of a hanmier were given, in order to force a paflage for the needle. Tins operation being finiflied, a fmall portion of the cord was tied about the tonus, and the remainder cut oft'. After this the tonus was twilled, by turning the choenices with the key, fig. 3, as before ex- plained. It was then finifhed. To fix the cord in the hole of the choenices, to hinder it from Aiding T\ie faiJ the polls )enices or aei'cnbed ; , covd, and of anotlKT and it was , the other Is, H a"d S, dm unifon. I>arts of tlie md to keep t the rollers pafllng them re, and they ich the cords asthofc pre- loenices were ore. and it became called ceftra, dipt in oil in )Y means of a a hole near its At the other hammer were c cord was tied the tonus was as before ex- it from Aiding 1 II V: K NO LISII ARM Y. 1)79 and lofing its tcnfioii, the perillomis, fi^ 7, was ufed ; it was a piece of wood of the length of two or three pahns, having a groove, >* >> >V' /A '^ '/ Photographic Sdences Corporation ^ \ ^ ^ \\ 5% '<^''*- %?>' 6^ -t--^» ^^w 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <^^4i^ y ^ S I 380 H ISTOR Y OF m^ {•^ . ' if . ii I't ; .: . 1 '. )- it ' 1 1. ceflary to diverfify their form, according to place, different cufloms, and other circumflances. Philo alfo makes mention of feveral altera- tions and corre6tions he had made in the con(lru<5tion which was moil commonly followed. The catapulta that Lipfius found in the arfenal of BrufTels, although it much refembled the fpecies above defcribed, neverthelefs differed in fome particulars, and had fome of the corre(5tions which Philo men- tions. The defcriptions found in Vegetius and Marcellinus, who lived fome years after Vitruvius, prove that during that interval of time, the forms as well as the names of tliofe military machines had under- gone many changes. Thefe authors call the machine which lanced arrows and darts balijia, and thofe which threw ilones onager, after the animal of that name, of whom it is reported, that he throws flones with his feet at the hunters when purfuing him. Marcellinus alfo fays, that the fame machine was called a fcorpion, becaufe, like the infe«5l of that name, it had its fting always raifed. ' > ■■■^ The power of thefe machines, according to what the antients relate, muft have been very great : Athenaeus fpeaks of a catapulta, which was only one foot long, and threw an arrow to the diflance of half a mile. It is faid, that others could throw javelins from one fide of the Danube to the other. Balillas threw great beams of wood, lances of twelve cubits in length, and ftones that weighed 360 pounds. Poly- bius makes mention of ftones which were thrown by baliftas to hinder velfels from entering into the port. Jofephus has likewife related feveral examples of the power of thefe machines ; he fays, they beat down the battlements and corners of towers, and overthrew whole files of foldiers even to the rear rank ; in fine, many other antients have likewife fpoken of their prodigious effe«5ls : I refer the reader to thofe authors for a more extenfive knowledge of them ; my defign here being only to defcribe the form and conftru6lion of thefe antient machines of war. Thus far Mr. Newton. Lieutenant General Melville, an indefati- gable and fuccefsful inveftigator of the military fcience and machines of the antients, has, by dint o|a long and careful confideration of the «?^. ^>T ;nt cuftoms, /eral altera- ch was moil ;ls, although fs differed in I Philo men- is, who lived val of time, s had under- which lanced onager, after It he throws Marcellinus becaufe, like ntients relate, apulta, which ance of half a one fide of the ood, lances of junds. Poly- liftas to hinder kewife related ays, they beat irthrew whole other antients r the reader to m ; my defign of thefe antient le, an indefati- z and machines ideration of the ,!#'« ofwH 1?: ' .' :,' i i. i/. . • 'A i ■ 1 ■ • Id: THE ENGLISH ARMY. 381 defcription given by Marcellinus and others, aided by a knowledge of mechanicks, difcovered the conftrudlion of the machine above men- tioned, called the onager ; a model of it has been made by Mr. Wen- low, a delineation of which is here given, plate 4, of antient artillery, that will fufficiently explain its fize and ftrudture ; on a trial it has anfwered very well, confidering that it is ftrung with common cords only (p). These were the machines ufed by the Greeks and Romans, and afterwards by our ancellors even after the invention of gunpowder, and its application to cannon ; fome of them retained their original names, as the balifta and catapulta, though thefe were alfo applied to other engines (q) ; indeed, as moll of tlie writers by whom thefe machines have been mentioned, were either monks or lawyers, who could only know them by herefay, and confequently had but a very imperfedl idea of them, it is not to be wondered at that they often confounded their names and properties. The catalogue of projectile machines in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, exclufive of the baliHa, catapulta, onager, and fcorpion, were the mangonel, the trebuchet, the petrary, the robinet, the mate- griftbn, the bricolle, the bugle or bible, the efpringal, the mata-funda, the ribaudequin, engine a verge, and the war wolf; many of thefe continued in ufe after the introdu6lion of bombards and cannon. The term mangona is, it is faid, generical, Handing for all kinds of machines, and was a Greek word of that import, in ufe in the time of the lower empire ; mangonel was a diminutive, apphed to the fmaller machines. (p) Another machine of the catapulta kind, for throwing flones, was made for the garrifon of Gibralter, but it did not anfwer fo well as the Onager above mentioned ; the coil was 137 pounds, though the artiil that made it generoufly relinquiflied all profit: it threw a ball of iron of fix pounds. (q) The crofs bow was called in Latin, balifta, and fometimes manubalifta. The term catapulta was ufed in our antient law Latin, to fignify a fling. ! ' ^82 HISTORY OF I I The trcbuclict was a machine for throwing Uones, for which pur- jwfe a fling was fometimes fixed to it ; it adk'd by means of a great weight fallened to the Hiort arm of a lever, which being let fall, raifed the end of the long arm with a great velocity ; a fingular delineation of the trebuchet is given in this work, taken from an ancient carving in ivory, fiip|x)fed to be of tlie time of Edward II. The petrary was alfo a ftonc-throwing machine, as its name im- ports. The robinct and mate-griffon threw both darts and ftones (r). The bricolle, according to FroiiVart, fliot darts, called carreaux, and in Englifli quarrels, from their folid fquare pyramidical heads of iron ; this is faid to have ailed by the fame moving power as the trebuchet (s). Beugles, or bibles, were alfo engines for throwing large ftones, as we learn from an antient poem (t). The efpringal was calculated for throwing large darts, called mu- chettae ; fometimes inftead of feathers winged witn brafs ; thefe darts were alfo called viretons, from their whirling about in the air. / The matafunda ; this was a ftone-throwing machine, probably by means of a fling ; fome derive its name from the words, funda and madlare, fometimes written, matare, i. e. a murdering fling. The ribaudequin was a large kind of crofs bowe. The war wolf is very differently defcribed by different writers ; Procopius makes it a kind of portcullis, or rather a harrow for de- fending a gate ; Mathew of Weftminfter, and Camden, a machine for (r) Mate-griffon, the deftroyer or terror of the Greeks. (s) See the plate of different maclunes for throwing (lones and darts, con(lru£lcd on this principle. ■ (I) Et picrres grans, & les perrieres, Et les bibles qui font trop fieres ; Getent trop manuement. From the Romance of Claris in the French king's library. No. 7534. See a large extraft iu the appendix, No. i. liich pur- )f a great fall, raifed delineation lit carving name im- les (r). I carreaux, al heads of wer as the ;e ftones, as called mu- thefe darts i air. / [jrobably by funda and ent writers ; row for de- machine for nftruftcd on this ee a large extraft ti,t I )i' I ^Machines fok throwing Dauts and Stokes. m m i |p * I 1 w ll'jr' V THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3«:5 throwing ftoncs. See both their defcriptions in the note (u) ; polTibly tlioy might be diffbrent maciiines under the fame name. Of the engine a verge, there is no particular defcription ; but from a padage in the hi (lory of Charles VII. of France, quoted by father Daniel, we learn that it was a projectile machine ; that it was ufcd with cannon, and that it remained in ufe after the other machines were laid afide. ** Lefquels engins a verge & bombardes, dit I'liillorien, jettoient & tiroient nuit & jour fans cefle contre ce chateau." Of the vaft force of thefe machines furprifing ftories are related, though, from the conftruftion of our antient caftles, it does not leem as if their range was very great, fince many of our moft important fortrefles are commanded by hills within four or five hundred yards of them, an inftance of which may be feen in the caftle of Dover, once deemed the key of this kingdom, and alfo in thofe of Corfe and Guild- («) At the gates they fct up wolves made tlius : they fet two beams from the ground reaching to the battlements, and laying chequer wife pieces of timber wrought, fome upright, and fomc ci'ofs ; they joint them fo that the mortifllng holes meete one another •, and before each joint fticics out a pointed piece of wood like a thick fpurr, and faftening the crofs timbers to another beam, which from the top, reaches half way down ; they lay the beams flat long upon the gates, and an enemy approaching, men above lay hold of tlie higher ends of tlie b^ams, and thruft them down, which falling fuddenly among the afliiilants with thofe wooden points (licking out, kill all they light on. Procopius Hijory of the Gothic Wars, book i. p. 27. Probably there was a chain or cord to draw it back after it had taken efre£t. The war-wolf is thus mentioned from Mat. Weftm. by Camden in his Remams, fpeak- ing of King Edward I. " At the fiege of Stivelen, where he with another engine, named the war-wolfe, pierced with one (tone, and cut as even as a thread, two vauntmures } as he did before at the fiege of Brehin, where Thomas Maule, the Scotfman, fcoifed at the Eng- li(h artillerie, with wiping the walls with his handkerchief, until both he and the walls were wiped away with a (hot." Again in his Britannia relating to the fiege of Bedford : " con- cerning thefe mangonek, pctraries, trabucces, bricoles, efpringolds, and what our anceftors called the war-wolf, out of wliich, before the invention of bombs, they threw great (tones, with fo much force as to break open ftrong gates, concerning thefe (I fay) I have feveral things to add, if they were not foreign to my purpofe." Ju(fit rex arietem fabricari, quern Greci nicantam vocant, quafi vincentem omnia, et lupum belli. Verum aries indecens, et incompofitus parum aut nihil profuit : lupus autcm belli, minus fumptuofus inclufis plus, nocuit. Mat. ffejlm. Am, 1304. m,i fw^ i!' I I 384 HISTORY OF ford ; Monfieur Joly de Mezeray fays, the greateft range of a man- gonel was five ftadia, or 1049 yards, but then this w&s at an eleva- tion : thefe machines not only threw darts and large Hones, but even the bodies of men and horfes ; indanccs of botli are mentioned by Froiflart. Of the machines moved by human ftrength, the chief was the ram, which was a huge beam or beams joined together, having its extremity fliod with iron, fometimcs cad in the ihape of the head of a ram ; it was puflied forwards by the united (irengtii of a number of men in the method (hewn in the plate, when its iron head ftriking or butting againfl the wall, in the manner of the animal whofe name it bore, it difplaced the flones, and made a breach. The ram, though fome- times fupported on the Ihoulders of men, was more frequently fuf- pended to a triangle or beam, fo that the whole force of the men was diredled to pulhing it forwards ; the ram was frequently ufed in the middle of the 14th century. In Dr. Defagulier's Leftures on Expe- rimental Philofophy, the momentum of a large battering ram, worked by a thoufand men, is compared with and found equal to that of a point blank fliot from a thirty-fix pounder (x). The machines ufed for covering the approaches of troops employed in fieges, were moveable towers of feveral ftories, called belfreys, cats and fovvs, fimilar to the tortoife, vinea and pluteus, of the antients : thefe were fixed on wheels, and likewife pulhed forward or drawn by human ftrength ; latterly, fometimes aflllled by the capftern or other mechanical contrivances. (x) Dr. Desaguliers has demonftrated in the annotations on his fecond lefture on ex- perimental philofophy, that the momentum of a battering ram, twenty eight inches in diameter, one hundred and eighty feet long, with a head of call iron, of one ton and a half ; the whole ram, with its iron hoops, weigliing 41,112 pounds, and moved by the united ftrength of 1000 men, will be on lyequal to that of a ball of thirty-fix pounds weight, fliot point blank from a cannon. Sir CVriftopIier Wren made great ufe of the battering ram to demolifh and throw down the walls of the old church of St. Paul, when he was pulling it down in order to rebuild it. He found no machine equal to it for that purpofe, particularly in disjoining the ftones. •i I , of a man- an eleva- , but even itioned by as the rami s extremity f a ram ; it men in the or butting e it bore, it )ugh fome- juently fuf- :he men was ufed in the es on Expe- ram, worked to that of a )ps employed led belfreys, the antients : or drawn by ftern or other )nd ledure on cx- y eight inches in )ne ton and a half ; vcd by the united ounds weight, fliot tc battering ram to n he was pulling it lurpofc, particularly 1} I .!i:! U'-i: I.I mm u ■'III ^\ Pavisors, i^TA Moveable Tovtbr. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 385 The moveable towers of the antients were of an amazing magni- tude. Hero dillinguifhes three kinds ; the fmalleft were, he fays, of fixty cubits and ten llories ; the bafe, which was fquare, meafured feventeen cubits on each fide. The larger were of ninety cubits height, and had fifteen ftories ; the greateft, called double, were of twenty ftages, they were largeft at bottom, and decreafed every ftory: the dimenfions of the timber ufed for the uprights, the traverfes, and other principal pieces, were proportioned to each of their three fizes. The ftrength and thicknefs of the wheels was alfo in the ratio of the weight they were to carry. The number of the wheels was in the propor- tion of the fquares of their bafes; they had at leafi fix, and fometimes eight. The towers or belfreys of more modern times were not fo large ; they rarely exceeded three or four ftages or ftories, and were covered with raw hides, to proteft them from fire ; in them was a bridge to let down on the parapet, when the works were to be ftormed. The lower ftage or ground floor was occupied by a ram ; the upper ftories by archers and crofs bow men. In the annexed plate there is a view of an attack of the parapet from one of thefe towers, and in the ditch, the archers covered by their pavifours. A MOVEABLE tower was conftrudled by the royalifts fo late as the troubles under King Charles I., and furprifed and taken by the parlia- mentary forces ; it was mifnamed a fow (y). (y) And much about the fame time we had certaiiie information by letters from Glou- ceftcr, that that valiant and mod aftive governour of Gloucefter had intelligence of a de- figne againft Canon Froom by the enemy in Hereford, for the ftorming and furprifing of it, witli a ftrange engine, which they had provided for that purpofe, and brought along with them } marching thus fortli out of Hereford with about 400 men, with their governour, they only faced the houfe, and after that wheeled about toward Malvern hills, to meet witli additional forces from Worcefter, fully to befiege it ; whereof the governour of Canon Froom having knowledge, and confldering his prefent dif-furnifliment of things QeceiTary to defend the garrifon againft a fiege or aflault, he fent to valiant Colonell Morgan to Glou- cefter, praying his aftiftance, who prefently came forth to help him, with 500 horfe and VOL. I. 3D 200 foot, s;^f ' I, I 1 < 386 HISTORY OF ;!i The cattus, cat-houfe, gattus or cat, was a covered fhed, occafion- ally fixed on wheels, and ufed for covering foldiers employed in filling up the ditch, preparing the way for the moveable tower, or mining the wall : it was called a cat, becaufe under it foldiers lay in watch, like a cat for its prey. Some of thefe cats had crenelles and chinks, from whence the archers could difcharge their arrows ; thefe were called cafiellated cats. Sometimes under the cover of this machine the befiegers worked a fmall kind of ram. The fow was alfo a covered machine for the fame purpofe, and much of the fame conftruftion ; though probably lefs> as it derived 200 foot, and inarched to Ridley, where he joyned with 300 of Corflane men, but the enemy having notice thereof (lying then about Ledbury) pofted thence quite away, but had left behind tliem the ftrange engine (which forely frighted our men at Froom) guarded with two or three troops of horfe from Hereford, till they returned ) in the interim thofe that had faced Canon Froom, as was touch't before, falling in at Ledbury, in their way to Malvern, to re- frefli themfelves there, a quarter-mafter of Cnnon-Froom, with about twelve onely of their horfe, accidentally being forth to view the coafts, and coming through the towne, not know- ing of the Royfters being there, fell upon them all, and feeing themfelves fuddenly engaged, cried out, fall on ! fall on ! flew two on the place, and brought away five prifoners, pad by the engine without much ado, the enemy, it feems, being amazed at the fudden onfet, and unprovided, fome drinking, and others carelefle of any fuch attempt, cried horfe ! horfe ! and went away in a di(lra£ted manner, where they furprifed the engine within a mile and half of the place, drove away the troops that were with it, feized on it with two captains, and many prifoners, and brought all, with their ladders and other inftruments provided for the ftorme, to the garrifon at Canon Froom ; upon the coming in whereof, fuch a fliout was made, that all the country rang of it. The engine was fuch a one as the like hath not been known fince thefe wars : the Royllers call it a Sow : it was carried upon great wheeles, and to be drawn with oxen ; it was made with rooms or lofts one over another, mufquct proof, and very ftrong, out of which were holes to play and (hoot out. It was fo high, that it was above all the works at Canon Froom, fo that they could difcharge over the works ; befides which, a doore opened to bring them into the works, out of which a bridge went for their entrance. The garrifon was then in fuch a condition, that had they not been thus difappointed, in all probability this engine had cfTedcd their intended defign ; but, God be praifed, it was prevented. On the Lord's day following, November 9th, Mafter Jackfon, a Minifter of Gloucefter, having information thereof in the morning (before fcrmon), gave public thanks in the pulpit for fo great a deliverance, and unexpefted and unlikely prcferva- tion. A.D. 1645. ^''^ Vicars's Ckronkle, enfitM t/'t Burning Hufj not confiimfil, />. 318. •^i:l ^1 1 )it'i THE ENGLISH ARMY. 387 )ccafion- in filling r mining in watch, ,d chinks, lefe were ichine the •pofe, and it derived )ut the enemy , but had left irded with two ; that had faced Malvern, to re- h onely of their me, not know- denly engaged, Toners, paft by den onfet, and horfe! horfe! lin a mile and li two captains, its provided for •, fuch a fliout lie like hath not great wheeles, lother, mufqutt It was fo high, over the works } [bridge went for not been thus |i i but, God be Mafter Jackfon, e ftrmon), gave nlikcly prcferva- its name from the foldiers under it lying clofe together, like pigs under a fow; though another reafon is given for that appellation, namely, its being applied to digging and rooting up the earth. The former was alluded to by the countefs who defended the caftle of Dunbar againll King Edward HI. when Ihe threatened, that unlefs the Engliflimen kept their fow better, fhe would make her caft her pigs. Camden, who mentions this circumllance, fays " The fow is yet ufed in Ireland." Two machines, the one called the boar, and the other the fow, were employed by the parliamentarians in the fiege of Corfe caftle, Dorfetlhire (z). The Greek fire was, as the oriental Greeks pretend, invented by Callinicus, an architeft of Heliopolis or Balbeck, who lived in the reign of the emperor Conftantine Pogonatus. That emperor, it is faid, forbade the art of making it to be communicated to any ftrangers or others, except his fubjedts (a) ; it was, however, at length known, and in common ufe among the nations confederated with the Byzan- tines ; the crufaders alfo poffeiTed the fecret of preparing this wonder- ful compofition (b). (z) Among fome antient drawings of the time of Henry VIII. preferved in tlie Britidi Mufeum, there is the reprefentation of a kind of covered war cart, or waggon, filled with muflcetteers, the top and fides of the waggon are pierced with loop holes, the horfes placed under cover beneath the waggon j feveral of thefe waggons were Rationed in the centre of a fquare battalion of halberdiers ; one of them is reprefented as without its covering in order to explain its conftrudion ; a kind of portable mantlet is alfo ihown in thofe drawings and copied here. (a) The Greeks if alked to give the compofition, anfwered it was ftriftly forbidden by Conftantine the Great, according to them the original inventor. {b} This is more properly fuppofed to have been the invention of fome of the Arabian chymifts, who were formerly great adepts in their art. Something like this fire is mentioned by Quintus Curtius. It is fuppofed to have been compounded of the gum of the pine and other refinous trees, reduced to powder with brimftone, to which was added Naptha, and other bitumens, and according to fome, the water of a fountain in the Eaft, which had the property to amalgamate with thefe combuftibles, and to render them more inflammable ; this feems hardly poflible, as in that cafe it could have been only made where the water was to be had, whereas it was in ufe both all over Afia, and in Europe. VE/prit des CmJJades, &C. Amfterdam, 1780. 388 HISTORY OF n . I ■::f. ;i; u 1 Hi Anna Commena has given an account of the ingredients of which it was compofed ; thefe were, bitumen, fulphur and naptha. The Greek fire is much fpoken of in all the Hiftories of the Holy Wars, as frequently employed with fuccefs by the Saracens againfl theChriflians. Procopius, in his Hiftory of the Goths, calls it Medea's oil, confidering it as an infernal compofition prepared by that forcerefs. It is faid to have been known in China, in 917, 300 years after Conftantine Pogonatus, under the name of the oil of the cruel fire, and was carried thither by the Kitan Tartars, who had it from the kingofOu(c). By the following defcription of it, given by Joinville, who was an eye-witnefs, it has fomewhat the appearance of one of the iron rockets ftill ufed in India : he fays it was thrown from the bottom of a machine called a petrary, and that it came forwards as large as a barrel of verjuice, with a tail of fire ifluing from it as big* as a great fword, making a noife in its paiTage like thunder, and feeming like a dragon flying through the air, and from the great quantity of fire it threw out, giving fuch a light that one might fee in the camp as if it had been day ; fuch was the terror it occafioned among the command- ers of St. Louis's army, that Gautier de Cariel, an experienced and valiant knight, gave it as his advice, that as often as it was thrown, they lliould all proftrate themfelves on their elbows and knees, and befeech the Lord to deliver them from that danger, againft which he alone could proteft them ; this counfel was adopted and pra6lifed ; befides which, the king being in bed in his tent, as often as he was informed that the Greek fire was thrown, raifed himfelf in liis bed, and with upHfted hands thus befought the Lord ; " Good Lord God, pre- ferve my people !" The efFe6ls of this fire do not feem to juftify the (c) L' Esprit des Crolffadcs. A machine feemingly depending on the Greek fire, or that of gunpowder, is mentioned in the Speculum Regale, an iflandifh manufcript, fuppofed to have been written fome time in the 13th century, where treating of the different kinds of warlike machines then in ufe, it is faid, " omnium autem q\xx enumeravimus armorum et machinarum, prseftantifTimus eft incurvus clypeorum gigas, flammas venenatus erudans. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 389 of which la. The Wars, as ;hriftians. ►nfidering ;ars after cruel fire, from the ho was an on rockets a machine , barrel of •eat fword, e a dragon re it threw ,s if it had command- ienced and /as thrown, knees, and ift which he d pra6lifed; as he was his bed, and d God, pre- o juilify the ■reek fire, or that ;ript, fuppofed to liflerent kinds of ■mus armorum et latus eruftans. great terrors it here occafioned ; fome of their caftelated cats were fet on fire, but extinguiflied ; it was thrown three times in the night from the petrary, and four times from a large crofs bow ; the fire caufed by this compofition is faid to have been inextinguilhable by water : Geeoifry de Vinefauf, who accompanied King Richard I. to the cru- fade ; fays of it, " with a pernicious ftench and livid flame, it confumes even flint and iron, nor could it be extinguiflied by water ; but by fprinkling fand upon it, the violence of it may be abated, and vinegar poured upon it will put it out (d) ;" from other defcriptions it appears, this compofition was of an un«5tious and vifcid nature, ftickinp; to the objefts againft which it was thrown ; it was in land engagements and fieges projected by the machines of the times, and at fea by hand, enclofed in veflels or phials, in which it was alfo kept and tranfport- ed (e) ; it was likewife fometlmes fattened to the heads of arrows ; fea-water, inftead of extinguifliing it, feemed to give it new violence and adlivity. Father Daniel fays this wildfire was not only ufed in fieges, but even in battles, and that Philip Auguftus, King of France, having found a quantity of it ready prepared in Acre, brought it with him to France, and ufed it at the fiege of Dieppe, for burning the Ejiglifli (d) To thefe fome add urine and even oil. See Ducange. The following lines Ihew the general opinion of its properties : Pereat 6 utinam ignis hujus vena, Non enim extinguitur aqua, fed arena, Vix que vinum acidum arftat ejus frxna Et urina ftringitur ejus vix habena ; Ignis hie conficitur tantum per paganos. Ignis hie exterminat tantum Chridianos, Incantatus namque eft per illos prophanos, Ab hoc perpetuo Chrifte, libera nos. Monachus Florentinus de Expugnat. Acconenfi. (e) AiNsi qu'il alloit par mer, il recontre une nef de Saracens que le Soudan Saladin en- voioit en Acre pour le fecours faire a ceux, qui etoient en la cite & cele nef avoit grand plant de fioles de voire pleines de feu Gregois. Chron. MS. Franc, ex Bib. Mammiana, an. 1 190. 'A 'i 1 .i 390 HISTORY OF vefTels in that harbour. It was alfo ufed at feveral other fieges in France, and an engineer named Gaubert, a native of Mante, acquired the art of making it, which luckily for mankind has been fince loft. A compofition fomething of the fame nature was a few years ago in- vented by a chymift in this country, who at prefent enjoys an annual allowance fo long as it fhall remain a fecret ; our government being unwilling to encreafe the deftru<5lion and cruelty of war ; a like dlf- covery was made in France or Holland, and for the like reafon fup- prefled (f ). Greek fire was ufed long after the introduction of fire-arms, par- ticularly in fieges. When the bilhop of Norwich befieged Ypres, A. D. 1383, the garrifon is faid by Walfingham to have defended themfelves fo well with ftones, arrows, lances, Greek fire, and certain engines called guns, that they obliged the Englilh to raife the fiege with fuch precipitation, that they left behind them their great guns, which were of ineftimable value. A great part of that army was foon after befieged in the town of Burburgh by the French, who threw fuch quantities of Greek fire into it, that they burned a third part of the town, and obliged the Englifh to capitulate (g). Although the invention of gun-powder, with its application to fire-arms, may be ranked among the moft important and beneficial difcoveries, yet, ftrange to relate ! the date of that invention, with the name of the perfon to whom mankind are indebted for it, are both in ,' 1 M < (f ) Dans ce fiecle des gens aut pretendu en avoir retrouve la compofition ; & 11 n'y a pas dix ans qu'un nomme Dupre eft mort avec un penfion, que lui faifoit le gouvernment, pour tcnir fon fecret dans I'oubli ; nous connoiflbns nous meines un medecin, qui a fait la meme decouverte, ou de moins quelque chofe de bicu approchant, mais dont la miniftre ftft bicn garde de recompenfer les travaux, humanite qui fait autant d'honneur a la philofophie qu'a notre nation, la feulc, peut etre, ou il puifle fe trouver des hommes en place aflez amis des hommes pour ne pas multiplier les germes de leur deftruflion, pour fe fouvenir que fi mal- heureufement les guerres font quelque fois neceflaire il faut laifler aux armees infernales des fecrets infernaux, et que c'cft deja trop de la poudre a Canon. VEfprit its Croijfades. (g) T. Walsincham, p. 303 and yi/^. >i( THE ENGLISH ARMY. 39» »ges in cquired ce loft, ago in- annual »t being like dif- bn fup- ns, par- l Ypres, defended id certain the fiege eat guns, irmy was vho threw rd part of [ication to beneficial , with the are both |& il n'y a pas jrnment, pour la fait la meme Iniftre ftft bien jilofnphie qu'a aflez amis des lir que fi mal- infernales des \CroiJftuh'J. equally unknown (h). Perhaps one caufe of this was, that at firft it was extremely weak ; of this, indeed, we may be certain from the proportion of its ingredients here annexed ; fo that it probably reach- ed its prefent perfe6tion and force by degrees, and was originally only ufed for recreative fireworks, as Bacon feems to fay, and afterwards might be applied to military ufes, in fetting fire to ihips, caftles, and buildings. The common ftory refpe6ling the invention of gunpowder and ar- tillery is thus related : about the year 1320, one Bartholdus Schwartz, a German, monk, and ftudent in alchymy, a purfuit then much in fafhion, having in the courfe of his work mixed falt-petre, fulphur, and charcoal in a mortar, and partly covered it with a ftone, by fome accident it took fire, and blew tlie flone with great violence to a confiderable difiance; thus by one accident furnifhing the hint for making gunpowder, its ufe, and a piece of ordnance for ufing it : and it is worthy of obfervation^ that ftones are faid to have been thrown from mortars long before point blank ihooting was attempted ; pofli- (h) Perhaps, at firft fight, the aflertion of its being a beneficial difcovery may fcem fomewhat paradoxical ■, but let any one compare the flaughter of antient battles, with the killed and wounded in modern engagements, and the length and confequent miferies of fieges before and fince the invention of gunpowder, where equal armies were engaged, or the fame or fimilar places attacked, and I flatter myfelf the propriety of the epithet beneficial will be apparent. War is now carried on at a diftance, and in large and diftin£t bodies, fo that the leaft advantage becomes inftantly obvious ; whereas formerly troops engaged hand to hand, where- by they were fo intermingled as to be with difficulty feparated, and befidesi the viftor had no other certainty of his fuccefs, than by finding no more of the enemy to flaughter : in fieges, a numerous train of artillery, with a few barrels of this wonderful powder, depofif^d in a mine, foon batter and throw down the ftrongefl walls, anc^\ve now rarely hear of thofe long fieges, where thoufands are deilroyed by fatigue and famine. Indeed the grc.iteft effefts towards a victory or capitulation is by gunpowder and artil- lery, brought about without any mifchief or flaughter, but folely by the terror raifed by the noife, few men having fufficient firmnefs to Hand their dreadful thunder ; and it is un- doubtedly a fa£t, that a battle or a town is won, more by tlie flight of thofe who are terrified at the noife of the cannon, than from the lofs of thofe killed or wounded by them. HISTORY OF f/f ,.! I' ir :* bly, this ftory may be true ; but it does not at all follow from thence, that gunpowder was not before known, the fame difcovery having been frequently made by different perfons engaged in the fame ftudy. Many modern writers carry the invention of gunpowder, and even its application to artillerj', back to very remote antiquity ; the in- genious tranflator of the Gen too Laws, finds fire-arms, gunpowder, and cannon, mentioned in that code, fuppofed at lead coeval with -^Mofes ; it will, no doubt (fays he), ftrike the reader with wonder, to find a prohibition of fire-arms, in records of fuch unfathomable an- tiquity ; and he will probably from hence renew the fufpicion which has long been deemed abfurd, that Alexander the Great did abfolutely meet with fome weapons of that kind in India, as a paflage in Quintus Curtius feems to afcertain (i) ; ** gunpowder has been known in China, as well as in Hindoflan, far beyond all periods of inveftigation." " Uffano, fays another author (k), rcporteth, that the invention and ufe, as well of ordnance as of gurmepowder, was in the 85 yeere of our lord, made known and praftized in the great and ingenious kingdom of China ; and that in the maretyme provinces thereof, there (i) There is alfo the following antient teftimony to this point in Grey's Gunnery, print- ed A.D. i73i> In the life of Appolonius Tyanseus written by Philoftratus, about fifteen hundred years ago, there is the following paflage concerning a people of India, called Ox- ydracx ; (L. 2. c. xiv.) " Thefe truly wife men, fays he, dwell between the rivers Hyphafis and Ganges ; their country Alexander the Great never entered, deterred not by fear of the inhabitants, but as I fuppofe by religious confiderations ; for had he pafled the Hyphafis, he might doubtlefs have made himfelf mailer of the country all round them ; but their cities he could never have taken, though he had led a thoufand as brave as Achilles, or three thou- fand fuch as Ajax to the aflault, for they come not out to the field to fight thofe who attack them, but thefe holy men, beloved by the Gods, overthrow their enemies with tempefts and thunderbolts fhot from their walls : it is faid, that the Egyptian Hercules and Bacchus when they over-run India, invaded this people alfo, and having prepared warlike engines, attempt- ed to conquer them ; they in the mean time made no (hew of refiftance, appearing perfeftly quiet and fecure •, but upon the enemyes near approach, they were repulfed with ftorms of lightning, and thunderbolts, hurled upon them from above." (k) Robert Norton, in a folio book, entitled, the Gunner, London, 1664 : Norton there ftiles himfelf, one of his late majefties gunners and engineers. Nil THE ENGLISH ARMY. .19J thence, ingbeen dy. and even , the in- 1 powder, jval wit^ render, to (lable an- ion which abfolutely in Qumtus n in China, tion. e invention tie 85 yeerc [d ingenious lereof, there Gunnery, print- is, about fifteen ndia, called Ox- : rivers Hypbafis 3t by fear of the the Hypbafis, he i but their cities es, or three thou- thofe -who attack with tempefts and ind Bacchus when engines, attempt- ppcaring perfeaiy :ed with ftorms of L, 1664 •• Norton yet remains certaine peaces of ordnance, botli of iron and bralTb, with the memory of their yeares of founding engraved ujk)!! them, and the armes of King Vitey, who he faith was the inventor ; and it well ap- peareth alfo in antient and credible hiftoryes, that the faid King Vitey was a great enchanter and nigromancer ; who one time being vexed with cruel warres by the Tr.rtarians, conjured an evil fpirit, that Ihewed him the ufe and making of gunnes and powder, the which he put in warlike pra<5lice in the realm of Pegu, and in the conqueft of the Eaft Indies, and thereby quieted the Tartars ; the fame being confirmed by certain Portingales that have travelled and navigated thofe quar- ters, and alfo affirmed by a letter fent from Captain Artred, written to the King of Spaine; wherein, recounting very diligently all the particulars of Chyna, fayd, " that they long fince ufed there both ordnance and powder ; and affirming further, that there he found an- tient ill-fliapen pieces ; and that thofe of later founding, are of farre better falhion and metal than their antient were ; fome alfo imagine powder and ordnance were invented by the famous mathematician, Archimedes, who made ufe of them at the fiege of Syracufe, in Cicillia, and they grownd that fuppofition upon Vitruvius, who reporteth that one of his engines with a terrible noife did Ihote foorth great bullets of (lone ; which, by reafon of that report, could neither be fuppofed the catapulta, balilta, fcorpion, nor any other of the known engines. Our countryman. Frier Bacon, whofe works were written at Oxford, about the year 1270, fourfcore years before the fuppofed in- vention by Swartz, has exprefsly named the ingredients of gunpowder as a well known compofition ufed for recreation (1), and defcribes it as producing a noife like thunder, and flaflies like lightning, but more terrible than thofe produced by nature ; and adds, this might (1) Et cxperimentum hujus rei capimus ex hoc ludicro puerili quod fit in multis mundi* partibus, fcil. ut indrumento fa£lo ad quantitattm poUicis humani, ex violentia falls, qui fal petne vocatur, tarn horibilis fonus nafcitur, in ruptura tarn modice rei fcil. modici perga- meni, quod fortis tonitrum excedere rugitum & corrufcationem maximani fui luminis jubar excedit. Vide Dr. Jebb's Preface to his edition of Bacon's Opus Majus. VOL. I. 3E P pi- wi 394 HISTORY O F be applied to the deftru6lion of an enemy by fea and land : Bacon acquired this compofition from a treatife on Artificial Fireworks, written by one Marcus Grsecus ; the manufcript is dill extant, and is quoted by the Reverend Mr. Dutens in order to prove that gun- powder was known to the antients (m) ; the compofition therein pre- fcribed is, two pounds of charcoal, one pound of fulphur, and fix pounds of faltpetre, well powdered and mixt tog'^ther in a (lone mortar ; this is a better compofition for powder than many in late ufe. IisPa black letter book in quarto, entitled, the Forreft, or Colleftion of Hiftories (n), there is the following account of the invention of gunpowder and artillery : But all thefe were trifles of little weight and importance far furpafled in cruelty by the invention of fhot in diverfe forts of artillery : the firft invention of which fome attribute unto an Almain whofe name we find nowhere, as unworthy of memory ; as report Blondus and R. Volateranus : the firft that ufed fhot to their behalf and profit were, the Venetians, againft the inha- bitants of Genua, in the yeere of our Lord, a thoufand three hundred and four fcore; howbeit in my judgement this invention was yet (m) The title of this manufcript runs thus ; " Incipit liber igniuni a Marco Grxco per- fcriptus, cujus virtus et efficacia cil ad comburendum hoftes, tarn in mari quam in terra." At page 9, of the MS. are the following dire£tions for making a rocket } " Secundus modus ignis volatilis hoc modo coniicitur : R. lib. i. fulphuris vivi. lib. ii. carbonis faliciis, falis petrofe vi. libras, qu« tria fubtililTime tereantur in lapide marmorea, poilea pulvis ad libitum in tunica reponatu; volatili, vel tonitrum facienta. Nota, quod tunica ad volandum debet efle gracilis et longa, et prxdi£lo pulvere optime concalcato repleta ; tunica vel tonitrum faciens debet efle brevis, grofla, et prxdi£lo pulvere femiplena, et ab utraque parte filo for- tiflimo bene ligata. Nota, quod in qualibct tunica primum foramen faciendum eft, ut tenta impofita accendatar quae tenta in extremitatibus, fit gracilis, in medio vera lata, et praedi£ta pulvere repleta. Nota, quod ad volendum tunica plicaturas ad libitum habere poteft, toni- trum vero, faciens quam plurimas plicaturas. Nota, quod duplex poteris facere tonitrum, ac duplex volatile inftrumentum, vel tunicam fubtiliter in tunica includendo. Duten's In- quiry, p. 266. (n) Printed by John Day, dwelling over Alderfgate, 1576. C'f- THK ENGLISH ARMY. 393 more anticnt, for that we read in the Ch.onicle of Alfonfus the XI, kinuf, by juft account, of CaUille, who at the conquefl of the citie of Algezcar, found while he beficgecl the tovvne, in the ycaro of our re- demption, a tlioufand, three hundred, and fortie and three ; that the Moores from within, threw out among the enemyes certain thunders through long mortars, or troughs of iron, and this was almoft fortie yeares before that Blondus recordeth. Again before that, it is reported by the faid Alphonfus which femblably conquer'd Toletam in Spain, that one Petus, bifliop of Leon, writeth, that in a certain battail don on the fea, betwixt the King of Tunnye, and Morus, King of Sibilia, whole faction Alphonfus favour- ed, that the Tunnigenciens threw on their enemyes, certain bombards or tunnes of fire, which by all likelyhood might be deemed artillerye, although it were not in fuch perfeftion as now, and that was foure hundred yeeres before and more. To the above accounts it may be added, that iron rockets have been ulcd as military weapons, or machines, in the Eafl Indies, as far back as can be remembered, and are ftill in great fafliion and eRimation. Camden, in his life of Queen Elizabeth, fays, fhe was the firft that procured gunpowder to be made in England, that (lie might not pray and pay for it alfo to her neighbours (o). At firft, gunpowder was not corned, but remained in its mealed ftate ; it was then called Terpentine powder in feveral accounts of military ftores in the time of Edward VI. and Elizabeth ; there are large quantitys of ferpcntine powder. if' (o) p. 56. In the work called, Cotton's Abridgment of the Records of the Tower of London, p. 24., there is a ftraiige niilbikc refpc£ting gunpowder ; it being there Aiid, tluit a pardon was direfted to be made out 14 Edward III. to Thomas de Brookhall, for a debt of 32 tuns of powder, and in the index it is added by way of note (before its pretended in- vention). The original in the rolls of parliament ftands thus : Item, pur Thomas de Brook- hall, pur trent & deux toneux de pomadre, des quex il eft charge fur fon acounte du temps qu'il eftoit afligne de faire divers purveances a I'ceps le roi en le countce de Kent." Pomadre, is cyder, inftcad of gunpowder, and probably provided for the king's drinking. 3S^ HISTORY OF » j! ..]i 'i The followhig Proportions of the Ingredients Jo' making Gunpowder is given by Peter fVbiteborne (p). The fird invention and oldcd manner in making ferpcntine pouder or poudcr for ordinaunce. 1. Saltpeter - - - i pai-t Brimftone - - - i part Coles - - • I part The next praAis of making pouder for ordinaunce. 2. Saltepeter - - - 3 P>'t* Brimflone - - - 3 parts Coles - - - 3 parts Pouder for ordinaunce of a newer making. 3. Saltepeter - - - lo partes Brimdone - - - 3 partes Coles - ■ " 3 partes Pouder for ordinaunce not fo olde. 4. Saltepeter - - - 1 2 partes Brimdone - - - 3 partes Coles ... 2 partes Pouder for ordinaunce not verie olde. 5 . Saltepeter - - - 9 partes Brimflone Coles 2 partes 3 partes Pouder ufed of late dales for handgunnes. 6. Saltepeter ... 4 partes Brimflone . . . i parte Colei ... I parte Pouder for ordinaunce ufed not long agon. 7. Saltepeter - - - ao partei Brimflone ... 3 partes Colei - - . 10 partes Pouder for ordinaunce ufed of latter dales. 8. Saltepeter - . - 100 partes Brimflone - - .10 partes Coles . - .26 partes GrofTe pouder of a newer forte. 9. Saltepeter . . .100 partes Brimflone > . .20 partes Coles - - - 37 partes Groflee pouder of a newer making. II. Saltepeter ... 2 partes Brimflone . . . i parte Coles ... I parte Harkabus pouder of a newer making. T2. Saltepeter ... 3 partes (p) This work is entitled " Certaine Wayes for the ordering of Souldiours in Battelray, and fetting of Battayles after diverfe Fafhions, with their Maner of marching : and alfo Figures of certayne new Plattcs for Fortification of Townes : and moreover how to make Saltpeter, Gunpowder, and diverfe Sortes of Fireworks or Wilde-fire, with other Thinges uppenaynlng to the Warres, gathered and fet forth by Peter Whitehorne. Imprinted at London by W. Williamfon, for Jhon Wight. Anno 1573." 7'"i THE ENGLISH ARMY. 397 vder is tdgunnes. 4 partes I parte I parte not long 30 parte* 3 pa'W* 10 parte* latter daie*. loo partes 10 partes 26 partes r forte. 100 parte* 20 partes 37 P=»f*«» making. 2 partes I parte I parte ^r making. 3 partes Brimftons - - • 1 parte Coles of wiUoW Aiske* - I parte Fine poucicr of newer making. 13. Saltcpcter often refined - 5 partes Brimitune - . . i parte Coles of young hafe^l ftickes - - - I parte Grofle poudcr of newer making. •14. Saltepeter refined - - 3 partes Brimllone ... 1 parte Willow coles . . 2 partes Fouder of newer making. 15. Saltpeter - . .10 partes Brimftone ... 2 partes Willow coles . - 3 partes Harkabus pouder ufed nowe adayes. 16. Saltpeter very often re* fined . • .10 partes Brimftone - - - 1 parte Coles made of hafell twigges, with the barke pilled - - - I parte Handgun pouder of a newer making. 1 7. Saltpeter refined - - 27 partes Brimftone ... 3 partes Coles of hafell having their rinds pulled off - 3 partes Handgun pouder of a ftronger and of a newer making. 18. Saltpeter refined > • 7 parte* Brimilonc . . - i parte Coles of young hafell • 1 parte Finer and ftronger handgun powder. 19. Saltpeter diverfe times re- fined ... 7 partes Brimftone' . . . i parte Coles of young hafell twiggei, having their rindes pulled off • i parte GrofTe pouder ufed now a daycs. 20. Saltpeter - - - 4 partes Brimftone . . . i parte Willowe coles . - i parte GrofTe pouder ufed nowe adays. 21. Saltpeter - - .30 partes Brimftone ... 4 partes Willow Coles • - 5 parte* Hande gun powder ufed nowe adaies. 22. Saltpeter refined drie - 48 partes Brimftone cetrine . 7 partes Hafell coles - - 2 partes Hande gun pouder ufed nowe adaies. 23. Saltpeter refined - . 18 partes Brimftone ... 2 partes Hafel coles ... 3 partes In Dattelray, Lg: and alfo low to make Iher Thinges Imprinted at Nye, in his Treatife on Fireworks, gives the proportions as here- under, with the dates when they were ufed. The making of gunpowder after the mod antient mannt. , anno 1380. Saltpeter, brimftone, charcole, equal parts. Anno, 1410, faltpeter 3 parts, brimftone 2 parts, charcole 2 parts. 398 HISTORY OF Anno, 1480, faltpeter 8 parts, brimftonc 3 parts, charcole 3 parts. The making beft powder, 1520, faltpeter 4 parts, charcole 1 part, brimftone 1 part. Anno, 1647, the beft fort now made, falpeter 6 parts, brimftone 1 part, charcole 1 part. The mulket powder is now commonly made of faltpeter 5 parts, brimftone 1 part, charcole 1 part ; canncn powder, faltpeter 4 parts, I part charcole, 1 part brimftone (q). At what time cannon (r) were firft ufed in Europe is not clearly- afcertained ; if we may credit John Barbour, archdeacon of Aberdeen, King Edward III. had artillery in his firft campaign againft the Scotch, A. D. 1327; thefe the archdeacon calls (s) crakys of war; I- i .M-'i'/M hr'i 'E' ' ! ! (q) These were the moft approved compofitions, but diverfe conceits have prevailed at different periods refpcding the ftrengthening of gunpowder by the addition of various fub- (lances, fuch as to every pound of brimftone, an ounce of mercury, or to every pound of falt- peter, a quarter of an ounce of fal armoniac ; to fprinkle the powder with brandy, or fpirits of wine } and Ward has the following receipt to make a gun fhoot half as far again as its ufual diftance with the fame quantity of powder ; this is effefted, he fays, by taking of white cafe-pepper of the foundeft comes, and ftecpe them 24 houres in ftrung aqua vitae, then being taken out and dryed in the funne, fo that they may not danke the powder ; then clurging the peece with the ufual charge of powder, you muft take fo many of thefe pepper-comes as will cover the circumference of the bore, and being put downe clofe with the fticke to the powder ; then putting next to the pepper the bullet, this being trycd at any marke, it {hall be fenfibly found to convey the bullet with fuch a violence, farre beyond the accuftomed fhooting, and being charged without this ingredient, the bullet fliall not come little more than half the way. Thomas Diggs, in his Stratioticos, likewife mentions an extraordinary degree of fcience poflefled by his father, who could, as he fays, by rcfle£tion of glafles, fire powder, and difcharge ordnance many miles diftant ; which, with fcveral other curious matters, he partly acquired by the " aide he had by one old written book of the fame Bacon's Experiments, that by ftraunge adventure, or ratlier deftinic, came to his hands." By Bacon, he meant the learned Friar of that name : I do not aflert the truth of thefe matters. (r) Cannon is derived from canna, a large hollow reed. - (s) In his metrical life of King Robert Bruce, p. 408, and 409. ' : :. . Twa novelties that day the faw, That forouth in Scotland had been nane, Timbers for helmes was the ane, That they brought then of great beautie, And aifo wonder for to fee i The -'thcr crakys were of war. That they before heard never air. ! 3 parts. )le 1 part, brimftone er 5 parts, er 4 parts. not clearly- ■ Aberdeen, againft the ys of war ; lave prevailed at 1 of various fub- ry pound of falt- brandy, or fpirits IS far again as its y taking of white I vitse, then being hen clurging the per-cornes as will ke to the powder ; it Ihall be fenfibly led fhooting, and ore than half the rdinary degree of s, fire powder, and . matters, he partly on's Experiments, aeon, he meant the f great beautie, war, ever air. AllT I I, I, i: R Y, I'll. 1 : I 9 m' r ;,;'!'. 1 ' : 1 : 1 J M:'^ '^i(r'' • $-h m iFoot nTrrrf- , I'rale of Xim /eel fbr Fi'if. i, i.^-i.-f.k g. 1 r- Mif 7. F10.4- Fr<7. s . Snile o/'Fmir Feet./vrFi/f.^ . 3= 4 Fitf.S. Fmf iSatt •'r7fft'^.lit^ir Artilxery. PL'-'. I 'J it ■^ I'!'' .! ■■' i • # Dyile Cannon Tm'/i (Imnon h ':^ A Sectum ofiAr breeich of the Tiiple (himon. m ^indent Scravpiete. EXTRAORDINARV PIECES OF ARTILLERY ,1 ;!^ 1 na ■■'t ■; I- i- ■ : , - IS lj 400 H I s r O U Y O F low (x) : another gun of this kind is kept in a cellar before mentioned, in the Ifle of Man ; both are engraved in plate 2, of artillery ; on particular emergencies, guns have been made of jacked leather. The antient bombards were fometimes very large, and chiefly dii- charging ftone balls of a monflrous fize. When Mahomet the II. bc- fieged Conftantinople, anno 1453, he battered the walls with ftone bul- lets, and his pieces were fome of them of the calibre of 1 200 pounds ; but then they could not be fired more than four times a day (y). In Rymer, there is an order from King Henry V. to the clerk of the ordnance, and John Bonet, a mafon of Maidftone, to cut 7000 ftone fhot in the quarries there. Froissart defcribes a very extraordinary bombard, ufed at the fiege of Oudenarde, made by the people of Gh.jnt, under the diredtion of D'Arteville ; Therefore (fays he), to terrify the garrifon of Oude- narde, he caufed to be made a marvellous great bombarde, which was fifty feet long, and threw great heavy ftones of a wonderful bignefs ; when this bombard was difchargcd, it might be heard five leagues by day, and tai at night, making fo great a noife in going off", " that it (x) The infide is a tube of copper foldered, the length of the piece j this tube is covered with a tube of plated, or hammered iron \ as it could not be made to iliut clofe upon the cop- per, the interval is filled with melted lead ; over the iron tube is lead, then plated iron where neceflary to fortify it from the trunnions to the breech, and over ;.li (heathing copper, lapping over one another, as may be fecn by the drawing. The dolphins are broke, the heads and tails remain; the cafcabel broke. The trunnioiis are compofcd of iron cylinders, half an inch diameter, covered with lead, probably they were alfo covered with flieet copper, they are much bruifed ; the ornaments are punched. I fend you fome pieces of the outfide copper, and of the lead coatings, but could not rip oft' a piece of the iron tube, which is .about an eighth of an inch in thicknefs were I opened it, which Mas half way between the trunnions and the muzzle. I do not recolleft this conllrudion of a cannon defcribed by any of our old authors. This gun, which is nearly a four pounder, was taken up in Kinfale harbour, by fome fiftiermen in their nets. It is fuppofcd to have belonged to the Spanilh armada. See a delineation of it, artillery, plate 2, fig. 5 ; fig. 6, fliews a gun faid to be conftrucled of the fame materi-ils, at Peel Town, in the Ifle of Man, where are alfo the pieces of antient hooped guns, fig. 2, 3, 4. (y) See preface to Robins's Gunnery. ^ tionccl, •y; on ifly du- ll, bc- mebul- touiids ; )• :leik of at 7000 I at the lire6lion f Oude- liich was bignefs ; igues by « that it e is covered ion the cop- l iron where per, lapping ads and tails lalf an inch >er, they arc tfide copper, is about an le trunnions y any of our harbour, by ■liih arrnada. rudcd of the s of antient TlIK TARTUIDOKS i h' I ' I' If i II THE E N C; L I S H ARMY. 401 feemed as if all the devils iti hell were abroad." We frequently read of cannon or bombards carrying (lone balls from 200 to 500 pounds weight. The terms cannon and colouverine were not confined to large guns, but were given alfo to thofe of fmall caliber, fuch as were portable, and might be moved by hand. Juvenal des Ursins, an author contemjwrary with Charles VI. under the year 1414, calls them hand canons, and they were fo named at the time of Louis XI. ; for Philip de Comines, reckoning the ftrength of the Swifs army, and their allies, which defeated Charles the Bold, Duke of Normandy, before Morat, not far from Bern, in Switzerland, fays, that there might be thirty thoufand footmen, well chofen, and well armed ; that is to fay, eleven thoufand pikes, ten thoufand halberts, and ten thoufand coulouverines : now it is manlfefl by the word, coulouverines, he c< uld not mean thofe great and long canons formerly fo named, but fomething like a mufquet, or arque- bufe, a croc, fuflficiently light to be carried by hand, or put on very fmall {lands, and moved and turned by one or two men (z) ; this fup- pofition is further corroborated by diverfe other inftances, in which imall armies are faid to have had feveral hundreds, and even thoufands, of canons and colouverines ; one mentioned by the author laft cited, who in the year 1411, fays ; that in the army of the Duke of Orleans, >\ M, (z) The Duke of Burgundy appears to have had fomc very large ordnance in his army 5 our countryman Coriat, defcribes one that he faw in the arfenal at Zurick j " among them, I faw one pafling great murdering piece, both ends thereof were fo exceeding wide, that a very corpulent man might caflly enter the fame ; this alfo was wonne in the field from the faid duke." Vol. 2. p. 193. He likewife mentions another large piece, termed a bafiliflce, which he faw in the arfenal of Milan ; " alfo (fays he), I faw an exceeding huge bafililke, which was fo great, that it would eafily contayne the body of a very corpulent man." — In the 2d of King Henry V. A. D. 1414, there was a mafter of the ordnance named Nicholas Merbury, and John Louth, his clerk ; to whom that king, by a warrant in Rymer, aflfigned the neceflary workmen and materials, with authority for prefling all forts of carriages required. VOL. I. 3 F 8i'i sa ' -t.i. ! ^,i.j pa H ISTORY OF I I' under Charles VI. there were four thoufand canons and colouverines ; hand guns were not however introduced into Eln^land till fixty years afterwards, as has before been mentioned (a) : during this time per- haps they were improving, fo as to become more manageable. Although artillery was ufed from the time of King Edward III. and purchafed from abroad by all our fucceflive kings, it feems ex- tremely ftrange, that none of our workmen attempted to call them, till the reign of King Henry VIII. when in 1581, according to Stowe, or 1.535 (Camden fays), great brafs ordnance, as canon and culverins, were fir ft call in England, by one John Owen, they formerly having been made in other countries ; whether this man did not fucceed, or died before the year 154.3, '^ "o^ mentioned ; but in that year, accord- ing to Stowe, the king employed two aliens as his gunfounders ; his words are, " the king minding wars with France, made great preparations and provifion, as well of munitions and artillery, as alfo of brafs ordinance j amongft which at that time, one Peter Bawd, a Frenchman born, a gun-founder, or maker of great ordnance, and one other alien, called Peter Van CoUen, a gunfmith, both the king's feedraen, conferred together, devifed and caufed to be made, certain mortar pieces, being at the mouth from eleven inches, unto nineteen inches wide ; for the ufe whereof, the faid Peter and Peter caufed to be made certain hollow fhot of caft yron, fluffed with fire works, or wild-fire ; whereof the bigger fort for the fame, had fcrews of yron to receive a match to carry fire kindled, that the fire-work might be fet on fire to break in fmall pieces the fame hollow (hot ; whereof the fmalleft piece hitting any man, would kill or fpoil him; and after the king's return from Bullen, the faid Peter Bawd by himfelf in the firft; year of Edward VI. did alfo make certain ordnance of caft yron of diverfe forts and forms, as fawconets, falcons, minions, fakers, and other pieces (b)." Chaniber'd pieces for throwing ftones, called can- non perriers, port-pieces, ftock-fowlers, fling-pieces, portingale bafes, '5 I |[ IM ^ (a) Vol. I. p. 162. ^b) Stowe's Chron. p. 584. ■ff ;M: <:%:^ Si I rp: m- .5»> .i ♦. t;'tl THE ENGLISH ARMY 403 and murtherera, were about this time much ufed in fmall forts, and on ftiip-board. King Henry VH. and his fon Henry VHI. took great pains to in- troduce the art of gunnery into this kingdom, and for that purpofe both of them had a number of Flemifh gunners in their daily pay. The wretched ftate of that art is related by William Bourne, author of a treatife on the Art of (hooting in great ordnance, printed at London, in 1587 ; " I have feen (fays he) a number of bookes that have been written concerning ordnance, but furely they that wrote them were not feen in any part of the mathematical fcience, neither good mechanicians ; but (in refpeft) utterly void of any fcience ; in (comparifon) no good order defcribed in the Ihooting of ordnaunce, to know what diitance the fhotte is delivered from the peete ; neyther have they known what inHruments have meaned ; and although they have named degrees in their bookes, yet it appeareth unto me, that they have no knowledge what a degree fignifieth, for that they have named a quadrant, a triangle, and other fond and fooliih bye-names ; wherefore, they that have written thefe bookes, that the gunners have amongd them, were utterly unlearned in any manner of fcience ; which were in the beginning, in the time of King Henry VIIL made by Flemmings ; for in the war of thofe daies, the king fent over into Flanders and thofe parts thereabouts, to have gunners to ferve him in the warres, and the gunners have no other bookes, but fuch as were written by them ; wherefore, I do thinke it good to fhewe unto you what a degree is." In the year 1626, the 2d of King Charles I. fome improvement was attempted in the ordnance, for one Arnold Rotifpen had a patent for 14 years for making guns of all forts both great and fmall after a new way, or manner, not formerly pra6lifed by any within thefe dominions (c). The next year a patent was granted to William Drummond, of ■1!; .P 'j'' w (c) Rymer. 404 HISTORY OF Hawthomden, for the fole making and vending a number of war-like machines. As we hear nothing further of them, it is moll reafon- able to fuppofe, like many other wonderful proje6ls, they proved abortive. Since the introdu6lion of artillery a variety of vvhimfical pieces have been invented, many by ecclefiaftics, but in the whole the fimple gun has been found the moft ferviceable. Several of thefe inventions, as matters of curiofity, are engraved for this work. Bombs are certainly of greater antiquity than is generally fuppof- ed (d). Strada fays, they were ufed in the year 1588, at the fiege of Vakterdonc, a town in Guelders ; but from his defcription it appears, that what he calls a bomb was in reality a carcafs. Nothing, fays he, frightened the burgers more than certain hollow balls filled with pow- der and materials that could not be extinguiflied ; thefe balls were thrown into the air by mortars, and had a match of a certain length, in order to fet fire to the powder. Falling on the tops of houfes they broke through them, and as foon as they had taken fire, they burft, and fpread out on every fide a flame, which was difficult to extinguifh with water. This inftrument, which gave origin to grenades, fire- pots, and the like machines contrived for the deftrudlion of the human fpecies, were invented, as it is faid, a few days before the fiege of Vakterdonc, by an inhabitant of Venlo, a maker of fireworks ; the inhabitants of that town propofed with this invention to divert the duke of Cleves, who was on a vifit to them, and to whom they had given a grand repaft ; they therefore were defirous of making the firft trial of it before him, and it fucceeded much better than they propofed, for the bomb falling on a houfe, beat in the roof and floors, and fet it on fire, which communicating with the neighbouring houfes, burnt two thirds of the town, the fire being fo violent, that it was impoflible (d) It has been fuppofed that the firft guns or bombards were ufed for throwing (lones, not point blank, but at an elevation, fo that they might rather be confidered as mortars than guns. : li ' if ! i I THE ENGLISH ARMY. 405 r-like lafon- roved pieces fimple iitions, uppof- lege of jpears, ays he, li pow- Is were length, fes they y bur ft, tinguilh ;s, fire- human lege of ks; the le duke given ft trial ropofed, and fet burnt npoftible ving ftones, as mortars ir to extlnguifti it. I know, adds Strada, that fome have written, that a month or two before, a like experiment had been made at Bergen Op Zoom, by an Italian deferter from the Spanifti troops, who had engaged with the Dutch, and had promifed to make them fome hollow balls of ftone or iron, which being thrown into a befieged town, and burfting after their fall, would fet every thing on fire ; but as he was preparing his compofition, a fpark having fallen on the powder, he was killed, and by his death left thofe for whom he was working in an uncertainty, whether or not his fecret would have fucceeded. From both thefe defcriptions it is evident the end propofed was to bum the towns by means of thefe fire balls. The effedl of the bomb is chiefly confined to beating down buildings by its fall, or by its ex- plofion and the pieces of broken iron thrown about in all dire6lions, to break and deftroy every thing around it. Valturinus, who is the oldeft of the modern writers on war, the firft edition of whofe book was publifhed in Latin, at Bafle, in 1472, carries the invention of bombs at leaft a century farther back than Strada ; for in book x. page 267, of his work, there is the figure of a cannon, fomewhat of the howitzer kind, deftined to throw a brazen ball filled with powder. It is entitled machina qua pilae aeneae tormentarii pulveris plenag, cum fungi aridi fomite urentis, emittun- tur (e). Bombs fince their firft invention have been much improved. They are now made of caft iron ; thickeft at tlie part oppofite the vent, by which means, that fide being heavieft, they fall with the fufe upper- (e) This paflage is in a note, p. 394, of Monfieur Joly de Maizeroy's Treatife on Ancient Sieges. I have never been able to fee the Latin edition of Vahurinus ; but in a French tranf- lation of that author, printed at Paris in 1555, in boolc X. p. 163. b. there is a print of a cannon as juft fired, with a ball in the air, feemingly burning out of the vent, and another ball likewife burning on the ground. The balls appear to open by means of hinges oppofite the vent. The title over it is Voyci encores une autre ticnne invention d'artillerie par laquelle on tire un boulet artificiel plein de poudre avec un nourilTement de fen. It is copied in Artillery, plate i. fig. 8. 9. 10. the lad is made a little larger than the other to Ihew the hinges. I •<. ( ii : i1: HISTORY OF I'M'. I ' : m moll, and thereby prevent its being broken or fmothered. Though fome engineers think that when cad equal they fly truer, and burfl into more pieces (f). Blondel at the end of his book (g) points out an extraordinary method of throwing ilones into a befieged town without making ufe of a mortar. " The Poles (fays he) aflifted by fome auxiliary troops, befieged the town of Thorn in Pruflia, held by the Swedes, into which they frequently threw ftones of a monllrous fize, great quarters of mill ftones, and fquared ilones of more than 800 wtight, without making ufe of mortars, in this manner ; in the firm ground near the counterfcarp, they digged holes juft of the fize and figure of the ftone they intended to throw, the bottom of which hole being flat and even, was turned towards the town, with fuch an angle of inclination as they judged by efiimation was proper for the di-> redlion of their throw, and in the middle of this bottom they digged an- other hole deeper and in form of a chamber, and in fuch fort, that the axis of the lad hole pafling through the center of gravity of the ftone, was p^^ndicular to its bed, and was the fame as the line of dire^i(»i; they filled this hole with powder, if the earth was fuificiently firm, or elfe they put in a petard of a fize proportioned to the weight of the ftone, which refting on the plane of the madrier of the petard, or of the tomiNon of the chamber, received the full force of the powder, which was lighted by means of a thread dipt in brandy, and compofition of it^'fi .'■' ' It rvr .' M! : :■ (f) At the fiege of Bergen Op 2^om in the year 1747, 1 was fliewn a Scotch Hollander, I think of Collyer's regiment, who, tempted by the reward given for ftifled ihells, contrived a machine of the lever kind, with which he had, when I faw him, drawn out the burning fufes of two bombs, but afterwards making a third attempt, an eighteen-inch fliell burfl between his legs, and tore him in pieces. (g) Entitled L'Art de Jetter les Bombes. This author agrees as to the abovementioned epocha of the invention of bombs, but at the fame time remarks thnt that of mortars is ftill more ancient ; he fays he has feen them both of iron and brafs, of a (tru£lure which feemed to be of the time of the oldeft cannon, and that they were ufere than r ; in the the fize )f which I fuch an 3r the di-> gged an- , that the the ilone» lireftion; ' firm, or It of the or of the ir, which ofition of h Hollander, i, contrived a ; the burning :h {hell bura jvementioned lortars is ftill vhich feemed s and red hot ; of the book 1538, where ling ball. I ; m. j; \m i 1 X. (". Ccisb^^he Jiiify'- Jn Aru7>/it Criw (art i'i>w>'/ /hn-: \.t. {^'otin^afti .'ru//vit 1 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 407 artificial fire-works, and nfing to a great height in the air, fell in tho town at the deftined places, where it crulhed every thing it met with in it's fall." This contrivance is alfo mentioned in an ancient Englilh Book of Fireworkes, the name of whofe author I cannot recolledt. Diverfe mortars of this kind are (as it is faid) cut in the rocks at Malta, fome of thefe perhaps fuggeiled the idea to Healey for that he conllrut^ed at Gibraltar, an account of which fee in the Appendix, No. 7. After the firft invention of bombs, thofe of carcafles of different kinds, and grenades, naturally fol'^wed ; the latter are faid to have been firft ufed in 1594. The howitzer, which is a kind of mortar mounted like a gun on a field carriage, its trunnions being fixed in the middle, is a modern difcovery, and on particular occafions extremely ferviceable ; they were invented by the Germans about the year 1595 or 1594. Another fpecies of artillery were the war carts, each carrying two peteraros, or chamber'd pieces ; feveral of thefe carts are repre- fented in the Cowdry pi6lure of the fiege of Bullogne, one of which is fr'wen in this work ; thefe carts feem to have been borrowed from the Scotch ; Henry, in his Hiftory of England, mentions them as peculiar to that nation, and quotes the two following a6ts of parliament re- fpe<5ling them ; one A.D. 1456, wherein they are thus defcribed, ** it is tocht fpeidfull, that the king mak requieft to certain of the great burrows of the land that are of ony myght, to make carts 6f weir, and in elk cart twa gunnis, and ilk ane to have twa chalmers, with the remnant of the graith that effeirs tliereto, and an cunnand man to Ihute thame :" by another a6t, A.D. 1471, the prelates and barons are commanded to provide fuch carts of war againft their old enemies the Englilh (h). These carts feem to be the fame as mentioned by Monro (i), who \ t'.fiimOuiihl .mil/vu (h) Black A£ls, James II. a£l 52. James III. a£t 55. (i) Munho his Expedition with the worthy Scots Regiment, called Mac-Keyes Regiment, ievied ia Auguft, 1626, &c. &c. part 2. p. 151. 4o8 11 I wS TORY OF fpeaking of the invention of artillery, fays ; " and it is thought that tlie invention of cannon was fornd firll at Nurenbersr, for the ruin of man, being at firft for a long time ufed for battering down of walles and cities, and for counter-batteries, till at la(^ they were ufed in the field to break the fquadrons and battailes of foot and horfe, fonie carrying pieces, called spingards, of foure foote and a halfe longe, that (hot many bullets at once no greater than walnuts, which were carried in the fields on little chariots behinde the troopcs, and how foone the trumpet did founde, the enemy was thundered on, firll with thofe as with flioures of haile ftone, lb that the enemies were cruelly affrighted with them, men of valour being fuJdenly taken away, who before were wont to fight valliantly and long with the fword and launce, more for the honour of vidlory, than for any defire of flicd- ding of bloud ; but now, men are marteryzed and cut downe, at more than half a mile of diftance, by thofe furious and thundring engines of great cannon, that fometimcs fhoote fiery bullets able to burne whole cities, caftles, houfes, or bridges, where tiiey chance to light, and if they happen to light within walles, or amongll a briggad of foote or horfe, as they did at Leipsigh, on the grave fon Torne his briggad, fpoiled a number at once, as doubtlefje the devilifli invention did within Waleftine, his leaguer at this time." The petard is a machine made ufe of to burft open gates, draw- bridges and doors of arfenals or fortrefles and cafiles attacked by furprife: It is a kind of iron mortar of tlie form of a truncated cone, or that of a bell, with a touch-hole in the centre of the breech, and four handles for fattening it to its madrier : petards were of different fizes, according to the ufes for which they were defigned ; a fmall one fix- teen lines thick at the breech, and eiglit or nine at the moutli ; its caliber five inches at the breech, and eight at the mouth ; its length from ten inches to a foot long, weighed about fixty pounds, and was the beft fize for general ufe. The manner of loading it was this ; it was to be filled nearly full with the beft gunpowder, and then covered with wadding, and after- .H that the ruin ot" t" walk's d in the fe, Ibnio "e longe, ich were md how firll with c cruelly vay, who jord and of flied- , at more g engines to burnc ; to light, riggad of Torne his invention es, draw- lacked by je, or that and four ;rent fizes, 11 one fix- nouth ; its its length s, and was nearly full and after- ■■"^ :f Ai % ''' i ! ! - HI wax wa! beii of ov< in fqi cr< wl di fu tV t\ V u f T THE ENGLISH AHMY. 409 Alv fitted to its caliber ; after this, it wards by a wooden t^"f "^^'^f^^'^ ft,„kes of a wooden mallet care «as to be driven wrth f^» « ^If the powder (k) : the rema>nder being taken not ^^^^J^ ^^w wax. or Greek pitch, and cove^d „{ the petard «»»f f *'*4''^o„th of the petard was then placed over with a waxed <='"*' ^ "^ ft„,„g plank about eighteen mches in a cavity turned to receive .t ma ft^ogP ^^ f,,, Me w.th a fquare. called a -^^'^'''J'^X^loo^.■' to this madrier the petard erofsband of iron, and a « °»g ''^^ . tfe handles before-mentjoned; „as fattened by R^P^f ,I«"^^"« *S was made faft by its hook, and ^hen it was to be ufed. the madner w ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ,^ awersothercontriv^ces t„*e gate ^_^^^^ .^^^ ^^^ f fufe which paired though m^^tor ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^, ,„ Z powder ; the effeft «-' ^"f^^'f^ ^^^ ^he back of the madrter. the radrier. In the annex^ P>ate .sjh ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ «th its hook and crofa ban*, the ^"^ ^^ ,,,, ^^^j. and tl,e TaSsT fats-. - -- -^'^ "' ^'^'^'" ' ^^ -e^»o to .ather OameU the ^^-s -nted in .ranc.^ ftort time before the year ,579. '^^^J,,, ,„ December^^ ,64,, ,V of France, then only Kmg ^ ^ forces under Sn- W.l- Snircam^.-^- blewitopenwith^^ ,t^ors recommend driving in the P^r^fl jKeAer it^uld have had its intended effeft ; others .^ j^^^^^,,^ ^^d then to v .^ ^^^^^.^ . The beft efFeft ^°"^'^ P'°;=^2,r^ ^^lekly communieated. * if VOL. I. .^- .:^«^v.CMl-..-«;^l*M^"^"'l^'-;'=^'' 410 HISTORY OF hi < ilf M r The infernals were floating mines conftru6led in the bodies of Ihips or boats ; the firft inventor of them, or, at lead, the firft who put th«n in pra6lice was, Frederick Jambelli, an Italian engineer ; at the fiege of Antwerp, by the Spaniards, under Alexander, Prince of Parma, in the year 1585 : a very particular and interefting relation of their wonderful effects is given by Strada, in his Hiftory of the Belgic War. The great deftruclion made by thefe caufed feveral others to be tried, but none of them by any means fucceeded. At Dunkirk, and St. Maloes, they were tried by the Englifli ; at Havre de Grace by the Englifh and Dutch, under King William ; and one was conftru6led by the French, to be ufed againft Algiers, in 1688, but was not made ufe of. In St. Remi's Memoirs of Artillery, there is a fe6lion and view of the infernal ufed by the Dutch and Englilh at St. Maloes, which !s copied in this work ; with it is the following defcription ; fig. 1 . / , fedlion or profile of the machine ; B, bottom of the veflel filled with fand ; C, lower deck filled with twenty thoufand pounds of powder, with a covering of mal'onry a foot thick ; D, fecond deck furnilhed with fix hundred bombs and carcafies, having two feet of mafonry over it ; E, third deck above the gaillard, furnilhed with fifty barrils, hooped with iron, filled full of all forts of fireworks. F, Canal, or tube for conducting the fire to the powder, and to the priming ; G, fig. 2, iron inftruments, fifty in number, filled with fireworks, and armed with points, whereby they would, if they fell on wood, ftick faft to it. The machine or veflel was thirty-four feet in length, eighteen in height, and drew nine feet vvater ; the upper deck was covered with old iron cannon and langridge, it broke a great number of windows and uncovered many houfes without any other effe6l ; one part of the veflel did not blow up; by what remained its conftruClion was known. In no department of the army or of military fcience has fo great improvement and increafe been made as in the artillery ; particularly v; f'O.Mmufne-ycub<: mjJvrj-.-Jtx.U./MW fiy t/n- En.r/i.,/i .r/j:^if„AKt. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 4U within the lail fifty ye«rs *. Infiead of being merely an appendage to an army, the artillery is now the principal arm by which the fuc- cefs of campaigns and l^e fate of battles is decided. In the fixteenth century, acccx-dic^ to Macchiavel, the fmall number of pieces of ordnance attached to an army feldom made more than one difeharge ; the troops were fo awkward in the management of their clumfy guns, that the cavalry in general was able to charge them, before they could load ^ain, after once firing. From tliis moment the artillery could have no ilhare in the a<5lion. But now, befides the guns attach- ed to each battalion, whole brigades of ordnance are employed, and combine their movements with thofe of the other parts of an army. The royal regiment of artillery does not date its eftablifhment beyond the commencement of the prefent century. From fmall be- ginnings it has gradually been augmented to five battalions, each confiding of lo companies and above 1200 officers and men. There is befides a battalion of artillery invalids, and two companies ftationed in the Eaft Indies. * In 1 745 the whole of our artillery, employed in the campaign againft the French in Flanders, confided of the following pieces ; 10 Six-pounders, ■ I • 27 Three ditto, 6 Gallopers. 4 Eight-inch howitzers. > Heavy metal. ^ Total 47 The gradual augmentation may be leen from the following return of the ordnance in Germany, anno 1762. 1 8 Twelve-pounders, heavy, medium and light. 5 8 Sis-pounders, of which 24 heavy and 34 light. 4 Royal howitZv;rs. 8 Eight-inch mortars. Total 88 41S The moll novel inftitution in this branch of the military art is the horfe-artillery, by which the force of cavalry and ordnance is united, and the mod rapid movements executed with machines, that were once fo cumbrous. Frederick II., in his laft war, firft mounted fome artillery men on horfeback ; but it was the French, who, at the com- mencement of the prefent, brought this inftitution to the improved Hate in which it now is, and fo forcibly demonllrated its utility and efficacy, that it has been introduced into feveral other countries. The Britifli government was among the firfl to adopt it; and we have now fix troops of horfe-artillery, not inferior to thofe of a prior eflablifhment *. " ^^ "•■' * ■ If- I. W' Colonel - Lieutenant-Colonek - Major Captains - - - Captain-Lieutenants - Firft Lieutenants Second Lieutenants - Adjutant Quarter-Mafter Surgeon - - - Afliftant-Surgeons Riding Mafter Serjeant-Majors Quarter-Mafter Serjeants Serjeants - - . Corporals * Brigade of Horfe< - - - I 2 I 6 6 12 6 I I I 4 I 6 7 lb 18 Artillery, fix troops ) Bombardiers Gunners Gunner-Driven Farriers - Smitlis Collar-Makers - Wheelers Trumpeters Horfes. Riding Draft 6i8 858 1476 4« 582 426 24 6 12 6 6 119s ns^.:-r!- ;'v END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. ^ 1 ; .