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To make Principles or Fundamentals, belongs not to Man, to Nations, nor to Human Laws: to build upon fucb Principles or Fundamentals, as are apparently laid by GOD in the inevitable NeceiFity or Law of Nature, is that which truly appertains to Man, to Nations, to Human Laws : to malcc any other Fundamentals, and then to build upoa them, is to build Caftles in the Air. Harrington" t Political Aphorifmt, No. 85. LONDON; Printed for J. Debrett, (Succeflbr toMr. Almon,) Oppofite Burlington-Houfe, Piccadilly, MDCCLXJC;2i:2II. i J t • { . . ACVtRTISEMENT- /^ i '^tlE following Paper fiatei JJ \arid explains the Syftem of the New World in America ; the natural Liberty of the Individual fettled there ; the Frame into which the Communities of indivi- duals (prior to all confideratiori of Pblitical Society) naturally fbrrh themfelves* By thefc principles it lead^ to the difcuffion of the nature of their States and their political Freedom ; of the nature of the Confederation and General Govern- ment ; and from herice the Spirit and Temper of Polity, which may hereafter form the Reafon of State^ or Syfteni of Adminiftration in the afKlrrs of that Empire, are fketched B . A^ ( H ) As the feveral matters which range under this general Subject are intimately interwoven with the Ef- fence^ and deeply intereft the Exijl- ence of this Sovereign Empire, they ought to be apparent to, and to be underftood by, every Citizen of America, who has a fliare in the bufinefs of his Country : this Me- morial, therefore, is addrefled to the Sovereigns of America. It is, moreover, publiflied to the Citi- zens at large, as " fFhat concerns " All^ fioutd be confidered of by Aur A pradical knowledge of the matters contained in this Paper, efpecially of thofe points which refped the new Syjlem of a New World ; a knowledge of the Con- Jlitution of the General Govern- ment, and of the ground and move- ( «i ) movements of the American AJ-- miniflration^ is indifpenfably neccf- fary to every Statefman in Europe, who may have Connexions and Habits of bufinefs with this New Empire : this Paper is therefore published to Europe at large. It is not written for the Read- ing, nor calculated to the Reafon- ing of Britifh Politicians : it is drawn by a Scale below fuch Sub- limity: its honie-fpun reafonings will be unintelligible to BritiOi Statefmen. A few Cppies, how- ever, are referved for the inferior clafs of Readers and Reafoners who will underftand the Memo- rialift. If He could flatter himfelf that the Statefmeix and Politiqians of Qreat-Britain would defqend fronx ( iv ) tliieir Superior Regions, and con- defcend to caft an Eye, or rather a Thought, on fuch a trifling Paper of fuch an unexperienced Theorift as the Memorialift ; He has only to caution them z^-aind paic^mg their politics with the only remnant- rag of their folly that flicks to their backs, viz. an Idea that an Unioisi with America^ or fome part of itf is praSiicable and pglitic. This fTopo{itiony framed into a meafure^ is the ofily one left to compleat, beyond red'^mption, the Ruin of this Country, A ME- M E M O R I A I, ,_■: ADDRESSED JO THE SOVEREIGNS of AMERICA. HAVING prefumed to addrcfs to the Sovereigns of Europe a Me- piorial, ftating, ift. The Combination of Events, as they ftood in fa<^ and operation be- tween the Old and New Worlds, between Europe and Anr*erica: 2dly, Marking the train of confequences which muft have been the EfFed of this combination, and which is in part arifen into Event by the Efta- ^lifhmen^ of the Sovwieignty of the American States : ( 6 ) 3dly, and laftly, Suggeiling what that fplrit of Policy, and marking what that Una of Copdud^ ought to be, with which the advancing State of things fhould be met : Permit me now to addrefs this Memorial to You SoVEREIQNS OF AMERICA. I ftall not addrefs you with the Court-titlc$ of Gothic Europe, nor with thofe of fer- vile Afia, I will neither addrefs your Sublimity or Majefty, your Grace or Ho- linefs, your Eminence or Highmightineft, your Excellence or Honours. What are Titles, where Things thcmfelvcs arc known and underftood } Whftt Title did the Republick of Rome take ? The State was known to be Sovereign, and the Ci- tizens to be Free, What could add to this Glory? ♦ Therefore, UNiTEUi States ^ If it were nect^iiry for the American States to, <3k<^ * Stage-name la the Diplomatic Djcpma of Politics i to affume for their Title of Adtirefs lir>mc noun Jubjiantive exps«^e ^f t^ft Hp^rit and ViEtue which is fuppofed peculiarly to refide in^ them ', ( ^ ) States and Citizens of Am&rica, I addrefs You^ as You are ; I do it under every fenfe and fentiment of Reverence to Your Sovereign Station; and under a confcious fenfe of the diftance of my own private one. .And yet, from the relation which I, have fbrtnerly borne to the States^ both when f I ferved them under their comnaand^ them i i would addrefs myC'lf to Their Frjse- AoMii. Thh w Wtt t>ecMliar gift of H«aven ; this is the Spirit of their Caufe and Eflablifhment. fie tills their Uotiaefs, their Grace, their Excellence, their Hdnour : be this their Polity^ and they will eftablifli dvfc Ma^efty of the American Union, and wiit rife into hi^ and mighty States. t The firft Public CommiSion that this Memo- riaiift held, the firft of his honours^, an honour which lie eftcems ad highly as any that he hath ever fince enjoyed, was that of being Commiflioner fent from the Province, now the State Maflachufett's-Bay, to negotiate an Union of the Forces of Pennfylva- nia, Nevf-Jerfey, and New- York, with the Forces of New-England, in an expedition againft Crown- l*rtnt, la which negotiation he fucoeeded, and which expedition gave the firft turn to the fate of the War of 175-5. He began his courfe by learning to fervc them, and he afterwards fo commanded as to obtain the apprtekbation of thofe where he governed, and the ♦iWrtourstbte teftimohy they bore him. Afterwards, in the privsflc "ftntiwi to which he was config;ned in his (?) coftirhand, and after when I ccnimaridedl *— I addrefs Yoii in the confcioiifnefs of foriiething above J a Subjed, in that of a Citizen. I addrefs you not only as SovEREiGM States, eftablifhed and ac-^ knowledgcd 5 1 congratulate You as Free States, as founded on and built up in the Principles of Political Freedomi I con- gratulate Human Nature that it hath pleafed God to eftablifh an Afylum to. which Men of all Nations who wifh for his native land, he invariably endeavoured to ferve the Caufe of Freedom and Peace ; he had the means and took the occafion to become an efficient fpringy though not permitted to be the fnjirument of Peace. Born in that part of his Nation which inhabits Great-Britain, but having been employed as a Pc!i- tical agent only within that part which pofleifes America, heefteems himfelf, politically fpcaking, a Citizen of America, though by bifth a Suhjeif of Great-Britain. % I derive my diftinition from the Romans : I adopf the precedent from the Commiffi.;ners Pleni- potentiary of America. The Romans fay, Non, in regno Pop-lum Rom. fed in Libertate ejjje: dnd the Commiffix-iers, with the moft exad precifion, mark, in the provifioaal Treaty vith Great-Britain, the charaiSeriltic of thofe who are in regno., and of thofe who are in tihertatey by this expreffion, the ** Sub- jt£fs oi the one, and the Citiwm of the other." and ( 9 ) and deferve Freedom may fly, and uncier which they may find Refuge. In the contemplation of this wi(h, and. in the view of this general happinefs to man- kind, depending on your eftablirb^jent, I prefume toaddrefs this Memorial to You. Accept with gracious interpretation and condefcenfion my Apology. I fetl that it would be an impertinent aHumption, nay, that it would be ridiculous, were I to prefume to advife the States in the courfe and practice of Government. The free Citii^ens of America, whofe pradice from their youth is in the bufinefs of their Townihip, of their County, of their Country ; whofe difcipline and ;^whole education, whofe charuder, is in conflaiit training to the knowledge and exercife of Government and its powers -, will in their reafoning prove more reafonable, in their a<^ions more efficient, and in their politi- cal conduift wiferand more au fait in the affairs of their new world than tiie fir(^ Statefmen of Europe, who have a<^cd oa C thQ ( 10 ) the ftage of the old one, A free Citizen, participant of the Sovereignty of his State, vrho learns and is pradtifed in rotation of offices, both to ferve and to command, feels by habit in his mind, as he doth in his animal fi-ame, almofl mechanically, and without adverting to the r lafon at the time, the meafure and the moven^ent v/hich every furrounding circumn;ance calls for. The charaifter, thus acquired, creates in the reafoning Agent the felf* confcious feel of its natural energy : as the habits of exercife in the body give to the moving Agent the animal feej of felf*- poife. In taking, however, a new Aation, in fta^^iing amidft new and unexperienced relations, the Agent feels the center of his animal poife removed ; he feels fbme- what that did not make part of his for- mer fclf-confcioufncfs ; he is, for a time, as it were, on a conftrained Balance of Mind and Body. In this fituation ha £nds and feels, that not old habits, but l^ew exertions of difcernment ; a fpirit of inveftiga- Sp po CO im the ins CO ( I» ) Inveftigation and iridu the Memorial proceeds to enquire whether there doth adtually exift in Ame- rica that Majejiy of the People under which, and within which, the rights and liberties, the power and prerogative, the honour and dignity of the Stages and Ci- tizens are colledtivcly concentered : and ^whether this is actually fo eftablified as to be the ejicient Government. If a right Senfe of this Spirit of Sove- reignty, thus eftabliflied in, and com- bined with, political freedom, pervades the feeling of the people ; is confcious that the colle^ed information and reafon of the whole concenters in this Majefly; that the combined Force of the whole fprings from this Center of Power and adtiv'ty 5 this fenfe will dwell in the opi- nion of the people with all that efteem for the wifdom of the Impenum, that ref- pedl to its Authority, that veneration of its Honour and Dignity, and that Confen- fus ohedientium under its power, which £ 2 alone ( 28 ) alone forms the principle of the Sove- reignty (I had rather fay) the Mjjclty of the People as free Citizens. Oji this pr'n- ciple they will eftablilh this M.jeily with fuch powers as are neceflary to give it ef- ficiency i for not to feel that thcv may venture to give full Icope and ctlKiciit powers to it, is to doubt of tiie lounda- tion of their own Freedom, is to with- hold the real eflabli(hment, vvl 'ie they fet up an Idol with which to Mock t'lem- felves. They will rather give it luch Amplitude of power as may enable it, in all cafes, not defined and not definable, to fecure and promote the Salus FopulL Sovereigns as they are, and are declared to be by the Sovereigns of the Earth their EqualSjif they do not form one general Ef- ficient Impcrium as the Political Center of the Union, as Reprcfentative of the Ma- jefty of the whole Sovereign Confedera- tion ; as the executive fpring of felf-mo- tlon and Force in the State; the Liberty, Independence, and Sovereignty ' of the feveral ( 29 ) feveral States will prove exadly fuch as T. Q^ Fianiinius, by order of the Roman Senate, affeded to reftore and to give to the States of Greece ; or fuch as the po- licy of the fame Senate direded Paulus iEmilius to form the four Free and Inde- pendent Pemocracies of Macedonia upon — fo independent as to have no alliance of Polity, or intercommunion of Trade v^^ith each other. This Memorial will not enter into the detail of this adduced example : for if the reading of the Hiftory is not fufficient to awaken a jealous fenfe of this Situation, Reafon will but more tire and deaden that Senfe. All, therefore, that will be here done is to recommend to the ferious contemplation of the American States, to compare in thofe examples the meafures taken, and the events which fucceeded, to their own iituation, in an anxious looking to future events. This is faid in excefs of caution : but One may hope that it is totally unneceffary. If the Memorialift js not miftaken in his idfa ( 30 ) idea of the free People of America, Hb ihould rather think they will cloath it with fuch Honours and Dignity, that its Authority rather than its power may be fcen, and be willingly fubmitted to : but they will yet arm it with fuch Powers as Ihall maintain the Imperium, and bear down all unconftitutional recoil againfl it. If this genuine Spirit pervades the cha- racter of the People, thofe amongft them, whom the Senfe and Opinion of the People deftine to be Rulers, will be trained to the character of Sovereigns, and, when adually cloathed with the Majefty of the People, will feel a confcioufnefs, not of the pride of their own perfon, but of the Honour and Dignity of the People. Under this confcious fenfe they will, as the Confuls of Rome did, a<5t the Cha- radler of Sovereigns irr a higher tone of dignity than Kings and Princes, whofe confcious feel of Majefty is centered in their own narrow Selves. They will aft with ( 3' ) With lefs pride, but more commanding afcendcncy j with lefs violence, but with greater effcd ; with lefs Craft, but with more Wifdom ; with Truth, Honour, and the real Spirit of Majefty, If this Spirit of Sovereignty does not reiide in the People j if, through dckO: of this, the State is not formed to adl as a Sovereign with all the Majefty of the People ; this New Sovereign may, like a Mcteo: in its rapid trajedtory, blaze in the Heavens, and aftonifh the Earth for a time, but will not be found in any uniform revolving orbit, nor become eftabliftied as a permanent Syftem. Oftendent terris hunc tantum, Fata neq; ultra £fle finent. On the contrary, if they find within the Community the Sclf-fpring of Govern- ment ; if they are confcious that they have formed their Imperiuvt in this Spirit, and not in the Spirit of Domination ; if they have eftabliftied their Government, as in political Freedom, fo in Amplitude 6f ( 3^ ) of Majerty, the Spirit of Hcav:n will anfwer their call, and infpire their caufe. ** T have become^' it faith, ** n gloriom *' d'uuicni to the remnant of the People : " I. ylri/e^ afcend thy high Jeat : 2. «* Ckath fhxfelf ivith thy power : 3. Lift up on high thy Standard to the Natio?2s,'* Ellablifli your Sovereign Government j Cloatii it with the Majefty of the People ; and claim, infift on, and maintain, in all its amplitude, the honour and dignity of this Sovereign Majefty with all the Sove- reigns of the Earth. Having examined the nature of the Spirit of Liberty, the nature of the Spirit ef Sovereignty, as forming, when com- bined in the natural principles ot a People, the Ejjniee oteiiicient Govcrnu'vent found- ed in freedom, — this Memorial proceeds to the examination of thofe relative matters which may, both internally and externally, aftedl the Exiftence of that Free and Independent Sovereign. A newly - ellabliilicd State viewed under ( 33 ) under the circumftances of its Birth, and with reference to thofe relations amongll which it muft, in its iirfl years, take its courfe, will be feen to Aand in the fame predicament at its firft cftablidiment, as Man, the Individual, doth at his birth. Cicero, in treating of the bed polTible Republic, takes his ground of reafoning from this reR'rence : " Homo tion ut a Matre^ fed a Novcrcd Nutiird cditus eft in 'vihJffi ; corpore niido & jnigili <^ in^ fr/nO'y ammo autem anxio ad mohJtiaSy humiU ad timores^ molli ad lalores, projio ad libidines^ in quo tumen incji tanquani obrtitus quideni divinus ignis inginii & mentis" It hath not, however, been P^ with the American States at this their coming forth. They have been in their infancy nurtured and prote(5tcd by nature as by a mother, between whom and her children there has been the pureft reciprocation of maternal affedlion and filial Piety, until evil coun- cils brokv^ the tie. Under this relation F thefe ( 34 ) thefe States arofe to manhood : all, there- fore, which Cicero refers to in his ahafion to the birth or firft eftablifhment of a Republic, de cor pore nudo & fragili & /«- frmo ; d(' ajiimo anxio ad molcftias^ humili ad ti mores, molli ad tabor es; all that he refers to as to the wants, defeats, infirmi- ties, and weakneffes, of Infancy, doth not apply, either in mind or body, to thofe States adult in manhood, before they took their ftation of Independence. * ** I'hey *' are already hardened into Republics** They are come forth in full maturity of age. It is however at an age prona ad libidines. As man in his youth lives under a per- petual conflict of his paffions j fo have all States, fo will the States of America, at their fir;ht into a difcordant and repulfive (late, which will break all order and dillolve all fyftcm. Had this been the cafe in Rome-, Diffipatce ^faith Livv''* Rt'^y nondum adultce^ difcordid fo- renty qiias jvoit iranquida moderatio impe- riiy coque nutiicndo perduxitt ut bonam fru- gcui Libert ath^ tnaturis jam viribus^ jerre foffejit. May the fame Itnfe of Liberty and Governn;tnt in the People, the fame tranquilla inodcratk imperii in their Lead- er?, warrn and animate the Spirit of Ame- rica ! And may that fpirit, ardent yet inoderatedj that Government, though adlive. ( 37 ) adive, yet not violent -, bring forth the fruits of Empire founded in political Freedom, for the protection, peace, and happinefs, of mankind, in one portion at lead of this Earth. This Memorial hath ftated and ex- plained the operation of the internal felf^ working Principle, as the firft caufe of union in Community, which by one com- mon energy of univerfal attradlion creates (as in nature by natural principles) one common center, to which the feveral energies of each and all tend and confpire. If human nature, and a community of human beings, could be found perfedl as to reafon, truth, and wifdom ; not to be perverted by paflions j not to be feduced and corrupted by vicious affedions; this attractive principle would alone be effici- ent to the End of union in Government. Th;?. !s not the cafe ; God hath therefore b c' deafed to fuperadd another caufe, arifijjg from the very defeats and depra- vations of man;, which operates from with- ( 38 ) without. This comprefTes men agaiml their repulfivc fears and jealoufies of caci* other, againft the repellant temper which frauds, diflentions, violence, and attempts at domination, raife amongft them, by a flill Wronger compul five power into clofer contadt, and mutual alliance for common defence. It is happy for a State, efpeci- ally for a newly-eftabli(hed State, when this ey'-ernal caufe continues to a6l ; and ads to KJ ^ id the lame end in aid of the internal prh.ciple. It is, on the other hand, an unfortu- nate and dangerous crifis to young and rifing States, if the external compreffive caule, which hath been found ufeful to a State, by rendering internal peace and union necelfary, and hath been in that line of efficiency applied as part of the political Syftem, ceafes to adt. While the Perfians meditated or made invafions upon Greece, the fcveral ftates adhered zealoufly and mofl carefully to their con- federacy 5 but in lefs than fifty years after ( 39 ) after Xerxes was defeated and driven from Greece, the repellant fpirit began to (how itfelf in the flrife of unequal intereft, and in attempts of fome to create a Domina- tion over the reft; and iflued in the Peloponneflian war, to the total devafta- tion of the Country, and almoft to the deftrudion of the States. In like man- ner, while neighbour nations of Italy, hoftile to Rome, acPed upon the State of that City as this compreflive caufe from without, the wifdom of its Statefmen applied the efFe(5t to the reftraining and bounding the repellant principle of Dif- cord within. Thefe were at length remo- ved either by conqueft or alliances ; yet Carthage, the rival of Rome, and upon the Sea the afcendent power, reftrained the Condudl of the Citizens of Rome to the neceffity of keeping the fame guard upon the fpirit of Diflention. Sed quuni* Carthago t amula Imperii Romanif ab ftirpe interiitf Cundla maria I'errceq-y patehant ; Forfuna favire & mifcere omnia ccepit. I ( 40 ) ^i lahoreSy periculaf duhias atq-, afperai res facile toler aver ant ^ lis otium divitice, optandce aliis^ oneri mifericeq-, fuere^ Igitur primb pecunice^ dein imperii cupido crevif^ &c. In like manner, now that the //«- perium of Great Britain refin, s no longer within the Empire of the United States ; now that the Britifh Nation is removed from within the Dominion of thofe States; now that the States dwell almoft alone on their great Continent, and are abfo- lutely the Alcendent Power there ; if the XxMtfpirit cj liberty y as above defcribed, and tlic genui?ie fpirit of Government^ does not ad b/the iiiterr ittradlive prin- ciple of Union flrongly and permanently in proportion as the external comprefling caufe of confederation is removed, the Americans will experience the fame Fate and Fortune, and be driven, by the fame miferies, to the fame ruinous diftrefs which the States of Greece and the city of Rome had wretched experience of. It is, however, peculiarly happy for ( 4« ) the American States, whatever be the force and temper of this internal principle with them ; that an external compreflive caufe is not wholly taken off. When they confider the difficulties which they will have to render t^e line of Frontiers be- tween their Empire and the Britifh Pro- vinces in America a line of Peace ; when they experience in fad: and pradlice the difficulties of preferving it as fiich j when they (peculate upon the almoft numbeilefs, and, at prefent, namelefs, fources of difpute and contention, which may break out between them and Spain j when, in the cool hours of unimpaffioned refledion, they begin to be apprized of the danger o{ their very * Alliances ; they will fee that this compreffive caufe does not ceafe to a<5t. Every friend to their peace, liberty, and happinefs, muft hope that they will fo fee it, that their Statef- ♦ Guaranties have a right to interpofc, a»