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THE WHEREABOUTS OF VINLAND 
 
 m 
 
 L. G. POWER 
 
 NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, OCTOBER I892. 
 
 
an 
 in) 
 
Tniv \viii:Ki:.\iu)Lrs t)i' \ inland. 
 
 /.'!■ //,'//. I,, a. r.U.r, //,7, ;/,/», .\'. s. 
 
 IMKoi'lCli'KV. 
 
 '--.-*. , I IIATtlu- Nt'ithmon of 
 L' i;.'-«-'iV . . '%, ltd. mil or ("itii nl.ind, 
 V '. r— r— (. A.?, about iho close of tho 
 tenth toiitiiiy of our 
 era, (lis( ovcri'd a royion, 
 which thry l)rliovc(l to 
 lie to thf southward of 
 ('irctiilainl and to be 
 SCjiaratcd from it by a fairly largo ox- 
 p ,n-e of water, and to which they t;ave 
 the name of N'inland or W'inel.ind, is 
 now denied by few who have niailc in- 
 q':iry into the matter. When, however, 
 wc allcmiit to go beyond tliis vague and 
 general jiroposition and try to locate the 
 region in (lue-tion with any degree of 
 prtfi-^ion, we are met by a surprising 
 conHi* t i;f ojjinion. 'I'liere are, lo begin 
 with, two somewhat infon^istent ai'counts 
 of the disc(nery given in the old leeiandic 
 records ; and, when we have made our 
 chriicc between those, we find that the 
 story, though short and simple, is indefi- 
 nite f.-n(;ugh to involve the subject in a 
 hize of uncertainty such as seems to 
 ac-oiiJitany the dawns of most histories. 
 Beyond tlic Saga of ICrik the Red, as 
 cont.iined in the manuscripts numbered 
 5l> '"I'l 557 ''1 the .\rna .Magn;ean col- 
 Ici.tion, and the Saga of Olav 'I'rygvascjn, 
 OS ;^i'."n in what is known as the ■■"latey 
 M'l'iV, and a few scattered jjassages in 
 Otli' r old writings, cjiiclly Icelandic, we 
 have no sources of information with re- 
 spect to N'inland. 'I'here is, conse- 
 qui iitly, abundant scope for spccul.itifjn. 
 'I h<- i^revailing opinion in earlier <1 ays 
 Seems to have been that the \'inl.iiifl of 
 (he Northmen was in Newfoundland or 
 on ll'.e great jieninsula of I..ibr.;dor. 
 Torfi <,n, or, as he is gi iK-rally cjjlid, 
 'I'oil'.ius, a h.irind b elanch r who lived 
 fi .lii i(>\() to 1 7 19 and was for many 
 J''iis royal histoiiogiaiilur of N(uway, 
 tJiay be regarded as the mo^t di'-tiugui'^hed 
 eprc' ■ ntative of tho-e who .u'.optid this 
 pinion. 1 lis " Hi.story of Ant i'Mit \'in- 
 
 laiul " was publisheil at Copenhagen in 
 17 >5, and has recently been placed 
 «uhin reaih of the ordinary re.ider by 
 the Catholic l!isti)rieal Society of the 
 I luteil States, who in iSSS piil)li>hed a 
 tr.:nslation by Prof, Charles (J. Herbcr- 
 mann, with an intrf)du( tion by the late 
 John Ciilmary Shea, as an appendix to their 
 magazine ftir that year. I'very reader ot 
 Tortaus must be impressed by his clear 
 and coiuiirehensive vision, his moderation 
 of statement, and his philosojihical cau- 
 tion in drawing conehisitjns. I'hese 
 i[ualities were not consi)icuously shown 
 in tlie w>>:k which revolutionized opinion 
 on the subject, of \'inlan(l, and caused 
 Torfer.s and those who shared his views 
 to be lor many years depreciate<l and 
 overlooked. Professor Kafn, author and 
 compiler of the " American .Antiquities," 
 published at Coin iihagen in iSj;, iden- 
 tified \"inland with Rhode Isl.uul and the 
 sotitheastern part of Massachusetts. There 
 was a iiositi\eness, a precision and a 
 minuteness of detail about Rafn's ilevelop- 
 ment </f his theory which secured for it 
 promjit and general ai ceptation. The 
 Norse Tower at Newport, the Runic in- 
 scription on the Dightfjn Rtjck, and the 
 identification of Ihiz/.anls Pay with 
 Straumtiord and of Mount Hope with 
 Hoj) of the northern voyagers, seemed to 
 mo>t peojilc to remove the locality of the 
 \'inland M-ttlement. once for all, from the 
 region of sjieculation. There were always, 
 as might have been expected, some dis- 
 sati-^fieil ones, like the late lldward 
 Kverelt, who, writing in the :\'i>///i 
 Anw) iiiiii /\ifi< ;i> for January, 1838, very 
 shortly after Rafii's work Iiad reached 
 this comiuent, iiuimated grave doubts as 
 to th(; soundness of the author's view; 
 but i!'e \(ji( es of these doubters were not 
 distill* tly he ird amid the general < horus 
 of a^-eiit with whieh the publication <>( 
 the I'lni-h professor's tin ory was re- 
 eeivi.'l I'ur neaily foity years that theory 
 was generally m < epted ; but of late strijng 
 exprc-iious of disa-nt base made ihem- 
 
selv< 
 
 the 
 
 shov 
 
 tive 
 
 Rafii 
 
 men 
 
 iden 
 
 with 
 
 altog 
 
 line 
 
 an a 
 
 "Th( 
 
 acuti 
 
 any i 
 
 not V 
 
 Higg 
 
 view> 
 
 teen 
 
 mode 
 
 they 
 
 Piofe 
 
 Surve 
 
 befor( 
 
 indie; 
 
 theor 
 
 men's 
 
 langu; 
 
 sidera 
 
 land. 
 
 Mr, 
 
 York, 
 
 "Disc 
 
 1525' 
 most 
 upon 
 upon 
 
 voyag* 
 
 formal 
 
 book \ 
 
 theory 
 
 Weise 
 
 of "L 
 
 Ameri( 
 
 that \i 
 
 of G ret 
 
 there j 
 
 of the 
 
 Antiqu 
 
 Storm 
 
 under 
 
 Voyage 
 
 as marl 
 
 its subj 
 
 had be 
 
 pearanc 
 
e4 e*yif^f^'i *^^ /kji^f ^^^rPf\ 
 
 THE WJIERKABOUrS OE \L\LAM). 
 
 Wo 
 
 selves heard, and a tendency to revert to 
 the views entertained before 1S37 has 
 shown itself. I'rof. H. Diinan, a na- 
 tive and resident of the distrirt where 
 Rafn had located the site of the North- 
 men's settlement, declared that the 
 identification of places in that district 
 with those tlescribed in the Sa^as was 
 altogether mistaken. In Jlaipit's Mat^a- 
 tine for Se|)teml)er, 1882, there ai)j)eared 
 an article by T. \V. Iligginson, entitled 
 "The Visit of the Vikings," in which that 
 acute and graceful writer made it clear to 
 any un|)rejudiced mind that \'inland was 
 not where Rafn hatl placed it. Colonel 
 Higginson, sjjeaking of I'rt.'fessor Diman's 
 views, says, " Having myself lived for four- 
 teen years in that region, I may venture 
 modestly to indorse his conclusions ; and 
 they have the weightier indorsement of 
 Professor Henry Slitchell of the Coast 
 Survey, in a manuscript re])ort which lies 
 before me." 'I'he colonel did not himself 
 indicate that he had any very definite 
 theory as t(j the locality of the North- 
 men's settlement ; but it is clear from his 
 language that he believed it to be con- 
 siderably to the northward of Rhode Is- 
 land. 
 
 Mr. .Arthur James Weise of Troy, New- 
 York, ])ublished in 1884 a work entitled 
 " Discoveries of America to the year 
 1525." This author had evidently studied 
 most carefully the authorities bearing 
 upon the subject-matter of his work, and 
 upon the question of the Northmen's 
 voyages, comj)ressed nutch valuable in- 
 formation into a small sjiace. In his 
 book we find the reaction against Rafn's 
 theory carried to an extreme ; for Mr. 
 Weise holds, as did Murray — the author 
 of " Discoveries and Travels in North 
 America," published at London in 1829 — 
 that Vinland was situated on the peninsula 
 of Cireenland, and not elsewhere. In 1 888, 
 there appeared amongst the publications 
 of the Copenhagen Society of Northern 
 Antiquarians, a paper by Professor Gustav 
 Storm of the University of Christiania, 
 under the title " Studies on the Vinland 
 Voyages." This essay may be regarded 
 as marking an epoch in the literature of 
 its subject, and it supplied a want which 
 had been keenly felt ever since the ap- 
 pearance of Rafn's elaborate and pon- 
 
 derous work \inder the auspices of the 
 same royal society in 1837. I'rc-fessor 
 Storm is a man of distinguished ability, 
 familiar with the language in which the 
 original ar:counts of the X'inland voyages 
 are written ; and, having made a careful 
 and critical study of the several versions 
 of those accounts, has given a well-con- 
 sidered opinion as to their relative values 
 and a skilfiil interpretation o{ that selected 
 as the most reliable. In dealing with 
 the cpiestion of the length of the day in 
 Vinland, he has had the assistance of 
 the well-known Norwegian astronomer, 
 (leelmuyden. Professor Storm, while 
 calling attention to the fact that there 
 are, as has been already intimated, two 
 independent and more or less contlicting 
 accounts of the discovery of \'inland, one 
 contained in the Saga of Krik the Red, 
 both versions of whi( h were written be- 
 tween the years 1270 and i3^^4, and 
 therefore in the most nourishing era of 
 Saga literature, and the other in the 
 edition (jf the Sag.i of ( )lav Trygvason in 
 the l-'latty Hook brought out by Jon 
 Tiu)rdarsi')n about \}fi'], adduces very 
 strong reasons for i)referriiig the former 
 and for distrusting the latter account, ex- 
 cept where it is confirmed by independent 
 testimony. The professor's advice as to 
 the mode of dealing with the Cra^nlen- 
 dingathattr (the account in the Flatey 
 IJook) had better be given in his own 
 words : 
 
 " Wcifjhinjj all that has been said, it will, I cer- 
 tainly think, 1)0 safest henceforth to treat the 
 account in Ciraenlendinj^athattr with jjreat cir- 
 cumspection. Whatever has its only orijjin from 
 ('irx'nleiKlingathattr must he rejected as doubtful, 
 and whatever is there found at variance with early 
 tradition as wanting historical foundation, lijarne 
 Ilerjulfssoii's vt)yaj;e should accordin^jly, no doubt, 
 be omitted to make room for Leiv Kriksson's 
 voyage, and the voyaj^es of Thorvald Kriksson 
 and of I'reydis be comprised in the ^reat ex- 
 ploratory expedition uncler Thorlinn Karlsefne. 
 ("leographical data and descrijitions relyin)^ for 
 sujjport solely on (Jrivnlendinjjathattr must be 
 sifted with great care, and m-ver admitted save 
 when borne out by the Sa^a of Krik the Red. 
 Not till this has been done, can we venture on a 
 critical investigation of the geograjjhy of Vin- 
 land." 
 
 Professor Storm's conclusion as to the 
 whereabouts of Vinland is that — 
 
 " Kjalariies, the northern extremity ot \'inland, 
 becomes Cape Iketon; the Wonder-Strands, those 
 
i7n 
 
 THE W'llF.KEABOUTS OF VIXLASD. 
 
 lont; strvtchei of nandy luach oti the caM masit 
 •outh 111 K|alarnc!t, arc tho caklfrn nlmrr* of (ape 
 Hrt-tiiii Ulaiid, !t|>ccially ilcHcrilicil an li)u-lyiti)( 
 Rtnl saiiily, The 'finni' into whitli tlii' North- 
 niL-ii Ktccrci!, on u.c contrary, lK-(diniii({ ' fjonl- 
 itiilviitcil ' (Strauiimfjoril) inny have liocii one of 
 thf liays in (iuyslxirouKli, the county of Nova 
 Si'i'tia lyin^; farthcitt to tlic nortlieust, ]>ossil>ly 
 indectl Canto Hay or some one of the l)ayii miuth 
 of it. 'therefore, much farther to the south in 
 Nova Sctitia must we seek the mouth of the river 
 where KarlAcfne maile his alxirtive attempt at 
 coloni/alion ('lli'ip,' /. e., creek); a matter of 
 greater ililficulty is to dioose anion^ tlie river- 
 mouths on this coast, the <lescri|>tioii in the Sii>;a 
 (loin),' e<|ualiv well for several of tlieni." — I'. 
 
 In 1890, there was published in Lon- 
 don "Ihe l-'indingof Wineland thedood," 
 by the iate Arthur Middleton Reeves. In 
 this magnificent volume, Mr. Reeves gave 
 translations — with commentaries and 
 notes — of almost all the known recorils 
 relating to Vinland, together with the 
 Icelandic texts and phototype ])lates of 
 the vellum manuscripts of the Sagas. 
 While not undertaking to express any 
 very derided ojiinion as to where Vin- 
 land was, he indicated his concurrence 
 with i'rofessor Storm. 
 
 The i)lacing within easy reach the " .An- 
 cient Vinland " of 'I'orfx'us, previously to 
 be f()iind in the original Latin in a few 
 lil)raries, the publication of the ancient 
 records as edited by Mr. Reeves, and 
 I'rofessor Storm's able critical discussion 
 of them — all within the past four years — 
 have done much to remove uncertainty 
 upon various points, and to enable the 
 ordinary reader to form an intelligent 
 opinion. Unless some old record, at 
 ])resent unknown, is brought to light — 
 which is unlikely — one can hardly see 
 what further information can be made 
 available to the student ; and the present 
 would, therefore, seem to be an ap|iro- 
 priate time for a new attempt to answer 
 the (piestion, "Where was Vinland?" 
 The writer maile a humble attemjit, in a 
 paper read before the Nova Scotia His- 
 torical Society in January, 1887 ; and, as 
 the great additional light since thrown 
 upon the subject has tended rather to 
 strengthen than to change the opinion 
 then expressed, he ventures, with a keen 
 sense of his own want of (jualification for 
 the task, to place his impressions before 
 the readers of this magazine. 
 
 Much as he wouhl be pleased to . 
 lieve that the first settlement of t||- 
 Northmen on this continent was sitiiair 
 in his native province, the writer fun; 
 himself unable to do so, and is obliged t 
 say with regret that, in his humble (i| n 
 ion, the probabilities are strongly again- 
 I'rofessor Storm's view. It may I'.ok 
 somewhat ungracious — but it is not iii 
 tended tt) indicate a lack of appreciaii • 
 of I'rofessor Storm's great ability .m 
 valuable services to the cause of 1 • 
 torical tnith — to make use of the stigjjr- 
 tions and information to be found in h. 
 a<lmirable paper, and then to draw th 
 ionchtsions which appear to How 11, it 
 urally from the authorities, even thon:: 
 they be not the same .is those at whu 
 the professor has arrived. 
 
 The best course will probably be t 
 follow the example of I'rofessor Stem; 
 and take as a text the story of Thorin: 
 Karlsefne's expedition, as given in iL 
 Saga of Krik the Red — supplement!, 
 it, of course, with hints and informal n 
 drawn from other sources — and tr\ t 
 gather from it the impression which ;: 
 would make upon the mind of one wl. 
 had no preconceived theory of his own ' 
 sustain, as to the whereabouts of Hi Ih. 
 land, Markland and Vinland. After lii 
 has been done, it may be well to de\ it. 
 some space to other authorities, and to ilu 
 consideration of objections to -the ct. 
 clusioni arrived at. The extracts frni 
 the Saga are taken from the translate 
 by Mr. Reeves, which is based upcm 
 collation of the two manuscripts in \\ 
 •Xma-Magnoean collection already nui; 
 tioned. It may be premised that I'n 
 fessor Storm makes the expeilition set i 
 in the spring of the year 1003, and .1 i- 
 gives strong reasons for believing that ! 
 " day " the Saga means twelve hours, .1 
 not twenty- four. 
 
 THORFINN'S EXPEDITION. 
 
 HKI,I.UI.AND. 
 
 We are told, of Karlsefne and his c( n. 
 
 fades, that : — 
 
 "They had in all one hundred and sixty 11 1 
 when they sailed to the Western Settlement, a; 
 thence to Hear Island. Thence they iwre a '■ 
 to the southward two days. Then they saw 1 1' 
 and launched a boat and explored the land, h 
 found there large, tiat stones, and many of tl.i- 
 
 i 
 
THE W'Hl.REAnOLTS OF lISI.AMh 
 
 ) 4 
 
 pleased to 
 lemcnt of 
 ent was sitn.i 
 :he writer riiui- 
 iiul is oblifjci! 1 
 is humble o| : 
 
 strongly ng:iiii 
 
 It may 1 
 ivit it is not I 
 
 of appreciat 
 eat ability jh 
 
 cause of 1 
 se of the suj;}.< ■ 
 
 be found in h 
 len to draw ;i 
 ar to flow 111' 
 les, even th(n;j 
 j those at wli > 
 
 probably br t 
 Professor Stuii: 
 story of 'I'hoit ' 
 as given in '1 
 — supplenu'ni ! . 
 and informal I 
 res — and tr\ t 
 >ression whirl. 
 pind of one "i 
 ory of his own ' 
 abouts of Hi ii 
 and. After n 
 e well to diN ' 
 )rities, and to i! 
 ons to -the ( ■ i 
 le extracts frni. 
 1 the translat 1 
 s based upon 
 nuscripts in \\ 
 »n already nu i 
 mised that li 
 xpedition set ' 
 r 1003, and i 1- 
 believing that I 
 welve hours, 1 
 
 'EDITION. 
 |"ne and his cc n 
 
 llred and sixty m 
 |ern Settlement, 1; 
 ice they tK)re a 
 i'hen they saw 1 ' 
 ttored the land, n 
 and many of tl.i.- 
 
 wtrr 'wclvc clU wide; there were many Arctic 
 foKi* there. I'hev ^\\\.- n name In the CDitiitry 
 and (nllol it ■ lleliulniid.'" 
 
 All authorities agree that Iliarnev or 
 Bear Island was idcnti( al witn the niodcrn 
 Disko. Instead of sailing southwardly or 
 westwartlly from l-lriksfiord, or some other 
 port in the I'.stcrbygil or j'.astern srttle- 
 ment, as might have been expe( ted, Kari- 
 icfne first sailed northwestwardly along 
 the coast to the Vesterbygd or \N estern 
 settlement, and thence to l)isko Island 
 between 69' and 70' North, which he 
 made his point of de|)arture on the voy- 
 age of discovery. It is to be presimied 
 that Thorllnn, in tmdertaking his expedi- 
 tion, availed himself of all the experieme 
 gained by l.cif and Thorstein — the alle- 
 ged voyages of liiaru'' lleriulfsson and 
 Thorvald i-lriksson, Professor Storm gives 
 good reasons for regarding as apocry- 
 phal — anil was thereby leil to ailopt a 
 route which one would at first look upon 
 as circuitous in the extreme. Thorstein 
 Eriksson had made Mriksfiord his starting 
 place on the abortive expedition of looi, 
 and failed to cross Davis's Strait, or, as it 
 was calleil by the Northmen, (linnunga 
 gap ; anil Thorfinn was probably somewhat 
 influenced by that fact. At the present 
 time, a strong current runs northwardly 
 from Cape I'arewell along the western 
 coast of (Ireenland, growing gradually 
 weaker until it reaches the neighborhood 
 of Disko, from which the i)assage to the 
 western side of the strait can jirobably be 
 better made than from i)oints lying 
 further south. If one takes a map he 
 will find that Cape Dyer, the north- 
 eastern i)romontory of IJathn Land, lies on 
 the western .nide of Davis's Strait about 
 two hundred and twenty miles nearly 
 south from Disko, and almost opposite 
 the modern Danish town of Holsteinborg. 
 According to Professor Storm and other 
 authorities, one hundred and ten miles 
 would be an average day's sail for the 
 J"Iorwegian vessels of that time ; so that, 
 if there is no .serious objection to our 
 doing so, we may conclude that the first 
 land seen by Thorfinn after leaving Disko 
 ^s that part of Baffin Land known 
 as Cumberland Peninsula. In the ac- 
 c#unt of Leifs 
 ||Utcy IJook, we are told that : — 
 
 voyage given in the 
 
 " Ihcy «ail> d mil to tea, an<l found lint that 
 land Mliich lluriie .mil hiit Hliipinateit fnuiiil la»t. 
 I'hey :taiU-d U|> to the iaiiil aiiii ciiKt aiuiiur, .wid 
 l.iuiu'lu'd .1 liont aiKJ uetit a-thuri, :tiid naw im 
 ^ra^s tliere; ^xvw u'e-iiiiiiintaiiis lay inland Imclv 
 Iroiii till' sea, and it uas as a 1 tal>le land ol 1 ilat 
 ri'ck all the way frum the sea tu the iie-tii'iun- 
 tains, and the loiintry seemed tu tlieiii to In' en- 
 tirely devoid ol (,'ood i|ualitie». Then saiil I.eiv, 
 ' !i has not ininc to jinss with us in re^^ard to tins 
 land as with lliarne that ue have not ^one upon 
 it. I'o this I'linnirv will I now ^ive an name an<l 
 call it llelluland."' 
 
 In the story of lliarne's tuythii al voy- 
 age, tlie llelluland of Lcif is ilescrilied as 
 " high and mountainous, with ice-moim- 
 tains uptin it," and as not offering .my 
 attrai tions. 
 
 Does CiUiiberland Peninsula answer to 
 the foregoing descrii>tions of lleilul.iiul? 
 .\s far as one can judge, in the aliseiice 
 of a satisfactory description of its eastern 
 coast by any modern voyager, it does. In 
 July, !S6o, Ciiarles I'ram is Il.iil, an in- 
 trepid American explorer, who afterw.trds 
 jierished in the f.ir north in an attempt to 
 learn the history of the fate of I'tanklin's 
 exi>edition, crossed Davis's .Strait fmm 
 Holsteinborg in the ship Cnt'i'^r //,iiry. 
 The ship experienced wry heavy weather, 
 and took two days and a half to mak-.- the 
 ])assage to Cumberland Peninsula, when 
 Hall saw "the mountains ( overed with 
 snow." 
 
 John Davis was probably the first liuro- 
 jK'an, after the Northmen, who saw the 
 shores of Paffin Land. In the acimint 
 of his first voyage, as given in Hakhiyt, 
 we learn that on the western side of the 
 strait, on the 6th of .August, 15S5, 
 
 "we discovered land in 66 degrees 40 minutes of 
 latitude alto(jether voyde from ye ])ester of yce : we 
 ankered in a very laire ro<le, under a very brave 
 mount, the clifes wliereof uere as orient as ^old. 
 This mount was nanieil Mount Kalei^di; the rode 
 where our ships lay ankered w.is calle<l 'I'otir.-s 
 Kode. Ihe sound which did compasse the 
 mount was named I'.xeter Sound: the foreland 
 towards tlie north was called I)yer's (ape: the 
 foreland towards the south was named (ape 
 Walsinjjham." 
 
 Davis had crossed from Clodhaab in 
 latitude 64° 15', and had taken six 
 days in the passage. .A little farther on, 
 we are told that, " The coast is very 
 mountaynous, altogether without wood, 
 grasse or earth, and is only huge motm- 
 tavnes of stone." 
 
 I 
 
178 
 
 TUF WHIKEAliOlTS OF VISLASD. 
 
 On his Mctimd voyano, |)avis took two 
 (I.nvs to (TOSS from ()ltl Sukk«.'rto|i|ifn, in 
 latitiitU- 0(1 },},' north, to the ncighbor- 
 hooil ol (ape \VaisniKl>;in>. 
 
 |)r. Kran/, l!oas, of lU-rlin, spi-nt two 
 years — iSH^ and 1.S.S4— on lUftin 
 Land, and contributi'd an flahoratc pa- 
 ptr on its ( K'ography and ( Icolo^y to 
 IVtfrniann's MittoilunK't-n for iS,S4-5. 
 At page 5.^ the followinf,' >;eneral descrip- 
 tion of Ciunberland I'eninsula is to he 
 found : 
 
 " rt'iiny Ili^lilAml KtrctihcH i-ontinu<m*ly from 
 the valliy l'all^;nlrtun^; (cm ( 'iiinlx-rlnixl "^hiiikI) 
 til NuilluiiK ill lloiiic Itay ( iiorti) and uc»t of 
 Cape l)yiT) iin<l rciulics tu the C(ia«t of I'avia'H 
 Strait «ith its icf-crnwncil heijjhtsi. . . . < >nc per- 
 ceive* iViim the heit^hts of l)avis's Strait iiuthinK 
 l)iit an iiuiiieiise liiMiict nf n;hieier!i v ilh softly 
 rounih'il siniiniits void of any point. There is no 
 ilmiht Imt that tiiis whole elevation is ti>lally cov- 
 ered with inland Ke, whiih on the south western 
 side, liet^innitin at Kinnua (on (unilierlainl 
 Sound), approaches to within twenty-(ive kilome- 
 tres of the sea as a continuous hi^^h wall, and 
 sends forth larj;e ^latiers into the valleys. The 
 jjreatest iiunilK-r of most strikinj; jjlaciers are 
 in Penny Highland. ... It is remarixal)le that 
 glaciers are formed much mure largely on the 
 northeastern coast than on the southwestern." 
 
 In rcjily to (jnostions asked by the 
 writer, Ur. iJoas, in a letter from Chirk 
 University, in January, 1890, says: 
 
 "Setting; aside the Norse and the <piestion 
 where tiiey may have been, I have been the only 
 white man who ever set his foot on the coast be- 
 tween t'aiie Mercy (south-eastern Cape of (.'um- 
 berland reninsula) and Tape \Valsin^;hain. (in 
 this part of the coast the mountains are exceed- 
 in^jly steeji, leaviii}; only ver; narrow strips of tlat 
 laiKl in a few jilaces. The low land is hardly any- 
 where a plain. F.ven the rivers emptying; at the 
 heads of (lords jjenerally cut their way through 
 deep narrow )^or),'es. I'arther north, in Kxeter 
 Sound, a few fairly level spots are found, which 
 mi>;ht i)e <lescril)e(l, as compared to the ruj^jjed 
 character of the land, as 'a plain of flat stones.' 
 Farther north flat gravelly land is found on every 
 o.ie of the long projecting; peninsulas; (.'. Kater, 
 C Kopcr, (". Hooper, and some of them might 
 be described as i)lains of flat stones. Fo.\fS 
 abound in Haflin Land." 
 
 The Cimiberland Peninsula satisfies all 
 the reciuirements of the Sagas and other 
 Icelandic authorities which speak ot 
 Helluland : it is a land of no grass, a 
 land of glacier-covered moimtains, 
 abounding only in ice, snow, and arctic 
 foxes, a land of no good (pialities ; and 
 it is the only land which could be reached 
 
 in two d.iys by sailing' southwardly fr. 
 I horfinn Karlsefne's place of departn 
 hisko Island. 
 
 k.ifn and those who agree with In 
 identify Helluland with Labrador or N \ 
 foundland, ignoring the fact that ' 
 description which we get of Hellul. i 
 does not in any particul.ir apply to eitli i 
 I'here have been in historical times 'i 
 glaciers in Inibrador or Newfoimdln, 
 and, at cording to Professor Hind, 1 
 evidence of gla« i.il action in the form 
 region in prehistoric ages is by no nu ■ 
 general. The Newfoundland Pilot, p 
 lished by the l\nglish .Admiralty, sli> a 
 that the coast of neither Labrador !:■ : 
 the great isl.md lying southward of it 
 ( harat teri/ed by large tlat stones, 1: 
 that, where the coast is not high .ni' 
 bold, as it generally is, there are l)ca( in 
 of sand, gravel or mud. 
 
 A resilient of (Ireenland, ; r''"!' fron 
 the now sterile shores of Disko Isl.ii 
 wotdil not look upon I ' rador or N' a 
 fotmdiand as "a land ot no good (lu.i 
 ties" ; on the contrary, he would regm! 
 either as a well-wooded region, witii 
 milder climate than his own and juissi - 
 ing many advantages. It must be uotiu 
 in min«l that within historic times t!; 
 coasts of Labrador and Xewfoundl.ni' 
 have been much better wo(«led than tl > 
 are at present, and also that the shore ' ; 
 the former region has probably ri 1 : 
 some fifty feet since the date of Thor 
 finn's e.xpedition. The distances invoI\ ; 
 are also totally out of harmony with \\v 
 language of the Sagas. From l)i>ki 
 Island to Cape Chidley, the nearest pen/ 
 of Labrador, is about seven hundm 
 miles, being a greater distance than f r r. 
 Norway to Iceland ; while from Disko t 
 Cape IJauld, the northernmost point ': 
 Newfoundland, would be a voyage of alv > ; 
 one thousand four huntlred miles, i 
 may be looked upon as morally cert :: 
 that the Helluland of Thorfinn Karlscln 
 was neither Labrador nor Newfoundlami 
 
 Professor .Storm, apparently overlo. k 
 ing the statement of the Saga that Thor 
 finn began his voyage from Disko, lii 
 votes considerable space, learning aii' 
 ingenuity to showing that the place 1: 
 the Vesterbygd from which the expediti" 
 sailed was Lysefiord, which he belie\c- 
 
THE WIIINl-Ar^OL'TS Oh I'IM.AMh 
 
 I7I» 
 
 soiilhwanJIy fri n 
 ;uc ot" (U-jurtu' 
 
 I a^irci' with In h. 
 Labrador or Ni « 
 he l;ut that t 
 jiet of Helhil.iii 
 ar apply to fillp r 
 istorical times n 
 )r Nc'wfoiintllaii I 
 ifcssor Hind, i 
 ion in the form' 
 ;i's is by no nu l 
 idland /Vc/, ji / 
 
 Admiralty, shnw- 
 hcr Labrador n ; 
 southward of ii 
 flat stoni's, 1'. 
 
 is not high ii' 
 there arc beai iu 
 
 (land, !»■""' fnii 
 of Disko Isl.iti ; 
 l,.il^rador or Ni ^^ 
 ot no good i|u.i. 
 ', he would rru i 
 .'d region, witli 
 i own and jjossi - 
 It nuist be ixunc 
 historic times tlu 
 lid Newfound). 1 11' 
 wooded than tl.' 
 1) that the shore > : 
 IS jtrobably ri^: 
 Ihe date of 'Ih r 
 distances invoiN'i: 
 liarmony witli ir 
 is. From Di k 
 the nearest ix'ii 
 seven humb" 
 istance than fr r 
 ile from Disko t 
 jernmost point i ' 
 a voyage of ai> I 
 ndred miles. 1 
 s morally cert.nr 
 Ihorfinn Karlsitiv 
 lor Newfoundlanii 
 arently overlook 
 Saga that Th^ 
 from Disko, <'x 
 ce, learning ;i:i' 
 hat the place i: 
 ich theexpediti'i: 
 Ihich he belicvc- 
 
 to lie identical with the modern linker- 
 Qord, in latitude 6.V' and longitude 50" 
 Jo'. I'orgettmg alxi that he h.id ^tated 
 that, ui dealmg with the dire< tions in 
 whii li the .Northmen are reported to have 
 •ailed, we vvuuld be ju>tifie<l in .idmitling 
 a maximiiin \ariatioi) of forty live de- 
 grees, the professor tries to identify the 
 cOMr^e wliii h a due south line from I'isk- 
 crfjord w()uld follow, and finds that it 
 would lie in the .Atlantic Ocean, east 
 ' f Newfoundland. He is impresseil by 
 the excessive distance from the Ves- 
 terbygd to either I,abra<lor or N\ .vfound- 
 land, and by the f.u t that neither of the 
 latter regions at all correspond to the 
 dcM riptions of llelluiaml ; but. utlu- 
 en< id by his initi.il mistake as ' < the 
 p(jiin of dep.irture, he (dik lude< that the 
 destriptions in iiuestion inus* ' fictiuous, 
 ami that — 
 
 " lli'llul.iiiil liaviii^j lii-i-ti ilc.irly tlie Iniitl 'u-nr- 
 e»l I iifitil.iinl, «i shall (i'lulptlc-is n> ' 'u 'ar fUl 
 in l.vkiii^; l.alir.iiliir, tliciii^;*! ^s yii Ihf I'lrllR-rii 
 pcimisiil.i iif .NcwfDUiulland ia lud wluillv c\- 
 cluileil." 
 
 Professor Storm also sees tl<e al>;ur<lity 
 of Rain's theory, that Helluland — gieat 
 and little — embraced Labrador and 
 Newfoundland, and points out that " if 
 Labrador has no gUu iers, there are, as 
 a matter of course, none in Newfound- 
 land." Kal'n would give Helluland a 
 coast line of about i,joo mile^, a suiijio- 
 sition which is utterly at v iri.uit c with 
 the language of the Sagas and other old 
 authorities. Had Professor Storm taken 
 the point of departure for I'horlinn's ex- 
 pedition given iu the narrative, wlii( h he 
 has himself almost demonstrated to be 
 the most reliable, as well as in other ac- 
 counts, he wouM have seen that ("umber- 
 land Peninsula fulfilled all the conditions 
 called for by the descrijition of Hellu- 
 land. That no other region does, he has 
 actually made clear. 
 
 Professor Storm tells us that the author 
 of the Saga of Orvarodd, writing prob- 
 ably in the fourteenth century before the 
 Northmen had abandoned (Ireenland, 
 makes his hero go in search of Hellulaml 
 in the (Ireenland sea, southwest of (ireen- 
 land, and regards Helluland as a desert 
 region, an o|)inion in which the Sagaman 
 is followed by later Icelandic folk-lore. 
 
 if we assume Helluland to be idt n 
 tical with ( iimberl.iiid Peninsula, thii 
 st.itemi'Ul of the S,ig I iii ijuestioii will be 
 lound sii'>stantially .11 1 iir.ite, .is the pen- 
 insula lies southwestward <if .1 portion 
 of the N'esterbygd, and is .1 desert ind 
 iiliiuhabltable region, ."so tli.it tliese olil 
 romances furnish addition.d evidence in 
 support of the writer's theory. 
 
 .M.\I<KI.\NI>. 
 
 Having mentiom-d the pirti.il explora- 
 tion and the n.uiiiiig ot Heliul.iiid, the 
 account of Thorfiiin Karlsefne's expedi- 
 tion in the Sag.i of link the Red goes on 
 to tell th.it — 
 
 "'I'ltrn they saili'il nmiIi ni>rthi'rly wiikIs two 
 (l.ivs, .iml laiiii tlu'ii lay Ix-lurc llifiii. ainl ii|><'n it 
 
 \va> a ^riMt u i and inaiivuijil lna^U; an ixlind 
 
 la- .1 till- laml tu tin s.nitluasi, .\\v\ tlurt tluy 
 ' und a licar, and llicy laiif 1 this Huirncy ( I'x'ar 
 Island), wliiU- till' land wIh'ic the wncd wn* they 
 lalU'd MaikliUid ( lur'st-l.and )." 
 
 In the account of Leif I'.riksson's voy- 
 age from the I'latey Hook, given .it jiage 
 65 of Reeves, we are t ild of .Markland 
 tha', "this was a level, wooded land, and 
 there were l)ro:vl stretches of wliiii- sand, 
 where they went, and the land w.is levid 
 by the sea. ' 
 
 111 the story of bi.irne's act ideiUal 
 iliscovery, given in the l-'latey book, it is 
 said of the seiDud land which he saw 
 that " it was a tl.it and woodtd (ountry." 
 If this land was Markland, it took I'.i.irni 
 two days to reac h it from X'inland, .ind 
 he sailed three d.iys, with a soiithwes.i rly 
 wind after leaving it before he i ame to 
 the " high and mountaitious land, with 
 ice-mountains upon it," pres'uued to be 
 Helluland. 
 
 Where then are we to find a region to 
 be identified with Markland? .Assuming 
 that Helluland was (umberl.ind Penin- 
 sula, and that 'rhorfinn's vessels s.iiied 
 along the eastern coast to Cipe Mercy 
 its southern extremity, two d.iys sail, if 
 calculated from Cajie Dyer, would bring 
 them either to Cumberland Sound or the 
 mouth of l-'robisher Pay, if calculated 
 from Cape Mercy would enable thtin to 
 reach the interior of I-'robisher llav or 
 the coast of Labrador. For reasons that 
 will appear hereafter, Labrador is ex- 
 cluded. Davis, on his first voyage, when 
 jiroceeding slowly, took two days to go 
 
 V 
 
1«0 
 
 THE WHEREABOUTS OF VINLAND. 
 
 from Totnes Road, south of Cape 1 )yer, to 
 {.'ape Mercy ; but, on his third voyage, 
 in 15H7, he saw Mount Raleigh at one 
 o'clocic in the afternoon of the nineteenth 
 of July and at midnight was off Cape 
 Mercy, after which he sailed into Cum- 
 berland Sound. From Cape Mercy to 
 the entrance of Frobisher IJay is about 
 one hundred and thirty miles, and the 
 dei)th of the Bay from Lok's Island to 
 Jordan River about one hundred and 
 twenty. The approximate latitude of Cape 
 Dyer is 66" 40', of Cape Mercy 64° 50', 
 and of the entrance to Frobisher Bay 62° 
 50'. is the land around Frobisher Bay 
 such as to fairly answer the description 
 given in the Sagas? Markland is de- 
 scribed as being low, flat, wooded and 
 containing many animals. It must be 
 acknowledged at the outset that there is 
 now no wood to be found growing close 
 to Frobisher Bay ; but there is reason- 
 able ground, as can be shown, for 
 supposing that, at the date of Thor- 
 finn's expedition, the condition of things 
 in this respect was different. In other 
 respects, much of the country surround- 
 ing the interior of the Bay tallies with 
 the description given above. Near the 
 mouth of the Bay, on its southern side, 
 is Kingaite, the high land of Meta In- 
 cognita, on which there are glaciers, and, 
 even on the northern side of the en- 
 trance, the land is somewhat rough ; but, 
 farther in, the character of the country 
 alters. In the account of Frobisher's 
 third voyage, made in 1578, we are tokl 
 that, " the northern lands have lesse 
 store of snow, more grasse, and are more 
 playne countreys." 
 
 In the same account we are tokl, of 
 the l^skimo of Frobisher Bay, that, " they 
 have great store of deere, beares, hares, 
 foxes, and innumerable numbers of sun- 
 dry sortes of wilde foule." It may be 
 well to notice that it is also said that 
 " the countrie seenieth to be much sul)- 
 ject to earthquakes." 
 
 Charles Francis Hall sjient two years 
 — from the summer of 1859 to that of 
 1S61 — at Frobisher Bay, and published 
 an account of his experience and obser- 
 vations in a work of two volumes called 
 " Life with the l'".squimaux." He speaks 
 of reindeer, foxes, bears, rabbits and 
 
 other animals as being very abundant, 
 and of the first named as having bee 1 
 formerly even more numerous than at 
 present. From various statements witii 
 respect to the character of the surfa( f 
 of the land and of the vegetation, it will 
 perhai)s be enough to quote the following. 
 Speaking of the southwestern side of tlu- 
 Bay near its head. Hall says (Vol. .•, 
 p. 105) — 
 
 " Mountains nuar the shore on that side of tl r 
 Hay had ilisappeareil, the land being conipai 1 
 lively low and covered with verdure. I Nvas (k- 
 lif^hted to find this such a l)eautiful country; tln' 
 waters of the Hay were teeming with animal \\W, 
 and I thouglU thai here was indeed the place tu 
 found a colony, if any one should ever renew tin.' 
 attempt in which Frobisher failed." 
 
 •As to Sylvia Crinnell River, near tic 
 head of the Bay (lat. 63° 43' 30" N. 
 Long. 08° 25' W.), he says (Vol. 2, y. 
 no) — 
 
 "This certainly is a fact, that here, at the ho'i 
 of l-'robisher liay, a milder climate |)revails tli 111 
 at Held Hay and elsewhere, or the luxuriant vege- 
 tation that is around here could not be. Tin- 
 grass plain, the grass-clothed hills, are atnin- 
 dant proof t)f this. I never saw in the Stall -, 
 unless the exception l;e of the prairies of ihc 
 West, more luxuriant grasses on uncultivat' ; 
 1 nds than are here around, under me. There 1= 
 no mistake in this statement, that pasture hiii i 
 here, for slock, cannot be excelled by any anv- 
 where, unless it be cultivated, or found, as ,il- 
 ready excepted, in the great West." 
 
 .\ little further on he speaks of a plain 
 of " scores and scores of acres." Of tlic 
 view from the head of the Bay, Hall 
 says (Vol. 2. p.125) — 
 
 " Hefore me were long and wide plains, nien 1- 
 ows of grass, smoothly slo|)ing hills, and a rai^t 
 of mountains beyond, which, parting in one p.ir- 
 licular s])ot, formed, as it were, a natural gate- 
 way, that might almost lead in fancy, to scuic 
 fairy land beyond." 
 
 Baffin Land, from Lancaster Sound t- 
 Hudson's Strait and Fox Channel, ;i| ■ 
 l)ears to possess in a greater degree th.m 
 even Labrador the characteristic of h..\ 
 ing its highest land, composed of An h 
 aean rock, very near the eastern coa-t, 
 and the surface of the country slopii: 
 westward, where in Baffin Land, lin i 
 stone takes the place of granite and sii a 
 lar rock. Hall observed the fossilifen i~ 
 limestone at the head of Frobisher B. v. 
 Dr. Boas notices the facts that the hu.i 
 
TJih WHEREABOUTS OF I INLAND. 
 
 %n 
 
 ry abundani. 
 having becu 
 •ous than .it 
 tements with 
 the surfiK 
 itation, it wiil 
 the foUowinu. 
 :n side of the 
 says (Vol. ^, 
 
 1 that side i>f llii' 
 being a)ini)ar> 
 ilure. 1 ^vas dc- 
 ful country; tliL' 
 with animal liii'. 
 keil the place tn 
 1(1 ever renew llic 
 d." 
 
 Liver, near tl.o 
 5° 43' 30" N. 
 
 lys (Vol. 2, p. 
 
 here, at the hta.! 
 iiate prevails tti ui 
 :he luxuriant ve^;t- 
 uld not he. 'Hic 
 hills, are abuu- 
 saw in the Stati>, 
 le prairies of il.c 
 on uncultivatiM 
 der me. There ii 
 that pasture laii'i 
 clleil by any anv- 
 or found, as .li- 
 st." 
 
 leaks of a pl.nn 
 
 ticres." Of the 
 
 the Bav, M-'H 
 
 ,-ide plains, meal- 
 hills, and a raiii;^ 
 
 )aninp; in one pir- 
 :, a natural s-'U- 
 
 lin fancy, to si'iif 
 
 Icaster Sound ' 
 Channel, ;u- 
 T degree th.m 
 ;teristic of h;iv 
 [posed of An h 
 eastern co;i-t. 
 Icoiuitry slopin,- 
 in Land, liu'^' 
 ranite and siim- 
 the fossilifen'b 
 Frobisher B.^y. 
 is that the hori- 
 
 zontally lying limestones extend to the 
 east coast at the head of Frobisher 15ay 
 and that the coast at the heads of Fro- 
 bisher Bay and C'innl)erland Sound is 
 very low. The limestone might help to 
 accotmt for the white ajipearance attrib- 
 uted to the shore of .Markland in the 
 description of Leifs v(jyage. 
 
 Of Thorfinn Karlsefne's return after a 
 stay of three years in Vinland, we are 
 told in the Saga of Erik the Red, that — 
 
 " When they sailed away from Winelaml, tlicy 
 had a southerly wind and so came upon Mark- 
 land, where they found live Skraelinjjs of whom 
 one w.is be.irded, two were women, and two were 
 children. Karlsefnc an<l his people tonk the 
 boys, but the others escaped, and these Skrae- 
 lin^s sank down into the earlh." 
 
 The shores and islands of Frobisher 
 Bay have long been a favorite resort of 
 the Fskimo ; and tliere is little doubt but 
 that the aiiparent sinking down into the 
 earth of the three adult Skraelings was 
 really a retreat into one of the subter- 
 ranean dwellings, some of which still 
 remain. In the account of Frobisher's 
 seconil voyage, in 1577, we are told, at 
 page 137, that— 
 
 " Ujion the maine land over at;ainst the ("ount- 
 ess's Island (near the northern shore uf Frcibisher 
 Bay), we discovered and beiield to our great mar- 
 vel, the jjoor caves and houses of the>e countrie 
 people which serve them (as it should seem) fur 
 their winter dwcUinj^s, and are made two fadome 
 under {{round, in comjiasse round, like to an oven, 
 being joined fast by one another, having holes 
 like to a fox or conny berrie to keepe and come 
 together." . . . "From the ground upward they 
 build with whale bones, for lack of timber." 
 
 Hall found many of these Fskimo 
 dwellings in the neighborhood of Fro- 
 bisher ]>ay, and his description of them 
 tallies with that given by the historian ot 
 Frobisher's voyages, distinct traces ot 
 which, it may be mentioned. Hall found 
 on two islands in the Bay, and in the 
 tratlitions of the ICskimo. 
 
 The island which lay out from the land 
 to the southeast and tipon which the ex- 
 plorers killed a bear, may possibly have 
 been Fok's Islantl, which lies southeast 
 of the peninsula between Cumberland 
 Sound and Frobisher J?ay, now known as 
 Hall's Peninsula, but was more probably 
 Resolution Island. Thorfinn going out 
 of Frobisher 15ay would sail southeast- 
 "Wardly, and woultl find this island lying 
 
 out from the land to the southeast. 
 Resolution Island lies at the northern 
 side of the eastern entrance to Hudson's 
 .Strait, and is a very c:onspicuous object. 
 It also plays a jirominent part in the 
 accoimts of the voyages of the earlier 
 modern navigators. It is ])laced at the 
 meeting of the Havis's Strait and the 
 Hutlson Strait currents, and is often a 
 landing ])lace for polar bears, which are 
 being carried into the Atlantic Ocean by 
 drifting ice. The writer of the accotmt 
 of Baton's fourth voyage — whi«:h took 
 place in 161 5 — gives its distance from 
 Labrador as forty-eight miles and from 
 Meta Incognita — the j^eninsula south of 
 Frobisher Bay — as eight miles, and tells 
 us that " upon this island we went on 
 shore, but foimd no certain signe of 
 inhabitants, but only the tracke of bears 
 and foxes." 
 
 .\s in the case of Cumberland Penin- 
 sula and Helhdand, it will be ditificult to 
 indicate any island other than Lok's or 
 Resolution, which will even approach to 
 a t'ulfiUing of the terms of the description 
 given in the Saga of the island \vhich lay 
 off Markland to the southeast. Rafn and 
 his followers undertake to identify Bear 
 Island with Cape Sable Island in the 
 county of Shelburne, Nova Scotia ; but 
 that island, instead of lying out from the 
 land to the southeast, lies close to the 
 shore to the southward or southwest, and 
 could not be cached by a vessel 
 sailing from the northward in a south- 
 eastwardly direction, the trend of the 
 Nova Scotia coast being southwest- 
 wardly. Nor is Cape Sable Island a 
 l)lace where a voyager would be jiar- 
 ticularly likely to see a bear, above all a 
 polar bear, which would be probably the 
 animal indicated by the word "bear" 
 when used by a denizen of (Ireenland. 
 Then, there is no reason to su|)pose that 
 if \' inland were in southern New Fng- 
 land. Karlsefne on his return would have 
 found I'^skimo in Nova Scotia dwelling in 
 the yourts or undergrountl houses de- 
 scribed by Frobisher and Hall as existing 
 at l'"robisher Bay. Nor does Professor 
 Storm's identification of Newfoundland 
 with Markland seem well founded. It is 
 true that Newfoundland lies southeast- 
 ward of Labratlor ; and, if there were any 
 
182 
 
 THE WHEREABOUTS OF VINLAND. 
 
 reasonable certainty that Labrador was 
 Helluland, there would be good ground 
 for supposing that the great island south 
 of the Strait of Helle Isle was Markland. 
 But it has been shown that Labrador does 
 not at all answer to the description of 
 Helluland \ so that the one argument in 
 favor of Newfoundland's being .\Lirkland 
 disappears. The map of Newfoundland 
 does not show any island lying out from 
 the land to the southeast ; nor, if there 
 were any such island, would it be likely 
 to be the habitat of polar bears. True, 
 Cartier saw in Newfoundlantl a bear, but 
 it was near Funk Island over two hun- 
 dred miles north of Cape Race, the 
 southeastern extremity of the island. It 
 is true that, like the greater part of 
 Labrador, the eastern coast of Newfound- 
 land was formerly well wooded and abound- 
 ing in game ; but the shores of New- 
 foundland are not low, nor are white sands 
 one of their marked features. On the 
 contrary, the NewfouniUand Pilot, as 
 already stated, describes them as being 
 generally high and bold, with excep- 
 tional beaches of sand, gravel, or mud. 
 So far as the writer's information goes no 
 subterranean dwellings nor any remains 
 of them have been discovered in New- 
 foundland ; and, although the F^skimo 
 occasionally crossed the strait separating 
 the island from Labrador, there seems no 
 reason to believe that they ever made 
 their homes on Newfoundland as they did 
 on Markland. 
 
 VINLAND. 
 
 The account of Thorfinn's voyage given 
 in the version of the Saga contained in 
 the manuscript numbered 544 in the 
 Arna-Magnrean collection (AM. 544), 
 and usually called Hauk's Hook, from 
 which Mr. Reeves took the bulk of his 
 text, after describing the visit to Mark- 
 land as above, continues as follows : 
 
 " Thence they sailed southward alon^ the land 
 for a lon{^ time and came to a caiie; the land 
 lay upon the starboard; there were lonj; strands 
 and sandy banks there. They rowed to the land 
 and found upon the Cape there the keel of a ship, 
 and they called it there Kialarnes (Keelness); 
 they also called the strands Furdustrandir (Won- 
 der-Strands), because they were su long to sail 
 by." 
 
 In the other ancient version of the 
 
 Saga, AM. 557, the discovery of Vin- 
 land is described thus : 
 
 "Then when two days had elapsed they de- 
 scried land, and they sailed off this land; then- 
 was a cape to which they came. They beat inln 
 the wind along this coast, having the land upon 
 the starboard side. This was a bleak coast, with 
 long an-' sandy shores. They went ashorr in 
 boats and found the keel of a ship, so they calldl 
 it Keelness there; they likewise gave a name tu 
 the strands and called them Wonder-Strands, 
 because they were so long to sail by." 
 
 The story goes on to say : 
 
 "Then the country became indented with bays, 
 and they steered their shijis into a bay. It was 
 when I.eif was with King Olaf Trygvason, and he 
 bade him proclaim Christianity to (Jreenland, tluit 
 the king gave him tv*o (Jaels; the man's name was 
 llaki and the woman's, Hakia. The king ad- 
 vised Leif to have recourse to these people if In- 
 should stand in need of ileetness, for they were 
 swifter than deer. Krik and Leif had tendered 
 Karlsefne the services of this couple. Now when 
 they had sailed past Wonder-Strands, they put the 
 Claels ashore and <Iirecte(l them to run to tiie 
 southwaril and investigate the nature of th<.' 
 country, and return again before the end of tli'" 
 third half day." 
 
 Meanwhile, 
 
 " Karlsefne antl his companions cast anchor, ami 
 lay there during their absence; and when tlu-v 
 came again, one of them carried a bunch nf 
 grapes and the other an ear of new-(self-) sown 
 wheat. They went on board the ship, whereupon 
 Karlsefne and his followers held on their wav 
 until they came to wdiere the coast was indentcil 
 with bays. They stood into a bay with their ships. 
 There was an island out at the mouth of the bay, 
 about w hich there were strong currents, wherefore 
 theycalled it Straumey (Stream Isle). There were 
 so many eider-ducks on the island that it was 
 scarcely possible to walk for the eggs. They 
 sailed through the firth and called it Straumtioi-.l 
 (Streamlirth), and carried their cargoes ashore 
 from the ships and established themselves there. 
 They had lirought with them all kinds of live 
 stock. It was a fine country there. There were 
 mountains thereabouts. They occupied them- 
 selves exclusively with the exploration of tin- 
 country. They remained there during the winter, 
 and they had taken no thought for this during tl < 
 summer. The fishing began to fail and they 
 began to fall short of food." 
 
 In AM. 557, instead of the last two 
 sentences, we read : 
 
 " There was tall grass there. They remaine i 
 there during the winter, and they had a har 1 
 winter, for which they had not prepared, and the\ 
 grew short of food and the fishing fell off, Thi 11 
 they went out to the island in the hope that some- 
 thing might be forthcoming in the way of fish i 11; 
 or flotsam. There was little food left, howevt ■. 
 although their live stock fared well ther 
 
 It 
 
 % 
 
THE WHEREABOUTS OF V INLAND, 
 
 188 
 
 ry of Vin- 
 
 ised they <k- 
 s land; then' 
 hey beat int'' 
 :he land upnn 
 ak coast, willi 
 2nt ashori- in 
 so they callol 
 ve a name tn 
 onder-Strands, 
 
 ited with bavt., 
 a bay. It wa-. 
 ;vason, and lie 
 Jreenland, tliat 
 nan's name was 
 The king ad- 
 e people if 1k' 
 , for they were 
 f had tendered 
 le. Now when 
 :1s, they put the 
 to run to tiie 
 nature of the 
 the end of th" 
 
 •ast anchor, ami 
 [and when thev 
 :(l a bunch "f 
 ew-(self-) sown 
 ,hip, whereupon 
 on their wav 
 was indenteil 
 ith their ships, 
 uth of the bav, 
 rents, wherefoie- 
 There wei c 
 md that it was 
 eggs. Tluv 
 it Straumtioi'l 
 cargoes ashore 
 lemselves there, 
 kinds of hve 
 re. There were 
 occupied them- 
 lOration of tl.e 
 iring the winter, 
 this during tlit 
 fail and tlu-y 
 
 the last two 
 
 They remaine i 
 ey had a har I 
 
 pared, and tht y 
 J fell off. Then 
 hope that sonu - 
 e way of tishii::4 
 
 1 left, howevi • . 
 
 1 well ther 
 
 Then we are told the incident of the 
 whale, which Thorhall, the hunter, said 
 came from his deity Thor, upon which 
 
 " None of them would eat, and they cast the 
 whale down iiilo the sea and made their ajipeals 
 t()(!od. The weather then iniprovecl, and they 
 could now row (^ut to tish, and thenceturwanl 
 they had no lack of provisions, for they could hunt 
 gauje on the land, gatlier eggs on the island, and 
 catch tish from the sea." 
 
 In the Flatey TJook story of Thorfinn's 
 expedition, no reference is made to 
 Helluland or Markland, and it is said in 
 a summary way that, " They sailed out to 
 sea with the ship, and arrived safe and 
 sound at LeiPs-booths, and carried their 
 hammocks ashore there." .\ much more 
 detailed account is given of I.eifs voyage. 
 We are told that after the naming of 
 Markland — 
 
 "They returned tt) the ship forthwith and sailed 
 away upon the main witli north-east winds, and 
 were out t'vo days before they sighted land. 
 They sailed towaril this land and came to an 
 island which lay to the northward off the land. 
 There they went ashore and looked about them, 
 the weather lieing line; and they observed that 
 there was dew u]ion the grass, and it so happene<l 
 that they touched the dew with their hands, and 
 touched their hands to their mouths, and it 
 seemeil to them that tliey had never beiore tasted 
 anything so sweet as this. I'hey went on board 
 their ship again and sailed inti> a certain smind, 
 which lay lietween the island and a cape which 
 jutted out from the land on the north, and they 
 stood in westering past the cape. .\t ebb-tide 
 there were broad reaches of shallow water there, 
 and they ran their ship agroiuiil tliere, and it was 
 a long distance from their ship to the ocean; yet 
 were they so anxious to go ashore that they could 
 not wait until the tiiie should rise under their 
 ship, but hastened to the land, where a certain 
 river flows out from a lake. As soon as the tide 
 rose beneath their ship, however, they took the 
 boat ami rowe<l to the shij), which they conveyed 
 up the river, and so into the lake, where they 
 cast anchor and carried tiieir hammocks ashore 
 from the ship, and built themselves booths there. 
 They afterwards determined to estal)lish them- 
 selves there for the winter, and they accordingly 
 built a large house. There was no lack of salmon 
 there either in the river or in the lake, and larger 
 salmon than they had ever seen before. J^e 
 country thereabouts seemed to be possessed of 
 such good qualities that cattle woulil need n<i 
 fodder there during the winters. Tliere was no 
 friist there in the winters, and the grass withered 
 but little. The days and nights there were of 
 more nearly equal length than in ('ireenland or 
 Iceland. On the shortest day of winter the sun 
 was up betv.een ' eyktarstad ' and ' dagmalastad.' " 
 
 It must be admitted that there is much 
 
 difficulty in finding any place to which 
 tht.' language of the Saga of F.rik, as 
 transmitted to us, will exactly ap|)ly ; but 
 the general impression conveyed seems 
 to be, as stated by Professor Storm — 
 
 " From the Saga of Krik the Reil, it appears 
 that \iidand was lound to end towards tiie north 
 as a ])eninsula. Kjalarnes being its northeastern 
 extremity. The explorers lirst made sail ali'iig 
 the sandy expanse uf the eastern shore, till the 
 country became interseete<l with li(>rds cfjortl 
 skorit'), and here tiiev ran into the Straums- 
 fjord." 
 
 .And he summarizes the subsequent 
 l)rocee(liiigs of the explorers correctly in 
 the next succeeding sentence. 
 
 " From thence Karlsefne set off south along the 
 east ciiast, and reached the bay where the col- 
 lision touk place with the Skraelings (Hop); and 
 sul)sequently the expedition sailed round the 
 northern jieninsiila to a small river, su]i|>.>sed to 
 be as far distant from .straumstiord as was Hop 
 from Straumstiord.'' 
 
 If I'rofessor Stonn's general view, 
 which the writer shares, is correct, antl 
 if Helhilantl and Markland both lay north 
 of Htidson's Strait as above contended, 
 then \'inland must have been situated on 
 the great peninsula of Labrador; and, if 
 the land which Karlsefne 's men saw, and 
 fotmil to be a cajie, was Kialarnes and 
 the northeastern extremity of the penin- 
 sula, Kialarnes and Cape Chidley are iden- 
 tical. From Resolution Island to Cape 
 Chidley is only about forty-eight miles ; 
 and the fact that the voyage took two 
 days seems to tell against this view. It 
 must be borne in mintl, however, that the 
 crossing of Hudson -Strait at its mouth is 
 often slow and dififictilt navigation. In 
 the account of Davis's third voyage we 
 read under date of the 31st July, 1587, 
 that, having on the day before passed 
 Frobisher's Inlet, "this day and night 
 we passed by a very great gulfe, the 
 water whirling and roring as if it were 
 the meeting of tides;" and of the first 
 of Atigust we read, " Wee fell with the 
 southermost cape of the gulfe, which we 
 named Childlei's Cape, which lay in 60° 
 and 10' of latitude." It may perhaps be 
 worth mentioning that, on his second 
 voyage, Davis jxtssed the entrance ot 
 Hudson's Strait without noticing it. The 
 language of the Saga is not very clear, 
 and, taking the story of Leifs voyage 
 
184 
 
 TJIK WHEREABOUTS OF VIXLAND. 
 
 along with that of Thorfinn's, it woukl 
 ahiiost seem as if the laml had been first 
 approached in I'ngava IJay, where would 
 be found the " bleak coast with long and 
 sandy shores," ami that, after rounding 
 Cape (hidley, the voyagers had coasted 
 the Atlantic shore of 1 jbrador. 
 
 It is stated in th'j story of Thorfinn 
 that they found on the cape the keel of a 
 ship, from which they gave it the name 
 of Keel Cape. This story of the dis- 
 covery of a vessel's keel may be true, or 
 it may have been invented after the dis- 
 cover)' to account for the name given to 
 the cape. In this connection the follow- 
 ing short extract from Dr. Robert Hell's 
 " (>l>servations on the Cieology, Mineral- 
 ogv. Zoology, anil Hotany of the Labrador 
 Co.ist, Hudson's Strait and Bay," pub- 
 lished in the report of the (leological and 
 Natural History Sur^•ey of Canada for 
 18S2-3-4, may not be without interest: 
 
 " .\t the west end uf the southeastern island of 
 the I'lUtti^n ^"U|> a threat ruck lias been excavated 
 into the form of a half arch, wliich rises out of the 
 water and rests, at its summit, ar;ainst the clift 
 which forms the extremity of the island." 
 
 In the course of conversation, Doctor 
 Hell informed the writer that the rock in 
 question resembles the keel of a vessel, 
 and that when the water was higher the 
 resemblance was stronger. South Button 
 Island is close to Cape Chidley, being 
 separated from Kikkertaksoak Island, on 
 which it stands, by (iray's Strait, which 
 is only four miles wide. Is it not pos- 
 sible that the name Kialarnes was due to 
 this keel-shaped rock? 
 
 .\s to the e.xact locality of Straumfiord 
 and Straumey it is imjiossible to i)ro- 
 nounce an opinion. Suppcjsing that 
 Kialarnes, as seems probable, was identi- 
 cal with Cape Chidley, we do not know 
 how far Thorfinn, leaving the land upon 
 the right side of the ship, proceeded 
 along the .Atlantic Coast of Labrador 
 before he came to the bay, which he 
 seems to have selected as the site for his 
 settlement, upon the report of his two 
 Scots runners, Haki and Haekia. Nearly 
 the whole of that coast south of Nachvak 
 is indented with fiords or bays, in many 
 of which islands and strong currents are 
 to be found : and any attempt at identifi- 
 cation is rendered still more impracti- 
 
 cable by the fact that during the past 
 nine hundred years the shore has risen 
 considerably ; so that, while the general 
 features of the numerous bays to be found 
 on the seven hundred and sixty miles of 
 coast from Cape Chidley to the Strait of 
 Belle Isle remain, the changes in the 
 details of appearance are many. He')]), 
 which appears to have been identical 
 with the site of Leifs Booths, lay a con- 
 siderable distance to the southward of 
 Straumfiord. The same reasons against 
 any attempt at exact identification e.xist 
 in the case of Hup as in that of Straum- 
 fiord. There is this further difficulty ex 
 isting in both cases, that coni])aratively 
 few of the many inlets on the Atlantic 
 Coast of Labratlor have been accurately 
 surveyetl, and many of those which an 
 represented on maps and charts as beini', 
 short, are in reality many miles long. 
 
 .\t page 69 of a paper submitted 
 to the Fishery Commission which sat at 
 Halifax, in 1877, by Professor H. V. 
 Hind, author also of a work in two vol- 
 umes, entitled " Explorations in the In- 
 terior of the Labrador Peninsula," we are 
 told that— 
 
 " As in Norway, soon the Labrador, the whole 
 coast, from the Straits of 15elle Isle to Hebron, i> 
 dee])ly cut by ]irofound fiords penetrating the lanil 
 from thirty to seventy miles. These liords have 
 been maiiped as far as Hamilton Inlet by the 
 officers of I ler Majesty's vessels, but beyond thai 
 point no surveys have been made and published, 
 with the exception of those before mentioned. 
 .\s an illustration of one of the unsurveyed fiords, 
 I append a sketch plan made this summer oi 
 Kypokok Hay, the next bay north of Aillik. It is 
 fifty-three miles deep, estimated from .MUik Head, 
 and has an average breadth of three miles. 
 ( )pposite the Hudson Hay Company's post, thirty- 
 live miles from .\illik Head, the water is more 
 than lifty fathoms, although not above a miK 
 across." 
 
 Thorfinn's story as given in the Sag;i 
 of Krik the Red tells us that after passing 
 Kialarnes and Furdustrandir, " then the 
 country became indented with bays, and 
 they steered their ships into a bay." As 
 the fiord-indented coast begins at Nach 
 vak, some distance to the northward ot 
 Hebron, this would go to show that then 
 or thereabouts Karlsefne landed and sent 
 out his Scots runners, and, if so, Straum- 
 fiord was not very fiir south of this point. 
 .\t the present time, the coast between 
 
THE WHEREABOUTS OF VLMAyV. 
 
 1M5 
 
 ring the past 
 )re has risen 
 2 the general 
 ys to be fount l 
 sixty miles of 
 
 the Strait of 
 inges in tiic 
 many. Hi')]), 
 een identical 
 :hs, lay a con 
 southward of 
 ;asons against 
 ification exist 
 at of Straum- 
 
 difficulty ex 
 comparatively 
 I the Atlantic 
 ;en accurately 
 )se which art 
 harts as being 
 liles long, 
 er submitteil 
 
 which sat at 
 )fessor H. \. 
 k in two vol- 
 ns in the In- 
 nsula," we arc 
 
 jrador, the whole 
 sle to Hebron, i^ 
 letrating the land 
 'hese liords have 
 on Inlet by ttu- 
 but beyonil thai 
 B and published, 
 efore mentioned, 
 insurveyed tiords, 
 
 this summer oi 
 h of Aillik. It i' 
 from Aillik Head, 
 
 of three miles, 
 lany's post, thirty- 
 le water is nion 
 lot above a miU 
 
 ;n in the Saga 
 It after passing 
 dir, " then thf 
 with bays, and 
 to a bay." A^ 
 egins at Nach- 
 ! northward of 
 show that there 
 landed and sent 
 , if so, Straum- 
 h of this point, 
 coast between 
 
 Cape Chidley and Nachvak is generally 
 uninviting to the mariner. The New- 
 foimdland Pi/ot (notice No. 6, p. 4) says 
 that — 
 
 "From the latitude of Davis Inlet (^55 51^4') 
 to that of Naehvak (59° 4') the outer islands and 
 coast line appear to besinj^ularly free from sunken 
 rocks; but from Nachvak to Cajie Chidley the 
 coast is fringeil with small islands and sunken 
 rocks to an estimated averaj;e ilistance of live 
 miles. The land about I'ort Manvers attains a 
 considerable elevation, and is conspicuous from 
 Seaward; it is then low as far as C'a]ie Mufjford, 
 and thence to Cape Chidley is hi^h, with few ex- 
 ceptions, attaining its greatest elevation midway 
 between Nachvak antl Cape Chiilley, where the 
 hills near the coast are estiniatetl to be live or 
 six thousand feet high." 
 
 Professor Hind, in the paper already 
 quoted from, says of the coast northwest 
 of Aillik, that — 
 
 "The shore Hne is deeply serrated by a con- 
 stant succession of profound and narrow liords 
 stretching from thirty to fifty miles into the in- 
 terior. It is fringed with a vast multitude of 
 islamls forming a continuous archiiiel.igo from 
 Cape Aillik to Cape Mugford, averaging twenty 
 miles in depth from the mouths of the tiords 
 seawards." (P. 68. See also Dr. Bell's report 
 already (|uoted.) 
 
 With respect to the name of Furdu- 
 strandir, which is translated Wonder- 
 Strands, it may have been given as the 
 Saga says, " because they were so long to 
 sail by," or possibly for the reason in- 
 dicated in the following passage from the 
 Newfoundland Ei/ot : 
 
 " During the voyage in August, the refraction 
 and mirage off the coast o' northern Labrador, 
 and especially off Davis inlet, caused great difficulty 
 in the attainment of ci>rrect sextant altitudes at 
 sea. This state of the atmosphere is said to be 
 characteristic of the few tine days of summer." 
 
 If the fiord in which Thorfinn's ves- 
 sels lay awaiting the return of the mes- 
 sengers, Haki and Haekia, was Nachvak, 
 then the next bay which intersected the 
 land was Saglek IJay, in latitude 58° 43', 
 which may perhaps have been the firth 
 which they called Straumfiord, or Straum- 
 fiord may have been the bay lying next 
 to the southward where the Moravian 
 Missionary Station of Hebron, latitude 
 58° 13', is now situated. 
 
 From the account of Leif Eriksson's 
 voyage, given in the Flatey Book and 
 quoted above, it would appear that, if 
 
 I.eif tlid not make the lanil in I'ngavu 
 Jiay, antl if, as one woiiltl gather frtun 
 the wording of the account, he lanilttl 
 and matle his settlement close by his 
 landfall, Leif's Dooths were situaterl tm 
 the .\tlantic Coast of Labritltjr, some tlis- 
 tance suuthwartl of Straiiinfiurtl, ami at a 
 place identical with or resembling the 
 H6p of Karlsefne. This place it is im- 
 possible tt) identify merely from the de- 
 scription given in the Sagas. There may 
 be several fionls on the coast where nine- 
 hundred years ago a river ran out from a 
 lake to the sea. 
 
 There is nothing in the tlescrijition of 
 Thorfinn's exi)etlitit)n to lead us to be- 
 lieve that the climate of Straunifiortl was 
 much su])erior to that of (Ireenlantl, and 
 we are tlistinctly told that " they hatl a 
 hard winter." This unfavorable impres- 
 sion is heightent'tl by a ])frusal of the 
 verses sung by Thorhall the hunter when 
 about tpiitting Straumfiord. The abun- 
 dance of eitler-ilucks antl their eggs in- 
 tlicates a high northern latitutle. 
 
 There is gootl reason to believe that 
 Saglek Jiay — a deep bay with a large 
 island near the entrance — or one oi the 
 bays not far to the southward from it, was 
 the Straumfiortl. 
 
 The account of Thorfinn's expedition 
 given in the AM. manuscript 557, con- 
 tinues as follows : 
 
 "Now they took counsel together concerning 
 their exjieditum and came to an agreement. 
 Thorhall the huntsman wished to go northward 
 around Wonder-Strands and jiast Keelness, and 
 to seek Wineland; while Karlsefne wished to jiru- 
 ceed it)uthward along the land and to the east- 
 ward, lielieving that country to be greater, uhich 
 is farther to Jie southward, and it seemed to him 
 more advisable to explore l)oth." 
 
 This extract from what is, according to 
 Professor Storm, the earliest antl presum- 
 ably the most correct version of the Saga, 
 shows that the coast-line of Vinlantl, like 
 that of Labrador, ran from northwest to 
 southeast, or nearly so. 
 
 In accordance with the agreement, 
 Thorhall prepared for his voyage out be- 
 low the island, having only nine men in 
 his party, for all the remainder of the 
 company went with Karlsefne. And one 
 day when Thorhall was carrying water 
 aboard his ship, and was drinking, he re- 
 citetl this ditty : 
 
18(5 
 
 THE WHEREABOUTS OE Vh\LAM), 
 
 " When I came, these brave men toUl me, 
 
 Here the l)e8t of drink I'd jjet, 
 Now with watcr-pail behold nie, — 
 
 Wine and I are stranj^ers yet. 
 Stoopiiij^j at the sjiring I've tested 
 
 All the wine this land atlords; 
 Of its vaunted charms divested, 
 
 Poor inileed are its rewards." 
 
 And when they were ready, they hoisted 
 sail, whereupon Thorhall recited this 
 ditty : 
 
 " Comrades, let us now be faring 
 
 Homeward to our own aj^ain. 
 Let us try the sea-steed's daring, 
 
 Clive the chalinf; courser rein. 
 Those who will may i)ide in quiet, 
 
 I,et them praise their chosen land, 
 Feastinj^ on a whale-steak diet, 
 
 In Iheir home by Wonder-Strand." ' 
 
 Thorhall evidently felt that the reali- 
 ties of Vinland life fell not a little short 
 of the exjjectations raisetl by the reports 
 of Leif and his followers, and that his 
 Greenland home offered greater attrac- 
 tions. His verses certainly indicate that 
 the northern part of Viniantl was little, if 
 at all, sujjerior in natural gifts to the 
 southern portion of the (Ireenland penin- 
 sula. The narrative goes on to tell what 
 befell Thorhall and his companions after 
 leaving Straumey : 
 
 "Thereupon they sailed away to the northward 
 past Wonder-Strands and Keelness, intending to 
 cruise to the westward annuul the cape. They 
 encountered westerly gales and were driven 
 ashore in Irelanti, where they were grievously 
 maltreated and thrown into slavery. There Thor- 
 hall lost his life, according to that which traders 
 have related." 
 
 We are told that, after Thorfinn's re- 
 turn from his excursion to the southward 
 and stay at H6i) — 
 
 " Karlsefne then set out with one ship in search 
 of Thorhall the huntsman, but the greater part of 
 the company remained behind. They sailed to 
 the northward around Keelness, and then bore to 
 the vcstward, having land to the larboard. The 
 country there was a wooded wilderness as far as 
 they could see, w ith scarcely an open space, and 
 when they had journeyed a considerable distance, 
 a river flowed down from the east toward the 
 west. They sailed into the mouth of the river and 
 lay to by the southern bank." 
 
 If we take Kialarnes to be Cape Chid- 
 ley both these incidents will be intelli- 
 gible. When Thorhall rounded the cape 
 and would cruise to the westward he was 
 
 ' Reeves, p. 45. 
 
 met by a strong west wind such as often 
 blows through Hudson's Strait, was driven 
 for to the eastward and made his way to 
 Ireland. This does not seem iniprob 
 able, although Ireland is some five de 
 grees further south than Hudson's Strait, 
 when we remember that in 1611 the sur 
 vivors of Hudson's mutinous crew, sailing' 
 from the last-named place, came to land 
 at (lalway in the west of Ireland. Such a 
 fate would be much less likely to befall a 
 vessel after rounding Cape Cod — thi 
 Kialarnes of Rafn and those who adopt 
 his theory. 
 
 If Kialarnes was Cape Chidley, Karl 
 sefne, after rounding it from the south- 
 ward, sailed into Ungava Bay, the shores 
 of which are even yet fairly well wooded, 
 and, at a distance of about one hundred 
 and ten miles from the Cape, came to the 
 George River, in the mouth of which a 
 vessel could lie, and which runs into the 
 sea '"rom the eastward. No such river is 
 io _,e found in New England. That thr 
 river in which Karlsefne's vessel lay wa^ 
 south of Kialarnes is clear from the facts 
 that it flowed from east to west, and that 
 in returning from it " they sailed away 
 back toward the north." 
 
 Mr. Lucien M. Turner, in a paper on 
 the physical and zoological character of 
 the Ungava District, in the transactions 
 of the Royal Society of Canada for 18S7, 
 speaking of the rivers, says (p. 80) : 
 
 " The most easterly and the second in size is 
 (Jeorge River, lying near the foot hills of the 
 Labrador coast range. This stream is navigalilc 
 for twelve miles by a vessel drawing not more 
 than hfteen feet;" 
 
 and he adds, " The limit of trees is at 
 the mouth of George River." 
 
 We are further informed by Mr. W. H. 
 A. Davies, in his " Notes on Ungava Bay 
 and its Vicinity," quoted by Mr. Hind in 
 his " Explorations in the Interior of tiic 
 Labrador Peninsula " (p. 141), that thi« 
 river is navigable for two hundred and 
 twenty miles by the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany's barges. Returning to our text, at 
 the point where Thorhall s mishap i-^ 
 related, we read that — 
 
 " It is now to be told of Karlsefne, that he- 
 cruised southward off the coast with Snorre anl 
 Biarne, and their psople. They sailed for a lon^; 
 time, and until they came at last to a river, which 
 
 M 
 
THE WIIF.IiEAlWCrS OF VINLAXD. 
 
 187 
 
 ich as often 
 t, was drive II 
 e his way tn 
 em imp roll 
 ime five tie 
 .Ison's Strait. 
 6 1 1 the siir 
 crew, sailing 
 ame to land 
 md. Such :i 
 ly to befall a 
 ; Cod — the 
 e who ado])! 
 
 hidley, Karl 
 n the south - 
 ly, the shores 
 well wooded, 
 one hundred 
 , came to the 
 1 of which ;i 
 runs into the 
 such river is 
 d. That the 
 vessel lay wa> 
 from the facts 
 vest, and that 
 ' sailed away 
 
 a paper on 
 character of 
 
 transactions 
 ada for 18S7, 
 
 (p. 80) : 
 
 econd in size is 
 3ut hills of tlic 
 ;am is navigalilo 
 wing not moru 
 
 )f trees is at 
 
 by Mr. W. W. 
 I Ungava Bay 
 
 Mr. Hind in 
 nterior of the 
 41), that thi< 
 
 hundred and 
 on Bay Coni- 
 to our text, at 
 
 s mishap i- 
 
 arlsefne, that hi 
 with Snorre an! 
 sailed for a lonj 
 to a river, whicl 
 
 flowcii liuwn from tiic land to the lake, ami so 
 into the sea. TiitTi' were j^reat l)ur» (in aiiotlier 
 versii 111 ' islands ') at the mouth of the river, so 
 that it could only I'e entered at the lieij,'lil of the 
 flood-tide. Karlsefiie and his men sailed iiUd the 
 mouth of the river, and ealled it there \\u\\ (a 
 unall land-loekeil liay). I'liey found self-sown 
 wheat-lields on the land there, wherever there 
 Were hollows, and wherever there was hilly jjround 
 there were vines. !•! very brook there was full of 
 fish. They clu>; pits on the sliote where tiie tide 
 rose hij^hest, and when the tide fell, there were 
 haliiiut in the jjits. There were j;real numbers of 
 wild animals of all kinds in the woods. They 
 remaineil there half a month, and enjoyed them- 
 selves, and ke])t no watch. l hey had their live- 
 stock with them. \ow mie niorniii},' early, when 
 they looked al>out them, tiiey saw nine skin- 
 canoes, and staves were hraixhshed from the 
 boats, with a noise like Hails, and they were re- 
 volveil in the same direction in whicii the sun 
 moves. Theti said Karlselne : ' What may this 
 .betoken?' Snorre, Thorhrand's son, answers 
 him, ' It may be that this is a signal of peace, 
 whereu]ion let us take a wliite shield and disjilay 
 it.' And thus they did. Thereupon th'- strangers 
 rowed toward them, and w ent upon the land, mar- 
 velling at those whom they saw lielore them. 
 They were small men, and ill-louking, and the 
 hair of their heads was ugly. Tiiey had great 
 eyes, and were Inoad of cheek. They tarrieil 
 there for a time looking curiously at tlie jieople 
 they saw l)efore them, and then ruwed away, and 
 to the southward around the pciint. 
 
 " Karlsefne and his folU)wers had hailt their 
 huts aliove the lake, some of their dwellings being 
 near the lake, and others fartlier away. N'uw 
 they remained there that winier. \o snow came 
 there, and all their live-stock lived by grazing. 
 And when spring opened they disciivered, early 
 one morning, a great number of skin canoes, 
 rowing from the south jiast the cape, so numerous 
 that it looked as if coals had been scattered 
 broadcast out before the bay, and on every boat 
 Staves were waved." 
 
 The Saga then gives a detailed account 
 of the bartering with the Skraelings and 
 of the subsec[uent hostilities which led to 
 the abandonment of Hcip and a return to 
 Straumfiord. 
 
 As already stated, the Hop of Karlsef- 
 ne was either identical with, or much 
 resembled, the site of Leif s Booths, as de- 
 scribed in the Flatey Book. Where are 
 we to look for this, the most southern — 
 as far as we know — of the Northmen's 
 settlements in America? Apparently 
 upon the eastern coa.st of I,abrador, at a 
 considerable distance to the southward 
 of Straumfiord ; for the Saga states that 
 they cruised southward and that " they 
 sailed for a long time," before they came 
 to the river of H6p. From Cape Chid- 
 
 Icy to the Strait of Itelle Isle is seven 
 hundreil and sixty miles. Saglck Bay, 
 whi<h has been suggested as a not im- 
 probable Straumfii>r<l, is about one hun- 
 dreil and forty-three miles from Cape 
 (hidley, so that the ex])l()rers wotild 
 have had to sail lUDre than six hun- 
 dred miles before getting clear of the 
 Atlantic Coast of Labrador. There is 
 nothing in the record to indicate a tran- 
 sit to a new region or a marked change 
 of direction, eitiier of which, looking at 
 the distance to be traversed before it 
 could take i)la(e, is in itself highly im- 
 prol)al)le. Is thi're any clew whi( h will 
 enable tis to form an idea as to where in 
 this long distance the Northmen's resting 
 ])lace was? Can such a clew be fotuid in 
 the statement made in the Flatey Book 
 with respect to the length of the day at 
 I-eifs Booths, si.,)|)osing it to be the 
 statement of an actual fact? That state- 
 ment as given above is that " The days 
 and nights liiere were of more nearly 
 e(Hial length than in tlreenland or li-e- 
 land. On the shortest day of winter the 
 sun was up between 'eyktarstad' and 
 * dagmalastad.' " t'ommenting upon this 
 passage, Professor Storm says (p. 307) ; 
 
 "The difficulty of explaining these words came 
 from cykt^ in Iceland and Norway, denoting a 
 point of time in the afternoon, varying with the 
 latitude. In Iceland the point of time called cykt 
 was held rather early to correspond with Xon 
 (3 r. M.), so that vykthciliv^r and WUiluihii^r 
 (Idffr were synonymous terms. Arngriinr Jiinsson 
 could therefore take the ]).\ssage in the Idatey- 
 jarbok to signify — 'the sun at the winter solstice 
 keeps about six hours above the hori/on, accord- 
 ingly from 9 A. M. to 3 r. M. This view Torf.eus 
 endorses in his ' N'inlandia ' ( 1705) ; he does not 
 fail to remark, however, that, if so, the oliserva- 
 tion must be incorrect, determining, as it tloes, a 
 latitude of 58- 26'." 
 
 Professor Storm adds in a note that, 
 according to Mr. Ceelmuyilen's computa- 
 tation, this latitude would be 59° 6'. It 
 may be observed that the latitude of 
 Nachvak Bay is 59° 4', that of Saglek 
 Bay 58° 43', and that of Hebron 58^ 13'. 
 Professor Storm then tells us that by an 
 erroneous construction of an interpreta- 
 tion of tykt given in the old Ecclesiasti- 
 cal Law of the Cragas, Torf;ieus made it 
 four o'clock in the afternoon, the day's 
 length eight hours, and the resulting 
 latitude 49°, and adds that "This new 
 
\HH 
 
 TJIK WHERE A BO UTS OE VIS LAND 
 
 exposition, thanks to the high repiitt- en- 
 joyt'd among scholars by the writings of 
 Torfa-iis, was the one most generally 
 received in tlic last century." I'he i)ro- 
 fcss»)r shows that the passage from the 
 (iragas makes eykt .^.,30 v. m. and the 
 latitude 5.^°. He then points out that 
 the theory adojjted by Rafn, Finn Mag- 
 nusson, and other advocates of a New 
 England site for l.eifs Booths, that eykt 
 was the interval between 3.30 P. M. and 
 4.30 I'. M., is untenable, concluding his 
 observations upon this theory with the 
 following passage (p. 310) : 
 
 " Hut a heavier lilow tu tlic- tlienry conies Iroiii 
 the refusal nf le.\ie()j,'ra|ihers to accept the ex- 
 planation Ki{ i-ykliirsttiilr as 4.50 r. M. and ot' »!'/(•/' 
 as ihc interval 3.50-4.^0 !•. M. Dr. Nii^lusson 
 anil l)r. I'inscn at,'ree that (;r.</ si^Miities a ])oint of 
 time (not an interval of time) in the afternoon, 
 corresponiiinn Iherel'ore with tyklaisttiil)\ and 
 they liotli cite numerous passages to show its 
 identity with .Wm, or at least some i>oint of time 
 hardly latc'r tiian 3.30 I'. M., tiius making the 
 latitude of Vinland 53 N." 
 
 He adds : "It stands to reason that, 
 if such be the case, the passage in (pies- 
 tion is wortldess as a guide, and some 
 other meaning must be sought for," and 
 then goes on to set forth an ingenious 
 theory constructed by Mr. (ieelmuyden 
 under which he satisfies himself that the 
 exact latitude of Vinland cannot be de- 
 termined, but that it was not farther 
 north than 49" 55'. Upon this Mieory, 
 it may be remarked that the statement 
 in the Saga was intended to convey a 
 definite impression to the minds of the 
 hearers or readers, and that although, 
 owing to the fact that Leif Eriksson had 
 no chronometer, his observation may not 
 have been accurate enough to show the 
 exact latitude in which it was taken, we 
 may be sure that he knew the time of 
 day pretty well, and that he was not 
 many minutes astray. A calculation of 
 the latitude based on LeiPs obser/ation 
 might be incorrect to the extent of a 
 degree, or possibly two, but not beyond 
 that. According to Professor Storm's in- 
 terpretation of the language of the Ciragas 
 and to the meaning given by the two dis- 
 tinguished lexicographers whom he cites, 
 and having regard to the normal meaning 
 of eykt given by Arngrimr J6nsson and 
 by Torfneus in the text of his work on 
 
 Vinland, eykt must be held to mean a 
 point of time in the afternoon not earlier 
 than three and not later than half past 
 three o'clock, and the place where the 
 observation was taken conlil not have 
 been farther north than 59° 6' or farther 
 south than 53". 'I'he former latitude is 
 that of Nachvak, the latter that of llawke 
 May ; and, if the writer's theory is correct, 
 the site of Leifs iJooths is to be sought 
 l)etween those two points on the coast of 
 Labrador. Thus, although l.eifs obser- 
 vation of t!\i length of the day in Vinland 
 does not enable us to decide with accu- 
 racy the latituile of his settlement, it goes 
 to confirm the view taken by the writer 
 of the whereabouts of Hop. In the 
 Hank's 15ook version of the Saga of l-'.rik, 
 we are told that, when Karlsefne was at 
 the place which has been taken to be the 
 mouth of ('.et)rge River in Ungava Bay, 
 the explorers " concluded that the moun- 
 tains oi Ht')]), and those which they had 
 now foiinil, fcjrmed one chain, and this 
 appeared to l)e so because they were 
 about an t(pial distance removed from 
 Streamfirth in either direction." { Reevei, 
 p. 50.) In a version given by Mr. De 
 Costa, this passage reads that they 
 " looked upon the mountain range that 
 was at Hop, and that which they now 
 fouml, as all one ; and it also appeared to 
 be equal length from Straumfiord to both 
 places." Roughly speaking, the distance 
 from (ieorge River to Cape Chidley is 
 1 10 miles ; from Chidley to Saglek Bay — 
 the northernmost probable equivalent for 
 Straumfiord — about 143. H6p should 
 therefore be a place some 253 miles 
 south of Saglek Bay, or about latitude 
 54° 30', and one where the Labrador 
 coast range forms part of the landscape. 
 Is there any place of which this can be 
 said, and to which the description of H6p 
 given in the Saga applies? There are 
 probably more such inlets than one. The 
 entrance of Hamilton Inlet, Ivuktoke or 
 Esfpiimaux Bay, as it is variously termed, 
 is in latitude 54° 23' north, and therefore 
 so far as regards its position in that 
 respect is within the limits fairly indi- 
 cated by Leif Eriksson's observation. Of 
 this inlet Professor Hind says. (Explora- 
 tions, II., p. 186) : 
 
 " It is by far the largest of the many inlets 
 
jfore 
 
 that 
 
 lindi- 
 
 Of 
 
 llora- 
 
 Anno Whitney's Statue of Leif Erikson, Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, 
 
 linlets 
 
I!M) 
 
 THE WHERE Anorrs OE VIMAXn. 
 
 whicli imiciit that part ul" the coant. At it* in- 
 traiur il i^ iii'waril <if thirty luiK* in i)riaiilh, 
 linn. I- 'liirrasinn, milii ill Ihf jmrt nl Kinflt tie. 
 all.. lit liltv null-. In in llu' Ma, it in ri'iliuiil t.. 
 alM.ut a iiiiii' ill wi.lll), attiT nnIikIi it ajjain rx- 
 l.aii.l>, ail. I al.i.iil iiiiuly mil.'* Iniin llu' sia l.niii'* 
 a lna^;nllll cut -.all-^atir iaiM-. u|.\varilH ..I tiMiitv 
 niilrs ill l.ria.illi aii.l lully lliiiiy in Un^th. At 
 tlic wi'stirn i\trcinity .'I the laU il a^;aill inn- 
 traits t.> a narmw wi.lth l.ir a simrt iliotann', 
 atxivi- \\\w\\ it I'ornw another lake alumt scvin 
 miles wi.je and twenty Lmn, vvhen the lieail i.l the 
 inlet is reaiiieij.'' 
 
 'I'lu- Nevvl"()nnill;iiiil /Wv. already (iU'i I 
 
 spraks ot" litis iult't as (p. 4) — 
 
 " l.asilv ili>liii^^uislieil by the islands at the en- 
 trainf ;al I |i.|i there were j;reat liars ..r islaiuls 
 at the nii.uth nf the river). It extends in a 
 westerly direction thirty-live miles l»i the Narrows, 
 the iiileiveniii>,' s|iaee ei.ntainiii|,' several islands, 
 and llion alter eontraetinj,' t.i a third nl a mile in 
 lireaillh, exleiids ninety miles larther west, ex- 
 liaii.hn^; ti> einliteeii miles in "i'llll at Lake Mel- 
 ville, and narr.iwiiij,' aj,'aiii at the head into wliieli 
 Hamilton River, a larjje stream, eiiiiUies itsell." 
 
 Tlu" Labrador coast range runs from 
 Hamilton Inlet to Cajic Cliidley, drawing 
 nearer to the Atlantii- as it goes north- 
 ward, and is plainly visible from the 
 shores of Ingav;' Hay ; so that if Hop 
 was at Hamilton Inlet, the moimtain 
 range \vhi( h 'rhorlinn and his compan- 
 ii)ns saw from about the mouth of (leorge 
 River was the same as that at Ho]). 
 Ujion this point it may perhajjs be well 
 to cite the authority of Dr. Hell. 
 
 " From what I have seen of the Labrador, and 
 from what 1 havi; been able to learn lhrouj;h 
 jiublished accounts, Hudson liay Company's 
 olt'icers, ami the natives, and also jud^jinj; I'roni 
 the indicalioiis alVorded by the curses of the 
 rivers anil streams, the hif^diest land of the penin- 
 sula lies near Ihe coast all alonj;. constitutinj;, in 
 fact, a regular ran^e of mou.itains jiarallel to the 
 Atlantic sea-board. In a {general way, this ranj^e 
 becomes proj;ressively narrower from Hamilton 
 Inlet to (.'ape rhidley." (10 Dl).; 
 
 And the Newfoundland Pilot, speaking 
 of the voyage from Ciray Strait near Cajie 
 Chidley to the mouth of Koksoak River 
 in the southwestern part of L'ngava Kav, 
 says : "In ordinary weather the high land 
 of the Labrador Shore may be seen tow- 
 ering al)ove the scarcely discernible coast 
 of L'ngava Hay, while traversing the first 
 sixty or seventy miles of the course." 
 
 'I'here is a statement made in the 
 Flatey 15ook with respect to Leif ]"".riks- 
 son's homeward voyage, which, if reliable, 
 is of more conseciuence than might at 
 
 first sight apjiear. We are told of him 
 and ills (ompaiiioiis that, upon (|uitting 
 Lfifs I'looths, "liny sailed out to sea 
 (in one version 'the open sea), and 
 had fiir winds until they sighted (ireeii 
 land and the fells below the giai iers." 
 I'pon looking at tlu' ina|i one will ste 
 thiit. to get from Hamilton Inlit or any 
 other point on the Atlaiitw Coast of 
 L.ibrador to I'.riksfiortl, the shortest and 
 best cotirsi' would be to sail direi lly out 
 into the ojieii sea, in an eastwardly ami 
 more or less northwardly direction. 
 This course i ould not be adopted were 
 l.eifs liooths in Nova Stotia or New 
 {•aiglaiid. 
 
 The statement that in the neighbor- 
 hood of Hop, '-every brook was fiill of 
 tish," would l)e particularly true of Hamil- 
 ton Inlet ; and halibut have in recent 
 years been taken on the Labrailor coast 
 in the manner desi ribed in the Saga, 
 by liigging jiits in the sand at low tide in 
 which the fish are found after the tide 
 has risen and again fallen. 
 
 .\part from the ajiparent difference of 
 climate, which can be satisfactorily dealt 
 with, Hamilton Inlet or some fiord in its 
 neighborhooil would seem to meet all the 
 reciuirements called for to identify it with 
 Hop; and this inlet is one which would 
 more than any other attract the attention 
 of an ex])lorer, suggesting as it does a 
 l)assage to another large body of salt 
 water rather than a mere bay, In the 
 account of Davis's second voyage we are 
 told, in reference to this inlet (j). 28.) : 
 " We hail a i)erfect hojje of the passage, 
 finding a mighty great sea i)assing be- 
 tween two lands west." . . . "The south 
 land, to our judgment, being nothing but 
 isles, we greatly desired to go into this 
 sea, but the winde was directly against us. 
 We ankered in four fathome fine sand. 
 In this ])lace is foule and fish, mighty 
 store." Mr. Hind's description of the val- 
 ley of the Hamilton or Ashwanipi River is 
 calculated to strengthen tlie claim of tiie 
 inlet to be regariled as a probable site of 
 LeiTs Booths. He says. (Lxi)lorations, 
 Vol. 2^ p. i;,9) : 
 
 " It is well timbered, and some of the trees are 
 of larjje si/e; intermixed with the spruce is a con- 
 siderable <|uantity of white birch, and a few ]>op- 
 la'rs are also to be seen. A light, loamy soil is 
 
/•///•; i\ ///A'r.tjiiuis ()/. //.\7./.\7). 
 
 lit 
 
 
 ^=m 
 
 
 A^ l^^'-r'.' 
 
 
 v>^ 
 
 ..^' 
 
 
 ;il-^') frciiuintly tit lie f'liiii'l "M the |i'.iiUs nf the 
 livcr. 'I hi re !•> n illHi niiLC uf twri.tv .Kivs in 
 I'lvor of thi> v.ilky in ih • >|Min;; ,u ■! I'.ill cf the 
 wMr. This .lill.ii II. e •if i lim.itc is In he nttrib- 
 ut.'l, in n j^ii.il (!i t;ii • , ti) il^ favcir.il.h: a^imt Ui 
 ihi- sc \it!i ,ilui •Ae'it, aiiil al-.'j ill >'.ini; inea^nre I'l 
 the warmth of the (river) water i-'imiiii,' from tlie 
 \ve>t«ar>l. 'I'hc hea'i of I l.imilt .11 Ii.lel may i c 
 I' riiieil the ^.U'leli of tlie All uilie ( 1 .i-t of l.ahra- 
 'lor. At l!',e 1 111. In. ,11 Hay ( .iiii|iaiiy's iio>f, Ki;^o- 
 l;l!e, thin- are a'o. .lit n,\,ii .ure> ' illi.jer cr..])'; 
 aii'l till- farm Ij.m t-. •( Iwi lv<: e..\\s, a ! nil, >Mnii- 
 alie<;l), pi;;-, aii'l lie'is.'' 
 
 If askcil to iiiilicitc till' jMiiii nlar 
 |il;uc oil I I.iiniltoii liiKt \v!ii( li ini;^lit, 
 \\ itliotit mill li lulj* from iiii.iuiiiatioii, l)c 
 riL;.ir(U'(l ar, ll.c imdImIiK- -iti; of l.i IPs 
 llijwtlis ami (if Kiilscfiir',-, ^•Jl;tlll•IU kittle- 
 iiu lit the jilacc "ul'.i !f a ccitaiii riser 
 
 How- 
 
 lit (if a lake," wIuk.' •' 
 
 liver 
 
 llowed down fioin tlic 1 nid to the lake 
 and fto into tlu; -ea," .nid v, Ii. ic llu-re 
 
 were "01, Mt h.irs at the mouth of the 
 river" tlic writer would lie ti iiipteij to 
 ])oint to tlie iicioliliorhoix] of N(jithwest 
 River IIouh', a ilud.in I', iv ('ompaiiv's 
 |)o-t at the northwi-tern anole of I .ikc 
 McKille. This |H)-.t is situated at the 
 mouth ' if tlie Nortlnve-t Kiver, in latitiale 
 5,5' ,}.'' ,ind longitude 60" 10'. I he- 
 river, whi( h is a lar,:,'e lUie, Hows out of ;i 
 lake of < (insiderahle >\/.r al a ji'jiiit dis- 
 t.-.m about a mile from tide water ; and at 
 its iiKjiilh .ire liars or liaiik-, formed hy 
 silt hroiioJit down hy the -tie.im. 
 
 I!nou;,di has hei 11 >-,ijil t,, ,|i(,h- that, if 
 we aN,iinie II( Ihiland to he id( nlical with 
 ''umli.ilaiid !'( niieul.i, M.ukland with 
 ome ]i,iii of il.il'liu i.ip.d .Mithwaid of 
 < 'umlieil iikI Souial, Ki.ilaiiies with ('.iiic 
 ( 'hidli'V, Straumllord with Sa^lck I'.av or 
 one ol the adjoinin;; (lord., .ind Ilr'.p 
 
rj2 
 
 /A HIE ossiri-i-: i.i.i.ys. 
 
 will) Ff.iiiiillDii fnU't iir 'J'Miu' li ly in tlu- p ir.tti\<I)' IrillniL,' ul.ji « fion r.in hi- c-isily 
 
 i)fi^lilM)iliiM)iI, wo ,li,ill I'liul ilif l,m.mi,i_;c <!<.ilt wiih. I In; i -.liMi hin;,', from wli.it 
 
 iif ilic V.wV S.if^.i, t.iktii in its nits ion-, ,ini| i-, -ildniiictl ;is .1 f.iir anil nMsi.ii.it.lf in. 
 
 ii.iliir.il Mii-^i', lull) . Mill liirii ily ;i|i|ili( .lido, trrprtJ.iiiun of iho S.i;;a n.irralivo, of a 
 
 Ihc sin;^Io i\ri|ilion is tlio ^iiUinoiit itriii:,' ///y//, ///,/,• r.i.o in f.ivor of |.i.ir- 
 
 th.it no •.now ranif at ll<'i|) <luiiii,:,' tho in;,' \iiil.ini| or) l.ilirador. is f.lt to l)o 
 
 winter of Hiorfr«)n's stay ; ami tins i on)- 'Midit^l) to att«'ini't in a ina:; i/ino aitiolo. 
 
c.isily ■ 
 
 I \v!i,it 
 Ir in 
 
 , of .1 
 
 t.) 1)C 
 
 Itit.lf.