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 ' ■:l'-Hrl!."'*HJwi^''^"^^™WPWI 
 
 ^^^"^^^y -1 
 
 GEOLOaiCAIi SURVE7 OF CANADA 
 
 ALFRED K. C. SELWYN, F.R.S., F.G.S., Director. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ox THB 
 
 MINERALS OF SO.AIK OF THE APATITF^-BEARLNG VKINS 
 
 % 
 
 OF 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, Q., 
 
 WITH 
 
 NOTES ON MISCELLANKOUS ROCKS AND MINKJfALS 
 
 1878 
 
 BY 
 
 B. J. HARRINGTON, B.A., Pii. I). 
 
 
 « -tv. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHOIilTY OF PAllLIAMENT. 
 
 Montreal : 
 r)A.\vso3sr brothers. 
 
 1879 
 
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GBOLOOICAL SURVET OF CANADA. 
 
 ALKKHl) U. C. SKLWYN, K.W.S., F.U.S., I)ikk<t<.r. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 MINERALS OF SOME OF THE Al>ATlTK-BFAHIN(r VEINS 
 
 
 U^ 
 
 Of 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, Q., 
 
 WITH 
 
 NOTES ON MISCJ5LLANW)l'S ROCKS ANIi MINEEALS 
 
 1878 
 
 BY 
 
 B. J. HARRINGTON, C.A., Pii. D. 
 
 1 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 • 
 
 : • • • 
 
 
 • .•• ,•• *. ••••1.. •#••• 
 
 1879 
 
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I 
 
 ** 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 i\ 
 
 I'AOE 
 
 THE APATITE RK(iION OF OTTAWA COUNTY I 
 
 At kiiowlodgmcnt of iissistamo 1 
 
 Ocriirfiicc ot'nimtifo in Norway; galjbro, dioriti-, pyroxonite 2 
 
 (Jiicifis, ((uartziti', dolirite 3 
 
 LimuHtones, chrysotile, hvdti and veins of upiitite 5 
 
 Kxiimpliiw of veins G 
 
 Dnisy eaviti( s, large apatite crystal 7 
 
 Handed stnieturu of veins 8 
 
 Inegnlar i haracter of apatite deposits y 
 
 Origin of apatite veins 11 
 
 De])th of apatite depositn 12 
 
 THE MINERALS OF THE APATITE DEPOSITS 13 
 
 A I'ATITE 14 
 
 Calcitk 1 ,5 
 
 fh'oii-si'mi, qiaktz ig 
 
 PVUOXKNE ANJ) UltALlTK 17 
 
 Analysis of pyroxene 17 
 
 Analyses of pyroxene and malite 21-23 
 
 HOUNBLENDK, PlILOtiOl'lTB 24 
 
 (■ AUNKT 2G 
 
 EpiDOTB, IdOCUASE, TOUKMALINE TiTANITE 27 
 
 Analysis of Titanite 28 
 
 ZiUcoN 28 
 
 Ortiioc'lasb, Aluite 30 
 
 ScAi'OLiTB — Localities of ; crystalline form 31 
 
 An.alysis of scapolite 32 
 
 WiLSONITE 33 
 
 Chlorite — Analysis of 34 
 
 PiiEfiMTE — Analysis of 34 
 
 Chauazite, Hematite, HutiijE, Pvuite > :i5 
 
 PvKiuioTiTB, Ciialcopyrite, Sphalbiute, Galkna, Molybubnite 3(> 
 
 GiiAi'UiTB ; loganitc, wollastonitc, barito 37 
 
n CONTENTS. 
 
 PAiiR 
 
 MISL'ELLANKOUH ROCKS AND MINEUALS 3rt 
 
 MANOANiriciiors Calciti — AimlyHlH of 38 
 
 On tub oocniiuKNOE or Olivink in Canada 30 
 
 Olivino from Hto. Aimi;'H on the Ottawa,— imalysiH of 30 
 
 Olivine rock from near Moinit Alliort, P.Q. ; diniito ; origin of 
 
 olivine roci^H ; microHciipic cliarnctcrH 40 
 
 Olivine from Nova Siotia 41 
 
 Olivine from liritish Columbia 41 
 
 On bomi of ti:b dioritbs of Montkkal -12 
 
 AnalyHlH of diorite 44 
 
 Analysis of aualcite ; teHchenito ; uge of eruptive rocks of Mont- 
 real 46 
 
 Magnetic Ihon Orb — Analysis of wppcimen from British Columbia. , 4G 
 
 Spathic Ikon Okb 4G 
 
 Analyt^is of specimen from Hudson Bay 47 
 
 Lignites 47 
 
 GOLD AND 8ILVEII ASSAYS 40 
 
 Cakiboo District, British Columbia 40 
 
 Miscellaneous Looalitiks 50 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 . — Dolerite Dykes cutting Quartzite 4 
 
 2. — Branching Apatite Vein in Pyroxenite 6 
 
 3. — Apatite Veins in Pyroxenite 7 
 
 4. — Vein showing large Apatite Crystal 8 
 
 5. — Section across banded Vein 8 
 
 6. — Veinstone showing alternate layers of Apatite and Pyroxene 
 
 7. — Drawing sliowing irregular i haraeter of Apatite Vein 10 
 
 8. — Outlines of Phlogupite Crystals , 25 
 
 9. — Sections of Olivine Hock and Serpentine 41 
 
 10. — Drawings of Olivine Crystals, mostly altered to Serpentine 42 
 
 1 
 
>l- 
 
 PAtlR 
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 PAOB 
 
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 (iEoLocacAL Survey Office, 
 
 M<iNTUEAL, Juno Gtli, 1S79. 
 
 Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq., F.H.S., F.G.S., 
 
 JJirector of the (kologicnl Survey. 
 
 Sir,— Herewith I be^' to hand you my report on the minerals of 
 Romo of the apatite-bearing veins ot Ottawa County, (Quebec, and on 
 miseellanoous rocks and minerals from other regions. 
 
 1 have the honour to bo, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 BERNAEI) J. IlAERINfJTON. 
 
o 
 
 «» 
 
 \t 
 
REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 MINERALS OF SOME OF THE APATITE-BEAKTNCr VEINS 
 
 OP 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, QUEBEC, 
 
 WITH 
 
 NOTES ON iMlSCELTiANEOHS ROCKS AND MINERALS. 
 
 BY 
 
 B. J. JIATIR1N(;T0N, RA., Pii.I). 
 
 The numerous opoiiiii^s which have been made in search of apatite 
 Hinee the sprini;- of 1S7(> in Hiickinnham, Templeton and otiier town- 
 nhipH of Ottawa (-()unt3% coniprisiiii^ what is sometimes i<tio\vn as the 
 North Ottawa i*hospliate Region, have atforded excellent opportunities Ni.rth Ottiiwn 
 lor the study of many ot our Laurentinn minerals and their mode ol KeKion. 
 occurrence. With the object of making such a study, two visits were 
 paid to the region during <he jiast season, one in June and the other in 
 September; and although they were both of short duration, many 
 minerals were collected for examination, and numerous facts obtained 
 bearing upon the character of the deposits from which tlay were 
 taken. Most of the time was spent in the township of Templeton, as 
 the apatite veins of that towiishij) were known to atl'ord a great variety 
 of minerals; but a number of mines in Buckingham and Portland wore 
 also visited. 
 
 My grateful acknowledgments are due to Mr. J. (J. Milh-r, of East A<knc)\yiedg- 
 Ten pleton, Mr. (JeraldC. Brown, of Bui-kingham, and other gentlemen, ncsistauce. 
 for much information, and also for most substantial assistance. Mr. 
 Miller, who takes a lively interest in mineralogy, has been a most 
 industrious collector, atid generously placed at my disposal ([uantities 
 of interesting material from his own collectionH, 
 
 Some of the observations which follow concerning the apatite region 
 of the Ottawa are new only as regards that region, similar statements 
 
T^ 
 
 2a 
 
 GfiOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Gnbbro. 
 
 Diorite. 
 
 relating to the North Burgess district liaving long ago been published 
 
 Facts published by Dr. T. Steriy Hunt ; Itut, at the same time, many entirely new facts 
 
 *' •■• "" • worthy of being recorded are given here, and the general similarity of 
 
 the two regions is established. The interesting paper of Messrs. 
 
 Occurrence of Bi-(iggor and Jlcusch on the occurrence of apatite in Norway, pub- 
 
 Norwiiy. lishod in the journal of the Geological Society of Germany,* has also 
 
 enabled me to institute occasional comparisons between the deposits of 
 
 that country and our own, and to add to the many analogies already 
 
 pointed out by Hunt, Macfarlane and other writers. 
 
 In Norway the more important deposits of apatite arc stated b}"^ 
 Br()gger and Eeusch to occur eitbei- in oo" in the immediate vicinity of 
 a rock which they term " spotted gabbro," (gejieckten gahbrd), and 
 which they regard as eruptive. The term gabbro, however; is not 
 used 1)}' them in its ordinary sense, but applied to a rock consisting of 
 brown, lustrous hornblende and white to greyish-white labradorite — an 
 aggregate commonly called diorite. Except in the colour of the horn- 
 blende, it would a])])ear to resemble what has been termed by Mi . 
 A'^cMMor " blotched diorite,"! and which consists of dark green to blacK 
 hornblende, with labradorite or oligochise, and sometimes a little mica. 
 Veins containing apatite have also been observed in these diorites, b'.t, 
 so far as I am aware, are not of any economic importance. T-jgjn^ 
 from the localities visited by me last summer in Ottawa County, how- 
 ever, there is evidently there, as in the Burgess i-egioi , an intimate 
 eonnection between the apatite veins and certain pj roxenic rocks 
 which, on account of this connection, niay be k»oked upon as reju'e- 
 sentiiig, in one sense at least, the so-called spotted gabbro of Norway. 
 These y»yroxonic rocks, which have been called by Hunt pyroxenites,J 
 vary considerably in their characters. Sometimes they consist almost 
 exclusively of p3'r()xciie, though more commonly quiirtz and ortboclase 
 arc ])rcscnt. Mica, too, is of frecjucnt occurrence, while minute garnets 
 ma}' occasi(»nally be seen. The frciiuent j)resence ol disseminated grains 
 of apatite is also an important fact. When pyroxene is the principal 
 mineral the rock commoidy shows litllle or no trace of bedding, but is 
 often a good deal jointed. Its aspect when the p^'roxene is of a dark 
 colour is often that of a massive eruptive rock. 
 
 Frequently tlu! IVesh fracture of some of the " ])yrGxenites" would 
 not leatl one to suspect the presence of more than very small quantities 
 of quartz, in cases where the weathered surface shows that it is present 
 in considerable abundance and marks the lines of stratification. Large 
 
 Pyroxenito. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ♦ Vorkommen dts Apiitit in Norwcgun. Ztituch d. deutmh i/evl. Oen. Heft III., pp- 646-702. 
 t Report of I'roKresa, lS7t-7r>. 
 X (ieology of Canada, 1866, p. 185. 
 
> I 
 
 OT?TAWA COUNTV, Q. 
 
 3 a 
 
 i^ 
 
 lenticular patches and veins of a coarsely crystalline aggregate of 
 orthoclase and quartz, with n\ore or le.ss pyroxene, or sometimoa 
 hornblende, may often be observed, and appear to have been separated 
 out from the mass of the rock by some process of segregation. 
 
 Of other rocks met with in the Ottawa pliosphatc region the most 
 important are the gneisses, quartzites, and crystalline limestones. Gneiss. 
 The gneisses vary much in character, but the predominating variety 
 consists of more or less reddish orthoclase and gi-eyish or white quartz, 
 with little or no mica, and sometimes with garnets.* It is usually 
 coarse or granitoid in texture, anil the bedding often obscure, tliough 
 in other cases it contains numerous beds or layers of quartzite from 
 half an inch to a foot or more in thickness, which render the strike of 
 the rock plaiidy visible. Cineiss wilii these (juartziie layers may be 
 seen on the twelfth lot of the twelfth range ol" Templeton, where it 
 forms the peak overlooking MctJregoi' Lake at the "Fidelity Mines." 
 In other cases mica is abundant, and the gneiss assumes a marked 
 foliated textui'e. It is then sometimes grey, and at others reddish. 
 Many of the gneisses, liowever, which appear reddish, are 'onl}- so 
 from weathering, and on IVesh fi-aclure the leldspar is seen to be white 
 or pa'e grey. The micaceous gneisses are sometimes garnetiferous, 
 and occasionally exhibit the texture of the so-called (luyen-gnths or 
 eye-gneiss. Grey hornblendic gneisses also occui', and in some instances 
 contain epidote. 
 
 Quai'tzite has already been referred to as forming thin beds interstrati- Quart/Jte and 
 tied in some of the gneissio strata; but indefjendent beds of considerable 
 thickness also occur. A good example of one of these may be seen in the 
 hill behind the little village of Perkins' Mills, in Templeton. it is white 
 and glassy, and in places contains a little orthoclase. Thequail/.ite and 
 adjoining orthoclase rock and hornblentlic gneiss are here traversed by 
 a doleritef dyk«! more than a hundreil feet thick, the course ol' which is 
 N. 75° \V. and S. 75° K., while the strike of the <|uartzite is about 
 north-east and south-west. At the time of the intrusion of the dyke 
 the (luartzite has been curiously split up into numbers of sheets or 
 layeis in a direction approximately parallel to the course of the dyke, 
 anil thedoleritc has tilled the spaces between the layers, thus producing 
 a series of snuiU dykes parallel to the nuvin mass, but of much tiner 
 texture, owing, no doubt, to nu)re rapid cooling. The accompanying 
 
 * By some writers many of the-io rocks would be termed granulite, but wo prefer to class them 
 hereunder theK'^nenil name of Kiieiss, with the more tvoioal forms of which they are often 
 intimately associated, and into which they pass by insensible gradations. 
 
 t By many litholofrJDts 'he rocks spoken of here as dolerite would be called diabase cm account 
 ot their freedom troiii " kUiss " unit their itiitiqiiity. It is, however, deemed advisiible to retain 
 here the name dolerite, by which they have hitherto been designated in the Keimrts of the 
 Survey. 
 
4 o 
 
 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 iSeries of 
 dolerite dykes. 
 
 Microscopii! 
 diameter of 
 dolerite. 
 
 Hkctch wiiows the upi»eiiranfe ])rcsente(l on the .surface by llie alternating 
 layers of qiiarzite and dolerite. The portion with diagonal shading is 
 the quartzite, Avith the strike of which the diagonal iines coincide, while 
 the dolerite in indicated by the vertical shading. Tne dolerite, it will 
 be seen, occasionally includes angular fragments of the quartzite. The 
 area represented in the sketch is twelve feet Icuig and nearly eight ieet 
 wide. 
 
 Fio. 1. 
 
 Dol.BKITK DyKKS Cl'TTlNU QiAliTZITK. 
 
 The dyke just described is but one of a series which are known to 
 traverse the Laurentian strata in the counties of Ottawa and Argen- 
 teuil. l?y some they have been 9uj)posed to have influenced the char- 
 acter of the apatite dejiosits, and it has even been suggested that rich 
 ajiatite veins were most likely to be found in proximity to the dykes. 
 This, howevei', does not seem to be the case. The dykes cut all the 
 Ijaurentian strata of the region indiseriniiiuitely, and considering the 
 ubmidance of the apatite deposits, and also that they were probably 
 formed before the dykes, i* would be strange if the latter did not 
 oecasioiKtIly ]»ass either thr« ugh or close to some of them. Dykes 
 a])]»arentiy ol' similar chara'cer occur in the apatite region of Norway, 
 l»ut have not, so far as I am aware, been su))poseil to be in any way 
 connected with the apatite deposits. 
 
 Analyses of specimens of some of the Grenville dolerites were made 
 many years ago by HuTit,-i^ and descriptions of their microscopic 
 characters sulise(iuently published by me in the Canadian ^^aturalist.f 
 (^biite I'ecently, also, micros('0|Me sections of dj'kes from Templeton 
 and Wakefield have been studied, but have not been tbund to otter any 
 
 * Geology of Canada, 18(5.'5, p. 653. 
 
 t New Series, Volume VIII., Number 6, p. 315. 
 
 * 
 
 
 ■ 
 
i^ 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 5 a 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 GHsontial difforencos from those uf the oldest sot of dykes in (Ji-eiiville. 
 With tlie mici'Dscope tlie rocU shows, in thin sections, a perfectly crys- 
 talline textui-e, beini^ made up of a network of striated blades of triclinic 
 feldspar, brownish auajite, black, opaque i^rains of mai^nietite, and com- 
 monly small quantities of a green chloritic mineral. The i-elative 
 proportions of those constituents vary a good deal, and in the case of 
 the dyke near Perkins' Mills, described above, the pro|iortit)n of aiigite 
 appeai-ed to be much lai-ger in the main djdce than in the Mne-giain»'d 
 portions between the Ia3'er8 of quartzite. in the latter a green ser- 
 pentinous mineral was observed, which is probably ]»seudomorphoiis 
 after olivine. 
 
 Messrs. Brogger and Ileusch state that limestones rarely occur in Limostonea. 
 the regions where they studied the Norwegian apatite deposits; l»ut 
 with us the ease is different, and a immber of bands of crystalline linuv 
 stone are known to exist in the apatite i-egions of both Ontario and 
 Quebec. Those seen by mo in Tem])loton were highly crystalline, and 
 often ser})entinous. In a few localities they were noticed to contain 
 concretionary balls of serpentine several inches in diameter, sometimes 
 envelo[)ed hy a single layer, or containing several more or less concen- 
 tric laj'ers, of white fibrous calcite. Large masses of serpentine also 
 occur in the limest-i.o, consisting of the ordinary yellowish-green 
 variety, traversed by numerous veins of beautiful chrysotilc. Snuill Chrysotilo. 
 quantities of this have been mined as asbestus on the eleventh lot of 
 the seventh range of Templeton. 
 
 In the Geology of Canada the a])atite dejjosits of tlie Jhirgess region ueds or vein.s 
 were described as beds. Subsequently, however, it was stated by Di-. "f '"^pat'te- 
 Hunt that although the apatite did occasionally occur in beds the 
 workable deposits wei"e, " with few if any exceptions, confined to the 
 veinstones.'"!^ Jjijnestone beds were described by him as containing 
 disseminateil gi-aiiis or crystals of apatite, the pro|M)rtion of which 
 amounted in some cases to two or three per cent,, or even much mcne, 
 and the pyroxenites were stated to contain disseminated gi-ains or 
 small masses of a])atite marking the stratification. (Ijoc. cit., |). 204.) 
 Dr. Hunt's reasons for regarding most of the deposits as concretionary 
 veinstones are fully given in the report just referred to, and also in his 
 Chemical and (ieo/ogical Essaijs. They de])end upon such facts as 
 banded structure, the presence of drusy cavities, the manner in which 
 various minerals surround or encrust each other, and the rounded 
 forms of certain crj'stals — indicating "a process of partial solution 
 succeeding that of deposition." 
 
 As many of the facts obtained last summer in Templeton and 
 
 » Report of Progress, 1863-66, p. 188. 
 
< 
 
 t; o 
 
 OfiOLOfliCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 Hi 
 
 Examples of 
 veins. 
 
 Branching 
 apatite vein. 
 
 adjoining townships l>oar upon these points, some of them may 
 now ho stated, Thtit many of the apatite deposits of this region are 
 not beds is plainly shown by the manner in which they cut across the 
 strike of the rocks containing them. As examples of this, may be 
 mentioned an important vein on the seventh lot of the first range of 
 Portland, tlie course of which is N. 15° W., while the strike of the 
 coimtry rocks is N. 45° E. On the nineteenth lot of the ninth range 
 ol" Templeton the i-ocks strike N. 40° E., and are traversed nearly tit 
 right angles to their strike by a vein of aptitite.* Again, on lot fifteen 
 of the eighth range of Templeton, there are three veins whose courses 
 are, respectively, N. 40° W., N. G0° W., and N. G7° W., while that of 
 the country rocks is N. 20° W. In some instances deposits which 
 look like interstratified bods in phices, are here and there seen to give 
 olf latcnil branches, which cut directly across the strike of these rocks. 
 An eximi])ie of this was noticed at Mud Btiy, on the twelfth lot of the 
 eleventh range of Templeton, in the case of an apatite vein occurring 
 in garnet iferouH gneiss. 
 
 Fig. 2. Figure No. 2 is a vertical section 
 
 across a branched vein occurring 
 on the same lot in massive py- 
 roxene rock. The latter shows 
 what are probably joints, though 
 p()ssil)ly planes of bedding, lii 
 eithei- case, however, the only 
 possible conclusion, as regards the 
 apatite, is that it forms a vein. 
 The pyroxene rock is indicated 
 
 BHAN(HlNO Al'ATITK VkIN I.N 1'YKOXKNITE. aOOUt tWO leCt. 
 
 Figure No. 3 shows ti number of small irregular veins of apatite 
 cutting alight grcenish-grcy "pyroxenitc," on the surface of which 
 
 * OwiiiK to tlu-Kri'iit irreKuiiirity of tlio uiiutite veins imd the limited extent to which they 
 have been woriicd, it is often diflicult to obtain their lumrses very accurately. The following 
 twenty, however, were ascertained as caretnlly as possible under the circumstances. The first 
 fifteen are the bearings (mag.) of veins in 'I'empleton, the succeeding four in Portland, and the 
 last in Buckingham:— 
 
 N. 35" E. N. 60" W. N. 30° W. 
 
 N. 17" E. N. 40" VV. N. 15" W. 
 
 N. 67° W. N. 40" W. N. 5" W. 
 
 N. 60° W. N. 56° W. N. 45° E, 
 
 E. & W. 
 
 N. 78° K. 
 
 E. & W. 
 
 N. 45" E. 
 
 E. & W. 
 
 N.45" E. 
 
 N. 85" E. 
 
 N. 35° E. 
 
 t. 
 
OtTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 7 <» 
 
 quartz and feldspar woathcr out 
 and inui'k the strati Hcution of 
 the rock. The ai»atite h)()ks as if 
 
 « 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Drusy cavities do not scorn to Drusy cavities, 
 be so abundant in tlie veins of this 
 rc<^i()n as in those of I?uri;ess, but 
 ai-e now and then met with, liiied 
 witii crystals of (|iiai'(z, calcite, 
 a[)atite or pyroxene. Anionic other 
 hK-alities, they were observed ai 
 the Grant Mine in liu('kini>iunu 
 and on lot seventeen in the lunth 
 ranii;e of Templet<in. In a vein at 
 Ai'ATiTK Vkinh in Pykoxknitk. ^ b<i latter locality, a cavity lined 
 
 with pyroxene crystals is said to have occurred, in the centre of 
 which there stood, like a statue in a niche, a crystal of apatite several 
 feet in height. This was no longer visible at (he date of my visit, 
 but numerous smaller cavities were observed, mostly lined with 
 
 ditferent varieties of quartz. The rein at this locality is a most interesting 
 
 ^ •' vein. 
 
 interesting one. Tt occurs in the so-called pyroxenite, and has a 
 course of N. 78° E. and S. 78° W., with an underlie of about 70° to 
 the south. Last summer it liad been exposed for a distance of about 
 125 feet on its strike. Some mining had been done, but what qu;ui- 
 tity of apatite had been removed was not ascertained. Parts of it arc 
 made up almost entirely of a coidused aggregation of gigantic ajtiitite 
 crystals, which have grown from the walls of the crevici', and many of 
 which are several feet in length and a f(>ot or more in diameter. The 
 top of one, which liad been broken off and was lying on the.ground, 
 had the pyramidal planes entire, and was eighteen inches long and 
 eighteen and a-half inches in greatest diameter. Towards its eastern 
 end, a section of the vein, in a cutting, showed it to be largely com- 
 posed ot calcite holding a few large crystals of apatite, and having a 
 thin layer of the latter mineral adjoining the foot-wall. One rude 
 crystal of apatite, which projected from this layer of apatite into the 
 calcite, was two feet nine inches long, and also in diameter. It '" i^rge apatite 
 shown in the accompanying cut (Fig. 4), in which the diagonal shading '^'■ystul. 
 represents the country rock, the arrow-head markings calcite, and 
 the white, apatite. In another opening west of the tirst, the vein 
 
8 a 
 
 (JEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 Banded 
 strui'ture of 
 veiriH. 
 
 Fi((. 4 .sliowt'il imu-h loss calcite and a 
 
 uoimI (lojil of dark green horn- 
 blonde, pyroxene and mica — the 
 hist Homotimes in plates a foot 
 across, und most ahinidant ah)ng 
 the foot-wall, while the hornblende 
 occurred in ifroatOHtqnanlity along 
 the hanging-wall. At tiio surface 
 the vein showed nearly six foot 
 of solid ajtatito, ])artly consisting 
 of large crystals; but at a depth 
 of eighteen feet the total width 
 of the vein was only four feet, and 
 of this only one foot consisted of 
 apatite. This vein hiu afforded 
 interesting examj)les of mineral 
 onvelo])nient and of bi'oken and re- 
 cemented crystals, some of which 
 \ iiN Miii«iN(. i,Aii(;i: Ai'MiiK ('i;vsT\'. will be noticod further on. 
 A> a iiile. llif apatite bearing veins of the Ottawa region are charac- 
 terised rather by a want of i-egnlarity or order in the arrangement of 
 their constituents than by any degree of symmetry. Occasionally, 
 however, instances are met with whci-e the veins show a distinct banded 
 structui'c. An excellent example of this was observed at Mud Bay, on 
 the twelfth lotof the eleventh rangeofTenipleton. The vein was twenty- 
 one and a half inches thick, and 
 occu))ied a well-defined fissure. 
 A section of it is shown in the 
 acc(>ni]»anying figure (Kig. 5). 
 The Grant Mine, on the 
 eighteenth lot of the twelfth 
 range of Buckingham, has also 
 afforded an interesting illus- 
 tration of the alternate deposi- 
 tion of minerals in a vein. 
 The minerals are pyroxene and 
 apatite, and they occur in lay- 
 ers averaging about a quarter 
 of an inch in thickness, alter- 
 nating one with the other with 
 
 a.. L. 
 
 II. Oiili'iti' iiiid iiiic:i. 
 
 Ii. Kiiif frr.iiiicii iiiicii in wavy lini'S. wi'li 
 pyri).\(!iit' ^111(1 ,1 little :i|i.ititc. 
 
 c. I'yi'oxfiiL', KiiiiHil.ir :i|i.iiit(', mid ii little 
 iiiicii. Ill line sc'iles, :ii-niiiKeil in \v:iv> lines in 
 the direetioii ot'llie vein. 
 
 U. Micii- pyroxene iiiid thin layers of apatite. 
 Calcite and mica. 
 
 womlerful regulai'ity for very 
 c )nsi(|erid)le thicknesses, like 
 the liiminte of Eozoon. In 
 
OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 9 O 
 
 Fi^. 6, which is a tniciiii!; froniiiii ;iotu:il spccimoii the nhiuiod por- 
 tion roprCHontH the pyroxoiio jiiui the wiiiU" ;i|)iititt'. In Ihf ori- 
 ^iiiiil tho lines arc Hcaircly as shnr[) as indicati'd l>y Iho drawing'. 
 In some cases the apatite has been dissolved away, loavini^ tlie layers 
 of pyroxene. 
 
 1m(i li. 
 
 VKINBTUNK SHOWlNli ALTKRNATK l.AYKHS Ol' APAIIIK AM) I'YHOXKM-:. 
 
 Veins with sharply-delinetl walls, such as are common iis the case of Sharpiy- 
 
 metalliferous lodes, are i-arely seen, the cunsliUients of the vein and not common. 
 
 country rock rather nieri^iui^- into one anothe]'. Accordini>; to Dana, 
 
 " such a blending of a vein with the walls is a natural result, when its 
 
 fornuition in a fissure takes place at a high temi)erature during the 
 
 metamori^hism or crystallization of the contaMiing rock."' * 
 
 Figure 7 is an illustration of the irregulai- iriunner in which the IrroKulur chur- 
 I . ,. , , , • . I • i I i • i. • 1 '^''**"" "f apatite 
 
 various minerals occur in some or the apatite dei)osits. it is a vertical depositi!. 
 section on a scale of approximately one foot to an inch, sketched in an 
 opening from which considerable ([uantities of apatite had been ex- 
 tracted. Tho uncertainties of mining deposits of this character are 
 cvulent. 
 
 Such examples Jis those which liavc been given prove incontestably 
 that there are true apatite veins in the region in question ; and as to their 
 mode of formation, we concur with Hunt in regarding many of them as 
 
 * Manual of Geology, 1875, p. 733. 
 
 M 
 
 { ) 
 
10 o 
 
 QEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 RettreRAteil 
 inatisog. 
 
 fissuroK or cavi*i<»H which have hoon tilliMl hy tho doposition of mnto- 
 rinls derived iVorn the adjucont ntrata. At tho same time, however, wo 
 believe that in inarjy oanos there haw hoen a Hc^i-egation of apatite and 
 other miiieraJK which aceonnpany it from tho Hiirroiindini^ rock into 
 irrc^iihir or lenticidar masscH, without any true cavity oi- crovico 
 
 ii! 
 
 Ill 
 
 c 
 
 '^ 
 
 ++•»++ + 
 
 t + "f -n + 
 
 + 1- -f 4 +4 
 
 ++++++ 
 
 ++++4+ 
 
 *• + + + + + 
 ++++++ 
 
 ++4+++ 
 ++++•4 
 
 + + + +• + + 
 + + + +!■ + 
 t +++++ 
 + +■ + + + + 
 +<++•+ 
 + + + + ■*- + 
 •»• + + + + + 
 ■♦• + + •♦■ + * 
 -»• + + •• + 
 + I- + ■♦• + .t 
 ♦ ++ + H- 
 
 + + + 1■^ + 
 
 •f-+-v f •( 
 I- > S f L 
 
 !i 11 
 
 //;,; 
 
 m 
 
 Orthoclaje. 
 
 Plil<i|(#ite 
 
 sr 
 
 D 
 
 Cnlcite. 
 
 Apatite. 
 
 I 
 
 Black pyroxene 
 crystals. 
 
 (jiranuliir fireenish- 
 grey pyroxene. 
 
 having ever existed. This, it is true, implies that tho particles have 
 possessed a degree of mobility which it may be hard to understand : 
 but, nevertheless, there arc many of the apatite deposits whose 
 formation it does not seem possible to explain [in any other way. 
 Tho tendency which phosphate of limo exhibits to accumulate in con- 
 
 '! 
 
OTTAWA COUNTY, (,. 
 
 11 O 
 
 1(1 
 
 Lo 
 
 iO 
 
 re 
 I: 
 ie 
 
 y- 
 
 cretionary muHweH, an well um in voinn, in rocks of latt-r a^o is well 
 known.* 
 
 Tho coiu'luHioiiH arrived at by Messrs. l?i(»i,';^or and IJt'usch ('(tneern- 
 in^ the apatite veinw ntiidied l>y them in Norway, are that tlu^y are of 
 ernntive orii'in, and that there is ''no dclinite relation helwcen the ''lr"i'''.V?""?'" 
 minei'alH of the veins and those of the count ly rock." The veins are 
 stated to traverse inditl'erenlly hoth ern|)tive and sedinu-ntary strata — 
 gahhro, ^ratnte, hornhlendo slate, horidilend*^ ,i,Mieiss, tniea-sehist and 
 ({iiartzite; hut neither apatite nor any ollici- mineral containing 
 phosphoric acid is known to occur in the country rock. 'IMie hande(| 
 arrangement which they have observed in some of tlu< Norwegian 
 veins, they assume io ho due tt» the conditions under wliicli the 
 "magma" has cooled. Often, too, tho veins are said to he tine grained 
 near the walls and coarse in tlu^ centre, a phenomenon reganled us 
 analogous to what is ohsorvahic in many I lap dykes. The crumpled 
 and broken crystals of miea and other minerals are c(»nsidered as best 
 explained by assuming tho eruptive nature of the veins. After the 
 f<U'mation of tho crystals a ])ortion ot the vein matter slill remained in 
 a plastic state, and by its movements the crystals were bent and 
 broken. The roumled crystals are supposed to have bci'ii rounded not 
 by solution but by partial liision. Still another ground of the eruptive 
 origin of the veins is that in several cases they have been found to 
 eontaii! angular Iragments of rock, which in one instance were dilferent 
 in chai'act'M' from tho country rock, .'ind supj»osed to have been liroiight 
 up from beneath by the liquid vein-matter. Lastly, the fact that apatite 
 is known to crystallise out from certain materials rendered licpiid by 
 fusion, and its occurronco in certain igneous rocks, is api)ealed to. 
 
 This idea of an igneous origin cannot be adopted for our veins. Voins of tliis 
 
 W^.i , '., I • II • ,\ • country not 
 
 itii US, as wo have seen, they occur eiiietly m tlie pyroxenic eruptive. 
 
 strata, but they also traverse or occur near to other rocks which seem, 
 
 to a greater or less extent, to influence their mineral character. Veins, 
 
 for example, which occur near to be<ls of limestone are lijd)Ie to be 
 
 calcareous, and to hold the apatite in the form of crystals imbedded in 
 
 tlio calcitc. We have also seen that tho pyroxeiutcs often contain 
 
 disseminated grains of apatite, and no doubt they are iln^ strstta from 
 
 Avhich tho apatite of tho veins has been chiefly derived. *If, as has 
 
 been suggested, the apatite of those ancient strata represents nuvterial 
 
 accumulated by organic agencics,f then the connection of the jjyi-oxene 
 
 and apatite may bo that tho material of the former constituted an 
 
 * In connection with this subject see an intorestinK pnnor by M. I)aubr<=e on the occurrence 
 of phosphate of lime in France. Compten Remtux, 1871 , LXIII. p, 1021). 
 
 t See in connection with this subject, a paper by Dr Dawson in the Canadian Nnlurnlitt 
 (^. S. Vol. VIII., p. 162,) entitled, ''Notes on tho Phosphates of the Laurontian and Cambrian 
 Kocks of Canada." 
 
12 n 
 
 OKOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 ii 
 
 
 m 
 
 Character of 
 npatito in 
 igneous rock(« 
 
 Depth of 
 apatite deposits 
 
 o««Hiiit' bottom particularly Huitablo for the life of the creatures which 
 Hecri)tc«l the j)l»ow|(hatic matter. 
 
 The tirie-^raiii'«l ciiaracter of the voiim near the walls, regarded by 
 BioKK*^'" a"<l KcuMch i\H an evidence of eruptive origin, is observable in 
 Honiti of oui- apatite veins, but quite as frccpiently they are coai'ser 
 in textui'c luMir the walls than in the centre. The phenomena of bent, 
 cruinpled and cracked or broken crystals are appai'ently (piile as 
 common here as in Norway, and certainly remind one of the similar 
 phenomena in eruptive rocks, but are neverthelcHs explicable upon 
 other grounds than those stated by Hrogger and Keusch. The same is 
 ti'ue of the numerous instances of mineral envelopment, for sonte of 
 which, no doubl,, striking i)arallel8 may be fouml if eruptive i-ocks are 
 studied microscopically, but for many of which no amilogy can be 
 given. The very ditierent character of the apatite of igneous rocks 
 from that of such deposits as we arc now considering, is certainly a 
 strong argunujnt against the eruptive origin of the latter. In the igneous 
 rocks the apatite, which has usually been the tii-st mineral to solidify 
 and penetrates all the other constituents of the rock, is characterised 
 by the sharj) outlines of its crystals, though they are, for the most 
 j)art, exceedingly minute,* while in the apatite veins crystals with 
 sharp angles ai-e compai-atively rare. How, we may ask, have the 
 enormous crystals of apatite in the veins sutlered so from fusion, while 
 the acicular ju-isms of the igneous rocks })rescrve their form intact? 
 
 The statement is commonly made that our apatite deposits are very 
 limited as regards de))lh ; but such a staten\ent certainly seems prema- 
 ture when we remember that no mining operations have as yet been 
 carried (jn to a ileplh of more than 150 feet. It, however, is evi- 
 dent that the depth to which the true fissure veins will be found 
 workable will often depend largely upon the thickness and attitude of 
 the pyroxenie sti-aLa in which they occur, and upon the course and 
 inclination of the veins themselves as compared with the strike and 
 dip of the enclosing rocks. A vertical or nearly vertical vein, for 
 example, traversing a highly inclined bed of pyroxenite, is likely to bo 
 workable to a greater depth than a similar vein cutting a pyroxenite 
 bed of slighter inclination and underlaid by other rocks, such as gneiss 
 and limestone, in which the veins are less likely to be remunerative. 
 As regards the irregular or lenticular masses referred to on jmge 10, 
 their working must, of necessity, bo to a greater or less extent of 
 uncertain character, but it does not follow that when one of these 
 masses is worked out another may not occur near it. 
 
 * Zirkol, Mikroakopiclie Bctchuffcnheit der Mineralien tmd Oesteiiut, «. 223. 
 
 Roseiibusoh, Mikroikupivchc P/ivsiogiaphie der pctrographinch wkhtigcn Mincndierh «• 216. 
 
 h 
 
OTTAWA COirNTY, Q. 
 THE MINKUALS OK THE APATITE DKl'OHITS. 
 
 13 
 
 Loftviiig now Much .inoHtionH uh thr ()n,ij;iii oldiii- apalitf (lepositn, we 
 l»!iHs ((. tho coiiNiiU.nitioii of llif niiiKTuls wliicli \\wy liiive Iktii loiiitd 
 to coiitjiiii in tlu' ivi,Mon visiUnl hisi Huinnii'i-. Tlioir numcN iiro ^'ivoii 
 in coliunii I., \vliili>, (or the s!ik«- ol' cotnpaiisoii, tlinNo cmnnonili'il by 
 Hnii;7^'»'r and Hciiscli, as occiiiTini,Mn Hit- apatite-ltfaring voins »itu«liod 
 by tlioni in Noiway, arc i^ivisn under II. 
 
 Mincrnl 
 
 IIMMIII'illlCS lit 
 
 iil>iilite. 
 
 I. 
 
 A|)iititc. 
 
 Calcitu. 
 
 FliKii-Hpiir. 
 
 <./iiiut/, (Hi'vciiil vars.). 
 
 Pyroxene. 
 
 Iloriilileiiile. 
 
 I'lil()p)pite. 
 
 (Jul net. 
 
 Epidote. 
 
 Idorrase. 
 
 TniumHliiie. 
 
 Titaiiitf. 
 
 Zircon. 
 
 Orthocluse, 
 
 Albite. 
 
 S( iipolite. 
 
 Wilsonite. 
 
 Tale (Steal ite)? 
 
 Clilorito. 
 
 Prehnite. 
 
 Clialiazitc!. 
 
 Heiimtito. 
 
 Untile? 
 
 Py.i(e. 
 
 I'yrriiotite. 
 
 Chalcopyrite, 
 
 (lulena. 
 
 SplialtMite. 
 
 Molylidenite. 
 
 (iraphite. 
 
 I! 
 
 Apatite. 
 C'alcito. 
 
 (Jiiart/,. 
 Pyroxene. 
 HorMiiJende. 
 l'liloi,'opile. 
 
 Toiirnialiiie. 
 Titanite. 
 
 < Irtlioclase. 
 
 Alliite. 
 
 S(a|)olito. 
 
 Tale V 
 Chlorite. 
 
 Hematite, 
 ilutile. 
 Pyritc. 
 Pyrrhotite. 
 Cliali opyrite. 
 
 KjeniKin. 
 
 TNclierniakite (oligodase). 
 
 Esmarkite (anorthite '■') 
 
 Enstatite. 
 
 AHpasiolite. 
 
 Titanie Iron Ore. 
 
 Magnetite. 
 
 It will thuH be seen that of the thirty Hpooies given in oiir list, 
 no lesH than eighteen, or neai-ly two-thirds of the entire number, are 
 
 m 
 
 •II 
 
 
14 ., 
 
 UKoMirtlCAL SURVEY OF CANAbA. 
 
 Enstiitite. 
 
 idt'iiticiil with (lioso in the N()i'\vo«:;ian (le])().sits. The Norway' list, 
 liowovor, contains sovoral minerals not roprosontcd in ours ; but one of 
 those, magnetite, wfurs in a])ati to-bearing veins in Ontario. Enstatite, 
 thougli earefull}' looked for, has not yet been found here, altliough a 
 mineral siipjiosed to be an alten^d enstatito* is one of the most frequent 
 aeeompaiiimeiits of the Norwegian apatite. 
 
 11 
 
 \ I 
 
 Large iipiiti 
 crystals. 
 
 Al'ATITK. 
 
 The varieties of this mineral ocuri-ing in the Ottawa region are so 
 numerous that no attempt will bo made to describe theni all in detail, 
 but simply to give a few general statements with regard to some of their 
 more im])()rtant cliaracteristics.f C-rystals of the mineral are of common 
 occurrence, and sometimes attain to lai'go dimensions, measuring afoot 
 or mure in diameter and several feet in length, and weighing hundreds 
 of pounds. The form, likt^ that of the so-called moroxite from Arondal 
 in Norway, is a hexagDual ])rism terminated (often at both ends) by a 
 hexagonal })vramid (x P.P.); and in no case, so far as I am aware, has 
 the l)asal plane oP., so ci)mmoii in crystals from man}' regions, been 
 observed. The I'dges of the crystals are sometimes shai-p, but moi-e 
 frt>(pietitly rounded. The s|>ecitic gravity vai-ies sliglitly in ditVerent 
 varieties; but that ol'a dark green, glassy crystal from the(Jrant Mine in 
 Buckingham was found to be 0.2115. The colour of the mineral varies 
 greatly, including gre^'u of various shades (sea-green, olive-green, 
 grass-green, asparagus-green, groyish-gr; en, »\:c.), sky-blue, I'cd and 
 brown of ditVerenI shades, yellow and winto. The lustre varies from 
 vitreous to i'csiiioiis or fatty, and while the minoj'al in its more glassy 
 forms is subtransparont, it is more froijuently subtranslucent anil often 
 opa(iui'. 
 
 I'hough at some localities the a)>atito occurs chietly in crystalii, at 
 others it is wholly or almost altogether massive, varying from com- 
 pact or erypto-crystalline to coarse granular. Frequently, also, it 
 
 * It is Kft'cn oi' Breenisli-Krcy in colour, unil somoti'i^js I'ccur.s in vi-ry liirKo crystals. The 
 hardness is only 2-'t, and tlu! sin'oiliu univity 'J.'i -"..'.S. In fine splinti-rs the mineral fuses to a 
 black glass. Tho following are two anal>ses cited by Uriij^ger and Reusch :— 
 
 OedcKiirden. .Sniiruni. 
 Silica :i~A'>:; r>ii.,')i 
 
 Alumina ].(»;> 0.97 
 
 Musinesia. ;)ll.,'f7 ;!0.89 
 
 l-'errous o.xide i.W 2 95 
 
 liinie (t.;)7 
 
 Water 7.21 C.Ol 
 
 101.22 100.70 
 
 After examining a lartfc number ot crystals, the conclusion of these gentlemen is that the 
 mineral is rhombic, luthough the crystals are very near to pyroxene in form, and had previously 
 been described as pseudomorpha of steatite after augite. 
 
 t For fuller particulars, as well tia for detailed analyses of a number of Canadian apatites, see 
 Mr. Christian Hott'mann's Report- 
 
OTTAWA COliNTV, Q. 
 
 15 (J 
 
 Iho 
 xly 
 
 Bee 
 
 Oxliibits a (listiiu't lamolhir toxture. A iVialdo, saccliaroidal variety is 
 voiy common, and otlen loi-niod ".suiijar |)li()s])hak'." Wiien white, it is 
 sonu'limes ditlicult to distini:;iiisli liy thi' i' ye from n^nw i'orms oi'(|uar(/. 
 sandstone. On account of its IVialiilily it is, no doubt, much easiei' to 
 i^rind than some of the moiv coinj)act i'orms, l)ut, at the same time, it 
 is more apt to underj^o loss in the operations of mining and transjior- 
 tation. Crystals arc sometimes imbedded in this i;-raindar apatite, and 
 IVeipHMitly also rounded masses of aptditi' of all sizes up to many inches 
 in diameter. Similar masses of pyroxene, as well as crystals, are also 
 sometimes imbt'd<lcd in the apatite. (Jood exanii>h's of the tine "granu- 
 lar or saccliaroidal a]iatite occur at several of the openiui^s on the 
 twelfth lot of the twell'lh i-am^'c of Templeton. On this lot also, at Mr. 
 Miller's " J)octor Pit," a curious translucent variety occurs, somewhat 
 resendilinj;' serpentine in apjicarance. 
 
 At the Ifitcdiie Mine, on the seventh lot i>f the seventh rani;e of 
 Portland, a beautiful example of the vitreous sea-i!;reen variety was seen. 
 The mass, as c.rpoml, measured nearly twenty feet across, and in the 
 whole of this thickness was a]>pari'ntly free from other minerals, 
 with the exception of a few ciystals of pyroxene and mica. 
 
 As already stated, apatite crystals are sonn'times found imbedded in 
 the ifranular form of the same mineral ; the best crystals, however, 
 usually (H'cur in calcite — as at Mr. Miller's '-Crystal Pit." Other 
 minerals in which they have been toinid ai-e pyroxene, hornblende, 
 phloi;opite, orthoclase, scapolite, steatite and |»yrile. LiUe the crystals 
 from other rei^ions, they frequently enclose other miniMals, amon<j; 
 which are calcite, ])yi'oxene, phloi;opite, zii'con, sphene. tluoi'-spar and 
 lyriti'. So Ijtr as known the apatiti' of this region, like that of Jiiir- 
 gess, is always lluor-aj)atite. 
 
 Calcite. 
 
 in addition to its occurrence in the form of beds of limestone, calcite 
 friMiuently forms veins which uiay or may not c(udain oth'M- minerals, 
 and is also one of the most common constituents of the ajtatite-bearing 
 veins. In the vi-ins it is, as a riile. much more coarsely crystalline 
 than in the beds, but this is not invariably the case. Sometimes it is 
 white, blue or n'recn, but more fre(|ucnlly pink, tiesh-colour or s:dmon- 
 colour. Occasionally, also, it is colourless and transparent. 'fhoiii;h 
 usually massive, crystals of doj^'-tooth spai\ naiMiead spar, and other 
 metre comjdieated forms, are now and then found in cavities. 
 
 Calcite is fre(|uently enclosed in otlier minerals, as a]>atite, pyroxene, 
 phloi;(>pite, zircon, «S:c. ; and still more freciucntly contains other mine 
 rals, as apatite, pyroxene, ]>hlo<j;opite, hornblende, tourmaline, sphene, 
 zircon, quartz, chalcoj»yrite. 
 
 " SuRfir plios- 
 lihiile." 
 
 I'uur-iiimtitc, 
 
 Ciilcareou!! 
 
Ifi RE 
 
 OEOLOdlCAI- SliRVKY OF CANADA, 
 
 Fluor-s|)ii •. 
 
 Inferostiiiir 
 veiii-stoiie. 
 
 Viiri»'tie!< of 
 (iuartz. 
 
 Mounfiiin 
 leatluT. 
 
 Fluor-spak. 
 
 Specimens of this mineral have been found at Hevoral of the apatite 
 o})enin^M, as, foi- oxani])le, at the "Trusty Pit," on the twelftli lot of 
 the twclflli ranije of Tein])lelon, the Htteenth lot of the third nin^e in 
 the same townslii]), iiiid the tenth lot of the fourteenth range of Hull. 
 Usually, however, (liu (luantit}- fouml at any one locality is small. 
 The colour ol' the fluor is sometimes hright green, at others purple, 
 violet or occasionally hlue. A specimen from the township of Hull 
 shows minute octahedra of purple tliior-spar associated with scalenohe- 
 (iral ciystnls of calcite. 
 
 Specimens of a vein-stone from the augmentation of (Jrenville, furthe)* 
 down tlu' Ottawa, consist of an aggrt'gatt' of dark greeri pyroxene, 
 grass-green apatite, purple anil wine-coloured fluor-spar, white oi-tho- 
 dase, calcite, hiack tourmaline, sphene and small prisma of ziix'on. 
 iSometimos the Huor is indiedded in aj)atite, while at otherH the apatite 
 occurs in the Huor. 
 
 Ill some cases tluoi-spiir has heen ubserved in drusy cavities with 
 quartz. 
 
 (Quartz. 
 
 (Quartz, is a common mineral in the apatite deposits, sometimes being 
 imbedded in the a]>alite. calcite oi- other constituents of the dei)0sit, or 
 lining drusy cavities. The (juartz in these cavities is sometimes 
 colourless, at others smoky or amethy.stine, and occasionallj' red or 
 brown, and more or less ojwujue from included oxide of iron. The 
 amethystine (Uiartz is commonly pale, but fairly coloured crystals 
 have been I'diind on the seventeenth lot of the ninth range of 
 Templelon. At this locality chaleedonic (|uart/. has been depositeil in 
 crevices in the vein, producing agate when there has been an alterna- 
 tion of dirteri'iit colours. In some specimens, layers of vitreous (juartz 
 alternate with tlu' chalcedony. The surfaces of the agate are often 
 covered with little scalenohedral crystals, which are apjwrentl}' jiseu- 
 domorphs of (piarlz aCler dog-looth spar. Most of them are iindei- an 
 eighth of an inch in lengtli, and fie(piently they are hollow. Ocea- 
 sioJial grains of copper ])yrites are imbedded in the chalcedony, while 
 zinc blende occurs in vitreous (piartz at the same locality. 
 
 In a specimen said to have come from the (Jrant Mini^ in Bucking- 
 ham, glassy (|uarlz was imbedded in a mass of mountain leather. In 
 one or two instances also, veins of ]»ale blue subtransliicent quart/, were 
 observed (mttiiig a niixtui'e of granular apatite and jiyroxene. 
 
 The occurrence of quartz in some of the stratified rocks of the region 
 is elsewhei-e referred to. 
 
OTTAWA COUNTY, (I. 
 
 17 U 
 
 PVKOXENE AM) UrALITE. 
 
 Of all tlie rninoral associutcs ol' apatite in {\\r Ottawa n'i;i()ii, iivrox- 
 eno is the most coiifstaiit and tlu' most alxiiidaiit. in one tunii or 
 another it is }»rol)al)ly j)r('seiil in all I lie ajiatite (le|)osils, oxcoj)tin;:;, 
 perhaps, some of llic calcareous veins with imhediliMl apatite ci-ystais. 
 The mosteomnion variety appears to he an alnminoiis sahlite or lime- 
 magnesia-iron j)yroxeiie, hut a lii;'lit-eoloiire(l variety, prohahly iliop^iilo p^'nlxl'ne." 
 or malacolite, is also common. Less I'reqiiently a heaiilitiil Mack 
 kind may he ohserved, excellent examples of which have hcen ol)tainod 
 from the thirteenth lot of the eleventh range oi'TiMnpleton. it is here 
 associated with green apatite, white orthoclase, sca]»olile, graphiti' and 
 small gi'ains of titanite. The pyroxeni^ crystals often contain little 
 round or irregidar masses of the orthoclasc> as well ;is scales el" graph- 
 ite, and their surfaces are sometimes coati'd hy hroad ])lates of the 
 last-named minei'al. The crystals dill-.M- from those ol the more oidi- 
 narily occurring sahlite not only in colour, hut also, t(» a ct'rtain extent, 
 in chemical composititHi and form, having the faces of the inclined 
 rhojnhic prism usually much more fully developed than the eliiio- 
 ])inacoid, and presenting iather ditferent pyramidal terminations. 
 The ohserved planes are those of the inclined rhomhie ami rectangulai- 
 prisms CO P. 00 Poo . [oo Poo ], comhined with {\\o pyiviniidal liices I'. 
 2 P.-P. and the clinodome [2 Poo]. The iaces of tin- rhomhie prism 
 are often develo[»ed almost to the exclusion of the ortho- and clinopina- 
 coi<l. In some crystals tlu> pyramidal jilant-s aic^ prettj- e(|ually 
 developed, hut in otlu'rs much distorted. In the specimens examined 
 the hasal {)lane oP. is ahscnt,hut there is a vei-y distinct hasal cleavage. 
 The fracture varies from uneven to contdioidal. The colour is mostly 
 hiack, hut in somt^ s])ecimens hlackish-green. On the edgt-s or in thin 
 splinters the mineral is Iranshu'cnt, ami hy transmitted light appt'ars 
 deep hottle-green. The lustre is vitreous, and sometinu'r. almost splen- 
 dent. The hardiu'ss is ahoul six, and a crystal, of whiih the following 
 is an analysis, was found to have a specilie gravity of 3-.'{Sr) : M'li'k p.vio.\ene 
 
 Silica T)! -JTr) 
 
 Alnmiiiii JH'J I 
 
 Feiiic oxido 1 .'U 7 
 
 Fcrions oxide .iHi I 
 
 Miiiigfinoiifi oxide (t :i2;i 
 
 Lim.' Ti:\M 
 
 Magnesia 11 t> 1 2 
 
 Loss on ignition o 1 7 I 
 
 Tht) analyais shows that this is an aluminous lime-magnesia-iron 
 
1 
 
 18 o 
 
 OEOLOOIfAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 in yellow sea- 
 polite 
 
 Large cr.vstnl.-^ 
 
 Forms (if 
 crystals. 
 
 pyroxene, and its compoHitioii and other charuclcrK sconi to conneot it 
 with the variety sometimeH called I'assaite. 
 
 Kxajnj)Ie.s of other varieties of pyroxene may he met with at almost 
 any of the a|)atite mines. They vary miieh in colour, usually heiiii;' of 
 .some shade of i^reen or i^rey, hut scmctimes white or hi'i>wn. I^owcr 
 Lilac pynixonc down tile Ottawa, in the augmentat'on of (Jrenville, a hoautiful lilac 
 pyroxene oecui-s, tlie crystals of which arc somotimcs imbedded in a 
 ])ale lemon-yellow scapolite. 
 
 Now and then crystals of lar_^;e diiuv-nsions are obtained. Oik', for 
 exampK', from the towjishiii of Templetoii is eleven and a half inches 
 in circiimfereiico, nine inciies lonj:;, and weii^hs eiufht and one-third 
 ]>ounds. Lai'ge ciystals have also hceii t(»und on the sixth lot of 
 the lirst ram^e of Portland township, and a portion of one now in the 
 museum of the (ieoloii'ical Sui'vey weiii'lis ahout twelve ]tounds. Some 
 of them, lhoui,di dull outwardly, are .glassy within, and of a j)ale hotlle- 
 green colour. 
 
 The simj)lest iorms observed are crystals of sahlite sliowiny; the 
 followini:^ combination: x Poo . oo 1*. [oo Poo ]. Poo, P. Other ])lanes 
 are, liowever, fref|uently present, and amonsi: them 2 I'. 3 P.-!'. and oP. 
 8(jmetimes the crystals of sahlite are striatied longitudinally, and 
 they ai'c often much fhittened in the direction of the ortliodiagonal. 
 One, for example, having a width of an inch and eight-tenths, measured 
 only seven-tenths of an inch in thickness; another, an inch and a hall' 
 wide, was tivc-eigiiths of an inch thick, while a third measured two and 
 a quarter inelies by eigbi-lenths ot' an inch — giving an avei-age width 
 ol'over Iwoand a half times that of the thickness. 
 
 In the tt)wnsiiip of Tem])leton well crystallised pyroxene is often 
 found in veins unaccompanietl by apatite, for which mineral, liowever, 
 it has free] uently been mistaken. As atfording a gooil example of this, 
 a vein occun-ing on the tweiity-lourlh lot of the ninth range may be 
 mentioned. (Jood crystals of more or less glassy, subtraiisliicent green 
 pyroxene arc hero imbeilded in a pale flesh-coloured calcite. They 
 vary in length from a couide of inches downwai'ds, and ai'e often well 
 termijiated at both ends. They are almost iiuariably flattened in the 
 dii'ection of the clinodiagonal, and sliow the following ])lanes : x P. 
 [oc Poo]. ooPco. Poo. P. 2 P.-P. oP., and sometimes [2 Poo ]. The 
 siieeific gravity of a crystal was found to be 3"232. Scales of mica 
 sometimes coat the crystals, or arc enclosed in them. 
 
 On lot thirteen in tlie eighth range of Templetoii a white to greyish- 
 white or greenish-white jiyroxene occurs, small (piantities (»f which 
 were at one time mineil under the sujtposition that the mineral was 
 apatite. The crystals exhibit the same planes as those just described, 
 but are Iosh imiueully tluttencd in the direction of the clinopinacoid. 
 
 Flat cry.'tals. 
 
OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 lit 
 
 The enc'l()8iire of mica in pj'roxone ciystals, which ha.s already hcoii Mica in 
 alhided to, may frequoiiUy he ohservcd, and iii some iiislamos tiio '"'^"^"^ 
 HcaloH or cryHltils of mica may be seen to be more or loss s^'mmotrically 
 arranged Avith reference to the phines of the pyroxene. On the f-even- 
 tcenth lot of the nintli range of Templcton hirgc crystals were observed, 
 showing a central portion of dai'k green pyroxene siirronnde(l by a 
 zone of minute scales of jnica, while the outi'r portion of the crystal 
 was pale green pyroxene. Other inclusions also are common, and 
 among them calcite, apatite and orthoclase. Not infrequently also 
 pyroxene crystals are rouiKied us if by the action of some solvent, but 
 this is much less common than in the ease of aiiatite. Sometimes 
 they have been cracked or broken in two; and the spaces l>etween the 
 pieces tilled up with calcite, apatite?, or some other mineral. In one 
 case, a crystal four inches in diameter was observed which h.. • bein 
 fractured and re-cemented with apatite. 
 
 The most interesting peculiarity observed, however, is the tendency i mlitp. 
 which the pyroxene in some localities exhibits to become altert>(l into a 
 kind of uralite. This name was long ago given by (iusluv Rose to 
 crystals possessing the I'orm of j)yroxene but eh'avage and other char- 
 acters of hornblende, and tirst observetl by him in certain rocks tiom 
 the Urals, which he termed uralite por[)hyries. 'i'lie larger crystals 
 wore found to freqently contain a kernel of pyroxene, which in the 
 smallrtv ones had entirely disappeared. In the case of pyroxene from 
 Arendal in Xorway also. Hose observed a perfect transition from lus- 
 trous crystals showing no apparent trace of hoi-nblendt' within to 
 others with drusy surfaces, in which no trace of augite eoiild be 
 detected.-*^ 
 
 Crystals of pyroxene from Travei-sella atl'oril another example ot' a 
 change t)f this kind. The unaltered crystals are described as transpar- 
 ent and glassy, but on being altered become opa(|ue, and often assunu? 
 a silky lustre. In this opa(iue porti(jn fine fibres running [)arallel to 
 the principal axis begin to be devoloj)ed, and, as the change advances, 
 <listinctly recognizable individuals of hornblende are f'ornie(l, also 
 parallel to the principal a'xis and looking like actinolite.j 
 
 Of late years, by tlu' aid of the micro, cope, it has been demonstrated 
 that the development of uralite lias taken place in many ci-ystalline 
 rocks, not only in lOurope but on this side of llu' Allantic. In tlu' 
 case of diabase, the change of this kind has been de^erilidl by Kosen- 
 buBch as follows: X — "'flu? alteration j)r(»ces,ses to whicli the augite of 
 
 '■; 
 
 ♦ IMscliof, lAhihtith ilir (ixiliiini, ISCil, pp. ^'23, &2i. 
 
 i Lehrbiich dcr (lenlogk, Uisclioff, 1851, p. 5;J9. 
 
 X HikroHkoi), I'hyniot/r. d, miiimiucn Ucntnim, 1877, p. SiO. 
 

 [ 
 
 20 (} 
 
 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OP CANADA, 
 
 Uriilite in 
 diabase. 
 
 Friilito of 
 Tompleton. 
 
 diabase is .nibjoct is one of most vavietl character. Ordinarily, they 
 begin with tiio formation of a vertical tibrons struct iiro. At the same 
 time the fibres often take the lorm of well-delyied uralite, and in this 
 ease tin; process coninionly lie-ins from I lie entire i)eri|»hery of the 
 angite, and proceeds (hence towards the centre, in general more rapi<lly 
 in the dii'ection of the vertical axis than at right angles to it. So long, 
 then, as the process is not wholly com])leted, tlieiv remain in the inte- 
 rior portions of augite with iri-egidar outline. Loss freiiuently, or 
 rather oidy in e.\(H'ptional cases, the foi-niation of ui-alitedoes not begin 
 along the whole circumlerence, but attacks only single nai-row strips 
 in a vertical direction, so that thin cohnnns of augite and uralite, par- 
 allel to the vertical axis, alffrnate with one anoiher. The uralite itself 
 passes on still further alterations (»f the rock into chlorite, and this 
 finally into a mixture of brown iron ore, (|uai't/i and carbonates.-*^ 
 
 The above tacts have been cited because of interest in coiniection 
 with what now follows concerning the alteration of certain pyroxenes 
 in the apatite region of (^uel»ec. Tlu^ best examples wei'e observeil at 
 tln^ mines of Mr. Ibvckon, on the twenty-third lot of the thirteenth 
 range of Tenijtieton, where crystals have been obtained showing per- 
 fectly (he (ransidon from ]»yroxene to what may be callecl uralite. 
 The I'rystals are mostly tlat'tened in tlu' tlircction of the ort Imdiagonal, 
 and while some of them are apparently ({uil(> unaltered, others have 
 been converted into hornldende for a greaver or less depth Ircmi the sur- 
 face; others, again, are entirely changed to hornblende, and show no 
 trace of pyi-oxene even when sliced and examined microscopicidly. In 
 the first stage of alteration the ])yroxene, which in ilsoriginal condition 
 is glassy and of a gi'cy colour, becomes more or lesxlull and greenish or 
 i>reyish-wdiite, still, howevei-, retaining the cleavage of pyroxene. In 
 this jtale portion acicular prisms of green horid)lende begin to be deve- 
 lo])ed, gradually increasing until, in some cases, all trace of j)yr(ixeno 
 is obliterated. The t'hange aj)peai's (o have always begun at the sur- 
 face of (he ciystals, extending inwards more rapidly in some ])arts of 
 the crystals than in others, liut although the hornblende ]>risms at 
 the surface appear to be mostly parallel with the |)rinci|)al axis, within 
 they are seen to run in evi-ry diivction, or in some cases to be arranged 
 in i-adiating groups. IntcM-mingled with the horidtlende prisms a little 
 calcite occurs in ))laees. 
 
 Kven when the crystals have been i-ntirely cliangi'd to hornbh'mb^ 
 the ]»yroxene angles remain perfecti}' distiiu-t, and one crystal with 
 
 * Forotlier intori'stintr dctnils (MnrpriiiiiK uriilite pco Zirl«el, Mil,', IhxihdO', il, Uliii. n. (l,ni. 
 p. ITS. Also llosiMibuscli. Mil:, riii/nliiii. il. Mill., p. .'!!(>. 
 
 .In the oiuic of ail '"iiimito syoiiitc," IVoui .liicksoii, N.ll., Mr. (J. W. Ilawos ha.-* oliscrved jin 
 alu ration of nunitc into conipHct brown hornblende insteiid of into the usuiil llbrous green uralitio 
 luafS.— O'w/'W ot.Xtw Jliiiiijinliin , I'art IV., 1878 ; p. 205. 
 
 
) 
 
 OTTAWA rOUNTY, Q. 21 O 
 
 terminal ])lanes sIiowm tlu' tollowiiii; combination : x J'x . co P. 
 [qo P 00 ]. Pco .-I'. 2 P. The rrystal is an inch and scvcn-oiniiths wide 
 and a littlc! over iialt'an i^cii tliicU. The rcmainini^ portion ol'another 
 crystal, which has lost its terminal |ilanes, is thrci- inches wide and an 
 inch thick, and apparently wholly iiralite. The crystal which siip- 
 |)lied (h«> material lor the t'ollowini;' analyses was ahoiit an inch and 
 three-<inarlers wide and an inch thick. Tlu- centre consisted oi'i^las.sy 
 ,t;'rey pyroxene, siirronnded, however, hy the iliill and ]iale material 
 descrihed ahove, and I his was surrounded in Iniii l>y an aii'i^re^ation 
 of hornblende })risnis. These three portions may be called respect- 
 ively A., B. and {\ A. resembled in appearance much ol'llu' ortlinary 
 pyroxene of the re^^ion, from which also it piobably does not diller 
 much in comiMtsition. The s|)ecilic i;iavily was I'ound to be iMSl and Aimiysfsoi 
 it gave on analysis t'le t()llowin<j;' results : — unilitc. 
 
 A. 
 
 Silica TiOKCS 
 
 Almiiiiiii l-a'iH 
 
 I'\Mric oxide O',»7o 
 
 l"\'noil:i exidf 1 '.ny.i 
 
 JlatiHinioiis (txidf ()• 1 48 
 
 Lime , 21- l.'iH 
 
 Magnesia 15- M'2 
 
 I'otash (»-l'.i7 
 
 Soda (•••Jia 
 
 Loss on ignition I •!:!!> 
 
 100 -IS I 
 
 "^I'liiH is the composition of an aliiminons diopside or malacolite, and, 
 except in !h(^ larger pi-oportion ol iron, r»>sembles that of pyroxcuio 
 fronv (irenville and Hathnrsl.-''- The flillowino,' analysis of li.. the white 
 j)ortion of i1h> crystal, shows that, chenii<ally, no i;rt'at amount of 
 change hal taken jjlace. 'J'he s])ecilic ,i;-ravity (;>'205) was also about 
 the same as that of A : — 
 
 B. 
 
 Silica :.0-8'.>8 
 
 Aliuniiia •. I -825 
 
 Foiiic oxide 1 ■ T 1 1 
 
 FclTons oxide I -SCtH 
 
 iMaiigaiiotiN oxide 152 
 
 Lime 24 • :?92 
 
 Magnesia l5-2t;a 
 
 I'otash ()-ir)(i 
 
 Soda (I • ()7(> 
 
 I.OKfi on ignition 1 • 200 
 
 100 -0(50 
 
 * Sec analysis, Rciutrt of Progress, 1874-75, p. :J02, and Ooology of Canada, ISft), p. 407. 
 
 I:, 
 
I 
 
 22 O flEOLOOirAL SURVKY OF CANADA. 
 
 It will lie ohscrvcd Unit althoii^^li the toUil siinount of iron in A. and 
 J>. is aliiiosi idonticul, more ol" it oxiHts as ferric oxide in H. thnu in A. 
 TIh! (|iiaiitity of alkalies \h also only about oiio-third ol llie amount 
 iuund in A. 
 
 If now we ])ass to ('., the uralitic portion of the crystal, the chani^es 
 
 are nuicli more strikinj^, as will he seen from the following analysis : 
 
 C. 
 Sili( a 52 •H2;i 
 
 Aiiiniiiiii ;{-2ir) 
 
 Feiiif oxide J- 007 
 
 (""(•nous oxido 2 • 7()'J 
 
 Maiigaiious oxide i)-2T(> 
 
 Lime 15- ;;•!'.» 
 
 MaK'iiesifi 1 i) • 042 
 
 I'otiish •(■.«(! 
 
 Soda o-H'JH 
 
 Loss on ignition 2 ■ lO;} 
 
 'J9-r.08 
 
 The s])eeiHe ^'ravity in this eas»^ was only IJ-OO;}. (\»m|>aring C with 
 A. and Ji. we find that the lime is diminishe<l hy about nine per cent., 
 while there is a "aiii of about loui- and a half jter cent, of magnesia. 
 The ratio of loss ami gain, however, is not that of the molecular 
 weights of lime and magnesia ; that is to say, for a molecule of lime lost 
 a molecule of magnesia has not been gained. A portion ot lime has 
 been lost without its place being taken by magnesia. At the same 
 time there is a slight increase of silica rt^latively to the other constitu- 
 ents, and, as woukl bo I'Xpecled, a decrease in <lcnsity. 
 Differences in It is Well known thai |iyx*oxene commoidy contains moi-e lime and 
 
 coiiii'o.-iitioiiof . Ill 1 • (I ' . 1 r r 
 
 i).vioxLMio and Icss magnesia tiian hornhiende, and in the pi'csent case loss oi limo 
 
 lionil)li;iulc. I ■ 1. • II 4 I . 1 • • I I i 
 
 anil gam oi magnesia would appear to he tiie })rinei])al cause deter- 
 mining the change to horiddeiide. The larger proportion of alka'ies in 
 the uralitic or hornblcinli(! proportion of the crystal is also worthy of 
 note, because hornblende is commonly richer in alkalies than pyrox- 
 ene. On the other hand, it is interesting to observe that there is less 
 alumina in the hornblendie product than in the tu'iginal pyroxene, for, 
 as a rule, hornblende is apt to contain more alumina than pyroxene. 
 This subjeci has recently been discussed by Mr. (i. W. Jlawes in his 
 valuable rep(U"t on the mineralogy and lithology of JS^ew Hampshire. 
 He there gives some interesting analyses to illustrate the diliorences in 
 the composition of pyroxene and hornblende, and' seems to regard 
 preponderance of alumina as the principal cause determining the 
 Ibrmation of the latl'jr species. At the same time, however, he does 
 not loose sight of the fact that pyroxene usually coutaiuis more limo 
 and less ulkaljos than horiiblondc, 
 
 '^^ 
 
OTTAWA rdl'NTY. Q. 
 
 23 (» 
 
 III tin- tollowiiii;' liililf till' ;iii;ilys«'s id A., II. and ( '. aii" iiicliKlt-il 
 t()L>vllici- with tiiialysos of pyroxono IVinii (lifiivillt- (D.) and Malliiirst 
 (Vj.), and al.so of hornltlcudi) I'roni tlu' lli.i^li Kails of tlic Mudawa^ka, in 
 Ontario (F.), and from EdonvilK- in Now York Stale ((J). K. and F. 
 aro Ity Jlnnt. and (i. l)y KanMmdslu'i'!,^. |). i.s tVom llic K'cpoit i>i 
 Progro.ss for 1871-7;'), p. ;j()2 : — 
 
 Aniil> '(■.•< of 
 l'.vni.\rnr. >Vr, 
 
 
 A. 
 
 TiOSCH 
 ■t-adS 
 ()-!l70 
 
 (IMS 
 
 2i-i:i8 
 
 J r)-:{72 
 
 o-l'J7 
 
 0-2 IS 
 
 i-i;n> 
 
 lOO.lSI 
 
 B. 
 
 C. 
 
 52-82;{ 
 
 ;< 2 1 r. 
 
 2-0(i7 
 
 2-7ii'.i 
 
 (1-27(1 
 
 1 5-;iS!l 
 
 I'.i-or.' 
 o-osi; 
 
 0-8!)S 
 
 2-lo:i 
 9.1 lOS 
 
 !). 
 
 .-.1-27 
 
 .1-110 
 
 10 
 
 25-27 
 17- Mi 
 
 0-11 
 
 (12 
 
 iMiH 
 
 51-50 
 (i-15 
 0-35 
 
 2 3 8(1 
 
 i7-(;',i 
 
 1-10 
 
 55(15 
 4-.')0 
 
 .')-85 
 
 i;mi 
 
 20 115 
 
 ;i5 
 
 lOdlt 
 
 (i. 
 
 Silita 
 
 no s'.)8 
 
 1-825 
 1-711 
 
 1-;!")S 
 
 (It, 52 
 
 2t-;i'.i2 
 
 1 ")-2(:s 
 
 (i-ino 
 
 o-o7() 
 
 1 -200 
 
 loo'OCO 
 
 1 
 
 •-, 1 -nv 
 
 Aiiiniiiia 
 
 Ki'iricd.xidc 
 
 Fcri(Mi.s»)xi{lc. . . . 
 WHiij;fUM)U8(t.\ide. 
 I,iino 
 
 5-75 
 2 SC 
 
 1 ■' r' 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 rota.sh 
 
 2:-.-:;7 
 
 (IS 1 
 
 Soda 
 
 0-75 
 
 Ijiiiitioii 
 
 (!• k; 
 
 
 loo-l'j 
 
 IOO'5'.I 
 
 08 1 2 
 
 Tlu! uralitic ]tortioii ot' tlic crystal, it will 1h' sfoii, docs not ditfiT 
 greatly in coinposit ion Iroin the hornlilciKU' (par^asilc) of llic lli^ii 
 Fall.s of the MadawasUa, nor from the so-calli'd i'(lcnitt' of Kdcnvillc. 
 Tlic ])yroxene, too, somewhat ve.semhles tlio uliiminous diojisidcs 
 (I). F.) ot'(ironvillc and Bathurst. 
 
 The Ibrmalion of uralite is spoken of liy sonic writers as tlioiii;li if I'lu.imdiphi.-i 
 w<M'o an e.xampK' of paraniorphism, luit I have liceii iinahic to tind 
 analysi'.s provinj;- that this lias anywhci-i" heen shown lo Ik^ the case, 
 'riiat in the aliove instance, at least, we have an example of true pscii 
 domor))iiism, cannot reasonahly Ik; doiilited. Foi-, in sonu^ cases, 
 we have not .so much as a nucleus of pyi'oxt'uo whose " ci'ystalloii'cnic 
 force" mii;-ht ho suppo.sed to induce the hornhh'ndo prisms to ai'rani;'c 
 themselves in the form of a pyroxene ciyslal, and witiioiit such a p!"e- 
 tlisposini;' cause it is hard to understand why hornlileiide pj'isms should 
 adopt such an arrani;-ement. 
 
 Other exam])les of supposed altenition of pyroxene to hornhlendc 
 wci'e ohserved on the seventeenth lot of the ninth ranj^e and the 
 tweiity-tirst lot t)f the twelfth j'ani;e (jf Tem[»leton, and also on the 
 sixth lot of the lirst ran,!i;e of Portland. One crystal, from the first 
 of 'he.se loealitii's, was iio less than a toot in circumlerence. It exhi- 
 bited the pri.sniatic aiiiiles of pyroxene, and on beint; broken in two 
 was seen to consist almost entirely of a greyish-green til)rous mineral, 
 which is evidently hornblende. Kmie crystals from the (jirant Mine in 
 Biiekingham appear to be psctidoiuorphs of a«bestiiiji after pyroxene. Asbestus. 
 
ir 
 
 24 o 
 
 OEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Actinnlifo 
 purKiiNitu. 
 
 Mountain 
 leather. 
 
 IIoHNHLKNDK. 
 
 Horiibloiide, as uii ori^imil curiMtitiiont of tlio ai)atito-boaring veiriH, 
 is of far more coinmon octMirrertco tliaii the pHoiulomorplioiiH mineralH 
 ileserilied above, and is oecasionally one of tlio i)i'iiiei|»ul eoiiKtitueiits of 
 the veins, often oeeiii-ring near to the walls. It (h)es not, howevei-, 
 appear to he nearly as ahiunlant as in the Norwegian apatite districts, 
 where some of the veins are characterised hy Brog^ei- and lieiisch tm 
 " apiitite-hearing hornhlende veins." With us pyroxene usually takes 
 till' place of the hornl)londe. The latter varies in eoloui* from palegre(!n 
 to deep olive-green. As yt^t none of it has heen analyse(|, hut while 
 anil it may in some eases have the composition of aetinolite, most of it is |)ro- 
 hahly the aluminous variety known as |»ai'gasite. Mu( h of it i-esem- 
 hlos in appearance the uralite, of which an analysis has been given 
 on page 22. Crystals witi lerminatioiis were not seen, hut heantiful 
 hIadoH with the characteristic angle of hornl)lende are common, pene- 
 trating calcite, or moiv rarely apatite, <[uai-lz, kc. Among the mine- 
 rals imhed<led in lu)rnMen<le, mica and ai)atite are, ])erluij)s, the most 
 common, hut calcite. tilaidti' and others also occur. 
 
 An interesting speeinu'n from the (Irant lot in Buckingham aj)par- 
 ently consists of the so-calle(l mountaindeather, which is usually 
 regai'ded as a variety of hornhlende. At the same locality a.shestu8 
 occurs, hut in some cases at least, aH stated above, appears to lie an 
 alteration ]>roduet of ]iyroxeiu\ 
 
 ? • 
 
 
 Almndanco of 
 iitiloBopito iu 
 Norwa.y. 
 
 PlILOGOPITE, 
 
 According to Broggcr and KeuH(h, phlogopite is an (>xceedingiy 
 abundant mineral in the veins of Oedegarden, in the Hamh> district, 
 Morway, and, Judging iVom their descrij)tion, its mode of oecurretu-e is 
 in man.y resjieds very siuiilar to that of the miea found in the ajiatite 
 regions oi' this country. They state that " a brown magnesia-mica is 
 in many veins almost the only mineral, but fre(pu!ntly aceomjianied 
 hy green enstatite, together with small masses of a|)atite. As the 
 quantity of mica decreases and that of the a])atite increases, tlic char- 
 acter ol the veins changes. The richer veins are distinguished by the 
 fact that mica almost exclusively occiH)ies the sides of the veins and 
 a}»atite the centre." Adjoining the wall-rock the mica is said to occur 
 mostly in small scales, while in the middle of the veins it is in large 
 plates. The veins in wdiich mica is the predominant constituent are 
 termed by Brogger and Iveusch "a])atitc-bearing mii-a veins." Few, if 
 Ottawa district, any, of tlie veins which I have seen in the Ottawa district could 
 properly have this designation applied to them, notwithstanding that 
 phlogopite is one of the most common of the minerals accompanying 
 
T*" 
 
 OTTAWA COIJNTV, Q. 
 
 25 ,1 
 
 tli(! iipatitc; hut :ih an oxninplc oCoiu- which is vciy iiifj^i-ly cuiniiosfii 
 of mica, may hn incnlioiUMl u vein in tlic first raii^c ol' I'di'tland 
 townshij). It is altout twent^'-foiir toot tliick, and contains niimci'oiis 
 I'.Miticnhvi- massos of n|)atito, Homotimos Hoveral foot in diamotor, imhod- 
 dod in ])ido^n)|»ito and pyroxono. Tho mica is ))ai'tly in tino scalos, 
 hut soniotimos in platos moro tlian lift con inches wide, l-'rom an 
 oponiny; at this hK-aht}-, ah(»ut thirty live fci-t di'cp, several hundred 
 tons of very lino a])atiti' havc^ l)oon I'xtractcd. 
 
 In some instancos mica linos tho walls of veins, while the conli'o is 
 nilod with a])atito. As in Norwu}' also, mica in line scalos is suinotitnos 
 found adjoining; tho walls, while lar<^e < rystals occur in tho central por 
 tions of tlio v*'in. Larn'o crystals ai'i', howevoi-. (|uile as often found 
 near the walls, and in some oases are scattered indiscriniiiuifely throUi^h 
 all ])arts of tho vein. 
 
 Anion^' the minei-als in wliicli j»Idoii-o|)ite is found imlu'dded arc; Minerals 
 apatite, calcite, pyroxene, hornblende, scapolito, and zircon. On the pUogopiu-."'*^ 
 other hand, the phloi^opito olteii contains calcite and apatite, lho.se 
 minerals occiipint;" cavitii-s whose lorms fre(pientl_>' have soiuo relation 
 to the prismatic faces (»f tho mica cryslals. Or the calcite, and more 
 rarely tho apatite, may form thin tihns between the layers of mica. 
 In a few instanoos, small prisms of apatite were obsorvod ponolrating 
 phlogopito crystals. 
 
 Pit;-. K. 
 
 OUTLINKS Oh' PhI.OOOI'ITK CUYSTAI.S. 
 
 The phloi^opite crystals^*"' fi'om many localities in Ti-nipleton and the 
 adjoiinng townshij)s are, as in the Burgess region, often of groat beauty. 
 
 * Auourdintc to the latest ob^tervHtiuii!* on tim subject, pliloKOpite \a luonuuliuic iu oryatallisatiuu. 
 
 tti 
 
 tl 
 
L'C 
 
 ) I) 
 
 (iKoI,(MlI('AI- SIUJVKV (>V (!ANAI»A. 
 
 Hiiiit mill 
 
 riirniKiitiMl 
 
 cryMtiilc. 
 
 Miiscovitt' 
 
 Tlioy vary in lustre IVniu pearly to alnio.st na'tallic, and in eoluiir IVoiii 
 yellowiMli or reddish-hrown !•• alinosi black, The prisms are usually 
 taperiuir, and llu' lateral jtlanes often perfectly smooth <)r polished. 
 ('ompouii<l crystals are conimoii, and of|«>n have curious outlines, such 
 as aiv sli«)\vn in tlu' aceompanyinij li<^urt!. (I*'i^. S. Out I incH traced 
 from th(! crystals themselves and reduced to one-l'our(h natural si/.e.) 
 
 IkiMuarkalile oxamph's of lu'nt and corrut^att'd or \vriid<led crystals 
 are Vi'ry common, and crystals have hi-en found with heaulifii! 
 mtirkiui^fs parallel to the prismatic faces. 
 
 Thoui;h lar^'c plates of mica occui' in many of tlu' ajiatite voins, they 
 are rartdy of ec<»nomic value owin^ to unevennoss, the pn^sonco of 
 calcite or other impurities, and too dark colour. In some casos, also, 
 thoy arc said to e\li)liat(! on heatini^. Muscovite is not known lo occur 
 in any of the apatite ilcjiosits of (In- rci^-ion in «picstion. 
 
 Aliniiiiilinf 
 ami i':<''iiiiiie 
 
 (iAUNET. 
 
 Several varieties of ijarnet have hecn met with in the upatitodiearini^ 
 veins of Ottawa County, althoui^li, so far as known, they arc l>y no 
 means common. A dark I'cd specimen from lot twelve in tlu! twelfth 
 rant^o of 'i'cniplcton is pndiahl}- almandint" or common ^arnot. It was 
 imhedded in orthoclase. in the townships of Wakctitdd and Portland 
 HjH'cimens of essonile or cinnamon-stone have l)een found, and in some 
 cases mistaken for apatite. This variety is found both massive and 
 cryslallist'd in rhomhic dodecahcilrons. Amoni;- the minerals imme- 
 diately associatt'd with it, besides apatite thort^ ai'c cpuirtz, feldspai', 
 calcite, and idocrase — prisms of the Inst beinii" imbedded in the i^ai-nct. 
 A more or less smoky and»er-yellow garnet has been found in the 
 townshiji of Hull, but whether assoeiated with apatite oi- not 1 am 
 un.'uvare. The ci'vstals are hiijhlv lustrous, and sh()\v i)lanes of the 
 dodecahedron and trapi'zohcdron. 
 Cliroine-Karnetv A beautiful cmcrald-i;reen chromiferous mineral occurs in the town- 
 shi|) of Wakctield, associated with apatite, ])yroxene and toui-malinc. 
 In colour and lustre it closely rcsendtlcs ouvarovite or chrome-i>;ariiet. 
 Althoii!j;h one s]»ccimen seems to exhibit jirismatic stiiicturc, another 
 shows faces a|»]iarently of a rhombic dodecahedi'on — thrive ))lanes meet- 
 inii^ at 120°. As the ]U'esence of chi'omium does not seem to have been 
 hitherto recognised with certainty in any of our Laurentian minerals, 
 this one n\ust be roi^arded as f)f pai'ticular interest, and a quantitative 
 analysis of it will slK)i"tly be made. 
 
 As we have already seen, garnets aiv common in some of the gneisses 
 of the region, and have also been observed, though rarely, in the 
 pyroxenites. 
 
niTAWA COirNTV, (j. 
 
 2"? «l 
 
 RniioTK. 
 
 In udditinn t(» its occuiTonco in moiuo of tlio slralifuMl roclcs of ll.o Ei'i«l<>tc. 
 ivii^iof), t'|»i(|(»|<« lifts, in a Tew cast's, Im'imi met with as a coiistiliKMit of 
 till! apaliU' (ii'jKwits. One localily is on lot nine of tin' tciilli, anotlicr 
 on lot twenty tliivtf of tlu' Ihiid'fntli ran^^f of 'IVnipit'ton. At the 
 fornuM" it is ussociad'tl willi dai'k ,i,n'i't'M jtyroxiMic, |»yi"i(t' ami caiciti' ; 
 at tho Inttor willi hornMondc, |iyn»xoin', orllioclasi". sca|toliif, pyi-ito 
 and calcitc. In hotli cases tlu' niincral is yellowish-^j^recn, and fuses 
 with niuc.li intiiineseence to a lilack sJaiT- In the closed tidie it uives, 
 m i.s usually the case with epidotc, a little water. 
 
 InoCKASK OR \ K.SIN lAMTK. 
 
 Heautiful ci-ystals of hrownish red idocrase, ucaily an inch in diMiii idoiTiise 
 etor, have l»eon found in lln^ township of'l'enipleton, hut whethei- from 
 one of tho apatito veins 1 iuivo heen unahie to aseerlain. Small prisms 
 of ^reon idocvaso inihedded in cinnamon-stone have also heen nhtained 
 from the township of Wakeliehl, hciiit:; in this case associated with 
 aj)atite. 
 
 ToUHMAI-INE. 
 
 The oidy variety of this minei-al noticed in aii^' of the apatite l>e:irinL;" l?lii>-k tomnm- 
 veiuH is the ordinary hlaclc tourmaline, hut this is of <|iiite common 
 occurronci'. The ht'st crystals ai-e usually indicdded in calcitc. Iml 
 they are hrittle and not oflt'u ohtaiiied with terminations, in one cast- 
 a ti'iani;ular ])rism, ahout an inch and a half loiii;- and lu^Mrly half an 
 inch across thci facoH of tlui prism, hail heen hrol<en in two. and tin- 
 space l)etween the j)arts filled with calcitc. Other miiu'rals hesidcs flu- 
 cak'ite in which toui'inaline occurs are apatite, pyroxene, quartz, sea- 
 polite and orthoclasi', and in one instance small prisms were ohscrved 
 iml)edded in Huor-s]»ar. The tourmalini' prisms are sometimes autcre- itmiiiiiiii!,' 
 gated into radiating groups, and this is the ca- ■ not oidy in some of the 
 apatite veins hut also with tourmaline which s(unelimes occurs in joints 
 in the quartzites. 
 
 TiTANITE oil SiMlKNK. 
 
 As in th(^ Burgess region, so hen- this is oiu' of the most common of 
 the mineral associates of apatite, and occurs hoth in the veins and in 
 some of the stratified rocks of the region. In the veins the crystals of 
 sphene are imbedded in various minerals, among which are apatite, 
 pyroxene, hornblende, orthoclase, calcite and scai)()lite. The crystals 
 are of various shades of brown, and commonly suhtianslucent. They 
 
 |iriHiii>". 
 
I ■ 
 
 JWSJUI'WWWtVfl"** IW'WJ' : 
 
 S ; 
 i. 
 
 
 28 a (iK()L()at(^\L survey ov ('anada. 
 
 vaiy in sizo Irom merely iiiiii-()sc()|iii' onos to others moasui-iii^ several 
 inches across. As a rule, however, they are very l)rittle, and (.liUicnlt 
 to obtain in a perfect eondition. ^fany of them eonlain rounded i;-rains 
 of calcite liki' thoso found in crystals oi' ajtatite and jiyroxene. In 
 Anulysisol' <*oni|)osil ion they prohaldy resi'mhle the sphene of (Jrenville, an 
 up leiie. analysis of wliich — made many years ago, but never piiblisiied — gave 
 
 ine the following results: — 
 
 Silica ;?2-();» 
 
 Titiinic mill 37 "Oti 
 
 Ferrous oxiiie 1-16 
 
 l,iiiic 28-50 
 
 Loss (111 i,t;riiti(»n O-Ci! 
 
 ;t9-47 
 
 Specimens of sphene may he I'ound at almost any ol (he a])atite 
 mines, hut the largest which I have seen occur at Breekon's Mine on 
 lot twenty-three of the thirteenth range of Templeton. They were 
 here, however, very brittle, and no good specimens were obtaiiUMl. in 
 the museum there ai'e fairly good crystals collectt'd by Mr. Frank 
 Adams on thi^ south-east half of lot eight in the I'ourteenth i-ange of 
 Hull. 
 
 ZlHCON. 
 
 This interesting mineral is oiu' of lre([uent occui'renee in the apatite 
 veins of Templeton and the atljoining townships, and is sometimes 
 Forms of zircon |;„„k1 in crvstals of i^ri'at bcautv. Tin- crvslals almost always consist 
 of a s<piare ]:rism terminated by planes of two S([uare ])yramids and a 
 zireonoid or octagonal ])yrami(l {cc P. 1*. 'AV. 3P3.), and, so far as 
 observ»'d, the faces of the secondary prism, oc Poo , are always wanting. 
 Crvstals which have iu'en found on lot Iwenty-one of the twelfth range 
 of Templeton present a simpler combination than the above, consisting 
 only of the s(|uare prism x P. combined with the unit octahedron P.* 
 Tiiey ditl'er, too, not only in form but in colour, and in having a lower 
 specific gravity. 
 
 Through unequal development, especially of the termiiial planes, the 
 
 zircon crystals are often much distoi'ted. Occasionall}', also, they are 
 
 liiirKc /.irc'on aggregated in gi'oups parallel to the vertical axis. In size the crystals 
 
 orvr^tals. vary greatly, but one fi-om the twonty-third lot of the thirteenth range 
 
 of Templeton (btdonging to Mr. Miller, of Templeton,) is four and a 
 
 • 'I'iiis is till' foriri <it nil tlic crvsliil^ which \ hav(< soeii t'rniii (irenville. Small cr.y.it.ils from 
 tlu' sixth raiiKc of North ltur>re.«s, Ontario, said to como from a ffranilic voiii, show the oom 
 liiiiHtioii cc (• :!|'. 1'. .ll'.'i , and occasioiiall.v havi- I'acfH of the st'comlary orisiii or l>x . Many of 
 thiMii have 'U*. ik'volopt'd to a much groatcr uxtoul than P.i and thorcforo uav<! a curious pointud 
 ur tapering appearance- 
 
OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 29 a 
 
 half inches in lon<jjth aiwl an inch acniss oacli of the faces of the prism. 
 This is, however, only part of the crystal, uml how much longer it was 
 originally is not known. A crystal fifteen inches long is also reported 
 to have heon found at the same locality by a miner, who was unfortun- 
 ately unaware of its value and broUc it in ]»ieees witli his hammer. A 
 crytal presented to the museun\ of the (ieoiogical Survey ly Mr. F. W. 
 Ilenshaw is ov^er an inch long and about half an inch sijuare, and 
 shows the ordinary combination oo V. V. 3P. iiiKi. Another, presented 
 to the museum of Mctiill College by Mr. JMiller, is an inch and thi-ee- 
 quartcrs long. It is flattened prismatically, sts that while it measures 
 half an inch one way, it is only a (]uarter of an inch thick. 
 
 The best zircons are hyacinth-red ti> cherry-red in colour, but others 
 are reildish-brown and more raiely grejish. A crystal I'rom the 
 " Bis'iop Pit," on the twenty-tirst lot of the thirteenth range of 
 Templeton, resembles somewhat in i-oloui- the greyish crystals from 
 Buncondje County in North Carolina, but has a pinkish tinge at the 
 extremity. Its siiecilic gravity is only 4-4S2, while that of one of the .Spociilo gravity 
 
 1 i" • i" 1.1 .11 I't zircon. 
 
 dark red crystals from lot twelve m the tweilth range was tound to l)e 
 4'G14.* Many of the crystals are subtransparent, but they range from 
 this to ahuost opat^ue. Though tlay commoidy have a high lustre, few, 
 if any, could be used as gems, for (hey are usually brittle and full of 
 flaws. They are also apt (o contain inclusions t»f other minoi-als, 
 among which are a])atitc, calcite and mica, the last being prol>ably the 
 most common. The calcite occurs in little rounded masses analogous 
 to those which are so common in the a])atite and pyroxene crystals. 
 The minerals in which the zircons have been found imbedded are a])a- 
 tite, calcite, orthocl.nse, pyroxene, |)hlogopite, black tourmaline, and 
 prohnite. The apatite conlai.iing the zircons is usually a tine-granular 
 variety, but in one instance a small prism of zircon was found imbed- 
 ded in a large crystal of green apatitt\ 
 
 Zircon is now known (o be a far more \videl3- ditVused mineral than PrBquent 
 was ormerly supposed, its presence having been detected in many or/Jr(.o',','^^n 
 cry tal'inr i-ocks both in Kui-opc and America.f The crystals arc J!oJ,'|*"""'* 
 soni3 inies macr()scoj)ic, as in the so-called zircon syenite of Norway, 
 but more fre(j[uently can oidy be seen with the microsco]H'. Among 
 
 * Tliis is utmost exactly llio density of the (Ironville zircon, wliicli, iicconlinR (o Hunt, is 
 4-()25-4'CK)'J. 
 
 by liydrotiuorio acid. 
 
 The occurroiico ol' zircon in Home of tlie Kninitc.i iind Knci.sscH of Now Iliimpthire is dcscriljuU 
 bylMr. U. Uawus in his report on the (iooIoKy and Litholugy of that Statu, 
 
IW«»i.Vi' 
 
 -Jl- 
 
 30 o 
 
 GEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 tho rockH in which it has been observed are granite, syenite, gneiss, 
 mica-schist, felsite, eklogite, basalt, hypersthenite, &c. 
 
 Orthoclase. 
 
 Orthoclase. We have already referred to orthoclase as a constituent of tho 
 
 gneisses and pyroxenites; but in addition to its occurrence in these 
 stratified rocks it is also common in veins cutting them, including 
 many of the apatite-bearing veins. The orthoclase of these veins is 
 very often white, but at other times flesh-coloured, grey, lavender, 
 green and other colours. The green has been found in both Temploton 
 and Hull ; in the latter to^'vnship in masses of considerable size. Ortho- 
 clase crystals are sometimes found in cavities, but more frequently the 
 mineral is massive an 1 often coarse-crystalline in texture. Masses 
 with broad cleavage si rfaces are often imbedded in a ground-mass of 
 paler colour and finer texture, also consisting of orfihoclase or ortho- 
 clase and quartz. Eude crystals and masses presenting broad cleavage 
 surfaces have been found by Mr. Miller on lot thirteen of the eleventh 
 range of Templeton, which appear to have been acted upon by some 
 solvent which has eaten the feldspar into curious corrugated channels 
 or cavities, while the black pyroxene accompanying the felds])ar has 
 been but little affected. Among the minerals imbedded in the ortho- 
 clase of many of the veins, besides quartz, there are apatite, pyroxene, 
 hornblende, sphene (very common, and sometimes in large crystals), 
 zircon, mica, tourmaline, and calcite. 
 
 In a few cases granitic veins, or possibly true dykes, were observed 
 cutting sharply across the apatite veins, and therefore of more recent 
 origin. One of them, occurring on lot twelve in the twelfth range of 
 Templeton, is eighteen inches thick, and bears S. 18° E. Another, on 
 lot eight in the tenth range of the same tov,rnship, is two feet thick, 
 and bears north and south.* 
 
 Occurrence of 
 albite. 
 
 Albite. 
 
 This species of feldspar' has been found in a few localities in the 
 township of Templeton, associated with apatite, sphene, pyroxene, &c. 
 Cavities or crevices in the last-named minerals have drusy linings of 
 albite crystals, which, on analysis, have been found to contain — 
 
 Potash 2-75 
 
 Soda 8 -90 
 
 11-71 p.c. 
 
 •For analyses of orthoclase from BuckinKham townshi|i,— lussociated with graphite, but similar 
 in appearance to much of wliat occurs with the apatite— see Mr- Christian Hoffmann's Report 
 published last yea,!.— Report of Piogretn, 1876-77» p. 611. 
 
T^ 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 :^i 
 
 ift 
 
 SCAPOLITE. 
 
 This name is now made by many mincraloKi«t8 to include a group Scaimiiteirroup 
 of closely related minerals, all of which are teti-ai^'ona! in crystallisation, 
 and consist of silicates of alumina and lime, with, or in some cases 
 without, soda. The most important member of the group is wernerite, 
 and to this species much of our scapolile probably belongs, but until 
 more analyses have been made the general term scapolite must be used. 
 
 Scaiwlite is a common mineral in the Laurentian, and has hitherto s^appi'te 
 been observed at a number of localities, including Hunterstown, Gren- 
 ville, Calumet Island, Golden Lake (Jvenfrew County), &c.='= In the 
 region more particularlj^ referred to at present, it has been found as a 
 constituent of the apatite-bearing veins in many localities, among 
 which the following may be mentioned: 
 
 Templotoii — Lot 13, Knnge XI. Templeton — Lot 21, Range XIL 
 " — " 12, " Xn. " — " 23, " XIIL 
 
 " — " 14, " XII. Portlaiul — '' C, '• I. 
 
 Hull— Lot 8, Range XIV. 
 
 The best crystals which 1 have seen are from lot fourteen in the 
 twelftii range of Templeton. Very large ones (sometimes more than a 
 foot in length), but of i-ude form, have been found on the twent^'-third 
 lot of the thirteenth range, where an etiorinous vein of massive 
 scapolite occurs. 
 
 The crystals from the different localities are, on thi^ whole, very Form of 
 similar, but occasionally pi-esent points ol' difference. Usually they ory.lstals*^ 
 are short and thick, l)ut sometimes slender. The simj)lest forms 
 observetl consist of a comltinalion of fhe two S(|uare ])risms — the faces 
 of the secondary greatly j)redomina(ing — Avith the unit octahedron or 
 square pyramid (oo i'co . cc P. !*.). Hood exam])les of these were seen 
 at a small opening on the twenty-third lot of the thirteenth range of 
 Templeton, the cr^'stals being unusually long for their thickness. The 
 more commonly occurring ciystals, however, exhibit a much larger 
 numbei- of j)lanes. Some of those, for example, from the fourteenth 
 lot of the twelfth range of Templeton show the following: 
 
 r 3P. 
 
 Pyramidal < Pec. 
 
 JJasal, oP. 
 
 All these are sometimes found in single crysfals, but x P2 and .'JP.'J, 
 as is frequently the case with crystals from other i'Ogi(»ns, are hemihe- 
 
 r CO Poo 
 
 Prismatic -| oo P. 
 
 / 00 P 2. 
 
 * See Geology of Caniida, 1863i p. 473. Also Chapmau, Minerals and Geology of Central 
 Canada, Toronto, 1871, p. 113. 
 
ll'?»l',Wl«,'f.lf,W.''\W»' "T !I""^WV.W»W»' 
 
 ' 
 
 ) 
 
 'Ai- 
 1* 
 
 i'i 
 
 32 a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 dral in arrangement. OccaHionally the fiiccs oo P. are more fully 
 developed than oo Poo , but the reverse is usually true. The colour of 
 the Hcapolite varies mostly from white to grey or greenish-grey, but 
 sometimes there is a pinkish tinge. A massive vai-iety fi-om further 
 down the Ottawa, in the augmentation of (Ji-euville, is of a pale lemon- 
 yellow colour, and holds imbedded crystals of liUic pyroxene. The 
 surfaces of the scapolite cr^'stals are often dull, owing, no doubt, to 
 })artial decomi)osition, and sometimes much stained with oxide of iron. 
 The dccom[)Osed ])ortion, however, usually i'orms (mly a thin crust, 
 beneath which the mineral appears white and exhibits its characteristic 
 fibrous texture and cleavage. Not infreqtiently the crystals look as if 
 they had been submitted to pressure while in a soft or plastic state, and 
 have had their faces curved, or have been bidged out at the base where 
 attached to the rock. In other cases they have been too hard to yield 
 readily to the pressure, and have been cracked or broken, the spaces 
 being sometimes filled with other minerals. 
 
 Many of the best scapolite crystals are imbedded in calcite, and they 
 are very often accompanied by pyroxene. Apatite, titanite, tour- 
 maline and other minerals are frequently imbedded in the sca])olite. 
 
 During the ])ast summer Mr. Fi-ank 1). Adams, while engaged on 
 
 one of the survey parties in tracing out some of the trap dykes north 
 
 of the Ottawa, found specimens of scapolite on lot thirteen of the 
 
 FmlrAdMns'^' *^i^li^li range of Ripon, one of which he subsequently analj'sed at the 
 
 Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, with the following results :* 
 
 Silica .54-859 
 
 Alumina 22-448 
 
 Ferric oxide 0-48(> 
 
 Lime 9 092 
 
 Magnesia traio 
 
 Potash 1127 
 
 Soda 8-365 
 
 Chlorine 2-41 1 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO,) 0-796 
 
 Water (combined) 0-722 
 
 Water (hygroscopic) 0141 
 
 100-447 
 Deductiou^for replaced by chlorine .59 
 
 99-857 
 
 Chlorine in The presence of chlorine in scapolites xeems to have been previously 
 
 "'"^ ' ^ ' almost entirely overlooked, and its detecticm, as well as that of sul- 
 
 • On tho Presence of Chlorine in Scapolites ; by Frank D. Adams. Contributions from the 
 LaborutotTof the Sheffield Soientific School.— .-4 mfrtcan Juurnid uf Science, April, 187i*, p. 315. 
 
T^ 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 33 o 
 
 phuric acid, in tlie present instance, is a fact of much interest. In 
 order to ascertain wliether this was an exceptional case, fourteen other 
 Hpeciniens of scapolite wore examined by Mr. A(huns, and chlorine 
 found in thorn all, although in some cases the amount was small. The 
 above analysis shows the scapolite fromKipon to be more liighly acidic 
 than mosti of the members of the scapolite family. 
 
 WiLSONITE. 
 
 This name was many years ago given by Dr. Hunt to a mineral 
 occui-ring in the township of Bathurst, where it was tirst observed by 
 Dr. Wilson, formerly of Perth. By some mineralogists it is regarded Wilsonitean 
 as an altered scapolite, with which mineral Chapman has shown it to scapolite. 
 agree in cleavage. Hunt, on the other hand, i-egards it as a variety' of 
 gicseckite, and discards the idea of its being an alteration product of 
 scapolite. (Geology of Canada, 1803, p. 483.) 
 
 In the townships of Templeton and Hull, a mineral with the rose-red 
 colour and other characters of wilsonite occurs at many of the apatite 
 mines, and certainly appears to be an alteration product of scapolite. 
 In all the specimens seen the two minerals occurred together, and 
 appeared to merge one into the other, the cleavage of the two minerals 
 being continuous. Aniong the localities in which the wilsonite has 
 been found are Templeton, lots twelve and twenty-three in the 
 thirteenth, and twenty-one in the twelfth range, and Hull, lot four, 
 range ten. 
 
 Steatite. 
 
 A soft (11= 2 - 2A) sleatitic minei-al of grey or greenish-grey colour 
 occurs in some of the apatite veins, ami is, perha])s, in some cases of 
 the tuiture of pyrallolite. Specimens from Mr. Miller's "Old Eed 
 Pit," at the Fidelity Mines in Templeton, are subtranslucent, veiy 
 compact, soapy in feel, and have a distinct conchoidal fracture. The 
 mass is here and there penetrated by a prismatic mineral, which looks 
 as if it had originally been hornblende, but which is now quite as sott 
 as the material in Avhich it is imbedded. In some cases bright green 
 prisms of apatite are imbedded in a grey steatitic mineral, which iti 
 one instance looks as if it were pseudomorphous after mica. 
 
 Chlorite. 
 
 Under this general name mineralogists include a number of foliated 
 minerals, which, though ditfering considerably' in the relative propor- 
 tions of their constitueJits, are, for the most part, hydrous silicates of 
 magnesia, ferrous oxide, and alumina. At several of the apatite mines 
 
 Pyrallolite. 
 
7 riT 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 
 Analysis of 
 chlorite. 
 
 Analysis of 
 prehnite. 
 
 34 O GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 of Templeton a green chlorite-Iike mineral han been observed, and a 
 specimen from the north-wcHt half of lot eighteen in the ninth range 
 of that township has been examined. The chloritic mineral in this 
 case was associated with apatite, quartz, iron pyrites and calcite, and 
 occurred in uneven folia, mostly of an olive-green colour, and with a 
 pearly lustre. The hardness was 2^, and specific gravity 2-61. Folia 
 flexible, but scarcely elastic. An analysiH gave the following results : 
 
 Silica 35-80 
 
 Alumina 1318 
 
 Ferric oxide 428 
 
 Ferrous oxide 1018 
 
 Magnesia 22-80 
 
 Water 1 2-64 
 
 98'88 
 
 This, it will be seen, is approximately the composition of ripidolite, 
 with part of the alumina ref)laced by ferric oxide and part of the 
 magnesia by ferrous oxide. The silica is higher than in ripidolite, but 
 this is probably due to the presence of a little quartz, which was 
 difficult to separate perfectly. The quantivalent ratio for R : Eg : Si : II, 
 deduced from the above figures, is 5 : 3 : 8 : 4^, while for ri])idolite it 
 is 5 : 3 : 6 : 4. 
 
 Prehnite. 
 
 This mineral, which . of frequent occurrence in connection with 
 the copper- bearing rocks of Lake Superior, has not heretofore been 
 found in the Laurontian of Canada. I am indebted to Mr. J. G. Miller 
 for a specimen from lot sixteen in the twelfth range of Templeton. 
 
 The mineral is translucent and of a yellowish-white colour, with 
 a greenish tinge in places. It seems to have occurred in a cavity, 
 and shows rounded surfaces made up of an aggregation of crystals. 
 The hai'dnoss is a little above 6, and specific gravity 2-891. Analysis 
 gave the following results : 
 
 Silica 42-82 
 
 Alumina 23-86 
 
 Ferric oxide 1-42 
 
 Manganous oxide 0-10 
 
 Lime 27-64 
 
 Magnesia 009 
 
 Water 4-82 
 
 100-75 
 
 Before the blow-pipe the mineral fuses easily and with much 
 intumescence. 
 
 'I 
 
^TTfT 
 
 ' 
 
 OTTAWA COUNTY, Q. 
 
 35 a 
 
 The hardness of prehuite serves to distinguish it reiuUly from 
 members of the zeolite family, with some of which it might be 
 confounded. 
 
 Chabazite. ^ 
 
 " Zeolitic" minerals are said to have been observed in some of the 
 apatite-beailng veins of North Burgess, but no i)articular species seems 
 to have been identitied. Among minerals collected last summer at 
 the '* Bishop Pit," on tbo twcnty-Hrst lot of the twelfth range of 
 Tonipleton, chabazite has been detected. It occurs in small colourless Chabazite 
 
 ... 1 • • . . . , , identihed. 
 
 or white, glassy crystals, in irregular cavities in scapohte and 
 pyroxene. The crystals, which are mostly under an eighth of an 
 inch in diameter, are obtuse rhombohedrons, and many of them 
 penetration twins. 
 
 The chabazite, like the last mineral described, is evidently of 
 secondary origin, and possibly derived from the scapolite.* 
 
 Hematite. 
 
 Peroxide of iron occasionally occurs enclosed in quartz in some of Hematite, 
 the apatite veins, and is also the colouring matter of the ordinary red 
 apatite. In a crystalline condition it has not been met with in the 
 Ottawa phosphate region, though sometimes associated with apatite 
 in Ontario. 
 
 Rdtile. 
 
 This mineral is reported to occur ii some of the apatite-bearing 
 veins, but I was not successful in linding any. Specimens of supposed 
 rutile from Templeton prove to be only peroxide of iron enclosed in 
 glassy quartz. In Norway rutile is said to be one of the most charac- j^utjjg ;„ 
 teristic minerals of the apatite veins, and Brogger and Eeusch state Norway. 
 that if it were of any economic value it could be obtained in largo 
 quantity. One crystal found by them weighed no less than ll-lO 
 grammes.f 
 
 Pyrite. 
 
 Though not usually a very abundant constituent of the apatite veins, 
 pyrite is nevertheless of frequent occurrence. It is commonly massive. 
 
 * Since the above notes were in type, Mr. Miller has kindly forwarded me a number of inter- 
 esting specimens. AuionBthom is oneof prehnite from lot twenty-tliree in the thirteenth ranRO 
 of Temiileton, occurrinR in a cavity in apatitei a crystal of the latter mineral being imbedded in 
 the prennite, Also a specimen of chabazite from a new locality (Portland West, lot twenty-one, 
 range twelve), and other zeolitio minerals) one of which is evidently natrolite. 
 
 t Small crystals of rutile have been found, since the above was written, in an apatite voiq on 
 the tenth lot of the tenth range of Templeton. 
 
36 o 
 
 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Crystals of 
 pyrito. 
 
 but Horaetimes occurH in wcll-definod cryHtulM (cubes, octahedronH, or 
 oombinationH of theso forms). In some cases pyrito in imbedded 
 apatite, but, on the other hand, rounded crystals of green apatite r 
 imbe<ided in pyrito. At the Grant Mine, in ]?uckin;^liam, very 
 liant iron pyrites was observed, imbedded in tine granuhir calcite, 
 both the pyrites and eah'ito being penetrated by small rounded prisms 
 of pale yoUovvish-green apatite. 
 
 Oocurience of 
 chalcopyrite. 
 
 rYRRHOTlTE. 
 
 In some of th.^ apatite-bearing veins of Norway pyrrhotito or 
 magnetic pyrites is a very abundant mineral, and is sometimes 
 accompanied by ordinary pyi-ites. Exami)les are given by Brogger 
 and Beuseh of veins in which pyrrhotite is the predominant mineral. 
 The apatite is imbedded in the pyrrhotite, and usually in the form of 
 much rounded crystals. 
 
 In the Ottawa district pyrrhotito is sometimes mot with in the 
 apatite veins, but, so far as yet observed, never forms such an abimdant 
 constituent as in Norway. It is also found associated with apatite in 
 Ontario. 
 
 Chalcopyrite. 
 
 This mineral was mot with at several of the apatite mines in 
 Tomploton, last summer. Ft commonly occurs in the form of little 
 irregular grains, or inijierfect crystals, in white siibtransparcnt calcite, 
 the grains often being arranged more or loss parallel to one of the 
 directions of cleavage of the calcite. In one instance it was observed 
 in similar grains imbedded in chalcedonic quartz. 
 
 Blende- 
 
 ^SPHALERITE OR ZiNC BlENDE. 
 
 This appears to bo n rare mineral in the apatite-bearing veins. A 
 small specimen was Ibund last summer on the soventeonth lot of the 
 ninth range of Tompleton. It was yellowish-brown in colour and 
 associated with quartz and green apatite. 
 
 Galena. 
 
 Galena. Minutc quantities of galena have boon found by Mr. Miller at his 
 
 '« Trusty Pit," on the twelfth lot of the twelfth range of Teraploton. 
 It occurs with smoky quartz in cavities in pink calcite. 
 
 m^ 
 
 Molybdenite. 
 
 Molybdenite. 
 Molybdenite has been found at the same locality as the last. In the 
 
T" ^ 
 
 r 
 
 OTTAWA CntlNTY, Q. 
 
 37 G 
 
 only Hpecimon which I have seen it was imhoddod in iron pyrites, but 
 it is stated to have been found also in apatite and pyroxene. 
 
 Graphite. 
 
 This mineral is said to occur in many of the apatite veins, althoii/,'h draphito. 
 seen in but few of those examined last summer. In one instance it 
 was observed in broad folia wrappin/jj i-ound cryntalsof black pyroxene, 
 which themselves contained scales of ^a-a])hitc. In another case it 
 occurred in the form of highly lustrous plates penetrating coarse 
 crystalline calcite in various directions. In the graphite veins of 
 Buckingham, crystals of apatite are often found imbedded in the 
 graphite, 
 
 Many otlier minerals, no doubt, occur in the apatite- bearing veins of 
 the region in question; but, excepting a few doubtful species, the fore- 
 going are all that have as yet come under my notice. One would 
 naturally expect that loganite, which is so frecpicntly mentioned by LoKimitc and 
 Hunt as occurring in North Burgess, would also be found hei-e. «"'"««'<"''»«• 
 According to Hunt also, wollastonite is sometimes a constituent of the 
 apatite veins of Burgess, and, associated with quartz, forms interrupted 
 beds intorstratitied with pyroxenite. Somewhat similar beds, in which 
 the wollastonite is accompanied by both quartz and calcite, occui- in 
 Templeton, but as yet the wollastonite has not been observed in any of 
 the veins of the region. 
 
 Barite, again, though not anywhere found associated with apatite, Barito. 
 occasionally forms veins jiear to those of apatite. 
 
38 o 
 
 OBOLOQICAL SUEVBY OP CANADA. 
 
 l8ninnri)hoU8 
 minorals. 
 
 Annlycis by Dr. 
 Hunt. 
 
 ManKanifoious 
 calcitc. 
 
 Analysis of 
 caloito. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ROCKS AND MINERALS. 
 
 Manoaniperous Calcite. 
 
 Tho members of the caleite group of inineralw atlbrd uh Komc of the 
 hent known exumplos of what is called isomorplunis replacement, or tlio 
 replacemtMit of an element by one or more other cheniically equivalent 
 elements without a marked change of crystalline form. As a result of 
 this isomorphous replacement, not only do we obtain a number <»f 
 minerals which are regarded as specifically distinct (dolomite, anke- 
 rito, mesitite, &c.), but also many varieties of tho species themselves. 
 Tho so-called ferro-culcito, for example, is a variety of calcitc with part 
 of the calcium replaced by iron, plumbo-calcilo another variety with 
 lead, replacing calcium. Spartaito, again, is a manganiferous calcitc; 
 neotype a variety containing barium, and strontiano-calcite a variety 
 containing strontium. In tho case of dolomite also, other metals besides 
 the calcium and magnesium are often present. As an example of this, 
 may be mentioned tho dolomite from Sutton, in the Eastern Townships, 
 which artbrded Dr. Hunt carbonate of lime 40-10, carboi\ute of magne- 
 sia 20-20, carbonate of iron 10"()5, carbonate of manganese 7'65, insoluble 
 2 1-40=1 GO 00.* 
 
 1 am indebted to Mr. A. J, Hill, C.E., ol" Amherst, N.S., for a speci- 
 men of calcitc which jn'ovos, on atudysis, to be a manganiferous 
 variety. It was found in fissures near a " trouble " in the bituminous 
 coal of the Cumberland seam at the Joggins. The calcitc had been 
 dejwsited on both walls, cither entirely filling the fissure or leaving 
 cavities in the centre, and fragments of the coal were enclosed in the 
 vein. Tho calcite is white and translucent, and apparently made up 
 of an aggregation of imperfectly formed nail-head crystals. An 
 analysis gave the following results : — 
 
 Calcium carbonate 96'639 
 
 Magnesium carbonate , traces. 
 
 Ferrous carbonate 1'095 
 
 Manganese carbonate 1 -949 
 
 99-683 
 
 Heated before tho blow-pipe, the mineral turns black owing to tho 
 oxidation of the manganese. A very little iron pyrites is associated 
 with the calcite. 
 
 * Geology of Canada, 1863, p. 613, 
 
OOCl'HRENnF! OP OLIvrNE. 
 
 39 a 
 
 On the Occuhrence of Olivine in Canada. 
 Tho oocuiTonco of olivine in tlio ('ru))tiv«'! rockK of Rouircmont, Mon- Occurronceof 
 
 ~ olivilio, 
 
 t.'U'villo Jind Mount Koyiil, us well ats in u dolcritic dyke (•uttin-^ (lie 
 JIudMon Itiver formation sit St, Hyacinth, and in tlie dolomitic conglo- 
 merate or bi-eccia of St, Ilelen'H Ifiland, near Montn^al, was described 
 by Dr. Hunt many years ago, and an aiuvlysis of tliat from Monlarviile 
 given. Recently it has been found in a number of other localities, ami 
 a few facts concerning its ocenrrenco at some of these uvii of sutlicient 
 interest to be given here. 
 
 Owing to the dittioulty of navigating the Ottawa River below the 
 railway bridge at Ste. Anne's during the time of low water, communi- 
 cation with a deeper channel than the one ordinarily followed was 
 deemed necessary, and was finally effected by cutting aci-oss a ri(lg«! of 
 rock in the bed of tho river. Coffer-dams were built enclosing tho 
 required area, and when tho water was pumjied out an excellent 
 opportunity was afforded of seeing the bottom of the river. The i-ockw 
 exposed were sandstones and conglomerates of the Potsdam formation, 
 striking nearly east and west and dii»ping to the south ■" ;}A°— t". 
 Traversing these beds with a coui'so of M. 20° \V., a vcu'tical dyke 
 about thiee feet thick was found. It consisttHl of a rather fine-grained 
 ground-mass holding large [»lates of mica sometimes an inch or more 
 across, irregular masses and occasionally large ci-ystals of black augite, 
 and angular masses of olivine occasionally more than an inch in oiivinn from 
 diameter. The last-mimed mineral gives the rock a very striking °' ""°'' 
 appearance, as much of it is of a bright red cok)iir. An analysis of 
 this red olivine gives the following results: — 
 
 Silica ;i8 • 500 
 
 Magnesia ■)4'369 
 
 Ferric oxide 1 • Hfil 
 
 Ferrous oxide 1 - • 6)9 
 
 Mangauous oxide* O • 1 1 2 
 
 Water (ign.) '2 -DH 
 
 99- 165 
 It is, therefore, a variety with much less iron than that from Mon- 
 
 tarvillo, which, according to Dr. Hunt's analysis, contains — Silica 
 
 37-17, ferrous oxide 22-54, magnesia 39-68 = 99-39. 
 
 When thin sections of tho olivine from Ste. Anne's arc examined 
 
 with the microscoiDO, tho usual fissured or cracked appearance is seen. 
 
 Along some of tho cracks an alteration to serpentine has taken place, 
 
 while along others a little red oxide of iron is visible. Although the 
 
 * WitljTa little oxide of cobalt. 
 
40 a 
 
 OEOLOOirAL HITRVEV OP CANADA. 
 
 Olivine from 
 near Mount 
 Albert. 
 
 Dunitc. 
 
 Origin (if 
 olivine rucks. 
 
 Microscopic 
 characters of 
 dunite. 
 
 '^: 
 
 aiiioiiiit of this jHToxide is Niuall as shown lioUi hy iJic microHCopo and 
 hy analysis, it is, iu'vcrtholoss, ovidiuilly tho eaiiso ol' (hogcnorul red 
 t'oiour which (h(* mineral has assutnt'd. 
 
 Another locality in which olivino has recently hooii Ibund iw a short 
 dis(anco to tho Hoiith-east of Mount Alhert, just woiith of tho Houth 
 second foi-k of tho 8(e. Anno Rivei", (^iiohec. The exj>lorHtioiis of Mr. 
 llidiardson during tho pjwt season have sliown that it tliere forms 
 Important i-oek-massos close to the sorpontines of Mount Albert, which 
 have evidently boon produced by tho ultorution of tho olivine. A 8j)e- 
 cimoM of tho rock collected by Mr. Richanlson is fine-granulai-, slightly 
 friable, and [)ale yellowish to greyish-green in colour. It shows u few 
 minute black grains, probably of chromite, and rarely a little of a 
 fibrous mineral which resembles enstatite. Altogether, tho rock 
 hjoks remarkably like one variety of that from Ncu-th Carolina, 
 which was many years ago described by Geiith, and regarded by 
 him as tho source of tho serpentine and talc of tho same region.* An 
 aggregate of olivino and chromite occurs at Dun Mountain in New 
 Zealand, and henco the luimo dunite, by wliich the rock is now com- 
 monly known. There, also, it is accompanied by serpentine, llocks 
 of somewhat similar character also occur at a number of localities in 
 Euroj)0. The dunitc of New Zealand is slated to bo an eruptive rock, 
 while the olivine rock of North (/arolina, according to Dana, is " meta- 
 morphic." Concerning tho relations of the olivino rock from near 
 Mount Albert little is known, but it is probably not erjiptivo. 
 
 Tho origin of such olivino rocks as those of Carolina and IVFount 
 Albert is a dilficult and disputed question, but one which still remains, 
 whether we believe tliat the Horpentines which accompany thom were 
 derived from thom or not. Jn opposition to tho view that they owe 
 their origin to chemical precipitation, Clarence King suggests that they 
 may represent accumulations of olivino sands like those now occurring 
 on the shores of the Hawaiian islands. f Wliotlier such accumulations 
 did take place in the earlier geological formations wo do not know, but 
 there is certaiidy nothing unreasonable or unlikely in the view that 
 magnesian precipitates may then, as in later times, have boon formed 
 and subsequently altered .to olivine. 
 
 A thin section of tho olivino rock or dunite from near Mount 
 Alhert, when examined with tho microscope, presents the appearance 
 shown in Fig. 9 a. It is seen to consist almost entirely of granular 
 olivine, with occasional hlack grains of chromic iron. Owing to an 
 alternation of layers with finer and coarser texture, it shows a more 
 
 ml' 
 
 mi 
 
 * Ammcan Journal of Science, Vol. XXXIII.; 1862, p. 199. 
 
 t United Slates Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Vol. I., p. 117. 
 
OCClfRRENCK OF Ot.rVINE. 
 
 41 U 
 
 or lc88 hiindod Htnicturo. Ah okscM-vtMl uhovo, tu\ i-iiHtatiU'-like iiiiiuMul 
 may oceaHicjually bo booh in tlio hand spocinien, l»iit iionu of il hap- 
 pened to oeciir in the jtortiun HJicod. 
 
 Fia. y. 
 
 Fig. !• h is (li-awn from a Hection of one of the Ho-called sor])ontinos 
 occurring near the diinite. Its rehition to tlio latter hi evident, for it 
 atili contains numerous grains of unaltered olivine. In some speci- 
 mens the change has not advanced so far as hero, but in other cases the 
 olivine has almost, if not entirely, disapj)eared. The chromite, 
 however, always remains. 
 
 Another example of the occurnuice of olivint^ is to be tound in the 
 case of a dark-grey dolerite occurring near Houth Lake, in Antigonish 
 County, Nova Scotia. When a section of the rock is examined with 
 the microscope, it is seen to consist of u beautifully banded Iriclinic 
 feldspai", brownish augite, magnetite, and veiy numerous irregular 
 grains, or occasionally rude crystals, of olivine. The olivint; resembles 
 that sometimes seen in gabbro. It is traversed by the usual cracks or 
 rifts, which in this case appear very broad and black, and also contains 
 great quantities of black and opaque microlites, which are probably 
 magnetite, and which are sometimes so abundant as to render the 
 mineral almost opaque. Some of them are arranged in parallel rod- 
 like forms, while others are occasionally grouped in star-like or 
 other more or less symmetrical shapes. 
 
 Olivine has also been detected in several of the oru])tive rocks of 
 British Columbia. One of these, of Tertiary age, from Kamloops, 
 aftbrds most beautiful examples of the alteration of olivine to serpen- 
 tine. It is massive, rather tine-grained, and of a very dai-k olive-green 
 colour. The examination of a slide with the microscope shows that 
 originally the rock must have consisted of crystals and grains of 
 olivine, augite (mostly in crystals) and a small proportion of plagioclase 
 feldspar and magnetite. But while tlie augite mostly remains fresh, u 
 
 Herjjentine 
 (lorivod from 
 duiiitu. 
 
 Olivine in 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Olivine in 
 
 British 
 
 Columbia. 
 
Alteration of 
 olivine to 
 serpentine. 
 
 Serpentineij 
 of tno Eastern 
 Townships. 
 
 yt'i 
 
 42 a 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SUR\ x',Y OF CANADA. 
 
 largo part of the olivine, which appears to be the moat abundant 
 constituent of the roclc, has been altered to serpentine. Most of the 
 olivine crystals and grains retain a nucleus of the unaltered mineral, 
 showing the characteristic rifts, and the outlines of many crystals 
 which are partly or entirely converted into serpentine are still perfectly 
 sharp. In the accompanying figure (l^'ig. 10) a represents a group of 
 crystals which arc mainlj' composcil of serpentine, but show nuclei of 
 olivine and a few opaque grains probably of magnetite; b is an irregu- 
 lar mass also partly changed to serpentine ; c represents a crystal 
 which has been entirely converted into serpentine; while d is an 
 almost perfectly fresh crystal of olivine. 
 
 Fiu. 10. 
 
 On further alteration such a rock might be almost entirely converted 
 into sei-pentine. Such a change lias been observed elsewhere, as, for 
 example, in the case of man}' of the Wurtemberg basalts, which arc 
 said to be "little more than serpentine rocks containing some mag- 
 netite, since the olivine and aiigite which composed the basalt are 
 changed into serpentine." * 
 
 In this country we have other examples than those already given of 
 the production of serpentines by the alteration of other rocks. That 
 such is the origin of man}' of the serpentines of the Kastorn Townships 
 there can be little doubt. The fact of their being commonly chromi- 
 ferous suggestH that they may have been derived from such peridotic 
 rocks as Iherzolite, dunite, olivine-gabbro, &c. f 
 
 On Some op the Diorites op Montreal. 
 There are probably few regions of such limited extent that furnish 
 
 • Rutley, on authority of Dr. M. U. R. Fritzgiirtner. The Stndu »f W.-oA-s, 18T(t. p. 117. 
 
 t ConcerninK these roc^ks and the chanprea wiiioh they have undergone, see Rosenbuauh, 
 MauiifH' Getli'ine, pp. ri25-.'VW. 
 
 Al.so, Honnoy, On the iSorpentine and Associated Rocks of the 4iKard District.— (i>uar(eWv 
 Journal of the Oeolouieul iSueictu, Vol. XXXIIL, p. 884. 
 
DIORITES OP MONTREAL. 
 
 43 a 
 
 a greater variety of interesting eruptive rockn than Montreal and its 
 vicinity. This fact, long ago, attracted the attention of Dr. Hunt, and 
 though many of the rocks were ably described by him, there still 
 remains a wide field for investigation, both as regards the character of 
 the rocks and their relative ages. Numerous facts bearing u[K)n tlieso 
 points have recently been accumulated, but many additional details are 
 required before the subject can be fully discussed. 
 
 In the Geology of Canada the intrusive rocks of Montreal are 
 described as doleritos, trachytes and phonolites, the first of these 
 constituting the main mass of Mount Royal as well as numerous dykes, 
 while the others occui- only in dykes, which are stated in some instances 
 to cut the dolerites. No mention is, however, made of the numerous 
 dykes of diorite which occur, and which, in some cases, have also been Diorite dykes, 
 observed to cut the doler.te of the mountain. These diorites vary 
 considerably in their characters, ranging in colour from light to dark 
 grey, and in specific gravity from 275 to over 3.* They are usually 
 medium to fine-grained in texture, and often porpliyritic with crystals 
 of hornblende. Sometimes, too, they are amj'gdaloidal, the cavities 
 containing calcite, zeolitic minerals, and rarely epidote. They all 
 appear to contain carbonates, the ([uantity of which, however, varies 
 in different cases. Their principal constituents are hornblende, a 
 triclinic feldspar, and titanii; iron; but they commonly contain other 
 minerals, the most important of which is, perhaps, mica. Augite is 
 also sometimes present. The mica is occasionally so abundant that the 
 rock becomes the mica-diorite of some lithologists. 
 
 A dyke occurring in the reservoir extension consists of what may 
 probably l)e regarded as a typical variety of the diorites referred to 
 above. It is dark grey in colour, rather fine-grained, but still showing, 
 without the lens, quantities of acicular prisms of a black mineral 
 which proves to be hornblende. The dyke was about two feet 
 thick and very homogeneous, showing neither porjdiyritic nor 
 amygdaloiual texture. Specimens sliced and examined with the 
 microscope are seen to consist essentially of hornblende, a triclinic 
 feldspar, and numerous opaque grains of titanic iron. Mica, apatite, 
 calcite, and a little of a green chloritic mineral, are also commonly 
 pi'esent. The hornblende appears mostly fresh, though in ])lace8 
 slightly altered to the chloritic mineral Just mentioned. It is of a rich 
 brown colour and strongly dichroic. In cross sections the cleavage of 
 the prisms is often beautifully displayed. The feldspar is in part 
 
 * The following are the specific gravities of a number of specimens:— 
 
 2749 2-94 2P23 3-005 
 
 2-889 2'07 4S)47 
 
 2'8()5 8-W 2-927 
 
Analyses of 
 diorito. 
 
 44 O GKOLOQICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 .altered, but in places fresh. It is tricliaic, and, judging from the 
 unusujvlly basic character of the diorite, must be a feldspar low in 
 eilica. The black mineral occurs mostly in irregular grains, but hei'o 
 and there in curious fantastic forms after the manner of titanic iron 
 ore. That it consists mainly of this mineral, and not of magnetite, is 
 evident from the considerable proportion of titanium dioxide shown 
 by the analysis, and also from the fact that when the rock is pulverised 
 the magnet removes almost nothing. The specific gravity of different 
 fragments of the rock varied from 2'92'7 to 3-005. An analysis was made 
 some time ago, and, as the comj)()sition .appeared unusual, search was 
 made for descriptions of similar rocks from other localities, but none 
 could be found. Since then, however, Mr. G. W. Ilawes has described 
 rocks of wonderful similarity from Campton, in the State of New 
 Hampshire.* An analysis, by Mr. Hawes, of one of these dioritos is 
 given under II. for comparison with I., which is an analysis of the 
 diorite from Montreal just described: — 
 
 I. II. 
 
 Silica 40-95 41-94 
 
 Alumiua 16-45 15-3G 
 
 Ferric oxidef 13-47 3-27 
 
 Ferrous oxide 9-89 
 
 Manganous oxide - 33t ■ 25 
 
 Titanium dioxide 3-39 4 15 
 
 Lime 10-53 9-47 
 
 Magnesia G ■ 1 5 01 
 
 Potash 1-28 0-19 
 
 Soda 4 00 5-15 
 
 Phosjihoric acid 0-29 
 
 Carbon dioxide . . 2.47 
 
 Lobs on ignition. 3-84 3-29§ 
 
 100-03 
 
 100-44 
 
 On boiling T. with hydrochloric acid for several hours, and filtering, 
 the insoluble residue after ignition anjounted to only 51-80 percent. 
 Although the amount of carbon dioxide was not determined, it must 
 constitute a large proportion of the loss which the rock sustains on 
 ignition; for acetic .acid dissolves 4-02 per cent, of lime and 0-G7 of 
 ferrous oxide, and these bases, if calculated as carbonates, would 
 require 3-57 per cent, of carbon dioxide. The basic character ol' the 
 rock, and the extent to which it is dissolved by hydrochloric acid, 
 
 
 ♦ Gioloffu ti/ NfW Ihxmpiliiri-, Part IV., p, 100. , 
 
 American Journal of ^('inieet 1879, |>. 148. 
 
 t All the iron is calouliitcd lis ferric oxide, the ferrous oxide not hiiving been determined. 
 
 t With u little cobalt. § Water. 
 
€> 
 
 M> 
 
 I 
 
 DI0RITE8 OP MONTREAL. 45 G 
 
 seem to indicate n feldspar of the natui-e of anorthite. In that case a 
 
 considerable proportion of the allvalies must belong to the hornblende ; 
 
 but this is not improbable, as some varieties of hornblende are known 
 
 to contain several per cent, of alkalies. 
 
 Aiioihci' dyke, occurring within a few yards of that just described, intereBting 
 •' ' ^' , '' . ' dyke- 
 
 is also of much interest. It is dark grey in colour, and, like Ihe last. 
 
 shows numerous aeicular prisms of hornblende penetrating the mass in 
 
 all directions. Here and there macrosco[)ic scales of dark brown mica 
 
 are seen, and the rock is dotted witli numerous spots — occasionally as 
 
 much as a quai'tcr of an inch across — of a glassy, colourless to white 
 
 mineral, which, on analysis, proves to be aiialcilc. The specific Analysis of 
 
 „,, 1 •, . A ^,i-r 1 ., • • ,.11 analcite. 
 
 gravity oi the analcite is li-z5o, and its composition as tollovvs : — 
 
 ISilica 5;? -29 
 
 Alumiiui l!;5 • 3:i 
 
 l'\'riic «).\i(ie trace. 
 
 I-imc • (54 
 
 Wagnusia trace. 
 
 Soda 14-54 
 
 Water 8-47 
 
 100 -27 
 
 The mineral was examined for ]"»otasli, but none found. Before the 
 blow-[)ipe it fuses easily to a colourless glass. When thin sections of 
 the rock are examined Avith the microscope the analcite appears very 
 transparent and shows but few inclusions. It is traversed by numerous 
 reticulaiing cracks, but displays no characteristic clcav^age. The feld- 
 spar is mostly iliill, but here and there is sufticiciitly transparent to 
 show its triclinit' cliaraclcr with polarize! light. The hornblende and 
 titanic iron aj)pear exactly similar to what occurs in the ordinary 
 diorites of the locality. No augite has been observed, but one slide 
 shows numerous green crystals, which arc evidently pseudoinor])hs of 
 serpentine af'tt'r olivine. 
 
 J n so far as its constituents are concerned, this rock appears to be 
 somewhat similar to that which Tschermak, many j-ears ago. called 
 tesehenitc, after Teschen in Austria. Tschermak regarded the analcite Tesclionite. 
 as one of the normal constituents of the rock, and this it may possibly 
 l)e in the present instance. On the other hand, the general similarity 
 of the other constituents of the rock to those of the ordinary diorites of 
 the vicinity would lead one to infer that the analcite is a secondary 
 niineral, and that the rock is sim])ly an altered diorite. 
 
 The diorites described above traverse not only the Lower Silurian Age of eruptive 
 
 *' rooks. 
 
 limestones, but also the dolerite of Blount Eoyal. Rounded masses of 
 the diorite of precisely similar character occur in the Lower 1 1 elder- 
 berg conglomerate or breccia of St, Helen's Island. Those, therefore, 
 
46 o 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 :t;' 
 
 who would classify eruptive rocks according to age, would say that 
 Mount Eoyal is a tliahasc and not a dolerite. Admitting such to bo 
 the case, liow is it, the (|uesti<)n may he asked, that dykes of photwlitc 
 are ahru))tly cut off by the diahase, wlien phunolite, according to the 
 chronological theory, ought to be of Tertiary or more recent age? It 
 maybe that future investigations will solves the ditticulty, hut, in the 
 meantime, the eruptive rocks of Montreal d(» not seem to fall into their 
 proper jjlacc in a elassitication based upon age. 
 
 Analysis of 
 magnetite. 
 
 Maonetio Iron Ore. 
 
 According to Dr. (i. M. Dawson, deposits of magnetic iron ore occur 
 near the west end of Cherry Hiutf, on Iviimloops Lake, British ('olumbia. 
 The ore forms irregular veins varying from the thickness of ti sheet of 
 paper up to three feet or more in a sort of diorite, and is often 
 associated with e]»idote. A specimen which has been tmalysed was 
 bluish-black in colour, and showed in places a curious sub-columnar 
 structure. The only gangu(> visil)le was a little <piartz and calcite. 
 The results ot" the analysis are as follows : 
 
 Ferric oxido (■> 1-85 
 
 Ferrous oxide 27-57 
 
 Rlangiinous oxide ito'.t 
 
 IJme 1 ^(J 
 
 Alagnesia , 0-78 
 
 Phosiilioric acid 0-2,'? 
 
 Siiiphmic acid '. <».it7 
 
 ( 'arl)onie acid <>:ir, 
 
 Water (K!7 
 
 Insoluble matter I<t7 
 
 0',)-(!2 
 
 Metallic iron tUi-St 
 
 Phosphorus (i-l(i(( 
 
 Sulphur (t'O'JH 
 
 The proportions of ferric and ferrous oxide are nearly those required 
 by theory for magnetite, the ratio of terrous to ferric oxicU^ being 
 1 : 2;]5 instead of 1: 2'22. Calcidation would give 2S-()4 and G3'(i5 
 per cent., respectively, of ferrous and forrie oxide, instead of the 
 ])ro])ortions given in the analysis. The insoluble residue consisted 
 chietly of silica, but also contained a little alumina, iron, limo and 
 magnesia. 
 
 Spathic Iron Ore. 
 
 In the summer of 1877, beds of spathic iron ore were discovered by 
 Dr. Kobort Bell at Flint Island and elsewhere near Hudson liay, in 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 : 
 
^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 IRON ORES AND LIGNITES. 47 <1 
 
 roclfH supposed to belong to the Nipigon group. Some of the speci- 
 mens show a (listinclly crystalline texture, wiiile others aro very 
 compact. Owing to tlieir containing manganese tliey wei-e dark' brown 
 to l)lack'. 
 
 A specimen of the compact variety from Flint Island gave on Anniysiaof 
 
 ' I .' r< simthii' iron 
 
 analysis: »>«'o- 
 
 Ft'iroTis iiui)oiiate .TJ-To 
 
 Maiiganous ciirhonato 2 1 tl4 
 
 Ciilciiiiu carboniiti' traies. 
 
 Wagiicsiiiin lailionatt' I I SI 
 
 IiisoIuIpIl' rosuliic l()-9t 
 
 l0(l-09 
 Metallic iron •JS-lt 
 
 It was brownish-grey in colour, and liad a sjti'citic gravity of 3'4n. 
 The insoluble mattei- was white and mainly silica. The ore is interest- 
 ing on account of the I'ather unii>ually large |)i-o|iorli(in of manganese 
 which it contains, and which would make it valuahle for thr manufacture 
 of spiegeleisei\. Ores of the kind have long heon mined at a uumbei- of 
 localities in Europe, but there the most important deposits arc of 
 Devonian and Permian age. 
 
 Another specimen from Flint island was little more than a tine- 
 grained <|uai'tzite charged with carbonates of iron and manganese. It 
 containetl ll}'(12 j)er cent, of iron. On the same island coai'sely crystal- 
 line siderite occurs in veins, associated with i|uart/, though not in 
 snlHcient (luantity to be C(uisidered economically ini]H)rtant. 
 
 Davieau's Island, on the east coast of Hudson Hay, is iinothcr locality 
 in which Dr. IJell has found spathic iron ore. A specimen collected . 
 by him is distinctly crystalline in texture, and contains liT'S.'! per cent, 
 of iron. The |)roportion of manganese has not lieen detei'mined. but 
 is }trobaI)ly high. Fuller details concerning the localities of these 
 spathic ores are given by Dv. Bell in his report. 
 
 •i 
 
 LioNiTE, ou Brown (V>ai,. 
 
 J/<if (Wck, fhitish Cohinilna. — In his i-eport on the southern |)art of 
 the interioi- of Hritish ('olumbia (i)ago 121), l>r. <i. M. hawsun has 
 described the oceurreiu'o of an enormous bed of lignite in rocks of 
 Tertiary age. The bottom of the seam could not be seen, as it was 
 concealed beneath the waters of the stresnu, but the thickness of 
 lignite al»ove the water-line was found to be forty-two feet. 
 
 A specimen received for examination was a dull brown to black 
 lignite, cracking on drying, and then presenting black eonchoidal 
 
Analyses of 
 lignites. 
 
 Good coal from 
 Belly River. 
 
 48 a , OEoLonicAL survey of canada. 
 
 surfaces, with more or less pitchy lustre. Analyses by slow and fast 
 coking gave the following results : 
 
 Slow f(ii<in>r. Fast cokinff. 
 
 Water (at lOO"-! IU'V.) HGO 8fi() 
 
 Volatile coinbuKtible matter 3')-r>l 41-42 
 
 Fixed carlion 4(;-84 40-9.'5 
 
 Ash (white) 905 9-05 
 
 lOO'OO KIO-IIO 
 
 The powder showed no disposition to cok'e. When healed with 
 a solution of caustic potash, it coloured tlie solution intensely brown. 
 
 Junction of Nicola and Coldwafer Bioers, British Columbia. — Proximate 
 analj'ses of coals from this region were given in last yeai''s report, but 
 since then an(>ther si)ecimen has been examinetl which came from the 
 uppermost seam (rifteen feet four inches) of the section given in Dr. 
 Dawson's report (p. 125). It was black, somewhat ])itchy in lustre, 
 and showetl distinct planes of bedding. The powder was brownish- 
 black, and coloured a solution of caustic potash brown, though not 
 veiy intensely. Slow and ftxst coking gave the following residts: 
 
 Slow cokinf?. Fast pokinK. 
 
 Water (at 10()"-115°C.) 5-78 ,0-78 
 
 Volatile combufitible matter 27-(;5 :i:v72 
 
 Fixed carbon 52G9 4062 
 
 Ash (reddiah-white) 1 3'88 1 :t-88 
 
 10000 100-00 
 
 The powder was not fritted even by ra])id heating. 
 
 Kohasganlio Stream, British Columbia. — This specimen was lu-ought 
 by Dr. G. M. Dawson from a seam of lignite occurring on the above 
 named stream.* It was dull brown to black, and on drying fell into 
 small iragments, often with highly liisti-ous surfaces. it shoAved 
 distinct lamination and a good deal of mineral charcoal between the 
 layers. The powder was blackish-brown and coloured the potash 
 solution very strongly. By slow and rapid heating the following 
 
 results were obtained : 
 
 Slow cokinK- Riipid (.-okiner. 
 
 Water (at lOO'-lir)" C) 9-90 9- 90 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 37.71 42-Gl 
 
 Fixed carbon :i8-85 33-9') 
 
 Ash (pale giey) 1354 13-54 
 
 1000(» 100-00 
 
 Belly River, N'orth-Wcst Territori/ — A specimen of »'oal from near 
 Belly Eiver, recently received for examination from the Surveyor- 
 
 ^n 
 
 i 
 
 * See Report of Progress, 1876-77, p. 76. 
 

 I 
 
 GOLD AND 8ILVER ASSAYS. 
 
 4!) (1 
 
 Genoml, Mr. L. A. Kus.sell, proved to l»e of excellent quulity. In 
 a})]»earaiK'o it rosomhled a true bitiiniinous coal from the ('arboniferous, 
 tiioiii,Hi really ol' Cretaceous or possibly Tertiary a^^e. It contained a 
 little mineral charcoal and occasional- thin tilms of calcite in joints, 
 ('oloiir black and fVacture uneven to sub-conclioidal. Analyse-^ by slow 
 and fast coUin<^ ,i;-ave the followini!; : 
 
 Slow cukinu'. 
 
 Hygroscopic water r>'V!) 
 
 Volatile comliiistible matter 41 -'J,") 
 
 BMxed earlion 47''.M 
 
 Asli (reiUlisli-fjrcy) . Sm*") 
 
 l'";isl I'okillfi 
 
 nii'.ir, 
 
 5-0,"> 
 
 lOO-OO 
 
 Ratio of volatile eomluistilile mat- 
 ter to fixed carbon 1 
 
 1.16 
 
 lodoo 
 
 1 : 1.5n 
 
 The powder was sliizlilly sintered by rapid heatiiii;-. it also colouivd 
 a potash solution brown, but not so deeply as the lignites just described. 
 
 GOi.D AND SILV1':R ASSAYS. 
 
 Cariboo District, British Coi.umria. 
 
 Tn the Eeport of Progress for ISTC-'IT a series of assays was pnblished 
 of samples taken from a number of (piartz veins in (he Cariboo district, 
 British Columbia; but in almost cvvA-y instance the proportions of g-ohl 
 and silver found were very tritling. Subse(iuently, other samples were 
 sent I'or examination by the Deputy Minister of Mines. They were 
 assayed, and the results, which were forwarded to Victoria in Juno 
 last, showed a much larger (]uantity of gold than in the specimens 
 previously examined. The residts nniy be given in tabular form, as 
 
 follow^s: 
 
 (ioi.ii. Sii.vraf. 
 
 ()/,. tn ten of Oz. to ton of 
 
 :2,0(iO 11)>. ;i,lllK.lll»,-'. 
 
 No. 1 i-i-i:! '••l:<4 
 
 u 2 O-SO'J tl-24!t 
 
 u 3 0- 1 1»; oTx: 
 
 u 4 :!-24r) i)'Ji:5 
 
 ti 5 2 • 450 . 3r)'.> 
 
 u 6 -"'CS 0-374 
 
 <i 7 0-!t72 0.2(l.'5 
 
 (I 8 2-296 o.liUG 
 
 u <) 0-124 0-170 
 
 The tirst six samples were in fragments and consisted mainly of 
 quartz and iron pyrites— the latter mineral in larger proportion t.ian in 
 most of the specimens previously assayed. The renuiining sam])les 
 were in powder, and it is probable that Nos. T, S, 9 were simply 2, 
 
 A.'snys of 
 i|iiiirt/, from 
 Oiuiboo. 
 
I 
 
 M 
 
 ;Ti; 
 
 AvoraKo 
 atudiint ut'K<>l<l' 
 
 MispclliiiieDiis 
 tculd Mild silver 
 
 Argentiferous 
 tetrabedrite. 
 
 50 G QEOLOOrCAL SUllVEY OK CANADA. 
 
 5 :iii(l ."}, rospcctivoly, Imt j)iil\H'i'is('(l . Tlio :ivora<,'0 amount of j^old in 
 tlu! first six is I'.^Tl ounces (<» the ton of 2,000 lbs., and of silver 
 only 2(» ounces. 
 
 Miscellaneous 1jooalitie.s. 
 
 1. — Chine iitimsim Narrows, liritish Cohtmlna. 
 
 Ivusty ([iiai't/. with iron pyi'ites, the latter constituting about 
 one-third the Imlk of the specimens. 
 
 (lold Distinct traces. 
 
 Silver o 087 ounces to the ton. 
 
 2. — From a Lann' Vein soiith-edst of Ginnemousiin Narrows, B.C. 
 
 (Quartz, nuich stained with oxide of iron. The sjx'cinteii was 
 found to contain, 
 
 (Jold Distinct traces. 
 
 Silver I 02 ounces to tlie ton. 
 
 3.— North Fori; of Cherry Creek, B.C. From " Vernon's Silver Lead." 
 
 (Quartz, a g-ood deal stained wFth oxide of iron, and carrying a 
 little galena antl iron pyrites. The specimens jilso showed an 
 occasional green stain, possibly indicating the ])resence of tetrahe- 
 dritc, a niinci-al known to occur on Cherry Creek. 
 
 Gold o-o.^lS ounces to tlie ton. 
 
 Silver K • 2:tl •' " '' - 
 
 -i.—Clierri/ Cm/., B.C. 
 
 PelletH of galena from Cherry Creek, above theCan(Hi. They 
 were found in the sluice-boxes higher uj) the sti-eanv than the 
 known silver-bearing lodes. Assay by scoritication gave — 
 
 Silver 220-937 ounces to the ton. 
 
 ^—Chern/'Cree/i, B.C. 
 
 The occurrence of rich silver ore on Cheriy Creek has been des- 
 cribed by Dr. (I. M. Dawson in his re])ort (p. 100), and several 
 samples from tlie locality have been assayed. The first of these 
 was a mass of about twentj' jiounds weight, whicli was sent to the 
 Paris Exhibition of ITSO. It consisted of an argentiferous leti-a- 
 hedrite or frcibergite, with some galena and zinc blende in a 
 gaiigue ot white quartz. Fragments were broken off so as to 
 represent the whole as far as ])0ssible with<mt destroying the 
 specimen, and assays of these by scoritication gave, 
 
 Silver G58 437 ounces to the ton. 
 
 t 
 
•I 
 
 (1()LI» ANn SfLVER ASSAYS, 51 () 
 
 Another specimen, eollectod l»y Mr. .1. Krascr Torrance iis beint;; 
 Ji fairly rich sampio of the ore, and also consisting of (piartz, 
 tctraliedrite, galena and blende, gave. 
 
 Silver 2r)r),9:i7 (unices to the ton. 
 
 A soc^ond sample received fVom Mr. Torrance, and staled lo 
 represent a vein eighteen inches thick, gave, 
 
 Silver 58 -958 Dunccs to the ton 
 
 It consisted of the same minerals as the other specimens, the 
 proportion of gangiu', of course, hi-ing very much larger. In all 
 three cases the buttons contained a little gold. 
 
 C). — Loealitij? 
 
 A specimen from British Columbia, received from Mr. Camlty, 
 of the Canada Pacilic IJailway Siu'vey. Tt C(tnsist(M| of milky- 
 white (piartz, holding a eonsidt^rable (piantity of galena, iron 
 pyrites, and copjjcr pyrites. 
 
 (iold 0-02;> oiiiH'fS to tln^ tun. 
 
 Silver 1-079 " " •< " 
 
 *7. — Oros Cap, Luke Superior {Broun 6 Si/rer Mine). 
 
 A s[)ecimen received trom Dr. II, IJell, and consisting of lallier 
 fine granular galena and /,ine blonde in a gangue ot' caleile ami 
 cpiartz . 
 
 Silver 0-ori8 ounces to the ton. 
 
 The proportion of gaU'na and hlende \v:is small ; but even taking 
 this into consideration, it is evident that ncitlier of these minerals 
 contains much silver. 
 
 8. — Victoria Mine, (lanhn River. 
 
 Coarse cryHtalline galena -i^ with enrveil faci's, It was carefully 
 freed from gangue, and found to contain, 
 
 Silver 30-623 ounces lo the ton. 
 
 Another sample received at tlie same time, but from which the 
 gangue was not separated, gave, 
 
 Silver 21 • 1 10 ounces to the ton. 
 
 9. — Lake Teinisedinin;/, Ontario. 
 
 Specimens ■>*' ^.^nlena from a locality discovered in 1877 by Mr. Arncmifcrous 
 Edward VVrig „, of Ottawa. The galena is coarse crystalline, uko" '■""'" 
 and resembles in appearance much of that from the Victoria 'i'c"»i8caming. 
 
 * For other assays of galena from this locality, see lloport of Progress, 1876-77, j). -180. 
 

 Tctrahcdrilp 
 t'roiii Ciiiii'llon, 
 
 Copper pyrites, 
 
 Oiilcim from 
 
 New 
 
 Bruiifwick. 
 
 62 O OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Mine, iiojif (i;ir<li'ii IJivor. Jjiko tlu' lultcr, too, i( proltahly ofciirs 
 in rockw ol' lluroiiiiiii sigc, Laico T«'inisc'ainiiij^ Ix'iiit,' on tlio lino 
 of llioso rocks. A .Hpocinu'ii ol liio i^alona, ontirciy treed from 
 gan^uc, ,i:;ave, hy Hcorification, 
 
 Hi Ivor lS';)r)8 ouiuvs to tlie ton. 
 
 Anotlier H])ecin»cii. rccciviHl from Mr. Wrii^iit at llu' same ti mo, 
 but containing a good deal ol' rock matter, gave, 
 
 Silver II .(10 <)Uiico8 tn the ton. 
 
 A tiiird sitecimen of gaU'ua from a jtoint ahoiit fifty foel fi-oni 
 thai at wliicli tlio above was taken gave, after carofiil separation 
 of the gangiic, 
 
 Silver 18 •229 ounces to thu ton. 
 
 10. — Richmond Gulf, HuiJ^oh lia/j. 
 
 Coarse crystalline galena from the south side of tl)c enti'ance of 
 tiie gulf. (\)llecto<l hy Professor Bell inJlS77. It was found to 
 contain. 
 
 Silver 12 -03 ouuees to the ton. 
 
 \\. — Hartford Mine, (\ijielton, P.Q. 
 
 At this mine a stcel-grcy tetraliedrite occurs, assot.'iated with 
 copper p^J'itcs. A specimen containing only a very little of the 
 
 latter mineral was !i,ssayod in order to ascertain whether it was 
 argentiferous, and yielded, 
 
 Silver 75.03 ounees to the ton, 
 
 VZ.—Ncar Shcrbrooke, P.Q. 
 
 Specimens of co])|)er ore examined for silver, at the re(piest of 
 Mr, A. llollaiul, of Ottawa. The sj)ecimens consisted of coppei' 
 ]»yrites, a little ii'on jnritcs, ami glassy (juarlz. They yielded, 
 Silver 19.087 ounces to tlio ton. 
 
 It is well known that the copper ores of thci Eastern Townships, 
 as a rule, contain silver; but the proportion is usually loss than 
 that found in Mi-. Jlolland's specimens. 
 
 11). — uMusquash Harbour, New Brunswick. 
 
 Specimens of galena received through Mr. Klls from the 
 Lancaster Silver Mining Company of St. John, N.B. Tho galena 
 ■was se|)arated as far as possible from the ganguo of quartz in 
 which it occurred, and gave. 
 
 Silver 14-219 ounces to the ton. 
 
 The veins arc stated to occur in rocks of Laurcntian age, but, the 
 galena contains more sl'vei* than any other from the Laurontiau 
 which 1 have hitherto examined, 
 
m