CIHM ICIMH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches (■Monographs) (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiqui Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bll>llographlques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the Images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged / Couverture endommagte □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicula Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque I Coloured map6 1 Cartes gdographiques en couleur □ Coloured \r\V. (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur fi.e. autre aue bisim nu nni Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bieue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur D D n n D Bound with other material / Reti^ avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reiiure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film^s. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: L'tnstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-dtre unkjues du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une nfx>difk»tion dans la m6tho- de normale de filmage sont indkjute d-dessous. I I Cotoured pages/ Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endonr.. nagtes □ Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurtes et/ou pellteultes r^ Pages discotoured, stained or foxed / l^lJ Pages dteoior^es, tachet^es ou pktu^s I Pages detached / Pages d«tach6es \\/ Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies / Quality inhale de i'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by enata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^s k nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discotourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmtes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. D D D This Ham la flIiMd at tiM raducHon ratio dMckMi bctow / cado( lOx Eumao taatti liMautaux 14x darM uetton Indlq u«cM 18x ^gOI a. 22x 26x 30x 1 1 y 12X 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x Th« copy flimad tmrm has b««n r«produe«d thanks to th« g«n«rosity of: Ubrary Aariouhura Canada Tha imagaa appaarin^ hara ara tha poaaibia eonaMarin^ tha condMon of tha original copy an4 in icaaping fiiming contract apadffeationa. quality lagibiUty Original eopiaa in printad papar eovara ara fllmad baginning with tha front cover and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad Impraa- •ion, or tho baeic cover whan appropriate. All othar original eopiaa ara filmad baginning on tha ftrat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa* sien. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaaion. Tha laat raeordad frama on aaeh mierofieha •hall contain tha symbol -^(moaning "CON- T1NU10"). or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whiehavar appliaa. plataa. eharta. ate., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to be entirely included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many f r a ma e aa required. The following diagrama llluatrate the method: 1 2 3 1 2 4 5 L'MMnplair* fllmi fut rcproduit grica i la fl4n*re«iti da: BiMiotMqiM Agriwitura Canada Laa imagaa auivantaa ont 4ci raproduitaa avae la p(ua gran'< aoin. eompta tami da la eondiKen at da la nattat* da I'axamplaira fllm«, at an eoflfermit* avae laa eonditioiw du eontrat da fflmaga. Ramplairaa originaux dont la eouvartura tn papiar aat Imprim4a sent film4a an eomman^nt par la pfantiar plat at an tarminant soit par la damMra page qui eemperta una amprainta dimpraaaien ou dllluatratien, aei PMrnmroFuiiAn KPAinUNT OnfiUCOLTDII, OTTAWA 9m.j:i^^i:.^± M „ f^M^mm IK)MINI<)N OK CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENTOMOLOfJ'CAL BRANCH THE CONTROL OF LOCUSTS IN EASTERN CANADA ARTHUR GIBSON, Chief Assistant Entomologist. CIRCULAR No. 5. Published by authority of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1915 75245 NOTE. All inquirie* rpUtin|| to inaert pestR, and packagoii (up to 12 ounres in weight) rontainins ap^'imens may be mailed "Free" i( addressed to the Dominion EntonioluRist. Department of Agrirulture, Ottawa. In all caaes where it ia possible, living specimens of the insects should be sent enclosed in a strong wooden or tin boi to prevent damage in transit. Living ins«'cts should be supplied with a lilieral quantity of their food plant, and in all cases they should be carefully packed. The name and address of the sender should be written on the outside of the package, and a letter giving Bi full details as possible should in all cases accompany insects sent in tor report. The Control of Locusts in Eastern Canada. By Arthur (Sibw)n, Chief AmiiMtunl KnUmologiM. LocuHts, or "RraswhopiMTs" as thoy are more Rencrally spoken of. have lonK been known to devastate t-rops of various kinds in Kastern Canada. During the years 1912, 1913 and 1914, they were extremely numerous and destructive m the provinces of Ontario and Quelwc. One correspondent in Lanark county, Ont., rep«rted that crops in his district alone had been destroyed to the extent of 75 per cent, the loss being estimated at Sti.OOO. In many instances, fields of oats and barley were cut green to save for feed. In some parts of the province of Quebec, farms have been abandoned within the years mentioned owing to the large numbers of locusts present. Kin. I.— Kim pod of IfM'Uxt oixnfil to show arrungomont "f <•««»■. iihliviiluul «i«h at wde.— natural *\v. >(>riK>nuli. The locusts are true biting insects anneral colour ami markinu^ to the Le««er Miffrutorv I^ It, aim, hsH a widt- dii^trib jtioii in Canada. MM'UHt. Fig. 2.-LoruM ovipo«itiii«: rn pod in ground itt right-rnlarwd ono-hnlf. (OriniiMil). The Pellucid Locust, (Camnula pellucida Sci.ld.), occurs vcrv often with the Lesser MiRratory Locust. The females are larger than those of the latter species, but the males an- of about the same size. It has conspicuous bl.ickish spots on the wmg-coyers and near the upper ed^e of each wing-cover is a pale- coloured longitudmal stripe. The Two-striped Locust. {Mdomphw hiviUntm Sav), is of a yellowish- green colour, varying . dull brown, with two distinct longitudinal stripes (one on either side) from the head to the end of the wing-covers. The females are large and heavy-bodied. Kig. 3.-The Uxmet Migrotory UwuM. :i.hm.,.h,. allam. HiN-y: „, „.lull in..l.s h. u.lult t.n.al..; ,: J. youna hoppers. lOriginul). METHODS OF CONTROL. Poisoned Bran —During 1914 we had an opportunity of testing out on a fairly large scale the vahie in Eastern Canada of the Kansas formula for the destruction of locusts.* This formula, which was originally ex|K-rimented with by Mr. F. B. Milliken when employed by the Kansas Experiment Station consists of Bran. _ . ; ; 20 pound.". Fans green or white arsenic i pound Mo'asses., 2 quarts Oranges or lemon.s 3 fruits Wat« 3j gallons. oD/y»^«LT"? 'Jll".'' '•""•"""i^''* '•«• the destruction to rrops w«» the Le«ser Migratory Loru«t, Melon- ^P.'ii'L."!!"!",-,. •^'""•'«'"' *"»• '«. however, to a ron.paratively Hlight extent wa* the I'elluoid Loou»t, Camnula pellucida. In prpparinR the briin niMh, the bran and Parln (treen, or white anienir, are mixiMl thonmnhly while «lr.v. The iiiiren of the i>riiiiK<-« or lemoriM ure wiuee/ed i"'" ••"',*'"*'''^ ""•' *" '*''" ''* "'*" R'ldeil the pulp uml |M'el iifter euttiiiR into fine hitM. I he mill m«PM xhoiiM then he aildeii. :uid when lixKolvetl the mixture Hhuiilllf>g«> timi Kx|MTinicnt Htatiun, rpfcrring to t\w applicntion of tho mixture ntnWn: "The dnmp maiih. or br.it, NhoulKinninR to move aliuiit from their night V nitt. It Hhoiilii \h' i»eattene4>om«>M dry, Neattering it brcMideaHt in the morning, and very thinly, plaee-t it where the largest numlier will finil it in the Nhortest time. S«iwing it in thin manner aNo make*, it impoHnible for binlH, barnyard fowl«t, or live Htwk to neeure a Kuffieient amount of the immhoh to kill them. Inai*mueh a^ the itoimmed bait diM'M not act (ptickly, it will Ih> from two to four davn In-fore the gruMshopiM-rn are found dead, and thene will Im« more numeroUM in the xheltered places. It do«'H not require mueh of the poinon to kill them. Kven a Hmall |x>rtion from one of the iwi^oned flakex will Im- MUffieient to vaxinc death." In view of the remarkable HueeeKH in Kiin.«a.. in th« eontrol to exiN>riment with other mixtures. Th«'«e expcrimentM were conducted at HoweMville, Ont., where a fairly large He<-tion of the country haw Im-cu bailly inffstetl with thene inwrttt Kince 1912. The resultx obtained were, indeed, very" promiMing and would iniHcate that the Kansat* formula, particularly when lemonn are u«e«l, will Ik; found of eqtial value in Canada, at leant in the provinces of Ontario and Quelu-c. In addition to the Kowesville experiment)*, applications were also made, un«ier our direction, in the provin<-e of t^uel«'c, near Wt. Ktienne de (W«, Ht. Maurice county, where locuntH have . een extremely destructive. In the Rowesville experiments the applications wen- madi" about the Im'- ginning of the last week in .June. The locusts were very numerous and onlv a few. comparatively, had wings. The mixture was broadcnsted early in "the morning and counts of the locusts killed were made four ilays later. These gave from .T<) to 414 -';;n.'»'d to treat fields in their parishes, .St. Ktienne (h'tWsand Valmont, Que., a* .his province even better results were obtained with th«' Kansas formuli., .Soi.,e farmers useil lemons, and some oranges, anil a stronger strength of Paris green was used, namely, 1' .j pounds to the 20 pounds of bran. The Rev. J. I. Trudel reports that 8 days after the poisoned bran was broadcasted counts were made in various fields and these gave from 900 to 1,200 ilead ocusts to the square yard. These results are certainly very remarkable and indicate the «'xtraordinary al)un(lanii' of locusts in that district. At the time of the applications the locusts had their wings and were migrating from one place to another. As regards the cost of applying this new poisoned bran mixture, the following are the figures for the Rowesville experiments: 100 pounds of bran, .'51.2.5; n pounds of Paris green, $1.2.5; 2 gallons molasses, $1.00; 15 lemons, $0.30; i.iH,u-. « i.....r.. u.i». I....1. •■vi«i. ■M'i'i.vi.w ■»< c't'tV!i'r\z"Z prrvent all pi».4ble daiiK«'r of |M.iHoniiiK to livi' Ht.xk, liM'U»l«. (Orininiil). Fi« R-Ont firUI. Bowovillr. Ont.. i.ho vinK injur In treating lur«;. an.s with .u-V " -f 'f ,i;;:,;i;::;,^r^V'SrK' in order to >^^^^^J^ T't i^n;t!!: ihil";!. insects ar/in tl.c; ,M.rcentaKt. of the locusts t . xKtuu p^„iiers shouhl make special hoppinK stane an.l before he -gm o »' '"J j; „„. ,„„,. time. This ne Vnaaie Mature -This ^^^^i^^^tJ^t"::^^^^ locusts in certain parts ''^^I'»n'»''l"\^"/jr, " .' ,; 'St in 1914. Four days in Eastern Canada, was given a trial at "";,•';','';' 2^„ "the field and these after the application counts were made m various parts oi me . . averaRed 50 dead locusts to the square yard. lous pans oi I'"'; ii^iv. »"- -••"• The Criddle Mixture is made by averaRcd ^0 ^ f ad '°^""t^i;;;eerard^ of salt to 15 gallons by measure adding one pound of 1 ans K^een a"" ' ^ ,,, ,,p a.icled to the droppings to of f reah horse droppings. Suffic u nt ^er snou ^^^^j ^^^^j make a moist.but not sloppy, ^f » ■ ^'"^ ^'^^ke'The mixture may be scattered ^S;^^jr::^^i:!Xi:^ - tt. bri.eans of . trowel or shingle, in the infested fields, chiefly where the insects are feeding. 8 Referring to the value of this mixture in the province of Manitoba, Mr. Norman Criddle, who de prised it, says:— "There is no doubt whatever as to the remarkable attractiveness of this mixture at all periods, from the time of the locusts' appearance in May until they die in September, or of its superiority over any other form of extermination yet tried in these parts. The evidence of farmers is almost unanimous on this point, and all the best type of men speak with enthusiasim of its value, the few exceptions being due to faulty methods in its application and mixture. My brothers and I have used it continuously for the last ten years with perfect success and at very small cost, the last occasion being in 1913, when we un- doubtedly saved many acres of crop, while on more than one occasion its use undoubtedly saved the whole crop as was shown by the destruction of crops on neighboring farms not treated." Fig. 6.— Field ot corn largely destroyed by locusts, Bowesville, Ont. (Original). Ploughing. — Old pasture land or other areas known to attract locusts for the purpose of egg-laying should be ploughed to a depth of at least six inches after the eggs have been deposited. Egg-laying takes place in late summer and early autumn and the ploughing therefore, should be done in late autumn or in spring before May of the following year, in order that as many eggs as possible will be burried deeply, thus preventing the young escaping to the surface. If the ploughing is done in spring it is wise to follow this immediately by harrowing. Shallow ploughing, which would undoubtedly break up many of the egg pods, would not, however, be thorough enough, so is not to be recom- mended.