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MICROCOfV RfSOlUTION TBT CHART
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^ /APPLIED IM/1GE In
1653 lasl Mo,r str„i
Rocheiler, N». vorl, U609 US*
{"6) 482 -OJOO-Pnon,
(716) 2M- 5989 - Fo«
REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION
1913-18
VOLUME V: BOTANY
PART B: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MORPHOLOGY, SYNONYMY, AND
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ARCTIC PLANTS
By THBO. HOLM
G
670
1913
C2t
V . OOfi
pt.B
UTTAWA
1-. A. ACLAND
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EiCBLLENT MAJESTY
1922
iHued Febniary 10, ' ^i2
Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition* 1913-18.
VOI-I MK I: JiKNKIlAI. I>TR01>H TION. NARRATIVK. CTl .
VOI.IMt: II: MAMMALS AM> BIBIW
l.artA:M.\MM.\I.HOK\M:sTr.l(NAli.r,(AMi:inrA. ''yHua,,lphM«r.inAnM,.r,,.n.^_^_^_^^^,^^^_
rart 1.: miius uy^y.^vKHs Ai:rTi.- A^^.u■(^^. My li. M. An,i..rso„ .„,! iv^A^;n.^^^
VOI.IMK ill: INSKCTS
INTUnUl-CTlON. l>v T. (i„r,l„„ HewiU ■."""'^f,!::Xi':Z'^S.
\C u^ ^^i^^^l^i^h^rd^""^: ' i;!rN:u.>.n ...-.u. .•.;;.•.•;.■.:.■..• ./--.' ^u,. „, r.«;.
''M;"r;::;.iJiin« Ti;;'::;;i''an.rr;;ii,.i,b.). By .>. «. M^nooh (/^»-..'( ././. u, /^/s).
r„rtivMAi.i<ii'iiA(;AANi)AN;'i;irn\-
Part 1-.; <'^'V;;;,:',;'",'„^!,^;, i„,,„,li,« InUlu., <c.nv.nl,y.id«^, and BuprestMa.. l!y J. M. Sw.inc.
rrl;;;^,i^'KKl!ii;;. .t ";:u.i!L .,.,1 Ul,yno,.ophnra, (.xolu,lin„ Ipi,l.. ^, ^. ^_^_^^_
, „ ^, I [UhuM I>'<;m\„r 12, una).
1) _ t- iii.Ml I'TI 1: \ V ! 'Iw.iril I . \ Mill iiiziT.. .
VaraiitU-liymcnuplora, I'y riiaro. 1. I'.ru.-..
Par, ].: *^VniKHS:1nTl.S ANI> M VKlAroDS.
Spi.UTH. Hy.I. II.I ""•;i""-
Mitos. By Natliiin Hanks (Issunljnhj U. 1919).
M vriupoils. Ky Kalpl. \ ■ ( hiJinlKTlin ^^^^^^^ ,,_,_^,,,.^ ,y^ ,g50)_
VOLl ME IV: BOTANY
ran A: FIii:Sl.WATKU AI.<;AK AND FRKSUWATER DIATOMS. Hy Charles W.^I^we.^^^
,: v,' r' u- 'n preparation).
Part H: MA HI NT. AI.CAK. Hy 1 . ^. < '>lli»s •■ ;,r(;wr.>(ii)n).
I'nrt c' ri'NCI. liy .lolin IVariic^a „ nrcparalion).
'artn-LlCHKNS. I'y/L' \V.,^!""" :■.■,:.■.. -.bruaryS, 1931).
I'art K: MOSSKS. Hy It. S. V i""""^
VOLUME V: BOTANY
p„,A.VASrriA.VtANTS^JlV,.a.o.MM^
I'art B: «\>-TftVAVJ-TIovT K T rTlV' ' . "xTS. Tiv The... Holm • • ■ • ('" P"»')-
rart C- cnOM-HAL N JtKS ON AHCTIC VkViI.TATI.JN. Hy I'rits .lohan.^n. {In pr.paralu>n).
VOLIME VI: FISHES, TUNICATES, ETC.
(/n p.-eparalion) •
Port A ■ FISnr.S. Hy F. Johansen ••••,,■ i[n nriparation).
P^U;ASc"i3i.\NS,ETC. Uy.V.G. Huntsman ^'
VOLIME Vn: CRUSTACEA
PMtC- CUM ACKA. My W. T. C alman ^f^^^^j Sorrmber 10. I9TO).
Part D: ISOrOP.V. Hy P. L. lioonc . — ^^, „. ■.'■.;■.'...,. (/s.su^ii September 7, 19S0).
Part E- AMPHU'ODA. By Clarence H. Shoemaker v ^^^^^^^ January S, 19!1).
PartF- PVCNOCiONinA. U'on .1. 1, ole (/„ /nreparalinn).
Part O' -.-.Ul'H VLT.orODA. Hy 1- ■ .lohansen • ; ^j^^^^^ j^„^ „ ,9,0).
V^rtH 'I.\DOCKRA. Hy Chaunoey Juday ,., .(Jn preparation).
Part I- ObTKACOD.X. Hy U \\ . Sharpe. . . ^ y^^ V , „._u •.■.■.■.;'.■, {Issued A prU 11. 19!0).
Part .1 FllESnWATKR COPEPOnA. "y,^^- ^wisht Marsh ^^^ jg50)_
F.rtK- MARINE COPEPODA. By A. \Villey.. . . • • ^ .j^ j August 6. 19t0).
■ Pari L:' PARASITIC COPEPOD.\. Hy Charlea B. W ilson ■ ■ ■ • • " (/„Veparaiion).
PartM:CIRRIPEDIA. By H. A. Pilsbry
REPORT
OF THE
I CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION
1913-18
.[
VOLUME V: BOTANY
Parte, contributions to the morphology, synonymy, and
geographical distribution of arctic plants
By THKO. HOLM
I
2M57-
ilTTAiV \
t. A. ACr.AND
PRINTEU TO TlIE KINO'S MO^T i:XCKM.I.NT MAJKSTV
I'.iJ J
Issued Febntiry 10, 112;
('OntributioiiN to the M(»rph<>loU.v, Symmymy, iitul (A-o-
Uraphkal Distribution of Arctic IMants.
Hy ruin, I lin..M, (/(.//(-/( , Miiriil'ih.l. : N.I.
With SIX i>hiitii<iriiiihs tiiiil I iijhlii II lifinn -I in tin lt.it ilnr n
1 1,1
iithiir.
'I"Im' pii'«i'iit (Otiliilxitinn i.-i i|i\ii|i'i| intn lour ilir|M ■: ;, i- iujir. iioltf*
«>n iii<ir|ili(ilo|iii';il I'luiriiricri^lii's utid cn tiiiiioinv ; ||, uiviiiit - u iiriMpliical
(lixlriliiilioti; III, ((tiicliKling rcin;irks, ami l\ , ih. lnMiourMpliv hl.it.vr lo the
<iiM*riliiiti()ii.
riic (net dial tlir ritlln-liiili iiiiiili' l)V I In- f\|)i(|it joii miiiairi" iiiali\ iiili'lcMl-
iriK Hpcri.-. iiiucihcr with ilic ('act that tlirv liavr hctn cDllcctcd ami |>n|>arp«l
with ttiiat sjxill ami care, lian crinlilcd im- to cvamiiic ilicir various oiyanH,
princi|iall\ tlw vcjjctativi' one-', ami I a'li tliiTrrorc aMi' m otTrr ^olll<• iii'«ril|iiiorit
of raiiiiticatioii, rr|iio(ii.ctioii, liiljcn in. iti., ol wlncli several ikhiiIh nri-
hilt little known from arctie plants.
HaviiiK hail the op|iorliinify ii i' lo see the .ireiie llora. (Nova Zenihla
mill (IreenlamI), ami moreover to ■ ,.are this wiili the alpine flora (Hoiky
inoiinlaiiis, Colorado), 1 naliirally ft el indincd to Ire.al Uiih as far as I lie srope
of thi' Miil.jeci will permit, 'riieielore, in the ehaplcr dialing uiih the ilistrilm-
tion, I liave inserted several coliiinns for al|iine plants, altlioiiijli the "ictii'
(lislrihiilion has Keen ({iven the most extensively, hecaiisc, in respect lo neOKi iph-
iral dislriliiition, the arctic and alpine floras are so intimatelv connected with
each other thai a discussion of either one alone would give verv little iiiforniation
al«'i'.t their history.
ConsidoriiiK tOKclher the iiitorostinu chapters on neour.iphi.al diMriliuiion
in Darwin's "OriKiii of Species" and Nathorst's "i'olarfoi -kniiiiieiis MidruK till
Forntidens ViixtKeonrafi," wo have a most valuahle foundation for further studies
in this lino, and quite esi)ecially with reference to the arctic flora.
CH.APTKH I. MOKIMlOUXiK AL fn,\U.\( TKIUSTH'S AM) SVX-
UNYMV.
GRAMINEAE.
Th specie illoeted heionu to the following trihes: Phalaiideae, Ario.s-
tideae, Avri. iie, Festuceae, und Hordeac; of the.se the Festiiceae are the Lest
represf . cd They all are perennial and, concerning the hahif, the stoloniferous
typo is Mnowhat more frequent than the eaespitose tine; widely creeping .stolons
alxjve R ,iu.id are characteristic oidhjccria vilfuiilai; sulilorranean ones of I'oa
arctica, Aictagrostis, Ihipontia, Ftslnai rulirn var., Ehimiis, Arrlophiln, and
Alopecuius; in the last throe genera the stolons attain (piile a consi(ieral)le
length and ramify freely. The cu'ms are ahvavs simple and usually short,
pspecially so in aii/ceria teiiclh and f/. vilfoiili'n. while in Kli/mim, Arctophila,
Arctddnisli.t, and Dupoiitiu, the height of the culm may reach forty cm. or even
a little more. The inflorescence is most often an open, lax-flowered panicle,
notahly so in A tophiln, Diipo/itin, nud Pmi arrtica: a contracted, spike-like
inflorescence occurs in Trixrtum, Aloprnini.i, and Calnmaiirotitis; a spicate one in
Elymii/i, Agropyrnm, and Ilordeum. The flowering glume ' is more or le.ss hairy
''riiiMiM, well known toriii "llowcrintJ Rlui.ie" liiis rooi-nily l)prmm' suli-tituteil 1)V "IriiHiiii" pri)|)o<cd
l,y I'rofeHsnr ( ^ \ . I'lprr (Seen.;.; \.S. vol, XXIII, 190.',:, ,in,l i, inlr,„|...T . in VftViou, munuftls. \ot
six-iikinif ()( the fiirt tliiit Iciniim Ims hwn in \im- (,ir s<-vi'nil vciir- l,»'f.,rc a- • iiiuiloinicul torm proijoseil
by Mn,>.l„irK,.r, it «-.miis unwise to clmntte the old toi m -llowiTinK (iluiiu-,' > ,• tliis Klmin- {nhiim llori-n- 1
tt.s wi'll a^ till- iMiipty kIuimom inluinac vania.'i arc brai-ts of the xuiw or.|. Iiurnp on the ^ainc rliai'l,i«
whereas le ■pulea is borne upon a rhacheola, ileveloiioil from the axil o, th.- llowerinK ulutnc .More-
over, in -iM-.ikinu of •lenin.a" in plur.iU. it i^ ab.-^lutely in.-orre.-t, from a linKuisti.' pi.int of view ' lo'write
leiiiiiiiiH iniiteiul of lemmata.
24gS7— Ii
4 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
'^^r&^:;FeZ^^^^^^^ ^tis aw„ed in Alopc
length, up to atout S fm In hahl/ th "''^'"r ^n^ "'"•" '^''''^^^ « considerable
and PieuripoJon^lTe of Xch a?e & ^mAamp^a, Catahrosa,
But since Mr. JoCsen succeeded in fiS ^•^^"buted in the arctic regions:
more inconspicuous species of Sir f hi "^ ""^^^'^^ °^ *^^ ."'"*" ^"^ much
•'missing'' spedesoTgrTsirwereov'l^K)^^^^ " °° '■'^" *^ ''^"^^^ t'^^* *»>«
Arctagrostls latifoHa (R. Br.) Griseb.
dian'exprdiSon t 't1^^s"?cief StlthoTr^^r"^.''*^!''^ *^^ ^ana-
island, and Bernard ^-r^^n:Tr:^SS'A^aZ^nZ^t^^. til 27*='^'
the panicle be ng more onen and tho =,^k„i * i Unn.; Beal, as far as
Grisebach in LedeCr^ ffia^ssfca 7d AS ^I"" "°™/^''*- ^««"-ding to
merely a vanVtv nfA jLt-r i- ^^^'.^a (p 434) A. arundmacea is considered
wluch I haveTxTiVfro'i^'i^'^Sth^rSn^rSL^^^^^^^^
S'tSa'rct ^nd" t fo^fSsTucrfSfhr'so^u^h^TuXr '" ^V^^""
ovina and in many soecies of Pnn fh^lVJIu u ' '"'^tl^ermore, in Fes<?ica
and .h. ,piko,«s J.S'col^rb'i^ Titi^iL'i.urK'&r"*''
Poa abbrevlata R. Br. and P. glauca M. Vahl.
• Gnuaes of Alaska, 1910 ' '
•Consoectu. Florae Groenlandioa, (Modd. om Gr*nla„d, Kj*benh.va. 1880).
Arclic Plants: Morphology and Synonymy
5 B
The accompanying figure A; 3 I have drawn from a specimen collected in
Spitzbergen by Professor A. G. Nathorst.
2. Same; flowering glume, side-view.
. Ohjceria vUfoidea (Ands.) Th. Fr.; empty
FlGCHE A.
1. I'oa glauca M. Vahl; spikelct. (WoUaston land).
3. P. aWrefiflto R.Br.; spikelct. (Spitzbergen). i.
glume. (Greenland). 5. Same; flowering glume, side-view. 6. G. marilima (Huds.) W'g^;
I'mpty glumes. (Norway). 7. Same; flowering glume, dorsal view. 8. 0. Vahliana
(Liebm.) Th. Fr.; empty glume.s. (Greenland) 0. Same; flowering glume, palet and flower.
10. 0. (ene/JaLge.;spikelet. (Martin point, Alaska). 11. Same; empty glumes. 12. Same;
flowering glume, side-view. 13. Same; apex of flowering glume. 14. G. anguslata (R. Br. J
Kr.; empty glumes. (Spitzbergen). 1.5. Same; flowering glume and palet, side-view. 16.
(/. pnupero/to Holm; empty glumes. (Hudson bay). 17. Same; flowering glume, side-view.
IS. (7. vaginala Lge.; empty glumes. (Cape Bathurst). 19. Same; flowering glume and
palet, front-view. 20. Same; flowering glume and palet, side-view. 21. G. Kjellmanni'Lfjb.;
empty glumes. (Nova Zenibla). 22. Same; lower empty glume, dorsal view. 23. Same;
upper empty glume, dorsal view. 24. Same; flowering glume, ventral view. 25. Same; a
stamen. 26. Same; the pistil with the lodiculae. (All the figures are enlarged.)
P. glauca M. Vahl: "Caespitosa, uiulticaulis, rigidiuscula, magis minusvc
glaiicescens, spithamaea v. parum ultra; culmis laovibus (P. cae.fia) v. supernc
scabriusculis (P. aspera), articulo supcriore elongalo; foliis subdistichis, planis
V. coiiiplicatis, apice curvato cucullato-contractis, ligula brevi, obtusa, folii
supremi ovali-oblonga; panicula erecta, angusta, ramis brevibus, ante et po.'it
anthcsin adpressis, scabris; spiculis 3-u-floris, lanceolato-ovatis; glumis sub-
aequilongis, acutis, violaceis, albomarginatis, gluma fiorons (palca inf.) 5- ncrvia,
ad nervos sericca et basi lanata. Formae maxime memorabiles sunt: /3 elatior
Ands. 1-2' altus, foliis planis; paniculae ramis longioribus magisque quam in
a effusis, c. 3-5 in verticillis.
"7 pallida Lge. Dense caespitosa, pallide straminea, cacspitibus basi vagin-
arum anni praeteriti reliquis cinctis; foliis angustissimis, coniplicatis, ligula
lacera; spiculis majusculis, lanceolatis, 5-C- floris; gluma florenti et palea lividis,
albomarginatis, cum macula aurea sub apice, ad nervos sericeis, ceterum glabris.
JL
6 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 191S-1S
"i airoviolacra I,gc. Spithaniaoa, rigida, fol. planis, cauliiio supoiioro jiatulo
l):i.-in iriflorcsccntiae sul)-attingpnte, lijfula eloiiRata, panicula virKinca dense
eoaictata, spiculis subhifloiis, Klumis loiige acuininalis, atroviol mojs, gliima
Horento ct palca basi viridilms all)Omarginatis, apice purpuroo-inaiginatis."
The spikclets (Fig. A: 1-2) are from a tvpicn.l specimen collected on Wolla.ston
land.
In f\ ahbrciiatn the broad empty glumes as well as the flowering glume,
the latter being puberulent on the sides and along the keel, constitute a good
distinction, when compared with /■•. glauca, in which the glumes are much
narrower, and the flowering glume hairy only on the keel.
P. arctica R. Br.
There is no doubt about this being the same as P. flcxunm Wahlenb., but
it is debatable whether it is to be considered identical with P. ccnisia All.
Lange (I.e. p. 178) states for instance: "Nomen P. cerisia All., quod a pluribus
autt. hue relatum est, non ad hanc speciem spectare videtur, si cum Gren. et
Ciodr. ad P. dislichophyllam Gaud., a nostra l)ene distinctam, P. rcnisia »it
.synonymon ducitur.
"P. arctica R. Br. vero ex consensu plur. autt. omnino eadem cum nostra;
utrum horum nominum praeferri debet, incertum videtur, cum uno eodemque
anno (1824) publicata sunt."
As pointed out by Lange, (I.e. p. 178) P. arctica is readily distinguished by
the spreading, flexuose branches of the short panicle; by the ovate, 2-4- flowered
spikelets of which the glumes are purplish and of which the flowering glume is
obtuse or roundish at apex, with a broad, hyaline margin, villoii-s at the base,
and pilose along the veins. The rhizome is stoloniferous.
Arctophila Rupr.
The old genu? ' ulpodium of Trinius ■ was founded u|X)n two species: mon-
andrum and Steveni, which by Trinius himself were considered as "species facie
dissimiles," and they are indeed so unlike that Robert Brown ^ a few years later
.segregated the former as Phippsia algida R. Br. and retained the latter only as
a Colpodium. To the latter genus was furthermore referred C. lalifoUnm R. Br.
although Robert Brown was not certain about the real affinity of this species
to those of Trinius and especially not to C. Steveni and comprefi/<iari. At present
Robert Brown's species lati folium is generally placed under Grisebach's genus
Arctagrontis as ,1. latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb.
While Colpodium of Trinius was adopted by Gri.sebach ' with the omission
of r. monnndrum (Phippsia). the genus was nevertheless augmented with certain
species placed as a .section "Arctophila" in contrast to C. Steveni and its natural
allies representing the section "Eucol podium." By including the species of Arcto-
phila Rupr., the npnns Colpodium became actually an aggregate of incongruities,
as it had been before with Phippsia and Arctagrostis included. By Bentham the
genus was finally restricted to the sccilon Eucolpodium, while Arctophila became
transferred to Graphephorum Desv., next to Glycena R. Br.; another disposition
was made by Hackel who followed Grisebach by placing lK)th Eucolpodium and
Arctophila as sections of the original genus Colpodium, characterizing them as
h.aving the ".spikelets one to two-flowered, etc." This same classification is
also followed by Beal ♦ in nis Monograph of North American Grasses, with the
same erroneous characterization; erroneous, itecause it was originally intended
for Colpodium alone in the sense of Trinius.
■ rririius: l'Hllii;iin(>nt:i .^unistoKniphui. IHM. p. IIU.
= Brown. HolxTt: Cliloiis Molvilliiuiii. 182:), (.Miswll. licit, works, I, p. ■-'21),
• Ledi'bour: I-'lorii Hiwcicft, IV, IK.W, p. ;W4,
•Beal, W. J,: (ir».<sos of North .\inerira. II. Now York, 1896, p. .i.)U,
Arclic Plfint-i: }' rphology and Synonymy
7 a
Three species are enumerated by lieal as reprcsontativos of the genus
Col-podium in North America: C.fulvum (Trin.) Griseh., C. pendulinum (Laestad.)
Griacb,, and C. mucronalum (Hack.) Real. Considerinc ihe fact that Colpodium
in the sense of Trinius was originally intended for both ( . Sicveni and Phippsia
algida, it seems difficult to find any good ground for admitting species of so
little affinity as those of Arclophila and still crediting the genus to Trinius. And
the species of Arclophila have themselves been transferred from one genus to
another. Thus we find them as members of Poa, Glycerin, (Iraphephorum, and
finally of Colpodium.
Considered by themselves, the species of Ruprecht's Arclophila ' constitute
an excellent little genus, and we might cite Ruprecht's own words when he
proposed the genus in his "Flores Samojcdorum cisuralensium":
"Arclophila a Calabrom (airoide) praesertim difTert glumarum conforma-
tione et longitudine, hac not a etiam et insuper valvulis ecostatis a Glyceria R.
Br. recedit. Atropis Trin. {P. distans) Catabrosae quoad gluinas proxinna,
spiculas habet (saltem in statu virgineo) lineares, fere teretes; in Arclophila
nostra semper ex ovato-oblongae vcl lanceolatae. Conjunctioni Arctophilae
cum Poa obstant: valvulae dorso concavae vel saltern minus compressae; flosculi
lana nuinquam cincti, nee ad norvos dorsales sericei, sed ad callum more Aven-
acearum pilis rigidis obsiti; valvula inferior apice vix integerrima, sed margo
plerumque irrcgulariter denticulatus et erosus, saltem crenulatus et apex saepe
obtusus vel truncatus; habitus etiam nobilior colore fulvo paniculae saepe
intermixto; spiculae majores plerumque et flosculi demum patuli, remotiusculi."
The species that are best known are: Arclophila fulva (Trin.) Rupr., A.
pendulina (Laest.;d.) Ands., and A. effusa Lge., especially the first of these
since the Greenland plant, A. effusa, was for many years considered identical
with A. pendulina by Fries, Grisebach, and several other authors.
The species found by Mr. Johansen is .4. effusa Lge., described in Conspectus
Fl. Groenl. as follows: "Satis superque difTert planta groenlandica, in Fl. Dan.
tab. 2343 nomine Poae pendulinae divulgata, a Glyceria pendulina Laest. vera,
Lapponiae tornensis et rossicae incola, statura liumiliore foliis brevioribus,
culmo erecto (nee apice nutante), ramis deflexis, in verticillo 1-2, raro 3, flosculis
in spicula 2-3 (nee 3-6) minus laxe disjxjsitis, glumis obtusiusculis, spicula panim
brevioribus, etc. Rotanici plures (I. Vahl, Fries, Ledebour, etc.) has 2 species,
inter se valde dissimilcs, infauste junxerunt, quarc plantam Groenlandicam I.e.
nomine novo designare coactus sum."
West Greenland, between 64» 10' and Go" 20', in damp situations, very
rare; Sukkertoppen, Godthaab (Vahl).
A depauperate form of this species is known from Spitzbergen, formerly
considered as distinct and named Colpcdium Malnujreni Ands.*
While Grisebach (I.e.) only recognized .1 . fulva and A . pendulina, seven other
species had been described by Ru))repht (I.e.) but merely referred to as synonyms
in Flora Rossioa; Ihey wore rollectod on the island Kolgujew and on the Russian
coast near Kainljaliiitza and Hjolaja.
The genus seems to be rare in North America, l)ut specimens belonging to
it have been collected in various parts of Alaska and adjacent islands and al.so
in Canada. The<e speci.nens iiavo been generally identified as A. fulva or A.
pendulina: of th(>so
Hudson bay region,
on this continent.
In the copious
the former is known only from Muckelung river and the
and. so far as I know, .4. pendulina has never been fourd
material sent to me for identification from the Canadian
Government, I found four species, which appeared di.stinct, and of which three
have been described and figured in my paper; On the genus Arclophila Rupr.*
■Risprr-fht, V. .!.: S.vi!-.Vi!:!:i.- :ii! l-.istiiri:i!;: ^'t ui-v^rapliiam plap.tarum Roaaioarum. !S46. n, 62-65.
'Anderson, N'. I. liidrai: till ili'n minliskii Kliiran I. Iltt hittilU- otioskritvet sris tr&n SpotsberRen.
,0(vers. Knnel. Vof. Ak.ail. t'orliillirr. N... 5. p. 121. Sti»-kliolrii, isiiti.l
The Ottawa Naturalist. .Iiin.\ KKi:. p. s:!.
8 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
■D ^^^ fPfcies A. gracilis nob. from north of Lake Superior, collected by Dr.
K. bell; .^1. brizoides nob. from St. Paul island, Bering sea, bv James M. Macoun
and A. chrysantha nob. from sixteen miles west of Nome city, Alaska, by J. b'
• . "•, ^furthermore A. trichnpoda nob. from Mansfield island and Nottineham
island Hudson bay, collected by Dr. R. Bell, and of which the diagnosis » reads
as follows :
I r '''^toloniffrous: culms weak, about twenty cm. in height, enclosed by the
leaf-sheaths: leaf-blades broad, flat and glabrous, longer thpn the internodes-
inflorescence a lax-flowered panicle with the glabrous, capillary branches in
twos and threes: spikelet three-flowered, one or two on each branch: empty
glumes unequal, quite broad, acuminate, membranaceous, three-nerved- flower-
ing glume broad, pomted and often awned, at least in the basal flower, hairy at
the base: palet bidentate, shorter than the flowering glume. A rear ally of A
mucronata Hack."
Finally may be mentioned that John Murdoch collected an i4 rc^opAi/a near
I'omt Barrow which Hackel has described as A. mucronata, fide Beal: Grasses
of North America.' The diagnosis reads as follows:
"A smooth, stout grass, 15-25 cm. high. Leaves 6-8 in number crowded;
liguie broad, lacerate, 2 mm. long; blades flat, abruptly poinded, 5-12 cm. long
b m.m. wide. Panicle shining, yellowish, open, partially included, narrow or
pyramidal, o-7 mm. long, rays in twos or fours, reflexed, the longest 3-7 cm.
long, bearing 2-3 spikelets near the apex. Spikelets 2-flowered, joint of rachilla
U,b m.m. long, smooth or very sparingly hairy; empty glumes subequal, 3-3,
I r"-™- 'Ong soft, .:iin, first ovate, l-nerved, second broader, 3-nerved; floral
glume broadly oval, 3,5 m.m. long, 3 mm. wide, 5-nerved, margin scarious,
apex irreguk-rly toothed or torn, the central nerve extending to the tip or into a
short mucro; palea broad; 1,5 mm. long."
It is thus characteristic of A. trichopoda and A. mucronata that the midrib
of the flowering glume is extended into an arista in the former, and in a mucro
in the latter while in all the other species the midrib does not extend beyond
the apex of the glume, a structure which certainly would be anomalous in the
genus Colpodium Trin. (as understood by Bcntham), because there the midrib
never reaches the top of the glume.
These species of Arctophila may naturally be classified in two sections:
L Macrostachyae.
Spikelets, when fully developed, five- to seven-flowered, the base acute during
anthesis.
A. fulva, A. remotiflora, and A. pendulina.
II. Brachystachyae.
Spikelets two- to four-flowered, the base obtuse during anthesis.
i4. brizoides, A. chrysantha, A. deflexa, A. gracilis, A. latijlora, A. mucronata,
A. poealantha, A. scleroclada, A. similis, and A. trichopoda.
Dupontia R. Br.
, The genus was established by Robert Brown » and characterized as follows-
Gluma subaequivalvis, scariosa, concavn, mutica, lociistarn 2-3-floram sub-
aequans. Perianthia mutica, scariosa, (basi barbata), altcro pcdicellato; valvulis
integris, inferiore concava. Lodiculae 2. Ovarium imberbe. Stigmata sub-
sessiha. Caryopsis . Grarnen glabrnm erectum. Folia linearia, plana,
vaginis semifissis, basi integra. Panicula simplex, roarctata, fusco et purpur-
ascenti varia, pcdicellis cum locustis continuis, perianthiis separatim solubilibus."
The genus was named in honor of Monsieur Dupont of Paris, author of a
valuable essay on the sheath of the leaves of glasses, and of observations on the
genus Atriplex.
' Fcddo's Kepert. I.e.
"Vol. 2, New Ynrk, IS96, p. 550.
'Chloris Melvilliana I.e., p. 228.
Arctic Planlf: Morphology and Syiiu, , ly
9 B
Only one species, D. Fischeri, wasknown to KoIkti Rrowii, hut sinon then
Ruprecht (I.e.) has described a second one, D. p/'ilosdnlhn, from Kolnujew island,
and a third one, I), micrantha nob., has been found in Luurador: Halton, and at
cape Henrietta Maria, Hudson bay.
Of these D. psilosantha differs from D.Fischeri by the empty glumes being
"acutissimae, caudatae," and by the flowering glume being "(fioseuli) gluberrimi,
acuminati," while in D.Fiitchcri the empty glumes are more or less obtuse and
the flowering glume obtuse and pilose at the base; the third species, D. micranlha,
differs from Ixjth by the small size of the mostly one-.'ioworcd spik<lots, etc.
according to the diagnosis:'
"Stolonifcrous: culm slender, glabrous, about twenty-five rni. in height:
leaves very narrow, glabrous with prominent ligule: infiorcscrncc a contracted
panicle with capillary branches: spikelets one or two on each branch, mostly
one-flowered: empty glumes unequal, very narrow and sharply pointed, mem-
branaceous: flowering glume acute, slightly hairy at the base, not exceeding the
superior empty glume: palet bidentate, a little shorter than the flowering
glume."
Glyceria R. Br.
The segregation of Atropis originated with Ruprecht' and was accepted by
Grisebach in Flora Rossica: "genus a ilbjceria imprimis stylo ad basin usque
simpliciter plumosa distinctum est." Meanwhile Parlatore ^ established the
genus PvrciucUia containing the same species as Atropis and formerly by Elias
Fries* referred to his section Hchochloa of (Hiiccrin. According to Fries (I.e.
\MiS) Glijccria consists of two sections: " Ili/drochlun Ilartm.," with the flowering
glume 7-nerved, and " Heleochloa Fr." with the flowering glume o-ncved.
As a section Atropis has been recognized by vai'ious writers, and much more
so than Puccinellia. Buchenau ', however, treats67(/cen'a and Atropis as distinct
genera, and this author is one of the very few who furnishes a sufficiently com-
plete diagnosis. In Gray's Manual (1908), PyccincUia is accepted as a genus,
though poorly defined as distinct horn Glyceria; more recently we find the same
disposition by Fernald and Weatherby (Rhodora lOlti), enumerating eleven
species as indigenous to eastern North America south of Hudson straits.
However, in giving Puccinellia preference to Atropis Fernald and Weatherby
have certainly misunderstood Ruprecht, because this author has clearly demon-
strated that he considered Atropi't and some other genera as being distinct from
Poa. And when Ruprecht states that: "E conditionc glumaruni generum
series fortasse sequens: Diipontia, Arctophila, Pon, Atropis cet," this author did
not mean that these: "from the condition of the glumes perhaps represent a
series of genera as follows: Dupontia cet.," but that the genera mentioned might
be arranged according to the structure of the glumes, as enumcratecl alxjve;
series means in this connection sequence referring to the arrangement. More-
over, it seems unjust to ignore Atrojiis because tin; diagnosis of Puccinellia
by Parlatore is more complete; if such procedure be considered "the best for
serving the cause of sound nomenclature," as claimed by these authors, very
many gen(>ra of Linnaeus would suffer > same fate.
By comparing the species of Oiy the classification proposed by Fries
(I.e.) apprars the most natural, retaini: .le gentis intact, as has been proposed
also by Duval-Jouve in his classic treatise: Doiites ct pridres au sujet de quelcjueb
esp^ces do Glyceria du groupe des Halophilcs.^
' Fedde'd Repert, 1."'.
' KlfirfiT .S:iir..".ip.'!. (':s!:r:;!. IK!',:,
» Kl. lUll. I. 1K4S.
* SumriKi vpprt. 1840.
' I'lorii d. nordwostdeutd;*li.
•Bull. So<-. Bot. I'ninL-i'; I';i
'lli'lVhi'llc. l^yl.
[iris. tstl:;.
lU B
Canadian Arcnc Expedition, 1913-18
fho Im.;''''ntH'rh""T'''""/^'' ^""r'"*^ P^K'^-" rcprosont a certain tvpr of
fhe Ronus, and the on y one known from the arctic regions which l)v some
Flin« r! 1 w f ***;';*'"" of C,//ycerm this typo was doscrii.ed already by
Eha8 I.r..-.s' under Hckochloae, while most of the other species were referred to
rs c^f'^^he Sr:::r''rr "^TI^- ^^^'-"7.''"'^ *« ^'^^ <'- principal cTarac"
ev^orinr lonfn ,. "-^t.vlus distinctus, pilis siiKmatis denticulatis. Valvula
r^^ti n reTds "s,y^:;T"^ "'>"•,■ ^" ^'"^ W^'e^^A/oa. the character-
uation reads htifjmata subsessilia, simpl c tcr pliimosa Valvula rxferi.ir
o-norvis, nervis obsoletis. F,:tucae spec. Kunfh " '"""""• ^^"'"'^ exterior
stvl,.^,);. .;,'""'/ ';"'}. ""••""Pl •■ is the diaRnosis by Ilackel,' namely: '•GlyceHa,
distinct "' '' '"■''''" '"'^'*^"''' '^"^ -^"•''^^'*' ^'Vles none, lodicules
Glyceria vllfoldea (Ands.) Th. Fries (Fig. A: 4--,) This well-knovn and
on the arctic shoros, so very frequent species has reLn ly been transfS from
one species o r...ot her or reduced to a mere variety. Rv ScHbno"and Kril U rJ
FSnThf hSoTFrrnl:,J""7 v/'^-- ^^y^-^^ O-c./and hl.ZiS a s'i'n.i a
s?ranLif H.;^ nrr ^k''^ T^ Wea.i.erby (I.e.). It would, however, seem very
stranpe if he earlier authors familiar v. if h the species described bv Trinius had not
aS tomm nor Tn^l ■ K- ""n^ Lundstrcim in their extensive writings on
arctic botany, nor Lange in his Conspectus ( .c). As long as we feel sure and
K^ r.? P ' "''u ^ naturally be more safe to retain this name, even if it
rLi ■i''''T' date than Poa phryganodes. Dr. Trimen laid down a very good
canon alxjut names in litany, viz.: to take the most certain name ev«i*^t
U is dismS'and'w ^ '"*\"^ ""'•''^ 1* •'^^'^^ ^^ *° "'^^ - un"er'ta?n name
LoL ^ J r ^''.'Pa.v have several names running at once. In recent
"cZlWmJ"^Hl\"'''^ enumerations cf plants from l-arious countries ^e
have dpfnJf H new combinations because the authors believe that they
have detected a much older name than the one now in use; verv many of these
old names, however, are so uncertain that the earlier wri ers discarded them
and the result is, of course, the introduction of an oldei name, which is sunnos^d
to be correct, until still another be proposed, thus nvo WTnian Snse
wrnoedl?r^' combinations. Examples ofthis kind ai;.undTn^ecentTorks!
o tiaUen Gunn., etc., names that were never accepted bv the earlier writers
on syste.natic tetany. And as long as the old mas ers discarded such iTames
they surely must have ha.l so.no reason for doing so; in anyfase the elrife;
writers, I mean Trautvetter, Blytt, TIart.nan, FWes/Lange \\inlLs for
instance, were certainly more familiar with the\vritings of G^^ il ort iS'and
Cunnor, for instaiico. t ban authors of to-.lav Awioni, ana
resncSh"'"^''?;,.';;-^"'? ,1^^*^ ^!^«„'?eep referred to G. n>arUuna as a variety,
\ro , h;f T^' 1 4 *; .'P"'^'-' "«"'«. thus involving "new combinations."
ve',rms'bT.^7V''^-"'r '''''*'?• ''^^"'''"' ^^■^^ ' '"t'lally discovered in the
>ear J8.38 b> Laestadius in Finmarken, and that he called it G distans var
reptan. I aest but without publishing the diagnosis. The fact that thrnhni
became described by ITartman ' several years before Anderson descried Ws
o f . replanx (I.aest.). However, since the name G. vilfoidea is the one used bv
the leading .authors on arctic botany, and since we know- the specie" w°thaSute
ceriainty, the name "vilfoidea" proposed by Anderson ought to be etS
' Xoyit. I-icinip Siipncac. Mnnt. II, iS39.
' m KriKler -; Die n:it. I'flaiui.nf.
* Incrpiiiei
' Tvilnne i t- inmarkcn Jterfiinna I
» Excursions I'lora Kd. I. I,S4(),
- ............ .'.t.w.u-. .»i.iin . 11, ii'i.ia.
m KriKler -; Die n:it. I'flaiui.nf.
Incromenm rionir Plwim-roKaniae I!,«i(ac. lasr. IV. IVtropoli^i 1X84 n 8V)
' Ex^'Sn^A™^^-;; *i."'''sr """'™«"'"- ^«'" ^-'^ '■•""' ^^»«: p nv':
Airtii' I'limU: Morphology ami Synonymy
11 B
To ronsider tlie sppcics as a incro variety of 0. moritinia, as lias '.v'on done
in recent years, is open to <iuostion, a"*' '''Imnson ' has written a very instructive
paper, demonstrating thatO'. lilfoidm i. '.. marilima arc not conspccific.
LaiiRe (lives a good diagnosis of (/. vilfoidea (Conspcit ns I.e. p. 170) as folic. ws:
"(iracilis, glaherrinia, rhizomate oblicpu), foiionim fascicnlos-ablircvintos
et flagelhi valde elongata gracilia einittente; foliis anguslc Jincariitus subcon-pli-
catis, acutis; ligula hrevi, truncata; paiiicula hrevi, contracta, riiniis sui> imtlieai
adprossis, defloratis crecto-patentihus, infcriorihus siibgcniiiiis, super, solitariis;
glumis obtusis inaequalihus flosculis 2-8, palea inf. ovali, olitiisa, H-,')-nervia."
"01)3. Species haec, non nisi e (iroenlandia ;c ins. >'i)i(i>li(iii. hucusque
cognita, niodo crescendi aliis(|ue characteribus n(l. inaritiiiui rcccdit, ctsi hujus
forrnis quibusdam ((I. marilima var. arennria E. I'ric- Maiit. 2. \). 0) nffinis est."
Kiai RE B.
1. .Stolon of (llyceria vilfoidea (Ands.) Tli. Fr.;P=thc i)roi>hyllon (fore-leaf); L = lateral shoot ;
S=primary shoot; natural size. (St. Paul island, Hering strait,.) 2. .Stolon of Caiahrom
aquatica (L.) Beauv.; St = flower-bearing stem; other letters as above; n.atural size. (Sweden).
3. Two viviparous spikelets of Aira alinna L.; magnification I] (Greenland).
For a comparison I have drawn the spikelets of l)0th (Fig. A: 4-.^ and (i-7).
Moi cover, as pointed out by Johanson (I.e.), the structure of the stolons
differs in a marked degree from that of the other species of Glyccrla, and seems
indeed to be rare, or at least but little known from Gramineae in general. The
accompanying te.\t figure (B) shows part of a stolon of tf. vilfoidea (tig. 1); in this
the main shoot is aerial (S), and b"nr.^ several green leaves, .scparntcd from each
other by stretched internodcs; at cacli node a small lateral shoot is developed
(L), of which the first leaf re[)rcscnts an adorscd prophyllon (F) or fore-leaf, as
is the usual structure of lateral sho'"*s in the monocotyledons. But, as may
be seen from the drawinr the lateral shoot is not situateil in the axil of the
corresixjnding stem-leaf, 1 has been moved up to the node al)Ove, thus occupy-
ing a very strange |X)sitio remote from the ieaf-a.xil. It is a structure that
recurs in the genus Caiahrom, for instance, inf. aquatica (L.) Beauv., where the
structure is very plainly visible (tig. 2); in this plant the stolons appear to root
more freely, the secondary roots proceeding from the nodi, as shown in the
drawing.
The fact that (V. vilfoidea seldom produces flowers, and that fruiting speci-
mens are almost unknown, indicates that vegetative reproduction supersedes
tlie floral, and in this respect (7. vilfoidea is readily ilistingui.shcd from the other
species of the genus. While vegetative reproduction is known to be prevalent
' Cm Glycoria maritima (Huds. i Wuhlenli. var. arenaria odi Glyceria vilfoidea (Ands.) Th. Tr. (Sv.
Bnt. Tidsk'-. 4. Stockholm. 1910).
12 u
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
in sPveral otl.or plantM, notably urctk- and alpino, the organs of rrpm.iuclion
in thMo are flowers transformr.i into small shoots or l.uibiots, instead of lH.inK
stolons developed from the basal leaves. In Aim alphia, for instanee (fiff. 3)i
the spikelets are transformed into leafy sh(K)ts, since the flowering Rl.ime, the
palet and the sexual organs have developed in the shape of green leaves with
sheaths and blades, whde the empty glumes show the tvj.ioal structure of
glumes A simdar transformation of flowers into leafy shoots is known also
irorn the arctie-alpme Polygonum viviparum, from some of the Saxifragae ,S'
cernun and >. .slellaris where most of the flowers develop in the shape of bulblets!
but the almost total absence of flowers and the vegetative reproduction being
effected by means of true stolons seems to be especially characteristic of (//-/cma
viijoinen.
G. tenella Lge. and G. vaglnata Lge. were also collected on the expedition
and since the former has been so very rx)orly described in Ostenfeld's Flora
Arctica, and the latter havmg been merged intof/. distans (L.) Wahlenb. bv this
same author, I deem it necessary to insert the original diagnoses of these', and
Of some other arctic C.lyc-eriae, which may prove useful to future students of
arctic plants ,Some of the species have been illustrated with respect to the
structure of the spikelets in the text-figures.
Glyceria tenella Lge (rie. A: 10-13) is described in Kjellman and Lund-
stroms Fanerogamer fr&n Vovaja Semlja: "(U. caespitoso-pulvinata, multi-
caulis, eauhbus graeilibus circa 3" longis, adsccndentibus (v. prostratis?); foliis
anKustissune linearibus, complicatis, obtuse et oblique mucronatis; ligula
brevissiina, truncata; panicula brevi, laxa, lacemiformi, contracta, florendi
tempore e vagina folii caulini superioris vix exserta, ramis laevibus 1-2 in verti-
cillis, inaequdongis; spiculis glabris, circa 3-floris, floribus invicem remotis;
glumis obtusiuscuhs, superiore subduplo longiore; palea inferiore violacea vel
viridi, anguste all)omarginata, obtusa vel subtruncata, leviter crosa 3-5 nervi-
anthens palhde fuscis vel sordide luteis; ovario elliptico ovali, sty'lis invicem'
subdisfantibus terminato. Hab. In sinu Rogatschew insularum Novaia-
bemlja et ad promontonum Grel)eni insulae Wajgatsch legerunt F. R. Kjellman
et A. N. Lundstrocm mense Julii 1S75.
"Habitu nee non pluribus characteribus a reliquis Gbjceriia mihi notis dis-
tincta, maxime ad Gl. vaginatam Lge. etGL distanlis var. pulvinatam accedens,
cum nuilis harum tamen associanda."
G. tenella Lge. for.-na pumila Lge. (in Holm: Novaia Zemlia's Vegetation).
"Differt a typo in insulis Novaia Zemlia a cl. Kjellman et Lundstroein
lecto: statura puniila, culmis vix ultra 1" longis, panicula (raceme on^vi) liorendi
temjore extra folium sup. exserta; palea inf. magis obsolete nervata. Forsan
It. tenella ipsa, (hac forma mclusa) ad G. vaginatam Lge. e (Iroenlandia (Fl
Uan. T. 2o83) ut forma reducfa trahenda est, sed haec panicula magis efTusa et
ramosa, spiculis -■,-() floris gluma inf. latiore differt.
Ilab. in rupibiis insulae Novaia Zemlia ad Petuchowskoj Schar.
Glyceria vaginata Lge. (Consp. Fl. Groenl.) (Fig. A: IS).
"Dense cacspitosa; culmo ad basin 1-2 nodis geiiiculato, articulo suiMTioie
elongato fere ad paniculaiu usque vagina ampla, folii lamina multo longiore
incluso; foliis niollibus, anguste linearibus, laevissimis, glaucis, planis vel sicca-
tiono involutis, ligula brcvi, obtusa; panicula laxa, ramis subgeminis, capillaribus
ante et post ant hcsin erectis; spiculis laxc 5-0-floris, glumis ovatis, obtusis,
inferiore dupio breviore, palea inf. concava, obtusissima, obsolete 5-nervia,
basi pi.osiuscula, super, paulo lungioro, truncata, apice eroso-ciliata." Known
so far only from the coast of West Greenland.
Glyceria? Kjellmanni Lge. (Fig.
Fanerog. fr. Novaja Semlja).
A: 21-26.) (in Kjellman & Lundstrom:
Arctic Planls: Morphology and Synonymy
13 B
"<il. perennis, cacspitosa, multicpps; fasciculis singulis cac-iiitis |»<)lyi)liylli8;
foliis iiiferiorihus nd vaginas recluctis, foliis caulinii )-i>, otnnilnis phinis, laxi-
uscuiJ!*, (> baHi lata HPiisiiii aiigU8tioril>tis ot oblique ihiirninatis, JiKula [jtotracta,
acutiusfiila, Icvitcrque donticulata; culmis croctiH vcl kchu ulalo adscciKJiiitihus,
2-r) lornjis; panicula c folio caulino supremo loriRe exMiia, lirevi, aiiRUsta et
coarctata, rainist 1-2, breviims, eroelis cum rhaelii ];a'vil>us et (jlaberrimis;
^piculis cirra 2: floris; glumis ovatis, inforiorc pellucidii, 1: nervi, superiorc J
lODRiore, ',i: ticrvi et circa nervos violaeco-tincta, maruinc pcliuciila huera;
palca inferiore ovato-lanceolatn, nrrvis 3, lads, viohueis J longiludiiiis parte
percursa, basim versus dorso ct marKine dense pilosa, apice irreuulariter denti-
culato-lacora, palea su|)eriore marline revoiuta ad nervos 2 pills all)is, rigidis
ciliafa npice sumino dcntirulata; anfhcris pallido fuscis vel sordide luteis; ovario
elliptico stylis 2, invicem approxitnafis terminalo.
"Hab. In insulis Novaja Zemlja ad fretum Matotschkin Icgerunt Kjollman
et Lunrlsfroem, 7-13 Julii 187.">.
"Habitum r-7i/c€rtarM>rt minus bene exprimit et obiter inspccta jxitius I'ois
quibusdam similis, sed characteribus, imprimis glumis dorso teretibus a I'uae
gcnere reredit, nee reliquae characteres obstant, quin ad (lli/ceriae genus referri
possit, nisi quod spiculae fore semper bi-floraeet paleaeden.*e villosac, superior
immo margine rigide eiliata (fere ut in liromo). Ilabitu Dujwntiis baud dissimilis
est, sed hoe genus glumis spiculaaequilongis praeterpluraabunderecedit. Itaque
hoc gramen singulare ad interim G/ycenae generi subsumsi, nisi forte proprium
genus constitueret."
Glyceric Vahliana (Liebm.) Th. Fries. (Fig. A: 8-9).
"Poa Vahlinna (Lichm.): gramen caespitosum spithamaeum, radice fibrosa,
culmo 3-foliatu, vagina superiore folio li pollieari loi.giore, ligula produrta
oblique truncata; panicula contractiuscula radii" binis solitariisque, spieulis
subtritloris pedicellis longioribus vel aequilongis; glumis subaeciualibus-eloiigato-
lanceolatis obtusiusculis glabris obsolete-nervosis, basi apophysi parva instructis;
paleis glumas, superantibus valvulis inaequilongis, exteriorelineari-laneeolata
obtusluscula obsolete 5 nervia, nervis pilosulis, intcriore breviore apice Indentatp
nervis 2 marginalibus purpureis ciliatis percursa, lodicidis oblique bidentatis,
germine elliptico obtuso, siigmatibus 2 plumosis." Flora Danica, 41, tab.
2401; Kjoobenhavn, 1845.
The species was found l)y Vahl on the west coast of Greenland, by Niakoriiak
near Fman k, at an elevation of atxjut 700 M.
Lange (Conspectus FI. Groenl.) adds to the diagnosis: "foliis flaccidis,
planis, acutissimis; glumis parum inaequalibus, purpurascentibus, margine
apicem versus albomarginatis."
Glyceria Langeana Berlin (Karlvaxt., insaml. under svenska cxpcd'tionon till
Gronland 18S3).
"Ilumilis, dense caespitosa; foliorum fasciculis intravaginalibus; foliis
rigidiusculis aruatis; cultnis rigidiuseulis vix folia superantibus; paniculis et
spieulis glabris; glumis inaequalibus acutiusculis; paleis obtusis exterioribus
apice laceratis."
North Greenland: Kangaitsak.
Glyceria angustata (R. Br. sub Pua) Fr.'(Fig. A: 14-15).
By llobert Brown (Chloris Mel villiana,p.223) the species is described as follows :
"Poa angustata, panicula simplici coarctata lineari-laiiceolata, locustis
4-5 floris, gluma inferiore dimidio minorc, perianthiis apice erosis:valvula inferiore
basi elanata lateribus glabriusculis, foliis angusto-linearibus.
"Desc. Gramen 4-6-unciale, glabrum, erectum; radice fibrosa. Culmi
foliati, basi quandoque divisi, laeves. Folia angusto-linearia, plana, acuta,
glabra, laevia; vaginae subcylindraceae, laeves, suprema folio proprio longior.
Kovit. FI. Suec. S.Hanti*
Lund, 1812.
It tt
Ciniiuliiin Arvtir Expedition, l!)l,i-lS
()rnii(>M ipsa \\n>\ iiitc^ra; ligiila tiiilxiujidratu ' 'ii lata r|iiain lonfin, npicc ilcfiinta
(Ictitf tni'ilio paiilo ioniciori-. I'aiiicula crccta, anjtustntn, ('irriitnN('ri[i! otic
linraii-luiH'Hilata, raiiiis paucifloii?', pcdicclli.t (IciiliciilaliM, slrictiM, viridilms,
apii'c pallid (lilatato, ciiiii lociisla hand (iiiiiiiiio rontiiiuo, LocUHtor liyulirino,
KlaliciTiiiiar, iitiiiu'i'viac, cniii pcdiccllis pi'i'.si.sicntcs, vulviiia inferiors fere
diiiiidio iniiKirt'; siiporimc dtipio laliorc rl fcn> dupio loiigioic, chtii.-'ioiT, pcri-
liiitliin diiiiidio ciicilcr lufvidrc. ncrvis lalcraliliits olisolctis. I'criaiitliia scpar-
aiiiii (Iccidciitia, laclii lociistac Klidirn; valviila inferior ohIotiKa, coiicava, aciiliiis-
ciila, a|)i(i' scaridso oroso-donticulato, (iniiKHicncrvis, latciilxm infra iiicdiiini
(iiiIh' rara iti ncrvis cxfiinis crclirioro itiNtriicti.u, ipsa basi nlisqiir hum irnploxn;
superior paiilo hrevior, dincrvis, nrrvis viridiliiis, dentieiilatis, laterihiis coni-
pliealis, I^idiciilae -', liyalinae, iinlierlies, seniiliitidue. .Stamina 3."
AecordiiiR to Lange the siiecioM is a near ally of C Vahliana,
Glyceria paupercula Holm (in IVdde, Rcp.rt. Ill, 1907) (Fin. A; 10-17).
"Cai'spitose, perennial: eiilnis low, curved or dccuinhent, iiiowtly Ical'y
to the paniele, the liase of which is often enclosed in the l.'iif-sheath; leaves
narrow, Hal, Klahrous, tlur blade aliout as Iour as the sheath; panicle pyramidal
and open during anthesis, more or less contracted afterwards; spikelefs three
to four-Howereii, seldom five-llowered; empty Rlumes unequal, the lower the
shorter, both much shorter than the spikelets; flowering glume |)uuited,cuririate,
glabrous, five-nerved; palea bidentate, glabrous.
'It is a memiier of the section Alropis Hiipr.
"Mansfield island, Hudson bay; collected by Dr. R. Rell."
Since I described this species a revision of the genus Puccinellia in eastern
North America has been presented by Fernald and Wutherby, in which several
now .stations have been recorded from the coasts of Labrador, Keewatin, Ncv/-
foundland and Quebec, besides that two varieties have beer d< scribed by these
authors: alaxknnu (Scribn. et Merrill), new comb., and longiqlumis n. var., the
latter from Prince Edward island.
According to the revision, cited above, the var. ahsknna has been pas.sing
very generally in eastern America as Puccinellia arigui^lata, based u|X)n Poa
anguslata R. Hr., as for instance, by Simmons (\'ascular plants, Ellesmereland,
1900), whose specimens thus belong to the variety of ,.nupcrcida.
Glyceria arctica Hook. (Fl. Hor. Am. II, p. 248.) (Fig. C).
Fr HE C. — Clyceriti arciica Hook. (Greenland).
1. Spikelet. 2. Empty glu.. s. 3. Flowering Rlume, side-view, 4. Same, dorsal view. 5. Palea.
(All figi'res enlarged.)
.l;<7(i l'liiiil!<: Morphology ami Sijiiuiiijmi,
15 B
Liiii({<' (('oii«|). I'l. (irociil. I.e.) dcsiTilH's il.is ns |ii||()\v,><:
"("jit'spitos.'i, 1-1 i' liiiiKii, ciiliiiis V liH.^i t!<'iii('iilatii ,mI-i (•ii(l('niiliU> v. rri-rtiH,
riditiislx. rariiiM iiixiiiMiili^); foliif* planis. I'xsiccaiiild iiiw)liiii>; |iaiiirulii aiiiplii
(lid ti" loiiKa), rarhi iiiddrcscciif iar scalni), raniis lirini-, iri'clii-paf ulis (laro
divaricatis), ante i-i |Hist aTilln'niii adprro^is: spiciilis iiiaju-i iilis .">-S-lii»rJs, )(li>mi8
aciiliiisi'iilis, irifrr. dupl(» lirfvioic; palca inf. U-.")-iicivim. ohiiHa. api''<' croso-
dcnlii'iilatn.
"Var:
"ti /(/JO noli. (0. »//f/(('(/ HiM)k. ex dcsriiptiorif) Diir. |)l. Kan. No. '.I7 (<x Itiro
natali) foliis latiorihii.s, plani", llarridi>, pajjina sup<Tii)ic mmIhI-; pariiculut'
rainis iiifi-r. 2-H iri viTlicillis, |K)>t aiitliosiii divaricatu-rctlcxi^, -pnnli-i vario-
gati^, 0-8-ll()ris.
"7 f«;(i7/ar(.s iKil)., culiiiiillaccidi^; f()lii< cloiinal i-^, aiicn-li^, -iipia laivilm^:
paniciila niitaiitc, rairiis ImiKin- 'ilis, capillarci^, lit \iiusis i'-:t in \ 11 1 icillis, dc-
lloratis (Mi'ctit-pal iilis, iiifcrnc Itiij^o spalio iiiidis, ?'pi(iilis la\f .■)-ti-l!fti i-. \ liidiliii.".
"3 ihisiidiithn :i(il)., riKidiiisciila, pracci'dfiiliiuis liiiinilior, palca inf. <• hani
ad iiicdjiiin diii'so lati'rilius(|iii> piilicscctil)', l>asi, (I'luirinn iii.star) l(>ii){r laiiatti.
"Si)cci('."i polytiiot'piia, prafccdcriti (0'. riiarit.) aflinisci f(ii>an non ni>i (•jll^d«•IIl
varii'las, taiiicii modi) crcsccndi, fitatura chitiorc ft pliiribiis diaiurti liliii-
vidctur disliiinuonda. Noiiioti <•'. uirl i<aelliK)\i. adliilmi, ciitn dcxiiplio (!..•. p
2-lS) .■'alls liciic nostrae plaiitac rcs|)ondi'at ; olisorvari laiiicti drlwi liniiraiii (Moi.
Airi. tail. '2'2'.)) (n-idcidcr ad spcciiiicn iiiacniiii cf iioiidniii picnc cvdliiliiiM f.Mclam
CHsi'. Siip|H)siii()iicm on tcxlii ad l''l. Dan. '1'>S'2), plantani ^lornlandicani
eandcni esse cuiii ^ ' uuiritiin v. iidlnxlri Fr. adliui licnc flindalain r-isc- rrlisco."
( Irccnland.
Elymus mollis Trin.
This sprcics is fr('((iiently I'Dtifoiindcd with tlm iiri't'c £'. urcnarius L.vav.
villoKiin U. Mcy. hy Ciri^(•l)a(•il (Fl. Ross. I.e.) E. mollis i". dc'crilu'd as follows
"Ciilnio apice vclutino, fo ."s dcinum conviilutis, n'wa clonRata, spiculis p.-iiiinis
V. Icrnis r)-pliiri(loris rhachcos intcrnodiuiii supcranlihiis, ({I'liiiis In'*' laiR'i'olatis
at-'iiininatis o-7-nervihus inaiRine inftnbranacfis fiorihu.-ifiiic dense villosis, his
exsertis, nervis tenuibus dorso prominulis." The variety villunus oi E. iinrKiriu.i
18 described by Lanne (I.e.): "Iluinilior qiiatii forma in Kiiropa vulgaris, sed
spiea rol)ii8tior, gluniis dense villosis; eetcruiii vix a tyf)e diflert."
CYPERACEAE.
Carex [Rtippius] L.
The genus is [KJorly represented on the aretie coast explored by the
expedition and C. incurva is the only Vignea collected. With regard to the habit
the stoloniferous speries are more frequent than the caespilose, uiid they ail
are "phyllopoilae." This character "phyllopoda" implies a biologic |)eculiarity
which is possessed i -pecially by northern types; it consists in the sli(M>t being
dicyclic, i.e. vegetative in the first, floral in th(> second season, with the rami-
fication of the shoot s;,ini)odial. Moreover, in this type the very young iiillores-
cense is j)roteeted by being surrounded and covered by a nuiid)erof leaf-sheaths.
The inflorescence thus terminates fh' shoot and when the fruits have matured,
the main shoot flies off completely while a lateral btid developed in the axil of
one of the basal leaves continues the growth of the rhizome and repeats the
succession of a vegetative and Horal stage. Otherwise with the "ophyllopodnr."
In these, principally southern species, the shoot is most often pliocyclic with
reference lo the \eg« taii\e Stage but nioncx yclic as far as concerns the floral.
For in the aphyllopoilae the ramification of the shoot is most frequently mono-
podia!; however, there are :!Ome species which, although being aphyllopvdae,
show a sympodial ramification and in which the very condensed rhizome, mostly
more or less caespitose, develops a number of purely floral and purely veget iive
I
16 B
Cnmidiiin Arctic Hjri>e<lilu>n. I1>IJ-18
KhcMitN l.tit with tin nppurciit rrRuliir HU(<<'!.p(Mm. ClmmctmHti.' of ihi- tiiihyllo-
poilni \*, however, that the vi»iitiK intlores^ei'ncc xn not e«)vere.l hy leaf-«hrnthi!
from the yeiir previous Imt l>v m-ale-like h-iived or, h't im nixy, "hud-senleii
(ievelofie.l'ftl the dame lime aHthc lnnl npiM-nrn. Thfw \y\w»: phyllopiHlae iind
nphiilloiHxIar, wore first liroiinhf to utieiition hy Khas I'rioH ' and thoy am imloed
very chiirueterifttie and helpful to the determimition of many critiial f<|MMiei(.
In iny paiKMx deahnu with ( yperae.ae* I haveoflen (leinonntrnto<l thothntinetion
of tliexe types as an irn|>ortant tneauM of chiHsifyitiR Cnricrn.
With rPRard to the M|K<cie!«, the hut shown that llie Vi(jtiriir are otdy repre-
sented hy C. inntrvn, wJiile eleven Carirts gemiimie were ct)lleeted. As has hern
the ex()eVieiiee of other aretir expeditions, the Microrhynchne, Aeorantiichyae and
Ph>isoiiir]me are the most fniiiient, and C. xlinin Drej. seems to he the most,
eonimon; it represents ('. (niiiiillHs Wahlenli. of the more Bouthern, hut still
l)f)real, regions. Since ('. utahx has sometimes been mistaken for tall specimens
of C. rigiiln, I have figured one of the specimens from Hersehel island (Part A,
Plate 1, fiKs. 1-4), lieside a much larger one, which I collected on the west coast
of Ciree'nland, near Jacohshavn (Part A, Plate I, fif^s. ")-S).
The original diagtiosis* reads as follows:
"Spica mascula 1, feminis 3-<>, elongatis cylindricia densifloris ohtusis
BuhscfsilihuH, hraeteis infimis foliaceis latis planis cwlmuni auperantilms auri-
culatis, squamis ohlongis ol)tusi8, perigyniis (iminaturis) obovatis brevissime
ro<!tellatis ore intcgris encrviis, stipmatihus 2-3.
"Grocniai.d; Vahl.
"Radix stolonifera erassa vaginisobducta. Culmus crectus, strictus, crassus,
obtusangulus v. acutangulus, lacvissimus v. (raro) superne scabriusculus. Folia
plana, lata, laevissinm v. niicem versus mnrgine acabrata. Spicae 4-8, termirialis
mascuia, relitiuae fetri.irrn , mascula cylin Irica subclavata sip.iainis oblongis
ohtusis, feminea.' densiflorac obt- ", superior interdurn apico inaacula, infima
peduneidata relicpine scssiles. Uraetea infinia longiaaima culmutn superans,
marginibus apioem versus scabris, auriculis brevissimis subamplectentibus.
Squamae perigynio multo minores, obtusae, fuseae v. nigrae, v. perigynia
auperantes acutiuseulae. Perigynia obovata onervia, cstipitata brevissmie
rostellata ore integro, viridiflavae v. apice fuscac. Stylus brovis subexsertus,
Btigm. 2 V. 3 elongata, llaccida villosula.
"Haee species, rujus perigynia modo immatura vidi, ^x distylis C. aquahlt
et C. mxatili maxime affinis .-st '. Al> ilia differt foliis omnino planis latis, hraeteis
brevioribus, spiia mascula solitaria, colore spicarum .'usco v. -'-ito, statura
humiliore. Ab hae: bracteis latis planis brevissiine auriculatis t , aium multo
supcrantibus, spicis subclavatis densifloris pet. A retrris distylis longius distat:
C. acuta differt spicis pedunculatis pendulis arutis: C. caespitusa spicis ncutis,
bracteis aiiRiistioribus, eulmo scaberrimo. perieyniis -fipitatis nerva*is._ C. Mricta
Good, spicis niagis laxifloris acuiis vapinis folionitn (ihrilloso-roticulatis, cet."
Thi-! diagnosis was based upon specimens collected by Vahl in Greenland.
KUkenthal * refers (\ shins to ('. afiiuitilis as a variety incluiling ('. voriahilia
Bail., a species from the subalpino lK)gs in the Rocky niour.tains (Canada-
Colorado); however, this classification is not natural, anc. is undoubtedly the
result of working with tw) scant material.
Concerning C. subspathncta and C. reducta, these are near allies of C. saline,
but tneir geographical distribution is much farther north; ihey have been
do:,eril"d and figured in .i recently published paper, dealing v/ith Varices aeoraa-
tackvat : SaHnne..*
I Synopsis Caricum distigmiitirarum, spicU suxu ilisUmnis, in Sc:iiijin;ivia lectorum. Bot. Notiser.
'"""« Am. Jour'n. of Science, Vol. 48. New Haven, 1919. p. ;9
' Drcjer, S. Rovisio eritic:i Caricum boicalium. Naturnlst. liJssKr
♦ Cypernreae-Caricoiileao in Engler: Das Pllanicnreich. IampiIj?, 19!),).
•Holm.Theo. Studies in the Cyperaceao. Am. Journ. of be, Vol. 4».
Vol. 3. CoiJcnliagen, 1841.
New lUvon, 1820.
Anlir I'Uiiili' .l/«;7»/in/"i;V null Siimniiinni
17 ■
IJI.IACRAi!:.
Hilllx' .- iiliiiit-' .'iif r\tr>'inrly lan- iti tl r arrtic riiiiiin. Zuiinilniif iiluiiiui
Nllft. of the Sli'liilitliiirciH', /,/<>;/''"' 'ffiittHii tiliil Alliiiii, xihirifiim of llw l,iliiii'i'ilt<
arc, •»> far a> I know, llir only l>ullioii> t[M'rii'w kliowti ftoiii llii-. n-Bioii ; llifV
.vcri' collifl.Ml liy Kjcllmaii al Port < lariiiii', wliilr l.ln,i,lni j. tlir only out-
rollccti'il liy till' t'\|MMlitioii.
Tlir i£fiiii^ l.liiiiiliii ha!« Mil ii)ii'ri'«lin|{ lii!«fnry ami «>• nwi- ui IniiiTli ' an
.xcfllciit Mc I'oiiiit oi' the hisloiN ami of thr rnorplioloKifal >li mtiiri' of tin- -ptMics.
It wa-* tir"! ili'>(ril)4(l l>y ("a!<|iar Haiiliiii,' who iiainril it /'v< iiiliinniii.-.tiin craiiiiht'O
folio. »iv"' I.I iiiiiiiiircin.Mis iiutlinif: at lli;il liliu' il \va~ klmwii niily fiimi tin'
iiioiiiilaiii> of ."'wit/i'rlaml ami Austria: siviral years .aftcrwanU it wa- ruHectcil
.also ill llimlaml. on tlir liiclu-l |ii:.k> of .siiiowdoii in Walis liy I'.il. I.liwyil (.il-o
written l.ln\i|i, ami \>\ Hajiis <li>iKiiali'il willi the iiiiri'ilain .iiiiiillMtion as:
MiillHisa .'Jpiiia juncifolia. |m'I icarpii* nnico iicrlo in siiiniiio laiiliriilo dodraii-
lali. Hajii*. as a matter of fact, h.aii onlv fruiting s|MMiiiieii> |{\ Dillenni* it
wa-< tiaiiK-il lliillxHiiiliiim nliiiinini : l>\ I.innaeiis Hiilliiimiliiiiii si inhiniiii ami
later on Anlfuilciim sirntiiiiiiii. nmil Salisliiir\- referre<| it to a new uenii>i whicli
he naineil l.hniilin.
S.\MC.\CE.\E.
Salix Richardsonii lliNik.
The ,H coinpanyiiiK pholo(£r;iph (|) shows a tree of ihi- <pei ii- from
.Macken^fie iiver. south coast of N'ictoria isl.aiid.
I'hotoui.iph (2l shows the >aliie >pecics. m-owin(£ aloiiij a sin.ill tnhiitary lo
< "opperniiiie liver (l)elow Hloody fall).
.Mkiiii I he occurrence of this species in the river-bed of S.adlerochil river
.\liiskii, .\Ii. .lohunseii quotes from his field-notes as follows;
"Two iiecics of willow-shrulis and trees seem lo occur in this liver-Ked
and on the shclten-d and wet places (iritiulary <'reeks) of the ailjoiniuK mountain
slopes, aUmt •_'.') miles frcnn the loasl : ( I ) .\ very cominon and dominant species
iS(UiX UlcliiinlMinii Ilk.) with re(ldi>li hark (laaiiehes) and piiliescent Iwijts and
leaves, the latter lieiiiK rather lnoad .iikI ovale-shapeil; in favoiiralile places
this willow attains more than iiian-heiKlil and a trunk thickness of itp to alxmt
(i inches in cliaineter and form.- a dense tree or shriih growth. (2) .\ not nearly
so common sjk .'ies (N. qliiitrn I,.) with more narrow leaves, aiiil less puhe.scent
twins and darker Itark. It does iioi attain (in these arctic river-lieds) the size
of (I), is hardly v re than a shriih and h.as a far less twisted-for'xcd appearance,
hut a more slia..,..t >{n>"th than (II. .\lso it seems to prefer more dry places
that- fli an. I is first met with some distance fnmi the coast inland.
"Willows alioiit man-heiulil were seen on the low, uravelly clay li.inks or
islands in th,- bed of the river at its moiiih: lull outside of these (and similar)
protected places jt was only in the larcei creek-valleys that they attained a
similar or hiutier size. Such a creek valli y. Imrdi-red by 'JdlMdK tVet lii(jh clay
banks on the east side of the livir I went into. The clay banks had the usual
tundra veiictation (including dwar''"d willows) mi lop, and steep bare sides;
but in the creek liottom willow- li.ad an extensive and luxurious growth (netting
scarcer and dwarfed at the lii'ad of the creek), attaining more than double
man-heiirlii and trunks thicker than a man's arm on specially protected plai'cs.
I See Xeji. 'li.
"There seemed to be two species, the one (.s'. Richnrilsimii Ilk.) rea<'liiiin a
far (ireater size and beiiin much more ilominant than the other (.S. qliiunif).
Similar ciuiditiot's for and occiirrences of willows were rei)<)rted by dift'erent
Members of the expedition from other rivers fTree and HiKxl rivers) flowing
into roronation gulf."
' Hi'ilrunf ziir
■' I'riiilrciiiiU-.
ii:i-^'i. 11171. p ■-•:
iliT I'lliinzcn. Hcit Zi'itunif, I,i"p/.iu. !sii:; p. mi.
i
18 B
Cdniiiliiiii A relic E.rpiililiioi. I III 3-1 SI
.'.'Wu A'.cfri ./sun-; Ho,,k.
A irco in iTcck-liol i f liao'< " Miiilii'ii/.ii' liivrr.
Mar. Ii 211, I'.Mii. (I'lii.tc by l\ .r,,li.iii-,.n.)
h I •■asi ..f Vict..ria IslaM.I al.u* 111° :iO' West.
S. anglorum (ham.
■J'lic .■<i)('i'i<'s was (s)llccti'(l at si'xcial .■■iali(iii> aiiil. uiili rr^'aiil to its occur-
rence, Mr. .Johan.seii writes:
"('(ilic liiilliurst. (liows aiiKHJK ura-x's, cii'.ion tin' I'lax-haiiks witli which
the higher tiindrti l)chiii(l falls oil to the saiidspil, and on the tundra itself.
Found lK)th on tlie lop and slopes of liiese elay-iianks: in the former place the
vepeialioii is more siiinicd and ."-carci'i (liaii on (he .-lopes and in (lie |)ii)lecied,
small gullies here. (Jrowth somewhat prostrate ami spreading;, Kiit twigs and
catkins protruding well from suirounijinir xcyctat iiui."
Antic I'liii'ts: MorpholtKjn (111(1 Siikiiihiiiiij
lit 1)
\
><llix H.,-hanhnnii Hook.
I'rcim tributary to Copiiernilnc' livor ilu'low Ulnmly lull). IVhruary
r..I..li:iii-cn. ;
uary W, I'.H.'i. ^I'liutu l»y
r..I..li:ili-cn. ;
■■ l',liiiiii((l(i-l:xial: IkIuikI, I)()li)liiii and riiion Sirail, X.W.T. [off Cocklinin
)H)ii]i H..M..\.]. Tlio vopetatioii of tlii.s island i.s latlici- scarce and sluiitrd
owint to it> cxiKJscd |H)silio!i and iK)or soil ((loloniitc-iock or uravcl); it is hc-t
ilcvclopcd in dcprcssion.s, or in shelter of prolriidintr cliif-parties or ];ir(;e lioiilder-.
The conditions and the vejictatioii are tliiis similar I.) those found on llie islainl
^exci'pt (liaiitiy island) in the outer liarliour at Hernard iiarlioiu
"The willows in (piestion sirew in i):ilches iieie and tiiere: tieneiaily several
plants tonelhcr: f^roulh |)rostrale. ami eacli plant not neail,\- a< spre;i<lino a-
oil the niainl.'inil.
'OinUK 111
louiin-
n ,'iiid
led ill
on the niainlaiiil.
"H( I'Kiiil lidrliiiiir nnainlandi. l)olpliin and I nion strait. \ eiv coi
e\ cry wlieie. especially on poorer soil isaiiil. jiraNcl). where it is one of the di
atinji iilant-. On such nra\c'll\- and ^and\- soil with little other \eij;elatio
where more <\posed the plant spreads out over the firoiiiid mot li.alf l>ui
till' sand as i^ the case with N. (Hdlifulid) in all directions, the whole plant remind-
inti one of a hilfie liasket-stallish. The centre of the plant is ele\ated mosl
(thick Irunk-liases, many dea<l lea\i'si: and most of the lea\cs .-iiiil catkin- are
found at the terminal liralich-ends, which seem to seek i.iit small depre-.~ion~
in the fil-ound lo shelter the twifis. The diameler of a very larjre plant lna\
reach a couple of yards; its hei>;ht (i\ er t he [froiind onl\ a lew inches. A- i- I Ic-
case with other prostrate willous the female calkin- .are le>s likely to he blown
off the jilants diiriiifi the winter, where these latter inot the catkinsi are snou-
co\-ered. In l!!lii the s4>ason wa- several weeks earliii' than in IDI-'i. and llie
cat kiii-l'ud- Well' nolici'd to emel'ife from their luacls in the end of M;iy, Mtiti;
ihouiih it look a whole month hefore the first (lowers apjieared. In 101.") the
tiisl >taniinate Mowers were noticed June '2'.i and the first pistillate ones land
new li>a\esi live days later. 'I"he flowerins Kevins earlier at the coast and on
island tlian farther inland. The flowers in the cat kins have I he follow iiiK colours:
(ll slaminate scales ( hi'actlet.s) black with purple base and white hairs: small
inner -cale ('bractletl purple: filament pale-pink: anthers dark rose-|)urpIe,
lulJiinii M'llou when llir |H)]ieli caliie mil. laiel lilaik. 'ii pisliljale. .\- I he
.staminale icapsiiles) ilark purple, helow with white woolly hair-." .
24i..-,7 _■!
•JO B CiiiKKliiin Airlic Kxitiiliii»ii. UU.i-IS
S. ovalifoUa liaiitv. var. camdensis Schii.
,\l)<)iit tliis Mr. JohansiMi writes as toilows:
•■Ciillinson puliit (CaTiiiicii Imv). This willow fjnw on iii(»i«' ban, (iiavclly
tiiiulra near the beach (tiaiisiti(>n-re(jioii to the latter), in patches of several
plants its (irowth was very prostrate and ilepressed (ainonK stones and ve^e-
tatioiii with the stems and branches lyinjj very close to thegroiind andspreadinK
widely, so that onlv the <'atkins showed up from a little distance. Kspecially
the ^iibterraiieaii parts (roots and stem iiarts) were less extensive and >preadinn
than with those found at Konnanevik, Alaska (see below) ; iwobably l)ecatise they
did not (£••<»« <"> -*:"'"' ''"'"''* :>'' '^ ''"' '"""' "' '*"' f'*'""''' '''"'■'"•
•• Kiniiitimrtk (('amd(>n bav). The collectmsj place w:is wh.-re the seashore
beach) throiitih low sand dunes fjoes ov«'r into the more typical tunilra b(>hind.
On these sand dunes the veKetati(m is very characteristi.' and consists ali.iosl
exdusivelv of Kill m UK, Carex, Salix, CluiwanKriinii. etc.: each species spreaduin
.iH.th alK)ve and under the siionn'l) over hone i)al.hes (areas) and dominatmc
more or less to the exclusion of the other species. This Snhx seemei to be very
prostrate but the larRcr part of each plant is buried in the saml, so that only the
leaf- and' catkin-carrvinn branch-parts (outer I) i)rotrude(l. It wt.s iiKJstly
lariie pbmts widclv siireadinp (l)Oth roots and stems); the branches olten haviim
lorm of louK "runiiers" intorsectinp the sand in al! directions. The sand-.oyered
D'lrt- of the branches were without leaves or catkins and pale ( whiie-yellow).
When urowinjj in less .sandy .soil the growth is MatiU'ally more condim.sed (s,-e
above un<ler('ollin.soniM)int). The plantswerem ,il bloom m theendof.Ium' here.
• Martin point The collectinK place was a .sandy gravel spit of slight
el,-vat'ion with the sand dunes le.- -M-onounecd than at Konganevik. \ egctation
rather scattered and in patches cept around the several iwnds an. the big
lagoon between the san.l spit a,... the mainlaiid behind. On sandy places the
veirefition was much like that at Konganevik, with Honrkenym lakuig the
pla.-e of Chamaenerinm. -Vs the character of the spit was somewhat int<.rnu.diate
between the beach regions at (^ollinson point and at Konganevik .so <"<1 ;'!''«'
the urowth of the Salix in qut>stion resemble those of the species from Inith ol
the alK)vc places. .\t the time of collecting the i)lants had dropi)ed <tanunate
catkins and had unripe pistillate,"
S. reticulata L. , , ,
V< mav be -^een from the text-figure (I)) the foliage varies (puK- consid.Mably
•,> to' size and shai)e; in iwarly all the staminate plants collected the leaves were
"smaller than in the pistilhif. The large, almost orbicular leal (I'lg. 1) is fro.n
•I birtce pistillate plant of which all the leaves showed the same outline and
approxinuitelv the same size: the two leavs (Figs. 2 an.l 3) are fro.n a stam.nat.>
plant and i)0th forms of leaves occiir.vd together on this plant : the sp,-cim..i.s
were collected at Benianl harUiMf.
|-|.,1 M. I).
l.i'avcs iif Sali.r rt'.irnlnhi I..
1 I'islilhitr i)l;iMi: li('rn:iril liiillHiur
■J. .^Iiiniiiiati- plum; same localilN
:i. Slainiiiatc plant; same loialily
I, I'islillatr plant: IliTsclicI island,
."i and •'). Pistillate plant : Henianl liar-
hum-, i.Vll leaves stinw tlie natiira'
-ize
m
Arclir I'Idtits: MorphiiUiiji! ami ^iiii'iiuioiii Jl »
POLYGONACEAE.
Polygonum viviparum I..
Some tall spociiiicDs i'loiii CiiiiKlcn liav iii(a>iiic' iii liiiiilit l(i ciii. Tlic
>ill>tciraii('an stem is a short, hut tliick, liorizoiilal rhizoiiic with the iiitcnioili.'^
cxticiiu'ly short ; towards the i\\w\ tlic rliizoiiic is inorc or lr» Kent so as to fonn
a kiifc; no stolons arc <lcv('l()|)f'<l, and thin, sccondarv kmiIs proceed fioni the
rhizome. Characleiislif of the species is the developinenl of hlilhlets in the
intioresceiice: they have been desciiiied liv AresclioilK-' 'i'liose liullilets consist
of a lulx-roiis axis of two internodes, and the leaves are nieinliranaceoiis, slieatii-
inn: at the ap<'.\ of the hiilbh't is a terminal l)ud enclo-rd within memliranaccxxis
leaves, mostly three. When the l>Mll>lel falls off u ^rreeii leaf appears and second-
ar>- r<M)t> <levelop from the tiiherous internode. These IjiilMels thus form new
iniiividiud- and constitnte an imiK)rtanl means for disirihiii ini; the plan' ovci- a
l.-iruer area since, as nielilioiied aliove, there are no •tolntis.
P. Bistorta I..
llialniar Nils^on - has desciiiied the strin'fiire of the rhizome which accoid-
iny lo this author repiesents a m()no|)odinm with a lermin.al. \-eg(>tative Imd,
and with t lie tlower-hearinn stem developed in t he axil of one of 1 he <;reen |ea\ cs.
Til-' r;,i/.ome resemliles that of the preceding species hiil it is -loloniferoiis and,
on i!ie other li,itii|. no ImlMels are developed in the inflorescence. The -pecj-
meii- collected measured a heipht of ahoiit IS can.. includin« the intloresci nee
with the flowers well dexeloped.
Rumex arcticus Tiautv.
Several -pecimeiis Were collecled with tlowcis and mature fniil
llie
heiuhl of a fiiiiliiiu specimen from I'.athiirsf inlet measured 41) cm.. \\\v -lem
heinn 12 cm., while the larjie inflorescence was 2S cm. The sulnerranean slein
represents a very coiulensed pseudo-rhizome liorne up(m .a deep, thick lap-rooi:
heside that, lontj and (plite thick .s(>eond;iry roots develop from the siihterraiiean
internode-, (Jreen leaves .are (piite nuiiKaoiis, foiininp a ro-ette.
Oxyria digyna L.) Hill.
In this (ilant the aerial shoot represents a rosette of li'aves with the llowel-
liearint!: -tiaiis apparently lateral. With resix'ct to the siiliterrancan orK.an-
there is a deep ''M' relatively slender primary root which persists for se\cral
y<ars: from tin ' ■ un of the i(M)t several erect or .MsceiidiiiK stems are developed;
"thi'y are densely covered with remnants of leaves and the internodes are very
shorl. From these siililerrancaii sleiii-)K)rtions .stokins develop (Fi«. V.}: lliex
are covered with tilliiilar leaves hut the internodes are often (plite distinct, and
S('coiidar\- roots proceed from the nodi. The s|)eciiiien fiiiured represents a case
of the .aeri.il shoot heinji' developed from a stolon, heside that a yoiili!; .stok)n of
second oidii has developed from the ascenditifi. siihterraneali stem. Alost of
tlie specimens loliected were of this t.vpe, developi'd from stolons, .and only a
V('r\- few were seedlings with the primary root present.
n
J
CARYOPIIYFJACEAE.
Lychnis iToum.] L. se(-iio W'ahlbergella Fries.
.\s a .sicnus Wuhlln njillu was estahlisli(>il hy Fli.as I'ries 3 and distinfiuishcfl
h\- the ovary heinj: unicelliil.ar, the valves of the capsule hifid. and the seeds
\V!!!L''ed' t!io irenus w.as placed. !>et\veen \' t'^'J"j'"f iwvl Mil'i*'.{h'UJ>" ,
• lli.|i:m lili 1 iriiii(fkiii>|ii)arrKi> MmiMl.ijri n.li Hiolufi, I, unci, Is,'c7. ii
' Diliciivhi ji.rcl.-.tijminiir. Arta L'niv, Lund, xix; LutJ, liS.!-K,i.
■ tioiaiiLk:- .Vuiir-T, 1 uri.l isi:i. p i|:;.
I'al., \ir, liL'. Id.
•.>■-' It
('(UKiiliiiii ArHir Kxixdiliiti), 1!)IS-IS
Tliis saiiic classificiiioii wo find in Kiics' Siiiimia vcRctahiliiiiii Scand
Stocklioliii ilSltii. Willi two species: IT. iijHliibi (I,.) and W . tiffiiiis i.l. Valil),
a diagnosis o! lliefteniis is niveii in lliis work (pj). I.VM.'m) : "Capsiila unilocu-
ii.iis 10 per paria ■■(innalis deliiscens, cariKiplioro stipitato. Setnina
in ndslris sMJlinil luinidtt corriidalo inarfiinala. IJeliqiia
Mrlini(lriil) di»ersae capsiilae (lenlil)Us siniplieiliiis et ae{)iialiter
lam dillerl ut Miilnrhiinii a Stilliirin : (pinad seniina
pecies aicticae, niicrantliao. caiiliKns siinpli-
ians. den
an^uldsa, liiiilx)
l,]ivhiii(li
listanlibiis. C^iuiad eapsii
al) .\lsiin . < )nin(
III l,(i>i(ii>iiinti
cilms
cilms.
Thai Fries also considered Miliniiliiiiin Irijhiriim (W. Br.) \ aid to lielonji
to llie H''iiti'' iiiav l>e seen from |). I."),') (I.e.) where lie writes: "I'roxima esl M'.
trifliinw Vahl semimmi mariiiiie vix lind.alo diversae." While ihe inajorily of
Scandinavian aiiliiors. Hlvtt, liartnian, Kjellman, Lindman. elc. Iiavo aecepled
Wiihlhiijiillii a> a iieiiiis. I,an>ie ' placed the species under Mclnnilrlnni and
i-i...i.i.i K- W'.ii-fiiitwr ' ('iillfii>-< t lii> liisiMwit iftii ti\' l.aiifre.
lis|)osiiioii of I.anpe.
hy lioliinson " placinjr W <i}ilhi iijrUii
I'lio Knhii-liiiis Fenzl (extended), and
this
icceiilly Warming;- I'ollovs the
Still aiiotliei- classification is pr6|H)sed
as ii memliel' of Liichid^ 'I'oiirn. sectio K , ^
author is certaiidv correct when staling- "Kxamination of a niiiiil>er of specimens
seems to sl.ow that in AnM'rican species the characters of partial scplalion of
inflation of the calyx, are v<-iy varialile.aiiil
iiore definite or satisfactory
results."' .\s lonsi' .1^ the treinis
ti
the capsule, division of the v;dv(
do not lead eiilier individually or in cond)inatioii to m
W'dhlhntidid w.is known oidy to consist of the
results. As lonsi' .i-^ I lie treinis )l iiiiincKji iiti h.is Kno^u (mii\ ii> niusi^M wi mc
two species ;.ientione(l .iliove, W . dixliild uml iiffiiils. it was ipiile ?i;itural, but
when increased with l.nflinis Irilbird H. Mr. and furthermore with /,. Toi/ldrae
Kohins.. /.. miiiilniHi Wats.. L. ! ujil Wats., and L. nisniihihi nob,, the (leneric
distinction vanishes. On the oi!:er hand, these species may n.atiirally represent
•V section of their own: the archc alpine W'tihUxnitllii : it is inierestinc in notice
that a member of the section. /.. dprtold L. var. iirdcili.-: has been reconed from
ti,^ .,i.>;,,„ .....r;,.., ,.f >.-,.<ii.i-ii TilK't .'ill l.">-17. 11(10 fiM't.
the .alpine rejiion of weslern Tibet, alt. l.")-17,000 feet.
Th. M. Fries has described a variety arclicd from Spilzberjien ' ihe diagnosis
of which reads as follows: "|)e(hinculis dense cinerascente, siibviolaceo-silanduloso-
viHosis: calyce subfrlol)Oso-inllalo, mafjis jiatente clandiiloso, viilfjo ai)icc sang-
uineo-viol;iceo. vetiis sul)nit:ric;intibus lonsiiliidinaliter stri;ito: i)etalis sub
ariety was found on the coast of
mens
is a distinct species. The diafrnosi
"Of the section: \Vnhlbfr(idJa\ perennia
!rons main riH)t and woody bratiche
Iwarfy. densely c.aespilose with
leaves crowded at the base of the
which are
ages, colour ill dried specimens pur|)lish: stamens ten. the anthers well developed
ovarv nidimentarv with frequently three to four styles."
With regard to the floral structure of Wnhlhrnii'lld Lindman" has describei
the fiowerof M'. npfldhi (L."> I*'''- '" h'*< iiit<'resting and highly instructive: ( 'onlri
■ ( DUMPci'lii- I'lcHiir .lliicnl. . .. .^. .>^...,, .... , ,,,.,,,
'.Svnipt. Kloniui North .Vi.KTini. New \ ..rk. ( Miiihn.lKr.lMt.-. »- . I>. -'-'4
'Tilliiw: till S,K.t<l>iTKi'ns KiimToitainllon.. .Ofvis. K. \ ,-< . .\ka,l. loil,,!!-!. .■M...khnliu. IMfl
. 22.1
- - liiw:
No. 22.)
• iv,i,icM{i>i)<Mt. III. 1WI7. p. :m
• Hilmni:. K. Sveii>k:i ViM. .\kuil. Hilltjr., \"1. 11'. s
.■kliolii.
.l/(7/V I'lmilt: .\[i>rplioliiii!i niul ^ijiinniimij
23 B
Inition^ to th" knowlrdtio of the tlowmiiij and fcciiiHl:ilU)ii ot >("Ui(linivviuii
inountiuiiphuii^. This aiitlior ol.MTvr.l on Dovi- iiioi.niaii. two t.ypcsof Howers
of this spocirs ih.' one \mnvL hiin.-r l.iit Ifss conspicnoiis an.l with tlic staiiions
sliortor- Iho oth.T witli the P'MaU nioic .livlopoi ainl with longer staiiiPi.s.
I m-hms „i„t„la L. lias a very iunn iaU)iit U) -•ii,.:, p.isistiim pfiiiiary r(M)t.
which remain^ vitv sl.Mi.lcr, how.'v.r; similar vny Innu lateral roots pro.vc.l
from iioar the crown of the primary one. \Vhil(> in small specimens the crown
of the root bears a more or less coiiipa.-l roselleot Iimvc-, such lealy rosettes are
in larcer specimens l)orne on a dislinei complex ot sui.terranean stem-hases at
a distance from the crown, thus lepreM-ntinM: a pseii<lo-rhizome: m larj^e specimens
the diameter of the rosette nieasiiivd alioill V2 cm.
/. affiins .] X'ahl shows the -aiiie siriictiire of the vckcI at ive organs as the
nrecedinn Iml tlie plant is smaller. A very tall specie< is /,. Ta,,!,,,;,, Hol.ins(jn,
mcasiirini; in li.^iu'ht aUiiit L'S cm. I.iii of the same hal.it .as the species descril.cd
alKJVo; it w:i« roll. ••■led aloiisi .Mark, h/ie l,av l>v l{i'V. I<aae n. Strmaer (1S9.1).
Stellaria longipes Coldi.' var. Edwardsii \\,ii<.
V' ^^
% -
N
\
\
\
'^
7
~^
w
£_:
Iw.l UK v..
1 OxyTin ■Iwym, I..' Hill. "liewiuK ilic >u,\nu~ an.l a niscttc of leaves witli n flewor-bparing.stem;
naturiNizi--Mi<'ciineiifnimH.TUanlharlK.iir. -J. L!i(l,i,i<nintiilii l..v:iT.mrlim Ih. hr.; flower-
hoiiriiirt .stem; natural mz<-. ^periinrn from WuUasteii laiul. :). .\ l>clal ot' same; enlarged.
■ Lychnis vixoiiliiln nob.; Il.m-cr-lx'.-iriiii: .^tcm: naliiralsize; spnimcii from Mansheld island,
iiudsou bav n. A jictal ol same, eiilarKed. t). StiWiria lorHjii>es Geldic var. KdmirdMi Wats..,
showine a stem with leaves from the previiiiis year, and yiiung, floral sh(M(ts developed Jrom
the axils ol the old leaves; If lime^ naim.il mze, ^p.•. mn-ii 11. .ui r..rt, Ki)«-orth. 7. Same
species- part of a stolon terminated bv a flower; 1 3 natural size; specimen from Bernard
i'lrbou'r S Same species; a stolon; 1 i limes natural size; specimen from Bernard harbour.
24 H
Caniiiiiiiti Aiclif H.iiii'htiini, l')l,l-lS
Arcoidiiiic l<> Waiinitm (I.e. p. 2."m) 'iIh' liriinaiy r(K)l livo tor a long tiiiK',"
Ixit ill none of llic very mmiiToiis specimen- ol' tlic lypieal plant and the varieties
which 1 have examined was the pi'ini;:iy hhH preserved. Characteristic of this
plant is the profuse deveiopmi'iil of loni: stolons with small scale-like leaves
an<l si retched interiiodes(|'"i(i. ID.
These aerial sIkhUs are ascendinc and the leaves are more or less crowdeil
on account of the shorlness ot the inieriiodes. .\s |K)inted out l>y Kjellman '
the leaves are still attached to the sh(H)Is when tlie winter commences Ijut they
are in a withered condition: the stems, on the other hand, remain alive and
persist il'.r(mirh(>iii the winter.
At the l>eiiinninj.>; of the spring small Imds li<'come visible in the axils of the
faded leaves whidi soon develop into small leafy sIkmiIs (Fin. I-: ''-■*^)- 'I'Ik's'-
shoots fre(|iientlv remain veui'tative for one or two yeai> until they liecome
terminated liv aii iidloresceiice or a sinirle liower. In specimens from Port Kp-
worth the tlcnver appeared already m the first seascm as figured ( l'i(r. i;: (i).
We have thus in this sp:'ci<"- of Slilhiiiti a very interesting example of herliaceoii-
aerial -tenis whii'ii winli'r >ver .and produce axillary buds the function of wliicli
is to develop as-imilaliiiy: leaver, new .ixillary liiids. and filially to produce
flowers and fruit. This method of n production I oliserved also m the alpine
plant in Colorado,-' hut in this the axillary shoot- frecpieiitly reach 'he lloweriiiu
slime .'ilicadv in the (irsi year of their urowlh.
Sever, -iT other species of Stitlitrni exluKil this type of vecetalive reproduc-
tion, lor instance: .S. Ii,niill',>liii .Muelil., •*<. hiinnjiixit IJotth., .■ind .<. Ilnlo.-^liii ]..
In N. rnissil'iilid KUth. the withered stem-leaves slil.teiid lartte Imds, hiherii-
aiula, which winti'r over: they have heen descijhed liv Norm;in', viz: "forma
uemmilieaiis. Cauli's saepe stetiles vel |iaueitiori. Kami fiemma lerminali.
coiiipaet.'i. saepius sordi<le violacea, ovalo-uloliosa v.o\alia v. eili|)tica, usipie
nd .') 111. 111. loMiia. e foliis l<;il;dylicis, cariiosis. Iirevilms, ovalihiis, old iisis, (leiisis
formala. < lemma seipieiiie anno a ramo delapsa .seiisim eloiifiaiur. Illirilla-
railicales raiiio.-;is pliircs ex omiii axilla protrudil. dcniiim in c;iuieiii piocumiieii-
tem, ilileriioiiiis loi.jfioiiliii-; tiaildelitem, >e pi'odinit,"
Merckia phy.sodes lisch.
The primary root was not preserved in any of the specimens collected. For
a comparison I have also examined material from I'ort Clarence. Al.aska, from
Moosehide mountain near Dawson. Yukon, ami from Jakiitsk, Siberia. Subter-
ranean stolons are developed with iiiinule sialr-like hvves and w ith stret<'lied
inlernodes: c.ipill.ary .secoiKhiiy roots develop freely from the nodi. The aerial
shoots are lonji. prostrate, very leafy, and while many remain purely vegetativi'
during the lirsl season, some others deveio|) a siiifrle, terminal flower: very
often a loiifl vejjt tative branch may dc \el(ip from the axil of one of the leaves
beneath the flower; thus it may look ,is if ilie liower were lateral but it is only
a|)i>:iientl\- .so. The prostrate ;ieri il sliools develop no roots in the first year
but in specimens which represented ba.ses of old shoots riK,' ■ere present, and
these b;is.'d stem |M)rtioiis had jiiadually become iiuried in the .-oil. ( 'h.ar.aclei istic
of Mirrkiii is thus the ;ibilily to wander not only by means of -iibterraiiean
.stolons but also by m(>ans of the loiiji, prostrate, .aerial shoots.
Cerast'um alpnium I..
This forms l;iij.;e laishions borne upon a deep but -lender priiii.ary root
which branches freely. The numerous persi-tinji -lem-bases coiistilule a p.seudo-
' Mi'tlioil of liilic.nialion un.i vi'plalivr i,-|.n»lii.l i..u in Nmlli Aiiuti.mii -pi'iu-- ■>! SC'll;«n;i . lAiii.
.I.Mini. uf S,,i,.M<v. V..1, .\ \V. N,.«- ll^iv.'M. l!His i ,..>.,.,,,,,, ,, , ■ ,^„'
' I'iunie \nlii :.!■ Ni,rvi->:i.-ii- ^iH'iic- cr loniiiu' < lin-ti;iin:i \ i.l. ScUk, 1 .irliill. I Irii-tiani;!. LSH-,.
p. 2(1. '
Aniir I'liinl.^: Mt>ri>iiiiii'\iii <tii,l S.>i,nn.,ii,,ii
J.) u
rlii/.omr ami may icinaiii active for scvfial years. I'h. !,■ is no Ic liy itiselte as
the eiisliiiMi is formed only liy th<" miiiii'rous hranclicil -IkmUs wiili ilieir iiili'r-
IKxles v<'ry disliliet, and willitlie leavo o|i|)0>ile.
Ilalianthus peploiJes 1 1.) I'r.
This i> known liesi iiniler this name; it is AniKniii iKjihiiilis \... Imt the
m'lms Las also lieen ealled AiiiiiiihIi hui I'liliiii. Ilu„j., min V.\\\\\.. and .\ili niiriinii
Haf. 'I'lie \-enelalive lepmdiielion is ilTecled li\ nuan^ nl lnn« -iililerrani'an
stolons with meniliranaceoiis leaves, >iale-like nml -h.alhinir. which traverse
the ground lor some time until they seek the surface where ihey liecome trans-
foi-Mcd into aerial sIkmiIs with uri'cn tvpical lia\es ,ind Mowers d'ifi. ]■': I);
many of these stolons ramify freely in the ground; lini- tin' indi\iihial represents
a mass ol' Moral and veK"tative shoots. \'ery |ieculi:ir is the developineni of
dwarfed s1i(m>Is uixtn tile sulilerianean nodi of ihi' --loions. 'riieN have liem
descrilx'il liy Warminn ' ami, as shown in the liiiuics i |'ii;~. '.'-Ii. tlicy :irc either
simph- or r-imilK'il. The axis is very short ,ind I he h-.-ive- of miiuile >i/e and
scale-like; they may persist for s,.via-al \.':irs wilh(U< developinii ari\ further,
and, jiidiiinji from the excellent m.-ileii,il collected on the cxp.dil ion, ih.'se
slnK»ls may die off without increasing: :in\- further in lentilh. I h. a- shown at
the apex of the lony: stolon in fi(i. L', they iiia\- liecnnie cMciided into ai^rial
sh(«)ts. .\s mentioned aUive, these sIkmiIs may de\elnp laiertd ~hool:- of llir
same slru<-lure; thus clusters of these max- lie seen at iheronl. Willi reaped lo
thi' rool-systeni, very thin srcondary roots itc dcvcioprd heir ,iiid i ieie lieneath
the leaves (if the stolons hut they are not fietpieii! and no root- wi re ohserved
to proceed from tin' upper p.iil oi' the slolohs. No primary loni wa- i eprese'iird
in auv of the numerous speciim ns collei-ted. '1 iie secdlinii snip- lia> -en
descrilied li\- Joh. iaiksson'; when jrrowirii; in sand the eoiyledons .ire hyp ,. ie.
and evidently hy means of contractile kmms the yoiinjr plant liecomcs pulled
down into the ground: besides true colyledonary Imd- I \Vo pairs of accessoiv
liuds are developed aliove these.
3
l-ici m: l\ Ihilniuil,,,., j,. plui.l.s .1,, I'r.
1 I'.irt oi ;i l.irL"' ~tiilnii liiMrin;; n l.ilcral. more ^Inulcr ^liili.n wlm-ti, mi i ctmIumh ilic -urfui'i
iir:M> (jniM leaves anil a (Inwi'r; natural ^izc. '.'. I'art of a large sKilim lirarinc si'vcra|
liwarfiii ^lioiits, one el' the a|iical liaviiiu urnwii nut .ind dcvclnjicd an aerial -liiKit; nattira
size; .-pecinieii- I'l'iiin >;inils|iit at Martin (mint, ,\la^ka. ;; ami \. Twe iif the dwarfed shoot-
showing rainitications; in lii;. ;> tin- b.asal leaves have dieppid. leavinfr distinct sears; thus
the .-^hortne-s <il' the internodes are readily lo lie oli>erved; enlarged.
rs„, aahiul.iMiskeoi: niorfol..i;i-kr Ul.llai;. -Uelall. ri.l-kl. • ,i. -'. Hd. K vielpeiiliavli. 1S77 7!l, P '."1.
■ Snidier lifviT Sandlliiifin i ii>tra sk?nie. Hiii. I\. S\eii-ka \et, Vkad. lldlKf. \nl -'-'. stdekliiih.i.
IMIIi./
L'ti n
t 11 mill ill II Arrtlr H.rj>"lilii>ii. ll>l.i-IS
Alslne verna Unit I. var. rubella (Wilil.'nli.) [>ko.
Smiic \ .\ l.ii(jc siM'ciiiicns were collfctcd; lli.'V loiiii (■u>lik)ns ot atx)iit
10 nil ill di' iiictor, with iiii .•ihiiiHlaiirc of Mowers. Tliciv is ii pcrsistiim l.iit
I liin ixiii i-v r(K)t wlii.li is amplv rainiti.Ml. Tioni I he .lown of t In- r(M)l niimoious
rrpcatc.liv iiiancli.Ml sIkh.Is iiiisc, hiii (Irslitutc of hkiIs. Warii.iiiK ' stales tliat
ill this species ;is well as i'l .1. hlllnni. mrllni, hiilii, iiriniiliinilini, wairnvarim,
ete. the raiiiitieatioii is iiioiio|K)(iial : dm- the priiiiaiy sliiMit remains voKetative
fhroU({liotlt the life of the plant.
RANINCLIACEAE.
Caltha palustris I..
Mthoiinh al.selit from ( iieeiij.iiicl. Spit/herKeii and Iceland, (■aUhit piiliixlnx
nevertheless is eirciim|K.lar ; farther south it is widely disfrihuled in I.uroiie,
Mini on this continent it o.'cms in the Atlantic States east of the Mississippi,
from the nioiintains of Carolina and Tennessee northward to Newfoundland,
theii.'e west to Minnesota and Saskatchewan: in some forms and varieties it
occurs also in Alaska, alone the norlheni coast of Canada, and in arctic Siberia.
Naturally the species exhil.its a somewhat dilTerent lial.it throughout a raiifje of
-iich enormous extent, and it seems more safe to conclude that the species is
iy)lvmorpliic. rather than to consider the modihcatton in liahit as lieinji of
specific imixirtance. This iiiav he ivadily ai.preciated when we compare the
species as it occurs in the tem|»'iale renioiis of lioth Worhls with the types
known from the more northerly latitudes.
In Norwav, Mcco'-dinn to IMvtl (I.e.), the stem is ascendmn from a decumb-
ent, sometimes nM.tiiiK base, and the foliane shows :i reiiiform outline with the
martlin ereliate; speeimeiis with the stem nMilinjr are by this autiior relern'd to
the forma rmllnnis Korst.. known especially from Dovre mountain and IinmarK.
In Swe.len the tvpical plant is common but llartmaii records aNo the lornia
riiilicaiin beside a form of diminutive size with the leaf-niarKin entire instead of
eleiiate III Hilssia, LedeUmr .{escribes the plant as li;iviii(i an : leci or aseemling
siem with the leaves >ulK)rl)icular or reniform, crenate alontj the marum; fmther-
more the f.niii with the stem roolinnis also recorded by this author. Aseherson
describes the Cerman plant as having cordate leaves at tlie base but remtorm
above- Hiichenau'' makes the same statement but adds that all the leaves are
er.Muite- this author made also the observ;iti.)n that the variety huln hehott, in
which the follicles are erect, was the most abundant while the var. tm'irn luth,
with the foUh'les icciirved. appears to be very r.are. In France 'Ciillhii i>nliislns
is ciuite freiiiient, and the leaves varv from reniform to somewhat cordate but
alwavs witl. the maifrin <renu1,-ite. According; lo .Mathieii' the basa le.ives of
the Belfiian plant are sulxirbicular, iviiiform, ami cnMiiilate at the base wiiile
the eaiiline are ereniilate all round. '
\ similar leaf-shape is also characteristic of the .\merican plant , and I orrey
describes this as "orbiciilate-coi<late or reniform, obtusely crenate, or nearly
entire-" a varietv Inlcqcrrimo {('. inkgrrrimn I'ursh) is also mentioned in which
the basal leaves arc wiioUv ontiio but the cauline obscurely crenate. In (.ray s
Svnoptical Mora a varietv ntih'anis Cray is described, the leaves varying iroin
"dilated-reniform to near'lv truncate at base:" and a<-<-or(hns to this author C.
miliriiHs Forst.. ('. usarifol'ia DC. C. nrclim K. l?r., and C. imliistns var xibirica
Renel are merclv svnonvms of this variety. Finally may be mentioned that in
sCHue specimens from St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, the inartjm is entire m the
basal ,as well as in the (-aulim- leaves, and the outline of the blade vanes from
reniform to eomph-tely round in the basal foliage while the stem-leaves are
' Carvoplivlliii-Piic il'- '■ !>• -■"■ , ,. ,,., ...
' Klomdor I'rovinz Uriimlcnliuru. Itcrlin, I.S(i4. p. li.
' l-loriwlornc,nl»cst(loutH'l.cnTi.'(i'b.-n(>. I.t'ipziiJ. IHitl. p. 2.M
' 1).. LiiKuirck ot Do Ciin.lnllf: lloro !-r.inCiiis.- 1'. 4. V-nx 2. I>:in.. I .l.>. p. ii^.
' Floro Eononilo ilo Holciquo, T 1. Hnixollos. IS...!, p. H.
• lloruof Now York. Vol. I. .Ml.any, lS4:i, p. li .
.l/(7/V I'liinis: Sfoi-pliiiiiiijii tiH'l Siiiinnijmii
27 H
uu-uW ...n.f..nn: .... thr o.h.T iKUnl -,„... vrry I..11 -l"''7'''1' ;''''''';;';' ';^^,';
I'.ar-.' livrr l.iM.li.m, Alhi.lia-ka, l.v .l;iin-> M. Mm.„mm, s how ll... Ic.il-nrirK m
v.Tv fiii.ly cn'nulMl.' ;in<l ih.> oulliiH' roiiii.lisli nMitnri,, willi lli.' -iimi> nhiliv.-l>
'"""Wi'tli lrij:inl tr. tin- Mlrlic plnl.t, lv|.i<:il C.illh.i /nil„.h;x „.clll- in Novil
Z,.n>l.h. lr..,M wl,..n. it i. m^xwd l.v Kj-'IImku, um,! l.un.Utn.n, ' m.mI wIh;!.-
found It niv-..|f- n.v ^ix-ciiunis. li(.wcv,.|-, aiv v. i,v «ni,ili, nirMsiii iim ..iil> li •m
-) K. 7 .111 The fciiniii nnhni'i^. (.n lli.'Oil.cr haml. i- known Iron, aicli.- ^can.liii-
avia as Maf.l aU.v. an.l MjrlinKn, found il m1<o on il,.; A.iain' .omM of inn«
strait, l..-si.|rs on St. I.aw.rn.-.. i.lanU. rurlli.rnio,, , all iIh. .|..Tinirn. .•ollc; .-l
on the Canadian at.-lir ,x|«Miilior. irprrscnt tin- toi n, !■ m. ( . : 1--): ami it i>
known also from tlio islands in Hcrin« M'a.
Tlw SilM'iiaii i.laiit, on tli<- (itlior liaiid, rr|.i-..s..nt.s mostly tli.' •aii.t>
v/6,Vm7, HrH. "ill' •'"• <■•"••"■■' '■'""<•""' '<''»i'''' '■li-Ha.'t..nstir of wlarh w that
the lolx-of 111"' liaf-litadi' form a very nirrow -inn-i|ii:. ;i).
lli.l iU. <.'■
1 Col:!.,, ,«i,..s;n.0..fon,K. ,„./,.■,»,. (iM.i-i,. IlMinu. A irmtinK >l"-inHM, fmrn lIuM^.a i.-iand
''/„!' c',H.g,a f...-iiiu '.id'.-',,,. tl-.,rst.) K..g. l,..,n J.k.it^k, .SiUria; l»..-tl,i.a.~ ol ih.^ natural
In .i.mi)aiinK the leaf-outline of th.we various specimens we notice that the
h-if of the typical plant in Europe is mostly reniform with the marjiin crenulalc,
but varviiiK to almost roundish, suljorhicular; on the American continent the
tvpi^'il "phuit Ikis the lcaf-l>lade more or less reniform hut, as stated al)Ove, the
orbicular outline does also occur; the margin varies from eienuhite to entire;
the latter form is ovidcntlv C. integcrrima Pursh. In Siberia the leaf-outline i?
eeneiallv roiindish-reniform with the sinus narrow, a leaf-type that recurs in
the s^ibf'rian f ..la radicans. In Other words, the form of winch the stems are
decumbent and rooting occurs throughout the northern hemisphere, and the
I I'iiiHTutr;.!".'!' frin Xi>vi»ia Zi'nilj;.. cti
: Dijiiipliiiii Kxpoililion il.i-.;
il.i-. p. :!1U,I
•JS II
i 'iiKinliini Airtir h!.riii ilillnn, IHI.i-IS
l(:il-<iiiiliiir III' ilii« lorrii .iKrcc* with tluii ot iIh' fypii'al jilant n^pcfiivrly fniin
r;iir(i|)r aijil North Aiiii'iicii mm well m.h Ifuiii Silx'iiii, thi- varii'tv nihiricii forma
nulivini>'. Ciillliii imliinlii.s may thil* l«' iidisidfird a |i<il\ iiiKrphniis -.imtio
ilistrilpiitcil liver im area nf ipiiti' I'dii.-iih'ralilc cvti'iit, ami ri'pri'Mi'iiliii-. "rvi-ral
arialduiMi- Inrin- rharartiri/cil li\ ihr >tnictiiri' nf the foh.ir iiruiii^ ratlici than
l>\ thi' tliiral.
Aconitiim (Ivlphinifolium DC
I'hi- lallr^l ^iMiiinrli iiicasiirr- a liiiiihl iif '2'> ilii. alnl licai* TMaal hiti-ral
lairiiH',-, 'hnrlir than ihr I'Miiiiial nin'. With ir^pnl Id iIh' i lui'tatJM' ri'pro-
ilmlinti ihtif i- nil rhi/oiiic, ami llir aiiial ,«lnmt j> JKiriir ii|h)ii a lliirk liiil >h<irt
lap-riKii with niaii\ iatrral r(K)l«iil con.^iili'ralili' li'iiitth ami rilali\ily ihick.
Whin ihi' winlir rnnmii'mis a IhuI i* (li'Vrliipcil in ihr a\il (if ni f tlir li)\\«>i -
iniisl IraM-, ami fruin the lia>i' nf thi« liml a laiitr lap-KKit will ili viliip ilininii
till' wintii. Thi-. niaiiiiri' nf rrprmlurlinii resrinlili'-i thai of .1. iiiiiiniilnin I..
«liirh ! ha\>' i|i ^laihi'il in Mcrik's lii'imrl.' Iml iliflVi-^ from this li\ thr liini
irinaininii M--iir ami not licinu ri'iiiovi'il frnin I hi' Iraf-avil li\ iiiraii- of tin
-Inloii-Iikc ~lt In -II Very plainl\ \i>llili' iti .1. iniiiimlinii.
Anemnni' parvlflora Miriix.
t'npinu-- niali'rial ua> rnlji-riid. alnl all I lir ■^pi'iinicns ri'prc-rnl lhc\aiiii\
iliiuiilijliiid rilirirh.' ll liijiihi;.-. In the mtIioii A uriiii'mnillii n I )( '. nl uhirli
si'vrral sp('cii'> havr iiicn Iniiml on this rnnliiicnl, I'nr in.-lani'f: .1, Infuliu I...
kniiwn al>() from Kiiropi' ami Sihrria, .1. 'ininijiKfulid I.., .1. .■/■,,;(//.<; (Ir., .1.
'Iirn/nliild Aiil. ll eel. In iliiiopr ilic M'liioii is more frriiiicni ; ii i> rrpn-rnii'il
li>' .1. Ill iiiniii.^ii I... .1. ,v///ri .v// /.v [,., .1. Iiiilniiisis ],., .1. ixlliiiiilil I.. r[ crl.
Thr >cilion I-- ai'i'oiilini: to I )(• ( amlolii' ' ilclincd as fnllnws: "( ar. ( ai pijfi
n\()ii|i'a >lslo iiminata liiisnlis>inia villosa aiit siilijilalira. I'rilinili in in\iiliiriii
snlitarii am rari>-i Iiiiii iimlu'llati. siinprr l-linri iiiiili; Mpala o-j."). "
Flnwi'riiiK sp('(■inlr^^ arc tn'ncrallv low, nica-iiriii); only from I In '.( i ni. in
hriuhl, uhili' fniiliiiK sprcimins nia\- nacli ihi- hianht iti almul 2 ■in. 'riie
plant i> pi'ri'iinial ami has a hnii/onlall\ iici'piny; rhizome with slender sloloii>
iieariny liiladar. ineinbranareoiis leave*: -eeomlary r(M)ls are de\elopei| freelv
from the oldii part of the rhizome and heiieath the aerial >hnol». These >h(M)l-
are erect with a -iilTlcrrane'iii a-cendinu slem of the same siniciiire as the
rhi/onie. and when rcai'hinji the siiiface >oine jrreen |ea\e> liecome developed,
which remain fresh diirinj.; 'lie (irsi winter. The llowei- lUn^ not appear until
the succeeding sprini; ••md li\ that lime the leaves have withered. The -liooi-
ihus reipiire two seasons to altain the tlowerin^ static lull iIk \ ina\ pi 1-I<1 nir-
several >eai>. prodiiciiifi' alleriialely lea\e- and flower-.
.\s st.ited ;ilHi\e, all the specimens from the Canadian arctic expcditinn
ie|)re>ent ihc \ariely (/nniilijliini. and in these the ilialncter of the llower idiiedi
mci^med aliout '.i iin.; this variet\ occurs al.Mi in .\laska and in northern l.alna-
dor. The typical plant from Churchill, llud.-on lia\, and from .lasper paik.
.\llierla. is a tallci' plant hut the llouer i~ .-mall, the dianieler nol exceedini.'-
1 • 7 cm.
A. Kichardsonii Honk.
This species heloiifi- to the -:ilne -eel ion liul il is of a much mole slender
habit than the nrec(>ilinir one. The rhizome i^ hori.znniMlh. c!eepi!!ir ;i!id n>'!re-
.sciits a monnixidium until the first llnweriiiji stem develops. The inleninde-
are stretched, slender, averafiiiiii: in Icnu'ih from .'{ to 7 cm.: one or two sicoiidarx
' Miir.li, I'.IIIT
- .\. Ilm-l.-i, Hot. .ImIuIi. \'..I. :i:. f ■ip/.iu'- niiii.. |i, 17.'.
* Itctrni \i'^'ft;ilHli> -\ -iciiKi n;nijr;i!f. \'ul, I. l':iii |v|s p nitV
.1 r<7/«
l'hl>,l.<
Mtiiii
hiiUitjtf iitnl Sifi
III >/)//)/(//
ill B
rlMlt^.
lilliu. tl
llIM, 1
!lll<l S]
iiiiitiKly
l)riiiic
liril, .livi
Inp
r|ll-l' til till
' IHMJI,
a littlf
Ik'Iow
llicr.1'.
Witt
1 ri'Kiiril to tli(>
Iciivi
•X III till'
I'lii/.iiiiii', Miiiii' «i
rali'-hki
' !i'av<>h
.iri' (li
'Vfliipid
I.M(
rill 1st
(»l the l(
•liVCM,
liovvfvcr
, an-
Mitial, KliT
II. M'-iiiiilatiiiK 1
with 1
III.' I.la.l
I' wli
irii is
ainplf, <
|i'C|)|y
.Vrlrft,
Mll.l
III! i~fil: till'
llllWI'I-
iH'aniiK
-ii-rii 1
M'MIX orii
' p.'iii
of tiK'iclv H-lol
ll'll (M
f :{-.lrll.
mci^
I'll lr:.vr- vvl
liii'li aiT
■•i'f««ili'.
-^^ "I ^
-'-■V/
1,
u
''-•■ / u
■ ; h'
I'lLlKhli
lt;i-:il Ir.il III .1 11. i/K./.i Hi, hiir,ls„iin llciiik . Ill ' ' Wi-I I ill •Ill:llli| I I W i i-l till il- i .| I lir l,;i(l|nil -l/r.
Till II' -ci'iii- III III' no ii'unlarily with icl'i'ii'iiri' to ilic iHisition of llii' sralc-
likc ira\i"<; tlii-y may orriir on any part of llii' iliizoini', pirci'iiinii or .^iirci'i'ililH!;
flir iiriM'M Ji'Hvi's. Anil when llu' rlii/.onii' iaiiiitii'> tlu' si'i'onilary liiani'ti may
ili'Vi'lop fii'iii till' axil of a scali'-liki' loaf or from tlii' axil of a izri'i'ii oin-.
Willie most oftrli a (ji<'<'n li'af is to he olisi'i \i'i| at the liasi' of tlir llowcrinn
«-li'iii anil siilili'iiiliiig till' hiiil wliirh is to ili'Vi'lop ami i-ontimii' tlw liorizonlally
rrrrpiiiK rliizomr, this Ki'<'''n li'af inav In- ri'plai'i'd liy a srah'-liki' one. OlhiT-
wisi> tho most fri'iiuont case is that the last Iraf of tin- primary rhi/.omi' is arrial
ami uri'i'ii. a.'i'l thai it siititi'iiils tlii' si'i'omlary liranrli wliirh is to lontiinn' tin-
(jrowlli of till' rl.i/omc in tlir sanii' mannrr ami in tlii' sanir ilin-ction as if thr
I'liliri' rhi/.onw wrri' a mono(H)iliu!ii. For instain'r. in a spi'rimrii from St. I'aiil
island. Mi'iiiifi sia. wliiili my lati' fiii'inl Mr. .lami's M, 'lariiim I'olli'iti'il for
mi', till- rhi/.oiiic mrasiiri's scvi-nty-two nn. in li-nuth. as apiiarriitly oim' siii^jlr
axis with no other si^n of its sym|)Oilial striirtiiri' Imt .sonu' few, iiiiniiti' snirs
from till' withcri'il flowi'rinn sli-iiis: on this viiy lone rhizoini' only oiii' nrri'ii
li'af and a flower-lwarinc sli'in wi>ri' dovi'lopi'd at the afii'X. and a yoiinn stolon
proi'i'i'ili'd from the axil of llii' firi'i'li leaf.
In lomparinii the plant a^ it oei'iirs in (Ireenland. on the .\retie eoasi of
this eontinenl. and on the coast of .Maska and aiij.'iceiil isl.inds, no p.irtielllar
sirii-'iire of ihe rhizome, willi refeieiiee to the foli.'nie or llower-lieariiin stem,
seems to I haraeterislie.
.'"Mime more or less inlelesl inj; si rinllires liia\ lie liieiitioneil a> follows;
A speeimeii from Hea\er inlet, I'nalask.i. showed the main rhizome destiiiite
of ereen leaves, and .'it the liase of the llower-hearinn stem a seale-like leaf
siihtenili'd the sioloti: liiit from the |iosierior part of the rhizome, from the axil
of a siali -like le.if a similar stolon had developed, hearing a lypieal, ureeii
leal : in another > pee i men from the same locality the main rhizome I Kite two ureen
le.'ives anil a tloral shmil ; these two leaves were separaled from each other hy
an internode alioiit .") cm. in lennth; in this same specimen the \oun>j stolon at
a|iex Iniie two sc.de-like leaves plecedniii a very yoilliM;, "Ol ipnte developed
ureeii leaf. Ill a specimen fro'n CiMik inlet, ^'■,lkoll river, the ihizoiiie measured
alKiiit 20 cm. in leiitjth ai.i txire three )£''<'<'" leaves .'Uid a flower-hearing stem.
.\ much shorter rhizome from Kodiak. Alaska, measiiriiif; onlv 7 cm., lK)re two
iireen leaves and a floral stem: beside that the apical stolon U)re a fully developed
no II
(iniiiillini Aiiiir hri'i'li'luni, U'l.UIS
urccii lent'. iirci-ciliiiK a •ic'ili'-likf mir miuI ;i \<'tv voiiiiu iilrcn niir. l''iiiMll\ . in
•xiiii)' xiM'i'iliK'lix uliji'li I I'olli'ili'ii III ( ii'i'i'ii|,'iliil. liriil lltil-lt'iixlMiiK, iIh' apical
sliiloii liail i|i'\i'lii|H'i| ill III M Mm a I xImmh : ilm^ two tlnvM'iiiiK nIciiix \\i\f i|i>vi'lo|H'i|
c<mlciniK>raiiripii«ly.
A. Drumniondll \\ati.
t>lll> viliic liw ■.|icciiiiin« \Nilli llli' l(a\r> Wllllcli'il Well' ((illiili'il
Niivi'IiiIk r hilt thf -inichiii' iil' ilic-c Icavi'x a(iri'(> vit\' well willi ili
.Hliccii*, ami iiiiicli iiinir f.<i tliaii uilli .1. iinilliji'lii Piiir. Aniininu />;■'
was mImi c'oIIiiIciI (III the (ijoa (AiHiliiidii ij.r.i. and llif |iliotoi;i apl
(hntifin nt a llowriiiiu -|icciiii(ii liavi- nn cloiiiil a« to tlic concctdi-
iilrlitiliialiiili.
As far as lialiit is ciiiirciiii'il, ,1. hniin nitmlii i> di'iixcly ('ai's|iii<i.'
very (Iccp. wikhIv, piimary nnit uliicli liraiiclics frcrly Miwanlft apex,
rrrrt or asccniliiiK xIkhiIs aiisr from the <'io\vii of the i(Kit, ni<>a?'iiriii|;
nlxiiit I cm.; wlirii ri'acliiim the -iitfaii' these shiMits develop rosette^
mid teiiiiilril lloweriliK stems.
a- late a."
at of tliix
uiniiiiiiilii
lie ri'pro-
" ot' the
•e with a
Several
ill lieJKht
111' leaves
Ranunculus Pallasii Schl.
Of tliis stately plant several tlowi linu specimens wen- eolleeted in .1 |H>nd
on the tundra at Kontjaiu vik, Caiiiden lia\ ; they measured in leintth alKiiit L'K
cm. We meet here with llir- same structure of sIkk)! as in Aritiiiniir liiihiinlsuiin
liilt .scale-like leaves are ah.senl. .\s lontj as the sliiKit is purely xcKetalive,
the ramification is moiiofxxlial, lui, when the flower appears, and this terminates
the axis, the sliiKit liecomes a .symjiodiuiii. Hranches of l{. I'alla.yii thus show
a few stretched tistulmis interiiodes, aUiiit 10 cm. in length, and some leavi>»
with loiiu petioles, siiliteiidiiin sluKits, while op|)Osile the leaf a t.all peduncle
(aliout 10 cm.) arises hearinij a single flower; in the specimens from Koiiuaiie\ik
wmio of the lateral sh(K)ts had alreiidy developed a ureen leaf and a ti'iiiiiii.'il
tlower-ltud. With i-esp-ef to tlie loliaije, it may he stated that the e.irliest
developed leaves i '.e very -i.;ail hlades which are ohlonn or line.ir .ind Inirne
ll|)on loiilt, fistulous petioles. In lil.iture stx'cimens the leai-l»lades ii,' laiuer.
entire or ;{-!ol)ed, the middle-lohe heinj; lonuer than the lateral nne>: however,
in »|>eciniens from Hudson hay (I.at. tiO° fi'l the leaf-Made is :i-clel't. with the
laler.'il lolies re!,iii\ely lonii and n.inow. The r<K)i-system (•oiisi>tsof m.iny \ery
lonii, ^lendei . >r(o,id.iry nxit- piureedinii: from the nodi.
.\ iiyliiid, It. Iiliiiiiiinriis ■; I'lilliisii . has lieeil descrilied ;ind limued liv
Andersson and llesselman in 1 paper dealing with the flor.a of Spit/lieineii and
Boereii I]il;in<l,' previously descrilied iiy \. <! Xat hoist .as a varieiv ".v/ic/.v-
h/niftisis" ol' I,'. I'dllfisii. In this hyliriil the leaf-Made is always t hie. -cleft,
the lolies entire or with tlie margin dentate or even Inhale; the flower i- -n; Her
than in A'. /'i///(/s// and of ,1 yeIlowi>li-wliite colour. .\ larjje taMe is tivon
.showintr a numherof [mints hy which the iiylirid is distinguished from the parents,
and several fifrures of leaves, pet.ils. >l,iiiiens and fruits .iccoiiipany tlie le\l.
Of special interest is the fart that this hyinid is the first which has licen t'ound
in Spitzlieiuell.
R. Punshii Richards, and R. hyperboreus Itotth. were found in -iiallow
[(Oiiii-, iKdii wilii the iea\e> ii«iallii(i. ( )f ihe.v, the fill liiel wa> cuiii-eiiii wilh
ripe fruits on ileischol island, while the specimens from Cape Hathiirsi were
.sterile, with no flowers at .'dl, and with the leaf-hladi^s of very iliniinutive size.
All the -pecimeiis of R. hiiji- rhtiniis were sterile with the leaf-l'lades veiy ~iiiall.
' BiliHiiK Iv. .sv. Vft.-.Akftil. Hdlgr. V.jl. I'G. Slo.kl.olm, I9U0.
Arctic Planh: Muipliol<>ny and Symiinini!/
31 B
I'lM lit. I.
I. Ii'iiinnunh,.^ /■i/i/i..M(ii.v I.,, >|H'i iiiii'ii limii Tici' rivrr. -Iidwiiii; I lir .ipiciil |m.| li' ri mI i Iii> iliizoiiii
I H. , with t«ii urnii Iciivi- 1 1.' 1.^^ ami a ,-li.lnii Si J ilivi'lii|ii(l in llir :i\il i.l I. , Hiii' And
Iwi>-iIiimI- iiMiiir.il -i/c ■-'. Smiiic -imtii-.; :i]>hmI poiMoii nl ilir rliizuiiir li ; S ilir lliiwcr-
inie ••tiiii; iiiliiT litlci> :is uliiivc; nii.ciurd ^1. S.iiiii' -piTK-; piiii nl' iIk rhi/unii «iili ihrci-
(trt'i'ii li'ii.r- i|,'-l.'i: ^llllllll.« iirc (lcvrlM|M d in llir ii\ils 1 I.l. I.-', :iMil I. ; I. Ml 1- :i,- :iKiivi';
li.iuiiul >izc I'iismrs J unil II .in ilrawii Irmii .'^wcili^li riMcilii'ii-.
R. Cymhahiria I'm-li vai. alpina ll(«(k.
1-'(>UIh1 uilli llir ll(i\\cr> l'llli.\- ilr\cl<i|ir(l. ;iiiil ^linw mii llir -iliir lialiil as
f.'iMlicr Miiiili, uiih loiii; sioldiis al«>\r uiitiind. 'I'hr s|>('i'iis is well ciiuiiipiil lor
jjiopanalion anil w iilniintt (it it- iiiiisic of oiriirii'iiri'. rvrii I lioiiiili I lir indix iiliial.s
Mil' \i'l>' >lii;ill ami I lie llouii- alua\» -ilijili'.
R. pyftmaeus Walih nli.
Niiiiirroii* s|ii'riin('ii< wcif collcrlril wiili flowns ami \(iiniir I'niit : in >|iilr
Ot the siiiall ^inr of till' plant, the shoot aUiM' cioiiiiil iiii'.asiiiiny; mIiIuiii iiioi.
tlian 2 cm. in liriulit. tln' vi'i-lii'a! rliizoinc cxIrmU lo a .Irplli of aUmt '_' ."i > ni.
and hears niiiii' loiis slriidiT, laniiticd roots.
R. lapponicus I..
Like AriiUKiiH- liidKinlxunii and A'. I'tillayli, this spi'rirs ha- i norizonl.illy
crc-rpiiis rhi.cOiiie, arid thr- nuiiifiriitio!'. i- mo-TOi«>di:-l lin'il '■^■■■■■- fir-t flnwi-!-
apppfirii. A yoiiiiK rhizome (Fid. I: 1) from a specimen collected on the south
coast of Coronation fjiilf thus shows part of the ihizoine (H.> hearinj: two fireeii
loaves (L' and L-), while the terniinal jiart of same rhizome (St.) is terminated
bv a free bud: secondary roots, lonp and slender, are developed beneath the
fiVst loaf (U).
■A2 n
('(nuuliiin Arrlii- Exj-iilllinn, l!)l.i-IS
St
I. lis;
An oilier rpriiiiicii ( I'in. 2) Iroiii Xoiiliotlcii. Swcilcii. shows ilic i
tnictmc of the tiiMluic plant. Tlw i)OsIiTior part of the main rhizome is
>■ 1{; it hears a ^reen leaf (I.') and is terminated l)\- a flower of which oi
nasal |)ortion of I he peduncle has heeii shown (S.) ; in the axil of leaf L' is
/oiital shoot (St.) of which thi' first leaf is (jreen (I.-) an<l of the same si
shape as leaf h' . The horizontal shoot iSl.) hears al the apex a yoiiilK leaf
unfolds in the succeeding season. In this way the axillary, horizontal s
stolon (St.) will continue its t;rowlh in the same directioti as the m.ain rl
iIJ.). In old specimens it thus .'ippciis as if the entire liorizonlally c;
rhizome were an axis of the same order hut . as shown alxive, it .aclu: '■ c
.-*j
iroin Mil' axn oi i ne rust leal u. J, nearin^ a ^reen leai ii. ) wmcii luiaiii su
a stolon. This specimen thus shows threi' stolons, all heinc ;ixillar\. .\(
like leaves weie oliserved in any part of these rhizomes, liiniiiiindus hipi
liiows in moist ttiound. principally in Ik)hs, .ind the internodes of the ri
may reach a leiifith of IC cm. or even more; the specimens from Con:
irulf were rather low. the floweriiid stem reachiiiK a heifihl of onl\' S cm.
specimens from Sweden may averaiio double the size, or more, when ii
R. nivalis L. .iml R. suipliureus Solaml. exhiliit the same urowtl
sometimes, it li,is proxeil diflicull to ilistinnuish them from i-aeh ollic
faeilitale the identification ;i lnief diagnosis of /i'. .s////)//»('ri(.v ijiven liy
/'■l
.-^
4
" (
-'-^r
y
C' [
7
10
V
■;a.
h -'
8
1
) \
\ ../
1 I..1 lii, l\
B:i>al Ii'mvo (if R:n,(iiii'iiliis siiliihnrcii-i .•Solaiid. (1-7 .. :iiiil A", nii'iilm ], iS-1 1 i, all tv
• •f till" luitiiral size
1 Spi'ciincii from .Si. I'aiil i.-l.iiiii, Hcrinp sea. 2. Spi'i'iini'ii from lauTialowan, Sil)or
Sp.-'iiv,' :\ fru::: Map!:i!i-!i:- h.-iy, Spi! ;'.!ii-ri.'c!!. 1. Spfci!!!c!! fri!!!! .!ak'.i!^:fc. .SilM'ria. .'
nun from Tnimso, Kinriiark. (>. Spci iiiii'ii from Camilcti liay, .\hiska. 7. Spciiti
MaKilalcrii' I'HV, SpitzlxTKcn. S. SiKciimn from St. Mattliiw i.<lanil, HcritiR sea. '
locn from Dovrc mountain, Norway. 10. Spiiimiii from Cape York, West (Irccnla
.Spi'i'imcri from Cioiihavn. Disco, Crccnland.
Aniic I'lantx: Morphology and Sunniiijiny
33 B
ws ilic typical
izoinc is sliowii
wliicli only tlic
•af L' is ii liori-
saiiic size ami
)iiiiK leaf wliicli
izoiilal stem oi
> main ilii/oini'
nially ^'i iii"''
rl II: '• con-'iy'-
ISC >l 1 ' llllttlli
■ Ik ■!( .I'lopi'r!
MHIIi ,1 ■ ' I'
ic liccaiisc tlic
t.i is llcVcll)|)C(l
afiain siihtcnds
ary. No scalc-
dlls hiiijioiiiciis
ol' the rlii/onic
mil ( 'oronatiiiii
l\' S cm., wliilo
when in fruit.
- iiniwtli and-
icli oilier. To
:iveii liy Lailfie
.7)
> , /
•1 1 '. all iwo-lhird-
\v:ui, Sihoria. •>.
Si!!l'!i:l. .". Hprri
7. Specimen from
■iiiK Kc.'i. i>. Speii
St ( Irci'iilunil. 1 1
f Conspectus. I.e. p. ■")(>) may ho insertoil hero. It rc;iii< as follows: "A', nllnicua
Laxiii. (A', siilplnirciis Solaiid.) praeoedeiiti (A*. WiVdZ/.s- 1,.) arcto allinis, a quo
recodit praecipuo hahilii robust ioro, foliis radicalihus hasi rotiindatis v. ciine.ito-
coiitiactis (nee rciiirornii cortlatis), hrevitor (nee ultra iii.,|iiini) lobali.s, caiilinis
foro ad basin us(|uo '>-7- fidis, potalis pallidioribii.s. siilfureis, stylo brcvioro.
In spcciniinihiis {iroeiilandicis IoIkis fol. radio, integros, nee ut D(". (Syst. veg.
1. p. 271) indicai, deiitalos invoiiis."
For comparison I insert some fipiiies of the basal le,iv( s <if Uitli species
I Fig. K). They Initli are perennial, but the siiblenaiie.in sk-iii is relatively
I'ort, vortical or ascendinn, densely covered with old, williored loaf-sheaths";
■. condary rcMits develop from the nodes of the stem, and the primary root is of
;horl diiration.beinp totally absent when the plant has roacl'cd the lloworinn state.
R. affinis R. Mr. (Chloiis .MelviU. I.e. p. 189).
This is somotiines difficult to distiiiKuish. The orif;inal di.i(inosis reads as
fiillow.s: "foliis ladicalibus pedato-miiltifidi^ pctiolatis: caiilinis subsos.silibiis
difiitatis; lobis oiniiiiim linearibiis, caiile erecto l-2-tl()ro cum calycibiis ovariisiiue
pubosccntibus, friictibiis oblonno-cylindr.iceis, achoniis rostro rociirvo. < )bs.
It. Hiiricomo pro.xima species."
FaiiKO ' nivos the followinti suppliiiieiilaiy diagnosis: 'i'olia radicaliii
reniformia, lovitor lobata v. in,iy:is minusve profimdo palmatifida.; potala iiallide
liilea, siibtiis fiisco-venosa. minora el aiijiu-lior.-i (plain Ii. (iiiricoiiii : capiluliiin
carpellariiin ovali-obloiiy;um (nee subglobosiini), coleriiin 1{. aurkoiiiiiin L.
nflinis, sod humilior el j^racilior."
According; to Lanjio (I.e.) U. ajjinis is very rare in Greenland: it is known
from Kast (ireenland: Fr. . Joseph's fjord 73°, and from West fircenland: .\r.salik
in I.sortok fjord. I-'roin the latter station .some specimens have been figured in
Flora Danica \'ol. 17. Tab. 3029 (1SS3), and these specimens give a good ropre-
.sentation of the s|)ecies as well as thi^ photographic icprodiiclion of specimon.s
from IlarlKiiir fjord in Simmons' Flora of llllesmero Land.'- On the accomp.any-
ing plate I have figured a flowering specimen from Bernard harUnir and an
acheno taken from a fruiting specimen from l^pwortii harlMiur: the leaf (Fig.
2) is from Bernard IiarlKiur.
While the ty])ical s|)ocies occurs in Spit/bergen, according to Xatliorst,'
this author found al,-o a plant which proved .<o dilToierit from lyjiical A', ajjluii
that he described it as a subspecies: Wilaiitkrl. Xathorst calls attention to the
following distinctive character^ [los.sossed by this subsiiecies: it is of low stature
and caes|)itoso: the fruiting head is roundish, not cylindrical; the carpels are
thinner, with the body only a little longer than the recurved, rather coarse beak.
A figure is giv(>n by Anderson and ll(\sselm:ni in their interesting aocfiunt of
the Fulcra of Spitzbergen and Rooren F'.iland (I.e.). ,1. Froyn, however, ("in lit-
teris," compare Andor.s.son and liesselinan I.e.) on examining this plant as well
.a.s the material of typical A', (jffmi.^ collected by these authors, has reached the
conclusion that the specimens must be referred to R. arctinifi Rioliards. and that
R. offuiis does not kiow in Spit/.bergen at all: fiirtliermorc, this author in.si.sts
that all the material from Siberia, Daviiria and Spitzbergen named R. nffinis is
actually 7?. arcticuf:, and that R. nffinis is confined to western North America,
viz.: the Rocky mountain;-, extending from there to Melville island. This
statement .seems rather peculiar when wo remember that Richardson's R.
arclicvs came from arctic North America, collected on the first l'>anklin ex-
190(1,
' ("•-•r.=r-~tii-^ VI. Cfnrnl. (J. p.) p. ,57.
' Kpport on tlie .Seidiul Norwegian -Srctic Dxpoilition in the "Tram," 1S!IS-I!)02.
Nil. 2. ( lirisliunia.
• Nya Biilrag till KSnnendoinen 0111 Spctsbergens Kilrlviixtcr (Kgl. Sv. \Vt. .XkaU. Hdlgr. 20. No. 8'
htockholm, ISS.'i, p. 23.
24«57— 3
1
31 li Ciintiiliitti Arrtii- iLri)i'lilii>n, 1913-ta
lifditioii. A vciv (Ictiiilfd nccouiit of h'. iiffi>ii!<, incliKliiif; U. <//W/((/.s is jrivrn
liv Simiiioiis (\.v., J). 101 1. However, as lonj; as tlio ideiility (tf H. mrtinis is
liispiiIrMl it iiiiiv l)e well to reprint tiie <li:iKnosis, inasmuch as ilie work m wlucli
it is ptil>lislie<l niav not he readilv accessil>le to many of tiie re: !ers.' Hicliardson
descritx'd the speries as follows:""/i'. iirrtlni": fohis radicalil.n peiiolalis hastalis
tripartitis lol.is divisi-; eaulinis in lohos lineares inteprMnios partitis, <'aul(
Irifolio unitloro, calvee villoso pelalis l.reviore (M.)- Folia ^'lallerrMlla ; radii;ah!i
lonfiins peliolala, haslata, tripartita: loho inlerm 'dio nncuiciilan tritido. laemn^
lateralilms minorihus, patentihu lot)is lateraHl)iis l-i>artitis senmentis divan-
eatis, oxteriorihns sensim minoribiis: huiniis ommims ohtusis. laneeolatis ve
linearihns; eaiihna in l()l>os Mnearcs intefierrinios, ol)tiisiiiseiilos partita, ad
hases meiiii)ranacea, amplexicauha el pihs alhis moUihns eiliala; imiim suh-
IH'iiolalum loliis sex, siimnuim ioliis trii)iis. Caulis simplieissiinus i)eda i^-
creiiiis unillonis, foliis tril)U> leiiiotis munitus et supra folium summiim pili^
alliis villosiiisciilus. Calvx tiavescenti-eruhescens, villosus, reflexus, iielali-
(liiiiidio hrevior. I'etala hitea patentissima, olK)va1a, ohtusissima, receptacuh
l.reviora. Stamina lilamenlis hrevissimis, antheris ohlongis. Ciormina Klal>r;i
stylo reeiirvato mucronala, reeeptaculo cyliiidraceo.''
I{(inuii(iih(s (ircticii.s ]{iehards. was thus established on a plant which war
collected on the liarren ni'iunds from lat. (U" to the Arctic sea, in lat. ti9°, and
it was published in the same vear as Robert Brown's Chloris Melvilhana ( IS2:j>
however, in the second edition of Franklin's Narrative Richardson a(k)i)ts tlu
name li\ affinis of Robert Urown. Ry Cray (Synopt. Flora I.e., p. 31) li.inrtini>
is piven as a svnonvm of H. nffiiiis; another synonym is 7^ (imovnus Karel. et
Kiril. according to LedelH)ur (Fk)ra Rossica, I.e., p. 7:V2). In recent years sonu
\meric!in authors have a<k)pted the name /i'. ixddliJidKs Sm. instead of R
nffml^ R. Rr. but Simmons i Fk)ra Kllesmerelaml I.e., |). 102) has clearl.v demon-
strated that Smith's and Robert Brown's plant are not conspecihc. Simmons
havinp; seen the original specimens of the former, li. jxihilifulu.'^, states that tin
basal leaves are almost circular in outline and deeply cut into numerous, almosi
linear sefrments. with a smaller median, and two larger lateral lobes, a striK'turr
which (k)es not occur in R. afmis; acconlinji to this author li. prrlnl iiil„.'< ^u\
is a native of Asia, especially Kastern Siberia, besid(>s .somi' c ^ImikU i
Rering sea.
Several verv fine s))ecimens were collected by the Tanadian ;
tion, ineasuring in height from ti to 12 cm. in floweriny; siiecinu n
stems with the fruit from the year previous were about twice as tall
Plate II, Figs. ■■ ■' ■' '
agrees exact h
land.
The species is perennial: the primary root soon becomes replaced by ;
number of slender, secondary roots developed from the nodi of the short, erec
rhizome. Several basal leaves surround the flowering stem which bears scvera
long-pcdiincled flowers in a unilateral cyme.
^lands ii
,xpedi
wilhere(
Part A
1-H illustrates one of these speciiiK-ns, and the American plan
with that from Siberia. XovaZc'. la, Spitzbergcn and C.reeii
Ranunculus Sabinii l\. Br.
This is described by Robert Brown;^ "foliis radicalibus el()ngal(
tripartitis: k)bis ellipticis: lateralibus semibilidis; eaulinis sessilibus
linearibus, calycibus hirsulis i)etala retiisa siibae(iuantibus.^()bs. pi
li. tilvnU'Di et piigmocuui iiu^dia in Ilerl
forsan hand distine'rt a li. •:::■"!: cnjiv^
retusa ct folium radicale j)iiiiialifidum."
J .John I'runklin; Narrative of u journo.v tn xh<- sin
I.on<lcm, 182;!. „ . , ,
' n. denotes the Hurrnn < rrimnils from I'oint hiki-
• < 'hlori-s Melvilliiinii \].i\, p. IS!)).
1). Sabine exstat. ulterius ex
cfr. icon. Flor. Dai!. 1609.
) peliolati
tripartiti
anta inte
aminanda
ubi j)et;il:
r^ cit till- I'nlar Sen ill tlic years islil M 21 ami 2:
» tlu' Aiiti<- >»'ii.
Arclir I'huit.-:: Morphology and Synoinjmy
33 B
In Gray's Synojjt. Flora (1895-97, p. 29), the spccii -: is inciiiioiuMl only as
a eynonyni of R. pyqmai us Wahlenb.
Tlie affinity of tlio species is undoulitedly with /.'. iii/iinuic.its Wahlcnl).
and several specimens whicli I have examined may well lie mistaken for large
s|)ecimens of the latter, notably some collected l)y Simmon- in ICIlesmereland
(Aluskox fjord); more typical arc the specimens from Cape J5athurst which are
of considerably larger size with resfjcct to fcliage and flowers, and in some of
these the fruiting stalk from the year previous is still preserved; it is strict and
measures the height of It cm. The specimens from I']llesmer(lan(l, on the otlier
hand, show the fruiting stalk arched and bent toward the ground as in R.
pygmncus. R. Sabinii is |)erennial, of exactly the same haliit as R. 'lintJif; and
affinis as far as concerns the rhizome, the roots, and the inliorescenee.
PAPAVERACEAE.
Papaver nudicaule L.
According to Tr. Fedde ' the jjlant iVom the arctic and northern part of ihe
subarctic countries r' presents the sulispecies P. radicdtinii (Hottl).) Fedde;
specimens were collected at many stations visited by tb expedition.
'i'lie species is perennial with the primary roots jiersisting for several years
as a deep and relatively thick tap-root which })ears many slender, lateral rami-
fications. Several erect or ascending shoots proceed frr)m the crown of the root,
and, on reaching the surface, they develoj) green leaves and lJower-l)caring
stems, each with a single flower. Large specimens are thus of a caespitose growth
in which the leaves form crowded rosettes like cushions, reaching the width of
about 12 cm.; in such sjiecimens the munerous shoots may reach the length of
aljout .5 cm. I)eneatb the smf.ice; they are densely clothed with tl>c persisting
leaf-sheaths from previous ye.irs. In the tallest specimens the flowering stem
measured alx)ut 14 em., the fruiting one up to about 22 cm., but most of the
other specimens were much lower.
CRUCIFERAE.
Lesquerella arctica (Rich.) Wats.
This is a perennial herl) with a deep, slender, freely branching, persisting
priinary root crowned with a compact rosette of leaves from the axils of which
the ascending flower-bearing stems arise; the ramification of the shoot is thus
inonopodial. The rosette of the largest specimen measured C cm. in diameter;
the height of the flowering stems was about 10 cm.
Cochlearia groenlandica L.
Collected as late as the tenth of August, at Bernard harbour, several minute
specimens were commencing to bloom; in these the diameter of the rosette
measured onl\ U cm., the height of the flowering stem 1 cm., and tlie very tliin,
primary root al)Out 4 cm. in length. Such small specimens were growing with
large ones, about •") cm. high, and with almost mature |X)ds.
Drabn alpina L.
A large number of specimens were collected of this species, the largest
forming a compact cushion me.asurinff in diameter 10 cm., with tlie flow-ering
stems only 3 cm. in height. The primary root persists throughcat the life of
the plant and attains a considerable length, but is generally slender; only in one
specimen did it measure al)Out 3 cm. in thickness. In some very old specimens
1 A. Kngler: Das Pflanzonrcich.
84657—31
Leipzig, IftM, p. :t7ri.
KK«
31) B (anndia^- Aidic ExpeilUion, 1013-lS
from Hcrnard liaihour did I he hoi(jht of tlio • -hion measure 5 cni.; in such
spociiiicns tlic struct iiic of tlic shoot could t>f' followed from the eurhest stage
of the phuit. From tiie crown of tlio primary root numerous slioots proceeded,
densely covered wiili ai)|.r(<sscd, witliercd leaves and reachin}!; a hei^tlit of aUmt
4 cm.,' whence a svstei terminal and lateral rosettes commenced. In other
words, the comple'le vcRclative system of branches and leaves i.-- aU)ve ground
and winters over as such. t , ■ i r
Amonp the plants which Kiellman >tndied at the most northerly ixmit of
Asia, Cai)e Tscheljii>kin. DniUii aliniia rei)resented the remarkable habit of
forming compact i>all.- of which the i^reater iH)rtion of the shoots, and especndly
the vounR.-st ones, were completclv alxive ground. A corresiMuiduig habit was
also ob.served in Erilrichiinn rlllosiim, Saxifnifin scrpyllifoha, I'a/mer nuihconle,
Sldlarin lon(iipc!< et cet.'
D. nivalis I.iljebl. and D. fladnizensis W ulf.
These species from Camden bay and Hernard liarJKjur illustrate exactly
the same hat)it as observe(| in I), .ilpina.
D. hirta L.
D. hirta L., on the other hand, doe< not .<eem to persist for so many years
as the three foregoi ig species. It is a tall plant as compared with most of the
other Dmbac, reaching the height of al)out 20 cm. when in bloom, such specimens
having been coIle<ted on the south coast of Coronation gulf. The primary ro«it
is relatively shor' anc' thin and only a few rosettes of leaves are developed, each
of which is terminated liy an inllo.-escence.
Braya purpurascens (H. Hr.) Bunge.
Has a mono|)odial sjioot, the youngest specimens showing very plainly a
eentral leafy a\i> and two lateral inflorescences; in old specimens the rainihca-
tion is ob.scured by the .everal leafy shoots being crowded, and the lateral
position of th.^ tloial stems is only indicated by the.>(> being ascending, not
strictly erect.
B. glabella Richards.
Only a single specimen was collected of this very rare species, known only
from the arctic coast of this continent, from East Creenland, and from a few
station^ in arctic Scandinavia. It is readily distinguished from B. purpurascens
bv the leaves being remotely dentate, and by the long, linear pods. 1 he speci-
nien from Wollaston lan<l measured a iieigh.l of aiiout 12 cm., and although being
a young spe.amen eleven flowering stems were developed from the small rosette
of leaves; the primary root is relatively short, slender, and much branched..
Eutrema Edwardsii R. Br.
In voung specimens the primary root is sh'iider; there is no rosette and only
two to"'''ree long-petioled leaves at the base of the single, terminal, flower
bearing stem. In the ohler specimens the primary root is quite thick, ( istiiictij
wrinkled and as manv as six flower-beari-ig stems are developed from the crowr
of the root, besides several green leaves. The height of the flowering stem aggre
gated about 15 em., that of the fruiting stem very nearly 20 cm.
Hesperis Pallasii (Pursh) T. el Gr. [//. pygmaea (Adams) Hook.]
In Gray's Synoptical Flora it is described as a dwarf biennial plant, but
according to the' numerous and exceedingly well preserved specimens coUecttv
by the expedition, it is a perennial and not always of dwarfed stature either
' Ur Polan-ftitemas lit (I.e., p. -475).
Arctic I'liints: Morphologij and Syhiini/nnj
B
a flowcriiin spccimrii fioiii llic soiilli coast of ("o'linalicin l'uU iik ;i-ii1('s in hcijilit
iKt less than IS ciii., Mini a I'niitilip specimen tVoni ll(i-r|iil islaml 10 ■ ni., tli<>
inaliiie |H)ils averauiiiK aiioiit H.b cm. in leiintli. 'I'lic specimens from Itcinard
harlMdir. on the oilier liaiid, are very low, represem mil; coinpacl ciisliioMs of
leaves from 2 to (> cm. in diameter; in such siieciineii- the tlowers are l>arely
raised aliovr the leaves.
As stated at)Ove, tlio phint ir; ijcrennial whieii is readilx to lie seen from
the subterranean steni-]iortion bea'inj!; nuineroiis remnanis of leaves from
jirevioiis years and emitting sliort lateral branches with rosiltes and (lowers;
moreover, in several old specimens small leafy rosettes were develo|)e(l, but still
too younn to |)roduce flowers. Tho large fruitinj; specimens from llerschel
isl;iiirl have man\- ureen Ica^/es in clusters, indicatinn thai future niowlh is
secured. The i)riiiiary root persists throughout the life of the iil.'int and in-
crease.-? ouite considerably in thickness and length, ramifyinp; freely, the lateral
branches ecuialling the primary in length.
Cardamine pratensis L.
This seems to thrive well on the arctic shore; the st)eciiiiens are tall and
bl(K)ming freely; a specimen from Port l^pworth hail)Our me.isures 2\ cm. in
height and bears three lateral racemes developed from the axils f)f the eauline
leaves. It is a [H)int of interest to notice that in some of these high northern
S|)eciinens (roronation gulf) vegetative reproduction is seciueo by means of
adventitious be, Is (leveioj)ed u|H)n the basal leaves clo.se to the leaf-segments.
Tiiese buds u;K)n the leaves of Cardnniinc w(>re described ..Iready by Cassini;
while still in jonncction with the leaf they develop some small leaves and roots
and, when liberated, they continue their giowth and develop new independent
individuals. Similar buds are known a'so from a few other plants. Turpin
observed them in Ornithoqahnn, llen<low in Malaxii^, and according to Lindley '
the> alx)und i" liryvphi/Uum and Ttllimn (jrandi flora.
With regard to the fruit in ( rilnninir. the siiecimens showed mostly flowers
and only a few young pods were 'r\elop(><l. Thus in case of failure to i>roduce
seed,^, Carilawine would be able to iieconie distributed by means of the adventi-
tious buds.
C. digitata Rich,'.rds.
In a monograph of the genus Cardainiiic (). E. Schiilt;; - ri'jeets Richardso
name "difjiUitn" because the genus h.as become merged into the genus I)uduri<;
of which there is a species "digitutii" of older date, thus necessitating the creation
of a new name for Richardson's |)lMiif.
''Ihiitiirin diqilatn Lamarck" must eonsequenlly be renamed Cardominc
digilala (Lam.) Schultz, and "C. digitata Richards." must bear the name Carda-
mine hyperborva Schultz. Howcv r. it all depends on the conc(-pt of the two
genera Cardamine and Dintaria, whether they should be kejit separate or be
united. This question has been raised before by some of the ablest l«if;tnists
abroad and on this coiuinent and the question seems to lie well solved by firay,
(Jreene, Xultall. Sereno Watson, and several others who were familiar with the
species of lK)th genera as represented on this continent, maintaining the ticnus
Dentaria as distinct from Cardamine.
With respect to the subterranean stni, ('. digitata jiossesses a -lender,
horizontally crcei)ing rhizome which bears aerial, green leaves .'ind which is
also stoloniferous. In this way the species is better ecjuipped lo become dis-
tributed than C. pratensis in case of failure to produce mature seeds in unfavour-
able KCafsOiis. Rv the consfantlv .smaller size of
leaves, and especially by the rhizome, C. digitata is a good
distinguished from C. pratensis.
flowers, the shape of the
species, and well
' Introductitjn to R;)t.inv. London. !<;:(:.', p. .50.
• Engler's bot. .lahrb. Vol. 32. Lcipziij:, 1903, p. .")0.
ns B
Canadtan Arclic Kxpidition, 1913-lS
Parrya niacrocarpa U. nr. [Matthiola nwlicaulia (L.) Tiaiiiv., Pnnya nvdt
caulis (L.) Ki-ncl.]
Srvcrul tloworint; and fruit inp si)pciiii('ii.s wore collected; diniiiK I lie flowcrin
the hpitjlit of the i^teiii uvenijjes alx)iit It) cm. The primary nK)t is deep, an
very thick, lieariiig at th( en)\vn some few short erect or uscondinK sh(K)li
densely covered with remnants of old leaves, and terminated by a fascicle c
leaves surrounding the flowering stem. With regard to tlie vegetative repn
duction, it would aj)peav as if the species is very |XX>rly e(iuipped, since tlicr
is no other suhterranoan stem than the very short pseudo-rhizome, descrihe
above. However, tlie loot-system shows that thr plant is by no means unubl
to wander and tlnis iiecorie distrii)Uted in a vegetative manner since the larg
tap-r(X)t fretiueiuly brandies and some of these branches, especially the hor
zoiital ones, are able to produce new^ ))lanls as root-shoots.
lM)r instance, some flowering specimens collected on Ilerschel island an
Wollaston land were actually ro<jt-slioots, witli the mother-root still attaehec
Similar r<M)t-shoots occur in a number of plants; Wittrock ' has written a
interesting paper on this subject furnishing a comprehensive list of species tha
multiply in this manner, .\monp the Cruciferae VVitliock mentions some specie
of Arabia, Vardamine n'solifolin, Leiiidiuin lalifoUuiii, AUiarin, and severe
Nantiirtia.
P. arctica R. Br.
A relatively smaller pl.ant than P. macrocarpn but the root is ;dso here quit
thick and deep. The aerial shoot, inflorescence, and leaves, agree with that C
the preceding, but I fouml no specimens developed from roots.
Erysimum inconspicuum (Wats.) MacMill. [E. yuniflorum Nutt., no
Pers.]
The tall flowering stem (about 21 cm.) arises from a small rosette of leave
borne upon a slender but persisting primary root which ramifies freely; th
species is perennial.
Sisymbrium sophioides !■ isch.
On Ilerschel island this species may persist for more than one season, n
shown by a very largo si)ecimen with six flower-bearing stems reaching th
height of al)Out 80 ctn. and arising from a large rosette of leaves; the thic
primarj' root boars evidence of having been rctivc for at least two seasons
The specimen was collected in the month of .\ngust and with it several nnic
smaller specimens were collected. Averaging only 3 to .') cm. in height, thes
plants were in bloom, and the rosette of leaves was iierfcctly fresh; thus the
might be able to winter over. It deserves attention that this species is generall
described as an annual and that it occurs as such in arctic Scanilinavia (70'' X.L
according to Blytt;' it has also been found near Ivigtut, on the west coast c
Greerdand, but as an introduced weed only.
CRASSULACEAE.
Sedum Rhodiola DC.
The very carefully lifted specimens form relatively large compact cushion
with the numerous low, flower-bearing stems, about 5 cm. in height, borne upo
fleshy subterranean branches with numerous withered stems from prcviou
years, and terminating in a deep, rjlativciy slender, pritiiary root. As con:
pared with Greenland specimens, these from Martin point, Alaska, are muc
less robust with respect to the size of leaves and inflorescence.
'Botan. Notts. I.und. 1884.
' Xoriics Flora, p. 99.5. CtiriatLiiiui, 1801.
Airt'r i'l'iiils: Muipholniiij ami Sufimnimij
at) B
SAXIFRACACEAE.
Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. vai. tetrandrum Luml. [('. ktmndnim
Til. Fries.]
Tliis is 11 vory small pcroniiial l.t'ih. Willi rcspiM i lo llio iiKirplioIciuiial
slnictiiro, the varicly ukiim's with lln- typical |)laiit. as i|i'sciil)iHl liy Iniiiscli.'
Til** altruist filifcifiii piimaiy axis ron.sists of Idtin iiitciiiixli's .iiul licais small,
scal('-lik(! loaves with a iiiiiiiitc, rudimotitary Made. \\ tlu- apical pail nf the
stein the loaves are nii-eti, loiin-petidleil, and lieariiid a roiiinlish, reiiiform
blade. Soedtldaiy niots develop freely from the iiilertiodc-. Floweriii(i as well
as purely vojtetative shoots may develop from the axils of the lowermost (iieeii
leaves; inore freipieiilly, liowever. stolons are developed from the axils of
these leaves. The slolotis iiave loiiK iiiteriiodi's, and the leaves are scale-like
or, towards ajiex, jiieeii and of the typical shape: axillary stolons develop some-
times from the leaf-axils of the mother-stolon; thus l!ie plant shows (piite u
compact mass of shoots, of which the stolons (HMdnally hecome se|)aiated from
the mother-axis and develo|i new. independent in<livi<luals.
Parnassia Kotzebuei Cham, et Schl.
The species is caes|)itose with a very short, erect, sulite'raneaii stem from
which numerous lotiK, slender, secondary roots are developed. There are no
scale-like leaves, and the foliage forms a small rosette from the centre of which
the flower-lieariiiK stems arise. .Induing from the structure o' -ome younc;
specimens, it appears as if the first Hower-liearing stem terminati he (irimaiy
shoot, and the vegetative re|)roduction is secured by means of o. or several
buds developed in the axils of the rosette leaves. These buds may be purely
vegetative for a .season or so and they may be separated from the mother plant
and give rise to new individuals. Heside these vegetative buds there are also
some others which are floral and develop during the succeeding year. \o
distinction was to be observed with regard to the external structure of these
buds; thev were not protected by scale-like leaves and their position in the
ro.sette was not the same; thus flowers and vegetative shoots may be seen in
the same specimen to have developed in no particular order. The species thus
agrees with P. ixihi.stris L., according to the description given by Hj. Nilsson
(Dikotyla jordst. I.e., p. KiS).
Saxitraga [Tourn.] L.
The fifteen sptcies collected by the expeilition represent the following
sections according to Kngler:= NephntphiiUinii (laud.. Hirciibis Tausch.,
Boraphila Engl., bactyloiilcs Tausch.. TmchuphijUiim (laud., and I'orphy-
rion Tausch. The number of species enumerated and d'/scrilied by luigler (I.e.")
aggregates IGG, and many of these exhibit a geographical distribution of
enormous extent, throughout the northern hemisphere, and to the highest eleva-
tions in the mountains.
Owing to this very wide distribution the genus nadirally exhibits (pute a num-
ber of morphological' structures which may well be looked upon as epharmonic
characters. Nearly all t he species are herbs, and th(\v are generally small plants,
but with the flowers quite conspicuous and of delicate striu^ture; very character-
istic of the genus is the immense variation in leaf-outline; we have a number of
species that exhibit the same leaf-shaiie as various genera of other families.
For instance, there is a species called "acon'tifolia," and among others may be
mentioned "ajuqaifoli,,." "cvdu^MvJdin" "hedfracea," "hi€rnriiM:'n," '•hmrheri-
folia, "juniperifulla." "IcucnnthemifoUa." "pa massif olia," "rammcullfoltd
etc.— As stated above, the habit is extremely different, and regardless oi the
' Zur Miirplioloiiic dor monocotylisrhcn KnoUen uml Zwiobclgi'wlwlw!. Hcrlin, ISIO. p \K.
' Monographie der f liittung Siwifniga. Broaluu, 1872.
4<l II
CiininliiDi Arrlif i'.i jii ilitliDi , lf)t.!-IS
njitiiir of cnviroimicni <rvci;il v.tv .lisiimt Ivpcs „< \m\>ii in;iv I l.>..|vr,l ■,
flio same -latioii, wlictli.r in th,' far imiili i.i in ilii. alpinr irninn.- of the moun
tains. Ihus anmnu tli.. phuils wlii.h air iin.uinK n.'ai.sl tlir J'olr, hctucr
JM' ami s;{ 21 N., (lalhricl hy the l{iiii>li polar .•xpcdiiion, |S7.'.-7C., ami lli
liitp I.H'iil. hockwood. I'nitcd Stales Army, wr tiiid not less itiaii six six-cics d
.S(i.n/;v/r/((, VIZ.: S. cvnnni, S. ninills. S. ,l,ri pirns. S. tii(usi,i,l,ilii, ,s. llaqrVurit
ami > i,i,ims,lif(ih<i. And acrordintt to Hooker' S. arinin an<l S.' fin,/, Hurl
aseeml to an elevation of ahove 17,(M)0 eel in the Iliinalavas; f.irtheVinore, ii
tlie Kocky mountains. Colorado. 1 et, (cl,.(l .S. rtrnua, S. HagdhiriH, and >
imohs ahove It.OilO I, .(I all. In other words, tlio scetions wh'ieh are al.le U
fhrivf lit the stations tarthest north aiv Ntphrophyllum. linrnphilr, Dnrtu
lovhs Trachyphyllum. and I'orpliijmm : three of fhes.. : XephrophiiHinn
JSornphilii, juid 1 rarhyphylhiw. are arnond those that ascend to the liiL'lie^
latitude:
.\s [loiiiied out l.y Kn^ler (I.e. p. .•|7), the miijoritv of the spoeios re i.ioi.n
lam plants and many of these heloiiR to the alpine llora. This aiitlior gives ai
mt*Testin(j talile aecorditiK to which the lartjest numi.er of species occur in tin
huropean Alps from Franco to Croatia (12 sp.); then follow Tihel and thi
llinialaya.s wilh ;}.) species, the Pyrenees with M), the Carpathian mountaiie
with 2.. the Uocky mountains with 22, etc. Onlv :> species are credited to ih,
South American Cordilleras.
The majority of the species are herhaceous y few are annual, atu
several may he designated as undershruhs. Amon>, , ne perennial herhaceou'
ones some interestinti structures are to he observed with respect to the vegetative
reproduction, the (levelo|)ment of runners ahove the K'ouiid, and of hulhlet<
developed in the axils of the leaves, the h.i.sal as well as the caiiline, in the lattei
ca.se rciiresentinp; transformed flowers as in S. crniiia and N. stdhtrls fornr
comosa, tor instance. But although the i)riniarv root persists in nianv si)ocie-
no instance IS known, .so far, where the root incre.a.ses in thickness to imy Rreal
extent, as i.s otherwi.se a feature characteristic of v.arious mountain "plant.s
especially the alpine ones.
The arctic species collected hy the expedition constitute actuallv an
assemhiape of types in which the venelative reproduction gives an excellent
illustration ot the biology of the genus in tlu> arctic and ali)iiie leRions.
Saxifraga aestivalis Fisch. et Moy.
The plant upon which Linnaeus estahlishi-d the speciT's cmiiic from Siherii
and according to I.edehour the species occurs al,<o in .\l;iska. and arctic Vmerica'
However, some Siberian specimens which I have before me, collected near
Jakutsk (\. II. Xils.son), and at Tolstoi XosfM. Hn'nner) differ from the \laskan
as well .as from the arctic American by the leaves! Fig. L: :{) being of a more round-
ish outline and of a thinner texture, besides bv the (lowers being considerablv
.smaller. The structure of the rhizome, however, is identical (Fig. !)• it is ascend'-
ing or .sometimes vertical, :!uite thick, and be.-irs numerous leaf-scars fron'
preen leaves while scale-like ones are entirely absent. Slender .secondary roots
areileveloped beneath the leaves, and the jirimary root evidently dies off at an
early stage. The leaves form an open ro.sette and the tlower-beariiig stem (St.
in hg. 1) terminates the shoot; an axillary bud remains dormant through the
winter and produce- a rosede of leaves and an inflorescence during the next
spring. Lateral braiu'hes develop often from the rhizome, esp-ciallv when
growing 111 Sphagnum bogs. While thus the Siberian plant differs somewhat
• Introductory K.ssjiy to tlie Flora Indiea. London, IS.iS, p. 2l'I.
Arctic I'lniiis: MurpholDgy and Sijniiniimn
41 B
fiuin the Jtii'tic American, llw s('V<'r!il specimens wliicli | Ii.i\c culliciecl in the
Sprnce-zone of the l{<ick> iiKHint.'iins in ( 'oloiado a(ii'i i in all respects with tlio
Silii'iiMii plant.
-f'.V,
/.
-L.J
\ > ■ . I
^^\
-'^\,
'z^'
V--.-
I
V
Fkuhf. L.
1 !<(:.nfniijii (((k/i'.;'(« I'i-clj. iinil Mi'V., >liiiwitiK the rliizunic, lliu liasul leaves, riiitl tlio l)ii.-<' of the
llowiT-bcariiin .<ti'iii (St.); '>"i' 'liird iif tin- natural ^i/l'; -iwciiiien from Mnitli coast of Coro-
nation gulf, {'ai)e Barrow. J Saiiii' fpiiics var. A't7.soM(»M» (Don); a liaial leaf ; one third
of the natural size, spcciimn from Herachel i.sland. 15. .S. acstivulis; a '> al leaf; one third
of the natural size; specimen from Siberia; Jenisei, Tolstoi Nos.
S. Nelsoniana Don. •
This is by Enjjier referred to the preceding species as a variety; the Icaf-
hlade (Fift. 2) resend)les that of tlie Siberian plant hut thf petioles are imieh
loiifrer and llie flowers relatively larger; the rhizome shows ilie same structure
as descrilied al)ovo.
S. Kyallii Kngl. anil S. davurica Pall.
These are both known from .Alaska .and adjacent islands; they exhibit the
same haliit as the preceding species l)iit the leaf-shape is (piite distinct.
S. hieraciifolia \\ . et K. and S. nivalis L
Tli(>se are also members of this section {Boraphild) but iheir liabii is very
different from that of iS'. aestivalis. The rhizome is relatively short but quite
stout in the former, and secondary roots develop freely; the almost sessile
leaves are arranged in a rosette smrounding the terminal, flower-bearing stem.
Axillary buds sometimes develop rosettes contemporarily with the terminal,
and several inflorescences may appear upon the same individiud. Characteristic
of tluse species of Bvruphila is the enrly withering of the primary root.
Although quite frequent in the arctic region, S. slcUnris L. var. coinosa
Poir. was not found by the expedition. I mention it in connection with the
other s|)ecies since it is quite an interesting plant showing some struct lU'es
which reciu- in members of the section Nephrophylliim. TIk; typical .'^.
stellari.< L. has an ascending or idinost horizontal rhizome which, according to
the substrate, may attain quite a considorabtle lengtli; for instaricc, iii speeinif-iis
growing in wei moss the rhizome measures the lengtli of about IS cm. (specimens
from Austria) and bears small, scale-like leaves subtending stolons of the same
structure as the main rhizome. In these specimens the aerial leaves are so
remote that no rosette is formed; however, in the northern plant a rosette i
42 II
CaiKiiliiifi .\i(lir I'.xjiiililloii, lUt.i- IS
<l<'V."l(i|>.(l fiuMi til.' centre of wliieli the llmvei-hearitiK ^telii .ili-es. The piiitn
root .lie-i niT :it iiti early stale JMif heeomes MiliMitiile.i l,v loiiii, -|ei„|er, seeuii.li
roots prneee.iiiij; from itie rlllzoine .lose iMii.'alll the ri.s.ll...
FiGtRE M.
1. Snxifraga stellnriii I,, var. nrnosa Poir. ; natural size; spiMi.ui'ii from West ( Ircmland 2 Pel
of samp; enhirRed. 3. A bulblet of same; enlarpinl. 4. A bulhlet of ^'. ctniM L.- eniare.
5. A Rernunating bulblet of same; enlarged. 0. S. mdiaUi Small; natural size: specim
from Hersohel island. 7. Petal of same; enlargcil. S ,*J. da-ijriens Ehrh. from Corkbu
pomt; natural size. 9. A leaf of same; enlarged.
An aretic variety of thi.s species is the so-called cowo.w d'if:. M: 1, 2, 3)
which most of the flowers are transformed into small h-.ilblets. These bulhlc
represent an im.nort.int me.ins of v.-gptative reproduetioii since thiv arc able
develop new individiiols when separated from the mother-plant, thtis remindii
of .S. cernua L. of the section Nephrophyllum. When the bulblet perminat.
It produces a short, a.scending rhizome, terminated bv a ro.sotfe of tvpical leave
and an inflorescence bearing few flowers but manv bulblets.
Arrlic I'liiiil-: Mmfihiihiijij .iml Sijiniinitny
13 D
III ll»i> inn Xeiihriijilnjllum wi' moot wiili hov(|;i1 s|M'i'ic>M wliirli duvi'lop
liiillili'ts ii|MHi ihc rlii/niiif ;i-. well as in fho inflorcsiinii-; ihi:^ pci'iiliiirily was
kiunvii iilii';iil> In l.iiiiiMiiis when he di -crilxMl S. (iroiiiilnln "radire ut.unihita."
.\flirwari|> the inoriiliulnirv of tins i»lant \\:i-< Ih'iti di'-ii il.rd >t) \ci\' lAidlctillv
l.y Inriisili il.c. p. I1KI .
AinoiiK tlic airlir ti'iircHciitativcs of this M'ciioii, >'. nni'iii h. is tlic most
fn'(|iicfit (iin>. 'I'Ih' iliizoiiic is vory sliort and tin' piiiii:ir\ root inii.-l l"> of a
very sliort cliiratioii sItici" it coiistaiilly laiks in niatun' .|)cciin»'ris. In this
>pcr'i(-i hulMi'ls (l'\^^s. t-.V, arc developed iit)i ot)ly in the aNJlsof the lia-al. Kfet!"
leaves l)iit also in the iiilloreseenoe where they sometinies repl.ne all the tlowers.'
Most fre(pientl\ the bracts of the inlloresci'iice siililend only >ninlc luilhlets,
corresponditiK to sinyle flowers, Iml in some reinarkal'le specimens irathered by
.lames M. .Ma<'oiiii at I'lillorton, llud.'-on hay, the hracts suKtind numerous
clusters of liulhlcts: in these vigorous speciineiis the inlloreseence was profusely
<l(>compound instead of lieiuK it ■simple laceine as in the lypii\il plant. On the
other hand, in S. ililnlis I'^nnelrn.. which Mnjfler considers to lie meidy a variety
of .'i. ccrnuit (I.e. p. 107), thesi- hullilets are totally iihsent.
The hullilets of the inflorescence are of a |)ink colour an<l they Kerminate
freely when separated from the mother-plant. AccordiriR to W.armiiiK," slender
stolons may also occur in this species, and the foliane of such stolons may consist
of sc.ile-like as well as of {.'reen leave> some of which m;t\ suliteiid hullilets.
S. radiatu ."^mall.'
This is .S cxiliH ."stephan (1S22) but the latter name h.as been rejecte<l since
there is a N. cxilis I'oll. of earlier date (ISIO). The species ,S'. rndiata (FiR. M:
li-7) resembles >S'. nihirlrn h. very uuich, but in S, railiata the stem i.s pubescent
with glandular hairs intermixed; the bas:;l leaves are inirely .">-7-lobed, and the
petals are very distinctly three-nerved. Hiilblets occur in both species, mainly
in the axils of the ba.sal leaves, sehlnm in the iiiHoreseence.
\
S. rivularis J,.
This little species foinis sm.all cushions, but the iiriinary root is substituted
by a den.se mass of filifi lui, secondary root 'he rhizome is v^ry short and bears
rosettes of leaves wit'' teimiiial flowering .■ .is. When growiriR in loose, wet
.soil, r.r in moss, the il.. ome ma\- develop Horizontal stolons (specimens from
Camden bay), which bear typical Ereen leaves. Bulblefs occur also in this
>peciis as described and lipured by vVariiiing (I.e. ii. 211), and by Ci. I.indiiiark.*
The section Hirctdus comprises mostly Himalayan species, but one of
ihcse, S. Hirculus L., i.< also widely distributed throughout the northern henii.s-
phcrc ,tiid reaches the polar regions in both Worlds. The arctic plant is low,
the flowering stcm.s reaching a height of only G cm. or less; it forms small and
more or less compact cushions of numerous leaves, and .several flower-bearing
stems ire prod. iced on the san.ic individual. There is no primary root in mature
specimens but the profusely branched, subterranean shoots bear many filiform,
second.iry roots. The subterranean stem represents in these arctic specimens
from Bernard harbour, Ilerschel island, etc.. a horizontally creeping rhizome,
about 7 cm. in length, slender, but woody, den.sely covered with remnants of
withered leaves ami branching freely; stolons with scale-like leaves are known
to occur in the southern |)lant but I observetl none in the numerous arctic speci-
mens, which were examined. Vegetative reproduction is siantily represented by
the arctic plant, since the branches of the rhizome are of a solid, woody structure,
not jjeniitttiiig the 3ccon;'..ary rosettes to become separated from the mother-plant.
' C'onip.irp: llip aiitlinr in nijmphn.vKipeditiDncn's ZooIoKisk-botan. Vdbytte i\.r.).
' Sajifrauaoeae iMod.l. inn Ci^nlaml. K^licnhavn, 1912).
' North \incri''an I'lora, Vol. 22, 190.i.
' BiiiraK till kilnnoiliinien <>m do .Svi'nska SaxUraga-.^itors yttre byuKnad ach indivijbildniiii!. Bil> .
K. .Sv. \et. .Vkad, Hdlgr. Vol. 28. Stoi-ktiolm, 11HI2.
i
•II It
Ciitiiulnin Air'ii I'.xihililiiin, IHt.i'lS
S. ileciplenH Klirh , in. I, v;ir. ftroeiilandira I,) !,«.•, in. I S. sillensu'fl«i
Si. •rill..
III.'-..' Ml. ih.^ .iiil.\ iiii'inl>rrs i'( til.' -.■.lii.ii hill I nil, ill, ^ ul.i.ji mi.' kli...
fn.ii. iiiilli^ Airiciica: i.l' tli.'w only tli" luiimr wn«. rKJIiitcil. >'. lUcijui
I'Anh. I- ih.^ nmni^ ,'i<|.>|iii<i| l.y I'iliijl.i in liis Mi.noni.'iph ..f llic cfiiii> il.c p. |J
an. I ill.' (III.' I1-.I..I l.y the Viiiioiix aiilli.ir.', «li.>liavc wntl.ii mi iircli.- Imlai
fi>r iiiftaiic^: Kj.lliiiaii, Traiit vcltcr, l.annf. an. I (itli.'i>i: iccciillv, liiiwcv.
uiKilhcr liaiiH' lia« Imm-ii inli...|iici'i|, viz.:>' ijnn iiliimlicii I,, l.y II. (i. Siiniiiiiii
.S'. iliniiii lit is licn-i.'Iy ca.'spito-;.', ami ili.- [iniiiary r.».t imt-InH; n is sjcn.
hut (li'f|( .•III. I r:uiiili("< fri'.'jy: « iii.jary ronN, on the tithi-r li.'iii.i, .l."v.'li>|i s.'l.l.n
1 her.' I-. no rlii/onic in ilic proiwr «i'nsc ..f id.- u'..r.|, l.iit iiiiiiiit.his sh.Hirs dcvcl
from ill.' .(-..wn ..f ih.' idiil. I.iniiinaik il.-.i in. nt ions tli;it lat.ral slio.its n\t\w
at an caily staij.' .'11111 thut tli.y arc .|i.v.'l..|).'.l from the axils r>f ilic lowcriiK
loaves ..( the iiiaiii s|i(h< . The ai'i^oinpanyiii(i limire (\''[t(. M: .Si shows only
siiiall p.irl ol' a iar^.^ .•iishion; ill shoots are ilensejy ciotheii with with. re. 1 IcftVi
an.! ;il lli.^ ap.'X ihey hi'.'ir s.^veral r.is.'ties of fre-h leaves surroiiiuiintt the tlowc
lieariiiK ^l.'iii"': since the (levejopin.'iit of .si-coridiirv rootn is very scant, the ^<ho(
do iiol. so far as [ know, hconi.' s.^parati-.l from the iiiother-planl ; tliii-* t
species is (^vidcniiy n.it al.h' lo miihiply by mcaiii of veKctativi! reproiliictiu
Whili' f'^mjli'' ilci \m ,\ .<,.|||,.,| ..i niimhcr .if varieties of the species, I,ani
(I.C.I in'"iti.>ns only ilm^f occiirrini; in ( ire.'nl.inil, as f.dltiws: 1. iinn-idiimli
"-'-l-piillii-;iris. .l.'iis.. pilviicit.i. ulaii.liil.iso-pilos:i, l'.)liis trifi.lis, lai'iniis ol.lii:
Nuliiiitetris;"' 2. uiiifliini: "hiiniilis, l-;{-l|ora, caiy.-.' iiinro-clandiiloso, ceteiii
Ut 1, in (luain sensini transii.- vi.letiir, nam f.irm.ie iini- I't pliirillorae promi>ci
li'Kiintiir;" ;}. Sl,Tnhrr,iii.: "spithainaea v. iilira. Ia\iiis caespitosa, minus ilcii
Klaniliilo-i^)-pilo^a: f.)liis pilin iio-triti.lis, laciniis later.'tlibii.s lji-trilol)is."
Th.' section Tniclnjiihi/tl .in comprises ty|)es of very .listinct lial.il; amoi
the arctic we ine.^t with N. hrmichialis h. and .S'. triniii)hiliilit Hottl). which ha
the same hul.it as N. ilccijui ns; S. iiiznidc-i L. which in s.'\ . r.il respects remin.ls
.S'. Iliiculu.H, aiif' finally the peculiar .S'. flnijillaris Willd.
Of those, S. tricuspid-atn Hotth. forms larpo, i-ompaci .iishions in th.' saii
inaniier as ,S'. ili.rijiif,,.^. ami the primary root p.'rsists, while secondarv rtui
were not oliservc.l. In this species the tlowor-heariuti stem is (piile tall, i.'.ichii
a hei)jli! -' ahoiii 10 cm. \ specimen from (Ire.'iil.'ind, I'autorlik, Noiirso!
poninsui:. .liffers from the type by the shoots heinu very l.inir. about 23 en
and the l.-ave^ i.niote, thus j'orminn no rf)seltes.
S. bronchialis L. apr.cs with lli.' firmer hut [..•^id.s I he p.rvislinn prima
root secondary root- .ire also pr.'s.nt. developing freclv fr.im th.' suiil.'rr;inc!
stem.s. .\n intercsiinj; viiriety is rhirlirwu/'s Don. in which the l;itei;il shoo
are extremely short with the miiiiil.' leaves crow.le.l ard thi.ker th.-iii in tli.' Ivp
it isanaiiv.'of eastern Asia l.ut has also i.een found in Alaska and .-Lljac'iit i-land
Moi. .iver, ihc .speci.'s occurs .dso in the Rocky mountains, ascending aboi
12, (MM) feet aliove ,s(>a-le\<'l in rolorado (Cray't; peak), and specimens from tti
locaiily as well as from lower altitudes, for instance in Clear Creek canyc
(10,0(10 iV.'ti. tipree well with the Silierian plant: l.ut when comjiared wilh'tl
Alaskan plant fKodiak, lc(;it Walter H. Ilvaiis) there is .some difference wi(
|.spei-t to the fruit; this is eonsideralily I.u'iier in the Alaskan specimens In
otherwi-.^ ill.' structure of the leaves .■uid their |iosition, l.eiiic den-elv I'row.l.'
is identical.
Some years ac.i Dr. Wieirand otalihshe.l ;. new sp,.i'i,.s. x. ,,;/./.,,..,,,,,.,;/,,,,
foun.led upon specimens of >'. hnincliinlis from the l{oikv iiKiunttiins. with tl
following di.-iinction: "DitTers from .S'. hn.nchialis I., in its' more suliiilate, dark.
Rreen leaves, wWI; fewer ciliac near the apex; more slender pedicels, smalle
' Flora n[ Klli'smiTplanii O.c p. 70).
Ardtc I'liV'h: Morpholmpi antl Sijiunuinij
la O
, witli till
to, darker
i, siiiuUcr,
wliilr iirliiU Willi piiiplr ilrii-. aiiovi', ami iml uiiKuiiuhilc at llic I.ut; ^lalll«■lu(
-lioitir lliMii the 1 Killa: mihI .•.imillct caio-iilc willi ihmcIi >i|iolltr -tvliji. It
|)riili:i('l\ imliulc.t ..II nf llic -i, -culled >', lininrhldliy froth llic Hnckv n.oiinlains
Miiith III' Alaska."
Sninc ."iKTimcii.s whiiji I haM' jicfiiii' nic, colliili i| li\ Mr. (laiiclall nn
I'riilKick'H tiiouiilaili laiirli ill (oloradii (alliiiidf 7,.'><MI !ii ' iijjni' cxaclh willi
ilif ili^tihctioii piiiniiil uiii \>\ Dr. Wiitanii/ Iml 1 il., n,.! Irt'liivc ilioe dis-
tinrlivr rliararliis arc -iilliiiciil fur I lie i -lalili.-liii!! nl dl i in u •^iiccics.
rnifoMir liiijricr in Ins excellent iii(in(ijjra|ili <•< llie liihii^l.c p. I'l.'i; ciillrt
attciiiiiin to the \aiialiilil\ u( S. hriiticliiiili.s ].. eurri'.-poiiiliiiy I'uli that of N.
iispini !)('.. uf winch ihe alpMie fruin j- iicic deii>el\' cae^plln-( , and wil'i llio
lllllillc-'ccllce frW-llliWclc.i III .itnll:!-! Willi the plalll fldll jiUMI cic Vat it III-*.
I im.iIIn-, if we (■(impale >. jUujiUm i.-, U illd. a- repiist iili .i in lln iNirlli ami
xiillli, wi' mitice (|iiile a promiiielil diHeiiinc in llie icl ili\c ^\/.v cif Ijiiwcr and
frilil, llie Nlnicllire <if llie foliauc elc, l>Ml williiiiii t.clintr imline.j in divide
the species. From ihe cNpelHlice 1 have iiad with Sii.nfidiio. .-p.iially in the
licld. 1 sliiiiild pieler to consider.'*, aiixtitiniiiiildiin \\\i%. a- n tot m nj >. l,i,,inhiiiliH
I .., il i'lead of ait ilidc^ cndelit s|H>cies.
S. ;ii/i)idfN f.. Several complete spocimeiis wcf collected l.\ the i \pcdition,
"ciiiiiplcte," liec.iiise in sc\i !:il of the speciincns the primaiv luut \\a« preserved.
However, the arctic plaiil dilTers fiom the sotiiherii li\ il- more conden-ed mowlli;
(|iiile compact cii-hions may he developed, ineasininn in width aliout 7 cm.,
ii'it iiicliidinn the llovveiiim vicnis. .\ iioiik tlio-e from Mern.ird harhoiir some
•■pecimens are of c|iiite diminutive size, harely 2 cm. hich, .ind it is in such speci-
mens that the primary root w.as present; it is lelalively deep, hut slender, anil
emits .sovoral liraiiches; secondary roots develop fr(>(.ly from the suhterranean
stein.-*. In the southern plant the stems are more spreadinn, in the m.anner of
>'. II I mil IIS, hut typical stolon- with -cale-like h'aves were not ol.-erved. In
the arctic plant the leaves are much crowded and the -hoot is (piiie inofusely
r.imilied; thus a cushion may he formed. \'eir|.tative reproduction i- -eciireil hy
me.uis (pf the lateral shoots, which m;iv he - parated from ili(> mot her-plaiil ami,
l.y their ahilily to di velop secoiid.ary roots, new individuals miv thus he formed.
S. flaftellaris Will.l.
This is one of the most inlere-iinc species of the jjeiiiis. We tiiid it in the
polar rciiions as well as in the alpine, and exiiihitini: principall.v the s.ime morpli(i-
loniciil structure. The arctic pl.ant i> cenerally of very low stature, ihi> ftovver-
leariiiK stem reachinn a liii^ht of onlv J .J to ;! cm. Tlie shoot lie:
fleshy 1,
form ;i
a niimlier of
c.ives, (ilandular hairy especially alonn the iiiart;ins. ,ini| these leaves
-mall rosette resemhliiii; that of a Sriiijii na mn. In -pile of ihe very
con-idi^rahle material which I have examined, there is not .i single specimen
shovviim a persistent iirimary root: the root-system consists only of a iiumlier of
secondary roots, developed from the h.asal internode- of the rosette. \ sintjlo
tlovver-lieariiiR stem, hearing a few leaves and one or two flowers, teiininales
the shoot. \'cry characteristic of the species is the development of Ioiik runners
ahove the irroiind, c<jiisistiiin of a siiiKle internode, reaching a leiiKth of about
10 cm., and terminated hy a siiuill spherical rosette of Kreeii leaves; these riiiiiier.s
are developed if. the axils of the rosette-leaves. When the fruit is mature the
main shoot di. s off and at this time, towards the end of the ,<ea.son, the rosettp.s
h()rno on the runners have commenced to develop roots; as the runners die off
witti tiK^ niol |ier-nl^rii . fh.eso ro.^^ettes thu.s heconie indenendot^.t inf^'vii^h*."^?^ .inH
repeat the prowtli of the mother-shoot. I do not know how h rig time these
ro.scttes re!)uire to become mature to produce flowers, but judginj; from the size
of varioii.s specimens which I collected in Nova Zenibla, I presume thev reach
maturity in the third year.
'Bull. Toircj H..t Club. Vol. 27, 190(/, p. 388.
tt) n
(Mtuulidn Arclir Exixdiliiin, lOIS-lS
III ronipiiiiiin (lio arctic with tlic aI|)ino plant, for instance with a sciios (
.spcciincMs from tlic ]{ocky numiilains (if Colorado, flio folIowinK doviatior
were noticoahlo. The fln\vorin(i stem is taller, more loafy, and two to thrf
flowers niiiy i)e developed; moreover the plant is more ulaiulular hairy. Final!'
in some specimens from near (lie -iiinmii of James' peak (13,()()0 feet). .-I'siomewhi
remarkahie structure occurs. They grew in somewhat damp soil associate
with Siirirsia, /)r//«.«, AdinvUa, etc., and the tiower-hearinR stem reached
height of aliout I.') cm., Iiearing aliout 7 flowers in a unil;iteral evme; the tlowoi
hearinir stem was very leafy and .several of the hasal leaves above the rosetl
stihteiided runners of the usual structure. The rosette was not so eonipact as i
typical specimens and, moreover, a suhterranean stem-portion, about o em. i
lenjijli, extended from the ros(>tfe to a cluster of secondary roots; this ston
portion bore some remnants of withered leaves and consisted thus of more thn
a single internode. Some isolated youii.c rosettes wiiich grew near the flowerin
specimens showed a similar eloiigtiied stem beneath the rosette-leaves, provide
with a I'orresponding system of s< . .iiuhiry roots at the lower end of the stem, j
third type of specimens, however, explained this singular structure; it con
.sisied of ;i rosette of leaves with runners, but instead of being terminated by ai
inflorescence the main shoot had continued to grow above the rosette as
vegetative shoot bearing several scattered leaves and terminated by a rosett
of .1 more open structure than in the typical plant. In other words, the alpin
S. fliifitlliin's may remain at a purely vegetative stage for .several years, but no
as a single rosette, gradually increa.sing in size, as is the ca.se in tlie .arctic speci
mens, but developing an erect, purely vegetative shoot, of which the ape
assumes the shape of a ro.sette to produce (lowers in the succeeding vear, and stil
depending on the same fascicle of secondary roots. The age of siich specimen
appeared to be not less than four years, the fact that none of the specimen
examined posses.sed a primary root iiatur.ally indicates that thev owed thei
existence to ro.settes of runners, which undoubtedly is the most common methoc
of reproduction in this species. However, capsules with ripe seeds are frcquenth
to be found in al|)ine specimens, and even in \ova Zeinbla did I succeed ir
finding fully matured capsules with seeds.
The section Porphyrion to which S. oppositifolia L. belongs comprisei
only t hree other species :.s'. hijhmi .\1I.,.S' macropetahi Kern., and. S. re<?<.<fa Gouan
Of these the two last ;ire natives of the mountains of .Middle and South Europe
.<?. hiflorn IS also a native <if these mountains, but extends northward to Laplanc
and northern Russia.
.S'. opiiosi'lifitlia, on the oiher hand, is widely distributed throughout th(
northern heiiiisi)here and abounds in the polar legions. It is actually an under-
shrub, since the profusely ramified branches above ground are woody. The
long stems are mostly prostrate with th(> inlernodes more or less stretched, with
the leaves opposite, and developing secon<lary roots (piite freely. Kiect, but
very short, floral shoots are developed in the axils of the caiiline le.ave.s, .and
they bear only one flower, at first .■ilmost sessile, but distinctlv pedicelled when
fruiting. In very large, old specimens tlie posterior parts of the stem have
frequently died o(T: thus the root-system is confined to .secondary roots; but in
sm.aller, younger specimens, tlie iiriniary root may be preserved; it is slender,
but (piite deep, and bears .several lateral branches.
\n interesting variety, Xulluirstl. was found by Dus<''n in East Greenland '
and described as follows: "I.axe caespitosa; ramuli steriles breves, c. 3 cm. longi,
sat dense foliati, foliis opposilis; r.amuli floriferi elongati, .'>-(> cm. longi, inferne
glabri sursum sensini all)Oi)ilosi. iipicem versus dense pilosi. remote foliati.
foliis medianis et supremis saltem alternis, rarissime opposit is; folia longiora ei
remotius ciliata quam in typo, rotundate acutata, usque ad 10 mm. longa ct 3
' Pill
K. Sv. Vrt. .\kiicl. II.UKr. V..!. 27. Sto. kliolrn, 1902, p. S.?.
t
Aniir PJinils: Morphology and Synonymy 47 e
t.im. lafn: flnrtvs solifarii v,l raiissimr I,ini, majoios (iii.mi in fvpo, ,;,]orc vui-
ahilcs, pallulc ruhro-viola.ci, palli.lc rosci vcl alt.o-ro.-^oi; ^(■paIa fiTO triaiiL'iil-iria
iPiiiotc ciliata; potala ovalia vol ol)long()-ovalia." ' '
Dryas L.
Wliilo ;;. octopcUilu I,, and I>. l)nn,iv,o,i,lii Hook. Iiavc alwav- 1 11 recog-
ni-<(Ml as (iistinct spccios tliorc lias soinrlinics l,of-ii cxpiosscd .Irliiltt ahout tho
sponfic validity of/), inlegrifolia M. Valii. KjoUnian/-' who had tlio rare oppor-
tunity to olwrvp D. oclopdala and D. intcgrifolia at tho same sl.ation on the
Asiatir coast of Bonnp .strait at Konyani hav, frit convinced that tlicv icprcscnt
two distinct spocics. Xathorst,' who also found them growing together at
< ape \ork on the northwest coast of Greenland, observed moreover a form
intermediate l.etween iiotli which he named D. inhiirifolia forma intermalia-
in this form the leaves varied from Iieing dentate onlv at the base to dentate
along the whole margin from base to apex. This author felt inclined to con-
sider this intermediate form as a hybrid, inasmuch as the two species keep
remarkal)ly constant, even when distributed over large areas The forma
7 /i^crmcr/m has since also been reported from Xortheast C.reenland, viz.- Scoresby
sound by Jlartz." who has figured an interesting series of leaves of t pical D
ocUipddla, of the forma inUrmcilin. and of D. intrgrifidui.
The specimens from Port Epworth harbour represent the forma inlermciUa
but in the.so specimens the dentate leaves are verv few in proportion to the
entire ones, and the specimens are better referable to D. iulrqrifoUn than to the
.other.
Sieversia glacialis R. Rr.
\ few specimens in fruit were collected of this verv rare species the stem
reaching the height of fifteen cm. : by the stvles being pilose the species is readilv
tiistingui.'ihed from iS. /("o.s.sv'/ I' Hr.
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.
Two vegetative shoots were collected with relativelv large leaves the
length of the leaflets being about 2 cm. and the width about 1 cm.
P. fruticosa I,.
The specimen from Port Kpworth. collected in the month of ,JuIv i-; quite
a hit e siiriib 17 cm. high, with several stout branches, with its leaves (iistinctlv
pctiolale, and with the floral peduncles attaining a length of about 3 cm'-
t ■<■ flowers are Large and as well ;is the leaves larger than those I have «een in
tlie alpine region of the Rocky mountains in Colorado.
\ Sp<'ts))(.ri;ons I'lorn, I .-. p. S.-).
ISSi! p.^.^27."'^'' ''•-•' '"«-«'"'i-'I'usi..n,s F^vnornKrunlloni. Vena Kxpe.Iit. vctcnsk. arhct. St-vklioini,
StocVholm.'lsM^p.T^'"'*''''' ''*" "'"-'"^"•» •■■■■«nl:.n.l. Ofvcrs. KrI. Svcnska Vet. Aka,l. VMM^r.
havn,'lS9.rp''3T "* '^■'""'"■5"*"K">""' 1'^" N"'".!«sl-f:r,^nla.,.l. Mo,M. on. Gr*„land, XVIIt. Ki^l.cn-
18 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-lS
PAPILIONACEAE.
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn var. Kjellmanii Ostf.
The .sppfios is perennial with a docp, strong primary tap-root bearing
large rosette of leaves .surrounding a tall flower-hearing stenl, the tallest speeinn
measuring about 24 cm. in height, the (lowering raceme itself about S cm. :
fruiting specimens the large legumes are den.selv villous, and about 5 cm.
length.
Astragalus [Tourn.] L.
The two species of Aslragahis show a very different habit. In .1. alpine
the primary root persists but it is very slender; the aerial shoots are rpiite lor
but very slender, prostrate, and profusely branched, bearing several leaves ai
a terminal, long-pedunculate inflorescence. Some few secondary roots deveh
from the nodes, and tubercles were found on some of the lateral roots.
In .1. ahoriginortuii. on the other hand, there is a very strong and thic
primary root, often branched and crowned with numerous, "compact clusters
persisting internodcs with scale-lik» le --"s, supporting leafv shoots and flowe
bearing stems; root-shoots ab
As may bo seen from '■ ,Part A, Plate X). the arctic specimen
A. abortginorum differs in se^ x, spects from the prairie plant described at
figured by Hooker (Fl. bor. Am.), but Mr. Marcus .Jones, to whom specimei
were .sent for identification, kindly informed ine that the arctic material repr
sented the typical plant.
With regard to the systematic position of this species Hooker (I.e.) stat-
that the perfect fruit which was unknown to Dr. Richardson has now been sec
in abundance, and proves the species to be a I'hora, rather than an Antragahi
Phaca frigida L.
In specimens from Bernard harbour, collected in the month of August, tl
racemes with fruit, not fully matured, measure 1.") cm. including the pedund
while in bloom the stem above ground measures onlv about 8 cm. in heigh
The primary root is long and slender and the capillarv, lateral roots bear tube
cles. As in the plant from Nova Zembla, which I liave described and figure
(Dijmphna Expedition I.e.), the aerial .shoots develop from the axils of scale-lil
leaves borne upon jxrsisting basal internodcs; thus a pseudo-rhizome is ah
possessed by this plant.
Oxytropis Roaldi Ostf.
Having been published in Christiania,' and jjerhaps not being readil
accessible to the reader, I herewith insert the diagnosis as written by Mr. Ostei
feld; it reads as follows:
"Scapigera, usque 20 cm. alta, multiceps; stipulae altc petiolares, alba
membranaceac, longe ciliatae, pars hbcra uninervis, e basi dilatata lineari;
foliola 7-8-juga, lancelato-ovata, adpresso niveo-pilosa; scapi foliis longion
pilis subadpre.ssis vel subpatulis instructi; inflorescentia subcapitata, .5-l(
flora; bractene lineari-lanccolatae, calycem subaequilongae; calyx tubulosc
campanulata, dentibus triangularibus tubo triplo brevioribus, pube nigr
pdisque longioribus albis instructa; corolla calvci dimidio longior, violace(
purpurea; legumen (altum) ovato-oblongum, recte. acuminatum, mcmbranacec
cnartaceum. ca. 12 mm. longum, uniloculare vol partim semi-lncul.are, pub
breve grisoo, calycem subduplo superans. Hcrschel Island."
I 1. jy"v."'''r"«'''r*'' 'i'"!'''*''.U? ^^'^ VSV^^ Amcrira (King William 1 and, King Point and Hersch
Island) by Oj6a Expedition 1904-1906. Vidensk. Sekk. Bkrift. Christiania, 1910.
Arctic Plants: Morphology ami Synonjiny 49 b
Characforislic of tJin species of Oxytropis collcuted on the expedition is the
c.iespitoso growth with iiiimcrous leaves forming conipacl ciir;hions, espeeially
ill 0. nigrcscens and 0. nrctohia The primary root persists; it is quite long
Htid relatively thick, freciiicnfly supplemented liy sccondarv roots of almost the
SMtne length and thickness, \umcrous aerial shoots with the very .short inlcr-
n.ides completely hidden liy the crowded, withered leaf-sheaths, stipules, rises
from the erow.i of the root, and these shoots are terminaled l)v rosettes of, [eave
surrounding the central flowering stem overtopping the leaves, as in 0. folioloxa,
0. campestris and <). liimldl; or the peduncle of the inflorescence is so short that
only the flowers themselves are raised, and only slightly so, above the foliage,
as in 0. nigrencens and O. nrctobin. The habit of t liese two' species is thus identical
with that of Trifolium nnnum from the alpine region of the Rockv mountains.
A specimen of O. nigrcscens from Camden bav consists of a comp.act cushion
measuring IS cm. in di."-'"ter; the largest of 0. arctobia measiiri'd 12 cm. in
diameter. Common to . . „• two species of Oxytrupix and the Trifolium men-
tioned above is the two-flowered inflorescence, while in the other species there
are several flowers forming a head or a short, more open i vceme.
Hedysarum Mackenzii Rich, shows the same habit as Oxylropis campeslris,
but the flowering steins are much taller and branched, specimens from Ber-
nard harbour measuring 28 em. in height; the inflorescence is racemose.
Characteristic of these arctic Papilionaceae is thus the persisting primary
root; in most of these the growth is caespitose owing to the profuse development
of aerial shoots of which the basal internodes persist and from the leaves of
which new shoots arise, bearing leaves and flowers, and dving down to the
ground at the end of the season, leaving only the lowermost part to persist
and rep. at the ramification in the manner of a pseudo-rhizome.
i EMPETRACEAE.
! Empetrum nigrum L.
: Several specimens were collected on tundra, with flowers and fruit; the
' branches showed the typical riowth of the species and were quite long, reaching
; 30 cm. in length. ^ &. *,
ONAGRARIEAE.
Epilobium latifolium L.
,, J^^ tallest flowering specimen is from Cape Harrow; it measures 20 cm. in
iniM^rht, and several stems are developed from the woodv, thick, primary root-
las to the size of the flowers, the dried petals measuie 2. 2 cm. in length and
about 1 cm. in width. The leaves are lance(jlate, quite long, and relatively
narrow. In specimens from Wollaston land the flowering stems are much
f^hoiter, only !» cm. in length, and the leaves are short but very broad, oval in
loufline. While thus the primary root persi.sts .and develops as a strong vertical
Iroot, the basal subterranean stem-portions persist also and increase in thickness-
lUjion these buds become developed which give rise to the aerial, floral shoots;
|tlius we have in this plant a pseudo-rhizome with the primary root persisting and
fiirreasing quite considerably in thickness. Among the numerous specimens
|coll(;cted there was no indicatio;. of reproduction by means of root-shoots.
|E. angustifulium L.
; , The Fire-weed is .so widely distributed in the arctic regions that it is even
.rircunipolar, but it is nowhere as abundant in the polar regions as farther south,
throughout the entire northern hemisphere. And farther south it is especially
24857—4
50 H
CiiiKuiiou Arctic Kxpeilitinn, Wl.i-lS
abundant in clearings and newly hurried lands. It is also called Wiilow-hoi
(in accdiuit (if the seeds lieariiiK ii t>if' "f '•'">? liairs thniujjli the help of \vhi(
the plant is readily disseminated over areas of jj;reat extent. However, tl
species possesses also another means iiy which its dispersal is effected, namel;
by the long horizontal roots developing root-shoots; these roots with liU(
may ()ersi.st for many years in the soil in a dormant state waiting for the oppo
tunity favourable to their farther development. And this opportunity is tl
cutting down or btuiiing of the forest. This is a fact so well known that it
hardly worth mentioning but. among the many reports that have been givf
about the sudden atid abundant appearance of the species, one might be (•it(
here which is cpiite interesting. M'-. I. \V. Cliickering ' writes: "In northwestei
Maine, on a tract of land of some 4,000 acres, over which lumbering operatioi
had been carried on some years ago, leaving a tangled mass of limbs and unde
brush a fire broke out .lune Sth and swept over this entire tract, lasting for tw
weeks, burning with such fury that it was almost impossible for the stage 1
travel along th(> road. .\ new vegetation began to start in three weeks after tl
fire, aiul the whole region of 4,000 acres was covered with Epilobium anjiu.st
folium as far as the eye could reach, over hill and valley, ridge and interval w!
one mass of colour from the Fire-weed." Tliis sudden and so abundant appca
ance of the plant must necessarily have been caused by the rapid developmet
of root-shoots, which thus were in the soil in the state of buds waiting for tl
opportunity. From the writings of Irmisch ^ we have learned about this plai
that it often reaches, the flowering stage in , iie first year. But, of course, tl
vegetation mentioned by .Mr. ("hickering could not possibly owe its appearanc
to seeds, three weeks after the tire. Rut Irmisch describes al.so the root-systeii
and this author made the interesting observation that the primary as well i
the secondary roots of the young seedling develop buds freely which sometimi
give rise to n(>w plants in the succeeding year. The wide distribuiion in tl
north of the sjjecies evidently depends on its diss-'iiiination by the wi..d; i
persistence, on the other hand, it owes to the development -ot-.shoots.
LMBELLIFERAE.
Bupleurum amerlcanum ('. et R.
The only arctic representative of the genus and in no particular morph(
logically distinct from its numerous, more southern. c()ngeners among tl
perennial forms. The primary root persists as a relatively slender tap-ro(
crowned with a rosette of long, nai-row leaves and a few or only a single flowe
bearing stem, somewhat taller than the leaves; the tallest siiecimen measun
about 1 i cm. in height.
Selinum cnidiifoiium Turcz.
A few flowering specimens of this very conspicuous plant were collected (i
Herschel island; it shows the same habit as I'achiijilciiriiin, but is more robus
the stem taH"r, about 20 cm., and the ample, basal leaves deeply cut ; the large:
umbel measured 10 cm. in diameter.
ERICACEAE.
Ledum palustre L,
In all the specimens collected the leaves are ren iikably short, sometimi
barely 1 cm. in length, and very narrow; the inflorescence is also much smalh
than in th(> typical plant. Some of these specimens nia>- be referable to tli
variety ihriimhcii.s Ait., but in others the stems appear to have been erect, an
attaining a height of about 2'.i cm.
' Rot. Gazottf Vol. 0. p. 193. C'liiiiiiiii. 1884.
' Uolall. XcilUTIK. I.<'ip2iu. |S.')7, F- -IM.
I Arvlir I'IdNl.s: Morphology and Si/tmniiiny 51 b
Rhododendion lapponicum (L.) Walilcnh.
SoniP of tho .-<p,.,.i„„.iis HIT quite l.iisliy luit willi il„. sioins iii.mt „r less
prostrnto; as to th.- f.,li„K,. and the fiowcis tlicsc ,.«r.M. i„ ,-,11 r..s|...cK with those
',' ;..(• (iropiihiiid jilant.
Kalmia polifolia Wantz.
Seems to he very rare as only two small speci.nens were r.illected- the aerial
l.ranohes are erect, ahout (I em. hi^h, and are iiiostiv (.n<-f!.,wered- the leaves
.•ir<' short and very narrow and the speeimens are even nmre reduced in size
than those winch I have observed in Uie hiRli mountains of Colorado above
tmiher line.
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.I Desv.
,. <^"!.v /wo speciinens were found on the .south coast of ("(.ronalion uulf in
■.[.worth harhour. The denud.-.i, twiste.l stem is ,,uite thick and prostrate
I" aruiR at the apex many ascendiiiK l.ranches with leaves and flowers of the
ty[)ical structure.
Cassiope tetragona (I,.) Don.
, ('ommon and collected at several stations; it varies much in heidit : from
(S lo 22 cm.: the smallest specimens are from Camden Imv; in these the prostrate
; -tcni hears munerous asccndrng, crowded shoots with manv flowers. Otherwise
IMC plants re.semhle those from (Ireetdand.
Arctostaphylos alpina (I..) Sprenji.
; .All the speciinens collected show the characteristic lial.il (.f the species- in
= fruit-hearinK specimens from Hat hurst inlet ( AuKusf 2.-.thj the leavs an- of normal
size, measuring at.out 3 cm. in length and 1.2 em. in width.
VACCINIACEAE.
Vaccinium uliginosutn L.
: \Vhile all the specimens represent the varietv mlcrophuUum Lije., those
,ln„n Bernard harl.our are the most peculiar, the leiiK'th (.f the leaves avcraninK
only about 5 mm.
V. Vitis-idaea 1,. v.ir. pumilum in.rncm.
The very small specimens auree exactlv with the plant as it is dev.'lope(i in
i.tl.cr arctic countries; although collected as late as in Augu.st, the specimens
Virc .ill in bloom. '
I PRIML'LACEAE.
Hndrosace Chamaejasme Ib.st.
\ ''"'!" ''".'''.f f'f ff'i^ interesting little plant is the same as that of spe.'iniens
Iron, the alpme region ..f the Rocky i.K.untains. It actuallv represents an
imdcrshrub with two ,yp,.s ,.f shoots. The persisting, but verv slender, i.rimarv
root IS crownei with a d.'iisc rosette of Icives from the .axils of some < f which
rZ^it'^ '■ '"■'"" ''T'"'^- ,'''1^V^"' '^"''"" ■'''' '■"'"i^i.'.^K ab,ne ground and
/onsist of one or several stivlche.l internod-s the foliage of which is in the shape
Ijl rosettes, but only the apical develops an infl(.rescence, a scape with a few-
tl(.weiv<l umbel, or it remains purely veget.ative, giving rise to a secondarv
24657-4J
52 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, HJIJIS
Figure N.
Androtace Chamaejasme Host.; a flowering specimen, showing the primary root and tl
gtolons above ground terminated by rosettes of leaves and inflorescences; natural size; specimf
rom Bernard harbour.
group of sessile rosettes. The rosette dies off after the first flowering, becomii
replaced by the secondary rosettes. The root-system is thus iworly represent(
and secondary roots are very scarce; when such develop, they proceed, one
two together, from the nodi of the stolons. There are thus apparently two typ
of shoots in this plant, viz.: the stolons with stretched internodos, and the ax
of the rosette, consisting of extremely short internodes with crowded leave
However, as a matter of fact, it is the same shoot, an axis of the same ordc
which thus becomes modified in structure according to its function, to d velc
in the manner of a horizontally creeping stolon, with the uppermost inte. od
becoming shortened so as to produce a rosette with a terminal inflorescence.
Primula borealis Duby.
Kjellman,' who has offered so many and most excellent contributions '
the knowledge of the life-history of arctic plants, describes the over-winterii
buds of Primula nivalis.
In this species the over-wintering bud consists of several fleshy, scale-lil
leaves surrounding a series of very small leaves which in the following seasc
will develop into green assimilating leaves; in the centre of the bud an inflore
cence is already formed, and thin struettirc is to he observed at the commene
ment of the winter. The material of P. borealis Duby collected on the expeditic
contains numerous specimens with an old withered scape from the year previou
' Vt Polarvaxternas lif. Stockholm, 1884.
Arctic Plants: Morphology and Synonymy
53 B
as well as a scape of the yoar of collection, bearing nii umbel of flouers<. In the
axil of one of the innermost leaves of the rosette the bud to winter over is already
visible; thus these two arctic species show the sainc method of hibernation.
Furthermore, in both species the rhizome is vertical iiut extremely short, and
there is no trace of the primary root; the root system consists of several long
secondary roots developed from the basal internodes of the subterranean stem
or rliizome.
Uodecatheon frigidum ("ham. et 8chl.
-As in the I'rimiihte described eliove, there is an over-wintering bud situated
in the axil of one of the innermost leaves of the rosette, and of the yniw structure.
But Dodecatheon possesses a very distinct, well developed rhi/..me which is
horizontally creeping, quite thick, and reaching a length of up to 4..') cm.
Numerous long, fleshy, sparingly branched, secondary roots develop from the
lower face of the rhizome.
Douglasia Lindl.
According to Benthain and Hooker only four species are known, three being
natives of this continent, the fourth of the European Alps, generally called
Arctia viialiana Gaud. The genus belongs to the section Primvleae, and its
nearest ally is Androsucr. Gray (Synopt. Fl. I.e.), describes four species from
this country: D. nivalis Lindl., D. arcticn Hook , D. laevigata Gr., and I), montana
Gr. Of these, D. nivalin is known only from near the sources of the Columbia
at an elevation of 12,000 feet (Douglas), while D. arctica has been found on the
arctic seashore between the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers (^lichardion).
and Red mountain, Yukon valley (M. W. Gorman, 1899); since then it has bten
reported from King point, on the Arctic coast, Lat. N. ()9'' 6', Long. W 137°
40', by the Gjoa expedition, and from between Herschel island and the '- „.kenzie
river delta by L O. Stringer.
I), arctica forms small compact cushions of erect or ascending woody stems,
densely covered with the appressed linear leaves and terminated by the flowers
which are arranged in a small umbel. None of the specimens examined had the
root-sj'stem preserved.
GENTIANACEAE.
Gentiana arctophila Griseb. and G. propinqua Richards.
They both are annuals and of exactly the same habit, viz.: a small rosette
of opposite leaves, a central, terminal, flower-bearing stem with one or two
pairs of opposite leaves subtending single flowers, and furthermore, one or two
pairs of one-flowered peduncles much shorter than the main stem, developing
from the axils of the innermost pairs of leaves of the rosette. They resemble
each other very much but may, neverthi loss, be readily distinguished by means
of the structure of the corolla which, according to (Jrisebach,' shows the follow-
ing characters: "Corollae 4, rarius 5-fidae coeruleae lobis ovato-lanceolatis
acutninatis cuspidatis setula coronatis et margine hinc setulosis tubo obconieo
basi angusto fere 2-plo brevioribus in G. propinn^ia,"— while, "corollae 4 fidae
coeruleae lobis triangulari-ovatis basi superincumbent ibus acutis cuspidatis
sctiila coronatis margine nudis tubo sensim ampliato basi lata 3-plo brevioribus
in a. nrrtnphila."
Most of the specimens are very small; the height of G. arctophila averages
from 6 to 7 cm., and from only 2 to cm. in the other.
' Genera ct species Gentiancarum. Stuttgart, 1S39.
o4 B
Cuniiiliiiri A I die Expedition, t9l3-IS
Pleurogyne Ksih.
nn .l).^'"'*' /■■ ""'"'"/ '••'r''- '"'^ '"■•'" nM.,.nl,.,| fn„n .,..it<. a ,.ui»b..r of stall
,T'. V """""'• •'.'■• "•"' •'"• Hfx'ky Miountii lis south t., lul ;{«)" /' rar//,/A,
(.nsol, has not w„h .-..rtMinty I.,..., ..l.s..rv,.<l Iut.-; (ir a l^fj, n
credit.-, a van...y ,„,.s,7/„ Cray t„ f„..l,ra.l.,r an.l thr alpi, ,1 rS ./o I '\V
mountains ,.f Now Hanipshiro (Pursl,,, hut acn.r.linR ,1 n*^^ a . 'on •
has l«.,.„ n.,,„rt..,l fron, Antic.sti an.l s,„n.> f.-w stations in (},!,■ \I,a, «
en IZZirr <•""-"■•''•>■'"". *•""""'"' =^''''i" '-I-iition and sh :
X, tors Z-7\ '■""f"'*-'.";"' "r; '>!'"•'•. -"',. hfiof not.vs on thoir .listin.l
cnara ors na,\ 1„. approprial... Fioth wciv .losfrii.e.l l.v CiisHmch ^ v
a/m, til':/'''"' '''.'"■'■"'""^ Im..aril,us„u,., s..paiis lanrooIatoHinoariLus con, I
ov^i iCs I, n '■'' "••"•"•. ■^"""""'"'■•< suturalil.us," an.l "I', rarinthlaca. U,
son in, "'•'"'"«'•■''<"•"• ^'"Pal.s ovatis ..orolla ,lupl.. hrovioril.us. ovaii., oht.
cannthaca has Ik-ou .iraun on VUUr XI, fig. 3 (Can. Ar.t. lOxp., Vol r, pt
' '''vinZ^M Ti"'*"'™ ''■'h'^'- ', '' """■'•^; ""<■ ^""' '"-v'hiras .im,.s natural sizr- .porimrn frc
hX, r ?' C Ivv 'V'"^f ' """■ ""'^ '"•^>-"'i'-'l-^ '">'- natural .i.e: spcnrnVn B.Tna
' ■"'"^ I'Juuitj . 1 1. A oliiii-li-af of siunc spcciim-n; natural sizt'.
I (Iray's New Manual of Botany. 1908. p fi.59
MatalogueofCaniirlian Plants, Part II. Montreal IWt n .I"!
..i-niTa et species Gentiunenrum ; ."Stuttgart, I,s:i« p 'm "
f of stiitidii-
bwOSf COlVMt
. cariiilhiiivii
.'icdiin havi
f the Whit.
Ill I'f'rnald.
ly Miicoun
•Mfiinwliili
ml since I'
r (lisfiiH'ti\i
l>acli,^ viz.
us forollaiii
'hiiicn. folii>
irio (il)tus(p,
■l)oiir of 1'
I. T), pt. A).
Arctic I'liittis: Morpholoyi/ ami Siinoniimi/
;>.j u
and anotlxT s|M>ciincn cf die same species from the Mackcn/ic river delta is
fiuuredin the aecotnpanyinu te\t-tiKiire (Kin. ( )) I.eside .1 spcciineu fiuiri Switzer-
land (l''iK. <■>: I). Willi the only exception that the llowers in the American
plant are li-lrameious. Inn petilamerous in the lliiropean, the sirnciine of the
llowcr and foliage aure.-. very well with that of the linropean; and .ilihoiitjh /*.
idtiitti varies somewhat with respect to the structure of the (lower: letramerous
or peiitamerous, the ca|y\-lolies lieinn shorter or lonuir than the corolla, ami iho
leaves varying in lenuih and width, no transitional forms have lieen oliserved
so as to make the ideniitication uncertain. /'. roliitn (Iriseli. is generally a tidier
plant with the leaves relatively much lonner and narrower than those of the
other species, and the narrow calyx-lohes constitute also a jjood ch.iractcr.
As stated aliove, the flower varies from telra-lo peiitamerous, the former
ohsciveil in the s|)ecimens from Mat hurst inlei ; in (Jreenland liolli types of
tlowcrs occur, ;ind in a larne series of specimens from .Amur most of the flowers
were pentameroiis; pentamerous flowers are also characteristic of the plant
from ('olor.ado. With regard to the plant from the Iliid.son hay region, some
small individuals from Fort (leorne have only lerrameroiis flowers while others
r'f normal size have all the flowers pentamerous; in very tall specimens from
Alherta the flowers are constantly pentamerous. The calvx-lohes vary con-
sidcralily in letiKth as may he .seen from the Htjures ( Fi)j. 0:t>,'!S,«, 11, 12 and \:i):
for instance in some specimens, collected urowinn together (Fins. 12-i:{), the
lohes may he longer than the corolla, or considerahly -horter th.an this, uiit in
these doviafiiiK forms no approach to the floral structure of /'. cnrinthutcn can
he detected.
Those two species are strictly annual and of low stature; the tallest speci-
mens of P. rotata measures 10 cm. in height, while /■*. cnrinthlaca does not reach
more than frotn 2 to 3 cm.
POLEMONIACEAE.
Phlox Richardsonii Hook.
Densely caespitose, forminti large cushions of a diameter up to IS cm.
The primary root persists; it is deep, woody, and branches very little; the llower-
l>earin(j shoots are (piite long and woody, hearing numerous ciniwded rosettes
of small leaves at the apex, surrounding the single, almost sessile, relatively
large flowers. The plant thus represents an undershrul).
Polemonium caeruleum L.
va.
villosuir (Hud.) Br.ind.
[■oimni fron.
•thirds tiiiK-
ural size. 4
riiiii ncrimrii
c. t). Pl.l,
from Hatli-
''. M. .Siiiiii
■tliirds (iiiic-
Hill lira! .-^izc
'I'itiii'n fron.
ime-s nut lira,
cimcn froih
natiiral size
Measured from the crown of the very long and slender persisting primary
root, the prostrate .stem above ground reaches a length of up to 2.") Cm., and
>i(iiis of that length are in their fourth year of age. The plant is stoloniferous,
and the development of the shoot may be studied from smaller, younger speci-
mens. During the hrst sea.son a rosette of leaves develo|)s; in the second ye.ar a
leiininal inflorescence appears, borne upon a long (about Idem.), erect pe(iunclc,
naked, or bearing a single leaf supporting a secondary few-flowered infiorescence.'
!rom the axil of one of the rosette-leaves a long stolon develop:; b. aring numerous
scale-like leaves ;nid terminating in a rosette of green havi .s .^om which the
ramification continues as described. The vegetative re.):oduc')'(n is .secured,
inoreover, by long, slender stolons proceeding from the 'axils rf the scale-like
leaves; thus the plant is alile to spread over an area ( f quite considerable size.
' PDleiuuniiiceap, in A. I'.nirlo! . I):iri PIlHiizminMili. H(rlin. 19i .,
m u
CanwHnn Arctic ErfHilitim, tOlS-lg
,^0^^T --^^^-^^"^^^
Figure P.
« aerial «ho«t; lwo-th,rd> ... the .u.ltl :i.?;.;.i|^;;:'5l;,j!;'Si:!:r, rfi"' ""'* ''"' '«"•
P. faoreale Adams.
BORAGINACEAE.
Mertensip aritima (L.) S. v. tJray.
-ovo?;, ..n"''|.Vr /i; "'''■'• '"V'r."'''''^' "•"' '"'"•'"•^ '^ ......si.Joral.lo long
<■!•.
I,. ■ ,. 1" . ■nil II.- iiwiii .iiiuim point,
Lugo open cushions inca.suiinK ab.uil 20 cm. in .lianiot
Myosotis silvatica HofTm.
SCROPirULARIACEAE.
Castilleja pallida (L.) Kunfl,.
.1(f//c- I'liintu: Morphology and Synonymy
67
''^
/^
.1)1p Icngtii
of shootf
fy, Hower-
aiit forms
crown of tho rcM)t, ami timst of these shootH ar.« flow. ,-l,»..irir,u. l.tininaird by
tho .lonse, capitate inflor,..r,.ntr; usually «o.„e few pur.lv veK.t.tiv.. shoot*
.U'vrlop from the crown ..f the roof, but these do not Rrowanv further nor do
,fhey winter over. Ihe veKefalive reproduction is elTcted l.v means of the
,>ersistmg steni-bases with their auxiliary buds, thus represent iuR a pseu<lo-
iPedicularis [Tourn.] L.
\ With respect to th.. habit of the sr^-cies collected, four types are represented
|1he,v are all pereiui.MJ, an.l the primary root persists, but is dcvelope'l to quite
|a d.fTerent extent. /'. onlica, I'. Innate, and /'. hirsuta represent one tvpe n
iwluch the primary r„.,t ,s very thick, wrinkl.'d. and commences to bran.h at a
depth of about 2 cm.; it then <h-velops a few lateral roots. cpialinR the primarv
in length and of almo.t the same thickness. Th.-re is no rhizime, and a compact
rosette of Rreen leaves is borne at the crown of the primarv root. In the centre
of the rosette the flower-bear.nK stem .levelops. In /'. sudrtici. on the other
hand (Hg. ti;, there is a subterranean, horizontally cr.'.'[)in(t stem which is
Figure Q.
and ihfh^1^('itjfl^^'u'^''^'''V'''^ ^'" '>°'>^o.n'a"y creeping rhizome, a stolon, some leave.,
ana the base of the tJower-bearing stem; natural size, specimen from Camden bay.
tVil^TT*-
.*)S h
I'linii'liii,, Airlir A'x/Wi/ioh, IUI.UIS
nuitr hi.k. SiToiulary rootn iIpvoIo,, I ^rr .in.l tli.i.-; il.rv an- tl..shv l.iir n
..„,i,.r. |„„„, „,m| hiMnrl, very littl,.. fl.-.i,!,.. H,.-,t I li.M,|i,.x of ihr s„|.„.rra
Mt..iii .|,.vrlo|,« ||,|„ ,, Hc.rnl >lH«.t. as shown ti. tlir fiumv. sohi.. I.ilrn.l s|
.lrvrl..|. aU, ;..mI ||„... r,.,,,,,!!, vc|{..laliv.- for at l<-a.| Iw.. s<.„-<..„m Mv
s ru.l.iic nf ||„. strm an.l r.M.t-s,vsf..m /'. v,(,M,n, is i,.a.lil\ .lisr ,nKuisl,...i
the Ihrr. >jK.,.|,- .n.ntmi.r.l ahovr. A tlnnl r\,„. is sliowii |,v /' v,rfuill,i
xvvy cni.siHni,,,!- plant with the >.v.Tal (l.iu ,.|«.arin(£ Mrins mr-asiir.ni£ a
IH <■,„. in hriKl.i |„ ,|u< M>-«'i.- Ilir t.al.it, i.r. stnn't.ir.. „S r(H.i-svst7-m
shoo..., aKn>.> vuti, tha. ..I f„,..7,V/,./,,. .l..s,.nlH.,| al...v,.. Wrv clian.rtrrist
tlM- arianKmniu of ih. .t.in-l..av. .. forminK s-vrtal whorls and s„|,t,.n
axillary, almost srssilr .Juslcrs of He .vers.
In /' hippnin,;, anil /'. r„i„l,ita th<> primary r.w.l is lonij, l.ut rnimins
1.' axils ot th.- I .,-al st..m.l,.avs, and wlirn srparat.'.l fi„i„ ih,. „.o,|,rr r
l.rs.. stol.w - Kivr ,.,■ to n,-u itnlividuals. \Vh,.n I .olI.Tird /'. l,im„J,
(.r..rnl:.nd I ol.s..,-vd ''.at tl... tlowrs an wv fraRiant, .-xhalinK a perl
mmdar to tl.at of .ho ,„y ot .1... Valley; o,|„.rwis.. the s,>,.n,.s of l'Xulan>
not at all laKranl. n soin.. of fh.- Knr„,«.an spei-irs the ramifieation of
shoot has .,M.„ desenhed as hein^ mo,, .podial; o^vln^: K. I !,.• ptrsen, ,imt,
t)eintc < Ined, and .ill heinu -pecinnns in full l.loom. I was unahle to st.ulv
particiilar point ii, i he steni-striict lire.
vSELAGIN ACEAE.
Lagotis glauca (iaertn.
This has a loHK (al.o.it 10 .-m.). ,.,eepinK. Heshv rhizome, hearing m
ImiK slen.ler sparuiKlv ramified, .se,on<lary roots." A »h)wcr-l,e,uinu s
• levelops at thr^ ap..x of the rhizom.., .-mrounded hv a few imosflv onlv I
green leav.'s, hut l.y many withered leaf-sheaths from the preeedinn vears
plant shows to some extent the same lial.it as <hinno,>h>l,i ,•,-.{, iudirins from
well preserved, drn-d sp..eim<'ns. the floral stem appears I. I,e lateral- in oi
words, the shoot repre.sents a monopodium as in ChiimophUa.
V-eordinKi to Hooker (Fl. l.or. .\m.) the variety SMleri is th, plant eoll.M
<m the expe.hlKm, l.iii Hooker eon.sidered this a .species, not a vari.-v an.l
calls the K.^'U\\x(;!imh,indm. The specific diagnosis reads as follows:
\'(l Cmlnu (Cham, et Schl.); foliis radicahl.iis sul.rotiiiel.. -a.it ehnm-
ovatis hasi par.im attemiatis ol.t.isinsculis ^f.-ssc inar,|„alifer cimalis stain
bus hal.io superiore diipl,, hrevioril.us, styl., i||,> hrevior... '/. ,„■„/„ Wj
(.. '""/"/•"",;..^V •"''„':' '""•'•"''•"•■ var. I'allas. I.mjolis ,,lnura t.aertn. liar
ij.jitinimdm Will.i. Halt. Itial.as.hka < ham."
"^•. SUlUri (Cham, et Schl); foliis radiealibus ol.l,,n>ris ,itrin(iiie infra v
mams attemi.atis aciitis inaeipialit.r ol.tiise .serrafis, staminil.iis fere loimitml
al.ii s„p,,,.,„ris. stylo illo hmKioi,.. <;. „n„.,r, C. .1, „t„M. (!. <,rnr,hs Willd
hornihs \\i\\. Hah. Hav <-»■ St. Lawrence. Cliami-M. •'
PLANTACMNACEAE.
Plantajio lanceolata I,, var.
Chaiacteristic of this arctic variety is th.. small >u.v of the h-aves ami fl.i
.scapus; the latter nica.-^iirf n.-neially only 3 cm. Hut n ajjives with the tvpi
plan ,s<) far as concern, the structure „f the shoot hein^ monopodial, and by I
development of the primary root as a d.-ep. thick tap-root, measuring in so
t'pecimens ahout 10 cm., and hcrinn -evral, l.ii! thin Literal roots
h.v liiir iiitli
xiiliti'iraiuMi
.ili'ial sIkmii.
iriM. My t)i
Kuislit'il friiii.
vvrliciUaln, ;c
l-HVstlMIl til i
in.cfciisiic i
I siihtcrulii i:
ri'iiinitis vciA
IfVfldp froii
iiDllior pliii,
l(if>lh>iiira III
K a pcifiiiiii
■iliruhirin ;iii
•atioii of till
I'lil iniitcrJMl
c> study tlii-
'ariiiK Mi;ui\
I'ariiin .stcir-
y only twi.
t years. Th'
itiK from till
I'ul; in "llin
itit follcctiil
ctv; and li.
It t'lonttai'.-
lis. stanijiii-
train Willi I
tn. Harts.
Arvtii I'tants: }f')rpUidt>iii) diui S/iinininu/ o\) B
VALKRIANACKAE.
\ aleriana capitata I'all
Tl.i.-J huH a lo.iK, alHMil 7 rni.. .■„.,.|,ini: lliizun.c u ,1, niaUN >l...,.t,r, ,„,-
- l.iimr u-d, .s.-rondary i„ot>, whilr tUvrv .. no .ran. „1 ,|„. ,„ ,„,,„., ,,K,t. at L -. not
in fully inatuivd individnais. TImt.- is no losrti. of |,.a\. ., ,.,dv a nair >. I.a«.«l
on.., and the aiiial ,l(.|n >.-ldoiii hiars mor.' than (HO |mir..
CAMPANII.ACEAK.
Campanula uniflora I. i m |{i.
Some remarkai.K lall -^i.- nnM'n. imaMirinK 22 en,, wer,. r,,lle.ted ...i li.e
-null ...asl of ( oronat.un kuII ; all lli.^ other .,„.rinien.s ,.re of nurin.U m,/.., and
^ n-nli -lllil||,.r. I he vi'ifelative sfruelure i.s <,uite infereMillK. As ^l.owi in li,-
I figure, 111., pninarv root is dev,. loped as a relatively larKe. vumkl..,! tap-rooi
/
/-'
\ 1 ;" // '/
-A.^'-
<\J /.§■ ^'^■'
^V^ A-
)
• infra veii
loncitudi! •
X Willd. <
s and flor
X\w typir
and by t
ng in son
I
il i
S
f
Fi.,ireR.
Mibt,^rnr"n*r'" ' '""'" "^ fi'-'/f '"'t' n,nj\,w„ L, sho«-i.i« (lie l;.rKc primary -•„-„,
umirraii^.m stnu- i«Tiniii:u...l l,y nwttcs of Icaycs and flowcr-bearinii »t,-iiiis-
spofiriH.i, irom B.Timrd harbour. uu«. rotaring »t, .„u»,
60 B
Canadian Arctic Kipediiion 1913-lS
bearing several shoots at the crown. These shoots are slender, and their a
terranean part bears small, scale-like leaves, while toward apex small rose
of green leaves appear, surrounding the flowering stems. As the main, i c
primary, root is wrinkled, indicating that it is contractile, the crown of the r
becomes gradually pulled deeper and deeper down in the ground, at the sa
time as the .subterranean parts of the stems increase in length. In young sp
mens the subterranean stems are thus much shorter, sometimes barely visii
the crown of th(> root being close to tiie surface of the ground.
COMPOSITAE.
Erigeron grandiflorus Hook.
A robust species, the heads measuring 4 cm. in width, borne on simi
leaty stems, about 12 cm. in height. A large rosette of leaves is develo]
from the short, thick, a.scending, subterranean stem portion, and the primi
root IS deep, but rather slender; similar long secondary roots develop from
subterranean internodes. In large specimens several subterranean stei
terminated by leafy rosettes, were developed from the crown of the sa
root. A corresponding structure recurs in E. compositus Pursh, but in t
species the subterranean stems are more numerous; thus the rosettes fo
cushion.s of considerable width.
E. uniflorus L.
In well developed specimens the habit may varj from densely caespito
i.e. with a rosette of leaves borne upon a verv short, erect, subterranean ste
bearing numerous strong, secondary roots, to a more open growth, the si
terranean stem being horizontally creeping, measuring ribout 7 cm. in leng
and terminated by a few aerial shoots with only a few basal leaves, ^rost of t
species belong to the variety pulcheUus Fr.
E. alpinus L.
Only a single, but well developed specimen of this, on this continent so ve
rare species, was found at Port Epworth. As pointed out by Lange (Consp. ]
Ciroonl.), It may be readily distinguished from E. xmiflorus L. by "Periclii
pihs non vel obsolete articulatis, floribus femincis exterioribus ligulatis, interio
bus ol)li(iue tubulosis."
Concerninir the habit of the plant, this differs also to some extent from th
of the precedinti species. The basal leaves form a compact rosette, with numero
strong secondary roots; from this rf)sette nine erect flowering sterns were dcvi
coed, ail simple, and attaining a height of about 16 cm.
Antennaria alpina (L.) R. Br.
Only a few specimens were collected and tliev represent the variety
which the leaves are hairy on i)otli faces. Lange ' lias called this variety cam
cens, and it has been found in Greenland, Scandinavia, and in the borearregio
of this continent, besides in the alpine region of the Rocky mountains, in Colorac
for instance.
A. Candida Greene.
The specimens upon which Greene established this species came from M
Rainier, Washington, at an elevation of 9,n00 feet, .and the diagnosis rc-uls ■
follows :*
■ riorft Danioa I'aiw. 47. Tali. 2785 .1869).
» (irwnp. K. L. leaflets, Vol. 2. Wa^^hington. 1910 12, p. I.'il.
d their sul-
lall rosette-!
ain, i.e. thi;
of the rooi
it the sami'
'Oiing speci-
roly visibli
; on simple,
developed
he primary
p from the
3an stems,
the same
)ut in thi>
ettes form
caespitosc,
nean stem,
1, the sul)-
in length,
'fnst of the
Bnt so verv
Consp. Fi.
"Periclinii
3, interiori-
; from that
numeroii-
fere dcvel-
Antic Plants. Morphology and Synonymy 61 B
"The niimerous very leafy sureuli upright and tiicir leaves not icwulate,
but subercct, § meh lung more or less, oijovatc-spatulate, elothed den.selv with
eicse .snowy-white tonientuin: flowering stems rising 1 to 2 inches ulxne the
: cushion of leafy sureuli, slender with their small leaves as white-whooly as other
parts; heads in fertile f)Iant 3 to 5, closely congested; proper scales of-involucre
wholly concealed by the white indunient, their translucent tips from oval and
obtuse in the outermost to oblong, and in the innermost to lanceolate and acute
111- acuminate; sterile plant not known."
The material from Hernard harbour shows an ascending, creeping rhizome
with numerous long, slender, unbranehed roots; the foliage forms dense rosettes
but so closely crowded that the leaves, as described, are mostly erect. The
snow-white tomentum on both faces of the leaves renders the' species very
distinct from A. nlpina and its allies.
Matricaria inodora I., var. grandiflora (Hook.) Ostf.
This is the variety which Huprecht • has described under the name
phaeocephala. It is the arctic representative of M. inodora, and while the
typical, southern plant is annual or biennial, the arctic form is perennial. The
: specimen from Herschol island measures about 23 cm. in height, and only a few
* specimens bore two heads on the same stem. The subterranean stem-portion is
J erect, but very short, densely covered with remnants of old leaves, and the root
I system consists of long, slender, fibrous roots. Several rosettes of green leaves
I may occur at the base of the aerial stem, and the habit of the plant is actually
s that of a perennial.
; Chrysanthemum integrifolium Rich.
J Characteristic of this species are the short, linear leaves forming very com-
I pact rosettes; the flower bearing stems are monocephalous. The .subterranean,
J vegetative organs consist of several ascending stolons arising from a commori
m base, ovidentl> he crown of the i)rimary root which, however, had faded away
^ in the material collected; the only roots still in existence are long, slender, second-
j ary ones, proceeding from the internodes of tlu- stolons.
I Artemisia vulgaris L. var. Tilesii Ledcb.
Some very tall specimens were collected on the south coast of Coronation
; uiilf, which measured a height of 40 cm., including the about 12 cm. long panicle.
■ llie a(>rial .shoots arc developed from a complex of stem-ba.M's with numerous,
I thm, .secondary roots, representing a p.seudo-rhizome.
variety in
iety canes-
r-al region-
1 Colorado
from Mt.
s roads n -
I
A. Richardsoniana Ress. and A. hyperborea Rydb.
These have a persisting, deep and thick primary root, from the crown of
winch ascending subterranean stems arise, terminated by compact rosettes of
leaves, surrounding the flower-bearing stems. These subterranean stems vary
imich m length, averaging about 6 cm. in the latter species. According to the
diagnosis the hairy covering of the stems and leaves is somewhat different in
these species, which, however, may depend on the character of the .soil where
they were collected, the former inhabiting a gravel-tundra, the latter,
T P- J, '^ '' sand-dunes and sandy slopes. With respect to
A. Iiichard!iuuiana Bess., this is described by Grav' as follows: "A span
to near a foot high, with rather slender ascending" stems from a cespitose
' Samojed, risural, I c. p. 42.
• Synoptiial Flora of North .\iiu'rii
■u. The Oamopctalne. Seconci Kdit. N'ew York. IMti, p. .■i71.
(i2 B
Canadian Arctic ExpctUtion, l!)lS-tS
caiuiox : Ipiivf.s silvpry-rancscpiit with firm very close-prosscd pubcscciic
radical twice teriiatcly or quinatolv dividcc' or parted into ohlong-liripi
or narrower lohcs (of oidy 2 or 3 lines in lenfsth): cauline sparse, mostly trifi
heads comparatively small (2 lines high), several or rather numerous in"a stri
and simple racemiform inflorescence, fuscous; corolla pilose or sometim
glaborus.— .1. nrctica and A. caespiloxa, JJess in Hook. FI. I, 323, 324. Arct
i'oast to Boar Lake."
A. cotnata Kydh.
In specimens from "Sandspit at Martin point," the numerous, den:
ro.-<ettes of leaves are developed at the apex of short, verv much branched, sul
terranean steins with an abundance of thin, profuselv branched secondai
roots. In specimens from "Gravel-tundra at ("ollinson point" tliere are loni
sul)terranean stolons, quite thick, l)ut with only a few roots, which are quii
!<lender; in such specimens the cushion-structure is less pronounced.
Petasites frigida (L.) Fr.
This is one of the species which by .several authors have been referred t
^ar(^o.sl)lta Cass, on account of the corollas of the pistillate flowers being ligulati
By Reichenbach Xardosniia has been reduced to a mere .section of Petuaite
and so it is accepted al.so by Benthain and Hooker. Among the species of tli
section Xardosmia, \. glacialis Ledeb. and A", (hnelini DC. have the l)asi
leaves developed almost contemporarily with the flowers, while in the othe
species as well as in Petasites s.s. the inflorescence appears earlier than th
leaves.
Froni a morphological viewpoint the genus Petasites offers several points c
interest, for instance with regard to the structure of the rhizome; in this respec
several species have been discus.sed by Hjalmar N'ilsson," viz.: /'. iilija (L ) Gaertn
P. spuria (Retz.) Reich., and P. officinalis Mocnch.
In these the rhizomes bear series of meii.branaceous, sheathing leave^^
destitute of i)lades, and some with blades and long petioles. In P. frigida th
following structures have been observed. In a fruiting specimen from Ilersche
island, collected in August, the horizontally creeping rhizome bears a tall (2
em.) flower-bearing .stem, and at the base of this the rhizome continues us ;
liorizontally creeping stolon, consisting of six internodes. The first three leave
are scale-like, but after these follow two long-])etiole(l, green leaves, situatei
very close together, while the leaves of the apical portion of the rhizome are mereb
scale-hke. A fragment of a stolon from the .sanie localilv (Fig. ^S; 2) illustrate
this structure. In another si)ecimcii (Fig. 1) from the .■^oii'lii coast of Coronalioi
gulf, collected m July, thi> rhizome bears a tall, fiower-l.earing ftein at the ha.si
of which I wo young, green leaves aie situated. The apical ]H,nu,u of the rhizomi
l)ears four scal<>-like leaves, of which the fo.emost partiv ><urrouiids two ver\
young green leaves. In other words, the rhizome is undoiihtedlv a monopodiun
with the Hower-beanng stem axillary, as shown in figure 1. Moreover, it woiih
app<'ar as if the green leaves (Fig. 2) represent a veiv short vegetative i)ran<-h
developed in (he axil of a scale-like leaf. ( 'oiicertiing the root-svstein. secondarv
long and slender roots i)roceed from the internodes; ihev are especiallv abimdan
elo.so to the floral shoot.
The fact that /'. .Ovy/f/*/ very seldom di>vel()i)s flowers in tli.. ;irct!c r'irion
and tiiat it must dcpen. , to a very coiisiderable'cxteiit. on the vegetative ivpr.i-
duction, seems to indicate that the species is not well adapted to the arcti.
' Dikiiivhi jdidstaminur. f.Ai'iii I'n. I.uii'l. .MX, IKS-2 H.I. p. |79.)
Aniic Pldiitf: Morphologi/ and Syiioniittn/
63 B
-(•liniate. Kjcllmuii ' has cxpicsscd thf view that the i)laiit like scvoral others
reached the arctic eomilnes at a time, when the cliriiate was more suital.h' to its
cxistenee. Xathornt has reached the same eoiiehisioii relative to its occurrence
ill SpitznerKen.
^^)h cvv:'>
I w
I'llil HK S,
!|. I'rlnsiles frigidit ll,.i I> , sliowiiiK the rhizdine, the leiifv sliools, and the base of :i flower
l)e:iriiiR stem; natiinil sizi- -ii. eii;ien fnmi Tri>e river. 2. Sii species, showiiiR the
mMliiredfohagc; Mvo-iliinis of the naliinil size; speeimen from Herschcl island, i, 4 ancl
.1. Hasal leaves ol S,,„riii risidiMi.is l.css : iiaiural size; speeimens from Ilersehel ibland.
I.Vrnica alpina d, ; Ohn.
j Several very tall specimens, iiieasinirifj from 2.") lo ;{(» cm. in hei)iht,
|he.iriii'; three heaiN were collected at Bernard liarl.our and on the .^oiith e
fnl" roidiiation (riilf. There is a horizontally ereepinc iliizome of eonsidei
i eiiiith. densely covered with remnants of leaves, and with many .slender,
: iiiinched, .secondary roots proceedins; from the lower lace of the internodes.
nUv ape\ (if the rhiz"!!!.. m !,.w pairs ^^( oppusit,- ufeeti leaves are situaittl
|roimdinn the l.a.se of ihe ltouer-l)earinn stem. Characteristic of Aruira i,--
I the rhizome l«-ars only jtreen Icives, none scale-like.
,'ind
oast
at.lo
un-
At
Mir-
that
I'r Pularv 4jic'r:ia- lif. 1..-. ji. :m
«l. I'
64 B Canadian Arctic Expedition, l9l.i-lS
Saussurea alpina (L.) DC.
Has a horizontal, woody rhizome with scale-like leaves, hut the ro
system is very scantily represented. A dense rosette of leaves terminates I
rhizome and surrounds the floral shoot.
Crepis nana Richards.
This interesting little plaui forms dense cushions from only 2 to almost
cm. in diameter. The jirimary root persists as a relatively thin, hut dei
persisting root, hranchiiiK only near tlio very slender apex. In continuati
with the root an erect, subterranean sfcni arises, bearing numerous, loi
f>etioled, green leaves and numerous, very short flowering stems which hs
rom two to four heads. The subterranean stem is quite thick, and shows v(
plainly scars from withered leaves, crowded on aiiount of the internodes bei
extremely short.
Airtti- J'liiiil.'<: Geoyniphical Dislrihiition
(i5 B
; the root-
ninatos tlir
> almost 10
but deep,
}ntinuatioii
rous, lonp-
vhich have
shows ver.\
lodes beind
("HAFTKR II. (lEOr.HAPHICAL DISTIUIU TION.
H
V oxam
'd
ininK thj. KcoRraphiral table (Table 1, pp. (iH-7.-i), i„ wbi.-h I h
ive
' ' '.""'"J" ■ -I" . 1.-.^ .>iinu wen- coiiccicd Oil trie ail't
...ntinont, we noti.c th.-.f this flora is artually a eoinp<,.vition of two. whi.'h are
vrry distmet, viz.: a nortliern and a southern. Of these the northern will. I.v
;. .lose analysis .s„«n prove to eontain a large eontingont from distri.-ls verv
niiiote a..d,altho,.Kh mainly northern, by no means to bo re.striefd to the.se
n^r.ons. Hut we eall the flor:, "northern" beeause the most eonspieuous par . f
I s .•omponents repre.sents th,. eireumpolar flora. With regar.l to th.- .southern
.^le Men this we readily ree„Knue .as being principally derived from our own
H.. a he compon.-nts being either i.Ienti.-al with Ameriean tvpes. or ■•it le.ast
exliibiting a striking analogy with our native .speeies
Sueh dual composition recurs in other arctic countries, marked to a great(-r
lanr'niM::.''' ""■: '••'ff t^n^'-,i".fl>eeii!ai..l, less so in Finmark and f".,-
and. Spitsbergen, etc. but (,uite distinct on the .Siberian coast, judging fro,,
the interestu.g and highly instructive sk,.|ches contributed bv von H.aer an
Kjellman 1-or ..ven if the arctic Siberian Hora is not so verv distinct from the
circi.rnpolar or the truly ar.'ti.. flora, there are certain' tvpes which ,„av
readily bo recognized as being of southern origin
. Of great interest is the fact ihat even on the "Barren Cn.un.ls" are sneci.-.s
winch al.so are at hon,e in i„o,e ho.spitable surroundings, the Alps of Switzer-
land, he I y,.enees,an(l the Ili.nalayas. And the enormous distribution, ex-
hn?ni«rr •'^ ""^ ^''T ''''*"''• T^'. '"'^■'' ""' f'-ol'l'^'" a« to the migration of
..cr^Hli; • '■"•f;""P«l«.'-fPt''"^.^ f>""ng the glacial epoch. Rut at the same time
7*1 Vu ■ ""'"'■'■'■'' < '*;t"l'"tion farther south may lead to the acceptan.v
ted I vTrm^''"!'""V"'"' '?• '^••h""";\''". ^vi<l. so very few words, but subLuiti-
; nsmi n .. ! "I'sorvations, exp ained the problem as "Eadem momenta
( osmica easdeiu plantas diver.sis in locis produ.xisse." ' In other words v lilo
.'migration and return of the arctic i,lants. so admirablv dis.'ussed bv Nathorst =
cannot be contested, there is nevertheless some difficult v in realizing the fact
I'cl enr.nn Tl "'''^Y'''' ^^^^'^'^ ^'^'''' f"""*' ^^'"^ '"'^y *" ♦'"^ >nounlains at
>uch enormous distance from the arctic region.
Nevertheless, some of these flifhculties hiive been removed ]>y the many
..nportant points which Nathorst has brought up. espe..ially with referei!ce"o
M s uppo.sed compo.sition and distribution of the former arctic Hon,, its migra-
<-" to the s,,u,h, hiring the glacial epoch an.l, finally, its retreat when th, ice
mln.r'n ni''^ u"'^','"'*'' ''" '"■''■^f'table fact that the Altai mountains
a hour a considerable elem,-nt of arctic flora besides which the vegetation
...mtans though far remote. .\,„ i|,. „,tu,-al raus,. of this wide distribution
,1 in >,'■''' " ''>V^""";''^' "''^'; ' ••'- 'impending on the favourable .-on-
hZ\J ♦hese'nountains during th,. glacial epoch. When the t,-mpe,ature
1 1, ln^vlo; i V » '"'"' ';'r""^":,"f "'f- -^Itai ttom was for,.ed to descend to
t I. lowlands, the flora was th,.,, al.l,. to distribute it.self over the lowlan,ls of all
tHTI',',';, , '"/v ,'■ '■""*'■•'"">■ '",J-,'"'"P'^. there was no inland ice to prev.-nt its
.Si' ^*'^P'"'"^ T;'" """'''••'['-' ^I"-'^"'! «-^ far north as the c imatologic
ondit.ons pernutted. Moreovf-r. the relativejv nor11„rn situation of these
l,','Tr,!l'''' "'"•' "" ""'""■'■■'"' f="-'"^ "■•♦'' '•"Pa'-d t.. th,. m>gratio,i of the plants to
ine arctic region.
«ar. K;:;t;"'!1Sr !J"i5t«"" "^ '^""-'""^ Vax,«.,.«ran, ,A. K. N.^l^i^wloll S.uUi,. 1, Kn.knin-
24«7— 5
66 B
Cunnilliiii Airtic Kxpedilion, 1913-18
\o doubt the Altai mountains constitute a most important centre of
tribution and mnuy species were developed there which succeeded in reat
the northeastern corner of Asia, and from there extendinR to arctic Am
ana Oreenland A similar important centre was undoubtedly located in
JMiropean Alps, known to be so very rich in alpine species, many beinc end
to these mountains. Furthermore, the Hocky mountains bear evidence of ha
been the actual centre of an old, alpine vegetation, of which several sr)eeieH
entered the arctic region and nov constitute a large element, a truly Amei
one, of the polar flora.
These data are consequently of great importance to the solvinc of
problem regarding the probable location of the centres of developnu-nt
aistril)iition of our arctic plants.
However such singular distribution of plants is more readilv obser
When we de;d with the alpine vegetation, comparing this with the arctic,
instance, in ( olorado the alpine vegetation illustrates the fact at once, that
composed of six elements: <ircumpolar types; arctic, but not circump.
norltiern but not arctic tyf)es; northern types, endemic to North Amei
andtinaly there are some southern types common to both Worlds, or end(
to North America. J his heterogeneous composition naturally induces u
attempt some sort of tribulation of the complete geographical di.stributioi
the arctic species. But it is by no means an easy task to mark .lown a nun
of species credited to the various districts in the north and south. And
diflieulty presents itse f from the indisputable fact that many species repoi
from the arctic have also been recorded from th.. south, but un.ler other na.
1 think especially of such species as have originated in the arctic recion
were forced to migrate to the south during the glacial epoch; some of these v
left on the southern mountain summits, while the others returned to ti
northern homes when the ice receded. Such species as were left on tlie.se me
tains thus represent remnants of a glacial flora, and naturallv the chance in
dimatologie conditions has, sometimes, resulted in their appearance uii
disguised forms which not infrequently pass for different species
Xevertheless, if such tabulation lie not absolutely correct," it will alw
give us some idea of the distribution, in a general way, of a number of spe
which are still recognized as identical, northern as well as southern types
Having thus reached to obtain a view of the geographical distribution,
a pme e ement proves a surprisingly large representation in the north, and espi
a ly in the arctic region. And besides that, this same vegetation, at least a num
of the alpine species, show also a more or less extensive distributiim thrmi
out the southern mountainous regions of both Worlds. Among these spec
w-e incet thu.s with some that exteiul to the arctic region, and others of wh
the distribution may extend far to the north, but without reaching the ar(
countries Of these the latter frequently show a vast distribution through,
the northern hemisph(-re and, moreover, a distribution which may pr<
exceedingly scattered. The occurrence may be so scattered, indeed, that
are at a loss to appreciate how the species ever reached such stations, so rem,
from each other. '
.\nd as will be demonstrated in the subsequent pages, the species whicl
have m view, are not only .such as occur on the summits of the higher mountai
v^ry remote froni each other but also such as are more or less lowland plan
With respect to the origin of some of the.se, I have suggested the probability
/ll 'VI'' ^'"^''', '■''•"*''''' ""'''.'^'^ ^y "" "'^"^"s «■'" bo in opposition to the in.i
putable theory relative to the migration of the plants during and after t
glacial period. *"
Some few- examples may he cited to illustrate the probability of a sini
centre, viz.: Carex fesiiva, and of evidently several: C. atrala and C. alvn
Having studied several .species of the genus Carex from this particular point
view, we might consider for instance C. fesiiva. This species is arctic, but neitli
ft'^,.
centre of di -
d in reuchiiiL'
ctic Ainci-jc I
•cated in tli''
eing ciidoniic
ncc of haviiii;
specicH lia\'
ily Aniorican
living of the
lopnicnt and
ly observed,
arctic. 1m n
ICO, that it i~
circiinipolai :
th Amcricii:
, or endeniir
iducos us tn
<triljution nf
vn a nuintxr
li. And tlip
:ics rcporu'il
thor natnc^.
roK'<"i> bill
if these weiv
ed to then
those inouii-
hangein tli'
■ancc undi I
will alwav-
M- of specie-
ypes.
ibution, till
and especi-
stanunibi i
)n througli-
eso specie-
rs of \vhi( h
I the arctir
throughoui
may pro\r
'd, that V.I
1, so renioti
.1 /•(•//(■ /'/(////„•.• Geogntphiml Distrihution 07 b
jircmnpolar nor strictly .■ilpino; if is relatively rare in the polar nginns. but it
has boon recor.ie.l fn.n, iiortheastern America. ( ireeniand, Icl.jand, :m.l Ti Hii.nk
h Iher Juth'^md?/"-^;"- 'T \ '7'""' "'" "'>"''"'" "'-"■ '"" -->^
.irl her .M uth an.l especially m the subalpnic zone of tlic l!o,l<v n,.,iirit.-Mi,. i. ,,
.herd of Ins same speccs, acconipanie.l by sovial abcriant forms, b,..ide. b •
specos that are apparently d>sli,„.t. but among its close>, allies; C. Uro.tuclnin
< imitrns,s < i^,t„sal.,,r\,: .ludgirig from our presenr kn.iwle.lge o( ihedistij:
-non <,n.f.s,n;,.U. geographical centre seems to have been i„ ,he sou h, in
^tho Rocky M..ut,tai.,s, whetr it is, thus, typically devlop..!, and :,ssocia ed
In,' • ;!n!!' 'IT';' .'";'•■'""• "'"' ^*'"' "'"'"* ^''"'■'"^- -^ '"<"■'■ "■"'"Plieated case
|n,M be illt.str.at.Ml by ( „n.v „tn„., .and T. „l,nu<,. The forn,..r is onlv known as
|arci,c HI a few stations of (uveiiland atid th<. Kuropean euntinent'. while the
I latter has been collected m antic I{i,s-i:,, iMiniark, Cn.enh.nd. and \ortV
|,\ii,.Tica, but i> more fre,,,ient farther soiiih. In the Hockv mountains of ( olor-
,' . M/,/. an.l ( . chidnocjus: ;, cl„s,. ally of C. nirnio, C. ,n<,!a. abounds in the
northeastern pari of tins con.inent, thus illustrating the occurrence of |1 ' -
ftvpes associated with each other. Thi. might iiwliivit.. the location of the
|geoKraph.cal centre .ms being ,n the ]{„cky mountains, so far as conc,.rn' I e
|.\i,iei,ca.. roprosentat.ves of f. olrala an.l C. al,,lna. In lluropo r. „/,„/„ i. i„
IXh m.v liVri!"'!''""''''' '■• »^^" I''="^'-i.^- "'■</'" ='"'1 C. Lrrunn, both' i.f
Juhich ma.\ be hioked upon as imm.Mliate allies of this species. \nd if we extend
|our comparis,m of tlu'sc species with those that occur in the Ilimalavas we find
|theie not only C. nIroUn.ndC nl,:,m, but .also some deviating forms, ai.l <Zl
l.alicd specu's. among which r /../.,„„.,„/. r. ohscun,. r. ItutL, atid r ,1/; "
|If thus the association with allies in connection with fivquent occurrence and
|tendency to vary may throw some liglit upon th.. .,u.>sti„n' ,s to their .vntr. o
|.iistr.hution, I certainly oonsi.i,,- it natnral to attribute to th.'s,. .pe,. •' tl r. .'
u,s in,.t contr,>s,„ne in the Rocky nmuntains, anoth..r in th.. Kunip.-an As
?anil a third one in the Ilimal.ivas. ' ' '
Ll ,nr""''i!'' ''•'"""' •"">•'?'• <'i'Vii'"''l I'v eomparing th,. .listribuiion of other
pan s, when reptTsc^.t... inboth W.irlds. For instanc.., A„nno,u- ,n,rd..iflo^
lIAmidm. Lima, Pyroln Snxnnvj,,, and s..v..ral others from tl... ar..tic shore -m:
very instructive from this particular point of vif.w.
OS, which I
mountain-,
ind plant -
)bability . t
3 the indi--
1 after tin
of a singlr
C. alpivd.
ar point c f
but ncithi r
24667— .ij
Ml t.
Ii8 H
Canadinn Arctic KiihiHUoh, I!U,1-IS
%
(•t'oKraphic-.il
Tiil.lo 1.
Polar KiKiiina
fi
Ill
t'^Htnptfng frayiliM (I..) Hernh.
Or^tptrri.^ froQriinK '\.A ScliotI
Kquii** turn ainv.tr I,.
/!,'. ritritijtitum Schlrich
I.lifoiniiltuin Stliit;<t I..
llufitrhli« imunjinrti K. lir.
Il.iilimia 'I.ilj.i H.ot S.
Alnju runts aliiiitu.'' Sin.
Arrlniiftshs l,ili)i,liii I'K. Hr. >
<iri»
<'tt1nmtiir'*i*lii* /iMr/t«r.j.^(7n« U.
Hr
Triifhim spidilum (I..^ Hicht.
Calnhriixii nl(]hUi (Solumi.i Fr
/'(«i ulaurn M . Vatil
/'. nhhn iiiiM H. Hr
/'. urrtini R. Ur..
Arrtnphtln iffuM I.tfi-.
Duihinliii Fi.vhiri H. Kr.
(lli/ciria vilf<'iilta (Amis.) Kr.
f.'. IcnilUi l.i!i'
Ii'. niflinflfd 1-Ki'
Fr.tlurii iiiinii I., var. hnrif^iliii
F. riibro I.. v;ir. uri'Bcirin .
f . altaica Trin
Unriiium juhalum I..
!':iiimii.i m.W/i.s Trin
Kriojihorum Srhuchu i
Hoppe
A", vaginatum I
K. angu.tdyu/ium Koth
K/lfna /ifiiarriii (.Ml.) Kocii
Corel incurra Li^htf .
C. rigida Good
a
/
f
3
I
I
r
3
Arctic I'liintu: Geographical DiHlrihulion
69 B
-_
1
c
t'nlar Ke|CM>nM
1
y
1
i
'!
i 3
1
>■
f
c
=
c
1
(imi«raplii<'ul
Tal.lel.
i1
i " *
"i
JS
a
1
I
.3
s 4
1 1
t 'i
.3
J
■7.
s
i:
s
?
1
r
B
I
"i
s
3
S
3
X
1^
'i!
IS
l
\ a
! I
s
1
«
.
^
■A
< y.
-r;
<
<
X
^
* i< ^
<
•
— —
•
•
J ' >/((«.< I)rpi
•
•
•
7
«
*
t
' ^uhufKithiicfa Wdrninkj.
' . rtducia Drej
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
~,
•
—
-_ —
- —
•
' . niriftiira Sin.
*
•
♦ •
•
«
*
•
3
' riii/ina/o TauBch
•
•
•
•
_
—
-^
4
1
' mitnndra R. Br
•
•
♦
•
• •
•
—
•
•
'^^
— '
-^
—
._
•
J
' . rupnitrut All
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
•
•
--
—
__
.3
-
' . »nr;)oid«o Michl
«
•
•
■ ■
•
~
•
•
•
--
' . iiulla OckkI
•
•
•
• *
*
•
•
•
•
''. rumparia K. Ur
«
-■
•
— —
—
*
~"'
7
•
•
*
«
*
•
•
•
".
7. Hoentn K. Mpy
.^
-
--
*
-_
J higlumia I,
•
T
~r
*
* •
•
•
—
•
—
•
•
*
— -
—
'
/. Irialiimin I,
•
•
.
•
•
—
—
—
---
•
i
t.uzula npicala OC
*
~ —
«
• «
*
*
•
•
•
*
«
•
•
*
—
"V
~
/.. Ityprrhtirta U. Hr.
•
•
«
• •
•
•
•
"—
•
A, iiira/i.» (I.ui'st.) Uourl
•
— ~
*
•
•
•
- —
—
—
-
—
■'
t.lnifiUa sirotina (\.,) Reieh
'
'
- — —
♦ •
•
•
•
•
•
«
—
^
Ti'fiilJia patuslria HuHs
•
*
•
«
*
*
•
—
—
*
—
—
—
-
Siiltj (tnf/hirum ( 'ham
:~:t
— —
— —
—
— —
—
—
—
*
—
*
*
•
4
■V .irrtico Pall
•
•
•
•
*
*
- —
•
•
•
111
1_
•
—
•
•
—
*
•
•
^. iihura I
^. I'lilrhra Cham
•
*
>. tiirhardsortii Hc^ok.
*
"
*
—
1
j
•S. 'ila/rnma (And.) ( ov.
N. futtirtonrnniii Schn.. . -
•
- —
- —
—
—
—
—
-—
— -
-l
•
—
—
—
—
—
\
>'■ 'nphdckdn Uydli
*
*
*
•
5
> iiraliJiiUa Trautv. . .
~-
— -
— -
— —
*
♦
•
•
— -
-11 .
-_- -
•
•
•
"■ iMihophylta And
i:
r
I
—
•'< ritlundijolia Trautv
—
—
*
—
•
•
;
•'<. po/ortj Wahlcnl)
•
• *
•
•
—
—
•
—
—
«
—
*
*
>'. reliculata I
»
*
*
« *
•
•
*
•
—
*
«
•
—
4
—
. .
70 B
Cnnodian Arctic Ei]teflition, t9l.i-l8
Tuhio I.
u
p
I'liliir l(i>Kinnit
tl
■1
■
w
■i
n
E
■".
<
ll.luh iil.nulul,, I Mi.li\ .
I'lflytjin'im nvtinriitri I,,
I-. Ili^tort,, \
h'uiift irrhi-ii.-' 'rrilUtv
Ofyrni itijli/llil ' I..1 lllH
Sih'Ht ticilltit't I
/.ycAnt.s iip' liilii r
/..(ijhnis It. »r
L. Taiiliinir Hi>l.iii».
SuUtiria /(>n(/i|><< Ciolilir
S. humif'tn UottI).
f rvst ,im ii.fitnum I.. .. .
('. mu/ilfiu II 1. ,
H'lliimlli: ;>. /i/iiiJcK i|..i l-'r. .
,t(«tn<: (irtdcu Sluv.l Ii'lizl,
A. rirnn Hiirtl. viir. ruin II i l.iri
A. mairociirpa i I*ursli i I'enll..
Caltha palwtirix I,, furinu rtuU
cun.1 iFr.l Hartm
AnmUumdtlphiniftiliitm IX' .
Dflphtnium ttcopulm :im (ir.
Viir. iiltiuritm dr
Aru'innnr htrttutui/fimtt (['ur^h
McMiU
A. Hichtird«ont\ HcM)k
A. parnflora Michx
A, Drummondxi Wats
Butrachium conjirvind*-s Fr.
Hanunailua Pallmii Sihl.
K. fumhii RUhards
R. Cymhahria Pursh
R. hypfrhiireus Rottb
E
■s
Arrlic I'liiiitK: (itograijhical l/iutnbHlion
n B
* •(••■i£l,i|i|iiri||
'I i\Av I
I'mIiit ItftfiiiftM
/.' i-ifi>'t'f tir NS.ihlcnl).
i 1,' I'tpiumuus I..
I
I ll.u'lflw Kiir, I'l Kir,'
T V -fiif'liuriif Siiljind
3 /l fllKtIi.t I.. ,
^ /■■ -i*itii. H llr
.; /,' >.i^f"M H. Hr. .
It. oniilfnlnli.t Null. V i.^<u«
(Ui dr. , ,
I'''.ytn*r nmiiraub I
I,f-il'tir>Ua tirrttrti (Hirh.i
Wuts
7'hlaffti aliM:itre I. .v. putfiu-t
aKcrna (.Kyilb. ) Omf. .
(.'orA/edn'd i/r*** tititntlifd I.
hraha uliiinti I
/^. nnuli» l.ilji'hl
/>. flailnizfnttin Wulf
/; '''•rymbitAii H. Hr.
/' *irt.i I
lirnyn purpuranctnti iH, llr. J
Hunuo
H. iilinnn Stcrnb. et Iloppe. . .
Kulnma Edirardnii R. Hr.
lh.-i>rn.i fallasii (I'ursh) 'i'
A (;
'iii'iamtnediifilata Richurda .
C. pralciuris I
i''irry4i macTitearpa H. lir. . .
/'. arcttca R. Hr
Krynmum inmniipicuum
(Walsj McMiU
Sisymbrium tophioidee Fisoh. .
f'krysotplenium tetrandrum Th.
Fr
' Described from apt'ciinpii!! collected in the Ala-Tau M<.unt«in» in Central A»ia.
*
72 B
f'tinndinn Atrtie KxptfiUton, UHd-'lH
Parna^Kui jmlunlrtM I,. . .
F. K"tithun ChHrn. ft SrliL.
Saiifrngn radiata Sninll.
^S. rirtUaria h.
S. rrrnuu I,.
N. Htrrulus I-.
iS". arntiialtn Kinrh vt Moy. ,
N. Wrtmoniantt \hm
S. rrfirta H'Hik
.S. nira/iN I..
4S. hifrnnifolui \\ . & K
N. rifo/'tiiiM Khrh. v.griHH-
lamhra
S. hronchiatin }..
S. tnru/fftitiata U(»ttl>.
S.fiau*n,in.'^ Will. I
>', itjtfutMtltfolia !..
Srdum /ihttdiola DC.
I)rya.s iHtofnUUa L.
JJ. tntt^gnjoha Valil.
Su-9rr»ia aUinalin K. Hr.
PotrnhlUi paluhtrin (I-.) S*M>p.
P. frutiroHU Ij.
/*. pulihtlh H. Hr
/*. nipva L
P. rt^fficauli:* Leitin
P. Vahliana I.elun
/'. rmuruinnfa T*ursh.
Hubuz <'hamacTnani3 I. .
Ho*a acicularia Li mil
Pular l(i>Kion*i
■a
n
ii
I'
1
1 1
i
■3
J
* z
if 2
S 2
3£
IS
^mun^S:
-ato«".'«'*.-t;.- *4?>-aH
i ~
IS
Arilir I'IiiuIm: (imgraphical Dinlrihutiun
73 »
(iMifiriipliif ul
I'lil.li- I
it
•• «
I'
t
I I'hyruM manttmui' ^\..' \M^v\
\ titulwi alpinuM I..
\ iil">rti/inoi »m Hii 'iiinN.
I'hitra frifftda L ,
I •TUfn-fttH ,nmptntri.i IW
ti fvhulum HtM.k.
" •it,/'"'.^' -n- J'i*ll J i-. h..
fi' ly.-' I! urn \f<i^^'niii Rirh
// i(p(N'i/n I.
1' ^nfutrutu ntjnnn Ij, . , .
hjirlittnuni liitifi>hum K
A*, aniflutijolium L
IflppUriM tuUfQTXH \,
BnpUurum awnntnum ('.AK
></tnMni cniihijuitHm Turc*. .
I'yn4u grandxfitmi UatI .
L'fium ixiiwtn I*.
lihniitdindron Uxptwntcum {{,.•
WhIiIU
I mniituria pTovumhmH (!,. )
Dt'sv
Kiilmtu jMihJului \\ unR.
' 'i-^mope ((trayonn (I .) Don..
A'etoHtaphylfKt alpitui •■ I,.l
■■^prcng
\'<icrinium rtUKpilonum Mkhx..
I uimimigum L.f. microphyllu
I-K*'-
\ \ (/r.t./(i«f (1 K. vur. pumtlunt
Horn
I >"^' cathon frtoidum f'liuiii. et
Schl
I \i
|!J
i I
H
3
1
if I
m
■ I
71 B
('(tiKiilian Arctic hJu-iuiliiion, l!)l,i- IS
\
<K><>Km:>Iii -111
TaMc 1.
Prtniuht fmrnihs T>iil>y
I*, ittrirtn !l(>rncrn. - . .
/*. sihniiii .)nv(\..
I)i>Ui/Jii.-<iit tirrfira Mniik
Andmstio ('hiimuijnsmf Host
A. sfjtUntnonnhs \,
hinrn
Polar HoKions
■3 SI
^5.1
Sliifto' Anm rm 1.. f
'Tun-E.) Simin
(iiTitiiimi nrrlDj'htfit (irisch.
(1. itrnjiirifiua Itirliards ..
f'lruroifyjn rotata iifi-ivlt .
/'. ciirinthiani (Jrisd.. . . .
Phlox liuhiirdi'onn (look
PfilrmoniHW ra>ruhu'n I., v
nlliinHm (Itud.l Hraml.
/*. hurt alt Adums
MyoMoti.-< .'iilnitica lIofTin.
M'rttrtfsia Orummimdu l)un...
M. ponicuhta Don.
M. wiintinui ll,.l S. 1'. (iriiy.
CaxhlUja fniUttln il..) Kunth..
P'lhiuliin.i lapiiomcii 1,
/*. vtrticiltata I
/*. htr.stita \.
/'. Kutirttca WilUi
/'. arctica 11. Ilr.
/'. hinatii ( ■li:irn. ct Sclil.
/'. aiintati Adams
Ptnyutcula ruli/fin.H I.
Lai/nttH {jlnura (ijuTtii. v. SUt-
Itrx (iiiini. t'l. Srhl
Plantago lanctnlata I
Vulrriana raintata Pall.
s
Xi
3
a
>.
II
=
<
S
*9 C
tf
1-1
X
s
•5
■5
e
1
3
u
B
S9
i -^.i
X '1 ~ *i
X
<
Arctic I'liiiits: Geographical Dixtribiilion
75 u
(M'"(iriipliic!il
T:il.lf I,
Polar Retaonx
"*i
t 'amiHiTiit.
/.'. alfnitit
'-.*. tirnniitjh'
—.
■ —
hi ntiijhirii I..
iriru^ ].
tiUi}\onis \..
s\
Itonk.
Arfi nriiinii lit f'ltiit (I,,l H. Hr.
.1.
uh.l.t ( ;
Achlittil hini 'ilis Hdiij^ .
Milfriniriit nnt'Inni I., v (/r«n
//..rn illdiik.i Oslt.
( hrustinthi in iiiii <fitiynfiilin ri
Hi.h.
- I ;;
1
!S
>
i
e
c
jf
X
j^
r.
< '. iuitiiutn 1,.
.1 rh nnnia h''rhiirii-<
mitinu lU's.s
,1. riiluiiii^ I .V. TUtyii I,ti!eli
Pitanli.i fntjflti \..\ Ir.
Arntiv iilpina ' I. M >lin,
S'tifciO jfilit^ylns ri,.) II(M)k..
>'. fnyiiius J. CSS.
N'iH.v.'<Hr»'i iiHfjUfiftfoha IK '. .
I'uriifin um li/rntnm il.p<ii'li,l
T. r.ntiophirutfi i{.^^^\v\^ i DC
S3 ^
-^ I §
1 I.-
S j -<
76 B
Canadian Arctic Kxpeditiou. 1913-IS
With rospccf to tho vopctation covoring tho arctio coast, oxplorod l)y tlio
pxpp<lition, tiic arctic clement is In- far the most prcdoiiiiiiaiit. It is^iiidccd
readily to be seen that of the 230 species collected not lesH than 81 are circiim-
polar; the»e are as follows:
I
CtjMoplerix frayillH
Eqinxtium arvvtiiie
Lucopodium Selagt)
Hierochloe alpina
Alopecurus alpiuux
Arrtagroslin latifolin
Trixetum spicatum
Poa arclica
Arctophila cjfum
Dupontia FiHcheri
FeMuca nvina, niontlv th(! \;ir.
hrcvifiilia
Ffslurn riil/ro vur. ureiuirin
Eriophiiruiii Scheuchzeri
" I'lglnaliim
" aityuxtifiilitim
Carex Inrurra
" riyiild
" nubKiHithacifa
" rnrifforit
" inisaii'lni
" pidlii
Juncus higliiinls
Luziila hiipirhiirdi
" .ipifdtd
Tojieldid pal II sir IS
Salix glaiico
" reliciihita
piilarix
Poli/gon uvi vii'ipn r ii iii
Oxyria digynn
Lyrhnix nprlnlii
" iiffinis
StelUirid hiimlfiisa
( 'rrnstium alplii urn
H dlid nth us peploidfs
Alsi'ic irrna var. rubella
( 'allhii piiliixirix
HdiiiiHcnhix hyptrbiiriiis
" pyginii''ux
" Uippnniriix
" niidlis
Draba alpina
" nii'dlix
" fladnizcnxix
" hirta
EiUremn Kdudrdxii
Cdrddmirip pnilnitm
Chryxiixpliriiiirn Irirawiritiii
Saxi/ragii I'liilarix
" rirniia
'' Ilirciiliix
" nii'dlix
" hieraciifolid
•' drripienx
" ii/ipoxitifolid
Sidlli/I Rhoiliiild
Ihgax iKtopctnla
I'otentilla paluxlrix
" niira
Hitbiix ('hdmai-mortus
Axtragaliix alpinux
I'hnrii frigiilii
F.mpitrum riiijrum
Epihthium Idtifoliiim
" anguxlifolium
Hippuris vitlgdrix
I.iilum paliixirf
Lirixi'kurid procutubfnx
( 'dxxiope tftrdgonu
A rctoxtdphylox alpina
Vacciiiiiiin idigiiiiixum
phyllum •»
Vncci II i II m I 'ilix-lduea
I'ldvinoniuM biireale
Myoxidix xilidlirn
I'ediciilarix lapponira
" hiixiild
" sitilrtini
I'iiiiliiicida riilijiirix
Eriii<riin ii n ijlurii x
" alpiuux
.1 u If II nil rid dipiiid
Arte 1)1 ixia viih/arix
I'l liixilex frigida
V. niirrn-
Tih.'
Piiparir inidicdiilv
Tho ( ir.imincMC ami f 'vpcraccae arc llw l'<'s' represented, eacli liy specie--
then follow (he ( 'ar\()|)liyllaceae and Saxifranai'cae each with 7. the ( 'rncit'erai
with I), the Conipositae with only .">. the Kosaceac with I, etc.
Hy coniparinp the species lnutid in the region explored hy the exiiedilioi
with those reported from Spitzliertii'ii liy Nathorsi, Andcrsson and Uesselmaii
(I.e.), it will lie seen that Hi specii^ are common to lioth, and of these .")9 aii
amonjr the circumpolur oms. On the other hand the flora of Spitzherpn i;on-
tains HI species which are al>sent from the reijion visited by the expedition
th<>se species are as follows:
Arrtic /'hints: (ieographtcul Distnhuli
i t B
*Eqiiisrlum srirpoidf
"I'od pnitfi
* " iilpina
sirirta
liiielliiiii
Koeimjiii I
iiitriii n
iliinill
liiitn
*(,lut
■end iiiHiii.tliiln
lima
Viihl
hull
Ciilahnixa <
ji'llniiniiii
'line I II nil
" (I I fill ill
*.{ini riKs/iilusii
* " iilpiiia
*( 'iilauinyi nulls slnrtii
*i'iinf hfsinii
lailiifii
ijlu
jKirit
iiiirili
11 /till mi
llili.
*Are
*Alsitw Jiiissit
* " btfiuru
l^iltnn nirfilis
**h'ii>iiim:iila.\ (jlitriillis
**l}riihii iirrticit
" iihliiiiiiii'n
" llllllivil
*( 'ochlmriii fciuslriilii
*Ariihiy III pi no
*( iirilii 1,11 III hllllilij'iiliii
I'liti iitilla fraijifiii inis
" iiiiiriiliitii
iiiultijiiln
*Siixifriiijii Milliiiis forir
*»,
Sal
"H (I III II nil
11 pi' lll/p
linn li nrlla
la ( -onnsii
nil
'^Tiini.riinini nfficiniili
pliifniiitiiciii iiiiin
.ptMK
< •>•'
However, (if (Ikm JO
Aiiieiiciiii ■■irclHpelnKt) li.e.j, and I liave iiiarkeii tl
:iri- ie(i)i(
il li.v .Siimiiuii.'-
list, (jivi II ali.ivr. Ill other worils, c,f tli
tOti ((cciir also on tin- arctic coasts ot ihi-
parisoii Id ilie crtjsts of ( Ireelilaiiil. II s|)('cies iiiav I
with
ironi th. antic
an asterisk in th
it sp'cies known from Spitzhernen
li
-terisksi which I }«■ iiortliern retrioii i
nlinent. And if we extend th
added (marked wit I
I tW(
irrow has in cc»tiiin<;ii with Spitzliersren. '11
lom the east coast of (ireeiilaiid to I'ojnt
■"[iitzlieiffe
'U! which are al
f<.ll.
It fl
which thus inhahit
I .reenlaiiil. are as t<il|j>ws:
Eijiiisitnni I, ni'lliini
I'lMi stnrtii
( iilnfiyiisii rnnn niKi
■<ini llii~ |)art of arctic America, i
Siihx /iiiliiris
hniliii iiltiiirn
I'liti nlillii fiiiipfonnis
" inultiMa
nclMiling
h,iiiMun,i,n,:lnini (I.iljeM.) Krok was Krst descrilM'd hv [.iljei.Jad,' who
1. lerre.l It tak.lnnniil, as a variety, l.i.t witli th.- remark thai il miuhl ivpnsent
:i distinct .species: It was fmind in Torm' I.apmark. and the moimtn.ns of
.1 ami land. Hlytt (Nor(;es Flora 1.
p. ti refers it to A'. srirpinJ, < .\lich\.: the
Is, of coui.-e, .-1 1
iifl'erenl
\ariely Innlh,,,, of A', piiliisirr doscrilied l>y Klias Frio
nlaiit.
I'lm strirtii Lindel,. is known ai.so fr some mounlams in Sweden and
Norway, hut with the ,.xception of its occinvnce in \ov.a Zcmihla. no stations
ill Kussia or in Mlx-ria are recorded l.v Traut vetler.
( iiUihrnsii concinnn Th. Fr. has also I.een found in Nov.i Z,.ml.ia, Waiiiatsdi
.nd some tew stalmris in Western aicli.' .>il,eria: Jalmai and J)i,.k.son's harhour.'
>-'/ .r polans \Vahlenh.. on the other hand, is wideh distrihiit.-d from Dovre
iiimark. Lapm.arK, thnai^di arctic K„,ssia an.i Siberia. From this c.mtincnt
"It oiitMde the reuion yisifd hy the expedition. Snlix p.ilnns ha- been n-porled
li'iin I orl ( larence and trom St. I.awren<-.> island hv Kjellman '
Dmhi, iiUnicn is a native of the Altai mountains, but il has furtiiermore
I. ecu reported from arctic S,i«nia (Dickson's harbour), and from Xov.a Zenibia
/<>/' /(/(//« jrf/(/(jor w/.v WilM. has been collected on Nova Z(>mb!a. in arctic
1 iKii.«t til on Sv.-n>k tl,,ni Jn,l K.lii, I|,>„1:,, i79:t, p :WI
• 1 luiii .Sc-iinirii. I pMil:i. IN,).'), p I,';.!;
Ill.'i'liii-r:l:i ri. I'hiicnoK Ho-.-ira,- 1 ,- ;
ii„or'';,'.':rT""'''«'"'^" \'-"-'-''''i"'a.-' .- lan.l ,V.TO Kxp,.,!, V.M..n,k, hik.t Vul 2,
i,iner„,,a,„fl,„„„pSM, l.a«,v,„-.M'\„ ,lM,|e„,. Vul :', f.„„.kl,ol„, . 1,SS3. >
Si-,, kliolii., I.sk:!,)
I
»N
rs B
CoiKulinn Aniiv E.ri>i<lilioii, l!)t.3-IS
Russia, acpdidiiid to Traiitvpttprd.c.i. Ix-sidcat sonic few stations in arctic Siliciia.
l''itrntill(i miiltifiilal.. is very rare in tlic Alps of Switzerland. Imt lias also
l)Pfn reported I'roni Caucasus, soullicrn l{iissi;i, and Silicria.
With regard to Crceiilaiid the t.iMc shows (lia( 120 species of tlic (Jr.'cnland
flora occur also in the region explored li.v llie expedilion: of these species 7ti are
among tiie circuniiiolar ones. Coninion to Crcenland .iiid the islands of the
arctic .\iiierican .'irclntielago, hut ali-ent from our region are:
W'ddiusiii ilrinsis i I..) \\. Hr.
\V. tjluhellu K. Hr.
I.iia>ii<iilium (innotinioii L.
Aiji'iistls cdiiiiiii L.
.< . hiinalis llarliu.
I 'alan'iiijnisli.i lnjipdnitu
(Wahh'iih.) Martin,
.t irii ctt( spiUiKii I,.
.1. (ttropnrpurcd Wahienli.
('(itiihriim iiipiiitini (L.) Heaiiv.
I'lciirdpixji))! Sdhlnil K. lir.
]'<>(! pl'dtl lists L.
I', (ilpinii h.
I', laxii Hnke.'.'
(ilijcdid Vnliliiuiii Liehni.
Aijnipipiiiii riulaci mil (Iloriieni.^
Lge.
Elj/iiiHs (irciiiiniis I,.
Kiilin slit cnrlciitii Willd.
Cdit'X niinliiiii I'r.
C ursino Dew.
('. (upinrratts AVorniskj.
C liiijiipinti Wahlenl).
r. ijliinnsii Wahlenl).
('. (ilpiiin Sw.
('. pcildtii Wahienli.
('. iistulnltl Wuhleiili.
('. capillaris L,
Junius cdsldiieiis Sui.
in all, 53 species, 23 of which arc
J.iiziild pdriijliird (l']lirh.) Dcsv.
Sdli.r III I hand L.
lirlidd ndiia l>.
Km iiiijld isliirulird L.
Sdijiiid nirdlis Fr.
Alsiiif liijliird (L.) Wahienli.
Aroidild ciUdId L.
lidiiiiiiiiiliis ijliicidlls li. ('. )
('drildiiiiilf hi'UidifnUd I,.
Aiiihis dri iiiaild (Ri<'liards.)
tlelerl.
Arnliis dipiiid ]..
Sdxifriujd AizDoii. Jacf).
N. riilldris L.
I'liUntiUd nidruldld I'oun.
/'. Iriilfiildtd Soland.
Fip-old minor I,.
I'lnillniliirr cacnileil (I..) (Jren. et
Codr.
Cassiiipr hypnoides (L.) Don.
Arctiistiiphijliis I'l'd-iirsi il_,.;
Spreiig.
Didpi iisid Idpponicn I,.
Kiiphriisid Idtifiiiia Pursh.
Priliciildris fliinniicii L.
('(iiiipdinild rotiitidifulid I,.
(Inaplinliiim niirveijir.uni (iunii.
Arliiiiisia bomilis Pall.
Tdrnxdnim phijmntormpiiin \:dil.
(lianiiiicae and (,'yperaceae.
Among those species, which the tuctic \merican archipelago has iti com-
mon with Creenland, the following occur fiirlhermoro in the Hudson bay region;
Aijrostis can I lid
A ird cwspilosd
< 'dtahrosd dUjidn
Pud idpina
Agriipijnini viiddcinni
Ehpniis dniiiiriiis
CdTiX tpiniin-dii's
('. ijldn'osd
('. dlpirid
(\ u^tiildU.
J uncus cdstaneus
I.azula parvifliird
Salix hcrbdcm
Hetuia nana
Kiieniijid isldudicd
in all, 30 species.
Saqina nivdlis
Cdrddwinr bfllidifolia
Ardhis (ilpind
Sdxifraija Aizoon
S. sttlldris
I'utciililld macuhita
}'. tridvntdta
I'ljriild viiiKir
FhiflliidoiT cacrulva
('as»iope hiipnnides
Arctosldphi/ldS i id-ursi
Did pt- IIS Id III p poll tea
I'cdic uliiris Jid m m vd
Canipanuln rotii ndifoiia
Artemisia borealis
Of tlipsp
,1 ira
Arrtic P^J/(^s^• Cfci^mphiral DiMrilndion
fipocics flip folldwiiijr are circumpolar:
7!l B
rae.ipitosn
Cntnhrom ahjula
( 'iiiTT (jliiredKd
Luziiln piirviflorn
Snlix licrbaan
II
Cardnmitir hellidifitlin
Arntiift aljiinn
Snxifrnijit stillaria
Caniprniiln roliim/ifolia
Art) imsiii horral
owcver, the Iliidson |,:,y iCKJoii, l.ctwooii r,r,° ;,n<l (;.-,'= N. I
111 iirffio spi'd'os, ;iiii| «,r tlicatidiit -irA)
i'^ qiiilc ricli
liout 90
no firciiiiii)()l:ir. iiifliidint; tl
spcfios wliich .Iff known fiorri (I
Most of thcst
losr cruniicratcd uliovc.
(•iiciiniiiolar plants cvidcntlv Ix-l
KTtiary tinus inhaliilcd tln' polar r>
(luring the glacial cpocl,. Many (,l th,
ongcd t{
(lor
1, wliich in
iiiit rcfinncd to their nortlicrn I
rgions, hut was forced towards the south
<(• sought refuge in the higher inountain-
Ici the (Xilar regions thev
all
. - . "<''|' acfonipaiiied 1
iill.me, s|iecies: thus the jiresent arcti<> li.ir;i i
loines wh.'ii the ice receded. And on their ret
clcinent.
H
remained on
tl
over, th(> |)rohal)iliiy is that no
southern mount
fc
tiumher of soul hen
rejiresented l)v
re.'it
1. inaiiih'
•Ollti
licrn
demonslr.'iled
ims. some to
ngli
I IV (he
of the circumpolar plants
persist, others to suc.unih. This
indisputable fa<'t th.at the alpine f'ora show
typ
iig of lyp.-s simil.ir to the present arctic llor
ir-e leniaikalilv distinct
ingreproented in the arctic A
mid
itl
Aslr<i<i(il
ilicnan in the arctic Asint
TL.
;iccording to longimdi', an Anierican eh
inerican floi;t, ;i Kuropeaii in the .Mictie i;uro()
lorcign .iritie
H'nl
in arctic An
IIS abiinyinonini in arctic America, tl
or instance, the occurrence of the Anierican
the actual road-;, foil
ric.i !uid (ireenland, etc. Hut it is
le Americ;i
u k
M\<, lOllO . .
as well as on (heir retreat.
>y these |)lan(s fn
it is merel\
ruicrmi a>ni/>osi(i(,)s
iijccdiral to detorrninc
licse i)lan(s from the polar remons to ihe south
, . , ,, ,: '\"<' '1"' tlilfi'iilf.v culminates especialh when we
bear m ui.nd he cMraonhnanlv .scattered dist, ihution of some of (hcse ol Tr
plant.s ,r .southern regions, the Inglie, tnountains for instance. It is still L,
difh.-ult to api.reeiat.. the a,-Iual mea.is l,y which the migr.alion hc-anie clfe <'T
■ reat rnportance has been attributed to the belief (hat niigraiorv birds carry
uith (..em see. s of p ants but recently we have h.arned that su.'h birds niigrate
"M a., ...upty stomach, and are almo>t always cleat, when (hev eommen.e the r
ong journey. I lus MatemenI w.. owe to Knud Andersen,' who ma.le the .( r -
Img ol s..rvat.on n, Denmark. (ha( .luring a p-.n..,! ..f -l-.l years the int..stine< . f
all tne bir.ls killed ,,,.ar the lighthou.-es wen- foun.l t.. be ."mptv, besi.j,. the iJ,
that no S....1S were found adlu-ring t.. any parts of these birds'. However, Pn,-
b.ssor Henry U Henshav; has more rcently, exp.vssed un opinion wh ch i<
entirely diflerent, making the f.illowing statemenl ■
"The sour.cs of th.' vg..tati.)n and (he m..,ans bv which th.- .s.mmIs o[ plan(<
ami .shrub.s were ong, nally (ransport.-.l f., th,.<e distant o.van-gir( is an-N
hou.sands of miles fn.m (he n.>arest mainlan.l. are a mos, inviting Md of sp,.cula-
lon. Ihe winds are capal.h- of convying mimK.- ...>e,ls to givat distance, ■md
avourable oe.-:in curtems also materially ai.l as pl.int .listribuLiis. jiir.ls
lu.wever are doubtIe>- the most important of natur.'s ...■..,! .•arriers \-,sc d
an. hooke.i .se,.,|.-, atta.h t.> th.ir plumage, or s.....ls mav b.- .■arn..d ,n sm.-ars of
earth or mu.l on l..a(hers. bill, ,„. f.-et. Such ......Is may be transports indH nit.'
LowtirTl' • '""■;•'" ■\"V'"'^=""' >■<■">•■- '"■ >". 'i--opp..l on ..o'il fav.,urab!.. ;
V in 111' ""■'■' "^ " """' ''■'••;'" ''M'-'fiti"" <" the islan.l, the Nutting
IMrt> .„ l.)ll, weiv .-(..■cially re.piested t.. examin.. .•a.vfullv all their sp..cimen.
of Laysat, binls f.,r („■ pre.scn..,. of .s,.,.,is, .an.l a.-tually found atta.-h.'.l to the
foot of a I aysan albatros. a ..eed of a sp,.ci,-s .,f the boan-.'ai.er family, which is
g.r.erally .hstnbute.i m the South Sea i.^lands. So far as known t he "plan d,.'^
not grow on Laysan, and had this seed chanced to fall in a favourabl.. spot the
niK.on D? <JurM„l-la.il,.»,r.i lieservation. \™rbook ol Ur. Dept. of Aghc. lau. Wa-sh-
80 B
Canndidii Arrlir Kxprdilion, t'JlS-lS
tloiii of the island miKlit Imvo been onrichc.l by aiiothor spi-cics. A still irioic
strikintt instaiicf of a luni aotiiiR as a carrier of seeds was observed several years
ago by Mr. Hryaii on Marcus Island, where lie found no fewer than 40 seeds of
a tree Of the madder family adheriiip to the feathers of a shearwater. These and
other similar facts show how tlie flora of oceanic islands may be transported by
birds from island to island or from conlinenis to distant shores."
Furthermore, that resident birds, jis for instance the partridge, may well
transport manv seeds from one |)lacc to another, has been pointeil out by Dar-
win.'
\\'ilh regard to other factors of dispersion, water for instance, we know, so
far, too little about the possibility of s(eils retaining their vitality during |)ro-
lonjied immersion in salt water. The transport by means of ice may takf- place,
as pointed out by Simmons, when the (pieslion merely <leals with narrow chan-
nels or fjords, but, nevertheless, more indirectly so, since the wind becomes a
more or less necessary, additional factor for carryinn the sc<ii> to the shore.
Hov.cver, even if we have reached no decisive coiiclusi(.n as to the means
by which the mi(iration was effected, nor by what roads it took place, we do
know that the plants exist there, that aictic ami sdpine speci<'s do occur in the
polar rcfjions, and (piite a numbei of these furthermore in thi mountains farther
south. It seems e\eii plausible to suppose that the mountains harbour a larger
nundier of arctic renmants than has re.iliy lieen accounteil for, becau.si' the
arctic siM'cies in the mountains as well as the alpine species in the arctic rejjion
may have submitted to a more or less pronounced iindilication in structure dm
to the chaiiRe of conditions. Such inodilieation, in external structurn especially,
ma.v, as stated above, have resulted in the res|)ective species appeariii(i in dis-
>tiiise, and beinf.'; mistakeii lor separate s|)ecies. In this w.iy botanical nianu.als.
comprising floras of mountainous regions, are sometimes crowdeil with >u|)-
posed new species which actually are simi)ly "loditied forms or varieties produced
iiy change of environment, especially- climate and soil. ( "onseciuently, wheii
<leal'-:g with plants scattered over large areas, we must consider whether lhe.\
ri'preseiit analogous types or mere forms. Aitiini.sid. Aitlimioria, Driilxi. and
several other genera have recently furnished an almost untold number of su|)-
posed new species, regardless of the natural modification to be sought in "geo-
graphical distribution."
Returning to the circumpolar species, these iiaving been so admirably des-
cribed and their distribution disrussed by some of the ablest botanists, the
danger of (MMors in their det.'rminalion is but slight, even if more recently sonu
authors liavc ventured •(> make changes as a rule wholly unwarranted.
H.aving enumerated the circumpolar species, <'ollected l)y the expeiliiioi'
we shall now <itfer a few data regarding their occurreiM'e in other region-, more
over, some points will be discussed relatisc to the southern, the .MliLiie eleineti'
which has also become distributed in the polar regions,
In accordance with the enumerittioii of the circuni|M)l:ii specii'^. gnni i:
the preceding pages, and the accompanying tabl(\ it will be si cii tiiat thos-
exhibiting the widest geographical distribiitio'i farther sfHitli are ;i- foll<i,\s
('i/sliiiitcrl'< fifKjilix, Kipiir-cliiiii iirrriisi-. LiivopoiliHiii Stldiin, Tnsiliini ^inrtthtm
Poll arctiat, Fi'-!l'!c<i urinii. especially the \aricly hrrrifolid. F. nihid var. itntinrni
Kriiiphonim Schi iichzcri.E. viuiindtum, E. ntHjiiKtifnliuin. ('artj- iiinirrd, the disir -
bution of which on this continent extends as far south as the ."^trait of Magetliiii.
(', r'Kjidd, which, however, in the Caucasus occurs only as the variet\- ilaririi
a plant, which Moissier (V\. orient., (ien^ve. lS(i7-S4i has enumerated as (
;•/(/((/((. but by Hi<hler (1*1. Kuiop., Leipzig, ISlMI-l'.MWi has !een referred to T
cnesiiitosd y. ddcird. I-'urthi rmorc (dnx niixdiidid. ('. /;'/'(, Juiniis hujlnmn-
SdUj- •ttirulitld. f'lihifioniivi niipfirnm. Uxiiria digymi. Lychnis niieUila.Cernsbnn
'Oarwin.i'. < >n tlw ( )rii:iri '>f Sjn.. u-. l..urttil,il l,,iiiil..ii. ivxl. p. 4.'!2.
.Sif ii/.-ii.' Il<>*«4'liimn. II N&Kni liiktimo-i-^r niviT vaxii inns spridninit Uniaii \otiscr. ISOT
^
...Ik -mJJ.
Arctic I'lii Ills: Geogrni>fncal DiMrihiition m B
ir^««'%'''iy"'''V""'r"''' (^'■"'"' /"'/"'^"--. Cnriliuinii. „ral,,i.is. S.,,,(in„a
Mdum Khoiliola, l>n,as, I'.iUiiliUn „mv, /'. i>„lusln\ Fmnclnn,
Eny,r„„ itnijlon,., ari.l IJ. ul,,i,ii,.. I'lmi^tris, l.,n,„lnnii. I:,„lnhii„ii,
Vnnn this small ..nuiM<.rali.,n it will 1„. srcn that inc.t of tl.rs,. s,„.,m-s immv
n/,J, /)■ • • "" /■'•"!"".7"-' f vj„.ra,...a,.. n..tal.ly Knoi.honnn, ,1,' >„/,,•
k.l ::;::./: M":;;;''r" "" •■^•■:'';"""- "^r ""• i""-'"'-''' f >.uiil, ' s
I'.Wr i, i .V I. i '■ '"r"'V Y'"' '■•■>«''"■'''•' AV./W..,,,, ,1... „.,„i, .„ ,,„.
noin iiiiitN max l.c .Iis|)(.|s...l (.nly l.v iricans of animals
in..> ho .lu.; to I h..|r lo.al .■xtcrmination. or ,„.rl.a|,s •..,„... thrv mav rv on-s .
'loi.l.f,, l\ |,.,vc an important .-..nln. in ih- nortlinn n.j;io.,.
W.I. r.Kan to tl.o t.-,.ly arni,. ..Icm.-ni, iImmv arc s.-x/.r.-.l .,....„.< whirl.
:^ . .o..Kh not l....nK .■..-...npola,, ,n:.y Im- look..,l upon ,.,s ^...n in.-' .V- i. , '
;' "' ^•"■"- <• ""'^<' '"'V.' not, so far. I,,.,,,,, .suillut,..! tarth. m t Am nl^
';<-o may ,,. ......mo.u.l lli,n.clil,.e pnucijUo. I'i,„ nU.irni.,.,. , CrJ C^
an, M.-..ra oth-r s,h...,..s o Sati,. Jiii,i.,..r. I,,c,iiiis rnijl.in... AUI,,,. , ! ^ ;
I nr,/„ a ,hia. .s,u; n,,,u niiliot,,. Dri/n. inhyrifuln,. Siirnsio. I',.l, iilill; ,„il
<Mli, a.,.l sov.-ral oth,.r I'olciitilla sp....i,.s, /.■„.., U.ilnns. L,i,iiiiL J ,,
U iiJitno .'"•^"f """"' "■t'VnhJniiii A,-,,„„si., n,l„„.L var. Tt.si,\
.\nii,„, Sini,,, ,,s,,lif„h„... Saiissunn. T,ii„x,u;,i„. ;,n.l Cnnis M„,,.t <i(
spjT.rs. an.l a.l.l.n^ to ,h..s,. ,h.. SO ..inu.npol.r „.„... w. hav in all 1 i a
HR.ons i.i.titfr M.utli. J(i.. remaining sfn-c.-s, .i,„„f <M), mav l.r Dartiv s.,,-!. -.s
.•Y, .-rm..,a...,J m x^ ^rrtu- ,v«...n.. Urn ..f whi.-h a ....rtai.; .1,.., ,: . p., n.".
n .■ ..o,.nta,«. «Ml. ,h.. ,.,^s n-turn...!. An.l a.,otlH.r part .on'i-tJ ,
7"'""' ■^'"■'■"- ^'"'■*' a.--ou,pa, I Ih,. ar.ti,. on ih.ir nuvai. Tl,.... .onih-
-P....S ,.,„„.„ «„h .-.nauay i... ,|.-f,n,..l, .-xropt thai .l,..„- ,l.s.ril ...ion , I,
. -• -^•••^. -".K .-.UHr v,.,-y s..ant or .at,..-...!, ,n,«|„ m.licat.. tl"!; ^I. 1 , .
r^ ;i,n'<J , •■'^ '•;•'"•<■••"•- 'h<. Mrnrtur. of ar,-,i.. sp,.,.i,.s, i, has I,,..., shown .„ th,-
TfZJ %. 1 '''''■''•n.l.olop...d-.ru.t..,VM.,.n,....l.sol„t..ly,.ha,a...,.ris-
!• s u ■,. ' T ""•„^''","'- 'l<-vlopn...nt of th.ir floral an.l v,.K..tativ,.
• w>KHat,v,. r..pro,|,„-non as thrs,., an.l a.v. ..kLmmI, i,, „K.nv cases not of s,.,h
.1 af.-l s,at..n. as f,v,,u,.n.ly ,l,.s,.nl...| M„, .h.v rcscn.!,!,. alpi, . p|.'
■iml ;h,.y a.- with h„t vny ...w .x.vpt.on-, p-avimallik.. them ' '
iti.Tc IS th.is IH, al.soliii,- morpholoKicMJ .•haiacicr l,v which arcti aiHl
l|.n. -PCC...S .„..,v l,c ,|chnc.l. an,| wc ,n,.., therefore consi.ler then . ■ othe
■ H ^u ,t 7' V":" "'" '1'""'"": '"'""^ '" ''i^'i"*-'"'^'' 'I'"-", i" the present ..,.•
: ; t; \ 1 "; '""■ "•*^^;"'"''". '""-'h-ni ami sonthern ,.|em,.nt. It mav l,c ,H,ss,b|c
- jMaM,.h snch a,hs.M,cno„ i.y ,„eans of eon,pa,ini: .ho genera, or In so.ne
I^ r "'''■'■'r'- •;"'■'" V'" '"'*'' ",'' •■"■'■ """^^'•*' '" '"'■''"<''• '"" ""iv as supple-
. icntary, poniliarities in their morph()logi..al structure
In the s>,l.seq„en! paire. I shall on.loavo.ir to show the importance ,,1 ,he
"set KcoKraph.cal .l.stnl.uiion .n .lofininK the prohal.le lo,-a.ion „r the
82 B
Canadian Arctic Expidilion, lOlS-lS
centre of these speeirs, their reiitre of development mikI of disti ibiition. For this
purpose I have especially seleeted s\i(li species as are not circunipolar, atul of
which the distrihutioti in the south is well exeinplitied.
In hcKinninu with the Flerithiplivta, the species collected by the expedition
arc too few to (jive us any idea of the icprcseiitiition of this Kroup of plants in
the arctic reijion. Therefore, in the ac<'()nipanyinK lal)le I Table 21, I have
enumerated all the species known from our arctic shore, including the islainls of
the archipelaRO, and from (Jrcenlaiid; however, in view of the fact that several
Bpecies reported from Greenland have not, so far, been found on om- arctic
shore, a special column has been K'ven to the species known from that country.
On the other hand, no column has been niveii to arctii' Siberia, sinci-, according
to I.edebour (FI. Hossica I.e.), DryopliriKfrauraiix is the only fern recorded from
T\»LK 2.
iiriiuiimllv in llu- nnrtlicrn r
iif liotli Worl.l-.
Ptiriiliipliyto
'prions
u
Phfpoptfris poltfpndimdfft F6;'
/*. Dryoptrrts CI..) 16-
C'ryptt>u''oninia acriUftichoidi ■■* U. lU.
AapUnium liridc Hudif..
Poly-ttirhum Limrhid.'i (\..) Until
DTyopttri^ fiitantns fl-.) Srliotl
D. N/xnu/f/.-.i 'MUll.> Kzv.
BU'chnum npirnnt tl..l Itolli..
Cyittoptrria frn^ilxH {\..) Uoriili
WofnUta ihrnm.-< I..) U. Mr
W . hnpvr\)ortii K, Wr.
W.ul'th.lUi U Mr
Botryrhiiitn Lunnrui !.,■ Sw
a
li. hi'ii' nhitum Uitiit'l-' Auii
K'lut.ti turn u ft "■ I }..
E. filvatirum I..
E. [fultt-itri \..
E. vaniijittum Sclilfii li
E. ^nrjuifdfs Mich%.
I.yt'i'Podiutn Sihtf" I,.
L. antinttnuni I,.
L. filpinum I.
Siltiotndla ■■^f tiitjinfultn l.' l.k
IfiitrK trhinoxrutm Dur
^•5
-^h-
3 ». I V
=11 1
■w
t
i4rf/ic I'hniis: (kogniphiailDutribiil
ion
I hat
3!!:,v''-^1J:"''''iA''l)'^'V'J''.H-.'-<° •«'' Propo flun,..n T
MiddciKlorff c'l Kupr.Thi). " H.-sidos this f<'rn, /,
alum, and L\iiiixiliim
Sihcria, ari'l by addinji ll
aro tlip only Pt«ri<l(.phy|
!/nii)i,(hi,iii Silwjii, A.
s.{ n
iifiiyi- r.iiKsiiiic
I iccdrdcd friti
K'lr iicfiiiToricc iii Sili.Tia to llic i.iiior station
min /till li-
lt arctic
.in (inuii.poiii, iM fact ,|i.. only fircuinpolar PtiTidoplivta known s„ f.,r / m„-
MCopocli.Kcac. f. nlijiinim and /.. .S,/„,,„ aic vci v fivquontlv n.H with in.l
MmutMncs ,,„,„■ alM.ndant. Th. latitude rcarhcl l,v .J,nH« of th .. "n,.ci.-s
'.iv.nlan.l .s ,,uue rnnarkal.lo; tlu- following ;uo,H.Kns „,a> I'o o| ...tcvsV
( 'i/stti/ilniti f rati, Its 7tj '
Wooil.sia hyjurhona 73° 21'
DniojilnisfriHfnni..' 72° .W ("ii" :{()' in SilM>riM)
I! iKiitsiii (//•( N»-,,s- 72° IS'
K^HiKiinm urtfiise 72°
II iitiilxid ijlaMJii ~V y'u'
III (iljiiimiti 70'
(■oni|);ll(> III,-
• <•■'. (iiinnar
llowinK latitudes
Lj/iii/ioiNiim Sihuii, .unX K<tuhrlum rnn'rijatm,, 71°
hijun-ilHW .sr /;/.»„/,, V, E. silroliciim, and l.iiconwini
liotri/, Inum l.iinii.>a (19° 20'
/'*.,, '.-/(/o/.s- DnjoptiriK and l'„l,iMlchiiiii t.nnrfi/lm (ii»" l.V
/ ^.</,7v/rn.v p.,hjln„linm,s and lh,,o,,l,ri. spiniilunu (io° 40'
S(l(uiinill(i KclihUitKiiihs (il° l.'>'
This notth.>rn distiihulion may Iw (.xt,.n.l.<| fail her if w
••lafioiw. known from Spitzherscn. as r..,.„rd,.,i l.v \ath<,r.i
Ar..ior,M.n an.nioss.-hnan (I.,-;, ; a.r'or.ling to ,l„s,. aui'hors the fo
iiiMV lie ()H«Med:
I.urui'oiliiim Stiuijo an<i Kipii.'^ilinii nirifiiatiii,, SO
' ni'lopti lis frn,iil/< "{}" 1.-,'
\i'ooilsin iihihilUi Vs 40'
Ki/iii.yituiii iiircii/tc 7S° .'50'
h'. srir/iiinlis 77° :{()'
With regard to Uie di^iril.ution farther sou'li «
".riTX'I ''.''"■ ',^'''l"'<"' «•/ /-.'/";/!'"'""" "'I''':",, and I..„clcs all I f,e oil,,
ndophxta have heen found on this continent. „u.h of the .•Mctn. cr-l,. an
laiiiy m the mount, uns.
('niptufinniima. liotnjihium lancmJaniiii. Asi,l,n!uni vn :di' l^net,-, n„.
i.i.iv lie tieate<l scparatelv.
With retard to Criij-Ui.iniiiiiiia iHroslichniil, s,tho disi
"''.'.'."'1;'':/'"".'" '"'^''. """:" r.'-"*"*'"''.'" Hi'iiish Colunihia, -ip.tch
see from tlie t.ilih
W
Mil
I'al.h.
■ lller
witliin til
i-o froi
e (iistrmuiion of this spe(i( -
u (lorlhward
n
n tfie arctic circle (Macoun I.e.), and according to (Jrav .1 ( ' n i-'kiniw
,,, " y'lorado and California. Another species, C. N/.V/,-,, Uimel , iVniil
W^,..,,n/..S/c//cr, Hupr.) occurs also on this continent from Lahn d." U K i
■lu.nhia, south to Illinois and northern lVnnsylv...nia' i. .'''S
jum •••:3T ^^^K
M B
Ciiiiiiiliiin Airlir Ei)fililuin. tHld-IS
iils«i III cisHTii SilMM-ia ami in tin- Haikil iiioiintiiins. Finall>, if I'llhttu iIihhh
liook is n\-t> III lie rcfnrril Id tlii- Ki'iiiis, we Imvi- a third »|M'(it« (li^lritiiiltil
from tiuiUc lo Hrili>li ( oliiinliia. TIk' (jiiiKiaphical ccnin' of llio kciium u|)|M-nrh
fhiiH 111 have hiMMi lii.aird on iliis i iinliiiiiil. I'lii -niith of tlii> antic rt'tjionx.
T jiinil Hittniihium liiiiirohiliim is a native of ( ;ri'ciilanil (til' N. 1.) ami
arctiiSi .imliiiavia, aiuiaism f Dovir. lliij'ilal. rti'.. Iiiit t-.<iM om rontinrnt rrpri--
.-(•ntril liy a variety iiiiiiiiHllsqiini nliim I'l ,i»f ami Mnorr. it is cviili'iitiy of
Si tiiiilinaviaa oriniii. The fiaiiu- apiwars aUo to Im- tlir fa»< of Ayi>lfiiiiim vinilv,
niid It- present soiitlMrn distrilmtion may indiiate that it is one of the northern
fil >nts which were left over on liie southern inoniiliiiis while the others retreated
(.. their northeiii homes.
Witii regard to hieU'x itlnnimimni. its piesi-nl distribution: Iceland, raeroe
I-lamls, Scamliiiavia, Denmark, and Central llnrope. seems to indicate that the
(jiniriaphic.d ceiilre of lliis s|)ecies is located in Ceiil 'al KllK'pe, ,'ind thai the
di ■']! iiiKiii to the Mirth, to Greenland and I'inmaik. liwik place diirinu the
gi . lal e|Mich
priio/ih !>■' friiiiriins ix. nil the other hand, fi Kcniiiiie aniic type, «iiiih w.i-
eviii'iilh more widely distrilmted in the |Milar reHiolis Ixfore the glacial epoch,
Hitd Its oci inrence in arctic Siheria, Iral, and Altai, and iilsi. in Kamiclialku.
iiuuhl indii.ilc :i foinier. circiiiiipolar distrilmlion,
Hefore «, r:iii consider the distrihiitioii in (i<'ii<'i'-'d of all the olhir I'teri-
doplivta. enmiH laiid in Talih- 2. we iiiinht add the followiiiK ten species which
have heeii foiiiHJ in the arctic regions of Scamliiia'i.a .ind Hnssia, l>ul not in arctic
America; liy adding i!i -^i, we shall have, I helieve. an approximately complete
list (if .'ill tlie arctic I'liridi.phyta. The miml-er of species is: I'ili' . s, J\; Iviuise-
taciac. .'i; l.ycopodiaceai :l; Selatjinellaceae, I; and lsoetiicea<\ I.
■|\Bl.»: 2'.
tifoitnipliii'iil (li-irjl.iiiiiiii of in lie I'l.Ti.i pl.ylii ; =
ftliM'ni fr,,ni ;irctif Aincri' ;i. , I'
i'nli^fin,i,i,n: ruliiurt I,.
y* thiti fti'iiiu I.-
.\ -jtii ttiiim yitij U mi tut 1..' Hi'rnli.
.1 . ,-f f>1* >ir> uifuili Sw
.1 . , ff hiittim !■ r.
< i/xiniit' '■'.■« nitiTil'imi \\frn\i.
Alln^iinis ,'ri>;iM'' Hcrnli
/Jrynptt lis f'itu Mm* ^l..,' Scli"tt
llnnihii >>lnilhiiilil<ri.- I..) lliilTln
Hntiii'hiiim mnlnfitruinlis I,.'\\il)il.
1
fl
;
7 «
a.
-4
=
B
r.
s
:-
iZ ^
J!
fi
1
r 4
i
3!
1
3
»
<
•
«
•
•
' •
•
«
.
_ .-
. —
«
*
■
•
«
•
»
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
••
•
♦
•
1 -
i •
•
_- — -
.
.
'^ V
"^r
•
•
, •
•
'
•
•
*
•
*
•
.
.\s may 1' i en from these tahh's. iii(i>l of ihopecies have also heeii reported
from the . ir tains farther south; not less than 2!) from America. 2.'i from .Mlai.
24 from ti. .vips and Pyrenees. IS from I'ral and Kamtchatka, and Iti froi i
Caucasus. Aiiionp these, the five species which .are atisent from .\merica an
'^rw-ct^k-xiB iMTTi" -miv.
Airlic I'liinis: duiyrafthicnl Dixlrihiiluin
i..u,ns,„„„ ...„•„„„/,. ..„..*• I u.aii.v. ai,...,„ i,..n. Altai I...,'..,!,,;;;,;!
.\ll"^iiriis, A-ji', niiiin iiii'l, ,
l'ol!U>.xln„„ ,h,„,„,n„ .\.,,l,,..,„„ en„„l,„„. Mlosur,.. h„„,,..,,,„„ al, „„
:....! ho,l,s. Al...,„ ln.n. ,1,.. Kun,,,,.,... Al,.,,, I,,,, ,.....r,|...| |„„„ Altai Z'
'"■''. .l'^ I'll IK II III f 11 nil' '"
Hiliiisilinii sririiiiiil, .. all. I A.', inniiiiihiiii.
frmii thr i;iiii.|wat. Alp-aiv: ^//^^,,;^,■^v vuinln,
litirhiiiim. and Hutriivhniiii iiiiilriniintDltH.
It i. ii,trn.sti„K ,„ n..ii,.,. tlu.1. if tl„«,. „H.st wi.l.lv .iistril.utcl Im.l aU,
U...n ..,..,,,...1 in„n ar.-l,. S,l.,.ria, 17 -.f thr .,„..„> . ,Mnn..,a....| .„. " |, "
- "I '•' .MIu.niH.la.. ||„.„ f.tal mI.m.,,,.. I>..,„ ,|.a, n.^,..,. n.akr. a ui,|,.«at"
in tl „ north-m .|.slnl.„tM.n. \,mI natu.allv .... for ti... SilMam.. l...„lra «.h
. . •;'••■«'""«.'' Aha. atwl Ha.kal, «,■ l.av. .,.,.„ ,|.at ..... Us. than jr, ., .'^
"' """ "■'•'.l..|.l.,V.a l.av.. •..,„.. ..Mal,l,.|„.,|.a.Hl ...anur as if M.ilfht a pp.. n
.-...•.:. .■.Iw.tl. (I..H..„„« pla,.... M,a„.v ,.f uI.hI, an- k.,.,w„. a. pro..,,,. ,„',;.,:
I'l arctic Ml..Tia, ali.l . •veil I., he ,i,ciiiii|K.liir.
nthrnvi.-,. with Knn.p,- a.,.1 N..ril, AiiKrica. W.. have s,:;, (ha. .1,.. .hs.ri
'•'7;''' •'MlH.an-ti,.lM..r,,h,p|,v, a, in, h,....,Mp...a,..,.. «,.,,,.,,... tal.lv, ,a :.,"
nl th..s,. ,.,.n„n,.nts .•..rns|K,„.l. wll with th,.,r ....rth-n, ...•.urr,.,,..,. \„. ,,,;
Al.ai . , . i.,.ains. In ..th.r «..r.k ih.f.. is a s.rikinK a,.....r.lan,... I„.t«..,.n •
I '..a ..f Ih.. s.Hilh..rn inoiintains lhr..iijjh.,nt th.. ,,.... h.r.i h.m.-plHn. .,.,.1 thai .f■
| >■■ a-c,,.. n^M,,,^ as ,ar as ,h,. l',,.r,,h.,,hyt. a,c .•,,n.crn...l. An.l«,.hav,.s....n I
ha.i.ith. ,H,lar,•..KM,.,sllu.l.Tnsa.,,lth.Mralli.^shav....^•,,•h...hh.■hi^h..s,h.l,,„ ,.s
kn-.Nvn .,r vas.a.la.. pants. Hv .„,„l,iain« thcs.. .lata .vla.iv.. ... .h..ir p • ',
.lis.ril.u.i..n I r.;aly l.,.h..v.., that n>..st ..f the ...rti- l'f...i.l..phv,a ...luin, .. ,
.he lar n..r.h 1 h..y .-ann... p,.ssil.ly 1,.. .•..nsi,|,.n.,| as a pari ,.f tin. , ui ,!
alpmc Altai .l.,,a, as ..n^ as u,- hav n., ,.:,.•.• ..f th..ir ,ni«iati..n f,„n, tl.M
n.oun.ains ... ,„. ,„.rth s„..h as is ..th.-rwis,. th- ..as.. .,( , „„n.l,..r n( ,h.u ' ,'«
plants, still ... I... f,,un.l n.iith ..f Altai, i.e. in aiv.i.. Silxaia.
'K'li.uanis, i,
plants
In passing |„ ,|,.Mri..r .,..• K<...Krapiu.al .|istnl.u.i..n ..f ili.. I'han.n.u.nis i,
will ... s..,.n that «.. ar.. .l.^aJi-iK with a ^r.-np .,f pl.ants whi..h has l„.,..„n,. LI
-vny .hstr,l„.„..| ar..„n.| tl... p,.lar .-.w.-ns than tl... I'...ri.h.phvta tl 1
mimlicr .)( thfiii arc, at present, (•ir.unipol.'ir. ' '
•)"""■"«•' '■''•'•'■" ro„i„l,;i.sis H.SP. ,,,/;/,. nuiwliiisis .Mill., ,|.„.s „,., pr„|„.r-
ly l...h...K t,. h.. a,-.-t,e z..ne, it .h.s.-rvs n,..nli..n that it is known t.. .,..„,.
ina.jy places far .i,„-,h ..f ,he arcti,. .airle in Ca.i.a.la an.l Alaska. It was | „
•n '|l.un.la.,..e „, two .h.^tricts exph.r...! l.y the ,.xp,..lit,o„, na.n..|v th,. Ma.^k,. ,!
.h.| .1 a.ul ( ..pp..rin.n.. r.v..r vall..y. With r..K...r,| .„ .h.. .listril.nti..,, of .1... sp,. .f, "
1.. th.. .Ma..k..nzi.. .|,.|,a. Mr. A. II. Ilarris.,n has pnl.lish,..! a .nap ..f ,h..'. L .
>h..win« 1... .M.r.h limit ol ,h.. spr.,.....' A.- -.linu t.. this n,ap ,h..'sprn.... !...,, .s
.-. 1. th. al.ov.. .at. .,9° N., at the s.....h p.,int ..f Hichar.l islan.l. ..xt.-n.l.n^^ f r. in
ih..... .soul hca.st ward ,.. s..,.on.l Ksk.in.. lak... at al.out l.at. OS" .W \ .,„d t| !
M".th.-as.w..,r,l, r..a,.h.nK l.at. f.i)" ;{.V \. n.....r th,- .s.,„th shor.. of I.iV.'.'rp...,! I J
Ihe spru..." thus .•<,in..s within t.'n iiuh.s ..f ,1,.- ...as, on the w.-st .si.le of Franklin
l.ay on th.; nort.,n r.v..r, an.l within thirty ..r f..rtv .nil..s .,f the ....as, .,i ,1 e
AiuhTs..,, river, s..u,h of |.,v,.rpo.,| hay. Th.> n...st n..r,h..r,i l.un.-h ..f spru. .
I ...s in th.. ( opper.nin.. river rcKion is. ;ic....nlinK t.. Dr. H. .M An.l..rs.„ (i„
Nefan^.n: My I.if.. with th.. Kskim.., l....p. .^.o)^.■i,hin six ti.ile; of he '.Is
.... a little ......ck valh.y sev,.ral uules ..as. of ,1... Coppermine riv-.p, l.u. thes.'
.....s were scr.ii.l.y and , vjirf.-.i. In a small, i.solal...! gn-v.. ..f .s pru... , ,.ar
Kendal riv.T a few miles .,...s, ,.f the Coppermine iiv..r, an.l no, far frl.n, Dis „a
lake, Dr. An.l..rso,, n>,..n.un.d on.. live, whi,.h was f..ur f..e, and six in<.h..s in
circumference five feet above the prounil an.l al...ve .he hench ro..|s- H... s.,me
in ."v.iirrli of a Pulnr C.mtim.ni." I'.tll.5-|907. I.r.n.l.m, IWW.
MICROCOPY MSOIUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No, 2)
^ APPLIED irvMGE
I6?3 Eosl Mo,r Slr«,
("6) W-0300-Phon, ""
(716) 268 - 5969 - foi
ic
86 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 191S-IS
tree A'as fivp fort in circiiinforpnce three feet above the ground. Dr. Anderson
fnrtherinoro states that none of these trees were very high, but were mostly
straight-grained, and not twisted spirally as are most of the spruce in this
region.
These northern groves of spruce have been mentioned already by the earliest
expeditions which visited the lower Coppermine river, notablv bv Samuel
Hearne (17()9-1772), Captain John Franklin (1S19-1822), and Dr. johii Richard-
son (182.5-1827). In his "Arctic Searching-Expediiion. 1848-1849," Dr. .John
Richardson gives an interesting description of the spruce, as he found it above
"Bloody Falls" 0!i the Coppermine river, which rn.ay be quoted as follows:
"(Crossing overland from west of the mouth of Coppermine river to above
Bloody Falls) we encamped on the 7th September on coming to a clump of
stunted white spruce .... In the existence of many scattered stumps of
decayed spruce tir trees, and the total absence of young plants one might be led
to infer that of late years the climate had deteriorated and that the country
was no longer capable of supporting trees so near the .sea coast as it had formerly
done. The largest trees in the clump in which we bivouacked had a circumfer-
ence of 37 inches at the height of four feet from the ground. Its annual layers
were very numerous and fine, and indicated centuries of growth, but I was
unable to reckon them. This place lies in Lat. 67° 22' X Oneci:cum-
stance which came under my observation, and has been cursorily alluded to, is
the existence of very ancient stumps of trees, either solitarily or grouped in various
places of the barren grounds, seemingly the vestiges of the forest which had
spread more widely over the country some centuries ago than in the present
day. . . . . On the sheltered banks of rivers, even in the barren grounds,
clumps of living trees occasionally occur, but the stumps I speak of stand often
on the exposed side of a hill, and indicate a deterioration of the climate, however
that may have been produced. We saw no young firs growing up in such situa-
tions to leave similar vestiges in a future age Within the Arctic circle
it (the white spruce) seldom exceeds 40 or 50 feet in height, though in ravines
where it is well sheltered, and has a suitable soil it attains twice that altitude.
Its age in these high latitudes exceeds 400 years before it shows signs of decay."
Similar observations were made by Mr. Frits Johansen, who has published an
interesting arcticle on "The Forest's Losing Fight in Arctic Canada,"' in which
the author calls attent.on to the scarcity of very young spruce trees in this
northern limit of their growth. Mr. Johansen attributes this to the intense cold
and the sweeping winds in the winter killing off most of the small seedlings which
may have developed during the summer. This explanation seems well founded
by the fact that even the small and stunted trees were found to be about
half a century old, while the largest trees would reach an age of almost
500 years. Furthermore, Mr. Johansen made the interesting ob.servation that
forest insects are principally responsible for the killing of the trees or tree parts
in the lower Coppermine river, a fact which has, so far, escaped the attention of
the various explorers who have visited the region from time to time. As a matter
of fact, the very isolation and exposure of the individual trees here makes them
an ea.sy mark for attacks by forest insects, which by living under the bark are
less influenced by the shortness of the summer season.
As to the occurrence of spruce on the arctic side of the mountains west of
the Mackenzie delta. Dr. II. M. Anderson writes: "Information which I have
obtained from natives and reliable white hunters and prospectors agrees that
west of the Mackenzie delta there are spruce trees ,ii Babbage river (back of
Kay point, Y.T.), and on Firth river (thf- so-called 'Herschel Island river,' on
both sides of the International Boundary), but none on rivers west of these.
' Canadian I"ore-ty .tournsl Ottawa, -Inly, 1919, p. "M.
Ardir I'lautx: Geographical Distribution
87 B
Some ('..Ivillo river E.kiinos tol.l us that fhoro are a few .pruro o„ tho n..rfi. side
o ho .nounta.ns noar th. iioa.l „f th. Itkiliik river, a larir^ .ril,„t.-nv e
l:li^^:::r:z:^-z::--''- ^^> -'- -ers on „. .„. s,.„ ,• ,,„.,i..H
^"^ ' Feb! m^ltr^PhVS br^^rha±''o■ '"'"'^ '° '''"""""'"^ "^-"^ "«'°- ^-"""- -P"!'
' *■ 'isfhTQlTtp^oto bTf'j'olfan^'r''' '^ ^^■"'"'"'''^ ''-'• "«'-• S-dsto„e rapids. February
^^i
88 B
Canadian Arctic Exptdition, I9I3-1S
Ilg. 3. Grove of white spruce iPimt ranudintis) southeast of Sandstone rapid. Coppermine river. The
most northern dense (sruvo in this region, a thick stand being found nnly where protected from
sweeping winds and with good exposure to the sun. February 15,1915. (Photo by R. M. Andern.)
With respect to the general distribution of Picea canadensis, Sargent '
gives this as follows: "The White Spruce inhabits the banks of streams and lakes
and the borders of swamps, in rich moist alluvial soil, ocean cliffs, and less
commonly at the north rocky slopes of low hills; it ranges from the shores of
Ungava bay in Labrador westward to those of Hudson bav, and from the mouth
of Seal river not far to the north of Cape Churchill, it "is scattered along the
northern frontier of the forest nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea, and, crossing
the continental divide, reaches Bering Strait in m° 44' north latitude. South-
ward It extends down the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, growing often close
to the shore, and to northern New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Northern
Michigan and Minnesota and the Black Hills of Dakota, and through the
interior of Alaska and along the Rocky Mountains to northern Montana."
The accompanying photographs were taken by Dr. Anderson and Mr.
Johansen and give an excellent idea of the growth of the spruce in the far north.
Among the 20 species of Gramineae, enumerated on the geographical
table (Table 1), ten are circumpolar: Hicrochloe alpinu, Alopecurus Arclagrosti.s,
Trisetum, Catabrosa, Poa arctica, Dupontia, Festiica ovina and F. rnbra. and
finally Arctophila. With the exception of Dupontia, Arctophila, and Catabrosa, all
the others have also been reported from the Altai mountains; Trisetum, Poa arctica,
and the two species of Fesluca are known also from the Himalayas. With regard
to their occurrence in the Alps and Pyrenees, only Trisetum and the two species
ot Festuca have been reported from these mountains. In the Rocky mountains
south of the arctic region we have only four of these represented, namely,
Trisetum, f ' hrosa, Poa, and Festuca ovina; this seems .somewhat peculiar
•since they ave been found on the American coast of Bering strait, and with
the only exception of Dupontia and Alopecurus, thev have also been reported
from the Asiatic coast. However, Dupontia, Arctophila, and Arctagrostis are
almost exclusively confined to the arctic regions, and the presence of Arcta-
grostis in the Altai mountains may indicate that the genus reached these
mountains during the glacial epoch and remained there. Besides these circum-
polar species, all of which undoubtedly originated in the arctic regions, the fol-
lowing may also have had their centre located in the north, viz. : Hierochloe pauci-
flora, Calamagrostis, Elymus, Poa glauca, P. abbreiiata, and the species ofGlyceria.
• The Silva of North America, Vol. XII. Boston. ISBS, •
S
I
••■ '^'o'ltx: Geographical Dislribulion S'» b
Amoiii these, imlic Ciaiiiiiio.ic lwi> »p<.,.i,.« ,.„. „f ,„.,.i,,| |,„,„,„.,. ,.
A.»me.„ „„„„ „,„ ,„,„„,, i,j„|,„ ,,„|,^.,| n i,,i';,j " '■':■', ■■ ■«
s very strange, masniudi as wo arc entitled to holiove thi tho fl, -. f u ^
egions of America^ Greenland, Scandinavia, Kussia, ar.d Si^'er a far/) r so ,t
c-onnnont assoeiated, to son>e extent, ;ith"Se;/a^' "S« Wi hi "Ivl^ i;:
ine ninialajat, Of the 29 species known of these two genera the 27 mo nv
• lusively Asiatic, and principally natives of the Himalayas ^"
£/2/«a is thus the only one of these which niav he looked upon a. in ■irctic
circumrolar type, and it would seem very strange if the .X'es h' r • v
originated from one single centre of distribution. No dou ,t the A ai onn -Wn ■
were an important centre for its distribution in Asia, an, i m gh ha^ e" C
the Eu opean mountains by the way f Turkestan and Cau«s h Hut '^ l'
ogard to the occurrence on this continent, and especiallv i the Rockv moun
tains, a second centre may have been located there, frc-m where it turns' bee u.^'
disributed farther north during the glacial epoch. Moreo er 1^ J,, i' "'
stated above on this continent accompanied by Cobrema car^Tm and beside,
this, a second spec.es, C.c/«c%carpa Fernald, has been detected rkaTne This
species, however, is by Kukenthal referred to the genus («'er for nV. Jhn.
reason than "Area geographies Cobresiae spec.emldudee Sur" " X er
Sfe^i: M^ar ^t^ "^^^ '^^'^"'' ' ''''''"""" ^" ''' "'"'"'^'^^
f-om^^t^SiSrS^i^Set^S^
n>curva, nevertheless. I am most inclined to consider these circun polar species
as having originated in the north, in the polar regions: a siinilar northern Ten r^
may also beattributed to the non-circumpolar, but exclusively arctc("S«
< . stans, and C. compacta. •* ""-'" "^ • reaucta,
scirpoidea does al;
so occur in Greenland,
no B
Cnnndian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
Iceland, and Norway, sopiiis to support tlic theory, proposed l)y Natliorst, tliiil
the American eh-nieiit in the Eiiropeiin nioinitains may have reached these l)y
way of (Ireeniand durinj; the glacial epoch.
V. ni/imtris, not iicin){ circiinipolur, t)iit represented on oiu' northern coast,
in Greenland, SpitzherRen. Scandinavia, Nova Zenihla, Iceland, the Alps and
Pyienees, Caucasus, Altai, hesides i e Rocky mountains, as far south as (Colorado,
eannot t)ossil)ly have ac()uired such wide, hut more or less disconnected ran^e,
from one single centre, located in the south, or in the north either.
Carex raginata is in the table marked clown for: islands of the arctic Ameri-
can archipelago, arctic Scandinavia, ••irclic Rus.sia, Iceland, Alps and Pyrenees,
and both coasts of Bering strait. The species is, moreover, widelv distributee!
in the mountains of Central lOurope; it occurs also in West and East Siberia, in
the Amur district, and in northern Japan. Several varieties h.ave been describe. 1.
viz.: distracta Norman from Finmark, pnuciflora (W'ahlenb.) Ands. from East
Siberia, "Lena," f,>Mt7/m Aschs. et Oraeb. from the Baltic provinces, Pctemii
from Kamtchatka, altocaulis Dew. from Labrador to British Columbia, the
northern Atlantic States, and al.so Michigan .-nd Minnesota. It would thus
appear as if the centre of distribution of this species may l)e located south of
the arctic region; the occurrence of certain varieties in the south speaks also in
favour of this supposition.
Furthermore, Carcx vaginala is a member of the Grex Cenchrocurpae,^ the
species of which are indeed southern types; onlv a verv few have reached the
polar regions, viz.: C. bicolor All., C. livida Will'd., and'C. vmjinuta. However,
the distribution with-n the arctic region of these species is very limited.
According to these data, the arctic Gramineae and Cypcraceae do exhibit
a much wider distribution in the north than in the south, with only a very few
exceptions, i\a.mdy: Festiica altiiica, Elynn, Carex mginata, C. rupestris, a'nd C.
scirpoidea. And, furthermore, there are several members of these families which,
according to our present knowledge, are endemic to the arctic regions, viz.:
Hierochloe pauciflora, Poa abbreviata, Arctophila, Dupontia, Glyceria, Elijmu.s,
Carex stans,C. subspathacea, C. reducta, and C. compacta; in all 12 species (Gli/ceriu
with 3), which are confined to these regions and must naturally have developed
there. Arctophila and Dupontia are both well marked, and indeed, quite char-
acteristic genera, and none of their species are known except from the arctic
regions. Furthermore, Hierochloe pauciflora and Poa abbreviata are both excellent
species, and may well be looked upon as genuine arctic tvpes, i.e. "types" with
regard to their morphological structure and geographicaf distribution.
The species of Glyceria are al.so interesting from this point of view; their
habit IS very characteristic, when compared with that of most of the other
species of the genus and, as has been shown in the chapter dealing with the mor-
phological structure of the arctic plants, G. vilfoidea shows a very singular
structure of the stolons, which is almost unique. But with regard to the Cyper-
aceae, even if Eriophvnim, at least some of the si)ecies, may have originated in
the arctic, the singular structure of the fruit constitutes no character which t'K
genus does not share with its southern representatives. And among the ('aricet^
there seems to be no type especially characteristic of the arctic regions; the
genuine arctic species, not only those as are circumpolar, but also tlio.se a.s arc
confined to the polar regions, resemble their .southern allies, alpine as well as
lowland types.
The te.nperate regions of both Worlds are the principal ' )n.e of Juncus
and Luzitla: chey have developed there and acquired a hal and structure
which marks them wherever they occur. However, there i: also an arctic
element of both genera which seemingly originated in the far nortl. and of which
several types have entered the alpine regions in the south during the glacial
epoch; some,, but only a few, species arc endemic to the arctic regions.
' Holm, Thoo. Grogci Caricum. .\ui. Jouru. ot Sc, Vol. 16. New Haven, 1903, p. 45s.
Airtir I'lants: Gfogmithical Distribution
the
..-3
ni B
The Imvliiml w,. mislit porliaps say Iho "marilinir' .,n(l "M.lu.lin.. " t,..l.if
;r:rar«i '.'Ssr' '"'•"■ "■" ""••■■■- -- '"'>■ <"-- -i'' i ."ki.:.;;.;'!..'™,
lldluVIlK was I'O Cclcd 'IS f'll- liiiitl. .!< V)0 •>-' r I y JIDKIIS
pamjlom at 72° 20' •■' ' ''"'"'" '"''■""'" =" '^^ ^"'' ""<' J-
And from the north coast of Silipriu «\\nv Vnr.lL-n^f i.- . i-i
Kj.lhnan has report...!: J.u... /../.J/rLLll' i.^J ' ' a! rX l. ' "7'
./««c/,s oigiumi.'., /(, , , .y y. tnijbimis, J. casta ncii.% and ./. oMinis 7()°- .,„'.]
In tho Alps of Swaziland Heor (I.,-.) n...o..ls tl.o followinL'n,;' eV J» ,.».
hno, and never above ahout 10,300 feet "'V""-« -loove inc tinibei-
Finally may be mentioned that four'of the speeies eollected by the exDe.li
tion have been recorded fron. the Altai moim.ains. and of these y/;„/rSv
and Luzula s/ncata have even reached the Himalavas. wlu-re they have be^^^^
obsemul at elevations ran^rin^ f^om twelve to «ft<.en thousan.i 'e(
The prevalent arctic-alpine distribution of these Juncaceae n.av thus
nd cate either an au-t.c or an alpine centre. However, the species pe-ir to
hrive be«t ir. the far north, on the tundra and seashore (J-/;,rM in th n ou
tains (Luzula) And it is a notable fact that such types of ./A, "an /Z
as are alf^ne, but not arctic, are of a habit quite disiinct fmm the r uctf; mn
geners. This may be reu.lily seen when we consider, for instance e dZ"
species of Jnncv.: J x>phiauks. J. Drunnnondii, and }. l'arT,,i7v2 ■ 1 fck •
mountains. And with reference io Luzula, the alpine eleine nt S v z Xul
contains such characteristic types as/.. nlbida,L. nL,,L. ForstcrLpiolaT,
In other words, the tw^ sections Pterode, and Anlhelaia of Au^u/. n'.pn.s'.^t thV.
a pine element, while Gymmdes is mainly arctic. And I believe such' ist net on
in habit in connection with a circumpolar .listribution might indica e hat thes
species belong to the arctic flora rather than being of southern, alpine or g
According to Mentha,,, and Hooker, the genus rofichUa contains H speciVs
^o of which arc natives of the Andes, while the others are widely distr luted in
the boreal and temperate zones of the northern hemisj.hen. "'"'"""t'll '"
Ihree of the spwies are of interest to us from a geograiihical point of view
7-. palmtns Huds. 7. cocanca Kichards., and 7'. calyadata Wahlenb Ila vi ig
been co lecled by the expedition, T. palustris is enumerated on Table 1, and he
Kcugraphica distribution covers part of the polar regions, except Nov Zeml li
and we might say also Siberia, since Ledebour credits the spec e; on- 1o IV i
tuprccht) and Obdorsk (8ujcf). Farther south it occurs in fhe Alps and I'y le
ices, but IS absent from Caucasus, the Altai mountains and the II mdavLs
totiJ-s":Lit.:^y;:£a^-'t^^^^^^
gives the distribution as follows: Barren ground from lat. W io theXrerof
•12 H
Cininilian Ardic Exptdilioii, 1.91. i-IS
ll.r Arclir sr;.; mIxmiI .liisprr's l.akr, in \h,- IJi.rkv Mountains, an. I, ni, tlir w..<t
(•oast north ol lat. .-)S°, to Oiinalashka, Kotz.'l.iic Sound, Chamisso I^lan.l an.l
( ape Listmnio, noitli-.^ast coast of Aincrica. U lia> also l.con foiiii.l in Cr.-cn-
lan.l. on the cast roast at 72° 30' ( Dns.'n), on tlio atM coast at TOMIaitz) l)iit
It IS aliscnt from Spit zl.crKcn. Si'aii<linavia, an.l IJussia. In Asia it occin's -is
state, a »)vc. on the n„rtli coast: the inoutli of the river I,r-na. an.l of the river
Olenek. I)esi<le8 in eastern Siberia an.l Kaintchatka. Toward tli.' s,,„tli it
extends to the Haikal mountains.
FinaHy, with respect to 7'. raliinilnla Wahleiil... this species is more s,„itlii'rn
and has been reported from South Hussia, the Al|)s an.l the I'vrenees, Iral ami
lyimtchatka; however, it occurs als., in Sweden, but onlv on the islan.l of
(lOtian.l.
Tofiel'liii piiluslri.s and 7'. cocctma thus iidiabit the arctic r.-Kion of this
fontinetit, intludiiiK fireenland. Hut while the former extends e.-istwanl thr..UKh
urcfic Lurope to ( ral, thi- latter extends westward through Sib.Tia to the river
Olenek (Lonn. 120 !•:.). With reRar.l to their southern distribution, T. ,,alu.stri.s
does not ext.^nd beyond Minnesota on this continent, while in KiiroiM- it iciehes
the Alps of Switzerland; T. coccincn does not extend beyond Canada while in
Asia It extends to the Haikal mountains. While thus the southern distribution
of tliese species corresponds well with the northern as far as .•oncerns Kurope
and Asia, their absence from the central Rocky mountains seems stranire
lurthermor.., with rcKiird to the third species, T. nilyculain, its occurrenc.. in
South hurope and Kamtehatka is difficult to combine.
We have thus in the genus Toiu-hlia two decide.ilv northern species, botii
repre.scnted in (.reenland and on this continent, and a southern, 7'. e«/ww//,,^/
wluch in the Alps of Switzerland is, to some extent, accompanied by the northern
1. yalmlnii. Ao doubt the present distribution points toward the north as
beiiife' the KeoKraphical centre of T. pahtstris and T. coccinen. but it seems imi)o.s-
sil)le to decide whether the centre was located on the American continent or in
Oreenland.
Lloydla strotina \\a.s collected on the arctic coast; it occurs also in arctic
Kussia, .Nova Zembla, and arctic Siberia, from Jalmal, Long. 70° 30' E to
Pil ekaj, Long. 1^3° 24' VV. Farther .south it i.s widely .listributed in the Alps
and Pyrenees, Caucasus, Altai mountains, the Ilimalavas, besides in our l{ockv
mountains, nc- ar fouth as Colorado. Being ab.sent from the arctic American
archipelag
circuinixtU.
farther .so,
continent,
indicate thi
onland and Scandinavia, WH/y^/Za cannot be considered a
and the very extensive distribution in the mountains
licate a. southern location of its centre, however, not on this
.rence of the plant on both coasts of Bering strait seems to
. ., „ , '"""?"e« from .Siberia to the north of America, and from there
to the Rocky mountains. The location of the original centre is difficult to
decide, and it seems plausible to suppose that the species developed from two
centre.s, one in the Kuropcan Alps, another in the Himalayas
Of the genus Snlix eleven species were collected on the arctic coast bv the
expedition but to these I have added ,S'. alaxemh, which was found at King
point by the (,joa expedition; furthermore, I have added S. polaris Wahlenb
according to Siinmons (I.e. p. 73). who states that a specimen collected bv Miert-
sching at Cape Bathurst represents this species.
S. reticulata; the ab.sence from arctic Russia makes ,S. arctica non-circumnolar-
with regard to .S. ovalifolia and .S'. rotundifoUa, these species are not onlv absent
from Ru.ssia, but also from Greenland and the arctic American archipelago
.S'. Ihchurdsonii and S. ahxensis have been recorded from the arctic archi-
«f,te fn^^^w "'.^^ American coast of Bering strait; but ,S. phlebophylla, S.
pulchra, and .S. mphodada are known only from the arctic coa.st, explored bv
the expedition, and irom the American coast of Bering strait. Finally, S.
A'ilir rianis: ('cographicil Dintrilnilinn
■{"""■'""! "-^i". .l.'M..ilM.,| r,,.,,, .,„.,,t....ns .oil,.,.!...! .,1 |.„||,„.„.„ „
inoiitit.-iin.'
While
Vyvvnovs, ih. Ijo^kv ..,ount.-,ir,s iC„l,„,..l..); i( ,„•,.„.-
tllc llllilsdli
'III' -specific
iiaincs (o lie
i.v to the Alp«i,
:ils(i in the Altai
iti
^r..-n..s vrrv Strang ,,•. ,'""•""' .'"■•::'^'" /'"""■ ''V "'"■ "Xp-lm.,„, i,
sp-Hos. this sX' is 's . ';: "f7"v ■ '"'•'""•',".'- '^ ""• "•""•'« th..
arctic Hussia, Sil.cria (Oh. lorsk . '.'"j""' -^P'tzl-crKc,., S..a,„ii„avia,
is absent fnun .he c ast HoiinK s ^ 'F.^Hi"' '"•'";•;'':!«/" ''•'""■^'- '"" *'
Labrador, .Afci.din.r fr ,„. tiZ"f ■ ^ '" V^''^ '*'""•' -V /"""«vy/ occurs
Irotn C^.n noVc, A It ^ t? h, S lU i! r'''"''!''-' " ,"'" '"^''"•'- ''"•■'^>' ""-"tains,
i" Maine it ha, mh' fo nVl n t^h^^^ ^^^^ "" '" ''""■^'' ' '"'""''-i.'';
Hain,.shirc on AIo n W hi ,1^ , ' C -^'"""^ Katalulin. and in NVw
iV.-os. a,,d .in Asia i \;a;'Sc;:^d ^"^ I ^iSZ '""'"' '" ""' -^'"^ '
^^ran3£ S
of the SI. ue of the n?i e [£'h'' ""' '""'^''^l.^p "."'* ■^P'^^-'<'« "" ■■"■oount
it beitiK verv disHncHv fl ,H ' . V. ^'OTesponds with that of /'. trcmuloi.ks;
I..'i4 P boLnt^ai- ns ^r. ;. ^^«'"K.t«.»h« possibility of the specnens
Pcdto M4rt:r mounta.n .n lower California. (Sargent : Silva. Vol S Boston 18%)
m
\
^■«-o*-,. Th cket of Bnnal popiars, Po;.t,/«s Ir.mulmd,, M.chi., bordered by a coitimoi. arctic willow
Stthi arcUai. 1-oothillB of l.ndicott mountains, on Hulahula river, Ala,l<a. One of the very few
BtragghnK bunches of p<)plar on the arctic slope west of the MacKen«ie. April 2, 1914. Dead leave
are still fcarfiing on the wUlows, the no<,k being well sheltered from winds. (Photo by R. M.
' The Silva of North America. Vol. 9. p. 167. Boston, 1896.
.\rrHr PI,,,, I..; diogniphictl Dixlrihuli,,,,
thouuli
allv
-;^':'::;.M^:/;:.ri::;:;:!;':';;;\£;:;;"-;:::; ^i^/ """-■ .. ---..^ fZ
<ir..,.r,l,u,.|, u|„.r.. ih,. vinViv r?, 1///,' // <''"':'"'""' " <<""«" f'-n. M.urli
in.' that .t/,n/.v ,il,u,Uli,ln (\'\J \u \ ' I • "■ \'i'l'''>"" ha- .„■, I
"f .-l.ni... i„ th,' \ . Sn/ii . ' "•':/'"""' '"••"'^- "lil- north m ,,„• H.n.,
which l.y Kj,.||,nan is rr, ,, n/i fr; , i, ;V " ■""'"'•^ V""" '"'/" "'^^ ^^'""'^'^j-".
N.: with r.s,„...t ,„ its ali^i,^::'' '',"'' ",'"'""" '••''.^- *"" '"■ -"'.I <17=
^pais..Kivos,h,.iir; K'^ j^r::;;'aTwHii- ''■■'■"'• ^'"';- •■"• "■
•Mackonzi,. north to P,.,.) river ^"^ '• '"* "'■•"'"■'•"iK "Iodr th.-
lork of th,. C'han.lalar u , tho '^fc, k " t ' ' "^ ''T';" '•'■''.'"'••'^•^' '" ""■ •■••'^'
used hvthoinhin.l \hsU, FkL , ■•' . ^ 'niu-r hark of this aidor is ,„„..h
.' •«■<- iiii..ij(i .\j,isKaii i'>kiiiios t.ir staiiiiiiLf (hr- ''..^ti ^win ..( .1.. 1 ■
mo and orcasioiially .arihou sk ins. Th.. .. . Ir |. 'r If ^^ ''"■'"'' " "'^•■'■-
innor hark roniovo I rut into . , ,11 1 i • • '>f ''^rk is scrap..,! ..11. t\w
the skins, th,. ro.s,S.^r 00 ,r i i "•;„'""";••"""'' "■• ■ wa.,.r a,.,- apphV,| to
skins of t..o Silurian f .IZ '■'"?,;* ^V '.^^^j; ^^^f ^" 'h,. ...hre-stain...!
Cov,-nnK the iin- ,iso ar«i .■., thf '
he aL..,)mpan.vinjj t .,■ (Tabl,> I . wo h .
t"-> goiMuno arotio typos of riroinnpnl,.
."^il>oria th(.y hoth w,.ro oolloc(,.(l ' >
■i J4 U.; Oj7/r,,; was ov.r, nmonfr tl
t 10 northorniiiost j)oint of \ ia • f ,,
r '" '!,?o°"f:/l'*' P'^''^^ K'-""i"K i'c:irost Ii
-at. 82 2, .\.(IIart); in the ni.^undun
tion of from 9,.1()0 to lO.OOO fo<.| in th. \i,,
mountains, Colorado, th,>v both occur at 1 i
oven roach rn eloi-ation of from 10,00() to 1
Oryria is m,)notypic; P. vinparum is ot'
!urfhcrmoro, P.BiMorfn was colloctod hv t).,.
IS 1 . bistortmdcs Pursh, a native of the Ro.
alpine region a.s far south a.s Colorado h
■ r nn'l southern zones, a.s jrivcn in
n I'm „ionvvi vivijmrum an.l Oiiirin
inl)Ution. On th.. north coast .if
■in. Oxijn'ii l)otw,.cn l.onjr ti,s° V
'wocn J...,L' SO" .-,8' K. an.l Loim!
whui, 111,., .iiithor coll(.ct,.<l . 1
ill, I.at. 77' :{ti'. 'J-Jipy arc
h having i.cf n recorded from
■iiih th. y asctiij t,i an elova
■ Mizcrlan.i ill(.er),- I'n the P.)cky
' f.^ot, and in the IIiin:d;ivas th<.v
'^ foiT (Ilookf.i).
nail ^f>ction Hlfiinrln, of which,
--:, -^tion, a near ally of the latter
V 'tan.-, tnd fr' r,ue„f ;„ ,(„.
t ^ rifH ,er .-i cies of this
' N 27. U.S.
(HI B
Ciimiliiin .\rrhc Hfpxlitiim, l!H,i-IS
\
^.Tlion whi.h IS nimh iii„.i. ,|omIv r.liit..| i., /'. liiiimnim. iiml wliiili ..Ik.hh
Mir Maiiii" iMMiiliar I run>lnr. nation ..f llir tluw.is int.. I,ii||,|,.|,, /'. Mmounn
.Small. I Ins intfrrsrinij s|H(ics was ililntci l.v Jaiiicx M. Macoiin on St I'liil
i^iIuikI, Mi'i'iiiK y<wi.
(hiimi and l'i,l,,fi,„nim liiiimnim cvidciitlv niiBiiialr.l m ihr |M>lar r«'Ki«.iis'
ililiiliK till- KJacial .tH.ch tlicv lii'i-ain .listnlMiir.l ImiiIht soiiiIi. vvIi.-iv tlicv an-
Mill III .■.Mst,.i„..>, rs|),Tiall.v ill thr al|>inr rcKi.Mis. /'. h,Hl„rl,i. on til.- otiirf IimimI,
may Im' ir^aKlcil as a soiitlinn t,v|»', as on.- of tliosr wliich a •mpani.'.l tli-
imtir (lora on its iviivat to tli.. noiih. Tlir fa.-t that /'. nnimnm ami its niwir
ally /. Miirouiin, Im-si.|.s /'. Hisl„rl„. ami /'. h,sl„rl„i,l,», at ill imiiKnioiis to
tills rontiiicnt srrms to imjiial.- that I lie .sr.tioii //,.s7,.,7,( must ..avraii iin|.oitaiit
iTiitrr ol iJiHtiihiition III thr noithnnmost pari of Am.Tica, rstiiTiallv in the
iiorthwis|,.|t, coinn .
Koinliiiit isl.iiiilini I,, was not roll.ct.d l.v the cxtM-ililioii, ami in \ortli
.Vim-rma it is known only from somr of ihr isjamis of tli<< arctic arrhiii.'laBo,
li-om I tialaska, ami. acconlinir to Macoim, from "Moist moiinlaiiis north of
.•Miioky lliv.T, Lat. :,r (l)nimniomli ■ It is , of thr v.tv frw arctir |ilanl>'
which arc annual, and its ncomraphic.d distril.iition mav l.c of interest to students
III arctic iK.tany. The species is almost -irciimpolar. since it has l.een iccordc.
from (.recniand, ,Spitzl.erjjen, arctic Sc- navia, arctic IJussia, Novii Z. ml.la.
"'"'•,'"'. ""one! aliove, from some ol , he islamis of the arctic arcliip<'laKo.
Mill It IS not amont' the plants which Kjellman has leconh'.l from the north
coast ol Mheri., and I.ed.'l.our cites no stations from arctic Sil.eria either:
farther south koiitHjui i.tninhni is known from Altai and Hail.al On tl ■ east
coast ol Creenland it reaches as far north as l.at. 74° :«»' (Dusc^ii), and it is not
uncommon on tlie west coast l.etween I,at. (i()° ami 1 2° -iy.
K'Miufiiii is not moiiotypic, a -econd sjiocics heinn indiKcnous, or let us say.
endemic to the Himalayas, and this second species is also an annual. We li.ave
thus III 'he Remis Kmiiiijin two species. exhil>itin({ such extrcmelv ditrereiit
distnl.ution as almost circum|wliir ( A'. i.slnn<liai), and emlemic to tho'lliiiialavas
I A. nipalrn.iis Don).
... "T <''"".v(>phyllaceae are woil reprp.scntod in the arctic re»{ion. .-ind 'f the
M species known from the north coas-. si.x are circumpolar; according 1- an
(I.e. p. 10), some of these plants arc amonj? those reported from the fi est
north, tor instance, Crra.ili)im tilpinum Lat. s:>° .-)()'; Alxinc n-rm ;ind St -in
lonyiprx l.at. .H2° 27'; Li/rhnix nprfnh Lat. 81° ,^)2'; L. affini.'^ I at. M° :<■''■ Slip,,,'
nca,(l,.s Lat. ,S1° |()'; Shilnria hiimifum Lat. 7H° IS'; Ahine a 'icn Lat. 72=
20. etc. In the Alps of Switzerland .SV/c;/r (jrai/V/.s a.scends to an a" ';,:de (if 9 ,"»(M)
teet, and Cvmstium alpiniim to H.'M) feet. accordinR mj ,Ieer (l.c), m the Hockv
mountains of Colorado I collected these two plants • ,. elevation of hetweeii
l.'..)(M) and i;{,(MM) feet. While none of these arctic .s|)ecics have heeii found in
the Himalayas. Hooker (l.c.) mentions that the liiKh-northern Uemstium iniii/iniin
does occur in West Himalaya at an elevatirm raiiKinn from 11,000 to 17,000 feet.
W ith the exception of the monotvpie Mcrckia, the other jjenera are widelv
di.strii.uted farther .south, and while these: Silcnr, Li/clinif, Stellaria, Cerastinm
and Ms,„e, are mostly lowland plants in the Old World, Europe and .Vsia
especially, th(>y .'iro in Xorth America represented hv species which arc princi-
pally mountain plants. For instance, of t lie 12 spi'cies o( Siline credited to North
.America aecordinK t«> llu' Synoptical Flora, 12 species inhabit the Coast ranee
(( ahfonjia), (i the Cascade mountains, 10 the Rocky mountains, and 4 tin
Appalachian mount iiins.
()f I he J2 species of Li/chnis, ."i species inhabit the Rocky irountains, and
one the Appalachian mountains; of Cnastium, 17 species are k .own from thi-
contment, and .". (if these it.hahit thr- Ruckv mouidains, ami 2 the Appaladiiai.
mountains; furthermore, with regard to Siellaria. 23 species are recorded from
Arrtir n,„h: Grvgrophical IH.lni ,lion
1 the
an
• C.xl
.•ill
Silent
-^_
4
f>
1
3
3
1
.
— .
.1
O
4
H
6
■J
a
4
U
And as may ho sorn from (ho same tahlo n'ni.h. •!> .k
Pountam.s to ,ho arctic Flora is vcrv "rm.ll s, M '' * . ' . ' '•'»"""«"'» "f "'-««
the Caryophyllaroao are quite fr.MHicnth ,',.,;',; ''. '^ ""■""oned al.ove,
of these collecte.1 l.y the oxpe.h i^a e ,■ v '" '" '"''■"^" '"«'"". "'"^ ^ix
"'•rth. It would thus apnear • ' ^f f 1,^, ' '••rcumpnlar and extend vnv f J
l"",i,>rs originated in thoKi!. 1^ o,h whc'e'^r" l"" T^' '"-''- ''^'^'/'"-^
anywhere else far.her south. Howeve ' H^ili : , T '"'' ^'' '•.'•'"'■^'■'d.'d than
must not he inelu.led, since it is , Ioui.,.,I.U * •..'''■''''''' '""'« ^'ircumpohir
x.uth: the migration of , hi' plant t?Ahe1ir .'''■'•'''*'''''*^' "'"' '""'^'"'■^ ^''"'"^r
'aken place at the san.e time^TL ..- nv of H.e'T/r' '""1 "'"'""'""<">' have
pan,ed the arctic on their retreat to the nor 1 '""""■'" ■^P^''"'"^'-^ '^'"'^"'n-
.WtrcAv^J W//»,V,;,/,,V is undoill>tn/IN • "
(;- i» Al«,k»/Kfch,A;,],";'L™' ^\?,?™'l;';7'''i:vpc k„„..„ only, „ ,
. tlra, and noMlioa.lom Sii,r,ia. K n ■ n, ll !„ "," '"."■""'• ^<:"-l'<:mU
^fciw ar«,™ an,l .1. «Kr,,™ pa i "wr^ „ ,T',"'' "' l''" 'i'",' i^olyma.
™a,^Sr„;^nriKr;5i,?i™^^^^^
!IS B
('(uiiidian A relic KsixiUtiott, l013-tS
By foiisitlcririK 'Jk' liil'Ic fTalilc W). it a|)|)cais a.s if Caucasus and the Altai
mountains constitute a most important centre for the tlevelopment and dis-
Irilmtion of tlie ("aryophyllaeeae, especially the Renera Silciir, Alsinr, and
Ccruxtiuni; howevei-, only so far as concerns the mountainous species, for the
majority of the memiiers of tlie family are lowland species indigenous to the
temperate zones of luuope and Asia.
AmoiiK the l{anunculaceae, Ctillhii j)(ilii!:lris is in the arctic regions nearly
always represented l)y the variety ntillnins tVr.) Hn., and is eireumpolar. heiiig
al)sent only from ("ireenlaiid and Spitzliernen; it is nctt l.y l^edelioui' credited to
arctic Silieria. luit Kjellman collected the i)lant at Irkajpi. I.orin. 17(1° 2.")' \V.,
on Preoliraseheni island. Lonj;. Ii;i° 10' K.. and at Dickson's harhour. I.onn. S(i°
5S' Iv Heiiin hy far more .'iliund.'int and typically dev»>loped in the temperate
reuions of hoth Worlds, and especially in the lowlands, the Keo(£raphical centre
must he sou(iht in these regions, in llurope or Asia.
)
Atliintic
(i(H))fr!iptiir:il ilistiiiiution nf tlu' Ktnu> Anemone in Nurlh .VnuTica. slop*'
Sei'tio: rulsatilla—
.!. hir/^utissimu il'urslii MiicM.
Soctio; I'reonanthuM
A. iiniiU tilatis Wats.
Scclio: Ant'inonHiitht'ii -
A . imntjinru M uhx.
A. Drummimdti Wat.-^.i.
A. iltTitjHtiihi Ani.
A. s/thi nitiihylht Vocpp.
A. citroiiTiiana Walt.
A.il.ltw,ha llonk. .
A. Huhanlsnnn H.u.k.
A. f/uinqwfoiiii I<
A. orcynna <_ir.
A. Luallti Hritt ,
.-1. /n/o/ui I
Korky
inttis.
I'aci'ic
slope
Sectio: Anemonosperinos-
-1. mxUhjtda I'oir
.1 . UUtnm.sia Tirl.
A . rylindnca < i r. .
A . virfjiniatia 1
.1. ntnatii fifis ].. . .
Set'liti: Omiilocarpus -
A. narnxmjlura I..
The gemis Anemone is in the polar renion.s represented by the sections:
Pulmlilla, I'rronanUnis. Anemonanlhra, AnetnonoKpermos, ancj Omnloearpns;
no other .sections are represented on this continent. However, the distributioii
is so pxtreinely scattered in the arctic region? that if .«peni? necessary briefly tr.
di.seuss the distribution of the genus farther south before outlining the Occurrenci
Arctic /'In, Us: Geographical IhstrilnXion
!l!) B
' H^.i v.-K.,ab.l.. „y„,o,„a naturae. \„|. ,. ,.„,;,, „„, , „,
100 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 191S-18
\
30 , Dus6n), but which has not been found, so far, on the North American coast
With regard to the arctic Siberian element, KjeUman (I.e.) has recorded nine
species from the north coast, principally collected bv himself on the Vega
expedition. These species are: R. Chamis.wnis Schl., li' Pallasii, R. sulphureus.
H. nivalis, R.pygmacus, R. hyperboreus, R. affinis, R. acria, and R. lappontcus.
Concerning the arctic American element, this consists of six species namelv
R. Purshii Richards., R. Cymhdaria Pursh, R. Sahinii U. Br., R. occidental^
Nutt., R. lapponicus L., and to some extent, R. affinis R. Rr.
Ranunciilus occidentalis Nutt., a near ally of R. recunatus Poir., is a native
of open woods and low ground in the northern Rocky mountains, from where it
extends to the Alaskan coast and islands, and south to the borders of California
The variety robustus Gray has been collected on the Alaskan islands, and on the
north coast.
With regard to the representation of the genus throughout the northern
hemisphere, the Old World element is quite distinct from the North American
On this continent 'iS species are enumerated in the Synoptical Flora, not includ-
ing 6 introduced species, and not either the genera Kumlienia, Arcteranthis,
Lyrtorhyncha, and Batrachium. And among these species of Ranunculus some
certain groups are much better represented on this continent than in Europe
and Asia. For instance, the section comprising R. ambigens Wats., which
corresponds to the Eurasian R. Flammula alliance; furthermore, the sections of
R. adoneus Gr., and of R. abortivm L., which do n-* seem to have any analogous
representations in the Old World. On the other hand, the section comprising
R. AispidMS Michx. IS well exeniDlified in the Old World, and more extensively
so than on this continent. The circumpolar species : R. hyperboreus, R. pygmaeus,
R. nivalis, and R. lapponicus, besides R. Pallasii, R. sulphureus, R. Sabinii, and
R. affinis are, as may be seen from Table 1, much more widely distributed in
the polar regions than farther south; some few have extended as far south as
the Altai mountains, and some even to the Himalayas. But their principal
range lies within the arctic region where they undoubtedly originated. R
Cymbalana does not properly belong to the arctic region, even though it has
reached the west coast of Greenland at a very few stations onlv; the distribution
of this species is mainly "sea-shore and margins of salt-ponds in the prairie
region of this continent; however, it has also been recorded from several stations
jn the Hudson bay region, and even farther north.
While thus the arctic species, with the only exception of R. Sabinii, have
also been recorded from the Old World, it seems somewhat strange that the
American alpine element of the genus is not represented; and the same is the
case of the Eurasian alpine element, for the few species enumerated above as
having found their way to the arctic region, R. auricomus, R. repens etc
are lovyland types, and the extension of their southern range northward is
evidently of a relatively recent date.
The circumpolar Papaver nudicaule is a genuine arctic type which during
the glacial epoch became widely distributed in the higher mountains farthtT
south; and although still in existence in the Altai mountains, Dovre mountain
in Norway, and in the Rocky mountains as far south as Colorado, there is no
trace of the species in the Alps or Pyrenees. It is one of the three plants which
have been found north of Lat. 83", Sax^fraga oppositifolia and Alopecurus alpinus
being the two others; it may also be mentioned that Papaver nudicaule occurs in
western Thibet at an elevation of 16-17,000 feet.
Among the Cruciferae we meet with types of very distinct geographical
distribution: ° => f
I. Circumpolar: Draba alpina, D. nivalis, D. flainizensis, and D. hirta-
Eutrema, una Cardamine pratensis. '
II. Arctic, but not circumpolar: Lesquerella, Cochleana, Draba corymbosa
Braya, Hesperis, Cardamine digitata, and Parrya.
Arctic Plants: Geographical Distribution
101 B
III. Southern, alphw: Erysimum, Thlaspi.
J-. A weed: Si.v/mbriiim.
«-;i!„^„\'S.";;;™'*;;i'' Zr£\^'"r' -r »*- -"■ " '^■
and fron, ,hc terHtory^ox, lorcci bv ho oil n • ™"' l^' ","'^''"" '^'^i" region
genus ,.s ,,„i,o rich in specie annual or Lni^^^^^'^ ,,""' ^'^'■^^^'- ^^""fl' the
these extend as far souUi as Cap" of ConH Hnn ' fr ""' "=? P^^^nnial So,„e of
ofncam I..), and Tierra dH IWo "f^>r? S^n^^^^
with respect to T. profe«s/v his «nL„i f ""■*; ^<^- !/'«"«/'s DC). And
ta.ns of Europe a.fd I ( f/. .a'PT' .^''^f, ^■"^'' '' •;'tril.ution in the n.oun-
tains; ,t i.s, however, al,sent rr^he IWv ^^^ •"^'*''"; '""' ^"'kal n,oun-
spec.es is that it son etin,,.s ,ioos not dev I n '""""♦'""''•, A pecuharity of this
Kurope, but that repro.hn.n' n muv tskn 7 'f ""' '"'^'•^' ""^ ''^■*^" in 0.,trai
upon the leaves. iV. , £ "i.'S',' "''"''>: ""'='"« «!' ''"■•'lots developed
roach the floweriuK state s r oin c r^ , , T l*^".? ■'""">» ""f-^ <l<'<'.s not even
borgen and this peculbdK t ' h'u ui f)' ^'''""^'i ^"'' '"■^"^"'•'' *" •^I'i'^'-
c"Zi/.9 Pallasii, and /,•. ^ivwrWr^Vov ,(.'''''"'.'''' '''l"-^''<-^J'-wi,la, Rain,-
distributed in SpitzbergeTan/l Vuirm. i 'i ''''\^^^^ ^''"'"'^ •■"'^^ ^uite widelv
to represent remnants^f '^n earll > ,ori u/ wh"!^!' ^^>',«^"^i'''"'inp the plants
warm to enable them to develon f ,, if nn l 1 ? *'" '',""''"' "«« sufficiently
from the wide KeoKraDhicsl S;i an^' mature seeds. However, judgine
the genus in theSh, it seem™ '''T''r ■•'■P>--'^"ta'tio'? of
southern origin, but that it nartook i "!""'''''' ^^"^ ^f"''''<^« ^^ »'^inK of
arctic flora retreated. '^ "" ""S^^t'O" towards north when the
cent^^'JfStS;^;^ l^^^itS;'; ^;.'r[*^-'>- ll^^ ^•'<"- of tl. original
species is most abundant S a«<ocii'eu h""" '" ?'"*''?' ^^"''"P^ where the
also with several of the closely a iiedt n . // .f """'';"'' 1^ f'''^ ^^P^^'^«' '^"^
species is not so common and mS res r cte r.i;'- v " V" ^ ',"'.' ^ ^^^^'^^ ^^"^
on the other hand, there are snmrnli; 7 • *^' ,'''*' Northern Atlantic States'
North An,o,i„, in,~^Zt T,Zt «'' *"'°P"'' '"■'■'■• '»i"B ""J" iV to
several have in A,n„i"°f^^,„,\i'TJ'i n at 'voT ?'"'"" "\ ''""' "■»"•!«
»l«'aes. for installer, Wrata with 20 .nerilli ■* . 'J' "•""l>''-"'i'tid™,ic
i-r (he circumpolar must be left out nf^An'^i .^"-^ ^"'T'' '''^' Po''^'' ''^^K'ons;
-PI. aretie ,Eecie„onV;Vttr4.°;SJ^*SrW*Sint5^^^^
102 B
Cnnailinn Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
\
Kfiioially (hsfnhut.Ml soiith of tlio arctic rcKioii; moreover, tlu- nuiiihcr of species
I lilt occur in (.reeiilHiid and on this contin.nt only is oxtremelv smM: Lesmier-
elln, Drabn aurea, Ursperix. Arnbis HolhoeUli, ami A. Ilookeri.'
liy coniparinR the KeoRraphical distrihiition of the neims Saxifraga, we have
seen hat not less than 7 out of the 1.5 species collected are circumpolar; and
witti the only exception of S. rivularis, they are, furthermore, widelv distributed
farther south. KiiRler,' who has arranKe.l the species in very natural .sections,
attributed the followiriK K<'ographical tlistriliution to those of the species which
occur Within our rexion. i.e., the one explored hv the expedition.
.\ephrophyllum: Of the 19 species, representing this section, 10 occur in
t he mountains of Spain, south of the Pyrenees, and of these are endemic to
these mountains; timonR the others some few are known from the Alps
t aucasus, the Himalayas, eastern Siberia, the Rockv mountains, and Alaska '
Ihe section Hirculn.s contains 11 species, 10 of which ar(> endemic to the
liimalayas; the eleventh species, .S. Hirculnx, shows, .-is mav he .seen from the
tahle an extraordinarily wide distribution throughout the northern hemisphere.
lioraphila with 2;{ species is mainly Siberian, about 16 species being charac-
teristic of the districts between Altai and Kamtchatka, beddes western North
America; some other species are more widely distributed on this continent,
and J of these are endemic; sev(>ral species are also known from the Himalayas
among which ;j en(leiiii<>. The section is, furthermore, widelv distributed in'thc
arctic region.
While :Ui siM'cies are attributed to the s(>ctioii Diicti/loiiles, most of these are
Irom hpaiii. Atlas, and the Canary islands; some few are known from the Car-
pathian mountains and the South American Cordilleras; a verv few species
occur in the Asiatic mountains, but none in the Himalayas.
VVith regard to the section Tmchyphi/llum. most of the species are
Himalayan, and only a very few have been reported from Altai, Kamtchatka
western ^orth America, and Central Europe.
Of the four species represent' ,4 the .section Porphi/rion, three are confined
to the mountains of Central and South Europ<-, whil.- the fourth one, S. oppositi-
folKi shows an enormous distribution through the northern hemisphere and is
besides, circumpolar.
The data regarding the distribution of the sections, of which species were
collected by (lie expedition, thus indicate the difficult v in locating the actual
centres of their distribution, whether the species originated in the north, notably
the arctic region, or in the .south. However, with reference to S. miliata Small
(.*«. vxtb)i Steph.), the very limited distribution points towards the centre having
been located in northeasfprn Siberia, wh(>re it is accompanied bv a near allv
S. sibirica. ' ' '
S. reflexa Hook., being exclusively arctic and confined to the coast between
the Mackenzie and Copix-rmine rivers, must have originated there. .S'. aestivalis
grows on the north coast of Siberia, but is .seeminglv rare there; from there it
extends to Altai and Haikal, and eastward to Kamtchatka, the coast of Man-
churia, and St. Lawrence island. On this continent the sp(>cies has been reported
from Alaska, together with the very local S. Xelaoniana, as well as from the
Kocky mountains, as far south as Colorado, and the Cascade mountains. JJeing
apparently very rare in the arctic region as conipared with its distribution
farther south, and esp(>cially in eastern Asia, I presume the centre of both S.
aesliraliK and S. Xelxoiriana must have been in northeastern Asia.
With respctt to S. broncfndlis. the very wide distribution of this species in
the arctic region of Hii.ssia and Sil)eria, and being so very rare on this continent,
absent from Greenland and the arctic American archipelago, seems to indicate
that its geographical centre may have been located in Siberia, but not ncccssarilx
within the arctic reffinn since ttsc species seems to he <iMite vvell distributed
' Mono;|rii
regini! since
Icr (lattung Saxitragii.
Broslau, IS72.
Arrlic Hants: Geographical Dhtrihulion
v!"''W?V**'' ^"'" '"^'aiMc, in the AJtai
103 B
a very fp„- .stations; fn.n, thore i oSnds s^MUh ,'. w" T''" '"" ""'>' "^
Colorado. AlthouRh a uoar My „{ StricuLT, fn ''"'t'' '"""""""« >»
of those d„es n„t roinW.I for tho l.;tt7.r i ' ' *'"'>""«'-''Pl'i<-al .listrihution
islands of ,h,. ar,.ti,. a . u r.Van a '. nXo it h ''""? '"> '■"-"''""I ••'"d on the
Appalachian nu.nr.tains a d tL II dso7^^^^^ also „.,.„ ,.„,or,l.Hl fron, tho
Siberian ori^i.. an.l a , th r eonfino, « r •' ""f*^'' 'f^''''"'^' """ "'' <l<'ci<lcdly
tho arotio roKion am to ' «"n J • ''"' '■''"<"?''"*> •>•« '"'th ...•.•urrinK n
strait. Tho presVn? ii^ i liTo; l"?"'"^ ''.•'';'' ""'"•• "" "'<" '-^sts of Horirg
it abounds botwoon ( ^Ln iS N^ T'Vr''"'''' .""*"^'-^' '" '■'■-"'and, who f
N.L. on tho o.ast ....ast " do«. Lf it '' ."''^'^ '■"''"'' '""' f--"'" ''O" to Tti"
islands, Mmk..s.h^siesn™^^ '1""^ ^'•"<l-'n< on ,l,o ar.. tc
in tho north eastern ^..ie';^;,:;^ ^ tht! tnlt:^" '"■""'' "'='^- '"' ^""«'" "'-'
in E:^.,:,;:^'f;r'f;;.>tS!c'n:"oi: (^r' ^^ '-vr'^^'. ^■-■■- "-">• «'ation.
Pyrenees and the Alp o I X" d'^iw J/'^l" T"' '^?"'"""vi'') -'uth to tho
coast sonth to .'-,1° X J i' the R;»bl /<;"'•,'•■ '" '^""''■""^ f'-'"" "1'^ ••"■••tic
oxec,,t a very few ^la/ions n X^ ^^;;;;; l^td'l^r'^'''^ "'"•'" ^'""^ "^^''^
aretio area eovered bv this snnZ. ,. r" ^ ''*'• '^^ '^"'" "^ oon.vrns the
laticudo on this .'..n m. i Khn^Vvl'Tr TT'T' '''''^' ''"■ '••••'•.■spoM.ling
S™;?b:;id:i';.-r£S'^^^^^^^^^
belie.^ that the spoe!ri^--l\;;:;;—^^^
dina;!r:!;.d'r',/~':s:; x^in^ 'r^r — « bJiSl^u^sr
mdoredasatruIva"-irvpnhieh^{Zw^^^^^^^^ '"?•'' '"^^•^••f»'<'lf'><s ''»■ <'on-
distributed on ihe aret e eo' Vt o hf ^'' ''''^•''^ *''" '"'^^^^ It is widolv
known from Spitzbe^ anrCVio mlT "'l^f '"eluding r.roenlan.l; it is
Siberian eoast. Fart h(M- south if L-nl' "".'' {';"'" ■'^'^■•'^"' '^'ations on tho
Caucasus, Altai and «S'\;;, .u^" ^J It ^^""1}'^ *^'"""'^''"''
true that most of tho soeeies of th-r 1^ .• 'r , , ''''*-^""'- However, it s
pointed out by Englor e) an moroover\r'''''''^'r •''''','■'''/''" "'"'••''•''.van, as
Himalayas as.soeiatod with tw \ Crs v' « P*^^':"'"^'' ^il' !' ^""'i"^ ''^ '" the
Hook. til. et Thon,s., whicl^Xb texaetk th, "'"'T''. •^^""- '""' ''■ /"''■"'■'^
filiform stolons abo -c Kroundoi.r.l I .r'"'' ''"''' "■* •■^' /%'*"' S viz.:
loaves, an.l ternnnatedl v T 'n 1 *^ •! 'vcloped from tho a.xils of the ro^etto-
ima^ino that the" m.H.i?,.in "u H S.^''* 'l n'1 '' T"'*' '"' '''«^-"* '°
<tistribution so o.H.rnKjusir^Wd ,, th l ' ''"'"'"' '"'''"' ••"■'"••'' ''ontre n{ a
believe that ^^ywX k^mos , he''";''' '"''";'"• ^ ■•'" """" '"■•''"'"' '"
arctic regions, and that i reac ed ho H 7"""^'^'' '^''-''''''' "'•iffi"ato.l in tho
mountains. The a eia io,! ' S tt tw," '-f ' •' '"'■' ""^ '^' •^'"" ="'^ B^'i^al
a recon- Roographiral Vo • of h/. , '\'''''''V*^"''' ^^^''^ '''»>' -^'"'Plv indicate
as far as ( "aun ins "^ ""'^ '"torosfng httle group of spe..ies, ox.onding
N. «/(•(((,
villaining species of .Sa.r//ror/r,: .v. ,/n,/«nv ,S' renin,, <i II i
an., of th;s;;s^'^-;!£;i^;sx ;:^^ A ''p;>^4/^'a;^ ^r^S::;;
.IK" Hnnalayas, and tl^ ^cdes ^^^1^^ ,; SvX/wb;;r''r"?[*^ "^"^ ""^^'^^
ranguig from western Tibet (4 -.Of Innn ' '''"t'lbutod in these mountains,
layas, !.t the same';dt!tS.^'(^:^;;i^S ' ^'u,;!'^ "^^^^^ l^ -sten. Ilin.al
containing 11 species has 10 of the,,, rn,),..;.^ ^ "^^ section Hirculus,
to SUPPO.ST thai the I ima aval ,oZ tu an L'l'T '""""tain.s, it is natural
centre, where the section bts do Xnf? ^ "»f"'-tan or perhaps the onlv
■ if
iU4 B
Canailiun Arctic Eiimlilion, t91.i-lS
S. y/<rcWM.'! originatrd in tlic arctic regions. For nowhcro wliom the siM-cirs
occurs docs It Pxlubit any pronounced tcn.icncy to vary, rx.T," with n.fcard to
tlic fohaRe: oblonRo-lanroolata," "lincaria," "spathulata," etc. By ><on.(.
authors, Lanpo, for instance (Consp. FI. firoenl.), the arctic phmt is considered
as representing a variety "alphn, Kngl." from the Ilin.ahivas, but the deviation
ion. the type depends merely m.on a dwarfed, more condensed growth, the
leaves a little broader, etc. The arctic plant resembles the alpine; it is able to
produce .ower.s and npen th." s.'ed even as far north as Spitsbergen, according
to IIess(.ln;ai. d-e.), alihougli probably not every vear. ' "" ' •*
\\ ith resjiect to N. rii iilnris and .V. cirmw, both being also widely distributed
tarther .south especially the latter, the..e species are well adapted to the arctic
( iniale, hy d(.veloping bulblets which, in the latter, have almost entirely re-
placed tlie lowers; m this respect .S'. ccrniia resembles the arctic form of .S'
■-irllans, ns described. The geographical centre has undoubtedly been within
tiie aictn- regions. I he prevalence in the north, together with the eireum-
polar ( nbntum. .«eems to indicate that .S'. uiralis and ,S'. hiimcilfulia are also
arctic tyfies and that they originated in the p<.'Hr regions.
nut with regard to S. tlirlji'ms, it seems somewhat doubtful whether an
arctic centre could be credited to this species. We should remember that the
section ;>/c/,vo/r/cs ,s decidedly southern, and N. dccipiens is, so far as we know.
al)out the only one which occurs in the polar regions and is circumpolar. It
tias however, two near allies, the distribution of which reaches far north, namely,
.^. hupimidis J which IS common in Iceland but more widely distributed in
soiittnustern Fuupe, and .s. ^v7cno^/7(,roSternb., known only from arctic and sub-
arctic .North America, viz.: Hudson bay region and Alaska.
As far as concerns S. dccipirns, this [)olymorphic species is best developed
in the n.ountains of Central Europe, but is totally absent from the A.^iatic
mountains. Lngier (1. c.p. 18ti) has enumerated several varieties, among which
groenlandica is credite.l to ttie arctic regions, and also to Norway, Iceland, and
Oreat Britain; two other varieties, "car.pitom" and "uniflora," a'rc also credited
to the northern regions. Bm the more evolute forms "vulgari^^" and "quinquc-
fida are exclusively southern. It would thus appear as if the species had
developed m the .south Central Europe for instance, where it is best represented
and best developed. \\ herever it is met with in the polar regions it is always of
a stunted growth and few-Ho^vered, which might indicate that it is a foreigner
in these regions, but haying adapted itself remarkably to the change of condi-
tions and having acquired .such wide distribution so as to become circumpolar.
Otherwise with regard to ;•.'. oppositi folia. This species being circumpolar
■ H?li.° T "i "!"''' '" ''!'' '','■'*" '"'''"''^<^ '"''J'> '" •'*P'<<' "*■ t''*' ''normously wide
distribution tarther s<.nth, be considered as a truly arctic tvpe. The other
Sn^'V / "'''.".7' ^'"7,'^''"" o<'''"r onl.v in the highest mountains of Central
Europe, but one of these, S. hflora All., has also become distributed as far north
as arctic Kussia.
From a gcograpl.' "al iK)int of view the genus Dnins is very interesting and
cnluT^'TP^/' ''"'^" ■■•"luarkable. I), octopdala ami 1). inteqrijolia were both
collected by the expedition, while the more southern species D. Dmmmondii
Jtlook. was not met with.
«I.n ^!f /'i""-''!-".' T'J ^\T ?''''^ ^'P- ""'"P'f"^" i^ "ot only circumpolar but is
a so ^udely distributed farther south, notably in Iceland, Scandinavia, the Alps
snnth r'pT'' S""^'^f ■*,• ^"l" f""' "'-likal mountains, the Kockv inountains
south to Colorado, and the Asiatic coast of Bering strait, viz.: St. Lawrence and
Konyam bay. D integrifolia, on the other hand, is in the arctic region confined
to the shore explored by tne expedition, the American archipelagc^; Greenland,
from T«I r f A^''""f-'V'"/- J" ^\"'>'^*^ ^^- i'^teyrifolia has bc^en recorded
from Island of Anticosti, Labrador, the coasts of Hudson bay. evtendimr
ux'stward to Bering .Mnut; its southern limit in the Kocky mountains is: Summit
of Moose mountain, Elbow river, at an elevation of 7,500 feet
Anlir PI,,,,,,. (;,„y,.,tj,j,i^,ji UUHhutiun
105 B
sx":r l;;;;rv;;:;-iirt^i:;! '^^^^ - x'TJ^a '^'S
'7;«V«n;!;Votr;J.r;;;,:,;;,";°;.:;,5s:.t K'-" ' ',"■ ■""""■■'■• «™
r<- n,i,»( cxi>l„r,-,l I,,, v. ". S""' "'"'■'■''d al many ,ii,ii„„, „|„..„ .,,„
!■"" K|.,v,„ll, £,",,;,,,.'' "•' 'MH-.!.!.,,,,; ,ho ,„,ormcdia,o fo„„ .va/f,,,,!!,! la
m«n!irli"uTJo'fm'i,;',' '.vll,',','"''''.'',''' °- "*»">'•" »a» ol„erv,.,l l„. KjoU
v=.£:sr;i';rs;;;'^:!,; ;!:;H™^'"
Moroover, it occurs i„ ,.asto n S oW I;\^' '■■■?,',""■""''''"«'" ^^''•'''''•'■^'•n
\\.th regard to the Siberian p ant Lc loho ^?F1 p ^'''i'" V-'T ('^■"••'•^■•'ninou).
the following staten.cnt: ''sK.inV fr^ iS- .' ' {'■ ^""^ ^' f" "^ ^ '"'^kcs
debeo, ab americanis a cr HoZr mnc . ^ '"'"^ >P".f>volontiao d. Turcz.
lacm,.caIycinispauloar:,ust;S:etToS^^^^ "- ^iff-'-t nisi
vi. : "i;: X^«" ^Sr r o;;:t^:s'i!T^ ^»^^'^^ ^'- -»- ones of the g. .,
alpine, and finally D.^™;,,lXSh^^^ ^- ^' ""?'•'/"''" "I"''!! is arei.,.:
furthennore does^not see^;::T:1:,\,;;'^fa^lle7'o:^h"'''""""^^■ '''^'•''''' ''"•' ^^'^^
beon\^^h^rhVJollfS;::^;Lf^£rH^ ^"' ^- '•';'^^"^'"- --^-v '■--
during the glacial f-poch Of'jh ' e h' 7 '"'K''^^^'' to«-ards the south
m the mountains of LtMVo,l.TxcenVtITin^.T"'' "'.l'^ "/'''''^ distributed
not '^xtcn.l bevond the niount^i'nf rT fir • '^''^■'■'''' ''■''''<^ '^-'- '^
other hand, -vi.lentl l'. Hts cent e ou h^M';,e"'"V- ^^ ■^"■""! """"'-• on th2
Rock.es evidently, and inn- ha e .le o A '"i"*,"^ '■'''^"''"■^' '" "'« ^'anadian
rented on the higher rutai'n.Tr^^^ ^'' ^'■'"^'■' "''' '*'"' *'>■" ^^'^ '^""^^•. rt-Pre
-ence in the arctic egronh^w;^";;^;^^^ The lin.ite.iocc.r-
present distribution farther somh o the'^n '^'■'•^''''' ""'^^^ «""'sponds with its
above, this species and D Dn„uul h^^^^^^ ''"^' "'^ '"""ione,!
direction to the eastern part o northern A sin ^Vif"^*^^, their range in a western
the wide range which it occunieo t hr .^^"^V.^"* with regard to D. ocfonetala
Worlds is seemingl in goo7rccordanc??^^ ^'•^»"''f« of ''oth
tribution in the polar regbns "'''"'^ ^'^'^ ^ ^o™^""' "lu^Hy extensive dis-
nnd^Ss.*oK;:^;S::!ttS?;t;"r^'^^^ ^-"^^ .en.. ..,...,«,
be appropriate to give a general ViWn/tL.ff/Tl'- '''' ^'"^ «'^P«diti.m. it nia^
^^ ^'^yom,wing^peeie^^i:;r:;;^;J^jl:;i:!^:i^'- of ;»H-f- •;in toto."
^o British Columbia, and follows \L%tk;^°ltSs%^[;;V\7S^^^^^^^
10«i B
CaiKidian Arrlir KtimiIi'Iioh. lf>l3-lS
\
'• '■,"!('"(" K*""*'" '" '•"' AllcKhany mountains, \ortli Carolina, and a varioJy
nrkii (iray has Ix-cti rcconlcd from alpiiir tops r)f fho Whili" mountains. New
Hampshire; S. Hoxxii is common in the alpine renion of the Hoekios in Colorado,
extendinK northward to the aretie shore and the arehifM'hiRo, and westward to
Ahisl<a;.S. (ilnrialis is known oidy from the arctic seashore west of the Mackenzie
river; S. cullhifolin is known from the northwest j'oast, Unalaska and Sitka.
■^''■"''•''"K >" I-<'<lei)oiir, S. filacialin and S. Hoxmi oeeur in "astern Siln-riu,
.S. calthifiilin in Kamtchatka. JJeside these a fourth species is enumerated by
Ledelxiur (Fh)r:i Koss. I.e.), S. niiemoiwiilcs \{. Mr., also from Kamtchatka.
l-inally, there are two species in the .\lps and l'yren<"es .S. montann (L.) SprenR.,
aijd .S. ni>t(itts (L.) Spren^., and one in tiie Himalavas, .s. ,!i:ln Hovle (alt. 9 0(K>-
lo,00() ft.).
\\e have thus before us a Rcnus of (piite an extensive Ke«>Kraphical distribu-
tion, l)ut disconnected and .seemingly unexplainal)le.
None of the species are circumpolar; none have l)een rei^rted from arctic
huropo, and nevertheless, two species, one of which is vi'ry characteristic by its
8toIoniferous habit (.S. repl(iHK), inhabit the .\lps and Pvrenees. On the Sil)erian
north coast from 17:}° W. Long, to iW K. J.onf{. S. glacialifi is the onlv species
recorded so far (Kjellman, I.e.); the Rcnus is ab.sent from the Altai and Baikal
mountains which otherwise harbour so many arctic sfn-cies; in the northeastern
corner of Asia, however, N. liosaH. S. aiUhifolin, and S. (itumnnoidis j.re indigen-
ous liui between these regions and the Himalayas no speries has been recorded
and, as mentioned above, only one occurs in these mountains.
()n this continent, however, the distribution is fairlv well connected, tor
even if .S ulaciahx and N. ralthifnlia are very rare on the northwest coast, and
none of them crossinfj the Mackenzie river, we have in .S'. Ronxii a species quite
extensively distributed in the arctic region, including the islands of the archi-
Fjelajjo, and extenduiK south to the alpine summits of the Rockies; furthermore,
.V triflorn which is- not arctic but widelv (listrii)uted from the Atlantic to the
lacihc slope and southwards to Colorado, following the Rockv mountains,
tinaily, the AllcKhenies and the White mountains are the home "of .S. radiata.
Hut 111 spite of this fair representation of the genus on this continent, none has
l)een discovered in (Ireenland.
If now the question be asked where these species, or let us sav the genus,
originated the answer cannot possil)ly be in the south, nor in the north alone.
Itie .South European elements did ceriainly not come from the north, since
they are endemic to these mountains; tliev must have originated there, where
.urthermore, they are associated with two near allies: f/«)*.7( and Dri/ax.
\\ ith refereiK'e to the arctic species, N. ghciali.s anil ^S. liiKsxii. these must
nave (lev(>loped in the polar regions, and of these the latter, S. l{u>i.-ii, did not
altogc'.ier leave the .south when the arctic flora returned for, as mentioned
at)oye, it is ttill in existence on the :ilpine summits of the Rockies, in Colorado
lor instance. ,S'. tnflora and S. cullhifnlin are evidentlv of vounger origin, both,
tiowcver. from a northern centre evidentlv located in Canada. Another centre
ot development must hav(> been in the Appalachian mountains, so far as con-
cerns .S. rndmto. Finally, with regard to S. vUttn. m> widelv secludeil from the
ottier .species, this must have originated in the Himalayas."
Con.sidering these data it .seems to be characteristic of the southern element
of the genus that so very few species have become <leveloped, and that the.se
are endemic to the .southern mountains: ,S'. elutn to the Himalayas, -S'. repfans
and ^. monlana to the Alps and Pyrenees and, tinallv, S. radiata to the Appal-
achian mountains. The reason may be that the centres are of a more recent
date, and therefore entirely independent of each other. And it is a point of
great importance, I believe, that these independently developed
the'ess show the typical habit of true Sieversia; the only dist
species never-
nction appears in
■\"tir Plants: Oeoymphicil l)istril,„ti„n
."-...l an.l .n r.^nnl ,„ assodation with S-.T/v p,'/ ^"' '" "•^"""■' '" '""-"' «-l
m<.nntain, Watrrt.-n lake, l^-.i I," tl.t T . "*'' '^"""•"•■•y r>.'«-s. Sh.vp
Xat. H.tI.. from Mon.,.,,.- v ^^'* ' '^""'."' "•""<■ ■'-n<'''iiii..n> i, ,h,. i- 4
AIa<-ou,Ks,.ntthosporin,ons Xl tU \r n '","" "':" ^^' •'•"'"- M.
South Kuropoan sp.vi.vs in th.. I^, i^u „ , ij: ::.';'"'••"" ""' "'■'■^"" •' "'i^
with s,„n,. ,.o„,r.. i„ ,h, P.v,,.,.e,.s ■ T / ^ ' „ r',*! '" ""• ' "•••'•^' '"•""■'•'•"I
and the associat on with a h.-.l tv..,.« i! I . ""'' '•"""""■^ ar.. alpin...
-"/-'</. J.. consocpH.r.Hy'l'i;^;;^;:;;, ':;.;;''•;- '• '•'>". '-. an!i /.;
from two contrfs; „„,. ,„ 1 1 e Pvronoos an s - ■ \ I'!'" >«"<>'»< onui.i/.to.l
polar; thr others, with the ox ■ V, on o / ' J"""""''' •'"" ''■ '"''"'■ '"•• ''''••■un.-
W.th rospoct to P. pal.stris th i ' ri 1 /, •/""^'-"v"'' ("•n„.,pal)y aroti,. ,v,,os.
retroat, rathor than having a,, al ,»•,,'• '"'^^ !!"■ arotio on their
han.l. ,s ,.n<iouhto,iiv of aroti, Sn ow "■ . '• ^ ■.'!"'"■ "" >'"• o hor
fro,,uontly at.,n..ia..t\KT,.rr,., 00 .T LT, *" '"."%^'''>i ""'" «l''^"il,ution and
•■asus, tho Altai and Haik d m ,'nt , n u '.'''V'', "'" i^''"' '"'• ' ■^■'■'■"""■■*- ' '''"-
a post-Khi.-ial voKo.ation 1,.|V or n, ,1 ' M>lain..d as „ f,o,n« a remnant of
'"■'•ti<- Anu.rioan tvp,.s, on, • h ,v 1%; ', V '"""■'/'";""• "'<■-'■ app<.ar to he
Mrannofaot that P ,,,lrh II., "''^'"K. <'X «'iidod eastward tr, (Jreonhind. It is a
I'c'on interrupted. ' '^ """ """'" "■^""•^'v,. (hstnl.ution n>ay have
Kut.Iove^Er'l^f m:;^:'~^T'- 7,- '~non in Central Kuropo
IVronoes, and it is aL, l , ' ' t"'^ '^^ '" '", ^^^''-"'-"l "•"• '" tl^<'
-■.y rare and has o,dy heen Unu^l^L^'^K'^r^^Tr w';';"'""' V ''^
the ooourronoe of the species in ( ■•.nM,/ , , \r ' h ^^"'' '''K'"'' »«
=''"""''«."t in the north and I aV w Ion f^^
"••nirs ,n oold peat Ih-ks: as far ut a V ° V I ' i T""'''." '""'^- " "'^'^y^
at the base of P,,roiinino nm nf ' Vi . ' '^ '''^''" ^"""'' '" P<'"< ''ORs
-.ly station kn^^n the A Wo m a ^h!!::'" ''V'*^ '''"'"'" ''''""•' '^ '^^
tl'at in Canada it is ofion a ooon an ed I v /^l; *"''• r' '■;"""''<^.^t'"K to notice
with the .Scandinavian plant. '"'""•*' ''> '^"^'"' '"•''''^"*- L-, -is ls the case also
Evidently the hai.itut "peat !,n<r " ^vherc thr n ; i
'■xplains Its absence from the sonthorn'nmntnn f!. ' ''"'"'''•' '"'f '*" ''^st.
tion may besought in the p lar el on" e r. , fh V'"'' '^ '■•'"^'■'' ^^ "« distribu-
advanced to pro'duce tnat'm'fn'.l'/r'th^^^S:. "'''°'" '-^'^'^^^ «"ffi^iently
1118 B
Ciinoiliiin Airlif Kjii.dilion, lOl.i- IS
\
Of l{.mn avinilnrU I.iniil. ji MnRlc spciuaon, ii uiill brunch with n woll
pr.-Hrv,.,l flourr, «u« ,.n||,.,.tr.l l.y H.'v. I. o. String . at tho MnrUmw rivor
(K'l a; tlir KtwcicM has also hocn colh-ftcd on th.- American coaMt of Uvriua strait
nnci It 18 rocordrd by John Macoiin from Fort Simi.^on on the Mackcnzin river'
lort Yukcn, the Ku.skokoin vnll.-y, an.l St. .MMli;.ci'« ishm.l, Ahinka. the stwci-
mcnn having heen coIhTt.,! hy Mr. Wat.on. Th.- species i.i known, furthermore
fiom hiheria, viz.: Davuriu and Kamtchalka.
Of the J'apilionacone fliirteen s|)ecics worr' collected liv the exiHuhtion
exactly one-third of the species known so far to have extended to the arctic
remon from lahle 1 it will he noticed that three of thei<e are circunipolar
VIZ.: .Ulnii/alus ulpimix, I'harn (rliji.la, and Osiiiro,),' ■omiie.slris. However'
Uieir i|i.siril.u(i-.n is so extrem.lv Mattered within th< ..die rcKion that they
nni-<lly may he dehned as cir<umpolar, for inslai , on the north coa.-l of Siheria.
Aslrn(inlns has onl- been reported from Dickson harbour (80° .J8' E. Luuu)
hoc, ,my from Pivobrascheni island (113» 10' K. LonR.). and Oiylropis oniv
troni Dickson harbour. And the other species known from the Siberian coast
T' ^T,l ''".''^T.^J'^r instanc..: <>x„lrojm Mertenmam' only at the mouth of the
/ y/io ,. .'"■'^ ^{^^ \'; J'0''K), 0. nHjnscens only at the mouth of th.- river Kolvma
( H)l h. I o.iK.), besides Pitlekaj ( 1 7W' 24' VV. Long.) ; finally, Hedysunuu ohscurum
L. has only b..en repr.rted from Pitlekjij, and Phaca alpiua Wnlf. (non Ledebour)
was discovered by Siijef on the shore of the Kara sea.
To empha.size fully the arctic (hstribution of these Papilionaceae, Table ;,,
snowing the di8tribulu,n ,■( all the .species of this faiui'- within the ■retic region
IS inserte<l. It will be seen from this table that, so far, onlv M .species have beeil
collected ir, this region. They represent 12 genera, with la species be'onging to
urytropis, 7 to Astragalus, 4 to VUa, 3 to hcdjsarum; the other genera contain
only one or two species.
Tabli j.
C;or.((nipluiul <li>itrihutinn at rapilionarcae
in tlic antic n-KJoiis <,l .\ im.ricn,
i;uro|)e, and .\»iu.
1
c
•J
1
■r c
1 5
B C
93
1
.3
=
1
<
1
t
<
_3
1
N
.d
1
to
"o
n
t
!-
X
•A
1
II
<
Anlhylli.i lu/n, ni/vi I
«
Aslraoalus ahortutnurun- Ilirlmrda
•
*
•
■ -
— -
-~
•
— ^
•
•
«
A, olpinus 1
TT
*
A. arcticus Itungu
•
—
A . ehurincnsis Bunjci*
«
*
•
*
«
•
•
— -
A . hypoglotti.t I.. /
A, orul}oijfs Horncni ,
*
.
"--
•
A. jwtaris Jtontli
Ertum hirsulum I..
i_i^
._
•
lIcdysttTum alpinum I
—
H. Machmii Ricliards
—
*
•
— _
H. obscurum L
Lathyrua mrri'unut (L.) Bigel
j
— -
_ _ L
*
*
•
.... 1 1
' 1
-^U
Arrh-c I'lau,: Geographical Distribulion
109 B
Taili 3.
In tl.o arrtlc ri.Ki„n-. „f uJricT
' urnpe, «nd A»ii».
/.. prur<n,is I..
/.'/pinPM iir.vi.ii, Wats .
/ . >lno(J'.i/i t)in Diiim
Mrdicnu,! lupulinn I,
fhtibui writ w I)C
<>tytropi»arclica R, Itr.
O. nrrhilda Uro.
". W.;/,i (Britt..
O. fampM/ri, DC,
O. foliuhitt Hook
^. Maydelliana 'I'mut v
O. MerUnaiana 'I'uroi
O. M idjenjorjfii Trout v
O. lappoitica Gaml
O. Hicrr«cfni, (I'ull.) Fisoh
O. Kimhli 0,tf
Oiylro/ns SckmiJiii Mcinaii
'>. ilrofjilacea Hunfto
I'haca ill i>inn U'ulf. (noii I.r.lob.)
P.Jrigida I
Tnjulium jiralinnc I,
7*. repenit I
Villa Cracra I,
V. gigantca Hook
V. tejnum },
''. iylra< a \..
t
%
«,'
i
4
•7
a
I
a
N
c
■ i
a
s
1
<
>;
>»,
•
How
only indigenous membe? of X faS ■''''!! ' ^l^!,,^?^'^^- "^«"'-'- '-^ the
01 the familv m tho o..«»; • •*•.
w
Astragalus
fe-^ .6...., Ox:..op. lapponi^ an/!'",".^^ oSoXtetn'/^'^^-
Je Pyrenees, and it is interesting to noS
he a. t. c reg,o^ f ^ and A.ia?OxSroptV,
arctic in Scandinavia and Russia aloS-
sarum obo^arum, Oxytroms Lapvonica -ind irn. P ^'^^•. tpgether with Hedy-
that have reached the Alps andX Pyrenees IXt iZ'^^'i-'' *^'^ ""^^ °«es
while Hedysarum does occur in the ai tic region .f p '"^^^^^^ting to notice that
/appomca and Astragalus oro6oj./arc arctkTsl?r„^„^!!l^^-' ^x.^f
no H
((iniiiliini ArrHr Kxitf>liti<m. lOl.i-lt
fiirtlM.rin..r.. . h„i .\.tr„,,„lu.s .,l,,„n,. ainl fh.,,;, fr,.,»h, l,„v.- mI«o r.-n, I„.,| tho
Altai, Mil- Hinkal. ami .vm (!,<• IlJttmiaxM ..i.Muitain^: l.iit ..u tliJM .■.,i,tii„.rit
tl.."H<. tw.. «,M.,irs .1.. n.,t „. .•..i„,,,ut.v .•a.l, ..ilirr for l'h,m, M..|.« al tli.- ant.,-
rirrl.. \sh\\v \,,ir„f,nh,s „l,„,o,. .xfrMl- a- far ^..iitli a- llir IJn.kv nxMintaihs m
, '■'"'" "•^'/'"'/"« """/"-'"■'. "II ll il.rr han.l. wl.ilr .|i-tril.iil..| tlir..iml,.Mii
( ana.la .rom l,al.ra.l..r i„ Koi/.l.u.. ,„|. AJa-ka, .!.«.> ,,..1 f.,||„w il„. Ho.kv
mountains farihrr .outh. h «.,i.M il,,,. a,.,K.ar a« if .\.,nu,.,h,. „l,,n,„s. I'hn,,,
in,/, .1,1. Ox,, rnj,,., ,am,.,slns. an.l H,;h,„„„,„ „h. ,■„,■„,„ nriifirial.Ml in ili,. iM.hir
..•Uion.. an.l that th,. Ho.k.v mountain., iUv Al|,». ll... I'vi.n.-.s. il... Altai an.l
Haikal m..uiuaii>. wImt.. !!,.• >,,,.,„.. an- .till in .AiM.n.v, wr- iracli,.,! .jmina
th.| Kla.ial .■iMH'li, III,, arcli.. .liMril.uii.m of n,,l,/s„ru,„ „hM,„r,„„ .■orn-nun.U
W..II with It. ...•.•uri.n.r furilur -oiith, viz.: ll... i;uro|M an Al,.., Iral inoiii'iain.
Aitai an.l Haikal moiiiilain., ami i.a.tcrii SiliiTia U.|\v...n Al.laii an.l Okhoi.k.
AiimiiK tl... ot|„.r .,H...i... arc ...m.. if..nuin,. Am..n.;in iv.m-, vi/. /.,<»„,„,
.Ut,„,,„hts ,,.,l„nK A. „h„nf,i,mn,m. f!,,h,s,„„,„ „h„,„t,„, // \l„rl,„,,,'
O^yln.i,'. ,n;l„h„,. <,. „,,l„,,, <, n,>h\n. f„li„l„.„. (). /^„./,/,. ami |h/„ „„/„./,„'
mxw of which ar.. i'oiihn...| i.. ih,. mmij.. n.^ion of tl.i. ,..niir...nt. Willi r,.ir.,r,i
toOx!ilr,,,,,snn,r,.-,,.,ru\ll.- 1, .,-.,,, U-, •',>.,:,/, I, .inir iittiv... of |h . n.irth ..ast
of ihi. ..on.iiM.nt H. w;..|| a. of Siln.ria, tl...... may In. I.,.,k...| upon a. ..vi.|..ntlv
i..r.r.-..-i.f.nK former .iiiiimiM.hu «|,..,j,.s with a .li.tril.iition .•oii.i.loral.iv r. .| i|
.liiriiiK till. Klacial cixirh.
A Sihcrian ''l«;m..nt i. n.,,r.....nt...l l.y Aslnifiahi^ ,-h„rinensis. (tx^/lm,,,,
\\ th tl... only ..x.-i'lition ol <t slr„hil,„;„. whi..|| ha. al.o 1.,...,, ,..,il,.,.|,.,l j,, ,|„:
\l<a inoiintain., ..,uthw...t .M..iiKolia. an.l w..sl..rn China, th.- otii.r. arc ...m-
h...., f. the arcti ...Ki.in of Sil-iria, iM'tw..,.,, (ir an.l 7ti" \. Lai., fn.m tl... X-iatic
(•OH..t o'^ 'iiiiK .trait to th.. riv<.rJ..ni...i.
Then with r.-Kar.l to Kuro,H.. it. c.ntii.K.nt f., tl... ar.ti.. tU,iti i. r..|ativ..|v
.mall, ami A.l,„,,„l,,.s „rci„-us i. th.. only .,M...i,.. r,..iri.l...| t.. th.- ar,.|i,. ■„„„.■
(rac, an.l 1 . s!,l,„l,,;, all ol wlii,.|. ar.. iiiu,.|, l,c,i..r r..„r..s,.nt..H •f,.rth..r soul i'
with tl... ..xc..pli.,i. .,f A.l,:,'j„h,s an.l Ox,,tr„,,l. )|„.y an- all lov lan.l |,laiil.. '
, ,i?;£.7'V''''''''''V'^', ,'j''^""'"!'''' "•^" ^••a>l'.,i.. pl.iMl lliroiiKhoui IMC nortlicrn
hcii.i.ph..,., has r..ach...l il... aivtic r,.^ in n.anv pla..... ami is. a. M...|iiion..,'
alK.v... the .„ily m..nil,..r of the Papih. .,„....a.. th.'.t ha> i-..a.h...l Civ. • I ,
A(...or. iiiK to ,1. hal.i.at, ,.ii.! l„.inK ,..t pr,..,.ni mu,.h ii.or.. ahumiant i, le
roKions "" '" ' '"" ' " " "''■""•' " ""•'*»-«'"""' i"f".l.i<-tio.. in ,1... .• .'tie
are ,^f Jileci-ll' in;ci''";""v""l"" ""^ ""i ^'r"'"""-""" -^^'ro.jnlus ai.,1 Ox,,t,:,,,U
im of .special inl..r..st. V... I.hv.. in the for.:i..r two s.-ci... eml.>mi.- to this
eomim.nt. i.ai,...|y: .1. „h.,ri.,; „.„■„,„ an.l .1. ,,„U„;s: .^n.h.mi.- 1,, Isn .
clwn,„„s„, an.l ...m.mon to .SiheHa an.l Hussia i. .1. „MI,;,s. Ai...",i.k tl..:
c.)i.tin..|it.
liirteen ar-'tie .p,.eies .,f ()x„h„,n. fiv,. an- en.|..|,.i,. !., tl.
VIZ.. O. ,,rct,cn, O „r,-l..h„: o. H.ll/i, (,. f„U.,l„s„, an.l 0. li.,„l,li ; en.l..,i;
to MiM.ria ar,. O M„,„l,U,„„a. (). Merh,^si„„„, (,. SchmhUi • O
M,cn,. wh.le O. ,u,n.a.ns is eomn.on t., Sil„.ria an.i this Vo ine, t'
MiLw m"''' "'"•^'■'/^- •^•"•^"'/"'■"' is wid.ly .listrihule.1 farther so, h in
Siberia, MonKol,a...t.... and .1. „h„ri.,„u„u,n i. verv frequent on this
contment ,n the C.-jna.l.ai. west, an.l northern Tnit...! State." he .-..irie
region for instane,... In oth..r wor.ls, the arctic iv^ions of Siberia an. V.^i,,
represent .s.,n,o quite ....portant ,,,,,„,, „f ,|i.,ril,u,io„ of thoJ^ Ken,;, • tu
P.spocially of ()x,nr„p,s. The .«peci..H. ,n.,=t have original ci in thL' n.i .^
and their pronen very .seattercl ,listrihution may in-iii-ate that th,.v hav,?*l ee n
partly exterminated, the l„,.alit.,.s having l,c,.oii.e .li.s..o,.,.,.ct,.d .luring t Ic il -la
A) I In- t'hinln
<!'iH, iihical l>i»tnl,„iim
111 ■
lnf.,l,um „.,„„,„ T..rr.. T 'l„.u,.hullu,n T i; /."""\';i" ,"'ll.v -I ll... AiiirnV,!,,
^;ir i^^,"!r;r ^,„r;;i 'kBz ';?';=' '^ ■^"™' :■» S;::
■«: ;: ^);!:r;:r,i-,i::;if ::;;-, »;^'"'i- -'"i;'-:: ^"^S::
only ':;::::[:;;:i/:r;;:;' n- 1^-- -,k...i ..„ „... ,...,„,,.„,,..,^., ,,,,,,,. ,
wi.lH.v .li.s,nl,„„.,| fart ',•;•, f;?''''''' "i''"'"" '"^ "'"^ •"'•"..,„,,
lnu,l,-. „„r,nn. 'x...,,,!.' .I'^ar ^ ■ .'j^^^'^^'V' I 'T "u T' T""^' "'• '^-•' '
and also with fruits (Z, tl: ^ ■ rSr'; rr''^'''^' 'l ' ^ ^-^!''''
An.l;.r.s.s,.n m.mI II,.ss,.|„. „ ' • .,;",,'" "'" '"""'' '""•' "^ ■'"'>• '-.v (Jmrn n^
tn<' Itraiic ics. «•(-,•,. uitl„.ir.,l ,.., i ■ " •^'•" >'<'vioii.s, st alinl,..,/ .
"•a. .1... plan, i-! s^l^l;: 'i^'s i:!! i:'''*' (^ ^-^ '•- •'"• a,.,h."';::.!;;.i . ;:
«ln.la on this islan.l, it s,.,. 1, , , ' m'""' "r"'" /••'"' '" 'I-'' .Mvtil„s
<l<'IH-t,..n of ,h,. sai.l strata nnl":; h^^ S,. ^ Sv^^'ti'' "'"""" ^""•" ""
he two snrcii.w „f y, i i ,, ' " ' "" ■*'" "Ht> "f the species.
;;;.ih.,-....i on .i™i;sh^^'t:';:;,h onj^r'^;'"'''' '■- -•' ^- '"'^/>'//-. ^
/;. /;,»/,„„„/ \iii.. ,„„, J, /iv;, /,; ' 1 ■■^"••* '""/'"'""" "<r/o.; ,\vo others'
'=""'■ ""■ '<"■"'..• also of ,1 /' re,. ;•/'.'■'■ "•'""•■^ •"' ""■ -^'l'^ in Su J, ' '
H. Nvnles, .hstr.lM.tion farthor so„,| tl v o.l '">"""• '^"- ''"'ner shows
Ilinialayas, the Altai and Mnik-.l ' ''• '"'^^''^'-r. have r.'arhed the
fa.- -uth as Colorado;";:;/, ut'u:^::"'^!:::'' i'"'.'^';^.v--n„:i;L't
folnun i>< v,,y eon.nion i„ h.u K.-.,um "in, |to I ''''''' T'"''" ^
from the Atlantic to the i'-.eifie i • 'i<'aiinKs and newly l„irned h.nds
{ho I'ae.fie and Alaska:^u.;r 1 ,; ''t / ;:^''!:;,;'.;-l;';''> '-") i-l-rador we"'!:;
Initc.l ><tM|es .onfined to the J{, ek-v , , . ''"'":■/■■ l"''J»lii>m is in (ho
Canada it ,s very widely dii; l^f , ' " i'r w'" ^^ '^ "■'•«<"". while ?;,
islan^ ..f the Aretie sea in every ^l^J^^Zl^Xui: ' """"'"" "'" ^'""•'"^ ""''
i:.K.ike fjord. K. o,J,l:,-::t ;'^,;r, ;::;;; -•'.'•. -«••■•■^^^° -><' xT
th
30' \. L. But ehar..,...,
observed, especially on tl
,' Tl '-"'r' '•r^"'"'^" "»°.ancl'72o X.L.. on ,,
her hand, is h'.ss fri
(iii'iit, occurring
on
•acteristieof hot hist h.. fad that
east coast hetween W)° ...tid «;j
Considering the lact that th
>e west coast, howevi
several varieties hav(> 1
H'on
tion hy the wind, it
o "('cls are reinarkahl
widely, liut
seems natural tli.-ti i he spec ie., j.av e t
ly well fitted ford
It s«>rms impossihle to decide the 1
-tre.. They both ai^i^l^-fa..:,
Imve originated m the north, in the -lar
locat
ix'i'ome distributed
issemin.a-
so very
ion of their geographical
as far as concerns A'. Intifot. „
' regions, or dose to them. Oth,
""". it may
rwise
112 B
Canadian Arctic Expcdilion, 1013-18
with rcspoot to the oll.or species of whieh the habitat, as mentioned above,
speaks in favour of a centre farther .south. Moreover, the fact that it is as.socil
atea with two closely aiiied .species in soiKhcrn Europe, seems to indicate a
Tmerr" '"^ "^ ""^ '^''"*''" °^ (lis<ril.ulion, in Europe rather than in Asia or
In oiitlining the ncoKraphical chslribiition of Htppuris (see Table 1) I
might just as well quote from Hentham and H()oi<cr's great work "Gener'i
plant.arum, ' m which it is Riven .is follows: ".Species I vel. 2 anuarum
emperatanim et friKidnrum luiidp.ie, Asiae mediae et boralis, et Americae
boreahs et Anfnrct.cae iiicolae." And to these data mav be added that it 'is
circumpolar. Hippuris w-as found by Kjellman at I'itlekaj on the north coast
of Liberia, E.at. U,° .>'; in Grecnh.nd the typical plant is rare and confined to the
.southernmost part at .'d.out (iO° \. I,.; the varietv warifimn Hartm on the
other hand, is known from t he west coast of Greenland between tiO° and 70° X ]
and on the east .wist it has been reported by Dusdn from flurrv inlet (71" N 'l7
.Olid l)y llartz from Scoresby sound, at the .same latitude. We liave thus iri
HippuriH an excellent illustration of the remarkablv wide ranee exhibited' bv
many freshwater and even marsh species. Severaf other examples might be
recorded nit I sh.all confin,- myself to mention a few, for instance- Ilydrilla
of which the only species, a freshwater plant, is known from tropical Asia and
A istraha; P allisnena, common to tlie tempr-rate and warmer regions of both
Worlds; Hydrochans, commcm to Knropv and Asia: luihalus, from the .seashore
ot Ceylon to the .seashore of Austr.ilia; Rammciihi.^ nutans C. A. Mev from
Colorado (Twin Lakes near Eeadville ), known also from .Siberia (Ahai and
Baikal); hnally, Caltha natan. Pall., from easfrn Siberia. Haikal mountains
Jemsei, furthermore on this continent: Minnesota, and, in the Northwes
Territory: Peace river tributaries near Fort St. ,Iohn, Methy portage, at about
n/ x\. 1.. How these and many other aquatic plants were dispersed so as to
acquire such enormous distribution has been explained bv Darwin (Oricin of
bpecies), the means of dispersal being notablv wading birds. However as has
been mentioned in tlie preceding pages, migratory birds mav well be capable
of dispersing seeds or shoots of aquatic plants from one point to another, thus
covering areas of no smal extent even during a single .season, but from what we
have learned about thes,- birds, when migrating, in the stricter sense of the word
dispersal, from one coniinent to another, does not seem probable
Ihipleurum amcnvanum C. et H. is credited to the American coast of Bering
strait where It was hrst found by Chamisso and Eschscholtz ".ad promontoriuni
Espenberg, furthermore, to Alberta, Montana, Idaho, an.l Wvoming; accord-
ing to Macoun's ( ataloguc (I.e.) it has been collected .at Eort". Selkirk Yukon
river, at the foo hill« of the Rocky mountains (Eat. 49°). and cast of the Mac-
kenzie river (Richardson). E<"debour (Elor., Hossi,.,) considered the specie.s Jo'be
Bor" Am ) European B. rammculoides E., and so did Hooker (Fl.
^hin^\m"^.'"''■. '"^ ^/""••\".=^ plant has been d.-scribed as/,', purpurmm Blankin-
ship, but the chiiracterization of this as well as of /i. amrncanum is not verv
Mdls'^l '■""'P'"''''^ "■'*•' ""^' °f **'^ ^^d ^^^"••''' •''P«-<''<'S '"" ''von withyy. ranuncu-
The genus contains about 60 well marked species but 90 have been des-
cribed, according to Bentham and Hooker. There are about 8 perennial species
among which i/. ranunculoides inhabits the Alps of Switzerland, about 16 the
Pyrenees; and several are also reported from temperate Asia and the tropical
B. ranuficuloidcs has not, so far, been recorded from northern Asia while
Ledebour enumerates .several others from Altai. Baikal, and D.-^vurJa It'would
seem rather singular d B. ranur>cvlo,des really occurred on this continent, since
It IS absent from Asia. And it would seem just as strange if the genus had
Amir Plant.: acograpfdcnl Dixlrihnlinn
•i"<l in <li.. .no.infain- uiH,
wmmmmm
as LM. ,h on tho west roast ■mrl In/ ".o , '"'' "'"'''' '* f-xtciuls ns f.ir nor. ,
cion J>.va,„,„,,*,,„ „„v„,„„ • »"»<", '. .«>■««,/<,, Mo„e„, „,if.,r„ mi
n> raro s,H.,,e.s. as f,,,- instaiuv A»r.,e ,'•'■■''''■'"•"""' ••n.oris
J to ropresont ono of ,(,o vo f,.u. n:^•'''^'^"''•''''' ^^- "''•' f-nnorlv
L^'l tho yoar J89S that i. «■ .V i, '! '" 7!''^"1"= "' t''<^ Pohir roKion-
'f Altai mountains.
Ch<ma,,h,U, umhrlhia
I'-J Nuit
ChimnjihilAi umh.ltiii,,
< hininiihUa iimhrllain
<'li>maiiHI„ umhUatd
V. mctlriiriii I)(
< himaiihila umhrlhita
V. a.K/u Hiake
(htmnjMa umbdlaUi
y.Mmu-m (R.Br)
i'prK I
^--.'SiS^'SS-SS.,,,^:;;;;;,
Ill orient.-iliiiji
24G57— 8
("111 (-',8(10 in
inter (I. 1 )shum.'»hi ,.t Ak-koU
114 B
Canadian Arctic E.rpnlition, I91S-IS
Table li.
Cioduriii liiinl distri
>>utt()n of the Pyn •
laiciii', principallj' ir
t)io norfliern rcBi()n>
of hotl, Worlds.
f himiiphiln miifiilata
'I..I I'ursli
Mnntsfs unifliirn \\,.)
(Jr..
e9
1
<
%
•
«
*
•
*
*
= 1
\U
life
•
1
1
■ 1
♦
*
.3
1
i
C
1
.3
V.
9
as
5
<
«
.5
1
in
e
1
•
«
i
I
> ^
i i
•
1 =
1
' 1
ii
•
»
•
•
T.
*
*
1
S
X
J!
i
»
«
*
1
•r.
•;
d
*
*
1
1 £
♦
•
i
J
1
•
!i
'II
. 3 -
>
*
i X
'S
1 B
3
a
1
c
*
1
2
1 ^
i i
1 ^
i 1
I'tjiitla minur I,
Pyrala titinnr v. hn i-i.y
Ui-
* i *
1
1 •
1
Pii^oln ftcumlo I
Pijidht necunda v.
•
•
* *
!
•1 .
!
a
Ptfrtilit sfcunda v.
punnln ( "ti ct Sch.
—
---
'_ i 1
• ; • ; ♦ I ..
1 i
Pyroln s' v.
iii!i)w»i}, \<irni.
Pyroia rhlarantha Sw.
Z
...
•
....
•
...
1 ■ 1 !
PyroUi rhUiffinlha \.
Pyriilfi illiptira Nutt.
— _
• i .J
• j • ! • i
J'yrola mulia Sw
*
*
*
*
«
*
:_^
.
*
*
•
—
«
*
«
*
~7
»
«
1 ! 1- ■ ■
. . 1. . 1. . 1
Pyritia mtiitidtfttlia L.
Pyrola rotundifolia v.
incatnata PC
* «
* *
1 1
. i . 1
•
*
Pyi-ftfa rotnndijolia v.
ofioi-^jnlin Hook. .. .
1
J'ymht rutundifidia v.
ultyinimt (Ir.
Pi/rold rotundijidid \ .
firnrt'dta (ir
—
1
—
J_
. 1
*
Pyrola ntfundiftdin v.
orrnnrin K(K.'h
Pyrtdn rotundijulia v.
j}uniila Hornem
♦
«
*
*
*
. 1
—
i
•1
«
—
— -
. . . 1
—
--
'—
*
... '....
Pyrola rotvndijidia v.
firacffosn y m
Pyndn grundifitim
Had
■ ■ i
*
_1
—
-'-
—
...
*
{ «
—
Pyitdti uniTidiJlurit v.
hiUsctns I.po
- —
—
—
—
Pyrola pirta Smith. !
Pyrola aphylln Smith
- ■ !
■ !
—
—
—
~.
Pyrola rhimnithtlitidff'\
CJreem* 1
"J
~
"i
*
:"
"
"
',^^
-m^m-^^t^h'-i
'■'■lie rinnis: iko,jra,,hia,l DiMnhnli,,,,
IIo H
words, .hoiono ;,'';'''''• "•:'" ^Pit^LoPKon n.,, fn / ' i,''",^';' •^.'■"".''i'-vi....
♦'or this rPil; / ".'"'■'' ""«'" '"' "■-'' -il t.. I ; . ■ ; ;":'".'' ""•'^■' ^ l';«v..
lias, so f.,r I ,' ' P"""Pill.v III til,. n„rtho;ti rveWm^ ,,• V ' ' ',"''''■ "^ ■■^liouiiiir
"'•• ""'-th^n s;:";'' •''•"" "'•' -.<'i.'r;/;s^^; :'"';^;" '- X",^p.'.i.^
and n.i,|,||o, ';'";'/ "''♦'•'1 1'^U'op,.. Asia i, 1 f , '"""' ""■ "I'-iK'tvpi..
beiiitr iii-h'mI,- ., . • -"f^'i^'i'Kii nro ,.<)nfinf.,l *-> ,i ■ r,Kai,l (,) r /(,»,,,.
H-^;^ moun!:.,::: ^" ^-' < ■ '""M''»o is kn...,. fi-..m m!;,;;:,,!;;;:;:'':;^;;::'-;;-
in.li,,' :''/;.' ( "'"'•a.l„. TlH. ,„.,.„,.., ,-^ ; ;;"^ '"" '-^ "<•? alpn-. and ...
til,;:: , S:«-'"™-":»^t;;: ;^^^^
'■'..urn. B.ManvIlVp-;;,; ' "'^";". H"'
24657-8}" '-"ndon. ,9,4.
Ill/I '(-(i
116 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 191S-18
distributed farther north, but the genus, nevertheless, has reaehed the eastern
part of Siberia and Manchuria from where it extends to Alaska, until it reaches
the northern and middle regions of this continent where, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, the genus exhibits its widest distribution.
It woiild seem quite natural to consider the wooded belts of the middle
parts of this continent to represent a geographical centre of Monescs; possibly
the genus migrated from there to eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and the Altai
mountains, rather than vice versa.
Absent from arctic Siberia but recorded from all the other districts enumer-
ated on the table (Table 6), Pyrola minor thus shows the widest distribution of
all the members of Pyrolaceae. On this continent the habitat is given as "cold
woods, Labrador, Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire, Rocky Mountains from
New Mexico and northward to the Barren country from Lat. G4° to the Arctic
IMands." Nowhere is it alpine, however, and in the temperate parts of both
Worlds it is associated with the same species of I'yrola, and, not infrequentlj',
also with Moneses.
It seems barely possible to suppose that the species was formerly repre-
sented in arctic Siberia, thus having been a member of the circumpolar flora,
even if it is known to occur very near Lat. 70° on the west coast of (ireenland
(Hartz), and on Melville peninsula (Parry). It is, however, a rare plant in the
arctic region and, being flecidedly a sylvan type, the geographical centre must
have been located south of the polnr regions, in the wooded belts of the Old
World, nresumably, since it is much more abundant there than on this continent,
and mt., evenly distributed from north to south. Like Monrncs it is very
constant in habit, only one variety having been recorded, var. braiti Lge. from
Greenlaiid.
An almost corresponding distribution is shown by P. .si'ciindn, with exception
of its absence from arctic America and Kan^tchatka; in Greenland the typical
plant does not occur, but is replaced by the variety /ibtusata Turcz.; this variety
is also recorded from Terra Tschuktchorum, from Canada, the Atlantic and
Central United States. Like the preceding species, P. secunda is a woodland type
and is not known to be alpine. Besides the variety obtusata, two others have
been described, viz.: pumila Cham, et Schl., and dispersiflora Norm.; of these the
former is distributed from Labrador to Alaska; it follows the Kockies south to
Colorado, and has been recorded from eastern Siberia and Altai. The var.
dispersiflora Norm, is known only from arctic Scandinavia. Considering the
relatively wide distribution of the typical plant on this continent in the north
as well as in the south, extending to California, Colorado, and Maryland, and
in view of the development of two characteristic varieties, it appe:ii> as if some
important centr(> must have existed on this continent, presumably in the
wooded belts of the northern part. With regard to the Siberian distribution of
P. secunda. we have seen that this extends from Terra Tschuktchorum, eastern
Siberia to Altai, and, fu-thermore, Maximowicz has recorded it from Ea.st Man-
churia. But the absence of the species from the boreal regions of Siberia, exce,)t
in the northeastern corner, makes me believe that the Asiatic element of the
species has really originated on the American continent.
Two important centres of distribution must undoubtedly be attributed to
P. chlurantha, as shown on the accompanying table (Table 6). " On this continent
the distribution extends from Newfoundland, Labrador, and the Maritii .e Pro-
vinces westward to northern British Columbia and Alaska, south to California,
Colorado, and Maryland. In Europe P. chloranthn ''as reached the arctic zone
in Finmark; it is quite generally distributed through the European continent,
going as far south as the Alps, the Pyrenees, and Ka.san in Russia. But so far,
the species has not been ob.served in Asia, and it is thus the more interesting to
notice that an analogous spc- 'oes exist in eastern Manchuria, namelv )'.
renifolia Maxim. It would cult to combine the European distribution
•^'W'^'-'
^im-m.
ArcUc Plants : Geograpnical Distribution
f <•". the fact that the sponos is ahso nt f " f s l""nark: ...,,,1 j,„ png
coast of our co,,tinentj>eklos from Sfun'^ » iV '" '""' "'" '■""'■'■ ■■'^''t^
a <lual oriRin, from one r/ntrH^ Frnn * T'*' '''''"''■ -'^
The wkIpv distrihiitPil /> / *" IV,"" '"f' <'as<crn coast ,,f a^;.,
tion aRrecH rcmarkai.lv wdl «i 7l,n; <• /? " i'''h"l<lchoru,„. The .h.tril .
the table (Talilc n) P V, //',"''?' "'^ ^- «cu/(,/a l.ul, as ,„,,- |,„ ' , ""
i^jHcvariot^oshllvJihoc. ;::&.;;;<"'/•• ^ varial.le plan. ";:..,' , !;7
ally wel e.tahli.hed in v o ,.' p. i ' ^', i»PP^f[« «« if the .species is ex: ! io ,1
the southern. It is totally ibsen fi^ ."."^ northern countries, rather th.n n
American continent buu"^£r en .n.'/?"^?'' ""^^ ^^e arctic coa^t o" .'
by several authors has been consk e' e n/ "" ""■'■' '^'- !?'-"'"''y'"'-", wh ch
It cloe.s not seem improbable tha?y'\nL/,/ T*" T^"^^-'' ^'^ ^'- rotuuuS
folia in the arctic environment Imf ■(.".''''•^"'•''has developed from P. JJa^^
American origin as state.l above eve .f '^u-^^ ^°'"^^'- '« "nques.iona v „f
corner of Asia and the Altd moltalns"""^'' '* ^^' '«^^hed th'e nortl,;" £;;'
vvitn respect to the tvnicMl p , < "' -r ,■
since it may thrive iust a^ well in l"ll'l"'f^^'\'^^ habitat is somewhat n.vuliar
coniferous. The ,„,,'", f P^^-'Knum bogs as in shady wood „ L
continent, besides .. t,u mTand in;!'"*"! *P"''*">' developed on CvZl'^ll
however, it is accomS^.d b^four aHe,'/^'"!?"^'-'" ^^''^ Ameri "Xre
indicate an^/S^an 'e'n rf ^TdlSutLi'^f ;h"^"*'''^- ^^'i>^^' ^
the gradual di.sappearance of the fvnl 1 •/*'*' ''P*'"'^^ ""'' »' the same time
rcnce of the spedes in arctk Norwa^v' jf """'Jl"' '"^*' ''' exhibited bv tc occur
and hractepsa have been obsened an^d ofYh' '^T """"''f'''''-- ^rcnan', punila
collected in eastern Siberia In 'o'^ervorr '*'" .^""^^ ^''''''''' ^''''■^a'^o S
alliance a series of types some hpfm, %, ^f' f <'. ^ave in the P. rotundifdia
the American continent souTh ^^'7^;^«'-«9<'-^"stic of arctic Europe, oherl of
especially characteristic of arctic i J '^''''t'c c.rde, and one, P grZTilorn
est Dg to notice tha of these tyneTth? ^"f.^",';^'"!^"^- And it is S^e fc
distributed to Terra T.schuktcho'rSm Sd Alta? ^ ' ''"'"'^'"' '''' "'' ° become
, The remaining sDecies- P ^;/o, , ,.
and />. apfnjlla, are 'Jnost y o> a Cm'!:^^;;"^^^^^^^ ^'- ^'">"«/'/'^/«W..
1 he distribution of P. elUvtica comnr, xr ''^ lestncted occuirence. However'
through the northern XurstlCs'toS^^^^^ Tolumb i.S
species thus represents one of iVn^f i niountains of New Mexico '' o
genus; although absent from ^Lm,r7o"r' '^'""' "'^ ^^"'"'^■'»" centre of Ue
theless, ha.s extended to Japan T W J i" """"^ "^ -V:'- *''^ -'P^'ie-S n vc ! '
has re^iched the arctic region' of Xorwatsi!;: f^^J^^ /^"'T^" ^yPei whi^h
and Z' srf««,/„,- toward the south ih.r'n ' *?^'^^'''^'' ^"*'' ^'- """^r
bwitzerland and Caucasus P , w / '"""'e distributed to the AIns ,,f
nminly western t^^..^';\J!Z.::^V'-"Pf'^i^"' on the oth^r hand' are
so far only from British ('riumbia '"'' '^"''"-^■' ^- '^"rnavhUoides is known
--vespreced^^l^,=c--:^-U^
rr.'3?j
UK n
Ciiiiiiilidn Arctic h^xiinlilioii. l!Jl,i-lS
an i.iHr,rc.s..onc,. l,|,i „., kiv.-i. L-avrs. I.Y,„„ a pap.-r whiVI, I l.av,. pul.lisho.l si.m..
IM' seen Hial this .-.imm-ics is (die of tlii' very few plants that
" -ilicl at the saliic time is stohdiifcioiis. IJoot-shdots, how-
oiiicof thcothcll'vnihiccac viz.: Miinc.sc.-iDiiJInni. j'l/nilii
added /'. iiictd, Cliiiiiiiphihi
years a^o.' it w
produce root-shoots
ever, are known from
^criinila, and /'. chloniiithiir to winch
lunhflhitd, and ('. niaciilnlii.
Anions the Krica.vae, /.,,/„,„. Rhi,.h,lc,„ln,„. I.uisclcuria. Casslnnr and
.\rcU,sta,,l,,,los show ahnost exactly the same .hstril.ution in the poh.r regions
with the exception of l{h<,,lwlc,i,ln„i heinif absent from arctic Sil.eria •nid'
<,.<.,.,,,,. |„,,„^, ,, „„,,„i„,, „,■ ,,,„ ,1,,,.^ „f Spitzhw-Ken. Kulmia. on the other
haiKl, IS cotdined to the AmericMii continent. We h:iv.. thus four cireiimpohir
s.ulh^ve'"''";'''''''-r-M'''r '>=""','^- ,^^'"' '■•"'""■' "• ""•'■• '•i^'-il.n.ion fa'rther
south, we .see Ironi lal.Ie 1 that Lnsrlcxno and Arcl„xt,t,,h,,ln.. are the onlv ones
M extend as tar soiitii as the .\lps atid the Pyrenees! and that i'V.lI'is The
only one which oc.Mirs m the .Vhai mountains: n.me have I.een ivcorded from
lli^'KockJ""' """"."■•"" ""■ "in.alayas. With regard to their occii,re;,;e
onnd in the noriii,.rn laMKc of these mountains wiiil,- Kalmln ..xleiids down to
( <ilorado, an.l ,lown the Sierra X.-vada to ( 'alifornia
Hirlliermore may I... niioned that Arclnstai,ln,lo.s „l,,in,t is in (iivenland
Mnl 7-' n ^ "«'"/"■ Mmjona exfixls to J.at. 7!)° ,m the west .-oasl,
;.'',.;• '"" '■•'^V"='^'. I-"I<-. as stat..d al,ove. that it occurs al.so in Spit/I
r /, I I 1 'i' ''"'■' ■'"" '■'"•'"' ^"'""^'' '"""' '•"'" !'"♦• <il° <•" ""' '-ast coast
..f (. een and while on the west coast it exfrnls to Lai. 74° IS': J{hodo,lc,,/ro,
'•>. the other hand, rea.hes ,he 74th latilii.le on l.o-h coasts: th,. varie !
li iSmi" ^'■''""'. /'"''-"■'■ '■••-■..■s J,at. 74° in (ireeniand. This 1^^ - o ,C
st, ution may indicate that ^^v have some trulv arctic tvpcvs repiese e
oiiuinated undoul)te<ilv in these r(>jrions ^
dist,!i*',lr''r'"' i"/' .f"'""" /'"''■'■"''" <-^'- !/'"'"■" Ait.) which is more widelv
.stiil.iite(lnm,.ht,arther. south, to Pennsylvania, etc.. and of wlnVh the oma
nur,,,,h!,l„ ,s the only one repre.sent.'d in the alpin,. an,l arctic .J .. Thus
spe:..?,.; the';;;;;;,""" ^^'""" " " "■"" •"• '•■^^^ '''^''•"•'''^"•' -"• -veral'other
\Vhil<> thu.s the arctic, circumpolar members of the Kricaceae occur with
an wi h v;.,l i">" ■■''■''"■"' ""'>■ "^ """■'' '■•■''•"•'■'' '"••'"'^ "'• 'l"a.tVd stature
v! . 7 '"" '"■;"■'''• '■'»"s«'«l>i<'ntly thev mav not be reKard.'d as arc c
t>p.s but only as memb,.rs of the southern fl.na which accoin,^ i , t e ace
on the retreat to the north. V. ca..ni,osu„> is also a d.-cidedl^ i .i, "pe a d
J.iostly an alpine one, endemic to tins continent. ' '""""" ^>P* -""^
A ver.v scatt.'ie.l distribution is ..xhil.ited bv the Primulaceae Mthouuh a
Asa. Jena J s< huKtchorum. but only the species /nV;,>/((w, which bv several
With respect to /V^„n</„, /'. horcaU, is a native of arctic America but has
m';,\ ? ''"■ ^''^""' '•""^',<"«''nng strait; F. slrkta is ,,ui,e ex e'l velv
d.st, butod toward .-ast.ia.nely: (ireenland, Scan.linavia, Kussia a, 1 Nov i
Z.mbla but t.s absent iron, the southern mountains. 1-Vnallv /> InVris
kmnvn also from Immark, arctic Siberia, and Altai. '
'Pyrolaa,,hulia \\o\.U:i?A-u,;\o\. XXV. ChifaKo 1S9S
S55. '"^^''' ' ''■ »'-"-'^""«- -'■" -"«" flunz.,. dcr deutsct.en Flora. FlurH. Vol. 38. Regcnsl.urg.
1S55, p. B28.
immmmj^m
'I'lii' fact that ,|„,
Arrlir I'lnvh: (kofimphival l>,s,r,h„,l„„
II!) B
(.,■(•1,..
aiiil
S|)it/-
"I Vv mark
'i.'ivc also lii'i'ii
^'•■•'i. aiiil (nirti
''"•"'"■ '""I Asia, s,.,.n,s ,.. in.li, t/ , ,, V '""" '"«'"" "'' "■"-|.rr.t..
'crK-M, an.l ( Ircrnlan,!: witi ^ , ' "'"«/''''<•:'" '"'ly Iron, Finn.Mrk
'l'<'»rcnns,.|,In,inai,.. \ jt|, .l.'irt,., , ■ ■ \ -^'f"* "'^ '"^"itzcilan,], li.,w,.v,
Ml-na, fiv,. from Tral, ,.„• w, ' I i '"O""!.;..,.., ,,kIu iY„n, ,.as„.,n
"-"', an. a I n.pr..s..nt,.,| in ,1,, Alps'' I .hMi,/;'/ ''''T •'''"''' -'''•' //"/'/'"-
, \Vilii iCKar.l lotliP,l,.volo.)ni..nf ,f .1 ' '"^^'■^•■'■. 'loin cashM-n Sil,,.,i.,
«'W-nK to ,h,. la,Kor nmnlnT of ,!.{„: j' '■;;;:"' ^J "",-' "npor.anf ,.,.n,n.
Ho.'ky n.onnfa.ns nn.st, m-vrTth,. ,!Js .'..l,,, '*~ '" I''-''' '■'"''■•"i'-. H.rn ,1...
th<. nxmotypi,. Anila, an allv s,, ,' s, | . " '^ ••"■'•'""(••'•"•■•I '-.v -i Wos,. aljv
will, our .sp,.,.i,.s, winH, is als-.d/.s iV i I , ' , ,' ':""""•'" ••'" •'"y. />'n<„l„.,„
'''■'"='' ("■'"•''"•" "f ^'"- »«■< t^i'.on on ;r.n;i;'''' ''"'''■'■• '"."•'"••• ^^••"•<'^. ti..:
J'ni.ailac.ao hav,- also 1^,1 .,.■..(■.■ 1 ','""""'"' .^''''"'^ '" m.lical,. ihat tli,.
^'■''^f''-'^ ^-''01..^^^^^ An,,,,.,,!:
In othrr wonls, th,.s.. two K.-n.. Wn^^^^^^^^ ^"■'"'' -^^'ashor,..
••■'ns a truly ar-tic tvp,., a„ 1 /,/i ' , r/1 ' ''"""'''r":"'- /^""f//"-., ,,..,»•„
-^/^ r«/..,..«/,. an,, .1. (;J„,,,,: ' ,;, :'X; i,,..;;;;- '"'""■' a.,.o,npani.Hi In- .1.
<-on re located in the polar roRions- n oi'v v^r u T '"'■'•'' '"^'""'^^ ^ '•"""''■
IS almost circ-umpolar. ' '»°'^'"^'''' «<' nMnenii.er that A. Chnmarjasme
Alf'" .->"' "aika, nuHHUains n 'ui H ;^^^^^
Kurope those same sperios niicrte I Vw V i ™""' ';"'" tl'c north. In
Caueasus. w,,ere the • a e " H e ' ,! .r"'!;i ''^ ^" "'!' -^'l- '""i -'von ,0
distni.ution of ,1. Chamnrin^,,, i '^■^'■^" '.'"'• .^i"' approximatelv (•ire,imMo|.,r
Dou.lasia nrctica tht S~, hnsir:;: r m" ' ''" 7'''"-'oly arct.e oLe o
loeate,,int,.earefi<.regionsytl„u^,,i .:.''' "^ =' ""f^''^ ''""f^ ''f^ins
amr.Iy represented fa.^?e;'s„;. r^ e n Z i ;". '^"''!'"" '^•"'^ =^^ '"•'■•^'^"t "'"re
A1F3S. the Altai, and the I^.ck^"nt;nM"iir' Lt ^i ~"'; ^ "--'-'o as the
ol A,Hiro,ace. these must have oridnaM.l in 1 e i. H^^fh' '•' tl'o other species
mountains, since none of these sfHovovlenl ^ he A,ps an,, the Altai
north, at least not in the po,ar regions ' "' °^ *''''^'"'« ^^'^'"l farther
mmm-
^^'* ^ Canadian Arctic Erpfililion, 19tS-18
dentiann anluphiln Clrisrh. ami C'. ,„„i,i„qua Richards, arc (ho onlv
a? . r? fr '^rH'.hl.o,. of th,. K,.,.us;r/. y/a»m Pall, wa.s fourul hy Kj,. l,„an
at J o t ( larrnc- Ala.ka. It s,..-,ns ,,ui... roinarkahle that th.- two fortntr o,.o"
tm\o hrcn found in tin- arcti.- r.won. hmc- thry are annual for, a.s we know
annual pia..ts aro oxtrnnrly rare in ,1,.. polar r-Ki.-.s; K..,ni„in i.s Kcnoair;
ciU'd a.« he only annual plant in tli.- .nnir; with resport to the third ^p.-rion V/
ytouca, hi.s i.s p<'r.>nnial accordinK to ( irisri.ach in I^cdeLour's Flora (1 <■ ) Howl
evor, when eoniparinK tho rcpn-s..nl;i(i.m uf (;,>iliarm in the polar r.-Kions alto-
KotlHT wr notu... that of Ih.. ..ix spr.irs .rcditcd to an'tir Uu.sia live are a so
annual or sotn..tun..s Im-nnial; and thr same is tl... cms,, of those recorded from
arelie N.andinavi.'i as wll as Iron. ( ;re..nlai>,l. The aceotupanvinR tal.le (Tal.lo
( ) wril show the srM-eies represented in ihe aretie zone and their general dis-
tnhut.on. thus we n.ay ol„ain „er view of the representation of the t, , ><
lit these hiKh-northern latitudes ,.- wll as in the mountains farth.'r south It
may he staled, at the sarnc time, that <;. IrnHh, extemls as far north as Lat" 71°
on the east eoast ..1 ( ;n...nlar,d (I)usen) and that the six species enumerated as
arctic (Scandinavum have heen reported from Lat. 70° to 71° 10' in Finm-irk
TiBir. 7.
fleonrupliiiiil (listrilmtiiin m|
ari'lic Gentiunae.
fi. A tnnrrlla T
(j. rampislris I
O.linrllu I
O. prupinqua Hichurils
f!. arctophiU tirisfl).. , .
G. aurt'a I.
'/. sirnUii Ciunn.
'/. niidii.^ 1..
(t. vcrnn I;. ,
(i. ijhtufii I 'nil.
eKions
'i
^
s
x
■K
.s
.3
X
.2
k
1
1}
3
2
s
4
^
J
5
c
9
C
ij
93
a
s
>*
T"
T
t
a
3
99
z
^
s
3
"■_
mJ
•^
*«^
X
«
*
*
•
♦
*
*
*
♦
*
•
•
---'-'-
•
•
•
*
.
— '--
^.— .
__
*
«
*
*
:....
*
«
in the mounlHins' ,t*'' '''''P';''* ^'>. *'"> '^"titudes n-ached hy some of the«e species
11 tlu mountams, the Scaiuhiiavian speeus, except G. serrata. ascend to an
altitude of between 3,0()() and 4,.100 f..,.t according to Blytt (Norges F Ion)- Xn
r^;;,f^,!ol''^'tzerhuul Heer (I.e.) has recorded C. ca,lpesiris !nd G M
fr in 8,.,00 eet, G nivnis from 9,000 f.^et, and G. verna from 10,000 fe.f in the
Altai moun ams G. tendla and G. v,n,a ascend to O.oOO feet, and fina ly 'in th'
. However several of th.'Se are more typionjlv lowland plant.", occurrin- for
aia.""' "" ■ "^"'^'"■''' "°^''^'>- ^- «'"•'•«'«' «■ fawpc.^m, G'. Amarella, ami G.
-;r.'l^
^?»i!^'
In "thor wor.lH, H.,n„. ,,f (ho.
Antir /•/,„,/.; aeographical Dislnb.l.n
121 B
iliipsliiEpas
tio yp,,,, pi,,,,, „;,„„,^.,
"- ■■•"iiiiiuui ranges.
abse^t^;^^.'Ji;:-(!i;^«.f^;^;;J^ native, of the Kurop-an Alp« ..t , i
'lilt it i.s
Huikal,
speaks in favour of it.s actual coutrohZrLi ^i'' ''"''' 'l'-*' nbution in t J,,, south
impossible to decide whpfhnr ^ l^ having been located there hut it ;« „f
Anierica evidentT;tp?nd '"n ts'^r.Kiin f'"'- .J'^ -'-en^e 'S
of Alaska, rather than suggestiii an hu£n , ^IT ^.'■"'^^'•hatka to the i la,'d '
this continent where it is^as Ks wt knmv '^""^ < evelopn.ent of the sp. ,;""ot
only by .specimens of di.ninutrv^^^ira'nTt'r;^^^^^?^^ ""' ''^^^^^
JJel:s3Hli££x^^^^
(;^«6 two species which"are aiaLn i f"*" . ^\' 'l^^^^ "'"^ '" ""^ Renuf/S™^
an area of enormous extent throui.l. '''"''' \'^' <lis.ril,u.ion extends aero""
P.carinthiaca has reacheS a 'S ."ni^in" r'"'" ''-"'•^P'"'-, but of Sch
Caucasus. It seems strange that the (Vn? ^""''^^', v'^-" to the Alps "nd
outside the pohir reeionrffKn . {"/<■'"""""« /'"aa/c is circunnf .,,• .
thus absent^r^mX Ko k'; mtint Tn" 'T1 '"/''^ ''''' ^^&' ifis
-mportant centre of the genui l7Sd%o' "''' """"'• ^"■'^"^'"e «"c-h «'„
"f a more southern origin sin-e at n , T '■"■■; '"'•'"'^^ '*' <'"''^ ■''pecies wre
'■t'B'on. and especiallv because.s s^ o' '', " '' "''""-^^ '■^^'■«"f<l to (he a Ac
mountains. And wifh rm' to%h"":'i ^•''"'■'^' '^ ''^ '•^^-''"t from H [ ] S'
nW« IS almost circumpS u^.i o u;; Ivoiifir? "/>^S"'"s, the v4nety
the south, in Euroj)c, Siberi- nn 1 fh;P' ?• ^^''"^ '" ^"^'•"'^- 'listributed n
considering the gedg^aphiS'd- i;!^;;;!:::'^"^!^"^..!;: ^^S ^'^^'^^^ ^"
F"i'u., as It tlie genus has
Ciitiiiiliun Arctic Kf/irililion, t)IS-IS
oriKiiiiiIrd froiri morr tiitiii
one I'cnirc, vri jji^''" ••«' '<' w[MM'i('.s no cIowIv ri'lal<'<l
lis the two III <|Ufxli<tti; /', ramiliiim .iimI /'. humilr. The qilcMtiitii ax to tlirir
orJKiiml I'ciitrc seems juxi ax complicatiil a- that it( Snnr.^ni.
A xiinilar difficultv al■i^M•x wlun we ei lidr-r I'hiox Hirhnrtlxnnii. a
liieinlier of a jteiiux xo exceediimly well . xeinpiihi d in tjie Rocky inountaiiix, and
vet this x|M'cie.s is known, xo far, only from a very few xtationx on tlie aretie
Aitierieaii eoaxl. \o other expianatioii xeemx plaiixilile tliaii tlie eonsideriiiK of
the x|K'eies a.x a remnant of tin- (ilneial tliira, and .'is the xole remnant of the
demi.x, formerly dixlriinited miieh farther north luit evterminaied with lull thix
exception at tlie lii|{li-iiorthern latitude*.
\iTy few MiiraKinaceae have lieen found in the arctic renittn. Leo uoiir.
f«ir instance, niciitions only I species of Mniiiisin. t species of .U//<».ii)/;,v, | species
ol h.ntnrhntiii. and '2 species of h'.rlii iinsjn riiiiiiii as oci'urrinir in arctic Uussia,
and only I species of Miinsiili.t, and I i>( Hrilrirhiiiiii as iiilial>iliiuj arctic Siheria';
no additional species are recoided liy Kjellmaii from the north coast of SilHTia.
( )t these Miinsdtis silrdlirii was found on the north coast, hut only the typical
plant; in the .arctic region the v.ariety <»//».<//■/.< Koch is more coriiiiion aiid, as
descrilied liy Ledelioiir as l>eiii(j "hiiniilior. racemis Itreviorilnis densiiis incum-
henti-pilosis, pf>dicellix crassioriliiis. <'!dycil.us iiiaioriln;s " it is (piiie disijnet
from the type. .\ccordinK ;o I.edel.our the tyi cal plant has heeii found in
arctic Uiissin |,ut nowhere in .sil.eri,i, except in the Altai mountains and Diviiria.
\\hile Mviitiixiii imiiiviiliiln has heeii re|)orted from nianv stations in
Canada and the Tnited States, M. I)nimmi,),<lil has never I n found outside
the north coast where, moreover, it seems to ite extremelv r.are. These two
species heloiiK to the section Hii)nirtt».iia which is (|u'te "well represented in
the Rocky mountains es|)ecially, and the occurrence of M. Ihiimmomlii solely
on the north coast may he explained in the same manner as that of Phli,x liirii.
(iril^nii,. Mut with respect to M. mnrlUnm. this is a seashore pl.anf and, altho'iKh
wholly ahseiit from the Siherian coast, it is not infre(pient on the arctic coast of
this continent, as well ;is in (Ireenland and arctic Hunipe, Meinj{ a seashore plant
and at present so widely distributed in Kurope and on this continent, the species
evident. y helonns to the category of plants liich originated in the .south hut
gained s. more extended distrihution toward north wIumi the ici' recedeil like
Ilalianlhas.
The larjie family of Scrophulariaceae is in the arctic rcRion well exemplified
hy the Ki-nus J'oliciilnris hut the other jfucra are vorv poorlv reiH-esented-
for instiince, accordiiiK to Ledi-bour: Llmoxrlh, Vemiura, Cnsiildja /h,rhia'
ttii>hr,isHi, RhuKnithii.^, iuu\ Mihimi„,rum are the onlv ones, besides Pfdicnlnris
known Irom arctic Russia ; i 'cronici. ( '(tstilhja, and I'niirularis are the onlv Kciier'i
known from .arctic .xiihena. Hut among these arctic Kurasian genera is oiie which
more jHoperly belongs to the North American Hora, viz.: VuMilh-ja Of thi.s
genus ( . palluUi and the variety s,'i,knlnonnlis Crav. so widelv distributed in
{ .anada and m the mount.ains of the Tnited States, viz. : the alpine summits of the
VNhite mountains and Creen mountains of New Knglan.i. and throughout the
Rocky mountains, occur, fiirth.'rmore, in arctic I{ussia and Siberia, in Tral
Altai and Haika , in Oavuria and in Kamtchatka. besides in Alaska, and in'
bouth Greenland. i he geographical centre seems naturallv located in the
l{ocky mountains where the species is associated with sevei'al closelv related
congeners and from where it became distributed to the north, extomiinK wi.st-
ward to the American archipelago and (ireenland. westwartl across Berine
strait to Siberia and arctic Russia.
With respect to Pedicuhris. the accompanying table (Table 8) shows the
species which have been recorded from the polar regions. This table conipri.ses
onlv H. species, a "mall number, iiuiccd, when wc boar in luin.l not onlv that 120
species are recognized as "valid species" by Bent ham and Hooker but also and
quite especially, that the arctic element represents sections so exceedingly well
I
f&M^^i^i* •c:m^^fimmBitmmmm^(M[mm:iwmm
Aah, ri„„i.: a,;yrn,,h„;,l l)istrih„f!nn
I2.{ H
Ta»i.,: s.
♦-.«r:.p.„..„l ,||.„, „ ,^„ .£
JeiluuUri-. ' *
/'. '■■>-:ll„i„ I,
/' ■ll,„„,„l \,|;,„,,
''■'"/'/ ../ I.
/' ■lr:.„l,„„l,„ 1, ,
/'. :»h,..l,,. \..
I' ■'if>.ui-,„„l,. S|,.|,h.
/■ -"././„„ \V,||,|.
/'".;„„ 11, If
/• l'i',„l.,\\,\j,\, .
/'. /.,,-„/„ I..
/* Jf-ininii n I
/' I ).,!,,. \:M.
I' itiintuiii .\.||l|||».
''. ■>■■ l'lii,m-,nr„tiniim I,,
/'. ..//...„ L..,!..!,
3
s
! 3
I J
T.
.i.
.3
I
i 5'
1 I ;
<-v<'iii|)lific(| farther -nnili ■'•. .i. ' ' — —
-!» -p-.i,..- arc rcronio,! froi , Alt.,; , 7' ""." ^<•"h Ammticu IS an. (.ndeinic"-
t aiica.siK. not I.W.. ,1 ; A' • \' • '.' ''•"I<'iiiic; ol (J„. i() s,„.,.i,.. .,.""'
fWIL. ~<:^J^rm^i^^^r
)J» n
Canadian Arclic k'jrpflitum, Ijl3-t8
rvcn if ili(. Sciindiiiftvian inlnnd ice forcr.! the pliiritfi to iiiiRrntp tit tin- ^oiith
tlicri- iMJKlit, rii'VprlholcftM, liuv*- lu-i-n time and conditionn lator on fo givp riw
to Hoiiit' ctidi'iiiic clciiicnt pvfti tlioiiuli tl"' tfonriipliic iMiNJiion of tlit- coiinlry i^*
rath.T northern. For, as |M(iril«'d out t.v Nathorst, llu> Alps in npitr of ilioir
relatively voimn ane, poxM-^s many alpine iiKTies uhout two-thirds of whiih arc
eiideinic to tlie.«e niotintainM.
Il now the (|iiestion lie asked where the arctic American species oriKinated,
we mJKht siinKcst that the circnnipolar s|H'cies came from the arctic regions.
Hut the olijection naturally will !«• made that theve, viz.: /'. Inpfmiiiin, i'.
Iiirsiilii,n\u\ p. siiilitini are at present hetter representeil in Silwria where, more-
over, they urn associateil with allied j-peeies. Ami the Silierian alliance of
I'nliciiliirtH corresponds Ix-ller with the circumpolar than d<M's reallv tin- North
American.
'I'he nenus IS w.ll repre.-enled in the Himalayas, since Hooker ( Flor.i of Mr.
Ind. I.e.) has creilited Xt sp<eies to these mountains; of these 2 occur al^o in
Altai. 2 in Haikal, while /'. lerlii-illala and /'. (kderi are, as we know, widely
distrihiited farther north, east, and west; the rpmaininR 29 species are endemic
to the lliinuluyas.
Several of the arctic sitecies reach a oon.siderabiy hi^h latitude, for instance
those recorded from SpitzlterRen; with regard to the Greenland sjiecies P
hirmita oxtend.s to l.at. 81° 7' on the west coast, and to Lat. 74" 40' on the east
coast (DufK'-n); fuithermore, /'. Inpponirn, P. lanaia, and /'. capilcla arc reported
froiii resp. Lat. 78^ 18', l.at. 79°, and J.at. 78° 18' on the west coast; P.flammea
reaches l.at. 74° on both coast.s. And with regard to the altitude which the
8r>ecios att'un in the mountains, P. sdvntica, P. Inppoiiica, and P. Ocderi ascend
to about 3,t)00 feet in Norway; in the Alps of Switzerland /'. vcrticillala has lj«>en
recorded from 9,000 feet (Heer, I.e.), and in the Himalavas most of the endemic
species are alpine and several reach an elevation as high as 14-lti,00() feet; P.
rnlictlldtu and /'. Otderi are in these mountains reported from resp. 1^,000 and
lOjOCMI lf'(*t.
Witii regard to di.stribution, P. vcrticillnta exhibits the widest distribution
esiwcLilIy southward, extendinfj to the Alp.s of Switzerland, .Altai, and the Hima-
layas; in the north it is ab.sont from the arctic American MrLliipclafro, (iroenland
Spitzbergen, and Scandinavia; thus it cannot be considered circumpolar. The
present distribution of the species in the north, and at the .same time its occur-
rence in the Alf)s s ns to indicate the probabilitv of it iiaving had a former
more extensive distribution northward during the glacial epoch. /'. flamnwa
absent ficm Siberia but present in the arcti<- American archipelago, in (ireen-
land, Srandinavia. Hiissia, and even in Iceland and the Alps, evidentlv originated
111 the north and i.resumably in the arctic regions of this continent and of western
Europe. On tlie other hand, P. ihdin, totallv absent from North America and
Cireenland but extending from Kamtchatka thro-rh Siberia and Hus.sia to
Scandinavia and present in Altai and tlie Himalavas, may have had the centre
located ill the north of the Eurasian continent since it is not at present a .southern
species either in hurope or in Asia. P. mphnmoidcs is a genuine American
type with .•several close allies in the Kocky mountains, and the Asiatic element
of this species came undoubtedly from this continent where it is widely di.s-
tributed south of the arctic region, from Labra.lor throughout the continent to
Bering strait. While P. urdu-a is known onlv from .'irctic America Siberia
and Kamtchatka, P. lanata occurs also in Greeiilami, Spitzbergcn, .■m'd Nova
Zembla. but they both evidently originated from the polar regions of these two
continents, .Vmerica or Siberia; the .same mav be th . - -
Th
affir
ry lui-ai /'. Kami replaces /■
iC CISC also of P. canitnln.
rctica in tireenland; /'. villom "nulli
im consocianda," as stated by I.edebour (I.e.), is a Siberian ti .
hyncolophae, this is contiiled to the
respt ct to P. grocidandica of the .section Pk
type. With
A It Hi- I 'hints: (,
'e"liiaf>hi(,il liinlnl.
iiliiif,
I2:> B
""• vl^i::; '.flii::::;; il;:;;:::^^:;;;!:;.:;,;^-;:"""; - i^ -,....„,., ,,v
"""'""■<' '" -'.1. u small .... ' , ,. Thov ,ln ; "* '' ,'**"'"""- 'l"v.l,.p..V|.„t
f;;:;?"'^'''";';/''- i^.;n."i;.";!;::.r"" -"• """ --> ••.
"•'itharn and Hooker, rinlit Mr«M„.- «. i "^ '"■ •■•.inprH.s, acconjini, („
;;i...i. .:x..n,i ,o ,i.,. .IrCi' r^io I voh';.'';':'"" ^^'"/^"' •^^'"- -"- '-f
u' vara.ty .S7r//o„ (rf,„„.. ,., S.l 1) i ,-.;i r)/"': ''''1 ''• f''*""" '="<"r'" ^vifh
S(. I.avvr,.n,,. hay (Kjrlln.n,,) o Inl in,, . '" '" '"''"'' •'^''"•'■'''- f*-""'
Narnoj,.don,,„ vor.us caounu-r, n o ^ So f, ''; ^'"■'■''''>' '""- '" «">'-*'•■': "Torru
'H.,pr....|,l)," an.i it in al.senf f , S,.',; ' '" '":','"" l!'-"""""..'ii Mikulkin
Amenca.. an.i.ipolaKo. The .onS';;!.,::;';::: ".liia.^'^iS:"'' "'"' "'" ■''''"'
Konu« whid, have been fou id h , ,0 aSie r ''■ ''" ""c V'" ""'>' "'"''•"'^■^ "f «»"-•
Krow .n A,nori.a except as an '. ' p^fr mT^''/'''' ''^""'' '*"■ ''*'♦" '"'^"^ »°t
gcmTaliv m tlK. mountains an.lon , rent i.'^^ cool woods an.i by brooks,
and with r..Kard to Siberia Kiel anti^n, , n ^''V' '•' '"'" '" "^'•'"^ «"-«''•»
Bay, St. Lawrence Bay, Term T .hukN'l. ? '''•^'':'';""""« "« f-H-ws: Konvan
ILverOlenek ami LenaVTai,, vr I i r ' 1' '"' ^"1'"',' i'^er, n.or.th of" ,he
occurs also i„ Caueasu, Altai an, ik.'. '""""' "^ *'"' ^'''■' ■'""'^''i: 't
i.Hola.e,l position in Kussia and S I, 7 in,:!\r'?''''« '* °'^,^"''''- '^ ^<''--«-l.at.
southern regions, notablv Caucasus '"^'"■'^■*'* ""'" '"-e natives of
two ^'il^i'CvX^^ "• "'<; ..or.hern Rocky n.. tains
't wo.ild thus a,,pear as if th, Renu h' ! 'T ''? '■""■'^'.•''■••••<' a-'' '■L.se allies;
ment on this ,„ntiMent lo.'ated in the norlh er Jl" " ^-"nl-ulion and .l.-velo,,-
Horld. Caucasus with its tuncVpeci s n.r nf \^"'^-' •""""•«'"■«• I" <1k' <>d
""•• ••'"""'•■'■ •■'■ntre, an.i the fac X f ? < ''' '"'" "'"''•"••*'•. >"ust ....nsti-
to these ni..untains nn^rl.t indicate thai 'fZ " ''.•"",""« "'" ^l"'-'"^ it,.li«,.nous
•■'■rtau.ly woul.l b,. ,|iffi,ult .0 c. nb „". these ^0''' ^l'' ''"'.■'' ''"^'' •"■'«'"; ^^
"Mly on a.Tount of the gr.-at .listance b f.? '"'"■"' ''"*' "'"•'' '"'"•••. "Ot
element .levelopcd in these n'ountaills "" '"''"""^ "^ ^'"^ ^'''•.V distinct
''per'l!;.,II;spS",rtr;d/t;^'':Sr''*''''^ '^""'f-" <»"'' "ooker
onentali n.piosissinme/' so „e L h^ • '";•"«'""« -Moditerranea imprimis
♦heso C.,m;.«„u/a t/m7?.,ra isrem^,,!',' ''"?''• '", ^^"^ ''^^''tic rcKions; amone
SpitzberKe,.(Eaton):7•2°7'ontheul,/''''^^'''*"t'' ""' ^^^ ""^^h us 79= "n
and 74° 40' .,n the ea coast (Du^n H "^ ^='"7'«"d. Cape York (Xathorst^
species have been tecorded fromlh e nr 'f'"''""' "'*' ^'''^ ^'^''♦' '^^ f"--. '^"'v four
consider the distribution of ffle sTr F.- r'Z""' '2""' ^^"rprisit.K when we
Europe and Caucasus espeeiallv ^1'^.' iTn'f/t'" *^«."JO""tainsof Antral
and (.ieriiiany not less thir 91 =V> " ■" '/'^;™""'^'ns 01 Switzerland, Austria
and with regard to Caucasris 9ft '^ T '"f'^^no"**, several of whi.h area nine'
I2t; r.
Arrlii- K.ri)filitiiiii. IDI.i-IS
I lie species (i
r ii
lis i;eniis
\y<
iiiiiii.t
loiiliiiiis llie most iiiiiMirlniit centres of
<|n<.te fi„i„ I)eCan.l(.lle-s excellent nionoitlMlih ' the .l;il;i :,s follow: Sp.-.nisli
leninsiila: IS species, (i eiKJeniic. Italy aiitl Daliiiatia: :{(i species, I I endeniic
(.recce and Asia Minor: :{(1 si)ecies, 21 einleniic. France, Corsica and Sardinia'
1.5 s|)ecies, none endeniic.
■With regard to Siberia, 11 species are known from Iral, 10 from Altai, and
(from Haikal. Neverllieless, the iiiiinlter of arctic species is extremely small.
VIZ.: r. luiifliini 1,., r. Insliicdriiii ])('., <\ riitiimlif '.- L., xnr. itrclicti l.'jre,, and
('. Orncniaiiilini Herlin:'-' and straiinc to say, C. • ,.,'..■ ;- f,i,...„t from Hiis~ia and
Siberia with the only exception of Koiiyam l..- uliere Kie;;i,, i found it, .Xova
/(■inl>la, and Arakamtscheischene island (('. \ 'fj i .
Still the s[)ecies occurs in Scandinavia, S-'it, ..criie:!, liri ■iiland, the north
coast of this continent, .nclii. linn the archipehiKo,.';,;-. '•in ',;il)rador to \la-ka
and .«()iith to the Colorado J{()cky mountains.
Hy the struct UfP of the flower and the capsule, besides bv t he habit . ( '. iniillnrii
appears to be an ally of C. ainxlii I.., a native of the alpiiie refrions of the .Mps.
Hut It shows no iniriiediate affinity with ('. Insiuair/tn Cliani. except •capsiila
laterahter versus a|)icem dehisc.-ntc" DeCandolle regards C. bisiocarjui as an
ally (.1 s.mie Siberian sp(-cies, not iblyT. Athiwi Mieb. and C. diisijiiiiiha Hieb.,
but 11 ( iffersfrom these, however, by t he sinuses of t he calyx beinfr onlv minutelv
;ippendiciilat.';r. lasionir/iii is n native of the al|)ine summits of tlie hifrh-norther'n
Kocky mountains and of the northwest coast and islands; C. it„.-<,in,itht, ic.
I'llost, Pall.) inhabits Alaska and the Aleutian islands, Kamtchatka ami eastern
Siberia: ('. Ailtinil. on tli
\V(
lie (It tier hand, is a native of Caucasus,
have thus in these species of ('(ii)ipiniiilii. represented in the arctic
rcRions a coniimnjrliiifi- of types amoiin which ( . ,iiiijli,ni occupies a soniewli;it
ISO ated position: consideriiifr the wide distribution on this continent where it is
cither arctic or alpine, it seems probable that C. uiiitl-ini is a mi'inber of the old
Kliicial vegetation, and that the centre of its distribution was located in the
arctic regions ot this continent. 'I'he occurrence of this s|)oeie.s in Scandinavia
IS one ol the .several cases which Xathor.st has mentioned as demonstiatinjc the
prob:il,|e road ol migration of the American element across ( Ireenland to Ic.'land
and Scandinavia. With '-(.jj,.,,-,! to CamiMiiulu roliimlifolio. this is not an arctic;
!.vi)c. JudKinn from its predomin.ant distribution southward, but the species
is evidently one of tho.se that acc(mipaiiied the arctic flora on its retreat to the
nortli Hut in the arctic refrioiis C. n,tiniillf„lin has developed a tvpe. 'T.
firinnlandia, Herl.," which tofrether with the varietv „M>cn l.tre. thus represents
the sj)eci.'s m the far north
As regards C. Ii,sii>air/Mi on the northwest coast, this is undoiibi.Mllv of
Siberian origin, as indicated by DeCandoHe, and the same is the case of C.
an.si/inil/H,. Ihe analogy in floral structure, through which these ap|)ear to be
related to the ( aucasian ( . Adann'. is one of the manv instances of analogous
structures beuiK posses.se.l by plants at ^tation.s ever so remoto and resulting,
sonietunes I believe, in the development of identically the s;ime .sp(>cies.
If we finally consider llie Conipositae, a .score of species is all that the expedi-
tion Imiujrlit home from the north coast, and nowhere in the arctic is this familv
much m evidence in proportion to its size, son
described. Fr
")0s
(I
om ar(
(lin.MVia
Hart
proportion to its size, some 12.()()() species havinp; been
ti( l^iissia and arctic Siberia we have only record of about
irea of arctic Scan-
pecies accordinn to l.edebour (I.e.), while from the small
man (I.e.) has eiiiin.i rati d about ,"0 .-pecies. \s of which are Hiciaci
in (;r( cnlard the family is r( !))( s< nt< il 1 v al cuit 30 s
"i'
ducct
\\n(\i<. jirincipally at the colony Ivigtut.
1 ccie;
1(1 of which are intro-
\ll)li(ins<' DcCiindoilc: .MoncKiapliii- cics (
' K.irl
vuxtcr, iriwui
lado
:irii|):i'uilim'MM. I'ivri<. ls:10.
liT ikri Svi'iisli;! l-ApoililiDni'ii (ill (iriiiilaml l«:i. \.c. p. M.
.1 irlir I'ldiit.-
(
fixjrd/ihmil D
Ht'iui^ rcpn
oiiccriirnji t
nstrioiilion
iiixoiii Alask
•prcM'mfvl: ii
I"' matciKil .•ollcct,.,!, 1
and M
a \vi
itli adj
IN not
A7(
■onnncd to tl
I I I 'I
' .^ii/i; ((•«.•>• IS I
loniatni; it is lu.i
"■'•nt islands, hosid
'■ aunc coast, I
ii, f I.,. 14.. . t
'<iiikal,atidl)
•ollcctcd in tl
a villi a
•iKllc in .sil)(.i|.| |,„|
'Sin tlir'Kocl
I I .. I I
.1 .v/,
the f
inoiH
loiliicr ocelli's ;i
'" ;"<■'!(• rcjrioiis of tl
/•iii'o .. I .. . ; . .1 ■ ,
iniix I.
ami .1
1
1^/ B
of tho
OCClll'.'',
...I- .11 M \()iiiint{
Ixilir iVorii VIimi'
n(> oiiiv iiii'inh
I
iiini
l".l<l"'<ii !(■■< 1. 111(11 1
I !>■ i.'l,,',.l. ,1 I .
...11 I
I.. .
.Ill
I' aiKi I
Haikal,and J)avi
i.y tl
lint
so Ml I
iicriiKii-
• IJocj.
'"•- coiiiiiicnt to wliicli ii
\' till tiifi t ,1 1 1... .1 , I
•'"• "Olll I1C(>II
III- 1^ >t> .l.<: I .
',> iiioiiiil;
If Variety nrcll
In A
Ilia. Asf,
Tli. I-
iM(iit,'eiioiis to ( ,.,|
'.•/. ,„/;.. ... I .
IIM-^ WIIU 11 I (
.tl I.I i.> roilIIIICd
I .>< loo ( i\
/"'/"//// J.. Kinws ill luiiiiail
"<" i.ai. I!) (I)
■1 (".,,,,... .
Illll IJIIssi,!. (".•iiie;isils, ,\|(,.,
IllOStI
y le|)rcselitpd
in til
rif/cmn we Imv tl
onth, l'le(|iieiitiv
c<mp„s,his, (,n the otlier 1
wlicic tliev evidi
"' '•''■'"".'r"'l.''>- /:. ><>uJlon,s, also widelv „|.
i;ino, ;iie Letter i-(
tl
on]
"'V are in speeies of tl
ciitiy develop,.,!. \
'|)ioscnted ill III,. |{,„.|^
y seven speci,.s I
and till
Th
fijlin
lave
lie Kcniis, const it lit
I inalter of f;„.t tl
.f tlie
ic..<e lllollnlain^
lisliiiiilted
.ilid A'.
.^■ nioiiniain.s
"■•■n reported from Caueiisiis
nio.st iiiiport.Miit c(
llcll M.S
ni;iv als
<'llcllliipo|;ir .[),l,;in„i
" '«' appii,.,! t„ _\|,.
two of vvlii.li :u
litres
■e ciideinic
J'.'iicniai typ,.s fr,,,,, „liicl
intcrestinfr,„,|„ii,.,,,|„..,|,„,|,|
I I lie .V
'''(( lll/limi |||;iv
irlh .Vnieric.iii
well
iiisidere,!
tlii
with ti
.1.
continent,
•■veil Ihoil^rji ,|||,|,|
llceofsp,.cies„f th
!<'iiicnt has develop,.,], j
Slcdzidni, 'I
(I<
ic rcpreseht,ition of 1 1,.
yxit/nr,, U. Hr., .1. ,/„,„,, (
I loo iiiain- h
■Kcniis whici
ii.s one „f (I
t 1,-
IVe l),.,.n prop,,sei|
iaieri'|)res,.iiie,|,,,|
K.;.n.sin theOld \V„|.M; a'. nl/.,'na (J
icreiii.
112)
Cliri/sdnt/ii III
'"••'z. (H.iikal. I)
coiisidercl ill,. lit
lun iiiti(!rif,,l
iviiri.-i); I
■"■rtii,, .1. nihiruiiihi Kocli (A
in coiiipaiisoi
H. Hr.
>wever. the 1
rniciii;i), and .1.
K'.'il ^yith L,,,nl(i/„„l
|>^I of the.s,. is liy Traill
Kcniis mdifrenoiis to Xorih A
"'"/ .-UK
I (■
'/"I'litiin xihirictiiH.
vetter
•'^ca coast and "'|
'erra 'I'schnk
""■rica: of the.s,. ||,e f
(ircticuni are tin
If only species of t|
iJiy to arctic Alaska, K,init,.l
tclioriim" vvliil,. th,. ];,|
ornier is ,.oiifin,.,| |,) t|
it 1
las also
111
• ••r extends
'le
'IC arctic
iH'ii found in I.a|)laiid
ii. cn.-^tcrn Siberia ( piii,.^,,: j
from Jill, Is,, n
ij i-oiifi- I7:{^1'(' W,
While the genus /■
, i/irthri
isoniyiepn.seiited Kyasiiifrl
.'"■■•"■ Mlly of r/,/7/,v,,,,//„.,„„,
and l{ti
.-.^i.'i
Al
exemplified hyahoiit 40
peci,.s, the arctii' /»>/„„„/,
in this
xiut 120 s
I-edel)our and T
lowland
ii'om
Can
plants Kill
pecies of ,1//,
••Hit vetter, and a I
pecies, mostly nati
w^^7V/ .•ire recorded from
'" Willd., it
)f .Ml
ii"^ continent
IN in .^ili(.ria
liand ('am
-oiii,. liavi
:d)oiit (iOfroni tl
I{
llssi;i ail,
ll.so 1,
nioiiiitains(alioiit i
"*ome of the .Vi
easiis (al.out 20 sp,.,.i,.s), Altai (al
en recorded from i|
lis continent; in,,st „f ih,
•■^ilieria. hv
se are
instance: .1. HirhnnI
tjlohiilmia < '1
specie;
iieri,an element is 1
loiit 40 s
'e mountains, iiotaMv
•ecies). and III,. |{,„,|^;.
SII//IIUIII.
A.
lest r"|ires,'ni,.d in th
th
lain.
eso repions may thus ha
mil .1. hiirailis I
■•iiiijdriiK'nsis M,
'//'
.'tlpine speci,
to the d(.vel
irtl
ler .south: so
ve consiitiii,.,] a
where
■ arcti,. rej;i,)ns, f,
'imnild I,,., I,.
.1.
ley cvKh.iitly develop,.,!, ami
>iiieoth,.r centn
n iiiipoit.int centre f,
'i'l
opmeiit of speciVs, mav have I
>r .sever.al
ol the
)e(
""'I'erhap.s still „„„.,. ,■„,,„„.,.,„,
but vcrv f
leltirge jr,.niis.S'
tl
ley are almost
ew occur i,, t|
''•■»cr/<,isal.so well n
■n siiiiat,.,! in Caucasus and Alt
prescnte.
in I A
circiimjjolar
lie Jircti,. regi,,!,; the.s,. ;ii,. maiiilv tl
irasi.M and Xorth .A
merica
■aine species an,/
(JUS 11
i" the only ,„„. j<
"'"' Hichards. is by Ledel
• oast and islands south ahmKtl
iiown from this eontin,.nt, I
loiir ref,'rre,I to the Hf.nus )
the sj)e{.ies
species of ]
Altai, Haika
'iiiK distributed fi
iia--
'<'-cii reported from .Vi
file moiiiitiiins to Colorado ami Calif
iiiiiKjid and it
'ini the arctic
""".</'" arc describ,.,! by I.,.,!,.|
lai, Kaikal
and Davur
orn!;i; in .\;
■ta
uid I)
ivuria. It would th.
iiir, one from Cam
IS ap|)ear as if thi
la. Some other
asus, and ;j fro,,)
iiiKiilar little gen
II.S
128 B
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
Ims (Icvrlopcd in tho mountains as far apart as Caucasus and Altai; the American
species undoubtedly oriRinatcd in AJf.ii, and its occurre-ice on the arctic shore
may simply indicate the road it followed from these mountains across the Berine
strait. It IS a peculiar fact that tli. -pccics, in spite of this enormous ranire
eastward and southward, has develoi .1 no varieties on this continent as is the
case with the plant in Altai, Baikal, and Davuria.
'Jll(
■"^'■ctic n,>U,: Convluduuj Hnn,„h.
^■HAPTE,: UL COXCTUDIX.; RKAIARKS.
12!» H
istie is t ,...'' '"•'"' "* "''^ ''oiitincnt A?. <•?! ' ■''"' ''""' "'i'lorial
»»«*»,, testifi;;'"- ■■■"I "><■■' «"'" ».<■ "... ..i.*.,,'.,' thf ,s;"e/'S'';?"-
Concurning the foJiao-P fK . i or / (cea
ISO 11
CiiiKiiliiJii Aiclir K.rpiih'tion. Ifil.l-IH
iKil scciri U> iiiatiiff
"(///, h'tiijielrmii, liiilnis. mimI
:api(i|)hytor
irclic floi'M i>
tlic meal iiiiijoiity < .
' iiiii(,iiiip hciiiff f 1|(. only Mtilillals
i'liciT ;\vo aii^i niaiiy ty|)(> of inlldic-c rice- iciinscntcil iu ihcsc icuii)i]
hut thf iinihcl is liirc; :■ ,1 with n.oar<l t(. tlif timal ^tni-'i iim'. tlic actiiioinorphi
and z\>ruiii<)i|ihic ono^ arc l.nih (dininnn an<l ali,i(i>l (-(luallv rcprcicritcd
With nKMid to the fruit, tlic flc>li\ ivpc i~ laiv and di.cs
cvcry year as is evidenced in the (icncia \'(i(riii
Arclt>.^/(il)lil/los.
("crlain liiol«i(jical iy|)cs of plants are totally aliscnl from the polar regions;
there arc no dunliers and tio true |)arasitcs of t he r(,.v,„^, or Am iilhnliiiim Ivpc-
yet I'fihriildiis is a root-para-iic l>iii one havinu a srecn foliajif
seem to lie ahsent allojictlicr.
Thus, with hut a \-cr\ feu c\(i|)lions, \i/.: I'l •licihiris. (he
composed of .illtopliytcs. hcrhs as well as shrubs, with
th(> lierli^ perennial, Kinnif/iiiJ,'! iiHhiki. uml I'h
in arctic North America, not inchidinf; .a few aciident.ally iiitroducid wi'cds.
Considering the general char.ictcrist ics of the arctic plants, one cannot
liclp hut recall the picture of the ;dpine Mora in irenenil. I'racticallv, the arctic
flora is diversified to the same cNtent .■ind represeiued hy the same elemcnls;
the iamiiies, genera, atid species .iri' either idcntic-illy the same or i(>prescnted
hy analogous types, some of which m;iy he endemjc while others may have
immicr.atcd from other districts. Tlii,- >imilarity in composition cxistinsr hetwcen
the .arclic and I lie alpine floras. a> well ;is the anaiony in the morphological
structure of the plants, is, mviil lieless. a^^sociatcd with such diversities of
•oiiditions as offer, for inst.-ince. the tmidrasof the .arctic and the Jilpine sunu-.its
of the soul h.
CoMcerninH the origin of the .-irclic and of the al|>inc vegetation :is it
now cMsls. It may he nientioned th.al Xalhorst is in favour of the siiiipositioii
that the arclic \egelation. at least to some cxteiu, originated in the lowlands of
the polar regions, l.ut that the greater portion w,is originallv alpine. 'I
flic line helwceii these two elenieiil
entitled to consider niosi of t
north; and liesides. there are (|Uit(> a tew species which ;ire not circiimpolar hut,
nevertheless, hetler represented in the north where they are more alnindant';
these nia\- .mIm) he considered remnants of an arctic vegetation.
Witii the iiiorphological sirucliire .so remarkahlv unif(jrm in the arctic
and alpine elements, we must consider them from anoihcr viewpoint, namelv
as "species," Developed .as stich, the arctic element appears, sometimes, as
more or less i.soluIc<l types like J'lniniixKjoH, Dujiiiiitia. Arctoiihilit, Tofiddiii,
Oxiiriu. hnrnitjKi, Mi,ii„lvf,is. MucLia. DomiUisin, I'dcluijilcuniiii. etc. (Jr we
may trace an arctic origin in sjx'cies of even largo genera, whether circumi)olar
or simply arctic. For instance. S(t.rifra,iii <'ontains types .Mime of which arc de-
cidedly of arctic, others of al|)ine origin, as demonstr.'ited in the preceding pages.
portion w.is originally alpine, lo draw
seems impossible, even if we may feel
circunipol.ar sfx-cies to have originated it. the
RttKuiiiiiliis, Slillariii. I'lilinlillii. ;iiid several other genera, not speaking of tl
CIramiiicae and ryperaccae, also illustrate such diversity of origin, arctic (
alpiiic,
As a mailer of fact, se\eral of ll
inoty])ic or nearly so; or in case of ]arg(' genera, t
le genera characteristic of tlic polar region:
iiifre(|ucntiy .somewhat isolated, i.e. from
!ic arctic species are not
epresenting gl.acial types of the respect iv
1 systematic ooint of view, as if actuuilv
piiinnn iimjltnii
I'
l'"l!IU
(ini/d rtiiioomr
P
oninii vinpiiruni
Eutr
genera. 1 think especially of (Jam-
Erlu
■<ls
lira
]>urpuraficen6:
urdicu, Rnnnnculus ijliwinlls. R. Pallaxii. Saxifraq^
fliKjiHiin.--, S<ilix polaris, S. retinihita, etc. And judging from tlieir presc '
■nt
geographical distribution I take these to he arctic tvpes having originated in
these regions and acquired a specific structure which make< them distinct from
.such of their coMgener.s a.s are also distributed in the arctic regions hut of which
the original ceiiiic ar)peais (o have been located farthe\ south, and prinr'iitallv
in the higher mountains.
■1r,l„ /■'.."/., I ■„„,,„,,„,, „„„„,.,,,
";• ''-'''^ •''."ni:n;t;:;r;i;;:::' '"' ""■ •^''"-' '''-"^ -— . i-.i.,.,,,,.,, ..„ ,
. K' an,l an.,i,. Hon.s, o, I.,,,.., , :• . ^;:^,,^ '.. •;''''«'^'' "; -•MP.-s. ,l,a, „. !
"""""'""'■ :"«! ■i.,iri> «vr. ,„.,| , ,^ ' ""''"'i.TOly ".v,. it,,.,,. „,ij„, ,„ ' ,"-
I l"l ..,■ ,,.„,l,„,l ,li.<,,„„i„„.„„ f, ,,>";',';'""' """■" '""" '""■■■ ""^r-
I
a.
ISJ 1.
Canadian Arctic Expedition, WIS-IH
Up- .....stirun- a wry natural littlo family; with tlio cx(;option of I'^ndn
ira„d,Jhra ^uulhr typical P. rotand.foUa. th.y ar,.- .sylvan typo.s and th.v r>tc'n
nf 7. rr'"."'*' '"!'' ""'•' ^*^'''" f'"'"i"K s.nall colonics; reproduction bv n.oans
of .oot-shoo s IS .l.aracK.ristic of sovoral of the species. We have seen fron.
the jreoRrjiphical tabl. (Table G) how P^rola minor extends clear across the
northern hennspherc reaching the arctic regions on this continent, includinK
Greenland .n .Scand.nay.a, an.l in Russia; a similarily wide .listHbution is
eMMl.ited hy / . ,„tnnd,foha. it being absent only from our arctic coast, Greenland
an,, Iceland. ,.,nd by P .sn;mda which is absent from tiie northeastern corner- of
Asia: lerra J schnkt Chorum and Kamtchatka. Then with regard to .Unne.'ies
his show^s the same distribution as P. ,ecunda but is ab.sent from Caucasus.'
Jinally, P rhloruntha is alxsent from t.>n of the eighteen districts enumerated
on t tie table, namely: our north coast Greenli.nd, llus.sia, Siberia and
the p' 'eiees" "* '■'''"■'^'"^"^•■'' '" ^'"'"J'*' ""O"' I'''">"ark south to the Alps .and
We have thus four species of a remarkably wide distribution in both Worlds
Ncvertheless, the Pyrolac.-ae are be.st re])re.se:ited on this continent, the home of
thn-e species oi (h,mai,hiln besides of Piirolaclliptica, P. picta, P. chimaphil-
wd,x, and /'. aphjlla. an.l the foliage of th.- last three species resembles that of
(lumnplula more than that of P,,r.>h; in Europ.^ there is a .somewhat isolated
type: /. m,-,Un. It is mten.sting to i.otiee that wliile P. chlorantha is absent
from .VsiaMaximowici: ' .hs.oveied a near ally of it, /'. renifolin, in coniferous
woods in the Amur distri.'t where, moreover. P. secnndn, P. rotundifoUa, Mon-
i'so-1. and ( Inind/ifiild uwhclliitd were collected.
It would thus ap[)ear a.< if the centre of the Pyrola.'eae might have been
..cated on this contiiMM.t, r.ather than in the Old World, inasmuch as the Mono-
tropeae. the nearest allied family, are also best represented here, with seven
in'rum'Ie""" •'"'' '^'""'''''' "'' ''''''''' ■^^'"""''"1"' '■' ""' ""'y K'^"us occurring also
However, when we bear in mind that P. minor and tvpical P. rotund,fol,a
are mu.'Ii more abundant in Kun.pe than on this continent, it might be more
oiiect not to include them in the American element, I mean the element
which i)resiimably originated on this continent.
With respect to P. rhloruntha it .seems difficult to combine its distribiii,„n
iti L.irop.- with that on this continent and, as st,'.ted above, it is absent from ill
of Asia. 1 he occurrence of Chimaphila uuibeUata in Europe causes al.so e
difficulty but Its distribution m Asia. Altai for instanc.-. mav point towards a
lormer, much wider distribution, at present disconnected.
Taking all points into consideration it .seems a most difficult task to treaf
the distribution of this singular littl.- family, almost exclusivelv confine.l to the
temperate regions of M,th Worlds, and being mostlv svlvan types. For whether
their centre of aistiibiition, or let us .say development, be placed on this con-
tinent or in Europe, the question will necessarilv arise how these little plant-
have remained so unchiingei on both continents when, as stated bv Darwin -
I ^'.*J'r^f"1*^ * "^ "?.''■ '"'"^ !)ioductions of the temperate regions of the New
and Old ^^orlds, we hnd very few identical species, but we find in every great
class many forms, wlmh some naturalists .ank as geographical races, -.nd others
as distinct species; and a host of closely allied or representative forms which
are ranked by all naturalists as specifically distinct." "
With respect to the Pyrolaceae some certain "geographical races" have
become developed, notably of Chimnphila xmbellata, Pyrola secunda, and P
roundifoha, but, nevertheless, the typical species are represented in both Worlds.
Otherwise with r spect to the plants with which they are associated.
' Primiliai' Fkir. Amur. I.e. p. li)0.
' Oriuin of Specify, p. 441.
MM
I IIP follouilijr I,„, . II I
^' I'u'oin .Ilia,;;.. o, ,; ':t"" "^?"''^'«'= -r .p..;,
^J-"ylMn,| ..uul Vi,KiM,,
'''i"'<i/j/Hlau»ih,l/af„
' . ntiiriiliita .
hiroh' sivu,i,la,
■''• chhiniiilhii . .
/'• I'cluiiilifoi;,,
/'• elli/i/in, , .
■]'"""(>■«/>., l,„nun„nsa
\l- inuj/nn,. . .
'•""ilium liiih,.<r,',is
'/"■"Ilorhun ,„h„ilnrlu:^,
' !i/'>'/>r,llu>„ uauilr
(^'•'•//M- .s/KTtnhi/i.,
Ilnracium v, i,„si(,„
' inn i-(iri)li„i,ui,i
;""lali,.l(.f.,,i„T,u;,Vlr
^'I'lilalisamriauui....
ij:i B
- Uilli
;inia
" '"'■■■"IJfi.Miiiw
""' in i.'.ii<,pi_.
1/
/'.
/'.
J'.
/'.
Minark.
"■"i'lUiit,,.
" ' '■■< n/Hil„rii.
•-" liniil.
'iiiiithii.
■ M. L,.nia,
■ <■. ,/,,,
"/'(.
('"/(/.
■..(). l/n
■ . .11. Iii'irai niii,
. . I . Xl^lr„lu-il,
J.. I,,,,, all. s.
.'J.I iir,,/ii)^fi_
'■" ''"■"■ 'A'pical
'iia\ .■irijiiir,, .,
■^ '"•'■III. Ill li,,,
' ^ •:'',!""" '• '^ ''''^*"i;"r";;'':' '"'-'■■'" '■■<•■ '' -■■:::•i;:^l":,';.t:■;'
to lM,,o,,e" W u. '7''' ''•■'!" '"•'•">M|.a„ir.,i ' 1 . Pv; ''''' '■^''"'Iimk far no,'.
=HH&S;r¥»--"- ""
a single a.-S "'"'""' ^'^"^ "'" I""'-'.lKy of ui.^, .',:,,';;;••.'-'«<■ c..lls i,„.
131 B
Canadian Arctic Expnlilion, 1913-18
And pven if such ilual orijjin may luitu.illv he. n r.iro occurrence, I cannot
t'xphiin till! distribution of Anemone trifulia, I'nfxtmr pi,i<nnic,nm, fAoydia, uiid
some other plants in any other way than that they havi- originated from several
I'cntros.
In the preceding pages I have discussed tho remarkable devi^lopmeiit of
the geniw Sirrcrsiii at several points remote from each other, and although the
genus is both rctic and alpine, the origin of thi; gi'ri;n may be interpreted in
the SMine lighi as I'ljrola, Munesex, and ChimnphiUt.
We have seen that iS'. yladalin, S. I{oK>"i, S. calthifolin, S. radintn, and >S.
trifiora are natives of this continent, and that N. fjlacialis and .S. Rosxii occur
also in eastern Siberia, S. nilthifolia in Kamtchatka; furthermore, that S.
rrplatia and .s'. monUtna are endemic to the Alps and Pyrenees, ,S. eliita to the
Himalayas; that »S'. aticfiionoidcs is a natixc cf Kamtchatka and Japan, S.
kuiatiirica Heg. et Schmalli. of Turkestan.
Ill other words, there must have been nio'e than one centre from where the
genus developed, two on this continent, viz.: the arctic coast; a .second one in
the Appalachian mountains; a third one in the Alps and Pyrenees; and a fourth
one in the Himalayas. The arctic element may well be connected with 'he
species in Kamtchatka and Japan, but the oiher species are so isolated that no
I'onnoction seems possible. With reference to the species themselves, the struc-
ture of the style, it being iointed, wholly persistent and straight, is a constant
charaetiT in the genus. hile the style is glabrous in .S'. liossii, it is pilose
in all the other specie.s; furmermore, the petals are erect, not spreading, and of
a redilish colour in .V. trijlora, but in all the others the petals are yellow and
spreading. The memlievs of Sierersia thus slinw the same sectional structures as
dcum with regard to the flowers, viz.: Caryophyllastrum: petals white, greenish-
yellow to golden-yellow, spreading; Caryophyllata: petals purplish, erect.
The nearest ally o! Sieversia is ^Vitm, repre.senteu on tnis continent by eight
species, four of which are endemic. Among these (/. macro phylluin extends to
Kamtchatka. (!. Mriclnm is, on the other hand, widely (listributed through
iSiberia to Central Russia, including Caucasus and the Altai mountain.s. G.
rivalc, though not infrequent especially throughout the northern parts of this
continent, is more generally distributed in IJuope and Siberia; (/. urbanum has
become established at Cambridge, Mass.
In the Alps and Pyrenees Geum is represented by (r. rivale, G. urbanum, G.
pyrenakxim Willd.,and G. ni/lvaticum Pourr. ; of these (r. urbanum is the only
species recorded from the Himalaj^as.
Another near ally of Sievcrsia is Dryas which, as we have seen, occupies
much the same territory as the northern species of Sieversia, besides occurring in
the Alps and the Pyrenees.
Sieversia is thus an excellent e.xample of a genus having developed at
immensely remote stations, giving rise to species very do.scly related to each
other, yet absolutely distinct. The rule that the most natural genera, or those
genera in which the species are most closely related to each other, are generally
confined to the same country or, if they have a wide range, ttiat their range is
continuous,' can not be applied to Sieversia. And several corresponding instances
may be cited from other families. We remember the genus Pleuropoyun of which
there is a high-ncrthern type, P. Sabinii, and two ones endemic to California,
viz.: P. refractum Benth., and P. californicum Benth.; furthermore, Claylonia'
which is one of the most characteristic genera of North America is in Australia
represented by C. australasica Hook, and in New Zealand by C. cclycina
Colenso.
' l>;irwin, * '. Ori^jin of Specios. I.e. p. 422.
« HcjliM, Til. Type.-! of Claylunia. MiniJeskr. for Jupetus Stecnstrup. Kjybenhuvn, 1U13.
Arctic I'laulu: Concluding Rcniark*
\:V) n
As tlip Kciicrii Sierei-'iia. I'lniropoqon, and Cliiitnnia i, em tn Ikivo hcon
• lovclopotj !it Mich distant points and to have produced species so closely reiatpil.
I cannot see any ohjection to the supposition that the same species tiiay ulso
arise from morn than oni' sinule area.
I have mentioned these few data as a mere su)t(j<'sli<>n sii[)i>leniental to the
explanation f>f the siiiKular distrilmtion of some of the arctic plants as demon-
strated l)y Darwin, aird so exceedingly well exemplihed hy N,iilii>r>l.
And so we have in the vegetation of the "Harrun (iroiind-" a pietine of
the arctic flora, as it is now, with its fascinalinK little llomis .idorninR thi'
t\indras and possessed l>y a vitality, for aues unsmpassed, actpiired and pre-
served fliroiiKJioiit one of the greatest revolutions in the history of the earth,
known as the glacial epoch.
l.'if, II
Ciiiimliiiii Anlic hjjiiilUiov, tOIS-tH
< HAITKIt IV. lilMMocftArilV.
Ami lai a\ Via ik Mum wh
"" n\ ^.,'; ('ir '\'';,'^; 'x„\i •,;-;"'■"•'■- "• ""■ I»....r,v .,f ,1... ^ „k„n T,.,ri.„n l,„ll.
''''■VV;',n,!^;;;:;,:s;^:',rnM'''''''''' '"'""'•"•"■'' '•"'" •■•M-ii-i'- - I'-n. narrow, Al.u.k„
n.«,k.,. W J, II,,, l,„r,,,ii-Mi,„iir:,„;i. I.<.,„l„n. Is;j:!.l.Vl.l
M'Inmn' "V.'' .•''■"'"'■'"", V^- ' ■""'.'''"" '''""'^ ^'^ . M-n.r..:,!, iNM-lS-K.,
C. nirn^'^^^^^ ,;"""■"' "I," '■'"•. V„k.m-AI:,-k:. Int, rnMl,.„.,l H,„m,l,,rv. !„(»,.,„
..,>;''(• ' \;r';V;'' '7 '','•[''''' ''v'''''\' !'■'''•■ "-"■"•••"•' n'w v-rk, km:.
i ';ri • -Vl,'," ^''f;;/'-". V,. M> l.f.- «;n, ,1,.. l..kiin.,. N..W York. I,.l' 'n ." ^i. v'"
lM.\sn-j .,f 1,11 Aiii-ric Amikii A\ AiK iiii'Ki.Ai.o
"''•:;:. m,,l,.^;■^;;:;•:^^,■;;:;1^l;:'/;:T'^^ ....,,..Ar,.,i,.,-k,„ds
llnaM,, 1. |.„t Ml „|;„ils, ,o!l,.,tr,l (Pii tl». .u.iMs „l nMliii Hiiv fimn l,,!.' 70' IMI' to 7(i= 1" „n Hi..
.■..M_ M.I.. a.„l ,„ P,.>,.sM.,n liay .,„ ,1... „•,., «i,l,.. ]„ U„>,; X'.,y:,K-''f I'l,.. I.!.<.'rv;ry.'i;,;',dt
;iM .iiiK.rMi !hr Mivauc of DiHcMTV. I.oruldii, isii.
I ,..nH...II ,,., „ork.-..,f i;ol,,il I',r„«M, V„l. I J.„n,l,.n. Is.lH,
Vol: v- 1'!^;:!;: Vi:^"-' '" ""' '"""'' ''"'" '"""'"""• "' "'-■"••■ •'■""" "f "'■•■ n-- ^<■•■■
""" ':J!',/i.'li,':"", "!' •''^"■;> .;"i'""'' i- .m.~m> s,.i„.,.t„.,.. s„.in „.,.i m,,, , ,i,.. i,..,
NW Wk 1 iiV.. '"■■'"' '" '''■'••"l^""'- I^i'll- Tnm-y H..t. Clul,. \ „i. 'l.
^'™ Mr Vprti";, .:''irM;'i;''" 'i^ -^'''"y '"'•""^i. '•''"">■ '>'^"1« l>v Dr. I.y.l). Dr. AM.l,i>.m,
S 1, .fol ■ !i, .^i ; ;Vr i n"' •"/,",'«""■ '•M'.-lit.;..- ,n >..,.,nl, „f 8ir .lolin l-r..,nkli.i, mi.irr
"""An;,.H;n d„„V:. ■;;:. ','';" VT'v ''-"i" '■:,'"■■ .''■^'"^"■- '" '■'""i^'"'' «"-' An-.ic
:, is',1 "'" '" ^"" '■'■'""•'•^ M'liMlo.k in the ya.lit /Vr. ibidem. Vol.
Hooker, U . J I l,.ra l.oivali-aiiKTican.-I. I.oiiilon, ls:i:{-l,s.l{)
"""a:^: unn: s,': ' \';,rH:'"Von;i.;;;''';v.r "' •"'"" '"'"'" '"""' ''^ ■ ''"^"'' "^•'''"' • ''--
I ow'^'T' Y-' ■'i'/""' ^"""I- V'" '^"^"'> "'■*'"'"• "•"'">■> \"vag... London, l.stl
LOW. A. 1'. HrnoM on \\u- Doni.ioo I ;,„->.i-t,,,„,,,, v^,. .u.i .: .'^ ,, , ,.' ,
M
NIands on l.o.Mr'. tlic ]). <;. ,^. .v
inion (HivcrniiH ni lixjjrdiHon'
;uonn, .loli
n. ( al'docuc of ('
I'Uiur. KKCi-KlOI. OitMwa. HXM
1-on Hay ami (lie Arc-lie
IXMenfekl, C. }I. i lora A
.M(
rot vied.
iT'tica. (■
inadiaii I'iaiils, I-\ . .\|,
'Iilre.'d. I,>s.s;i-|,v«).
O.-linfeUl, <"."H, \
Viden.^k. Sel>k
'■'■s li.ive Ill-en piilili.^liid.)
•IH-nhat'en. \W2. (inly I'tendoiiliMu, Cv
nlno^|)erlllae and
■i>eiilar plaiiN .olleetefl in .\i.-(ie Norlli Ai
Hii-liardsi
Skr. C'liri.-li.-inia, l!llO
neriea l>y the Ojoa I-ajk dilioii.
Uvdl
J. Ifoianical Appendix, hi .Jolm ]•■
lieri!, P. A. I.istofl
iint.-^ eolleited on il,e P<
Torreya. \<)1. 1 l-IJ. \ew York, 101
Simmons, II. (!. A ■^iirvev of tli
1-1!<1L'.
iiiklin. Narriilive. l.s-.';i.
ary Anlie Expedition of I'.IOJ-ti and inovlHI.
niverv. Ar^.-kr. Vol.'ft. I
10 pliyloiKi.frr.-ipliy of tlio aretii- Anierieaii Areli
:d. I'l
lipel.cBo. I.und.-*
Simmons, H. O. Tlic vasculiii- pkinl.-
VM\.
Taylor, J. \otiei ,-f flowerini; plant.'! and fi
in tl,e ]-|ora of r;il(-.>;niereland. \id. Sel>k, (
lirisliaiiia,
- - -■ ...,..,... lit. pi.iiii.i .Mill urns eoiiceieu (
HaBm s Bay. 1 ransact. Hot. Soo. Edinburgh, Vol. 7, 1
lerns tollceted on holh iside.-^ of 1)
.Mi;
!tvi.-< Strait and
Anlic I'hinh: Hihlifhintpliy 1.17 B
(illKt M *Nn
Arnl,r.M,i, II, Pl,.imTnK;,.nr.. „n.| (;..|u.-kni,i„K.,f„. ., v..„ K,,,^, , , | ,„„| ) ,,. ,„,,.n, .h,,,,-,!..
PolarforNlMiriK Iss-.'-lvvi. Il.ilin, IVMi ' iiiiMr,,iii,,„,,i.
&7:^;;''s'S,^i:^rni7L^ '" i'' -•■■••^' ^-'-''^ '-'i-". !'•<'■-•
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i\ .->v \(t .\k:i(l li.tdillKr. .stdi klHiliii, IVil
>'"" in-tniilinti- I..I ilir Ami,- KmmiIipu.ii IsT/.. Lomlmi. Is:.", i, '.Mi
limm.,!; isr;;' ^""^"- " '*■ •■■'--I'll^.n..,, m ■/«.„.. I),,,.. I.' N.,nli„.lfMl„, Is.!,.... "
5;"'?'',I'<.^"""""" ^""" '■'"'"- Km Ti.l-.k, \nl ji. ,, ..s7, K,^|„„l,,vii iv.s
Ili.ri/ N, l-.nrrnKMm.T ,« K:,ikiM,i, «.- ,• i,:, No,,|,,-i-( .,«.iiImi„I ,-^ 7.^-7(1' \ T<r ..u
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l:iiiilli(iiii Is.sd ii, |<i'.'IK ' "iriin-
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lorli ..(jr. S|ii<kli(i|iii. ISKl. »K.iu,
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.\<i. t>. lliini (it (.rcinlaiKl, liv .Idh. l..iiii;c p Kh,
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lsn.lY\ll,,n, un,n.l..Hl,.p.., iMkllay, l-.r ,ii„l,., IV.N :1,> .«v, i,>k;, l',.l;,nxp, ,hi„„,, lt,l, K Sv
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c. 1 1 , ''"i'KK 'ill>I"'l-l"'K'>'^ l'ai»i-,.»;.',i„ll,,i,',, (.|\,.,> K, ,>v. \,i .\kM,l, |--,,rliil'-'r
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\\:i>l,iiim,,M. JV.M,. H.piliil,',! ill ,|.„iri,, ,.| H,iiaiiv, \,,l:!(. l.,.iii|,.M IVHi
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MlKklllillil, l.StiJ, ,,i,ii>.,
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\nllmrst A (i .\ya Kulv.ie (ill k:,m„ ,l,.,r„„ ,„„ Sp,.|-l„.,ir,.Ms k;ulvM\l,.r ,„.l, ,1,... v:i\lK,-„itra-
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\ll,"II,' SlAM'IN W 1 \
torn- li.l.r, rhnstiai,!:,, \ i,l, Ak:,,!, ls7.V7ii r k.i,i,i,i, ,,>.
HIvlt. M \ V,,,.2,.. l.l,,,., ( ■!:!■,,!■„,;; ••U.l
llarlnoi. (• ll;.iull.,.k iSk:m,liii;tvi,-ii> Kldni' llii, ,,! .<t,„kli,,l„i, ls7it
"'"1{"'| . . ;i'""''l?'"«,';'I'lii-k.' N„tils,T (■,,, ,|,.i mkli^ko N„rn... (Mvrr^, Kul, Sv Vr(
i\^Z!hi.^l' '■'''.;'•'"• •V'"'"'.^'"'^^;«'';"- <'|'Hs,u„u \i,i s,.uk i,„i„iim., (•i„i>,i;,„i:., is„n.
" alilcnborg, d, llora I.apiMinica, H,t1iii, ISTJ.
W
l.iK II
Canniliiin Antir Erprdition, tOi'-lS
AldlK Hi ««IA
l.i<|rli..iir, f. I", ricrn li.i.^ini .Slullu.irt, Isll-i.'l
IMJll'livt'' '^^"''"''"'' "'' *>'»*"r>i"'' <•' K"«Kri|>liiiuii iilniiliirum Hc.-i. :iniiii. lMri>tM.li.i,
!(M|>m|,i. I'. I Morii H<ir.:ili-friil.-iisis. Ht r,trr«hiirK, 1h:,|
Mimmin« U. C. I Inriiii <mIi '. .uriiiiim,, r. i Kirurm Vrtiii-k c.i li |.r..,I,t. fn.l.r* i r^ippliiiHl
:iiiiircln. 111 ..iiii.Miv.i.ir;i Kiiijii nM.ir.i Akin |...hig. I.utiil, I'.iKl.
IraiilVflli.r i;, R. Uio |illan2iiiK.t)Krii|.!ii'i l,i u V.-tliiilliii"<- diii Kiinii.iiiw hen Uii.-^lah.U.
KlKii, IHIH
IriulVfllrr, K. |{. Uii».iui' iirclicni' pliiiitn- iiniiMlnm ii pinuiinaloriliiii. v.irii« in T:irii- liH-m
Iccliio .•numeravit. A>t;i lf..rt !),,(. I',ir Void P-trnpoli-.. ISSO
^(|^A /kmiii.a
"•"'■(.*'■ ,';, ^"" . V'Wi ■li..ti ,1 Cliiii.-it <!.■ N.>wajn-Z.-nilj!i. Hull. S.-. d.- I'A.ml, St. l'(.t.T>.l..
»' 111- I S.iS.
Hlytl. A. Hidriiit til KumUkaluii ..m \ . ii. Citioncn p:ia Nuwi,iii-/,<.|ii|,„, 1 Mihdlitr. Vid SfUk
t nri-ti.inin. IsT'J. < . .»-
I'.kftiini <). HidrtiK till kanniilimicn urn N.ivaia-.Siniliti" fanprdnamvfBotation. Ofvcrs. K
«v. \ft. Ak»il. I'(iri,dlKr. Sin. klmliii, 1S(i4.
Iiddrn H. \\, The H..wiiiMK I'ImiiI.-, i>f .Ndvayii-Z.ml.. u .1.. Jouni. nf Hoi.my. Londim
1 ri<'> 'I'liM, Hin N(iviii.i./.riiili.i> \iK"l.iti<in Hnt.in N.iIi.h. I.uiid, 1>*7;!.
ll.iiK in, .M. T, I Inrii v..n .N,,w;,jm /,.,iiIj:i un.I WiiJK.itM-l,. \W\„v utwh d. N()rdiM)I:.rnic.r. MI.
Uniiinsrliwiiif, 1H74.
Ildliii. Til, .Voviiia-ZdiiliiiV \.Kii.,ii.,ii. Ni.rligt donii I'lmn<>r..gamer. Dijiiiplmn-ToBtcIs i<h,|..
iHitan I dlmtc; rdil.l.yC I I.uik.ii. Kj./.hctiliavii, 1KS7.
lliHik.T ,1 1)^ N,,|,.v ,>ii ih.> plant-. .,.11.-, In! l,y Captain A. 11. Markliani in Novaiii-Z.mlia.
A I Mlar Kc oiinai-anif , 1..ii,k i|„ \ ,,yac.. cf tl,r l.^^hjon, to Novaiii-Z.inlia in 187!i. London,
Kjrllinan, Y H . and I,iin<'>ii.ii,, A. \. 1 amioKanirr frSn Novaia-Zrnilia, Wai(j!il«'h ocli
hal.arowa. \ .Ra Kxpniii Mt.nsk iaktt. Vol.1. .Sio, kliolin, IKM'
Kj.llnian, I . H. laniTo(tanilloi.ni pA Xovai.i-Zcmlia o. li W.iiirat.M li. (ihidrnO.
I.midstroii. A N. Kriti-cl.f Hcna ikiinio n ihIkt dir \V. id.ii Novaia-Z. iiiliaV iind ilimi (tm.ti-
-■Hm II /MN.niinrnhaiiK. Nova Aria \U%. .Sic. Sc-. IpMilirnsss Sit! 111. Vol. fxlra ord
idit I p^ala, IS77.
Kuys, 1. M, Dr Ncn-picidiinir J.r riiaii.i..i:an,.n van aiklisili Kiiropa. Kainpin ISM
llaiilvrttrr. h. 1!. roii>p,.,tiiM florae in-iilariiiii .\ow..|ja-Ztnilia. Art. llorl. IVlrorM.I. \ol.
I. I l•lr(l|)o|l^, 1,S71. '
AllCTK SlBHItA
'*'"";::• ^- ^V::\T «'"''-i" Owuopis nr. M,-.in. do I'Aiad. imp ,1,. St. IV'tor-bourir. S.t. VII.
lonirXMI. St IV.i,.r-)h.iirp, Is7l.
Kj.lltiiaii K. 1{ ()„i viivtiiulutvn pS Siljiriras nordkii>t V.-Ra Kxpcdit. Vl•t.■n^k. arbptcn.
Stoikliolr.i, j.s^'J. p. X.iA.
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I.fd. hour, (■ 1 yiorn liow-ica (l.r V
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<liv. H.1V. \(il, 0. Pf-tropiilis, lS.')>.t. ' ' ' ■
Miiir, Jolm, Th,. Cnii.s,. of the rniwin, oditrd hv \V. Y. Hade. Ko>ton and N'.vv \>,rV, l>tl7
IraiilVfltcr, 1-,. 1{. Ilora laiinyr.ii.i- pliaenopania < d.r die aiif der akadeniwlien Kxpedition
in da.< nordwe.st lelie Silnrien m .lahre 1S4H am Tainivr zwis. lien -?,V iind 7r>'' .W n Tlr
y"« i"^. -^ ''"■'""'''' ■*""*' ^I"'''''"'l'"fT Resaiiinielteii pliaenogaini.-clien Pllanzen. In Midden-
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leela^ emiiiieravit. Act. Hon. Bot. Piir. \ol. .'). 1S77,
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1 rant vet It-r, K R. Inerenientn Florae pliaenoganiae Rossieae. PotrofKilis, 1.H82-18R4.
IrFI.ANIJ
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f .ronhind, C . Islands Flora. Kj<»Keii)iavu, is.si.
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Arctic Planh: BibUonmiihy
13'.i B
Miilir, \, K<>r»<if( •' in I-liniNk \.iliirlii«t..riiv Kj^dn'iili.ivn, ITmI
lliwtriip, I l»i.lfiiK 111 I'laii.U Hi.rii. Hoi ri<|.»kr. \iil. Hi Kj^lMntmvn, IssT
HlB(,.nw«>ri, Hi Kr» leLimls Wxtritc I III. V id M«M (iiMili lorcniiiK. Kiol.. i,l,n n
Mroinftll, II. I'. (1. M.md. kr»ih;«tOT, l«triikt:.(l.> fr.\ii vii\IKii.((r.ili-.k m li flnn-li-k -si kl
• Hmt- K, .'<v \i't. Ak:i,|. 1 orhtllKr. Skm kli..|ni, 1S.^I.
Ai.pti AMI i'mriNKrs
Aini) y Morn, I) M dil Muni I'aiirnJKaiiiiivi d« ki iM'tiinsiila Ilii'rini (K«iiiift;i \ ['.iriiiU'iM
(iriiimdii, |.sri-IH7.1. ''
''llri^t, H. I.ii Horf" df ki Siji»i.c pi w,- orininc" Bdlo, 18H:!.
(iiiiidiii, I riuni ll.lvitii-ii. 'I'linri, 1HJIS-1H;'>:1
llfcr, O. I'lliir dir iiiViilc H'.ra dcr Siliwcu, Zdrich, IHHIl
KimIi, \\ . I) .1 .■<vii i|>-.i^ I i..i,i>' <«Tliiriiii(iic It llilvctinif, l.«ipzi)(, lHr>7.
\ViiK"«ri II- lIluKiiirti- piiitM-lii' Hum. Kiiii' Uiw linilmtiK ili-r in IViitKihkiiid mid di-r
Srliwiiz <Mnhtiiiiii«'li«n Hlulheiiptkin/.cn iind (irfiiw*-' i vplunuinrn StiiltKirt, ks71
CaI'CASIs
Mt'jpr, r A. ViTziiilirii-<s di-r I'lkitizrn Cuu(n»Uf!. St. Pctersburt!, lS;il.
Asiatic ('oast of Hkhim; Stimit
Kji'lliiiaii, V. H. AsiiitUka nirmg«undNkii.sten.s ruhorogum(liir.'i. \ i|{a Kxprd. >.'li'n.>k iirbcdii
SIimUioIhi, IHH'.'.
Sililrclitrndal, I). I'. 1. Aiiiniadvir-miiif in lUiiunculian Candollii. J)i«.M.rl. iniiug. KitIim,
ityiv,
Himalaya
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Altai and Haikai, Mountai.ns
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KtviiiTiriK'lti'n I'H.iiizrn. Ein iwpiii-s L^iipplcnifnl aiir I'lura Allaua. Mrin dc I' Vi'ad d.Sc
Niit 'riinir |\ Si. l'etiT>l>iirK. IH41,
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St.si'luKlritt, >. Niiviaii iiiiploiniiit iV la Flore Alt aiipie. Mull. .Si„. Sit. M,wmu, is.'it
'riireziiitinow, N. lima Huiitdensi-Dahurieu. Mowou, ISIJ.
RocKt Mountai.ns
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liray, A Synopn. , I Klor.i of North America. Gamojietalae. Wxsliinitlon, l.SSti.
tiray, \. riil.\|)rlalae frmii Uanunculaceae to rolygalaecae, iiliiid In It. L Holiinion New
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VI. Tome II. St IVtersbouTK, 1831.
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:-^ j! Jt
Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18.
Part A
Part B
Part C:
Part D
Port i::
Part I':
Parte:
Part If:
Part 1:
Part J:
VOLUME VIII: MOLLISKS. ECOINODEBMS. COELKNTKBATKS, ETC
MOLLUSKS.ia;CKNTAM)l.Li:iSTOfi:.N-K. By William H. Dall.
CEPHALOPODA AND PTIOROI'ODA ll^xued September 2i, liilO).
Cephalopoda. Hv S. S. lirrry
„„Ptcropoda. By W. K. Clapp. '
i.Cm.\ODER.\IS. I!y Austin H Clark i ■ ,"". ;"■' ^nnKwi).
HKVOZOA. By n. (■ , lai.uJ." ""' U"""^ A/ml 6, 1920).
ROTATOHIA. By U.K. Hanma ''" l";i,.:n,l,„n).
CHAKTOf JNATIIA. Hv A (i Iluntsinm ''" "'■'-"■
mV^'w-^.^'^V".';^ ■^■"^■^ Ai'TIX.UlIA. Hv A. K Verrili "" »"• '""■'•'""»■
H VDKOIDS. By C Mru'in Ert^r ^ '""'"" (/««H ./„«,. M. WiO).
P< )1{IEKUA. {In preiniration).
VOLUME IX: AWEUDS. PARASITIC WOKM9, PROTOZOANS. ETC
Part .\: OLKJOCHAETA.
Lunilmculidip. Hy Enink .'^mitli.
1. ., ,, /■"•■li.vtra'idip. Hy I'aul S. Wi.ldi.
I.-''« !!■• !'.'JI-yCHAi;TA. Hy Ralph V. (■hamberlin
Part M: lOKAAIIMEEKA. By J. A. Cushman' : :
. . (ls.iueJ Seiilemher 29, 1919).
. . (I ■■'■tui d .Siiiiniber US, lUii)).
. . . . (/.s.<«/'ii Frlirmrij .',, 1921).
(Issued June 20. 1920).
(Issued .1 pril 7, UISO).
...... iln preparation).
(Issued tel.rwtry 4, 1921).
(/» preparation).
(In prrpar.itinn).
■ ^'In pri paratiiin).
...[Issued Feliruary 6", 19:10).
VOLUME X: PLANKTON, IIYDROUR.IPIIY, TIDES, ETC.
Part.\:PL.\NKTOX. By Alhert .Munn.
Port B: MARINE UL\TOM.S. Hy L \V Raili'-v *'" If^ejnralvm).
Part C: TID.\L OBSERVATIONS VND RlsIT T<? ' u„ u' iV li f, , , "" /"•'•(wad'in).
PartD:HVDUOGRAl'nV.. . UI-SLLLS. By U. Hell Duwson .UssucJ Uct„l,rr 1, 1920).
{In preparation).
VOLUME XI: GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY '"
PortA:THE^OLOOVOE^TI„0^ ARCTIC COAST OF CANADA, WEST OK THE KENT
Part B: MAPS AND GEO. 1 RAPHICAL NOTES.' ' By Kenneth O. CUi^ra^ :.nd Johi/ Ri^cJ^™'"""'-
VOLU.ME XII: UFE OF THE COPPER ESKI.UOS
THE LIFE OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS. Hy D. .lenness
(/'i preparation).
{In press).
VOLUME Xm: ''"VSIC^feSSARACTE^^^^^^^^^ OI THE
Part A: THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS. By D Jennes,
Part B: THE OSTEOLOGVOF THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL Eskimos; Bi'^/Z"G^
Part C: TECHNOLOGY OF THE COPPEUEskiMOS ■Jin preparation).
' {'" be preimred).
VOLUME XIV: ESiUMO FOLK-LORE AND LANGUAGE
. {In preparation)
VOLUME XV: ESKLMO STRING FIGURES AND SONGS
Part A: STRING FIGURES OF THF KSK-I\fr>« n„ r> i
Part B: SONGSOFTlK. C§S'SI^K°l3yKi^'Srt,and oi^ennc^^^Sl:
VOLUME XVI: ARCH.AEOLOGY
'^^^^^^^.^^'^..^.^.'^"''^ ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA.
• {Tv he p-cpa-cd).