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Lee diagrammae suhnints iiluatrent la m4thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 (11 6 MKROCOfY nSOUJTIOM TKT CHAIT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A /APPLIED ItVMGE he I6S3 East Main StrMt RoehMlw, Nm Yorti 1480B USA (716) tXl - OJOO - Ptwn* <7t6] 2aa - 5969 - Fa> to II 8 \ Hhmm ^"^ ^CT^, ^i^iil^ii^^ '^y^.^yi^^iyi-^.-u BULLETIN No. 7. /;^^3 -^ ^3 ,^ ** *^ ■ t4.-iM\ "h^o. DEPARTMENT OF AGfilCULTDEE "^^-W -OF — BRITISH COLUMBIA. ^j^ "^ 1 ^1 ■"^ 6u^^ b"»«*'". -ntaining the results of the experiments with Flax con ducted under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture some of the JAMES R. ANDERSON, Dej^rtment of Agriculture, ^'^''^ ^'^'""'^^ ""^ Agriculture. Victoria, B. C, 22nd August, 1900. .1 REPORT ON FLAX. The question of the advisabiltv of in«f.-f.,*,„„ cultivation of Flax, for the Dur,2p ,!f ^ . ^ •""": «'^P«"'"«''^'' in the soil and climate of\hL ProSeLvinrr'^ ''.': ^"•t^bility to the Government, a supply of Ve:^'"::;^Ttaf^^^^^^^ K^TsO-T "^ ^'^ J. & A. Simmers, of Toronto and ,l,«friK.,f i *^'"^'^"' ^^'^'' ^^m Messrs. fifty-seven farmers^n all parllVtt i^^^^^^^^ '^'"""«^' ""^' ''""^'•^^ -"^ The 8e«i was accompanied by the following directions:- Provt^e^::7rXvl*^^;?aW^^^^^^^ ^"J -"P Pr«l-tsof this will have a beneficial fffect u^n thl u "'TV^^t^re of flax products has procured a suTply of heTst fl/^'"'^''^^'"^.?'''''^ "^ ^^e country, distribution amon^Sm- farmers for th ^^^«i"^hl«, with a view to iS extended test as fo tl suTXlitv of 1^ "T" 'f r'^'"» " '^^~»«h and culture of this product '"'**^'''^y "^ «"'• ''^'l «nd climate for the profitable dir^ctrSwtn;. '*"''' '' '^ '"^ ^^^"^^^ ^ «'--e the few go::i^mhtnd";tpt^X^^^^ '^^« ^^- -^^. - name season as whe^t'^nd Ze;ed^^" Jh "^ "^^^^ the ,.1. and «h« will ^isS'L'L^be":^;^' " ""^'^ '"^ '""«-'• '•-• n,.t„" tf ''°'' "^ *"" *" ""P '"» -l"i- little'or „„ attention „„til all po^ible info™rt]S*^rD^tic.V'r!!,l""", """""?"'• ""'' *» "ff""! ing points: practical resulta, etc, Mpajially „„ th« follow. " 2.- SaHf^^wint "' "" """°'' *' "'^ ^^ «™""- " 3. Date of pulling. "*■ ^Xf""'' ""^'' ^' "^' ""^ «^- «b*-««d from the seed fur- "5. Have you ever been engaged in the flax industry? P ,o wl,of • your opinion as to the results of this experiment? " "9. JVo. ,?- ' 6. How doe8 the qualitv of fh« fii Nume and iuldK>H« „f ^ ^ u odUreHH of person engaging in teHt." vv uether from indifference or or ».«.. • . a ^-ery small proportion oftlZTXT. "/" ''"P^'*"''« *" '^y^ but only . Heavy black clay l,«u,, -.) ^irst week in May. (4.) 40 ft)H. seed. (5.) No. (8.) Fine. (•M August 16th, 1897. (4.) tseed, 80 lbs. • fihrp ±cu\ » i. opinio,,, g,^, """I" "f tl,e experiment are, in my have ever seen. ' '^'"^ ^'l"*' *" the Wst that I ;^'or me . 4 Ho/m"„-i l^trJ^^i-'J: j-T; (y.) Season favourahlp w.vu iVo. 3~A D Fah.r. .,7 ' ''^ occa.sional showers, ^-o 4~^J Cafh T'.f "'■ (^« P"'-«culars.) 1. Gocxi soil, a dark loam. (2.) May 23rd. (3.) July 29th. (4.) 50 lbs. Jei IJ*"; ^ '^"''^ '^« '•^•^"'ts are very .^ood (6.) g^compares very favourably. ^ ''^• Xo. 6'- 7- Xn. Xo. x». Xo. J J Xo. Xo. J. Setnnlf/hf, //nrii/n/ hlnHtl. (S,,- So. 2.) Mrx. FoMfrr, Cfiiifnn : (1.) (Jravfllv. (2.) May 1 2th. {'i./ otoJ)er 2 Int. (5.) o. O'] 'lA'rvT "' ^^«"^"''"''"' ^«''- "t New \V\.Ht,ni„Ht.r. (H.) Dry; we have to irrigate. 'V— /I. i:. /i^rn; Alhirui (No [.articulars.) .V ./. //. Lonry, Khjiit. (No i«i!ticulaiH ) 10-H. F. Elto,,, Alhrrni: (I.) Medium day loam. (2.) Jjast week in April. (3.) August 4th. (M T have not time or means for eorreotly ascertaining. (J.) No experience. '' (•).) No experience. •A 7'. Swnnson, Shtn-treed : (1.) Black soil; clay sub-soil; new lan.l (2.) June 15th. (3.) August 16th. (4.) 425 fts. cure in hweden. Flax can be produced here equal to the best grown in Sweden, and in the event of flil ties for ,6 s ™^""f^«*«'-«. flax will be a good paying crop. ^""^ 6. The quality of our flax is excellentfthe fibre is of the b^st '^ .k'* !1?P!?''^%«* ^^^ ^^'^' «f the best kind of lard for /8 ^ W ^ P'^»<=t>on oi flax in this neighbourhood. ^" cnhZ ^™'""^ '"^'""' ^"* '''y favourable f„. flax i^-^. C. Mackende, Clover Valley. (No particulars.) (1.) Clay loam. "^ (2.) April 17th. (3.) August 27th. (4.) 280 fts. (5.) No. (6.) Favourable. (7.) 200 acres. (8.) Medium. i! (•J.) August 5th. (^•) ass »«. ;;•; r^p^^Sir :;»?;; IttT, ' —•"-...•flax (^■) Early part of 8ea.son very^t .1 '*"ri'T^ *" '^«""»n''- Beside, the above-n,e„tion.l . "' ^'""'^""^ *««*»"'••. Gust. A. Warner n». H. Pillar, ' g^^"-- H. Bose, French Creek. Stanley R. S. Rayn,, Alh^'rii^"""'"- Henry Hills, Albemi. " • J. Harris, N. T. Baker, A. J. Cumniings, Jos. Whelpton, Wm. P. Emery, Duntr^McMLrt^r T^^' I" *^« ^-^^ of March 1898 to M request c„ r:XnV,^;ii^^ S^I^'fi^ "1' --S^ byTe shipped in Its natural state or scutehed 1 . ?! ' '^''^"^' *"d whether best wa« asked as to the time of pulhW and nit ^' ''P'"''^'^ ^^ ^^ese gentlemen flax growing for fibre. '^""'"^f' *"^ «*her matters in connection ^th In due course the following reply was .ceived .- ' r. R. Andermn, Esq., " ^^^*'«««» Ireland, 23rd March 1898 " ^^P<^rtment of Affrimlture, " Victoria, R. Q • If Port Hammond. Agassiz. Salmon Arm. Agassiz. Port Renfrew. mi!: ,r; ;: 'z' ixitr^-'r " •'" -"y ■•■"•'• ..« .»:«;„'• "■ '••' " ' »'•'-' »" '■■ "■»""> «'■"■. ..... an. .... 1^. 1«-|| l«.tt,r if all v„„r flax ™„„^l„?l, l^ n '""'' "'"' '' ""<•» .'«ve «.x. I, take, f«,.^^veT. X r„, ' f ,i;rj "'T'*' ""■ "''"I" '■"'"° "f 'h» «ratcli«l fil>re " e u, «ix to™ of dry llaxatraw to produce one ton of for;::'*™'e:s;Tpr„i"r!:r.'':.z^^^^^^^^ %^ -rrr'^ -ot prcKJuce. *'"® "* *"« ""i* w'hich they would p™S|y;&Xr.&^4ori^,rtr''«' -" -■"''■«<• »-'" .catch 'wi:„1hj;i,rrtT"Titt,"*""''^ '""^ f- "" '«" ""-P .nd in the Pvo^^cTot^ST^ tr„uble,„„e and U exclu.ivdy followed " We have the honour to be "Sir, "Your obedient servants, "For Dunbar, McMasteb & Co., Ltd., " H. D. MrMASTER." thickly.'- ' ""^ *^** '* "^^^ therefore necessary to sow the seed "./. Vi*. Amler>,n„, AVy., "«'"'ORD, Ireland, 2n(J Noven.lH>r 1898 " Victoria, H. C. in 'i^t„";.4' y™"!^?"., '"""■■ ?' "»■ -■■'"' M""!. I». we have „, worth about iU Ar tothel^."" '""^ '«" "" -><•« •«.«, a„„ would ,, worth a^Jt"i^^^='» '-P>« '3) -. H. T. ThH,.. (.„p,„ ,,, ,„„„ ^ " ,?rr,^- »»" dry, «n,rL"aro.T'is„'" T" ■'♦» ^ *^-. - i' All these samp es have bepn ^^J^r. i ^P'"""ig quality, wards very carefufly ncutch^.'" '''"^"^ '' '^''^^ - -ater, and then after- Should you desire any ,nore information we shall be nle «^ . • " We have the honour tot ^ ' '"' '' "Sir, " Your obedient servants. For Dunbar, McMaster .fe Co., Ltd., From the foreeoinir it w«.,i^ " **' ^" ^^Master." wSi'H- ?f' - «''-°i S^vX^^^^ "■» M"nic,>hty„, Without doubt better suited t.^ fkl V • ^' Hazelmere and Mud ^^Z points from which returns w^re^?^"?^ «^ ««- fo- fibre than the other may l,e due to a better undersSndln.Vrv.P"'''''^^ '^^' thi^ln^^i^^l growmg, but inasmuch mZT'T^L ,^^ '•^^""■ed conditionsTr Ja^ grown on Vancouver Island anrJ «f ri,-„»^ j „ Mainland. I an. inclined to bSvothST"'n^ 'V"*"' ^'^ ^^'^^ !--«'• and lack of good fibre is to be attribut.^ he principal cause of coarseness sowed thickly enough the .J^^nri u- *^^ "™''""*''' «^ ««^i"g. viz.: not This was not^blythe i w t heTarr?"" ' n^"« "" '^ *'"« «?'-" some of the samples, however foinT^ lu"' ?'"*""• ^^ ^^e cases of Alberni, I think ?t i.s ver7";baSe t£X t^ ^T ^"'""^^ ^^^^^^ and to do with the coarseness^af thin i!w tl T heavy strong soil had as much that the stalks were of go^ length Trnf not v"l''''\^?'"''^" ^'•"'" ^^e fact these l.K.alities is reportc^Ho b^^a heavvLP', '"*""•""- '^^^ «°" ^••"'" •soil. Be this as it n^ay, the fac^ r" ntns th^ tl. ""' "'"^ ^'"'^" ''^'y '^"»- amon^^st those localities whence ret" 31^.^ U ^'^i ""^"T '^^ P*^'*" ^""""^ the cultivation of flax is to inttemZnr.'l. '"'^ ' '""^^ '^' '» ^^e future, ». paid J the eonditionst;i:rff 'g^*^:^^^^^^ ^^^"'ion must to 3,500 fcs. of I.^^IZ;:' ?h^ wou^r.r'"'"' !^^™' •^^^••^8- 3,000 Master & Co., from 500 to 700 lbs of scu chS fih^'^'^'l'"^ ^T ^""b^"-' ^c- authority, the yield in IreCd is g ven at 'oo i;:* .^^-""Jijg to another from a bushel of seed, and as much as Son ftw », . f *"* ^""^^^^ ^^"^ on very rich land ; and sincfo to oi Zl"! ^""^ ^^"^ ^"^^" *« be got would repi-esent f^m 400 S 50^ ftt tht f P^'. ^'^n ^'^ «°^'«*^' ^^e figures and 640 I 800 lbs. highest There seems tTt ' *'^ '?. ^^? *^- '"^^^'^"8' in the figures just quoted not so mn.h^n • *^ ^ considerable discrepancy quoted yields in Irln^^s bltweTn !„-"« "*? V'^^' ""^ *»'« ^'^t twenty-four years first aWecm^pd tI^ *^"'^' ^"^ the average for the for by'^the fa^t thaV^L terarfor tw^ntTfof ^"'^'^> P^'^^ -««o"nted furnished by the Rec-istrarS.™? twentv-four years is taken from figures ea, Vol. ixl and ar^ SbtX^^ '^ Encyclopedia Britfnni other hand the averaW^ Srbv th! ^ for special reasons. On the countries where flax !s InhW^^ tr TtrfiK"*''""'^' ^T ^^""««" «*her 254 lbs. per acre; however the sa^ r! ^^' "''"^^ ^™™ *«« ^s. to in those^es also have no ^"^'^^^f^"^ '"ay have influenced the returns in this country il have no dauTL u^n TlT t"'^'*' ^ ^^^'^ "«"'d l,e Ontario, vi^.^TOO lbs. of sou 'h^ flaf "^"0^ ' th^^^ '^^ V^'? ^^'^ '^ best sample submitted to Messrs T)^,?kLm ^ the price placed upon the ton, or about 12^ ce^s ^r ft wouW ^i vf^S^^^ "" ^^1 "^- = ^^6 per in Ontario, viz -505 Ihs^f^L ^ • .'^ P®*" *^''*'' the lowest vidd placed upo'n the p^re^Tsamo e b^tTe ^'"^^ ^'1 ^^\^^ ^' -«•«• The S nmtely 9^ cents ^rT th? woJld I ^1^^^^ '« ^^2 per ton, or appLi- .^46.25 pir acre for 500 lb Now sTv for th" ^^ T' ^"'" ^^^ '^^^ «»d producer would come out aft^r h^ ' ^\ ?t ^^''^ "^ ascertaining how a his fibre,- "^ *^^' ^^^'^fe' P'*"ted, harvested, cured and packed 10 P-^d, of 2,240 ^. a., i„ !,„,„„, ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^_^^_ ^^ ^ Charffes. IjocaJ transportation charges Cif anv^ «i Wharfage (if an^), 50 cenfs pTr t^J^^f lo^L^" "^ '^ ^'''- ' ^8 Fre ght per ton of 40 feet-2,240 L - 7, fV ' 'o 8S> Port charges at London, 4/ p^r ton of 40 f f * «* 35/ . . . . 15 qq Com„,ss,on 5 per cent.'ou fe?! 60 ^""^ 1 72 insurance from Fraser fiiZJ o "• ' n ^^s ^ per cent, on $298 76 ' ' ^' '^"^- "" ^271.60 + io ^^ Interest, 6 months, 8 per ^ent.' per annum : ! ; i ! ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ^^ ^7 Leaving net proceeds of H291 71 „, , pound, to pay for „„,( 'J nroduoK. ' "■■ » ,'""= »nder 10 cents ne, I.4land, inldingthe S™" d"°"""' *» <^t o1 pSfet^';^'"* '°.° rent .„d (»xe/fi I^'vetr»''»r'' T"''""""' "«Pt SC b«?i"^- '" per acre, or an a° ™ „f fj T' S""?' "■"' '"^ *« 16? 9d ti Iflt"* considerable diirerence*^betwi„ J,. 1 ' '' "'" "« <''»e"'ed that thS, L'' partly accounted for bvSTffi '^ '.°"'?» <""> ">« highest ii4^ T"' and furthermore. thelZkfj^^i'°°'«"'-^ stttro£vT,!f-"*^;."ifeiets;r^^^^^^ farmer workingrte^^XS: 'a",St'" "* '"■^ '''^" «"" «»0 t^S^O ,Sr°±' pHce. .he%r„«r!:;Tbrp:Si„'r:„s^' t'6:&P^^->^^^J^. i>ut f 23.44 per acre, and taking n .t tSE^rsrei'^rstep-s*' ^^ -'■' ""- -h rresuminc, therefore fhof *k c P"Le. flattenng. There is, however, JheseS^ to h^ . ^-T 'J" .^^'' P'-«^'"«« i« "ot of seed is always available, even when ,S ^J"''-'^^''^'.*^'- " ^^''t*"' "oiount sideration. The average v eld of ^d in O^nT^ -'^r fol'"* * secondary con- eight to nine bushels pfr acr^ andThl WhT o? S' ^?^ '^ «'"«" '^^ ^'^^ pounds. The United States are th«LT^, ^ ^^"^ ''^'■»^ averaged 3,000 the price ranges from oJtLT o t ^^"1'^"/°; ^''^ ^^' *^- 20 cents per bushel, reduces it to T^r 80 1 ^ '/^^'*^"S * ^"^^ «f charges possibly another ten cents This would JJvl' *"^ S' ''"ansportation m per acre. Probably the ficures L\L ^ ^' Possibly, another 05 or It IS a difficult matter to glee Set dSLbTTT""""' ^ "^ ''^'^i" degre^; them m as truthful a ligh^t as ^htl^ that no ""' -^eavoured to ?lace Tn Manitoba and the North WplfTi ^. 5^ *" °"^ "^^^ ^e misled, or seed This is rend:^"j^;SV^?,'l^^^^^ ^ '' ^^«- ««J«-ely land which is easily put under o.ZiJJ- I ^^ ^*'"^® «»*««* of available profitable product^flL^"^^ t ^ttelC tTa't T '^'^"^^ '' '^ '"^^ --' but because it has been found imnosltbl fl ^ ^' ?^* '*" «'*«t««t ^alue, the climate, and hence oirmillTCe Lt ^'^\ ^°^ S^'^ «° ^<=«"nt o country, however, the prodSn of se^^ musT T^li^- ^*"^'"^- ^^ ^^is thmgs, always remain of 8econdarv,mrr.r ' J ^^'^''«' '" <^he nature of o flax for fibre were und^teke?cSl?.r''r ''^^^ "^•'° '^ the cultivation of seed would probably b^ too hST*''^^'^ ^'^^"^^^^^y. the production and therefore Ld oolMoXie^eJZT^''r'^''''''''^'^ facturers of oil and oil cake in^otherXes ^ ^"^ '^'^^ "" "*""' ^oii? this^rn:;!^^^^^ j« -ry exhausting crop to the more plant food than many other^ant^-^u? ,f ^ ?*"* 1^^" '•^^"iri^'g more assimilable food for immedkte uselhan 1 '\t ^*',' '^^^ '^ '•^J"^'-^^ »ts root system is a delicate one tls a aufctT^ ''*^"'" ?*"*«' ^^ although available plant food within reach Uux^reS^fr^^^^ takes up all the the utmost importance that a sSm^l a ?"^^»»"ce- Hence it is of should be observed on land whei St' ^^ ^^^'^'T ''°<*"«» ^^ ««•<>?« ments for the production ot'goS^flTx tw J^w"^' ^i'^' ""^ "^ *''« ^^^iS ties recommend a hoed crop to imm^Erl !^ lu^'^^ "^^^^ *"^hori- the rotations recommended by thnrishl^J,? l '?'' *^',^*^- ^hus one of wheat, clover, and grass, oats, ^XsSxCn°"'°^«^' '^''' *"™^P«' given considerable attention to flaxZwfn^ for fil '^''" ®'*''°"' ^^ich Q ing rotation .-First, wheat; sS^^^ InH k '1'^*'''"?^°^' *he follow- clover and grasses; fifth, corn and^L^t «^ .. ^T^"^' ^^'"^ *«<* ^"rth cultivated crops in the ^otatiof is^to ^e ' Th> ^*^- /' ?« «^j«^^ placing such crops just preceding flax thttui t^ S^^^ u! ■^^«' *"^ ^y they occur earlier in the course." ^*^'' obtained than when 12 on the fertile ^r^, J" .he No.rh'^^r;,!'^'^"."-"'' "--''"I pr«.bc.Uy the entire flax crep „f the UnltS s.Il • ' *' *" P'*«"' «">» Mmiasippi River. The .Vt th». « i, , "' " R™"" west of the such fertile Mil, has Zll,\k. "f °* '^" '""^"""'""y ((Town onlv „n •l^w '«,„.rdSi: h^hf-n'ThiT^i:,^ -J^e «,n,ei..ve..i,.ti„„. .,,,, different stages of growth and »t„/^ , ?'*"*» ^ero analvz.«d at which flax fad hJngZniiTt^yZT/^ --de of different S o, analyses of the flax crop, as weH as of othf- ^^'^' ^* '''''^''- J^^om the Bame region the table (following) lowinl the'Z' ^-^^"^"'^ «™^" >° ^^e food removed by average yields of thJ «PP«>ximate amounts of plant table shows that many ofthe crons orJ '-."^P' ^''^ ^"^ P'^Pared. Th"s from the soil than theV^JagVff cror^te? ^T ""«'« P'^^ ^-^ of corn. The oat crop removes akiurS^ strikingly true in the case phoric acid, but vellyZZuTtlT^rr'''''^''^''^Sen^ndphZ necessity for a fertile soil in s"ccessfur2v ^^^ ^ ^^« ^^^ ^rop. The the fact that this crop requVerCer otaLS?"?^ ir"^^"«' '^''-f-^-> ^ than other common W croDrifuf t. i T""*V^ ^«^'>^ what dainty feeder witT a7Sl irs'^f^''^.V'^*\"''^^^^^^ plant food for its perfect growth in X s^r^^ '""'^ '^'"'^ *»»« "^^^^^ary one hundred days. The ^ant fo<^ thereforl^T^ ^"^"^ ^^ ^'^'° ^'^^^ ^ but It must be in a readily avaiffl f'nn ' '^ "''^ '""P^^ ^ abundant, 18 •■PLAxr Food ,.„ Ac». „.«ov.„ .v v.„o„, F..m C«o«. Crops. Weight |M!r acre. Pounds. Nitrogen. M'hosphoiic ^ ^ , ** Acid. Potash. Pounds. ! Pounds. ; Pounds. Total Total Wheat, 20 busliels Straw, ToUl Barley, 40 bushels Straw, Total Oats, 50 bushels Straw Total Corn, 65 bushels, sulks Total Peas, ;«) bushels Straw Mancel-wurzels, 10 tons .... 20 000 Meacfow hay, 1 ton g'oOft R«l clover W, 2 tons... ■ f^ Potatoes, ISOlushels .. S'JSJ bushels Flaxseed, 15 bushels Straw 900 1,800 further fact chat nitrogen "^ note abunXn.-^"" •'"•*'^"""*'*^^'^ ^^^h tho which have been cultivated exXins the t/" "'"^'' '''^' ^'^^^ '"^ those new land. It furnishes aL a ifn^^ ^ ^^^t*" ^"^'^^'^ ^^ A*'^ culture on in the rotation witTflax. ' "^ ''"*'°" ^^>^ ^•'*^^«'- should l,e includS "The same station has also undertaken tn rlf cannot be grown continuously on the same s Jl F '"' '*'" '■""'°" ^^^ ^^'^ .> tne same soil. Experiments on this sub- 14 ject show that the flarsf™™, j Preparation of Soa The preparation of the soil ni„«* k «t every .fge „f the prenaratta li" ™";''°°' *« beiinntal, TweU Z Demoor, writing „„ thi, pj^' ^™. "?, /""W > slow to condemfeXl * *" '""' """^ '"- «>» "-nion olprjuSi^Tr S'""' °°' "= "Seed 15 from Balgium, Holland or kS ^31/^3" '°°"' '""'' »««' '"ry »e«»on .. s-id ..,.. .he seed u .t .Js tretrn^-^r/r:^;;^^ '■ " Sowing. haiid^Ton^Cenliru^Lril i-e^, slippe., g.ain to sow b, very unevenly^ As it is o very sHoDerv f r"""' ***" '""^ ^'^ ^^ ««^«d a grain drill, nor with any kind of frST . "^' P'-^'icable to sow it with met with. The detaiiroVZ ownTari"^- TT^ '^"^ "« ^'^^ -««• on paper, are as follows :- After the sSrhr»Lu^ ^ ^^? ""^*"- ^^«'-« P"* mark out the ground two wavl iniLl*^®" ^*''''°^« ^--^^-r. It will p^a^ more difficult to sow than mosTXr tinH T ^- ^^^ '^'^^ ''^^ ^^ "^"<=h none but P.n experienced soTer-Xnei!/ """'^' ''-'l ^^'^ ""P^"'^'^* ^^at uniform gait, aid to cast ev'^^lTand^u wShX "''*' " ^'7 ^^^^ '^"^ should be employed to sow flaxsS Tf Th f curacy of machinery- can always see where hi se^d f Jls Bu ^ ' f T"^ ^ "^^^'^ «"^ *he sower a deviation of only a few inSs to thp^Ir "i^" '""V, ^^ '°«*'^« ^^ «t«kes thin in some places and tTth ct in ot£ "tk'^' "^" ^"P *^« '^^ ^ Two to two bushels anra^haTf^rTrX^d rstn^^fit.^^ ^ ^'^^ "Covering the Seed. the seed h:sr^s:td fo^thetr'^"" ^^ P^^ -- ^he field, after light and porous, a t^Im wil? w th rli'T^f k '^'^°' ^ ^^ '^e soil is at all that it will be s^verTdal^^ 'l^Wnd '!;] ' ^"'^ """f ^ ^^ '^^ '^ «« deeply growth with the rest of tl^ field An.?h '''''''" ^^. *^^« ^ »t^*«" «" equal BO deep, the flax will pu 1 much ha^er Fu''^^^^'' "^'" '^' «««^ ^« buried to cover it deep enoug^h to vegLtt^. sh^Ttl^^, :^^ ^^ ^^^ 16 on a smooth surface whpp« »« i Hions in the soil, it whral Te^tX,!^^^ ^ «*^»'«-' '"to depr and pull easily; may be cut S scv hi ' '" i?^"^ «^«"'y on the groS' ^•e ground and the straw and lin^^iT'J'l'^'^'' - horse-mowers cTj^e My practice has l,een to • bush in " f iT , °/ * "n»f«nn length and qualif hancT With a suitable bruslfol man'"^ K^ ?•■""'"« * l^^"«'' Kw' day, and do the work well ""f .'"*"««" buNh in four or five acres n wide, and an active man or a Htron ^* ^""''^ ^'^^^"^ « «trip ab'' *>"t »'»« fibre will not 1» so "Pulling. Sravels, or binds it himself as L^ l^l u^ ^•'" °'' ^^i^ws it down in below the bolls, with bith handT arfd nuSe" ''' " l^' ^''^ '« «raspe.7"u « pulled slowly, a much large" 'anti?v of "^..''''^n'* sudden jerk^ If t one handful is pulled it is set on .K^ ^ ^'"'.'^ "^'^ *^bere. As s" --ths. flax as fast as pulled, and to set tl7e ' raveT,^ ' .** *"^ '***' ^ b>"d the figure ). These should alwayste et So north T^ '^^' ^'^ ^^own in may shme on both sides of the st*' ^he sun gravel leaves the hand of the pu l^te "hould ^^^ t '^'^ ^^^^^ ^^^'^ the n"'^' "L? '^'^ ^^*' *^ knoc^k off the S K ^h "°'l°'' .*"^^« °° *he is always better to spread out eaot 1 i • *"® weather is pleasant it tluck for the purposed? sunn ngt ^AfTer Tt I' ", ^"""'' "^^"^ '^^ *«« a day to a day it ought to be turaed over / u'V" ^^'^ «"« ^o™ half puller will throw every- eravel d?^ ^ ^ """^ ^**> "des. An expert readUy gathered wheT?c?S ent„J ? «««h ^ «|anner that they mTbe together if in a continuous swath °it t fe..^""^ ^P' ^« A** *"• hang three inches between the spread 'Itelsa^rf *" leave a space of two o? alternately, heads and butts. ^This isTm^J J". '"T^r^ '•^"^ '^'"e laid turned over readily or taken up and CSd^,*i.n°/^^' '^^^ '"'^^ »^ «*«h bound as soon as pulled, and set ?n stocks i.'ni ^*"^''."«- ^^en it is weeks to cure before it will be fit to V^„ t' '" "'"l"'''^ ^''"'n one to two tast as it is pulled the out de of t^e fit wiH ,"""' '"^.^^^ '* ''^ »^""d as suAciently cured to be stacked, while^uch'nf tJ^'^-t'T ^'*^"' «*" «PP«ar will be too green. It is a,nS „T • x ^'^ ^^^ '"'ddle of the bundles 18 '^^^ ^"^ P'-. U wn. ehe.,o. run pulled than if the fibre i« cuUn Two If 1 'i'^""'' f "'^ «°^'»'he'- thrTj"? f V ""'^^n^ge <.f this toperinir of tZ m r ^ *^»^i, ««• well a« wrt dealen. „.uke a difference in'^heVte ttwtn 'ZT"''' ^f'^ °' -■• ^^-^4 P e between reaper cut ' and pull«J flax ^ "Rippling and Saving of Seed l^^^^^^TAr;::^^^^^^ ha« been to pa, „o attention to large amount could be naved SL? ' ',*' ^^ * J"^'«»«"« management a Hteeping immediately 5ter put; iHSr *"k'^ «^"^- '^^e c5Z? o? ^^ani:i* f-;, feeding or crLh n„* " ."p^^^^fle t« ^ advanced without injury to the cualitv K « "*^ ""^^ ^ Hufliciently tillMt n "^•^'•^'"« '"the fieldrnd SlirWo^ve^h ^"^ «^ '•^"'"S ^^ in th T "r'"«^^*'' " ^« ^ comment lurilS^ "*T ^'^^ ^^e s?ed on on the Irish system, because muoh f •* ' .i ''^ ^*" ■** saved for sowinir suitable for the pur^rTLJ^'\"^'.7"H with a little more caT Jf of seed in a mafkerble conSuion ffr the -^1^' ""^ ""*'' * '"«« ^"*^'*»^ extraction of oil, etc., and whaLf^r f ii u" """^"^^ '» crushing for the ^^iV?^'"^ on the fkrm ■ ^'^''' ^*"« ^^^""^ «' »»•» could be utlliz^ for must b^ T'tTi^'aclXT^ tst^""of"S"P""' ^^^ ^""«°« ^^ ^^e pulling the dams, the handfulls^al pulS a^ Uid '"^ '"'^ V? ''^ ^^*« '*ady fo? ^ay for the ripplers, and afterwards t^ .'^^ "'^^ f**'^'' '»* ««nveLnt ready for steeping. The ripplTn„ fslLnt f '•*^»^^'^" »^ ^ied up in sheaveB IS of large dimensions and a Ltifr^ hi- * ''"'"^"ng process, but the comb t«ps of the flax only, whiJh '^r^irffi^' ^^^^ I^'"*«<^ ^^^^^^^ seeds, are drawn through the ripple which nnir"^'^.'*^'"'^^ containing the or Z'X^ des<=ription « unnece^a"; J^ll^^l^^^^^ b«»« completely refe^^r '^P' ^^^^^'^ «* ^escriptL m^^y be of t ^"^'l' •*' *"3^ ^"""^^ referred to when required The L^^K ^^J^ ^f some interest and can \i to 16 inches long, and ^ into the^^r"J^ '"'^"^^ '"^^^'n^h iron C 19 twenty-four teeth being sufficient to I'^t'"' «r-eyed t«. the damn and tn^U-d bh " Rotting. 1.3- rottin« Hn.l drt^Min^Tt I Z iJL T^"' '*'*' *^'*"' ^"•- *»>« "•»'-k«t thiH labour himself he Vould un Kn , ^fi'rr V ^^^^^ " '""•*'"" "' work. The Htalk Htraw or haulm of rt„v • f ^. *^" *'"' ^"* »<» ''" the inner bark, and the nhives „r wLv i"» """*'"^."' ^^° l«rtH-the fibre or 'luently called Hhcx,ve sLve S "l7"h ^T'^tI: "2^ ^^'«'' '" «'"" ^re- tbe stalk by means of a ZthiouTJilZt^'''^- , T^ ^^"^ ^^*'''' ^'"^b' t« HtalkH iH to dissolve amJ deiorr^S*"'^ the object of rotting the wxKly parts HO firmlv togX^nd w^n" T "■'^""^ ''"'l'^ ''''' «^"-« ""^ separate from the Myre^^reLmy^Zr'^^^^' ^l"^ '^^ '^^''^ *i" sprout in early summer. There ai4 two vl^ * ?^ . '* ^'"""S *»''"* dressing it. One is callecJ ^.TiaTr^rtJnr^L .'.T"'"'? ^"""^ Preparatory to steeping." "*' "*""•« *"d the other water rotting or "Aerial or Dew Rotting ^tSrstaT., :etl;^jSrk^ 'T^. ^ -^^ «- p,ot in .ong spreads the flax, and divides the bund esint^ fZ" ^^"'■'- '^"^ u"*" "''^ where the swath is to be made The inrpTw!; k "I ' ^*"^*'"g them down or squats down with the to^ of the sSt '' S*'^^"^^ ^^^ ^y forward motion spreads the handfuirarfJLt «!^i *"?" •?""' *°^ ^'^h a quick are onlyLo things tot ote'v^ w^e„Tnr^> J'^^-^.*? ^i™- There the butts even, and to spreaT t of a unifor^rl'Mft^'*"' "^^'^ '"^ ^ ''^P Bwaths so closely that they touch e^hothe" but Tr" ^"/ 'P***^ *^« space of a few inches betwin to v^ltthl't \ ^^"^T P'^^" ^ '«a^e « another. After it has lain a weeH^t^n dt TshouTd alrt^''^"!lr^ "'''» down by running a long, slim twentv-iwS/1 "u .u ' ^ *"''"^ "P«de top ends of the flax, and let^ man and a £i t^^ *" '^" '^***'' "^'^'^ ^^e twenty feet at once. I have aWs fn.,n^ ♦^ * . °''^^* *«*'''"" of about of the work better than o^coiTd ^do k Ij f h': ^T^lP^-^orm this part a portion of a swath is rais^ Unless sol ont '\'"'\^^^' be«""«e ever,, time the separation is made, it ^ be mo^oTler. ft °^u*^" "^"^ ^^ere required for rotting ;ill depend rtirellnn^K^!'^; The length of time alternate rains and sunshine prvailtr^^^ '^^ 1**« ^^ *he weather. If ficient. The length of time thrtflLxhT-'lii "^ ^J*" '^^^'^^ ^'" ^e suf- on as a cor^t^ide ^ del^'r^l^in'^ ^tVeHrlo^ iU '^"^^ There are certa m rules which all e»ni.rJ»T,I!jfl ''^ *" ™*ted enough, will enable a beginner to ttefineChenlfis rflf '""r ^^^'^^^^ ^hfch reliable rule is, the stalks, if St wTth the Z 'f^ ?^'^'^' ^he most P^eces of glass, and the '^hivitp^te^^r^om^^,^^^^ 10 "huuM WHtch thi'ir lUv ». i "Steeping or Water Rotting. «lx.ve them 'T, *;^.K">""'I. «■ '!■« tl„. «,„ I' ' 1 ? ",", T" •"'"'"<"' •■ A. the ^"^ *° ~"°°'" *°"' •** Steep. iiSVhVn . "^ ^"^ "r'"'»«d ««reful]y everv dav f ^^^'" ^t^^^Pin^ about five 21 off without iIpIhv anil t>... ti '"""«" '' "'•"""'■'»• '-.' 'n''uj::!.r::;i;;- r» '-">■■■ » ^> "Scutching. lH'OntlH.Mt,Kkil.tl».|H,«ti„;,nnK^HH / » /"^^^^ ''''*'" ''"'""^ """"K'' to " 'n primitive tiiiifs lwi»l> ..► '"•h-. a iar,e .„..,, ;;iix::,,H;:,:T'' "" -'^'y ^'y •• HM upright .H.ar,l .alled^h t ak L l'; '" •' '" "^^ ''""'^ "^•"- »»"' ""I o Fr..|aml and el«.wherp, and h"u;\nm ,"''"''•""'•' '" »»"« way in jreneration. i„ vorv bukwa„ ii ,' " hut'.n 'r*"' '"^" ""^">' "*''"-^^- formH of hand lafxiur where the work , ""'^•''""*'y must NU|>er«Hje all magnitude,, nd it iK a M". io birMic^ ^ --".plisb.l is o'f suflieien yiH^ or iK.r,. .ate a oustmn whiX a , Ll T"' !" '"'>^ '^•*«'-«« »'» «tour „. a shape esseitially u,u nlJ ive^^r *' ''^ " ^'^'^« ^'^V to incA-a^e there ,h no ruh, without an exception and T ,"*''! ''^ «'*«' "'^"'ts; but under certain limited condition^ Oer' ^^ »^ P'aotiJ seutch.nK, or lon« and «hort ria^" ..v t : -x".: %k"'" '\ ''" '''""•' ^'"- ""' or carele«« pulling, and a. at f, 1, tSi^l )" '"'"'* ".'L"'"'^*'" ^''-^th lost, hand scutchin,., as a la.t , ^^T """"^ .^""''^ nearly *an be flax being lower than mill scute, 7 ^ "**^T"'^' ^"^ ^he price of such tioned that it should l,e preferred " ^ ""'^*"" """^^ «»"'itions as n.en- Gteneral Hemarks. ''SrtH^^p' ''' ''""'^'"' '"'"^"^"^ '""'"'^•^" ^'^^^--'^^ -^^^ r?P'r'"^"~ is a ha..rdous In the market price there is also grea variatfo^ 1^*"^"'^ ^"^ *'" '^^ '"«'-«'^- and at others so low that it canr,of ll variation, l,eing sometimes ver>' hich writer wisely adds, by way of "1. *^ 'T"^^^ "« remunerative." ^et h s the seed we^epropWratTendJro'rSt '""r'''^\^'-^ '^ the , X^^ with that of the fibre: the culti ^n of flax w u f''^P'•"«tH of the seed encouragement than it is at present «V,f T*,'"t' ^ ^"" deserving of to the cultivator. ^"''"'*' *" " ^«»'d then be more remunerative ^ 22 c.t,p8. Its demand on kkTur^s Huch al t?. !f • ^T'*'^!'* ^^ ^''^•"'^'•y ^»'- routine of the fann, and Se d3„J^ ^ "'*"'^?' '"^^^'^ ^'^^^ ^^e ^ner found to take its pC nrdouhr^h ^n ^''^^ '"« ^" ***^« '^P««^ ««n J The flax crop shouW however find a ^nl""'" '^T" **i" '^'•^^ eoViSderatio, and an outlet will he„rfound for cn^J ""l the ordinary farm rotatio. labour-saving appliances it will 1 w ''t""**"^''"P^°y'»««*' ^^th the aid c merits entitl! *f to ' ""^ ''''"^*' "^^'^^ ^^at attention which it 4^).' 'u^''l^l'':y;:'::jS'Z^^^ :l ^'^^^^-^^^ (-fernngtoothe demand for lu.seed and Tts pTSucfsand thl fir '"? ^^'' *^« ^••"^^"i for the successful growth of fllxitlJnn.l^K."^''''^^''^ "''""'^ *"d ««i cultivation has b^n so strLuoi iV url^^^^^^ ''"'' ''' ™T ^"*^"^« tial societies have been organised for ^?.».^ ^*™^'^' *"^ '*^*t '"«"«" object. Viewed mererraracricultuSP'^^^ purpose of promoting thi. exceedingly simple and cmilHh/^ .• T *"''*P' *^« cultivation of flax i. of the ce^Il cZs! The difficX^ ^^1^''"';'^ """t ^^^^^'^^'^ ^ ^^at advantage it n.u?t unde^oTpSss oflttT '^ "^"l ^ ^'''P"^^ '^^ ^«"y required not only an abufdanrsuDDlv of ^riT""^^'"'^' thus there is of skill and pe4nal superinte^^^^^^ labour but such an amount patible with d^e attentT/n S^^otTn7:^^^^^^^ 'f' '^'T "^ ^« •"-™- remunerative market were availableTor f h« fil ''".'^.'^^'•y; ^ a ready and 8W. this, in combination ;?httvJ^^^ '^T^'^ 'T™ "^ «*^ would at once hold out sufficient moHvIf^ * ^^ ^'"" *=*"'« ^««l"'g. and to any required extent UntTfh? ^.t"' ^^^"^^'' "^ «''«^ '^ statedly in the corJ-gr2wi^d?sSt8 of Grl P -f •^'^ '^i^' ""^^""^ cannot extend Highlands of ScotLd whl theret?"!;i'"\, ^° ^'^'^"'^ '^"'^ P^''^^^ ^^ the of such employmenr*« the flax .ron 1 !"f "°^*°' population mVch in want for its growth is hghlySaVirthar^^^^ probable that it will do fo ^ ^^^^ '^' ""^'"^-^ «h«"Jd extend, and Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C, Augmt, 1898. J. R. ANDERSON. Deputy Mininter of Agriculture. o. . , VICTORIA. B.C.: Wnted .y R.ch.k. Wo..«o«. PHnter to the Kin,'. Met Exceilant M.J«„.. fis manual lary farm le general t can be deration, rotation, he aid of I'hich its to other growing and soil X tended influen- ing this ' flax is as that f to any there is amount incom- dy and of flax eeding, tatedly extend of the 1 want suited d, and iire.