.%. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 y 
 ^ 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 % ids 
 
 *^ 
 
 (A 
 
 7a 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 ■ 4.0 
 
 1= 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 il.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 f% 
 
 'a 
 
 >^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Cor[X)rdtion 
 
 
 ^•V 
 
 23 " VE3T MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 4^ 
 
 ^■> 
 
 a^ 
 
 "V' .A. C"' 
 
 c^ 
 

 fe 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICIVIH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 O 
 
 \ 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniquas at bibiiographiquas 
 
 Th« 
 tot 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bjbliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 Covers damaged/ 
 Couverture endommagie 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculie 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes gAographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/au illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 RbM aveu d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties 
 lore d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque ceia itait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pds M film^es. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppl^mentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilmii le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a «t« possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mithode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquis ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagies 
 
 Pages restored and/oi 
 
 Pages restauries et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 I I Pages damaged/ 
 
 j I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 y\ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 ^ ' Pages ddcolories, tachet^es ou piqu6es 
 
 □Pages detached/ 
 Pages ddtachdes 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 Quality inigale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel supplimentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 □ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont iti filmdes d nouveau de fa^on d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 Tht 
 pos 
 ofi 
 fllnr 
 
 Orii 
 beg 
 the 
 sioi 
 oth 
 firsi 
 sioi 
 ori 
 
 The 
 she 
 TIN 
 whi 
 
 Mai 
 diff 
 enti 
 beg 
 righ 
 reqi 
 met 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 _/ 
 
 20X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 24:< 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Douglas Library 
 Queen's University 
 
 L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce h la 
 g4nArosit4 de: 
 
 Douglas Library 
 Queen's University 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated Impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or Illustrated Impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol —^' (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Les Images sulvantes ont it* reprodultes avec le 
 plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition at 
 de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film«, at en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 flimage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est ImprimAe sont fllmfo en comnr.engant 
 par le premier plat at en termlnant solt par la 
 derniire page qui comporte une emprelnte 
 d'Impresslon ou d'lllustration, solt par le second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont fiimfo en commenpant par la 
 premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'Impresslon ou d'lllustration at en termlnant par 
 la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle 
 emprelnte. 
 
 Un des symboles sulvants apparaftra sur la 
 derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols -^ signifle "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbols V signifle "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely Included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre 
 fiimAs A des taux de reduction dlff6rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* A partir 
 de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'Images nicessaire. Les diagrammes sulvants 
 iliustrant la mAthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
if 
 
 r 
 
m 
 
 PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. 
 
 ^■<^««-— . <^«./ 
 
 .rn?n?^-l''l^- T "?''i^"S f'Sotber is to excite an interest in our farmor. ," 
 support of their Agricultural Society. The association hnVl •. ^^™^^'*\i" 
 iniprovenient of agriculture, so th^t the L^S h tef atuedt 
 ne, IS at once the most appropriate that could be su-jrested TX \l f- ° 
 the most agreeable that I cLld have been askertotddt Z TZ"^^ 
 PmcHcalAffncnkare, or the Practice of Ariculture, not as opposed tnZr 
 olTlIf' ^"l"' '°."''' distinguished to theoretica farm n^^^I trot w" 
 ever, that the subject has not fallen into abler hands. Simple thou'h"nfl«f^: 
 may appear, there is a vast deal more comprehended in wvffl !fi° i ''^ '* 
 tical agriculture than we would at first su/po e And wl1 to Stjk ^''" 
 the ten years in which I have been interested in the aStu^e ^nd ,t^^^^^^ 
 cultural Soci: t ■ of this county, and to regard the interel 1 ?Zto mn festtf f" 
 IS support as a criterion for the future, f should have to a i n tleXe my fea^ 
 
 To treat the subject as its importance demands, I should have to tvnoc^ h. 
 history from the time that man was first doomed to earn his bread with the si 
 of his brow, down to the present time. And in doing so we sCd TnTc to 
 notice the many ups and downs that have eitlier accelerated oTh ndered Spro 
 grcss during the intervening ages. But, as this branch of thelbS ^C 
 very pix)pcrly occupy not only a lecture but a whole course of Ses I Jal 
 pass it by a once. And in the few words I have to say to you T shall confine 
 myself to the Practice of Agriculture, as we find it in the lih century. And 
 for the more clear elucidation of the subject and its more regular exam nation 
 we shall consider it very briefly in the different phases under wMchftTccu^^^ 
 
 ^ Farmers are divided into two classes : those who practise agriculture with a 
 view to earning a livelihood by it, and those who follow it as an amu enmn toJ 
 
 systems 01 kinds of forming such as grain farmers, sheep farmers, dairy farmers 
 &c These are what we call practical farmers. These^re the'menUopo 
 vicle food for the mil lon-to wimm the nation look up next to ProvidenceZ- 
 the supply of their daily food. The other classes of farmers are divided into such 
 farmer "' "' " experimental, the theoretical, and the gentleman 
 
 Now, although I have undertaken to speak to you of j^mctical farming, and 
 another gentleman to speak to you of sdent/Jlc farming, you are not to imagine 
 hat I hrow agn,„lt,,r..l .cienco overboard. For what is science ? It m?ans 
 knowledge; and this is the very idea I wish now to convey to you— the desirable- 
 ness of having a thorough knowledge of your profession, and if there be any dif^ 
 terence of opinion betwixt me and any other gentleman here present, it must be 
 with regard, not to amount, but the kind of knowledge most desirable for a farmer 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
2 
 
 PKACTICAL AGRICULTUIIE. 
 
 gXSca?Ltf " ""''^' " '' "^"* -^ *^« --«al qualifications of a 
 
 brSssldoirtVaU^lia^^^^^ ' -- *« oc-p, ,„, „,,,, ,,^ 
 
 Zoology, Geology, EntomXy or any of !£' T"'1 '^>^^e"^i«try^ I^otany, 
 sibly necessary to the succe'ssful nrnrhv/ f °^^'', "^^'^les is not- indispei! 
 ^ethoroughl/atthispoh" 1^^^^^^ ,^o^, underst^and 
 
 the value of the sciences wo have e erred 1o W. ' ^'S^* ««t""^te upon 
 doubt the effect which the wondeXl advan.n! • X ' "'"" ^"' ''^ "^^"^^"t 
 upon the civilization of thcrorld' And wn *^'' '''"''''' ^'^' "^^i<io 
 
 ture has not received some, nay, ^ery ill ZX I" '""T'' ''''' '"^''''^^' 
 scientific men. Neither must you suddosc f] nf wi m t''? *^'' researches of 
 aey of the more practice CtsTLi^; T' ^ /^^^^ 
 exclude the scientifio%rancIies'tm the edu^d^'o?' the -'^' '''''''''' 
 of farmers. Upon the contrary, I look upo^ them n, "''°« S'rnemtion 
 Which every man-laying claim to be an inSn.. . i j^«^o"^Pbshments 
 the modern acceptation of^hcterm-sWd^L.f"^f^ '^"'**'*^^ "^^^°^ io 
 the very same relson that I ook upon pain f„^ iV'^^f V^ conversant with / for 
 as most desirable accomplishments Cvn^ ^-^.f «c^lpture, music and dancing 
 essential for a farmer to leaiTthe'irt of T ^'" T""'' '""^'^^^ »^« that it is 
 fantastic toe," than you wlT persuade 1^!;^/'?' V"^ *'."'"P ^' ^'^ *'^^ %I^t 
 ess^tial that he si Jld be i7a™t rai;^^c1, Lmilf '"^^ '^^•"^^^' ^^ ^« 
 knoTvSg Xge^^lr r:.S^^^^^^ t1 scien^T^^ktany, we have the 
 plants az-f best^fda^L^ cSrkbdrnf'^-f '"'Jj^^^ *^^^^ ^^^'^'^"^ kinds of 
 cultivation We cL diS.fgu sT b ?vten whL? an'^^ T' ^^^^^"^^ «^ 
 
 and oats, between potatoes im1 r^hwT i -i f ^". ''^'^^^' between c! ess 
 ed to account for the itoni'hlncr s ^ l!?^''^;^^ ?" ^"^"^^ °^' ^^^any has fail- 
 chess. And all tlfsc ences S^^^^ fn ^T 'J''' ^^^^"^^" ^^l-^' ^"^ 
 
 have failed to tell us what has niSuced fho ^^^^^^^S ^^ ^ho head of them, 
 upon the plant, much lessl"deCtra'te'"cSrr "'' °^ '' ^^'^"^"^^ " ^^^ 
 
 sigKl?ptSf rlfenil" h^^^ I^^^-- -'I ^ore- 
 
 ing storm. And instea^f racS I brl^'' '.f • i!'^^ ^^^'P'^^ ^"^' ^^^^ '^^■ 
 to comets that are to d-^^^^o'c^^^^^^^^^^ speculations i„ regard 
 
 their touch, he reposes confidrnr^ ^'^e seagQ annihilate the earth by 
 
 remaineth, seed-ti^e, and harvest nd cdkl t"l "'^^ '"^ '' " ^^"^^ ^^^ ^-^h 
 and day, and night shall not cease '' W T p^'' '"'^ '""^"^^^•' ^"^^ ^^"^^^r, 
 «torms and the^urren 7the winds f ^'^'"^ '^ "^'^^"^' ^'^^ ^^^^o^T of 
 remembering who hath said Z'rt l^ FT""^' '^l^ ^^^" ^^"o^ of his way, 
 andlie that fegardelht /clouds sSan t^fap™' ^^^ -"^^ «l-" "ot sow',' 
 
 obS:;:^^ • rr m^ "^Sr^r^r ^-^^'^^ ^^ ^-^^^ -^ 
 
 ;^ jWs of animal^ that re^hj:: vlffTL^r ^tJiJ 
 
 (a^^i:;msJ;?L;r[S^J,^S:fc-?^ -V -^^^^^-^^ ^f tl. Farm." 
 in support of the importaL'or it dt ^rS;^ was cited as high authority 
 and my own so nearly coincido thn^ T ^'"!" "«' ^"^ I fi» ^ that his views 
 up of die whole mattei 7^ h s ^wrfl.n " ^"r -T'' '^'"" ^ive his summing 
 to leave no.room for Ss^pXeii^'Tfe^^ '' '^ ^'^'' ^^' P--^'^ - 
 
 is to be found Tn U^r^n^'tminl' o^ advancement of scientific agriculture, 
 
 ture. Were the men of TdenceTn f "^ science with practical agricul- 
 
 men ot science to become acquainted with practice, much 
 
PRACTICAL AQRICULTURE. 
 
 3 
 
 in 
 for 
 
 
 grea er advancements might be expected in scientific acrriculluro than if tha 
 practical man were to become a man of science ; becaus^ men of science aa 
 such are more capable of conduclir.g scientific research, and undl he eS^iB 
 betwixt prmciple and practice are well understood, scientific researche 
 hough important in themselves and interesting in thei^ investigaticnTten to 
 no practical utility in agriculture; in short, until the facts of husbandry be 
 S;:^J;^.!ir ""' "^" f «---« :-" '- vain endeavour to coi "tr7ct a 
 
 tw'i. i.^n n ^'? '•' ^"'"P^'?"«"t ''^ ^«" '^""fer : " I am convinced 
 
 t oVnnt P"77f science to benefit agriculture, though perhaps not to 
 
 the same degree which the sanguine expectations of many of is true friends 
 would induce farmers to believe." The' truth is, Mr. Stephens was wHtlnra 
 book on ngricullure, so full and comprehensive as to commend itself to every 
 taste; but had you asked him as a practical farmer his honest opinion of the 
 
 He that tilletk h.3 land shall have plenty of bread ; but ho that followeth 
 vain persons is void ol understanding." 
 
 I will now consider what are the°essential qualifications of a good farmer 
 and how they are to be brought to bear upon his profession ; or, in other word/ 
 what system shall a man adopt to entitle him to the name of a good farmer? 
 \Vcre I now addressing myself to an old country audience, my catalogue of 
 qualih2ations should have to extend over a very wide field, and I should cer- 
 tainly (enterfaining the old fashioned views wliicli I do, with regard to a<^ri- 
 culture,) liave to warn my hearers against being carried away with every 
 wma ot doctrine that scientific or theoretical men may advance. But, as I am 
 now situated, I do not think there is anv need for this warning ; I have no 
 apprehension that there is the slightest danger that any of my hearers will fall 
 into this error. 
 
 _ The qualifications of a good practical farmer are twofold— mental and phy- 
 sical. 1 take for granted that we are all agreed, that every man should be 
 possessed of a good sound education— such an education at least as the com- 
 mon schools of the country afi'ord -and really we cannot sufficiently estimate 
 the benefit that must arise from the working of our school system. I do think 
 that the system is a good one, and, like everything else in a new country, must 
 take time to develope itself Wo already see the fruits of it- Many of our 
 young men whose education commenced in the common schools of the country, 
 and whore they imbibed the first desires for higher attainments, have dis- 
 tinguished thenselves, in the various branches of the learned profession i,i 
 this country. But not in the common schools nor any other schools can we 
 derive that information which makes a good farmer. We all know that if we 
 wish to make a youth a shoemaker, or a carpenter, or a tradesman of any 
 kind, we first send him to school in order that his mind may be expanded and 
 prepared to receive the seeds of jiractical instruction, and just in proportion to 
 his intelligence and the extent of his education, we form an estimate of the 
 success that awaits him in after life. The amount of education beyond which the 
 common school affords may be extended to any length you jjlease, just accord- 
 ing to your means and yonr appreciation of literary attainments; but for my 
 present purpose this is all 1 demand. This I consider the first qualification of 
 a good practical farmer : he must have a good sound education. 
 
 The next indispensible qualification is, he must be a man of good common 
 sense. Now, although a good education will develojie, it can never originate 
 this sterling qualification ; and hence we see many men with fine intellects, 
 thoroughly versed in all the iittaimncnts of a highly finished education, and 
 yet woefully deficient in this essential quality. 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 .'1 
 
Haviiiof a 
 
 4 
 
 PIUCTICAL AQRICULTUKE. 
 from being a g„o.i p;acticarfa™er If ox „?""";' ""'''• " ■"»» ^ "i far 
 
 to perform agricultural operationsfbu « onn, ' '"^ °^ '"^'"^ ^'''^ learnin/how 
 thing connected with «hem, and to ave°he ^ ^I^" •"'" '^'" vational^f ^e vLry 
 as a .settled and fixed principle, uliry.n,-^^ "'^^^'^^'^^ "PO" Ins mind 
 and on the other hand canno be den' ted f?- T"' '""*^' ^"^'^"^^ ^n ^ucTess 
 AVe have self-taught artists and S. "" '^"^^ ^"^punity. - ''' 
 
 ers lots of them; an^d as we l^Iupo'fttf "^'''•'"^^'' '-^"cl self-taught farm 
 to be relied upon, so I am iuZo7ZoT.T'V' " ^P""°"« breedfand not' 
 Jack of.,,,,r,d,3 and master of '2.'"^; " -^^'taught farmet^ : he is a 
 that does not pay. He flies off at a VanJr^ttnl f,"^ '^''?"' "^ ^^^^"g and 
 He finds something at last tlmt VLl/mv V ^"°''^^.''' ^"^ l^at is equally bad 
 comes out of it miserably clisalo ttd^ ^Gi' ^"'^ i"^^ ^' ^''^^esale and he 
 education, of good common seme Give Sp ?l "'"^ '^'? "^"" ^^ g^o^l sound 
 cal farmer, whether he has seivp^ 1,; ^ ^^'"^ ''^S"lar apprenticed urnrH 
 another's. He commence t^^vvo "d S" " '^'^^^"^ "" '"« fatherX'^t" 
 accommodating his system offUrniZtn tt ^ 'T'^'?^^ '''''^' ^^e necessi^ of 
 climate, or of soil in which he . "in^n l P""'"^^?" circumstances of coumrv 
 future labour., he adopt a sy te^^!!^' Z "'? ^"^^"1^-% the field of U' 
 may for a time be required to^ex^cise n. f ' "'"f ''S^'' ^^ it-though he 
 so m the full assurance that in du "t me^l eXll T^ ''. "? ^" J-Po--he^ oes 
 
 a ~ tHst-ir ! -^^^^^ . but in 
 
 his own shoulder to Ac whlT and iT h J P^^^«^^^% ^^le and willing to put 
 to be done himself, he must a tl '^ L e Jftr^r^"™ ^" ^^^^^ ^« "^^es^^ry 
 engaged to assist him. In mv n^tlT ^'^ ^''^^^^'^ ^^ those whom he hns 
 
 I am most familiar-the Lo hhns f r^"'"^'' "^ ^^"^^ P^^'^^^'" "^ ^^ with wh d 
 render this qualification quhe unneTl s^,^^^^^^^ '^^'"^f °" - extensivei^ as to 
 o manufacturing and some other bra„S of ]"""^ ''^"^'" ^'^^''^ ^°^«^ analogy 
 and capital embarks his monev in I o • ^"f^ness, and the man of talent 
 
 not say : if I have good c^op 7and if T h" '"^ °^^^'[ speculation, and I e doe' 
 Jelp me, I shall do so and .o Wl 5 ^'^''t^, ^^ood man, and a good team tc 
 bO bushels of wheat per acre 'as ^ i ''^' '' ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^' ^ «a" grow 40 50 or 
 to dp so and what profit I shall L" -ThlT ^' '■ ^ '^"^^ ^^^^ ^^ wilf '; 't'„" 
 shillings and penci, how much mono ''^^"f^rf /^ is a simple matter of pounds 
 Now, some of y^u will sav if f ^ • ' ' • '" V' ^" ^^'"^^ng- 
 
PRACTICAL AaillCULTURE. 5 
 
 kail. This of course is all in favour of tl.n q ^ 1 r 
 
 who possess a limited capital come her «h. ' ^''™f '■ ^"^ ^'^^^^ «g«in 
 
 buy the land and stock We E 'Tif „^^T^ a much smaller capital tvijj 
 capital required (a stock a rom^ 1 fa^-^ " T^^^ ''""'^ « ^"'"^ ^' home. Tlie 
 is about £15 per acre, sS th^o' Ick"' ETSSo '" '^^ '^^^''^P^^ ^^^^ 
 usual size, requires a capital of nearl/^25 oi? "''"'' ''^"^^' ^« ^ ^'^^7 
 
 sense^rd ';^,tTl IbU^TreTtir:' "^^^'^ ' ^-^ «^"-^ion, common 
 Canada. I will consider tireift^^eexcE^ ^T ' good practical farmer in 
 must first, however, divide t e racdco r^ • ^^^ ^"'•'"•"S *'^"«'«^«- I 
 branches of which it is complsed^ ^'d el-h nf^H^' '"'"' "^^? ^^^° ^'""^^-^nt 
 leading fixed principles : you will now bpH f ^ '^''^T '' S°^^"^«^ by 
 I started with/that tie ^ub^cctl^^bra ed n?" e th^nffi T^ '^^^° ^^^^^'^«^"^ 
 suppose. The time would fail mo to cmS- IT f?' \''° ''''-^'' ^« ^^^ ^o 
 terns, I will therefore merely gla'ce at tlm "^""^^'^ ^^'^^^^ ^^^-'^"^ ^X- 
 
 thJothr^' W: W-'"^ ''^'"^^ '^'"^^ ^^^^^--^' -^^' Ouite separate from 
 
 hilf;^.e^^X?eS^n^S^^ ''^ "^-^--- -'^ 
 
 cat£,aud,insomeparticuLlocS;S;^^r;o:l;:^^ 
 
 opeL^'a:::fconfi:ed^:::t;^^^^ -^-^^din their 
 
 Oarse farmers, the nanie of c '^e bp?i •' '^'"'' "'" """'^ "^ ^'"^'^^^'^ the 
 extremely rich alluv^rcl^ d " "it^ "hfeflr^,^: r'"f^" ''''' ^^"^>'^ '^^ 
 
 entirely so, to the produciiL of whnnf. 7^ '" many mstances 
 
 prairies their capubSrfor.^i^ ^ vC^ '"' V ^^^'' '""^' "^ °"^' ^^^^t*^^"" 
 
 ble, but unlike Ihem h y efur^^^^^^^^^^ ^'"- T"^' "^^^^^^^^^i' 
 
 of a heavy retentive clayey soil ^ management, bemg composed 
 
 sons t IS neither desirable nor practicable to adopt it elsewhere. 
 
 land to^hS'p^^^^^^ ^--t^-icted in Scot- 
 
 climntP .ZJ I the country which, from the humidity of the soil and 
 
 wrfindfl ^'''r^-^-''^'f^'^^'«''^^« than others; in this country, hou^vei 
 we find them indiscriminately mixed up with others. ^' ' 
 
 nP%r'..^ A , ^^'^'^''l '? ^^^'^ ^'"^"y followed in the grain growing districts 
 ?avme? o?thist '' "''Y '" ^"^^'^^^^ ^^^^^"^ "^ -^-^i h?sbrdfy ¥he 
 t t^e var ous Z7: fT''"' ''' '"^P^^^^ '" combine all the qualifications 
 accordinTtn til • ^'T^ enumerated in a greater or less degree, 
 
 ino- Jn^^'nf ^"V " 7" ^^"^J'^^^ wherein consists the excellence of practical farm- 
 ce!d best hpt' w\'' fi^^t enquire what is the peculiar system'^found to suc- 
 
 it any ot you will tell mo what system the farmers of this county pursue, I 
 
 
 )«i 
 

 
 
 TRAOTICAL AORICULTURE. 
 aystcm at all. """'& '^ ^'^'"e^- defined as the absence of any 
 
 fha; fc;;!t;:^,^-: r ^Cvltrr-^' ^-'-^-'^ - -"^<^ ■> but 
 
 ;b t ;o last I l.ave mentione.l. that of th^h ± T? ""^''^ ^« P"»-«»e 
 
 Bhall narrow clown myrema-ks towha is In i"'-''^ ''"^^andry, and I 
 
 most prominant featui-e in that yltoTn a rctiTnl '' ''^'^^ ^" ^^'"-"^ ^ho 
 IS the cultivation oftho soil for the purLooFS^^ "^°"^'' "^' ^"d that 
 great requisites lor this are, a ;>.i " Z° A^/'/ "^ ^^'"7 ""^ ff^-«««' '^"d the 
 w«n»,v/,.^ cnul dnunmr,. ^ ^ '^'''''"" ^/ ^''^P', thorough cultivation 
 
 rffi "8"'^i 'tnre m Canada, or more mrfiVnin.] • ° "^ present pos - 
 difficult to arrive at a coiTectconclusTon as CS^^ 7^'"^^" county, it is 
 m our agricultural economy, is theTa se or ^ n S' '^J^f^^'^^ of thisfoature 
 «y«teni at all which we ha/o relen-ed to 13 V ?^ ^'^"^ "^sence of any 
 the fact IS the same: we do not follow any rell ^^^'^^^ver cause it arise.. 
 I ao not consider it incumbent on me to iTro v ,? '°'f' °" "^ ^^'^P^' Now 
 would rather demand it as an axiom! coiCend n ^■?'' f^ »«^««sity of this. I 
 of every reflecting mind. ' ^"'"'"^"^liig itself at once to the reason 
 
 It is reasonable to .sunnose th^t tl-io ^.. i . 
 from the soil and that cl-^fof t t t^e Xt jr" ^'-^"- "-."-^-ent chiefly 
 themselves the same kind of food. aXlnt . . •'^""'' '"'^ •''''" ^PP^'opnato ti 
 supply of the particular kind of fooS"t Sed i '"m I'^'^P^^'^i'^" ^o the original 
 pan existing in any soil, will that so rc^^^tlirto^'^'J^^^^^^^^'arti?^^ 
 plan And it is quite unreasonable to Znosp% .^' '• '"'^ '"PP«^^ ^'^^^ 
 should cent nuously produce forever an v^rkj J,'/ '^^ '^"''' '^^^^^^^ ^^^^iJe. 
 
 The medical man opens a vein in fhn j ^'"d of crop, 
 
 rate portion of thatlifi cdvinVSc^nhTt /"''" ^°^^' ""'^ vvithdraws a mode- 
 per intervals, he agaiifa^d ^a^ai f feaXri""'"''' ^'^'^ ^^^^^"^' and, at pro- 
 beheyes-heknovvs°not how4Cwtriw?f ''^''i' '^'^ ^P'^''^^'""- Ho 
 arteries with a healthier supply but vvt?. /'"'P"^^"*^^ ^"^ ^-^Plenish the 
 stream of life, who would eSs surnwL ^f''^ "^ °'^'' '° ^^aunch the ebbin^ 
 •hould at last sink under theVeatrn anjui",: Patient gradually enfeebled! 
 restoring touch. Some of you C point m.^^r^/''? ^'^^^'^ «f "^^ure's 
 west, and ask why there we^reacTolrceeW Lt^ fT ^'^^^"^ °^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 without any perceptible diminution in tlfe fIS f .T^^'^Kp-''' ^^^^^' y^^r. 
 you. the process of exhaustion is surely and rS I ' '°''- ^^' "^' ^^" 
 they will have to deplore with the siS. \^^?\ ^""'"^^ °"' ^"^^ ere lon<r 
 out, just when it was learnC to 1 v7uf.nTn .i^!'^' '^'V^''''' P°«^ ^™ ga e 
 when It will require all the "skill th JIT "?' ^^"^ ^^^^ ^^«y ^'^ comin^ 
 
 restore them to tieir original ferSity aZL?^ ?^^'^^^ ^^" combine to 
 the once fertile plains inihe valley^the Ric^helu nn '.^^ "^' ^""^ ^^^ ^- 
 America, now reduced to the hiimn/nW ••' ^'"''^ ^^® S^anary of North 
 
 Look to that h-act of country L?refSiC^ M-^'^^^"^ ''''^' ^^--^' 
 tiful m Upper Canada. long^supS t o Ti ^^ ,,^''^.f "' '^^ "^o«t beau- 
 themselves. It is now in a^pos^fion almost n. t "^"^^^^^^^^le as the prairies 
 m our own country, and we cCe very ^ea ' u^t '' .^^t '' '^^ °'^ clearances 
 are already dnllcd out. The sVstlm^nf ? "^^ '^^^*'" ^^^ «ay, that they 
 
 the tenant upon a short lease oTfor tl^o f ?^'''" i "'.^^P'"^ '' ^«'y ^vell fZ 
 cannot see out of the other: but to H,^^'^^;^"l^:f ^ - '""^"^ °"^ ^^^ ^"^ 
 of good common sense, the princinlo T .-^fo i '''''^^ awake— to the man 
 
 reasonable and necessary to^uulmS succts ' '^'"'"'"^^^ ''''^^' '' '' «"^^ 
 
PRACTICAL AORICULTITRE. 
 
 
 Of ploughs, wo have ifi Canada just aa manv difTLrnnf hi i 
 plough makers-strong l.re,.umntive evidenc^JZ nl r i ^'^' ''' ^^'^''^ «^^ 
 icind. In Scotland, ol Iho othJr TandTwo ha ^1 t^^^^^^^^ "" f /'" ^'S^'^ 
 difference is so trifling as to bo quite imnercenllh lo ov. . ' '\' "' '"'"'^ *^'^ 
 ticed eye, whence I iSfer that it I not ? rf 2 tt^ Sf^^^^^ '^'? 'r^^ 1>^^<^- 
 we approach to it in Canada it will be the W cr for us T? '' '" ''''''\ 
 plough the practical farmer must learn to be a ^ood 1 1 7"'^ "" fr°°'^ 
 undoubtedly good farming hinges on'this point.nd^tht . ''l?-'""^^"- .^ow. 
 all others in which we arc tht most defS wl ^^ f ^""'^ ^'"'"^ "' 
 perfectly we shall plough a giveTpietoT around bTt"''^ '''^\ ""^ ''"^^• 
 scur(/j, Ua da,, Jd no'attentlon isLstow d'^'hl Lo w^rrdcn"' ''-' 
 a thorough workman-like manner : it seems to hnnpl ■ , "P '" 
 
 furrows Should be straight, deep, and f3y put ?o/ether"oi-'^rr.V '^'V^'' 
 should be uniform in wfdth to fidlitate tl^e o,?"4S orjovvinil M ''''^^'' 
 ing, or that they should be carefully -athcreJ un n o th« ^ i ""''" 
 
 yet these are all most essential poims? ^ "" '''° P'°P'^' ^^'^P^' «»^^ 
 
 We often hear the assertion that the frrain m-nw^ no ,.,^n .i , . 
 
 l™ a, c>,e ..™irf,. „„„. ThU ™ay .ofis'bo\?:„7j:,°-'','; -£ 
 
 ridge 
 
 Thp nKfo^r r 1 T- • "•« yt^ar nis account comes out straight. 
 
 nnr« i^ f -^ M P^°^-^""S IS two fold : 1st. To pulverize the soil "and pro- 
 pare It for the reception of the seed. And second y, to wacre a war of ei e • 
 mma ion against the weeds. The deeper we plough we infreasTtU are! i^.' 
 which the roots of plants are to spreai themselvel out in nues of tha food 
 
 Jo the pTar^ThrT; .""'f 'l'^ r-^""°' ''''' "^' '' ^y theVtlunlcS^ 
 to the plant. The depth of ploughing may vary according to the nature of 
 the soil and the crop that is to follow, but we are quite safe in sayin' S f^n 
 7 to 8 inches is the least that wo sliould be satisfied with. Eii inches is as 
 much in most soils as a pair of horses will turn over easily, and when i s 
 desirable to go deeper than this, we must have recourse to the sub-soil ploudi 
 Tnd' ;i^'^'';r ^^ two horses, following in the wake of the common S ,' 
 and s irnng the ground to the depth of eight inches more, without, however 
 bnnging any of the sub-soil to the surface. 
 
 The common practice is to use the sub-soil in the course of summer-fallow 
 or in preparing for green crops, or under any circumstances where the ground 
 IS tlirown out of ndges mto a level slate ; it is used across the intended ridges 
 at ifie second last ploughing, and then in ridging up the land the plough is 
 run to its greatest depth, probably 10 or 11 inches, thus bring up and mixing 
 as much of the subsoil as will be considered advantageous with the surface 
 soil. VVliere the under soil is of a decidedly inferior nature, it is better to stir 
 It up and leave it where it is. 
 
 There is a plough invented by our ingenious neighbours, on the other side 
 ot the nvcr, that has quite superseded the subsoil on this continent, and is said 
 to be worked with one pair of good stout horses, that is the Michigan subsoil 
 and trench plough — a most effeetive implement, consisting of two ploughs 
 att^o.icd to one beam. By one operation the surface soil is turned over, and the 
 subsoil IS brought up bodily and deposited upon the top, the ensuing ploughing- 
 thoroughly mixing the whole together. Subsoiling is chiefly beneficial, whore 
 the under soil is of a stiff retentive clay, alike impervious to the roots of plants, 
 
 m 
 
 
8 
 
 ''AACTICAL AORIOlJLTl/llE. 
 
 greatest benefit Ucr ved from «„!.« -r ^^'o^anu it is very ittlo uso<l rpr 
 
 -to it very s.™,,,!;:""" »°' ■" °- P-«"t »tnto "of .gH^irsi"^"^" 
 
 proved system „f mUcd huHb»nd"v '^T^l-f ? '^"'™ ? ''»™ »'3''<-'<I tl" im! 
 properly prepared and planted whl' not^l/"' T"'?''^ •'' "'^M 'l'--" l'» b "n 
 
 Ws and eovering a spac of fl?e or iL JJ'';- ''?''''' ^S""'"'. drawn CtLe 
 '~ action Of ^reeL/ardZr/Snta^'p^S oZ= ,eS 
 
tlio Hoil ill flie finest 
 
 PRACTIOAI, AOHIClJLTUnE. g 
 
 »iWo, to ..irird'^lin/o LI : T r» i;"^^^^ ;», 7;'^ i» ";» f.ll «. pos. 
 
 HiSttcr to doi.o,„|,„sc "'° "'"'''''"' ""•• utlicrvcRctJblc 
 
 wi:i^i;:TLrZs::Lrt'';;;^S:;!:iv" 7r ^7 
 
 and that is for eousiHton -^-lo v,^ .1' *' ""^ ' "'" ^"""^ ^^ «ccord it, 
 
 tion to ony regular rltiorofcS w.'.Stl.r::'?" ,r^'^. ^'^ "'^ ""«"' 
 
 no unca.sinwH at all, oithcr to the icmim ,.1../; '^""'''''^" .»" S'vui- ouroclvcs 
 We are .atislLd that the , mnuro is I J 7""' '''? "PP''^'"tion of nmnurcs. 
 
 ^ay or other we mu t g t C^o". t t ^"w ^ '"/'""'' ""^^ ^''"t in «ome 
 
 they e.^riedM;!:^ :::::^!i2;z ^;frt";5::^/;r;^^jf f^^^^^i^'^^^ 
 ^pSn^f our f^iT'iriX'"^^ '^r ^"^^'^" «^^^' bSntctjs 
 
 that rota ion tZ 0/ V ? f ' • Proper turn, occupy its proper position iu 
 Invi, In "■ 1 ^^- ^ of nianunno; ,s to increase the fertility of the soil and 
 c'n ink .''"''^ ' ^^r'"^" P"^"' of fertility, the practical far.neri ut^fi d if'he 
 can only carry on the system and retain that amount; but to do th s Smiro' 
 
 Teriot ''^r^^'^''''*^"" ""^ nuanagement on his pai-t; indeed it iVecon en 
 serious question amongst scientiHc and intelligent tarmcrs, whether even with 
 cam l7nf ' • r?"."So.nont the ordinary resources of an ord nary f rm 
 ti of .iT";; """" t -/o^-tility of every part of the farm. If it L u^tl 
 
 ould w 1 tend n7-" ^ "•" "'! P^"'i '"'"^ '' ''^''''^''' ^*-'^°^ ^^''^refully 
 
 cZnurto !w V ""'? i'»Port.int matter. One thing is certain, if we 
 
 restore wo .ve^'- "Ti*^''^"' °"^««i^ ^^^^^ the resources of the fa m wTll 
 
 hoZ'ch)ico wl^'"^^^''^''''''■'^' r"^ '^''y '''^ '' ^•■^"Sing us to the brink of 
 
 ricoveroS'r t^l'r T ^' ""' i^f ^°\T °"^' ^^"^^^^ Position,"and make an effort 
 
 ZZmI { t ^ °''"'^' 'T*' "'"'^ *""*b^^ o^'^"* ^'"ongst the fast men of the 
 
 fnc n ^^'S•::^^'T^"""1 r ^'^'^'-^^"'^^ 
 
 hcurmovin >-?ff "«t/requently hear of farmers /cu7/.i,, we eve?y day hear of 
 
 and Lf" " '''■'*' '"'''"«. "' ^'^ '^'^"^ «"^ *^^^ ^"^«^«"^« «« to their motives, 
 and as fai as my own observation goes, I have yet to learn that there is any par 
 
 ot the vast continent to the west of us, where the prudent and industrious prac- 
 tical tarmcr can more surely, more comfortably, or more speedily attain to a 
 compc ency for himself and his family than in this very county of "Lundas. 
 
 in the barnyard we must look for the principal supply of nouri^hi^ont %r the 
 soiJ, and the lirst symptom of a better system of' farming will be tiic'vastly 
 increased bulk of our farmyard manures. We cannot expect our cattle to con- 
 sume every blade and stem of the straw we raise, and in the spring to find a 
 
 III 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 f 
 
 nI 
 
10 
 
 PKACTICAL AGRICULTURE. 
 
 i 
 
 chopped straw for .'.ppe., wo 1. 1 i'tr J^>.f . mHr„r "ir^tuff .rr "ff'?",^ 
 to their ribs; wc must fc(!(l out a s)iin> npHnv. • ^^^'^^ ^'^^ ^^ick 
 
 and give them to our cattle \vc'^mv\o^^^^^^ 
 the best market by the nca ek roa^^^^^ ^es assured that we are sending, tlicm to 
 
 beets, the most mil.ritiveSi-o'S "at r?o":.:^,rer" / th r?o'i''? ^''''f' '' 
 But m this, as lu other tJiir.fr. .L „,„.'" , i, '^^ bushels of coru. 
 
 In this climate we Vuid tl a wh I'e 1/^^^ T ? "f''T' ^'' '^'^^^'^^^tances. 
 cattle and sh.en, chey ar altol^t e uL? Ad "1 ^'^''^^^^'on^y fed to youu^. 
 rious to milk cows. ^ '''^^=^<^^^^^ "'^-^^I'tcd and ni elu-tam cirenmstanees inju^ 
 
 fJ\^^;:^ ''^^t^^ t^l^^l ^^'^^^^f^ ;- tied up iu stalls or 
 toIeavetheLtteranTp acSr B^^^^^^^^ '"^f '^? '' «^<^<i as 
 
 it is very easily set at Zt ^ If we ^ro 2 If '' '"^ 1"?^'^^^"='^ '^^ conccrucd 
 tionably our policy is t^ keep a many cX -''"''.' "' J^^"?/='^'"«^-«' ""q^es- 
 mize tlmt food by tyia ' up o^u? ca J^and ll T ""'' ^''^ /''' ''''^ ^'^ «^o»o- 
 devise for dMliAaZr^,^ If t^ the' oH "'^, ''Y """^'^ ''' ^^" 
 on the system of mixexl hu3b'.ndrv wo .l.oin ''"■ ''*""^' ^" ^rc farmiuo. 
 
 s.y fbrUkiu, down ou^ttr^X ml^Sd ^el^r^tairtl '^ T^^' 
 atlesse^^pense a great deal le.s trouble to om cattTe m m -f ^ n ^^'' f^-'' 
 and more comfortable style to our cattle bv l-oTnlni • ' uV ^^^'i^f^'"^'- 
 
 well-sheltered sheds andV^vrds IMm^ tluisXlo^T '£ -''l^ ^'''?''^ '^'^ 
 needful, the question will then arir& bv f Sl^ f 
 ^ .ncen^ate its properties, improv^ it::X^:^tZ.::T::^:^^ 
 
 this my present limits will not^d ow me t Ser It ml U 1*'^''"''^^"' ^"* °" 
 to consider the means we have wit L ou reaVh fl • ^ ^ • ^ 
 this material, either by collectLr 1 iTnf '"''?"^'''» °"' '^^PP'^ of 
 
 Bwamp muck leaves and o her to^,^! T ' v" '"^^^^ "'^ ^'^^h, such as 
 and such like or by 'import lul^ot' ''''"?'' ^'''''' ''^'''' '^''^l^'' '^'^ ^ust 
 others may prWe t^b"?emun"e"tt " '^"^^' "''""'^^ '"' *^^« ^^P--"- ^^ 
 
 lu^se d" 7S1^^^^ ^0 called. 
 
 incieasetheproducti >,fou soil K U^ f^? f^'^'^K^^^^ -ould 
 
 of hay and straw, it will oorre.rondino Iv I l °^ "icreasing our bulk 
 
 needful, which will Zluht^ ?./,"' wf ' °'''' '"PP'>' °^ the/r^7/,v/.y 
 of the wealthVpT k^ f^^^^^^^ '"/^ ')? ^'''''' ^^'^" ^^tiauilate the hcait 
 
 In additio.^ t^tl tr Ive^tJdrme'ud^^r^^ "^ 1" '" ^^^'^^•^"'"*^- 
 and many others better knZ fl^ .'^ '^^. '^^^^e guano, bone dust, 
 valunble, and ot r-rn 'ot J:rTM% nti ^'^ '^''^ ^^'''*1'°' '^^'^'^ ^^ ^hem really 
 practical farmeoFthesV™ '''f' '^'^ P^"^' unsuspecting 
 
 yea. ngo, it is now ve^^^iJ^ilT^L^t ^T^H'^t^ ^:T''' ^'""1 " ' 
 queut discoveries of this Valuable fertilza- h-ive n.^'l . f ' T ^'"^"""^^ ':'^f- 
 Agriculture of the United Kin-tom ;>rt ' \^ '^ °"^ '' "^^ ^'*^ ^» ^'^^ 
 
PRACTICAL AGRICUI/TURE. 
 
 11 
 
 ■Ui 
 
 mine in Canada has this year purchased 7 tons of it, which cost him ^^oo , 
 shall obtain the result of his experiments and by applying the infXblete^to? 
 pay or no pay, we shall satisfy ourselves as to its merits. ''''''^^^^^^ test of 
 
 If I have thus far carried my brother farmers alonrr with me T Imvo r,^ f 
 that they will now differ f^-om'me when I come to s^ak ofdr in'r the t't 
 men loned link in the chain. I shall simply state the object of itTand t e 
 effect produced by it, and let some one else tell you how you are to accomplish 
 
 We all acknowledge the fact, that a certain amount of moisture is necessarv 
 to originate and continue healthy vegetation, and that a superfluity of moisture 
 m thp soil has a decided tendency in the opposite direction. Now the obiect 
 aimed at, and attained by thorough draining, is of so important a nature as to nro- 
 vide at once an antidote and a cure for the two opposite extremes. The tile 
 drain is to the soil precisely what the governor is to the steam engine. Land that 
 has been properly drained is brought into a porous, mellow condition, at once 
 impervious to the drouth, and in a highly favourable state for absorbing the 
 moistuij3 that falls upon its surface, which, penetrating to a depth corresponding 
 to the depth of the drain, remains there in the soil to refresh and nourish the 
 roots ot plants, and as soon as the soil has imbibed more than nature requires for 
 this purpose, its own spacific gravity forces it into the drains. 
 
 The effect of external moisture upon undrained land, is more familiar to most 
 ot us. ^ After heavy rains we observe that the surface becomes hardened and 
 impervious to the water, which either remains on the top of the ^^round until 
 evaporated by the atmosphere, or is quickly carried off by the furr'^ows into the 
 ditch; in the former case the laud becomes soured, and immense fissures with 
 open mouth invite the action of sun and wind to penetrate into and carry off 
 every trace of moisture from the soil ; in the latter case the land is, as it were 
 washed, and much of the fertilizing ingredients of the soil is hurried into the 
 ditch. Ot two evils we must choose the least, and therefore we unhesitatinc^ly 
 preler surface draining to no draining at all, but thorough under drainino- is tlie 
 great secret of success in agriculture— it is the rudder which imperceptibly con- 
 trols the motions of the ship. Universally carried out in the old country, it has 
 ,jeen adopted in this country to an extent beyond what some of us are aware of, 
 and by consulting the experience of others we shall easily and satisfactorily find 
 an answer to that worn out interogatory, "Does it pay ? " 
 
 If we wish for information as to the manner in which the moisture of the soil 
 contributes to the groAvth of the plant, the man of science is at hand and will 
 illustrate it in such a light as will convince the most sceptical, but it is enough 
 for my present purpose that we merely give it a place, the last though not the 
 least important, as one of those essential requisites to the proper cultivation of 
 the soil. ^ '■ 
 
 Agriculture in Canada is in a peculiar and singularly interesting position ; 
 unlike the densely peopled regions of the old worid, where agriculture has 
 grown up with the growth of ages, it here exists in all the stages, which, dur- 
 ing the world's wide history, it has ever assumed. 
 
 AVe do not require to move far from home to find ourselves cut off from all 
 traces of ci^llization, in our own country we may travel for miles through the 
 primeval forest, and save the rough road on which we travel, can see nothing to 
 indicate that the foot of the white man has ever been before us, and if in the 
 distance we discover the blue curiing smoke, ascending among the branches, 
 curiosity leads us as we near it to pause and admire the scene. Emerging 
 from his lowly cabin the sturdy pioneer stalks forth to begin the labors of the 
 day, all the modern appliances of art and science are nothing to him, his axe 
 upon his shoulder he feels that he has all he needs — with an eagle eye he scans 
 
 
 Si| 
 
12 
 
 PfeAChCAL AGRICULTURE. 
 
 *« »A> 
 
 IS to guide his axe, but with a stron- arm n3?^^? ?,^^'?"''y ^^^li which he 
 eye at every stroke, the old king of "the forest treTw/'" I'- ^^^^-^^ ^* ^-^ ^^e 
 crash that makes the woods ring ac^aL he butio'f • ' Z • '' f "*^ ^"'^ "^^^^ a 
 very spot tlie woodsman had markedlfut for him Ir^^f '"i'^' ^^«^^ ^^ th« 
 and in a few years a large portion of Z Wcf r ' ''^'^^'" ^"^^ ^^ot^ier follow 
 invites the labours of th? p?actical tmer b1 JK^^ ""^-^ ^^^« ^^e^ranr 
 soon sinks the virgin soil/replete with tie essenthh "^T'V! '?y^^'^ ^J^tem 
 of older countries, and it requires all the ene ' .. nf f^'^'*^' ¥"^ *^« ^^^-^l 
 
 the qualifications of a good farmer^andrernL ^ ^''^' con^dered 
 
 far from .^garding the fow remarks I hJoZt^ltlf ^'T^' "P°". «nd so 
 utility, I foci as if we were now iust standfn^ nn /i \T^'^^. *° "^"^^'^ Pr«etical 
 that It cannot be better explo^han 1; ^t^^^^^^ '^ ^^^l"^'^^' ^"^ 
 
 and giving to their brother farmers the re4 ts nf Z' ^™^«/0"""g forward, 
 so tlKit the dear bought experienceof one'^^^'«et ^ . knd'n f ?^'V'''''''' 
 
 Ihe system I have now advoeatP<1 ,•« .,/ tu • "^ ^"^^^ *« ^^I- 
 
 one which has been long klwn anllces^lFvt^^^^ ^^^^^"^^ ^-^ 
 
 l'*'";??n"^^" have^een devoted to tTeprL^crofA^^ ^^u'''' '^'' """'^^^ 
 , I could tell you of an una««„min„ ..1 '. Z''^,*''^ of Agriculture. 
 
 C^ I could tell you of an un sumS.! '7^''''''^ ^^ Agricu....... 
 
 .^"^ly native lanj, onnZ"f~Su^^^t^^^'^^^^^^^^ in 
 
 ^^J^r^" '^ ^T^ '^'''''^'^> of /ooc common 
 I^ J!^V' ''^'^ «Jioulder to the wh?el si^inX/l ' ur. "^^'^ '^'' "^'^ ^f'-aid to put 
 ^^^. the advantages of a highTy finisSTd scien^tirJ^ ^^^ possossing^^ 
 
 for himself the enviablc?appellation of the ' n?nf I f "°''^^7,«-who has attained 
 ou many in our own country and hold il^em Zf ™''' ^'^"^ ^ ^^^^^ Point 
 industry, who will tell you /hat th neatoi tVev h J"" "' ™Pl«3 of successful 
 N r^'f'f '^'' ^'''''' ^''' been Xt suc^ce^s approached to the system T 
 
 the oUrL;"ns°o7n?trre,-th:^^^^^^ ^'''\^ ^"^^ triumphed over 
 
 said, this is a great coun ry SiS?ifr'''^''f ^' '' °^^^» ^-auntingly 
 yet to learn to be a fjreaf pLj.I. l^^^^^^^^^^ T"*''^^ ^"^ ''' ^^^^^ 
 
 of education, let us endeavour by cverTme.n^ wo ''^T'^'' «f a good systcn. 
 sal thirst for knowledge. ^ "^ '"' ''° ^"'^ ^^^ise, to create a univor- 
 
 we'^atJraS^S'^ui'rtS'T" ^'-^"^ ^'^^'"^ *-- -^ village, 
 a different channel thtttt of ^uTZic^^^^^^^^^^ 'T ^Z '' *'^^- ^'"•-^■'^' 
 3Iechanics' Institute, with a librarv and ron^ n '^^- 7^^'^ "^^^ establish a 
 
 or in Irroquois. I am told it sTo/soon t °^"'T" '^^'f'"^' ^" Monisburgh, 
 soon for the philanthropist to atsL „ \^TviTn '' "7- ^ '''"^^ ''''^ ^o be too' 
 amusement for our youn^ n.on tHican V ? , ? ''^'^''' ""'^ '"^re rational 
 
 or at the gaming taLe. or any o t"ho o o her infil''^?"' 7" '' '''' -^^-°> 
 our towns and villages infamous dens of vice that infest 
 
 ground „„d unite i^ m^a.,u Jfo'r thotmril;„d.' "' """' '" ""'' »"»"»