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CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICIVIH
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The
ATURAL HISTORY
ANIMALS
CONTAINING THE
^natomtcalldefmpttiitt
OV SEVERAL
CREATURES
iJjsSected Blr
The Royal Academy
iSCIENCEVat PARIS.
WHEREIN
The Coniftrudion^ Pabrick and jgenume Ufe of the Parts^ are ex-
a^Iy and finely delineitcd in Copper Plates, and t^ whole
Enriched With many Curious Phybcal and no lefs deiil Anar
tomiaal Remarks^ being one of the mod Coniiderable Produ-
(ftions of that Academy.
Ikue into Englijh by a Fellow of the Royal Society.
To which is added
An Account of the Meafure of a Degree bf a great
Circle of the Earth, Publiihed by the Members
of the fame Academy : Englilli'd by R. W. SRS,
With an AifhshttittU Tdle of the Names of tlie feveral Animals mentionM
in this Volume. And likewife an Jlfhakftiul hdex to make the Work
Compleat.
Publifli*d by an Order of Council of the lUipai i&OaCtp
7 Z, 6 N DO N, , ,. >
Printed tot R. Smithy at th& ^A^e/and Bihie without TmpU^Virr, 1702.
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^PUBLISHER "^
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'^ V' To The-:
E A D E R
.'^^ VuU
•^ I 1 He fe famous Memoir sc(mtainihgthe Anatomical Uefcri^ims if
JL f^^^ Afdmalsratid thofe all Exotic andfcarce to beproctaredj^
tocher tpith fuery excellent Obfervations thereon, arefome of the fir jt"
frmts and accurate performances of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris.
They were by them fometimefincefo Magnifeently, as well as Curiotifly
fit firth in two Volumes, that. (^ as they feemednot to be deftgnedfor com-
ntenSale^ fo y they became Prefints ofdy from the Ktrig, or Academy, to
ferfottsofthegreatejl Quality, andwere hereby rendered unattainable by
thffirdinary Methods for othir Boot^. And altho* by fome few, Jt>ho
(through tins m^^s) had the opportunity cfperujing them, they were found
fkU frattght vith 'very Pertinent, as well as CuriomObfer'vationsyyeffo
fffTat wasthe dignity inprjvHtiug the favour offuch aperufal (not only
i^e iir England, but even at Paris it felfythatthelngeniourLabours
efthat f^jhious Society were hereby made lefs'Vfeful and IneffeShtalto
their great Difign', moji of the hearned being totally deprived of the
fit^tdar Advantages that might be obtained therefrom.
Tor thefe Keajons it was judged that theexhibiiing <fthis admirable
Treatife in an Englifli dreff, tjiight prove no unact.fible Prefent, it be-
mg a JVorl^^inriched with many Curious Phyfical, aisd no lefs 'Vfeful
AntttomicaL Remark^, of great Importance to the Promotion and Improve-
ment of Natural Knowledg'-, efpecially that part which refpeSis the Con-
^uSiion, Fabrick^^ vi i Gmnine Ufe ofths Parts of Animals, and even of
Man : A Knowledge n<k way better to be obtainedthan from the Compara-f
five Anatomy of divers Anifnals -, that Texture ^Parts being difcoverable
in one Animal, which Natute has conceatd and maJe more obfcure ina-
nother.
Thfe Confiderations, backl with theedrnefk Importunities of fcveral
Friends, andthe hopes of being ferviceahlcto the Ingenious Insurers into
Nature, fo far prevailed upon me,that (in compliance totheirdefir.es, and
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To The READER.
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for the publiik^Benejit^ I imdertookjhis Edition^
my ntmojl endeavours for the rendering a faithfidtranflation th^U^y
fidl keeping as near as I could to the truefenfe of the French Cop^^ and
varying as little therefrom as the Nature ofthe'En^iS^ Language would
permit^ How far they have herein fucceeded, is wholly fubmitted to
the Ccnfitrc of the Lcarnedy whofe k^nd acceptance of thefe perform-
ances may prove a farther Motive to prefent them with fome other
things of this hind, whereby the nfeful Application (fthefe^ and divers
others of the likg Nature will more evidently appear.
But there w*s one thing more difficuh to be overcome (at teaji by me)
than what Ihav! hitherto mentioned, and that was the prefenting yon
with the Figures and Delineations, which in the French Edition ar&ex"
cecdingly accurate, as well as skillfully Engraven in Copper. And^ere^
in Gratitude oblidges me to ach^owledg the great l^ndnejs of Mr. Richard
Waller, without whofe Ajp fiance ijhould have been at a lofs, and this
Defign would have faWn to the Ground: U^his 2,ealom endeavours to
promote Natural pifco^^eries foon prevaiPd with him to ingage bintfelf
in thtsmore difficult Tasl{: And accordingly he proportioned Mtd wrought,
tbem after the French Originals, with as much exa^nefs as waspof->
]pbU', and altho to accommodate them tothis Volume, he was necef^
fitatedto contrail nnd leffen the fru, yet has he fo well difpofed offhe
Parts of each Plate, that what is mofi material is very plain and clear*
ly Intelli^iblx.: Mofi of th* Animols are reprefented three quarters ^s
bigg as in the Originals,and all the DiffeSied Parts half as bigg ; exceptim
fome few as bigg as the Life, which is exprejfed in their particular Expli-
cations. His great Care in thts nicely contrasting the Plates^and allowing
to each part its due Symmetry and Proportion arefufficient Tefiimonies &f
his Skill in Deftgning, which with his other Abilities being already well
kijown to the Royal Society, / mufi (^by reafon ofhisModeJh and my
near Relation ) forbear giving hint thofe Prayfes which in jufiice be-
long unto hint.
To him alfo I am oblidgedfor furnijbing me with the Tranflation of the
Obfervations made forMeafuring a Degree upon the Earth, which
tho it be a SubjeSi of a differing Nature, yet being one of the mofi con-
fiderable Productions ofthe famelllufirious Academy, and being joyned
to one ofthe Volumes in theFrench Edition, I conceived it would be as
pertinent and proper to accompany them in Englifli. , ^, ^ ' A \ ^
Thus have I given you afijort account of this following undertakif/gjhop"
ingyou may hereby receive as great SatisfaSi'ion in Merufeing, as I have
done in tranlateing thefe Memoir*s. , ME*
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^ -jfli'iVi ^nhrl t^-'io'F ■'!([ ' fi |F • if.' ,-€ ft-'A 'ii^l il'iflv/lo
y y f ^*f iPWy^ <6f^hat NaWfi?fodr& It Be, Ss tvrttten after ma
k^M m^ tojlcfteij, and H^HpH do belong :to ili< istoeft
it'lpMM^ ^'^h^^f'^ are C0h|h» w tftfeNatrativt of (^irie
pii%i^S<K^'itf X^iite^ tea tercalrrRiDDwIcd^c: Th^
&il|%^,>!^di t^'l^^ did cUl i^««;/^«tf4ri^/, iad the lr^»^^^
Alto^^J-i altho^ it, contains' only the Part?, and as it tJrfcre the
E!g«Ms^Hd9bS>%i<DreJdie Bodf
iM^i6tLM^kii'^ IS generaf, ')jet ciains thi^ A^^tagc ^
t!ijtt Or$iii^;arrd' TrntK, which are,ehj moft recomttidjibic Qaafi^
tie^ J^f Pft6i^^^ cattiibt 'tip WaiTCmg inft, p^o^5dfed.t;ht. Writer be
tKiit«M'SM(^\ iriWK is not fuffident for the general Hiftorian,
whofoftentiine? cannot be true, jiov/ delirous (gever he be after the
TraA,'^artdItt^ir care To«lver''!hc'itnpl<^'s to dlfc^erki UcaOfe
h< is alWydyvto diingcr of ])^g deceived bi thc'M('Mr5?i*'w "on
AVmcfv'lie builds.- ■ ^' ' .■■,-■■■- '7:j%~--;-^i-vi*r/.''«;:",|':-./
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The Vreface.
VVc have ftore ofHiftorics of Animals of both thcfc waycsj
Forbelidcs the great and Magnificent Works which Arijiotle, ^iif*y-i
So/inns , and ^iian have compofed of what they found in other Au-
thow^o r wh ic h t h e y l e a mt f iul u ih ofe wha had 111adcfbn1cOb(crv2-'
tion»theiHielves v We have hkewifeibmepertietilaf Rdacions v^hiek
Travellers have written, of Abundance of Animals which are found
oncly in the Countiies where they liavejbecn:. And thofcwh'o
havcma4dhe'3fcri|ption cf th/fejrerajf^ts of |hc Wofld , have
not forgoh^n Hilt pfthe AnmialsWliich arfe there ^ beibund. But
it may be (aid that there is npt fo||ind any certainty in thefc Hiftories,
nor in the(e Relations. Thofe who have writt the General Hiftory
of Af^majfi, h|^ve ^oi^ht .to cinder it fuflliciently acceptable by the
great nuniber of things which they do relate, and by the diftribu-
tion which they do make of the A[n(9ials into their diflPerent Species;
with their reiemblances and difFerencA which are found in their parts
of wh^Jithe va^us conlbrmatiqb, and all their Na^tural properties
arc rang(?dinibaiecoinmon Clajfix/ For it is in this that they have
chiefly imployed their dilligenceand induftry, the reft not belonging
to them, but to thoie who had nude the Defcription of the Animals
on the places, and whoie exafln^f^ and fidelitie could not be fufli-
ciently known to them ,to anfvver ifor them. So that the Materials^
of which thefe Aui;hbrs liavb.compofed their Works, being for the
moft part defe&ive an d laydon fandy Foundations, it may oe truly
(aid that the : great Struoure >vhich they have afterwards buife
thercon,,witKfo curious a Synuneitry, has no real^oUdity. '"'J^ ,
- Therefore theCutiousand Learned, who had formerly ^lit little
valued the worke of Fetriw QiUtMST^ when he undertook to iiiet(io-
ai?^ what i^/w/r, had confufcdly ^elated of Animals,, have been
much concxmcd at the lofs of the excellent Remarks which he after-
Wards made, in the Travels whjch fr^ww. I. Gaufed him to take
intoForreign Countries,. For he ^as a very Judicious and perfprca-
cious Man j w1k> was inftru£^ed^ by reading of all Authors that writt
6n this Sub;e^, and was purpofely fent by the King to make this'
Kearcb^and who applied himfelfe thereunto with a particular care;
which n\afdchin^ capable of obfervicg whatever was remarkable in
Animals.
vIkThe want of thefe QiiaIifications,in the generality of thofe
^ynich have made particular Relations and Memoir&s^ renders their
Labour inconHderable, and their Teftimony very fiifpitious : It
oW , u. ■ ■^^-"■■^"''' being'
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ihe Preface.
bpirtgicarcdy prpbiblf, that Merchants and Soaldkrsare indowed
wijrh't.I»e, Spirit ofPhilofophy aod Patience, TKrliich ire neoeiTary for
tbeobferving aUrtht nice Partictilarities 6f ib many difitrent Animals,
yihok extraordinary fliape did ar£rft iatisfy all their CUroioficyj
a^Jafing. Cap(ibleo£ fufficiently enriching their Relations) without
judging .it necedary : to proceed to; an exa&er Scrutiiiv. Bat that^
vy)iich-yQt niorekfliem the Efteeiii foe tfaeie! fottsx^Mevmw^ is the
imfai^ulnefs wiiich Xt'aveUefs doigenerally ufe in their Relations y
who^lmoitalwftys addifio the/ things chey. have feen, thofe which'
tjiey HHght have leento : And Icaft the i Narrative of their Travels
Oiouldfceni inaperXed^ydo recite.What they have read in Authors, by
whom they arefirll deceived^ )i|ft astheydoafterwards deceive
their R^^ders. Tbi* is, the Reafon 'why the :FrQteft^tions whidii
fcvcral of thefe Obfcrvers, as Behnitis^Fifo^ Margravius^ andfome
others dp tnake,to fay nothing but what they have feen^andthe A(fu-i
ranees which they dogi^eof having difcovered a great inany of the
falitdes which ;)i^v^ been writt belbre theni,haveic^rQe any other:
cfi[e&, than to render the (inceritie of all Travellers very fufpe£l:,'
becaoff itbat thefe Cenfurers of th^ good Credit i.nd exadne^of
others do not give fufficient Cautions ofthdr oWn^'^idv/^ udi i:t
That which is nioft condderable in omx MernQms^ is^ thatunble-:
nuQiable evidenqeof a pertain and acknowledged Verity. For they«
are not the Woik of one private Perfon, who may fufier himfelf
to be prevail'duponby his own Opinion v who can hardly perceive
what contradi^s his firft Conceptions, for which he has all the
• blindnefs and fondnefs, which every one has for his own Children j
who is not contradi^ed in the fredom that he allows hinifelfe, of
uttering what ever bethinks capable of adding luOer to his Work j
andindeed who leis confiders tneTruth of the FaSis, which are not
his. own Produflion than that order he gives it, and which he
fraines to liimfelfeiof.fomepratjcularitics which he fuppofts, or dif-
guifes, toindeavpur to futte them to his own DeHgn: So that he
would be in fome Meafure concerned at the finding out of Truths,
and making Experimenite which would deftroy his fine Speculati-
ons. But thefe Inconveniencies arc not to be found in our Me/;/^re/,
which do contain only Matters of Faft, that liave been verified by a
whole Society^ compofed of Men which have Eyes to fee thefe forttji
of things, other wife than the greatcft part of the World, even is
they have Hands to feek them with more dexterity an.4 fucceijs*
^^^y^n^{ ' ^ -^ . who
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cxbfniin&thate]iiici»ended idi be ifeinid^^aifJ t»t whctuvevrfitiirMb^i
Hum a ciuioii& ''• ar.d iiApomnir: dkCewfOf t Hcm miiBb the L«Mr^;
of.CertMnry piftvadh ki-dieir ^irie ^ibovc dtdtbet thing;?^. riiiM^'>'^^
by any otHnr idtevefiv r«ticiG»'ihat(theVanKglbry, Whkh tlie'nccei^
of aiir ing^ftus defaitidiv luigbc Uay« gwhed by ftirprizr, vrotM
ligiufie vory - Hide iwingr dii'idtid jiini)i<git fo vtaay perfeiif^ iv{|p' db'
rrit'coditribrtte ta diisVofkid EMier by ifce PM^firions which
every onelnntkesi eft the Nou*I«y ^hick>He diictivers ; or b^r die
li^hp ambHliirtffflcd^iT-^^hKli hif (2Hi(nre g|ivi»s tty the dKcevefy'd of
odier^y by ^xiaimptiiig rht-fti) as' hftait* <£ifley with acaire which a
fmUr PdftAilio^ /Inioldmifl, never fails to esttrice amongft l^htlbro-
phiorsi Safhu k\ is vefy ^mbabW) tttat ^ijjiar ever ha« emdcrgonc
To feverv a Tryal h ai^emftftotsi ^11 mi9(cut^ of Fkllrrf ind^ lox^
This i^l^nefd h» adietii«!it ilbtliiiiig^ bat whlit'k^ hm Vcnffcd;'
is that which' hav nuidd Z>i?Mt»n^x ib^gr«a^y e^#dfd armdngflf
tfa^ Aiifiiviitsy wkra havin§r ct^l«dlrd a* grt^ ab«Midaiice of I^oge
Cariofinos, kiivkfck^dth^ itthis'Cdlle^Koitt'fiK* nfarkcdwitfi-
hi$ own SeoVthofe oftvbieH he E^pK^riiAeMaNy kM^w tItoTrtitiir,
rc»compord « Vottinie of th(>m, which he iMitUled' the Bcik^pf
Choice. ThW' aifter his Extmiple it h that tvt deffgn tfct thfe
CdieSfion^ be a choice of aM that ever has been feimd and cattfeJBy
remadtt in' tlw AJniinals which confd be examined. • •. ^" ' • '
In tMs ^ollef^idit we hove particularly in^Tfted on that which be-
longs tdtfhe ftni^re of the Piirw of Animals, rjtther than thar
which coho^rns Acir Natures', NotJf lilimelrtt, the way of taking
rhctn, their Q!9ttliti<*s in I'hyflck, and thd bttier nfes which are attri-
bute to thcMi of which all Natural Hiftoriam have conipofed^
theif Vo^omes^ and of which v«^e have fpokcn orrfy Traiiwntfy,
ixiid accarding< to* the Occarton w^hich what we obfervcd in our
SMbjcd^s, afford^ ti« j Bite this' defrgn of Deferibing only the Parrs,
ha^becnreOr^i'Hied to thoje within j and if is for that Rea/on,
lllar we db cull' the 0eftrrptiofff vvhkrh we malte^ Anatmicat^ altho'
fhry do eidiitft^n a great many things which may be fccn wirhont
Dirte^iort; .• — '*-■* '* ' - ' ♦ ' ^ - ' y
• ' Indeed,
/
C*l
«■
The Preface.
Indeed, our chief Aim being t& report, and cd)r6i^ al) the Ffe^-
tnarks, which we have made on the different particularities of tlie
inlidc of Animals, we could not omit the other Gbiervatiom
which belong to the exteriour Foim, by reafon of the Relatioh "
that all the parts have each to other. Biit we ftay not long on '
things which do not dircftly appertain to this y^/w/owiWKnowledg,
bccaufe that there is little lefs, but this i?xaft Dclcription of the in-
ternal Parts, wanting to Natural Hificry. We could not Clikewi(eJ)
)<»netimes avoid di^reffing out erf" that ftrait and narrow Road,
which we propofed to follow ; and we have thought our felves o
bitged to enter into the ControvtrHes which are amongft Natura*
lifts, touching the difficulty that there is of knowing, whither fome
of the Animals which we have, are prccHely thole which the Anti*
cnts have fpoken of j btcaufe that the Dd'criptions of thefe Au-
thors are generally very Ambiguous , and agree ix)t fufficiently a-
mongft thenifdvcs, to take away tlic doubts which may arife, that
the Animals to which they do give the fame Name, arc not (bme-
timcs different; and that thoie alio which the Vulgar call other-
wife than they have, are not the fame which they have fpoken of.
The particular and new Remarks winch we have made, liave inga-
ged us to this Examination : But we pretend not to put a value
on our Con;c6iures, farther than particular Fa61scan prove them;
being ready to rctraft, when it fliall happen, that a great number
tf contrary Obfcrvations fliall demonftraie to us, tlhat thde firll:
were made upon Subjefts, the formation of which, was extraor-
dinary; and confcqucntly infufllcient and incapable^ of eftablifli-
inga general Conclufioii: But we have thought, that things of
this Nature might be put into Menmrcr^ which areas it were Maga-
iJttes, wherein arc lockt up all forts of things, to be made lii'c oi in
timeofneed. ■,'' '^^.^''^'- ;: ix:, .-..- .;.-;-^-i ^.:::v.o/ . ? .v;
Now altho' we flhcli only ' to this DeKriptioh, "iini! 'rfiis lively
Painting, which we have cixleave^red id peiform fmiply, and
without any Ornament, and liave no otlier intention, than todifco-
Ver things fuch as we have found them, and ev^n ns in a
Olafs, which adds nothing of its own, and which reprefcnrs oncly
what has been prefented to it : Yet wc have not forbdrn fome-
times roadd Reflexions, when wc have thoitght it nccciliiry, upon
particularities that deferved it ; and that oncly as a Sample, and lii-ft
Fmits which might be gathered, when bv the coHe^inq of all the
b b ' ^ Ob-
■'
I
ft
The Freface.
Obi'crvations which may be made, this Work vvijl be fufficient to
afford Matter enough, for the compofing an intire and corapleat
•Body thereof. So that it is tobeunderftood, that we dcfign not
'that the Reflexions which are here preparatorily made, do pais for
decilionff, but only for Eflays of what may be expelled from this
fort of Work. ^himvoh slAfWrz^mitH .
There are fomc who have found fault with that great Work of
j1rifi(^le s Biflory oi Animals^ bccaufe they fancy that this Author
diicourfes therein, more like a Philofopher than an Hiftorian j but
this is not the Opinion of the moft partof the Curious, who think
that he has too much confined himfelf to the Charafter of a bare
Relation •■, and that it is a great damage that he has not more ex<
plain'd himfelf on all the things which he could difcover, by the
adirtance of the admirable Light which he had in all forts of Scien-
ces : And the Opinion of Hierocies is very probable, who lays that
the ten Books which we have of Arifiotles Hiftory, arc only an A-
bridgmcnt which Arijiophanes Bi%afitinus made of the Fifty
Volumes that Pliny has {poken of, in which was contain'd all that
which may belong to the intire and perfect knowledg of Animals.
But as it is impoffible to Philofophize without making iome ge-
neral PropoHtions, which ought to be grounded on the knowledg
of all particular things, whereof Univerial Notions are compo(ed ;
and that we ftill have a long time to work, before we can be intrud-
ed in all the particulars neceifary for this End .- We believe that
there will not be overmuch reliance on the Reafons, which we
have intermixt amongfl our Experiments, and that it will eafily be
fudged, that we pretend only toanfwer fome Matters of Fad which
we advance, and that theie Fads are the fole Powers whereby we
would prevail againft the Authority of the great Perfons which have
writ before us ; feeing that fpeaking of them with all the Refpcd
which they deferve, we do own that the defeds which are (een in
their Works, arc there only, becaufe it is impoiTiblc to find any
thing which has acquired the utmoft perfedion : Altho' theie
Works do nearly enough approach it to be inimitable, and to make
all thofe who arc, rational and intelligent, to have a fingiilar Venc-
' ration for tlie Excellent Cemm's which have produced them ; For
wc do think we render a greater Honour to the Merit of the An-
tients, by Demonftrating that wc have difcovered lomc fmall
flight Errors in their Works, than if after the m;Uincr of thofe who
'M
f J •!
f
I
The Preface.
" ' ■ ■■ ■ ■ !■■■ * ' • 11 ■!■■■■ ■■ I ■ ■ ,1 ,,■ ■ " ■ ■ ■■
didruft their own underi^anding, and rievcr grdund the Judgment
which they do make of the value of any thing but on Prejudices ■■,
we {\v }d efteem them only, becaufe we thought they were done
by g£ Perfonages, and not by reafon of the Knowlcdg which
we have of what they have done well or ill : Becaufe, that as the
greated Encomwn^ which a hundred blind Perfons might give to a
Beauty, would not be fo advdntagious, as the meaneft of a finglc
Perfon who had good Eyes .• The approbation likewife, which a
general confent of all ages has given to the Works of great Perfo-
nages, could not be well grounded, if it did not appear that it had
been done with Difcretion, and confequently with Examination,
by which it has been verified, that whatever it may have defeitivc
is nothing, in comparifon of the vaft Number of curious and excellent
things which arc there found.
We fuppoie, that fuch as are capable of thefe Refledions, will
not have the Malignity to make ufe of the Authority given to a
great number of thofe, who being incapable thereof, would have us
like themfelves, retain a blind Veneration for the Works and Sen-
timents of the Antients s and we do hope, that rational Men will not
be fo injurious, as to render odious the Liberty which we have
afllimed, of faying that our Dcfcriptions are exaft, becaufe that w«
propofe nothing but what we have feen ; and that we do pretend,
that they are exafter than thofe of the Ancients; which are made
for the moft part on the Reports of others : Seeing that we do not
impertinently aftc^ to niarke the Errors of thefe great Men, and
that wedoonly advertifethc Reader, that our OWcrvations agree
not with theirs. For we think not that this comparifon of our Dil-
ligence with their Remillhefs, a vain Oftentation and utterly
unprofitable j feeing that it may contribute to an infirudlion more
precife, and which better imprints the Idea's of things, when their
trueDefcriptionisdiftinguifhed, and marked by the oppofition of
that which is falfe : Or however this demonftratcs, fuppofing both
the contrary Obfcrvations to be true, that one may conclude, that
in confideration of the Particularities wherein we differ, Nature is
variable and inconflant.
For which Reafon, we have chofen a particular way of making
our Dcfcriptionf. For whereas the Ancients and generality of the
Modems, do handle the Doftrinc of Animals, like that of the Sci-
ences, always (peaking in general, we only expofe things as fingu-
b 2 lar i
•v
'i. •
The frcface.
Lir i and iii(tead of affinmiig, ifor infiancc, rhat the Bear has Fifty-
rvvo Kidity^es on each Cv\l\ we fay only that a Beta- which we dif-
I'eJ^cd had tlie Conformation thereof very particular; and in delcribe-
iiig it, if we tefiifie our Adjiiiration that no one has made this re-
mark, and that even thofe who have made the Anatomy of thefc
Animals are filcnt therein ^ k is becaufc that we fuppofe that Na-
ture, who rarely fports her telf in the conformation of the Princi-
pal Parts, lus formed the Kidttyes of other Bears after tlic fame
Fafliion, as we havelR)und them in our SkhjeSi. i,, jr; : o; Ir.^yfns
In the De(cription of rare Animals, which do come from For^
reign Countries, we have have been particularly careful to repre-
fent their external Form exaftly, and to denote the fize and pre
portion of all the Parts feen without the Diife^ion: Becaufe thefe
are things almoft as little known, as what is within the Body. The
familiar Anipnals arc othcrwiie defcribed : For the bignefs, form,
and fituation of their parts, as well exterior as interior are compar-
ed to thofe of Man, whom we do eAablidi as tlie llulc of the Pro-
portion of all the Animals ; Not that wc do think that he is abkh
lutejy better proportioned than the nioft deformed Bead: : Becaufe
that the Per&dion of every thing depends upon the Relatioa it has
to the Eod for which it is made; And it is true, that the Ears of ao
j^Jfey and the Snout of a Hi^, are parts as admirably well propor-
tioned, Ibr^the uics to wtuch Nature has dedgned them, as all thofe
of Man's Vifagc are, to give him the Majefty and Dignity otthe
Lord of all the Creatures : But it is neceflary to agree of fome one
Meafure and iVWv/e, as is ohferved in JrcbiteSiurc : And conHde-
ring the whole Uuiverfeas a great and (\atky Edifice, which has
feveral Apartments of a different (lru£iure, the proportions of the
mofl Noble are |>itcht upon for the Regulating all the rcl^. So that
when it is faid, tor Example chat a Dog has a long head, little Ho-
mack, and the legg all of one tbicknefs, it ii> onely in comparing
thefe parts with thofe which are found of the lame kind in Man.
We do likcwiG.' dedcribe all the parts of Man's Body, altho* there
are not Co many new things tofpeak of, as thoi'c of other Animals j
it being very difficult to add any thing to the Ancients and Moderns,
who have handled this Matter with all the exa£bicfs immaginable,
and with a fucccfs comparable to the Grandure and Dignity of tin;
Subje^. To a great number of particular Obfervations which wc
luvemadc, wc added .ill the otiier Rtmaiks which are common to
The Preface.
US with other Authors, and which we do not give for new ; but
only as beih^ in fome Ibit confidel^aisit, by reaibn cf the certainty
and credit, which the Teftimonies of fo many Perfons who have con-
cribueed to thefe'Defcriptions, niay add to the Fsl&s which wcdc-
^r Irlife&pra^^ ih rclatmgiJl the partiaJariwticirwc
obkrvtj \s qualified with a likv edce tadraw well the Figures, as
welt of the intire Animals, as of their extiemal Partn, and of all thole
which are inwardly concealed- Thele Parts having been confidc-
red, and examined with Eyes alfiftcd widi Microfcopes^ when need
required, were inftantly designed by one of thoi'e upon whom the
Company had impofed the cliarge of making the Defcriptions j
and they were not gr««td, till all thole which Were prefrnt at the
Difledions found that they were wholly conformable to what they
had iccn. It was thought that it was n thing very advantagious
for the pcrfc5:ioh of thcfe Figures to be done by a Hand which was
guided b.y other fciences tlian thole of Paintiligj which are not alone
fufficient, becaufe that in this the ImportaiKe is nor h much to re-
prefent well what is feen, as to. fee well , what iliould he rcpre-
femed. ^ ■-:■ ...-J .„•. , .-^ yi I
Our Memoires being thus compoTeidit s^ -to be hoped that they,
will afford Matter tor a Natural ijiftoryyVfhich will not be unworthy
of the Greateft King that ever has becri •) ^tid thd> if in this, to equal
Alexander^ as he equals arid furpafleshinvip;^!! other things, "he wants
ibgresK A Per(bn as Arijkdtf the ;Care which His Maiefyhais taken
to fupply this Defed, oy the Nuipiber of Perfons which ^e has cho-
fenfor this Employ,' arid by the Otifcr^ bbfjjryitd to perform the
things with an ablolute exa^efs^ Wfll imke this Work, which was
undertaken by hjs Ck»|)ttiand, not io&j'igr.piechaps, m that which
has been done for i^fciMmllrr. ; VavVr;
■'V*.-»
■ .•{•..'.•.V, (tt\^-.v\>Jv 't\-\-\ -v. •-,■ .
)
H\r.,
avid/ vA\\^
.;«
IV
:«'
;i u •'•
.■>.^A(l.
T -A,
\ri ,'A *' 1 ■ .. , !..\I- '. > ' -.,1.1
,-^^lL-
,'i^i^v(^ -Ai
ylnitivo the Explicatim rf^e Figure of the L Y O N, gs^lio
YN the lower Figure he is reprefented alive, his Head turned on one fide,
X as he fometimes carries it ; notwithftanding the ftifneft of his Neck.
Tlie Claws tho^ very great are indifcernable, being covered with hair, which
is very long at the extremity of the Paws. The Form which the Tail has
under the Hair is hot ieen, by reafbn of the diOerent length of the Hair,
whicii makes it to appear of equal tliieknels from the beginiung to the end. /
h
-on
•r3.(i'-"7
In the Parts vphichthe DiffeSlim difcovers.
'f !<>
A. fi/e'Cre/t of the Cranium.
B B. TA? Zygoma.
C c. The great Md little Canini.
d. TA^ Incifbres. trj.-n, /iito.. .
E. The Apophyfis Coronoides of the
lower jttv.
VVY.The Molar^. • .(^■* >^«^>;>*^"
G.TheextremitytfthfKz.diim}
H. The eattremity efthe Cubitus.
1 1. The Bones of tOf. Corpus. ^
I 1 T I. The four Bones of the McU-
carpuj.
3 2 3 2. The fimr Bones of the jkft Pha-
lanx oftlnf Toes,
J 3 ? ?• The fpnr Bones of thefettmd
Plialanx.
(X). The Uft Bo/tes of the ToesM^e hin>e
refrefentedosK »fMrtj and out of its
. drti(ul4tion , rvhich with the tno.Cf.
thers nstrked 2, ^. which ate liketvifr^
fefarated from the refi of the Pdtw^
makes one of the Toes. Tonmof fH'
ferve the bending winch the Bome mar-
kedly has at its extremity ^ whith
Wij^rj 4 Condylus or ProtMherante,
' to make room for the lajl Bone^ which
is articulated to it^ to bend upwards.
K. J part of the Skin of the Tongue,
feenwitha Microlcope.
L L. Little Eminencicsy which are near
the root of every one of the Points
which are itPon the Tongue.
M M M. The Points which make the
1 on:^ue rough.
N. Onf of the Points Separated from the
Sktny tojhew its cantty.
>.TB ((t> »T
r; I
a the Gas-Bladder. *^"'^^ „
P. The DuftusCholidochusi' 1^^' '
Q/The Bladder. :h\^u
R R. The Proftatac. riryiiliv I
S S. The LigamentSf which joj/nedwith
the Urethra do compofe the Body of
theYttas.
T. The beginning of the UrethrB.'i^ • "y
V.T^^^Bklanus.
yLThe Huii^or Cryftallinus, whief^v**
fpoiit."^^ -;
Y. The other Cryfhllinus whieb it0
found. '
r. The Tong/ae. •:«-??*^> f; ^ ,11: Ifivf
A. The Cartilago Tliyroidcs of tht
Larynx. . \ •».
0. m,artilago Cricoidesr^'^^^*'^' '^•
A. The Cattikigo Arythendidw; ; -: ^' -
B. 7%^ Glottis, vi .C| RJfll viqniit uf
2. The ^pidottis. ^ :* r, ^\
i.TheloweJtpartoftheStemaekJ"' • .
r;rA.PyIoms. ^i'...v s- mli
«. The Oclbphagus. d en )ba.j
^^.TheAfytH Artcria. ' n :6 'aA
i. The left Auricle of the Heart,
l^. The Heart. ^- ^
^. The right fiAclavian Artery.
n. The right Carotides.
0. Ti&^/^/^CarOtides. 7 — '
K.Theleftfr'jclavian Artery.
A h.Pmof "he Diaphragme.
fjL. The juperiour Orifice of the Stomach.
V |. two protuheramies which were at the
fore-part of the Stomach.
'.3,?. 4, 5,^1 7.8, T/v Lohes of
the Lungs.
r H V.
U[k
■ i
v;
V
^V'
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wV
i
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t
M*'^
^^mM^^00:i^-^^
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i.fc
1
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,
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-i;^^-^
y*^-' -
fe.
*f
yt
¥/•
4 -Tf
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4.
4
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;•
V,-\V, ■\^'^' '
;, '• ■w-''^^"V, •,■'.
3
'0 •.v\'jWa'» i. •'^'■•i V'tl
MV.n ■ij^'-i.rj'y':-
- .J. ; . .^j. ' .. . •
1 )">-■•! vi!!ilo J!"f!j MMiwjuifii/ -urr- '
:y'^ r- ;'-'V; '■ ■ _ THE y-' V ^/;;;:iMuyiiu«noa
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
lit Pi Ti'M r
'•^ iiJiiO no
w, 1 i»f
I< r- 'Til iTrL j^li'ol 07 '{1^
) Efpre the opening of pur Lion, we carefully examined dl its external
^ . Farts, according to the Method which wepropoledtoourfelves, to
oblerve in all the DeicriptiDns of the other Animals. We .found that the
greatnels of the Head, which is remarkable in this Animal, confined chiefly
in.the:extraordinary {^uodanqe of the Flelh which covered il;^ and in the
greatrie^ of the Bones which compole the Jaws. That the j^rr^^ likewi(9»
wMch a(^ared large, wasonly by realbn of the long andjthick Hair which
inopmpausd it, the Sternum being compreiC^ anfi mucKtpQre pointed^ than
it is inmoft Horfes and Dc^s : And that by the fame reafba^^ theTVi/ieemed
nottobeofequalthicknej^fi'pmoneendrpitheotheir; tfutby Ksalbn of the
ine^iaUty of the Hair \^herewith it was inviroqed, wtucji was} fliorter to^
wards the beginning, where the Flelh and Bbnes ar^ ih^ker,. a^?! wl»ch
£xcu( longer as thete^pam grow lefTer and leffer,, towards tfieend \i^dtha4;
UUjS l^^ir which IS i^bout tlie Neck and JBreail^, di4 dij^er ^nl that of
the reffofthd Body only in its length, having nothing refembling Man's
H^U'»,x*, . '.vni^ta 'r/v'^£ ^i/-: %XK^:^-^\^i\i: '^' iisvt ?i;'f/ '':.v.- <k^i -n: '
. TheCiUnvliad no'cales, zs Pliny reports th^y have,' tp keep them from be--
ing (lulled by their walking ; buc it appear^ rather, that thete Animals , as
P2iMr#f^and^/rmi^ pb^rve^ do provide fortl^at by retradins >)E;r«ibetweea
their Toes, by the means of the fsrHeulaf JrfffiiMtiott of tht- laft Joynt, wliich
was(uch, thai; thelaltBone &ye one, bv bending it ielf out wards, gives place
tothelaiil which is articuliated to it, ai^d ,tQ which the Clawisfafteoed to
bend it felf up wards and Hde-ways, j^o^e.eaiily than downwards; being
drawn upwards by, the means of 4 J^^ndinous Ligamenxj vyhich faftens
toother die two Ia(t Boqcs in their iup^r^pur , ^d external part only ; and.
which futi^ring a violent diliention wnea the Toe is bent inwards, extends
tliis laft Articulation^ as foonas the Muffuli jUxores come to flacken, and
ftrengthens the A£]tipn of (he Muf'^uU xfttvfores : So that the Bone which is at
tjie end of every Toe, beingalraoft{ontinual]y bent upward, it is not the
end of die Toes which ve^s upon the grPUiid, bpt the Node pf the Articulati-
onofthetwo lail Bones; and ^msin walking, the Claws remain elevated,
Hfid rctrafled between the Toe j to witt,,. all tho(e of the right Paws, towards.
the right lifjb of cyCry Toe, .a^d all thoC;' of t(vy .Jeft Pa^vSj ^ftwa.rd
5s the left
}k
fide
' >" <♦*.
-*!•
The Anatomical Defcriptim
)fide ; 'I'hc bending of tlieTo.v to walk being cauled only by the Tendons of
the (ubHmer Mufcles and thole of the lower Mufcle never moving but when
it is oece^y to extend tlie Claws* wJbich do proceed out of the 1 oes, when
jhe lall Joyut is bent downwards. This admirable Structure is not found
in the great Toe, whofe laft joynt bends only downwards, becaufe that this
Toe relFs not on the ground being^fhorter than the reft, and having but two
Bones as is ufual. ' '" ^
It had fourteen Teeth in each Jaw, viz. four Ineiforesy four Canini.andi fix
^l4rcs. Tht Ueifilres were little, and ilWCa'nifii vtry uneven, havwK ti'o
\^reat and twoySw^/Zones. Tlie great' ones which Were an inch and half long,
like the Tusks of a Boar^ are thoii alqne which Arifiotle takes for Cdnini :
But each of thele great Canini was accompanied with another little one,
which was at tiie ^e of the Jftcif^esy and which left in th& upper Jaw, be-
tween it and tl^ great one, as nwcli void fpfce on each iide^ as was necef^
lary to lodg arid intert the hook of the great Caninm of tlfc inferior Jaw, in
which there was likcwilc a (pace between the great Caninitt and th« firft of
fhe M/^/ydefignedto lodge thie great C«»/»«« of the upper Jaw, butv^bi|h
Was much larger, to the end that the tower Jaw might; be advanced fon/aM
upon occaficfn". The M^lares were hkewife very uhex^enj efbecially hi the
upper Jaw, where ihat which ftood next the Csnimts was as unall as thsJntir-
foTfs* The QiCiivf Mdlmres were very large, having three unequal points,
»vhich t-ejiitl^ed as it were the flower de Lys.
The Ne^ iViiiVery ftiffe, as Authors have f emark't. Biit the Difleftitf^
hJks demonftratedfo us vti our Ljpn^ that this proceeded not, as Arifiothixii^
j^ti»n hrtv.e i^ortedj from. its having only one BtMiCj but rather for tHift <hfe .
^inous ^wpeeffesd'the^rf/fft'rdf the-Ncck were very long, and bbuiidHvfefi
iJgafneBts foff^ohg"arta harelj Mi \i feemM comfKifed ofone fingte^ ISBtfei
Sealher {Up rfiath^h^dobfcrvecl the fame tiling in theDiffi!d;ionoftwdi.yt7;»y''
Andtt isprol^ble that ;/^//0«/r h«rs ib underft^ his Pk^^ognmijfk
he ft/s, that the Bo4y of t^e Lyw is remarkaWp fof the ^mvam icaA
firmneft 'bf its J'oyms. ■' ' "■ '' ' ■•'■ , '-''■'■ ■:■'■■-'■■.■ ■..,-•;.•;,■ y:.t
T\viTc»^ue was rough and f^^y/i-rf*/ with a great msiayjbarf foint/yWi
Subftance hard^ aijd like to that of tfie Nails otCattSy whofe bignefi they al-
fb had : Thele p6mts being hpllow at their BafK, and crooked towards dv6
throat. Th^y were ahnoff two lifies in lengtlij and towards their B^^h^d
little round flfnincncies, made bf tlie flelTiy {.Irin 6f the TVagwr. - -"i - •?
The £/« were clear and brisfeafter' death, ind-thfough the FophnHni'^fihi
Vaea was ften the botton;t oFthe Chofoidesy which was as it were grJf. The
THnicx ConwnHi'va was bfackJ It is probable that theitalbn of faying, that
Ijons do Steep nvth their Eyercf hrikthit without fliuttirie the fyr/iiW;, they
can cover them with a thick Jtnd'^lack Membrane fay^d towards the great
Cdnt'ftJ\vhidi raifing and flretchih^out it felftdwirdjfthe Idler, can extend
it felf over all t^c Cornfa, as is obftrved in Bifdsy and efpecially inCMtt^
which have fo great a eotfofmity with tlie LtonyXhst wc^ have founci that there
was Ibme jground for the f^ble of the AUoranj which fays that the C-rf \yas
firft boirn in the Ark by tlie fneez-lngof the Lion. For the firticitlar fhuShirr
of the Paws, Teeth, £/w artd 7 awgwr, which we have obferved in the L/p»,
is found to be common with the Orr; And the internal parts of thele twa
Animals have the fame conformity, aftho' Jlhrtut affirms the contrary.
At
At
Of aL X O N. 5^
At tke/r/? oPtmngyt\\Q Hkin ieemed not to us extraordinary hard,nor im penc-'
crable, SisC4raatt reports; but it was found ftrongly conneded by a number
of hard and nervous Fibres which proceeded frotpthe Mif/cles and penetrat-
ed the PamticulHs cwnofm.
The Otsofhdgus was not fb large that xhtLion could fu'allow, as fbme- Au-
thors tell us, the members of Animals all intire ; for it exceeded not an inch
and half in breadth, and was drawn together by the Foramen of the Di*-
fhfggme after the uHial manner^ being not open and dilated, as it is in moft
Fijbis and SerfeHtf, which do eafily fwuUow whatever enters into their
Mouth.
Tlie Stomach was eighteen inches long, and fix broad, fltuated from the
tq> to the bottom, inchneing a little to the light fide, and riflng towards the
Pjfhtm. At the Superiour and Anteriour part there were two unequal Fro-
cubdrancies.
The Jnteflmis were not very long, comprehending all together but twen^
ty five toot, the Colon eighteen inches, and the Appendix of the Cdcum
ihnee. '"av :m\}.i
Tlie PaWerest was like to that oiCstts and Dogs, and the gyeaxGUndHles of
thsMtfeniery, which are by jifelHus called Pamreat, wets alio like to thole of
^add Unimiils. i yrjv r.r:'.'; --ijili
The Liver in which we found feven lobes as in Catts, was of fb dark a red,
chat it inclined to a black : it was alfb very (oft. Its hoUow part under the
G-all-hUiideti was filled with choiler difHiied into it^sSuhfhace, and into that of
alt the Circomjacent parts;wihic;h was tlie fob Circumfiaace that gave us fbme
(option of the caufe of this Animals de^tlv which we fudge, to be the Dir
fioM, to <^ichP/i«)' alone iky*sLf0w are fi]bfe£b, and which he calls w£Jgr«-
tudinemfaftidii'. For whether this be underfniod of the mortal troid)le which
}c<xincei«>es c^ itscaiptivitie, as that Author expreffes it, or chacthis fignifies
the^i(giift winch Ml&himibr wantof«ating^ it is well known that the rer
tention of thechoUer may caufe either; ...
< 'tbt<3SbU(iief "^n&imm inches k)ngand(!iiieaad a half broad. Its Struc-
Care was very particular, being anfradous towards the Meatm Chalidochm,
and >as it were i^rated into Several ceUs : Catti have exadly the like;.
TliG Sptetn was a foot 4oag, two inches broad, and lialf an iiidi thick. If
was not lb l^dc as the Lit/mr, notwichilandin^ that general rule which (74-
ien gives oftheoobnr of the ^.t^p^, which helays is always blacker than the
Lrver^ e^edally in Aninottls which am of a Temperament hot and dry, and
twbich have Qiai^ Teeth. So that cheire is great prd>ability that this black-
fidfiof the Liver wds exttaopdinary in this Sub^a, and iiot natural, The
1(jJhey yta& alm(^ round, being tliree inches and a half in length to two
and a half in breadth an^li^ickiiers: ,(t ^weighed &vBn ouooes^aod two
dracilMnetf*''^'^ 'V.-/ eiiitfrih^t^ ji..!:ria5}A orb rrair!;' .'jtUirnO orh'i" jioijxq'
Thd Pdfts of Geifer»ti6n *had this pavticularj that die Vrethra was not
crooked, but quite fkait from the fi/4ii^r tothe extremitie of the Pejus ;
andthat theb^inningofthe Ligamentis, which with the LrethrA do com*
pole di3 body ^^ the FMjk, was very nemose from the Pro^^, which are
at the beginning of the neck of the Biadder : So that the Vrethrdy which in
all contained ekveA'inches,'extendedjiOt^ being joyned totbefe Ligaments,
the length of three inches and ahalf .- Which made us to doubt of the truth
of
6
The Anatomifal Defcription
-of what ^r//?©//*- lays concerning the Phyfia^^nomie of tliQ Lio/ff to wittf
that he has eminently^ and above all other Animals, vifible and apparent
-iigncs of the Ihcngth and pcrfedion of his S^x.
The reafon of this Structure appears to us to be founded on the extraordi-
- nary breadth of the Os fdis, along w hich th^ Z'rethra mu ft dciccnd from the
Ul/dder, the bottom of which muli; pais over the Bones^ to their inferior
part, from whence a rileth thefe Ligaments which do compole rhe Ptnu.
This Conformation makes the the Lion to pi(s backwards, and not by lifting
uptheLr^, \\\KDoggs, 3ls Pitnjr fay's, and that he couples with the X/o;»-
»^y} after the fame manner as Owf/Kf, Hiresj 8fc. .i^r; -j/
In opening theThorax it wasoblcrved, that from all the Ctrtilsgis of the
Sterimm which had been cut, there came out two or three drops of Bloody
which demonftrated that thele parts are not fbiblid, as that tlieir cavities
fhould be imperceptible, as fome Authors do think, feeing that they are
penetrated by fbmc Sanguinary Velfels, as is feen in all Animalls when
young.
The Medi.tJHnum was furniflied with abundance of great vefTe^s. Xhe
Membranes whicl\compo(ed it, and which were perforated like a Aet, were
joyned, and left no f pace but towards the DUfhrtumej on the right fide <^
t!x Hearty wliere there was a very large and ample cavity. The fame thing
is obferved in Cms.
The Lungs were found to have fix Lobes on the right fide, and three Onth^
left. All the AnnnUr ctrtiUies of the Ajfcr* ArttrU made an entire cir-
cle, excepting two or three under the Larynx^ in which befides their great-
ne^, which was four inches in compais, there was not more than two iiiM$$
whidi were not entire. The breadth of this Organ of thoi voice focmVl ,^>^U$
very capable of making the dreadful noiie of its Roaring. • ^.- v t
f The Dit&us liHem Thorium M^as v^ry finali, and joyned to a kmg fillet
of fat, which was extended to the whole length, and dt the fide of^theibody
Q{i\\QVertthr*, it was two lines broad.
" 'Wi&Hurt which was found dry and without wa«er. in the PericMr4iumf
was in prc^rtion much greater thaain any Animal, containing fix indies ia
length, and four in breadth towards the Bafis, and ending in a very fharp
point. ItsSubftance appe^'d to us very fbft, before it was opened; ^yt it
was difcovened that this proceeded from its being J6an,. and hoHowViicsfV/ir-
/r/(/^f being (b ample, that the left one which defcended into the Cii/fii,
left but two lines of thicknefkin the flefh which covered it at this place; to-
wards die Ikfis it had but fcven, and the SeptMm had %\tiXi& as many. Tl^e
Auricltj of the H^r/ were ib finali, that the Right, which is the greate^»
was not half an inch. The Structure of the Heart oi Catts is not fi> puticu-
lar, for it is more obtufe at tiie Cufpis and flefhy thait Ordinary. l'h(: Pro-
portion cf the Branches which the A{cendent.<^0r//iemitts wasfuch,ktm jthe
Ctrotides contained the fame-tliicknefs as the left ^ddwiany and as die re-
mainder of the Right from whence they doarifc; which is very confidera-
bleinrefpefkofthefinallnefsofthe Brain. The. fame thing is obferved in
Catts^ excepting that they have a great deal more Braimsi in proportion to
their Bigneh. , . .
The 3B^4M. Exceeded not two Inches every wayK,,,.IiC was included in a
:^'
1o
>r..ni
C>4-
OfaL y O N.
co-
CrMnium about half an Inch thick in the thinneft place, and almoil an Inch
in the Fore-head. The Crown was elevated like the Crefi. of 2j\ Helmet ^lo give
rile to the Muicles of the Temples, which do cover the Two iides of the
Cronn oiiht Head, and in the middle of the fore-head do leave tliat Cavitie,
vihichArifiotle in his Phyftognomy adjudgeth to be peculiar to Uqms. Every
of thele Mufcles was five inches in length, four and a half in brieadth, two in
thickne^,and Twenty Ounces in Weight. This Head. thwGarfiJbed with
Flefh, and Comfofed oS Bones fo firm in their ftrudure and Sublknce^ made us
to think that if tlic Bemrj according toPiinyf has a Head fb tender :afi4
weak that it may be Slain with a flight Blow, it is probable that it would, bet
very difficult to (Ion alion ; and that this was well known to Thtoeritu$i
who tells HercuUsy that all tliat he could do to the NemaxH Lion with lii$
Club, was to ftun him, and that he could not kill him but by Strangleing hin>
with his Hands.
The Bone which is found in Brutes between the QerehrHm and Cerebellttnt
over the ^taum Lamhdoides, was an Inch and a half long, Ten lines broad, and
Iwo thick, of afquarer Figure than that which is in the ScmWc^ Cats,
DoggSyScCf ,\ .■/■: \
The GLutduU Piiiealis was diaphanous, aind fb fmall that it excee4edj
not a line in length, and two Thirds of a line in brcadthat its Bafi^. : :.'■^
The Optfck Nerves appeared much thicker after their Conjun^ion than
before : Which proceeded hence that the Foramm* tliro* which they do
enter into the Ortiid arc notround,but like a flitt;which makes them broader i
by flattening them . Being pafl thr o^ the Formien of the Orbit*, t^y were ^
extended to the Globe til the £ye, t\v<o IcK:Hqs and a half in length, i |t wasi
ebferved that the Ctvity of this Orbit* was not wholly fenceiTwith:^ Pone
$ on the infide, but that there was a hole towards the Temples, ^|;vy^n the
.JpophypsohheOsFrontisjand that of the firftboneofthe Jaw, which were
not joyned more than in Catsj D(>ggs, &c.
Tlie Globe of the Eye wasfixtcen li/ies Diameter. TheCt>r»lf4 wasa-
bout the third part of aline in thicknefsat the middle, jind grew thicker
towards its Circumference ; till it cam.e to 'lialf a line, after the manner of
theglaiTesinSpeQades. w.
The Iris was of tbiat pijic colour, which isji^lled I/defi*. - ' ^
The Ttmied Choroides appeared of a Gold-colour, and whiclvhad nothing
of that Verdure, which moft Authors do give to the Eyes of the "Lion, The
Reverje of the Jbtterior t^uea in the Place it lyes upontlie Cryfiallims,\vz.%
all Black. The Cryfi4^us jwzs found very flat, and its greateil Convexity,
contrary to what js .in jQjthcP Animals, wasinits anteriour part; which is
alfb observed in the Epf 'BiCatts. The Figyrs of the Cry^allims was fuch:
that it feemod ihrunk ^p having a Pent in the fide, which made
the CryPdinus of the.Ieli' Eye^ wlieitthis dent was the greateft, like the
Forme of an Heart ; But oheof thefe Gryft^^ims^s which began to be fpoilt
by aG/4«£o«»4,made ustofufpeQ: that this wasFraetcrnatural, and particular
to our Subjeft. The Aqueous Humour was found very abundant, fb that
it almoft equalM the fixtnpart of the Vitreous Hmour. This abundance
was Judged to be the caufe of the clearnefs which remained in the Eyes after
Deatli, which are obfcured when the Come* is drycd and contracted for want
of this Humour, which keep's it extended.
^ The
Ill 11
I
If
«
Tha AnMhmieitl DtfcfiffMn
) Thtt ta<ft Ob&rvacio»w»Sy chat ooit&icringthe&afaitwiiidk was liot and
iHoUi, wherttbis Diife£iio» was maik!) aita tlicdifi»ntioit to PmiiBifkion
U'hkli maft needs be in the body of an AiMmi Dead of a Difitafe, and vbich
all Authors re^t to have a b(«uk io itmkiftg , that ie Iiiib£t» whatever k
approaclws, to fuc^ « degree that oehiif Animab doriottDuch the reinaiiidiei-
of tiic Ftefh whevcof he hAsea«eii ; yet there appeared nothing to us which
denoted any extraorcfinary Corrupci^M^ fmeU being heft ofieoffve than that ot'
a I>#r, which muft becmbowclled ibcki after it is kwed^Andaltho* there were
found fbme lV0rme$ in its Flefli the foorth day, it wad juctged that they were
'ngender'd of Flytif becaufe chat a piece of the Timgtu wrapt up in Paper was
oryed in die (pace of one night, Ana was grown vety hahi without any IhnelL
Which made us conclode , that if die Li4tt is iiibje£k to a Fenver^ it is
notcauied by the Corruption of Humours, ami is only an Ephemera, altha'
it is (aid that he lias it all liis life: This may caule a Belief that Choiler is a
Balfotne in the body c^ Aninuls which refifts Corruption, and which has this
^ffed, that LyoMti in whom it is predominant, do Uve a long time. : .:; jo
There was likewile mide another rcHedhon upon the Tmiibiefs of tHe
Brdim of this Animal, of which Natural Hiflorians do relate ib many marks
of Judgement and Reafbn; and by comparing it with the abundance of that
of a Cdtfef it was judged that the littiencfs of Stmh is rather the fign and
caufe or a favageand cfuei Difpofition than a want of Judgment. This (ton-
jedure was fortified by an other Ob(ervation whidi was made four dayesfae*
fore upon l«Srte*jf^j where was found hardly any BrsiHi akho* it was thought
that the SeU^tie and SubtUtie which it hath, has given it this Name a->
mongfl Fijbiit ail the Kinds of which are gieneralfyiU provided diBnim, fo
that they h«ve little difpofition to the Society, i|itd PUsibUnc which Ter-
reftrial AfiiAMls «rttapabieof. " '^■'oit^icii r ;>v/ c;ivrij luHv.i^ .obflniaiij no
.■JUi
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•n it a twnO 3ilT
.laJaniftiCl rciyi uaaj
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: Jbtwrnr; 7jc'vii3,l.bixlv/,'\.,v THE
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OOi
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTiol?^'
2u«A 3i bti/v : iihj,d Q p A, N O T H E R i^^<i'<^'j1'jqq!'il (Imm
jV 1 1
fSikQf.
bni"?
THis L/w was extraordinary large, thougli very young. It was fcven
Foot and a half loi^g, from the end of the No(e to th^ beginning of
the Tail, and four Foot and a half high, from the top of the Back to the
ground.
Our Obfervations were almoft the lame, with thofe which we Iiave alrea-
dy made on the Hrd Lyony but amongfl; other things, the llraitnefs and nar"
rowneft of the Thoraxy which we have already remarkt, feem'd to us very
confiderablc in this Subject .- For in the infide. from the one fide to the other
in the largeil place, it exceeded not iev^n Inches, of which the Heart took
up four, lb that tlicrc remained but three for the Lufigs^ Perictrdium^ Medt-
MJUnum, and VelTels of the HeArt. The Pfrtcardma was likewile without
Water, and the 7«/(/?//f« Ihott in Proportion to the Body, containing but
Twenty five Foot in length, which was jufl: three times the lenijth of the
Body. The Crrfiall/nus was more convex on the outfidc than the iii-
fide.
What we found different is, that the Ltvcr which was of lb dark a Red
m the firft L)on that it appeared Wack, was ib pale in this that it had a Fczi!-
U'tnorte Colour.
'ThdXilvi Jmmlir CMrtUtgts of the Z.4rr«wf, which were inth-e in the fir'rt:
Lyon which nevcrthclcls was not Old, were found imperftd in this which
was Younger. And wc were not able to relbfve whctlier we ought to.atribiice
to the diHerencc of Age, that which we ol)fcrvetl in the Paws, becaufc tluic
in thofe of the Young L;w/ we found the Skin much lefUurd, and firm tlicu
the other, 16 that at the extremity of every Tpc of the. Ypun^ one, it was
lb loole and flaggic, that itmi;;ht be made to extend and dekund to co\vr
half the Nail ; Which leems to be the cafe of which /V//ry Ipeaks. Ikittlie
Truth is that thpre is no probability that this can prefeivc its iV.iils, as tliis
Author Reports, bucAule that tiicy u(e them only at the Poinr, whiththis
Skin cover's not;
We likcwilt; ohlcrvcd fomthing wc^ATy viz. Tliat the Epiploon \\\nc\\ was
as grc.'.t and large as its internal Mcmbrunw, and wiilch inimediatly touched
tile iMiejhncs, did invclopjtliemjanJ came round even to the /v../Ww!o, liaving
only the upp*r Membrane loole, as the X.ime of thele i\lcm!)r;in--s
B filMlilicS.
10
The Anatomical Defcription
%
it!
Ml
figniiies. We farther remarked that their Subftance was not properly a
continued Membrane, but pierced by the hght, and like a Texture of very
fine Fibres makcing a Gavjct.
That the KJdneyy which was four inches long and two and a half broad
was fprinkled on its External Superfi€ies,with a great many Veflells covered
with the Proper Membrane of the Kjiney.
That the LiMgi were fpoilt, dry, pale, and full of Knobs. That in the
Eye^ the /r/j was Vifiblly plaited with lomc circular wrinkles.which were the
elieO; of the dilatation in the PufHU, happened by the conllridion of the
Membrane which made the Iris. This tbidtng is a thing which is com-
monly fuppoicd, but which is not perceived without difficulty : And it was
fb much the more ftrange in this Subjeift, that the Aqueous Humour being very
abundant, this Membrane was not Subject to contraft by drynefs. The
Vitreous Humour was almoft as fluid as the Aqueous. IntTafctiim oi t\\z
Fues was Gilded through the middle as in the other Lyoa^ but it had a Ver«
dure at the Extremities, which we found not in the other, although we
thought it was to be there, by Reafbn that the Ancients did call the Eyes of
hyofis ;v;2po.>Tc$ that is to fay, full of Ornaments, becaule that they found
that green Eyes were moft Beautiful.
The Retina was White and Opake enough, to make one think that it
would hinder tite reception of tho Species, if it is True that they do pals
farther.
The place where the Sight is commonlv ms(fte, was croffed by a Vcffel
filled witti Bloud, which paffed alio into the Opthk Nerves^ wlicre it made
a Cavitie, and ieemM to form that Pore or thUfusy with which (bme
Authors do think, that the Of tick Nerves were pierced, to give paffage to the
Spirits which are received into the Br/tifi.
Tlie Obftrvation of the Vcffels which are Vifible and in great abun-
dance on the StiPerJictes of the Psretnkyms of the Kjelueyy which is a thing
extraordinary, affords us Matter for Two Reflexions ; the firft of which is.
That thcic VclTels, which ai e Branches of the Truncks of the Jrteriji and
re»^ Emulgentesj do eafily difcover to the Eye, a Truth which we have
already found in fome humane Subjeds, by rlie injedion of Milk into the Vafa
£ffc «/^r»///f, after tlic having taken from t\\cl(jd»ey its proper Membrane.
This Truth is that the Branches of the Emulgetits do not terminate in the
Middle of the KjiHeys, as Higjaarus, following Vdfsliust has thought ; But
tliat they arc carrycd to the external Superficies : For the leparation of
tlie ~Cr/ne which muft be done by Filtration, requires that the Blood becarryed
thro' the Arteries as far as is poffible, to the end that it there find a greater
Thickncfs of tl« Pareaehjma of the lif duels to penetrate, and confequently
more capable of making a mDre p2rfed Filtration.
Ihe other rcflcftion is, that thofc Vcffels, which are not generally
vifible in the KjiUey, whofe Subf^ance appears SoW and Homogeneous,
towards its external Superficies, which was Imooth and even, were found
Very apparent in this Sijl)|eft. And we thought it probable that this hajj-
nciicd by fbmc diltcmpsr, and was Prxtcrnaturalin this Animal : Either by an
Inllammation, or Obiirudion, which liad cauicd thcfe Vcffels infenfibly
to dilate i This bcini» calic in a voting Animal, where the parts^ not yet
lunlcncH. arc more t-afic to dilarc, and the Humours being more agitated
arc
1,1
Of a L • Y" O N.
H
are more capable of etfecting this dilatation. G//j[/o« who haroblerved that
oftentimes the Bfanghes pf Tome. Veffels ^rc bi^er than tl(ie v(^ry Tninck
which produces thism,fays*that tWs itfay he cauftdbyaidiftemper: And ex-
perience daily demonftrates by the Puliation which happens in Inflamations,
by t\\6GUndes which appear in thitSmfiUtb, and by the Veins which di^o-
ver themfelves in the E^e$ by the 0f»balmia, that there is a great many thiqgs
Which a Diilemper renderk vifible and fenfible, by augmenting themj or
changing their Nature, and making them tO' become hard and denie, from
fbft and rare as they were. Which we have obfecved in the GUndes which
in fbnie Gazellasy or Jntelopesy have feemed to make the Pareachyma of their
Liver, which appeared not in others.
We vainly fought in the Stomach and Lungs of' our Ljio/iy fbme Marks of
tlie caufe of its Death, which was told us happeened after the voiding a §reat
deal of Blood thro' the Throat. But we judged by feveral ClrcumftaiKes,
which have been related, that a Surfeit extraordinary and infupportablc to
an Animal otherwile weakened, had made him fick : For we know that
Ibmetime before his Death, he was feveral months without going out of his
Den, and that it was hard to make him Eat. That for this reafon fome
Remedies were prefcribed to him, and amongft others the Eating only the
Flefli of young Animals, and thole alive. And that thofe which look'tto
the Beafts of the Park oiVincennes, to make this Food more delicate did ule a
method very extraordinary ; which was, they flead Lambs alive, and thus
they made him to Eat reverai;whichatthe firft revived him, by createing hirai
an Appetite, and making him brisk. But it is probable that this Food in-
gendered too much Blood, and which was too fubtile for an Animal to whom
Nature had not given the induftry of fleaing thofe which he Eat ; It being
credible that the Hair, Wooll, Feathers, and Scales which all Animals of
Prey do Swallow, are a feafoning, and neceflary Correftive, to prevent
their greedinels from filling them with a too Succulent Food., - - - •-
■ 1
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13
\
' The Explanation of the Figure of the L Y O N N E S S. ;.
lol ill ..usaqfu rLifiw rj:>ij£KuH irh 7<]«Mfiifii'i>Tr;<::»« -'NVh '^-.n^.^^-
' I He Pofture is Tuch, that it is eafie to Remark what is moft Patticuiar
I in tliis Lyonnefs. The Head isfidc-wayes, the better to demonftrate
tlielengtli of her Chops, which was not Ihort and well-let Uke the Lfons. It
do*s iikewife more diltindly fhew the fmallnefs of the Neck, which mado
the Head to be Ihrunk between the Shoulders. .j^ji^ yvH --^ cur jtoi
, , In the Tarts which t}}e DiffeBion difcovers. "iv.- ,r!)viJ
A. T/&^ Pylorus^ ..^. . I ■-; ■ h'l -i • -: ff :-•»'• ^ •.•• : <
Jj. Tf}€ bottom ofStomMehjeftrateifrom the rr/?, and making as it were an other
Ventricle , fuh js is in JnimaU tvhith chew the Cud.
C C. r/^f- Vena G,«i(lrj«i. iV"'
D. Tfje Sj'ieen. ,..,:; -f."i' -.-iimi.i^. i f -.'
E E. Thejevcral Emiaencies towards thi 'Bafs of the Heart, compofed of a kardand
tenacious Snljianc,:^ which d^d not refemale Fat.
F. The Trunk of the Vena Cava.
G G. The Truttck of the great /irterie. .„ ,]^. ,
H H. T/jf Vafa Spcrmatica pr - parantia. , , ^ )..';)'.': - ,,„., .
II. The Tmicks,
K K. Tw:) Jfpeniiicesy which affear to he the Fringes of the Tuba of the Matrix
L. 2/7^ Matrix.
M M. The Cornua Uteri.
N. TheNeckofthiMittOi ,.,
O. ihehladder, ^t^ „ ', • ,>..,.. ....:,
PP. The riund Ligaments of the Mutrh.
i}. The Membrane which c mpofes the Iris, making fever aI circular foulds.
R. 77;^ />'4ffo/rAff Tunica Conjunckiva, which is white.
S. 7 /'<'/'/jfr£»///;f Tunica Conjunftiva, which is hUck.
T. The Membrane which m.ikes the inward Eye-lid.
VV. TheCliw. ' ' '
^ X X. Tfje Ufi Boney to which the Claw isfafiened.
Y. A Gartilagincous and Ligamentous Sdjfancey which is hehveen the Boite and
t!e (Haw, and which flls the /face which is between both.
a b c. The Matrix of a li 'omtn^in which, a, refrefents the Fundus Uteri, b c, and
b C.7 y^f C.nity which was in each of the Horns. '^ '
THE
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_'"' J
ANATOMICAL "d
»i;>A'U'^".'
y.,:,o:N;N e s s.
B Elides the particular Charader of the Sex of the Lionnefs, which is to
have no lo0g Hair about the l*^eck, there are obierved leveral others,
wliich are, that me has a longer Nofe, a Head flatter at top, ;^ and Claws
lefler than th&Lyom,
This Lyoimefs was three foot high from the endpf the fore Claws, to the
ridge of the Back. She was about five foot long, from the extremity of the
Nole to the beginning of the Tail, which was two foot and a half long.
The Claws which were at the end, and divided into feverai Fibre t like
thoie of L^onsy have been obierved in thisSubje6l with more care and exa£^-
neG than in the others. It is obierved that they are compoled of a Fibtons and
very compa£fc Subftancc^iti refpcd of each F/^r^,but that tlA[e Fibres are eafily
feparable one from the other ; which happens, as it is wfie to Judge, for
want of the Moifture wliich fhould join, and glue them together; even as
it isleen in Fihrtms Wood, which cleaves not {beaTily before it is dry. Indeed
this L/wrmr/},which was extraordinary lean, had Claws much eaficr to (hoot
out than the other L/o/^j which were younger and fatter. Thus the Root
of the Claws, and the particular maimer whereby we have found them fall-
coed to the Bones of the ends of the Paws, has (eemed to us to be principally
to fiipply the humour which is necelfary to thcfc parts.For the Claw was not
immcaiately Widened to the Bone by its whole Root : But there was a part
thereof x/i£.theinride which was hollow,which was not knitt to the bone.This
inlide was filled witli a competent fubf^ance between the Cartilage and liga-
ment. This manner of connexion and faftcning of thefe CUm ieemM to us
to afford what ever is r^cjuilite to tlieir use : For if all the Fibres, whereof
thele Claws are compoi^H, had taken rile immediately from the Bone, they
could not attrad humidity enough to make tliat conne6lion, which renders
the Claws fblid : And if tliey had been all faftened to the Bone by means of
the LigsmeMtSy they would not have been To ftrongly joyncd, as when they
are (bddered without any thing between.
The Conformation of the Stomach was particular, and very ditTerent in
this SubieQ, from that which we have found in other Lyojts uhich we have
diifeQed, where the Stomach was like to that o!['Doggs and CattSy having an
ample and large Fiu$dm towards the i'uperiour OnfeefWhidi alwaves grew Icll
lb..
'•^-
H
The Anatomical Defcription
fcr and Ic/Ter towaids the Pylorm ; but this had the bottom parted in two in
a manner hke Animals whicli chew the Cud. This particular form ot the
Vemride wa:> found only in one of the four Animals of this kind which we DiG-
fe£ted, viz. two Lyons and two Lyonejfes : For in the two Lyoas, and the Q-
ther Lyonefs, the Stomach was like that of Doggs. It is very true that the
Stomach of the firft Lyon had two Protuherattcies in its upper part ; but this
was not confiderable nor comparable to the divifion which made this Sto-
mach double, and feparated into two Cavities.
The Inteftines contained in all twenty two foot four inches in length ; the
Reilum had but four inches, and the Colon two foot.
Tlie Colon had no little cells, byt only a ftraiter part, which divided it as
it were into two parts, one of which was a little longer than the other. The
Cacum was two inches long, and its Fundus upwards, and Orifice downwards.
The PancreM relembled that of Doggs.
Tiic Attfentery was covered with livid Glands about the bignefs of a Pea,
all of an oval Figure. The ^(r/fc/^ were very apparent, and greatly dilated,
and efpecially the Veins. There was very diftinaly feen the Ven* Laifea, di-
vided in diriPeront Branches, by which tlie Trunks were eafily carryed to the
PancreMJjfelUi.
The Pf/«M of thq Kidneys was filled with a reddifh Glare, which might
have cauled a reflux of SeroHity, of which tliere was found a great deafin
the lower fV/»rrr and TAor4jf. .\is . . . i .'H'j-^l:.!
The Bladder was fo nnall.that tho^ it was extended as much as it -^ns poHli-
ble by filling it with Air, it wasnot bigger thanoneoftheKidnys. Arijlo-
tle and ALlun do (ay that Lyons do feldome drink. And Atbertm Remarks,
that LyoneAes d9 not long Jittkle tiieir Whebsy fir want of that tUmndance cf
moifture^ which tsMtttffarj to the geuerstion of Milk.
The Liver hacneven lobes, fix gnJat and one fniali one. One of the iar^ft
vvliich are pisced on tlie right fide, wasfplit<in two, and dilated as it wei«
to make room for the right Kidney, whidi was higher tl»n the left, as is
ufu.illy ill Brutes. The Gt/l'hlaJder was AnfraCtMus^ and formed like (eve-
ral ProtH^jerjuuesy as in the tliree other Subjeds.
'I'he iipleen was long, and like a Crelccnt. The brandies of the Vgshreve,
which falleiied it to the bottom of the Ventricle, were larger and more nume-
rous, than ordinary.
Tiie L /^r/y^ was divided into two longCor/w^as in Doggs. TheCcCornw
were t\ed and faftcncd by large Ligaments. At their extremity, adioyning
to and underneath the Tejttcles, there were fome Appendices of an inegular
Form, and as it were torn at the end, which were thought to be the
parts which modern Anotimifh do call the Fringes of the Tid>4 Vteri in Wo-
men : Which fcems to juilifie and clear the Antients from an Errour where-
of they were accufed. For this dcmonlVratcs that they had fome reafon to
think t!:at the Cornu* Vteri in Brutes are the fame thing with that called the
lulf* in Women. For tho' the Cornm of Brutes be a hdlow body, in which
the Conception and Nourifhmcnt of their Young ones ufe to be made, and
that the TitbA of Women appears IbUd and without Cavity, fo that it is proper
to receive the S-ed, and make theTrMn/telition into tlie Fundus Zterif ^ pol^
fclfuig the place of the Pro/idta, according to the opinion oiGallen ; and that
the Conception be generally made in the Fmdm Vt^ri ) yet it is very true to
fay
-#
%
OfaLYONNESS
55
fay that the ftru£lure and ufe of the Tuhd an Women, and the Cornua in
Brutesi hftve n<»t\3fi)g'cihntiii\\y ditfcrcat ; ieeli^tliatas tJier« aire ioikls Hx'
amples of the Conception made in the Titl>a, we have fbm'e Obiervations
which do manifefl to us., that this Tda has Ibmetimes alio an evident Cavi-
ty. We have here put the Figm« of the t term of YiottCiti, iA \VhiCh we
founcl rwHj apparent Cavities, vH^ich made lome wirtoings eigtrt Lines lotfg,
and near two broad at their beginning, which from the FufubaVfeyi di(!l Pe-
netrate into the Tuha.
At tlie end of eacli of cbe CtirMuu, a fittlt bokm lthe7V/?irdfr, there was a
long Body,of a Nervous Subftance, which was taken for the Ligamenta Tere-
tia: For it defcended into the Groyne^ and wa» there dilated like a Go<^e*s Foot
as in Women. Its original was only different in this, that in Women theie
Ligaments proceeded from the very Body of the Vterut, ix the place where"
the Tubs began, a gooddiftance from the TefiicU. Sorimut Writes, that he
had feen in a Woman this round Ligament, which he calls the CremMptr of
the TefticU of Women, which was taftened near the TefiieUj even as we
have Obferved in our L;o/f/»(r/jr. ; li i; ) "
The Mediajline was not pierced like a Net as in the firfl: Lyon\^yxt its Mem*
/r^;;^ was thick and continued.
The Lungs had (even Lobes, three of each fide and one in the mitklk;
Thofe of the right fide were larger than thole of the left; The wt^e P^en-
chym* of the Lit/tgs was fcirrhous. The Fetta Coromm* was very lar^ ; but
the Heart was mtich lefs than in the two Lj/ofis which have beeil diifoded.
The infide of the left Ventrkie was fcirrhous towards the moutli of the Ar-
tery of the Lungs ; and it feemed that the Lim^ Had communicated this Dis-
temper to the Heart. There were two folyfus\ one in each Ventricle of the
Heart. All the Bafis of the Heart on the out fide, wasfirrounded with aiU-
my Subfliance ; which formed feveral unecjual Prctjderaneies, inflrad of tips
Fat which is commonly fbuhd in this place. ,^
The Tongue was armed, as in t\K Lyonsy with great pointy (ike Claw;)) j
they were lefler, Ibfter, and blunter. . ...v •„., ;r . v v
The Ventricles of the Brain were very large; and the Clwit^ where the
Fdx enters, and which divides the Cereirum in two, was likexife very deep,
containing ten Lines. The GUnduU Pinealit was exceeding imaU; aot ex-
ceeding a Line. ^P^vf^Jfy-nnl v": V :a p.{
1 he Chrifhttine Humour like as in Lyons, was more convex before than be-
hind ; which was not found in the other Lyonnefsy wliere k was Bat and more
convex behind. The A/^m^M«r, which is put into the bottom of die Eye, and
laid on the Choroides, which we call the Tapetunty was of an Ifde&t Colour,
intermixt with a brisk Greenijb Blew. It was eafUy lepai'able from tlie Cho"
roidesy which remained intire with its ordinary thicknefs, a(ter that we bad
taken away the McnArane Which forms this Tttfctum. "*■"'..'.'■ -v^r '^'r'-
The Obtick Nerve was near the Axis of the Eye. In it*s middle Aere was
fcen to appear a Forr,men, which difappear'd when tlie whole Retina was layd
on one fide, and that it was not equally extended about the Optiik Nerve on
the Concavitic of the CAorwVfp/.
TAr
■'^
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i
i6
V. 1 ' 1 ■■> '..■.;
n.'j <•
I •■; ■, J.,
• /'i Ti&e Explication of the Figure of the C A M JE L I O N.
r^\' ' ' ■■•■ ; ■
IT is rcprelcnted alive, perched on a Tree (bmewhat crooked towards the
fide whicii it a/cends, to difcover as much as is poffible, the top o|.the
Head, and bottom of the Belly.
»; .:!/
: b In the Farts which the DiJfeSiion difco^'ers.
.•• M
iii.'i;-^
i fi
>-!
A. The GAll'BUdJcy. ''■ ''"^^1 ^..-^ |.ar .■
. B. T/;f /f/r Lo^f of theLivcrr'- 'V*"., '•
CC. r/7<rw>/;f. - ■■;•''•'" v'' ' ''
D. The Oefophagus. "^ " -
E. r/;^ Ventricle. -"' ' '
F. r/;^ Pylorus. • ■' P^--^-^^
G. T/»c Dudus Cholidociis. ,^
h. T/.i? Vena Porta. '' ..
I. The Vena Cava.
KKK. r^f Inteftins.
I.M.. A Membrane rvhich held all thefe Parts linkt together atfd ffjiettcUd.
N. The frfi Bone of the Sternum. '
O. The left Ue of the Liver. : v uw. :; i. .u.i -,..;. n-: .- ,
P. Thetipperf.trt of the Lungs blown up^ and ffeckled with red Spots*
Q£^Q;_^ The reft of the Lungs blown up.
R. The Afpcra Art-ria tied to keep the Lungs blown up,
SS. n^rOsHyoides. ^ '1; '•?( • .
-T. The Czvtah^inovisStjil^,' to which theTrmk ivhiehfuftMns the Tongue^ Is f aft-
ened.
■XX. TheTongue. ■ ""'' '^■•- '-
Y. The Trunck drawn up.
Z Z. The Kjdneys. "^ .. - ■
r r. The Gorniia Uteri. ' • • ' ""• ' '
A. The Neck of the Vterus. ' ' ' ' "
K K. The Inteftines.
ee. TheE^es. "^i-' '^^-''.h
A A. BfOptick Nerves. ''•>>-^"' ' "■'"
n. TheBKiin:"^''*'''' .M ••..;, .
, .. ■ - . 1 1.:; i:: . . / ,v:'.m\ i, t \. •. '
fV !/■'•■
We did not 'think tliat tlieSkereton needed any Explication, by reafon ot
' the Ncatncfs of tlic Figure, and the exadnefi wherewith it is dcfcribcd ia
the Dilcourfe.
r •' - .■■ ■» \ •.!»•.•' • 'if. , ! ■■ 1 • -i . .■-ii-''''> - " •''^'^
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i. Lnxi i.'Jibt]l IV
■.vl'. tllJil'
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION:
ji'.iirijj': 1
OF A >i
notjij
.;::'irr.
7
C A M E L I O N
: 31hI
["^Hcre is fcarce any Aftim&I more Famous than the Camclioft, its admir-
able Properties hav&evcr been theSubjcft as well of Natural as Moral
FhHofophy. The changing of its Colour, and the particular manner of feeding
wiiich IS attributed to it,have in all Ages given great Admiration and Exercile
to thofe that do apply themfelvcs to the Knowledg of Nature : And thofe
Wonders which Naturalifts have related of this inconfiderable Animal,
have made it to be the moft Famous Symbole ufed irt Rhetorick and Ef hicks,
torepreient thebafe compliance of Courtiers and Flatterers, and the Vanity
wherewith fimple and light Minds do feed themlelvcs. Its very name in
TertuSidn is the Subje£t of a Serious Meditation upon Falfe-glory, and
he propofes it as the Example of tiie Impudence of Cheats and Boa-
tters.
It is not known truly why the Greeks have beftowcd {b fine a Name, upon
fo vile and ugly a B^.:/, by calling it the Little-Lyon^ or Dwarf- Lyon accord-
ing to Iftdres Etymology. GeJHer fays, that it Ibmewhat refembles the
Ljotiy without mentioning wherein. PdMarolits would have it the Tail
which is crooked at the end, as he fays, like tbcLpm: But the Truth is,
that neither the Cdmeiicn nor the Lyoa have a crooked Tail. It would be
more probable to place the Reiemblancc on the C>^, which they both
have on the Top of the Head, which makes a kind of C afque : But it appears
on the L^o/jj Head only, when the Fleih of the A/»/^«//CV<jro^/?/>rf is cuttotfi
Licetus thinks that this Name wus given it, becaule as the Lyon Hunts and
Devours other Animals, fb the Cumelioa catches Flies ; by the famercafon
that a little Worm which Hunts and takes JntA^ as A!b:rtHs hath delcribed,
is called Formicaleon ; and that a little Lo'-fier^ as Pliny and Jthenxns report, is
Hamed Lyon, becaule it is of tlie fimic Colour.
The C«»r/w« is of the kinde of four-footed Hearts, which do lay Eggs, as
the Crocodile, and Lizard, which it llifficicntly rclcmblcs, fave that its Head
4nd Back is not Hat like the Lizards, who has like wile much Ihortcr leggs,
with which it crawls very fait along the ground .-whereas the C4«iie//£'« has
bngcr leggs, and goes ealily only upon Trees, where it delights it ielf much
more than on the ground ; becaule, that as it is fa yd, it fears the Serpents, from
which it cannot lecure it ieltc by Hight, and thaV from th.cnce it li)les thenj,
C vvateb-
|8
The Anatomical Defcription
watching tlie opportunity wiien tlicy do pals, or Sleep under him, to Kill
them with iiis Foam which he lets fall upon them.
Belonius has oblerved two Species of Camelio/fs, one whereof is found in
Arahix, the Other in ^gyft. Faber Lynceus adds a Third, which is in Mexico.
That which we deferibe is thc^/€E[;^fw» one ; which is thegreateftofall:
For tliofe of Anbis and Mexico, are not ordinarily more then fix inciies
long, and ours which was brought us alive was in all, comprehending the
Tail, eleven Inches and a half in length ; Pliny is greatly milhken, when he
makes the Camelion as big as the Crocodile, which is the biggeft of all Animals:
or if he intends ^o cojnp^rc it to tijLe Land CKocodik, he deceives bis ^radpr,
lor that is lefs known tnan the Cdmelion , and whereof no body has fpokcn
but himftlf, or upon his Report. Salmajius attributes this Fault to the ill
Tranflation which Piiny has made of the Book, which DemocritM writ of the
Cameiion ; in which, according to the lonitk Dialeit, the Crotcdile is catted by
the Name whi^ commonly lignifics the Lizard. The Head of ours was an
Inch and ten Lines ; from the Head to the beginning of the Tail, it was four
Inches and a half ; tlie tail was five ; and the Feet were each two Inches and
^ lialf long. The Bulk of the Body was found diHerent at feverai times : For
Ibmctimest it wa& two Inches from die Back unto the under part of the Belly »
at other times it was (carce above an Inch>according as ic fwelled or contrad-
cd it (elf i this fwellingand this contracting was not only in the Thorax and
Belly, but it reached even to its, fore and hind-l^s, and its Tail. This par-
ticular Circumilance, which Ai/(^ has ob&rved, makes us to think upon
whit Thetfhrafies {kys o( the (^amfiJotff Lungs, viz* Tliat they do extend
tjiro* the whole Body.
Now tlntiii contrary Motions of fwclling and contracting are not done as
in other Creatures, when to breath they dilate tlieir Brcaft, and preicntlyt
contiacl it fuccelTively and orderly ; for we have feen it puft up above two
Hours , duringwhich time it abated a little, but very imprcceptiUy, and
f 'welled again a little, but with this difference, that the Dilatatiou was more
fuddain and Vifible, and that by long and unequal intervals. We have like-
wife fcen it continue unfwellcd for along fpace, and much longer than
fwelled. In this Condition it appeared 16 lean, that tlie Spine was Iharp,
ai if by the extenuation of the Mufcles which arc without along the Vertc
hrs, the Skin was faftened upon the fpinous and oblique Atofhyfes ; whidi
dilcovcreJ three Eminencies. The Ribbs might be counted, and the Ten-
dons of the fore and liind-legs appeared very diftin^ly to the Eye ; But nei-
ther tlie yertehr4^ like a Saw, which ijefner and LaiuUus, do in Htdigar report
were feen on tlic Uuk, nor the Pricks which Panaroliu laith were placed tlici^
by Nature for its dcliznce, appeared tu us : how lean focver it grew, its back
only remained Iharp and keen, without being jagged or having any Points ;
the A fopfjyfeso( the Spine bein.5 (quarc at the end, as in the generality of A**
nimals. Thi^ lankncls was known likcwilc wlien it turned its Body; for it
fcetncd like an empty Sack that is twilki; which TertuHtam, who was of
tile lanieCoutury with o\i\' Csmelion, Iwd very well oblervcd, when heliiys,
that this Animal was but a living Sktn.
This Skin was very cold to tljc touch ; and notwithftanding the fjrcat
l.inknclil have bcendelaibing, it was impoflible to feel the beating ot tlw
Heart, wlticli was more Iccret and ubicuie tluathc motion of its Breathing.
"I'hc
*•
Of a C A M E L I O N.
to Kill
19
The Superficies oi' the Skin was uneven, and railed in little Eminencics like
Chagrin-., being nevertlielefs very loft to the touch, becaulc tliat every Enii-
nencc was very liuootli : Theie Emincncics or Grains were of a dilferent
fize ; the ^reateft part were like the head ofa middlc-fized Finn, viz., The
Grains which covered the fore and hind-'cggs, the B.-lly and Tail; There
were others Ibmcvvhat bigger, of an oval Shape, upon the Shoulders and Head;
and fume of theie large Grains were higher^and more pointed, to witt, un-
der the Throat, where they made a Row like Beads, which reached/rorn the
lower lipp to the Brealt : The Grains which were upon the Back and Head,
were joyncd and heaped together, Ibmetimes to the Number of Seven, ibme-
time>Six, Five, Four, 'Ihree and Two; leaving between theie different
heaps, Ibme diltances covered with othel- little Grains almoft imperceptible,
winch were generally ofa pale Re^j and Tellomjh like the bottom of the Skin
whic!iappe;!reJ between theie parcels ot Grains. This Ground changed not
Colour tiil the Animal was dead, at which time the little Points grew whitc-
ifli, and the Ground whereon they were lowed, changed its Red into a Dirk-
Gray.
Ir has been fincefoun.^, that all thefc Grains, as well the great as the little
onesjuere made by the S!un which (welled outward, being hollow on the in-
fide in the plac;: of everyGrain,like plates of Metal which are chaced or ftam-
ped;in part alio thro* feveral little Pellicles verylleuder, and lying one upon a-
nothcr, which incrcaicd the thicknefs of every Eminence ; which wereeafily
railed, when they wercfcraped with a Penn-knife. But all this would not
make the Skin relcmbic that ofa CrocodtUi as Jnfiotle with moft Authors
would have it. For the Crocodile has upon its Back, very large thick Scales,
proportionable to thofe under its Belly ; and they arc ranged one upon ano-
ther ; wjicrcas t!ie Emincncics cf the Ozwr/Ws Skin, are Iprcad without Or-
der, and little differing in fize.
The Colour of all the Eminences of our Camelion when it was at reft in the
flude, and had continued a long time untoucht, was a Bleivijb-GrAy, except-
ing under tlic Paws, which was Ci White inclining to 7>^ii', and the Inter-
v.ilui the Heap of Grains, which was oiai Pale and yel/owjb /{<•</, as aforelaid:
And it is probable, that the natural Colour of the Came/ion\ Skin, which ac-
covd'nij, zo JnJ^ot/e is Black, was in ours tiiat Gr^y which covered the Skin all
over wlien in Kepole, and which remamed ontheinfide of the Skin when
txcoriaitd : Though the out-fide had Ibmetime after its Death prcfervcd, the
Spots and different Colours which were there at the Minute it expired, but
wiiich were well near all oblcurcd when the Skin wasdryed.
Now this Gray which coloured all the Camelton expoled to the Light.changcd
when in the Sun ; and all the places of its Body which were inligliteneJ, in-
ftead of their Uleiv/jh Colour, took up a Bro:vni(b Gray, inclining to a Minime.
The reft of the Skin which was not illuminated by the Sun, dunged its Grsy
into levcral brisk fhininj^ Colours, which made Spots about half a Finger in
bignels, whicli reached hom the Creft of the Spine to the middle of the Back ;
others appeared like^^'i^e upon the Ribbs, fore-leggs and Tail. All thelb
Spot» were of an Ifiitllt Colour, through the mixture ofa pale ?i'/i()rr,wlicre-
wich the Grains were coloured, and ofa brisk /<r<:/, which is the Colour of
the bottom ol the Skin which appears a mongft the Grains.
C 2 The
lie
3b
The Anatomical Defcriptim
i
'WHt
1
t ►
'i
^1
The reft of this Skin not enlightened by the Sun, and which was of a Pal-
er Gri«/ than ordinary, relembleing Cloth made of Mjcf-coloured Wooll .■ For
{bme of the Grains were feen of a Gr.ty fbmewhat Greenijb, others of a Mf>/-
me GrfjTy othrs of the common Blerv/Jb Gray^ tlie ground remaining as be-
fore.
When the Sun did not fhine, the firft Gray came again by little and Httle,
artd (prcad it felfall over the Body, except under the Feet, which continu-
ied of the fame Colour, but a little Bt owner. And when being in riiis ftate,
(bme of the Company handled it to obfervc Ibmething, there immediately
appeared on its Shoulders, artd forc-leggs, feveral very B/4fl(7//& fpotts about
the bignefs of one's Nail ; which happened not wlien it was handled by thole
that lookt after it: Sometimes it was marked with Brom» Spotts, which in-
clined to a Green. We afterwards wrapped it up in a Linnen Cloatli, where
liaving been two or three minutes, we took it out Whiteijh ; but not fb White
as that of which AldiovMndm (peaks, whicii was not tobe (een, by bccomin"
exadly like the Linnen on which it was laycd. Ours, which had only changed
its ordinary Gra^ into a very pale one, after having kept this Colour fome-
'time, loft it inlenfibly.
This Experiment makes us queftion if it be true, that the Cimvlim takes
"all GokMirs except White^ vi Theofhrajha and Plutrach report: For ours
letimcd to have fuch a difpofltion to receive this Colour, that it waxed pate
'every niglit ; and when it was dead, it had more IVhite than any other Co-
lour. We (Hd not find like wile that it changed Colour all over the Body, as
Arifiotle reports : For wlien it takes other Colours than its Gray, and difguif-
cs it (elf to go in«Ma(querade, as Miiait (ay*s plcalantly, it covers only certain
-parts of its Body therewith.
• l4tftly,to conclude the Experiment of the Colours which the Cdwelion call
take, it was lay'd on things of various Colours, and wrapped up there in ; but
it took not them, as it had done thtWhite ; and it took that only the firil
time it was made , although it was Icvcral times repeated on different
Daycs.
In makeing theft Experiments, we oblerved that there were a great ma-
ny places of its Skin which grew Broom, but very little at any time. To be
more certain thefeof, we marked with little points of Ink thufc Graines
which to us appeared moft fVhife when it waxed Pt/e ; and we always found
that when it grew Brmnefi, and its Skin fpottcd, thole Grains which we
had marked were alwayes lets Bronm than the reft.
Its Head relembled that of a F^, being very clolcly joynr d to the'Breaft,
and by a very Ihort Neck, which was covered on the fides, with two Car-
liU^ineom rifingi, which rcfcmblcd the Gills ofFiJh. There was a Creft crcft-
cd )uft upon 'tne Crown of the Head, and two other Crcfts over the Eyes,
turned like an S longways. Between thclc three Crcfts there were two Cd-
vitys aloni; the upper part of the Head.
Its No(e madcui obtuli.- Point ; and there were two Edges whicli reach-
ed from tlie hyc-brows to the end of the Nofe, and which mnclc it to relem*
bic that of a Arrjijjj. Arijtotle fays thit it is like to the ChteropiilietUs, which
is an unknown Animal, the Name whereof fhcws its 'icitvatioii robe from
an j4f>e and Ifc : But tite Nolc of our Cdmelion rclcmblcd ueitiicr that of the
0/ a C AM ELI ON.
31
:'Brcaft,
m Car-
c Eyes,
wo C'4-
rcacli-
reicm-
which
from
It of the
Apf,
Ape^ nor of the h.og: for the lower Jaw itands out tarfhei: ihau tlie upper*
which is quite dilfcrent from the fhout of a Hog.
At the end of the Note there was a hole on each fide like a Noftril. Be-
ionim leems to be of opinion that thefe holes do like wife iervc for the Hear-
ing ; and that lb rationally, thaxAlcmaeo fayd, by the report of Ar:jlotley tha(
Goats do brenth through the Ears, which is a thing jEIUo lays, ought to k he-
ieived only h the Goat-heards, althoT«/p/'«* in his Obfervatious allures us,
tkit if> M/in himfelf there is found, apajfage ivhidi conveys the Air tnto the Mou'-h
thro the E-irs. The truth is, that our Camelton imd no other holes in the
Head but thefe two Noftrils, through which it is probable it breaths, bc-
caule that its Mouth is commonly lb clolely Ihut, that it feems to have none,
its two Jaws being joyned by an almoft unperceiviible Line, altho' iiolinw
Writes that its Month ts dwnys open: Which may make us to think that Soli-
ntti, and the genrality of thofc which have deicribed tiie Camelion, never law
one alive ; for they do make the Mouth open, which is not ul'ual but when
it is" dead.
" Thefe Jaws are furnifhed with Teeth, or rather with a dentillated or in-
dented fione,which co us appeared not at all ferviceable to it m eating ;becauic
that it fwall0wc(i the Flyes, and otlicr Inieds which it catched, without
chewing them. jElian lays th/it tt defends itfclfAgainft the Serpent, by the help
eft great Stiek whiel) it takes in its Mouth \ and^its probable diat its leethinay
^rve to hold \x.h&\ but it is to bcunderHoodthat it holds it crols-wife, to
hinder the AVr/r/i/ from fwallowing him up, as it ulually do's f >(9g.f and Li-
zMrdsy whole: For there is no poflibility of explaining this place of >^/i;» as
Gefner and Aldrovandm do, wlio think that theC4fMlton makes ufe of this Stick
ss of a Buckler or Saord wf^r^mtl) it defends it felf agtUnft the Serpent, as a fen-
cer would do \ 'for it is not nimble enough for that.
The Mouth was flit after a peculiar manner / For whereas other Animals
have generally tlie opening of tlie Lips, much Icls than that of the Jaws;
the Lips of our Camelion were flit beyond the Jaw the Icngtli of two lines,
and this continuation of tin: Hit delccndcd obliquely downwards.
The Form, Strufturc, and Motion of its Eye* had fomething very pecu-
liar. They were very large, containing above five lines in Diameter. They
appeared Upharical, jutting out full half of tl»eir Ball, which was covered
with one fingic Eye-lid made like a Cap pierced with a hole through the mid-
die, this hole not exceeding one line in breadth. I'hrough this little hole the
Vu^tlU which was brisk and clear, and lurrounded as it were with a little
golden Circle, was eafily enough perceived, although Arifiotle lay's tlut
this Circle cannot be dilcerncd till after that the Eye-lid be taken away by
DilTe£lion. This Eve-lid was rough like the rell of the Skin ; and when the
body variegated it Iclf into fcveral Colours, making Ipots which were at
different times of different Figures, thole of the Eye always rcnwincd of the
lame fort; for the barrsor ftreaks tinged with that Colour which came o-
\ cr the reft of the Baly, parted from the hole of the Fyc-lidd as iVom a Cen-
ter, and were extended towards the Circumference like rays.
The forepart of the Eye was faltcncd to the Lid, which neither railed nor
fhut down it lelf as in other Creatures, who can give their llye-lid a dittcrcnt
motion from that of the I^yc, for that of our CrfwrZ/cw couM not remove it
iclf, but the Eyc-lidd followul its Motion. Which /V/»r fejnis roexprels
I
h ;
The AitJtontiail Dcjcription
but very improperly, when he lays that the fight or Pupilla of tie Camclio
Jiirs Ao.', I lit that it is the whole Eye whic'i moves \ for there is no Creature that
Ihrrs tlie PrunelU wlien all the relt oF the Eye Ihnds itill. But what is more
extraordinary in this motion, is to lee one of the Ej es move whih^ the c-
thcr remains immoveable, and the one to turn forward, at the lame time
that tlie other looks behind ; the one to look up totheSkie, when the other
is fixed on the Ground : And all tlicie motions to be lb extream, that they do
carry the PutilU under tlie Creft which makes the Eye-brow, and (b Far in-
to tlie CW;;/,/ or Corners of the Eye, that the Sight can dilcern whatever is
done jultly behind and directly bcfoic, without turning tho Head which is
falhned to the S!iouldcrs. AnjtotU, who has delcribed the Camelion more
cxadly than any other Animal, lias omitted tliis particular circumltancc of
this extraordinary motion of the Eyes, which in truth is not found in the
MfxicinC.xm:ltoti'. But it is probible that is not that which ^r/y/o/Ztr has de-
lcribed. He has not alio oblei vcd that this little hole of the Eye-lidd doles by
enlarginf^ it lelf crols-\vile,even to the m-kingonc finglc flitt, which very cx-
aftly unites the upper part with the lower; for he [jiys that the fides of that
lole do never ]oyn to^ctiar to clofe the Eye. Pltny and Holtniu do likewile averr
the fame thing, and almoll all Naturalills, who have only leen Carnelions in
the Books of thcle Authors. ,
That part of the Body which is called the Trunck, and which compre-
hends the T/jorax and Belly, was in our Camelion a Tlmxx alone, witli fcarcc
anyBelly ; wliich JriJhtU hath .better oblerved than Pltnyy who fay's th^it the
CdvnQiion^ JireajHsjoynedjo Its Belly; for that is not peculiar to it, being fo
in all Animals, which have nothing between the Brcall and Belly.But when
Jrifht/e lay's, that the Camclion's Breajl as in EiHl, is joyned to the HypogaP.
trium, which is the lower Belly, he clearly ihtws that the Ribbs do dclcend
as low as the Ilia, whereas other Animals have only the tranfverfe Jjf6pl>yfes
ofthcLoyns, the reft being Bone-lcis, and therefore hy Hippocrates czWcd
raid.
Its four Feet were alike. They differed only in this that the forc-
nioll were bent backwards, and the hindmoll forwards, and it may be laid
that tJK'le are four Arms which have their four Elbows bendinLj inwards, c-
very one conlilVing as it were of a Humerw^ articulated with two Bones like
to a Radttu ^ndCHt/tus. SolinHs is miltaken, when he lays that the Cameli-
ins K'ct are Jo\ ned to the Belly ; for in ours thole behind were articulated
with the Os ijchium^ and thole before were fallened to the Omojilatx.
'Yh^: four Paws were cvciy one compoled of five Clasvs, and better releni-
hied Hands than Feet. They, as well thole before as behind, were divided
ill two; which made as it were two Hands to each Arm, and tA'O Feet to
e ic!i Leg; For thou^li one of tl ele parts had but two Claws, and the oihci"
three, \ett!iey were as large as one another, the Claws, which were tv\'ti
tin J tWv) i>eing larger tiian tliofe which were three and three. Tiiele Claws
\s ere doled together under one skin as in a Mittin, and were divided only i.i
the l,il: |.)\ IK, to which the Nails are fallened. Thedilpontion of thele Faws
wasdi.'Lient, in that iliole tliat were befoie had two Claws outwards and
i!irecin'.vard>, cjiitrary to tliofe beliiiiJ, which had three outwardj and two
111 .v,u'd>.
U'i:!j tliwl^ Va\\\ it caught l:o!d on the little bran:!iei oi Trees like a Par-
rott
th
Li
t
0/4CAMELION.
2q
amclio
irc that
is more
the c-
ic time
c other
they do
) far in-
tcver is
vhicli is
n more
lance of
I in the'
• has dc-
:lofcs by
very cx-
s ofthdt
ifc aven*
lelions in
comprc-
li fcarce
s th!<t tLe
beinj; lb
ut when
iypogaf-
) dclccnd
Ajjophfes
tes called
ic fore-
r be laid
/ards, c-
oncs like
c Citntli-
ticulatcd
L;r relcm-
divided
) Feet t(»
he othci"
trc two
Ic CUws
1 only i.i
tie I'aws
•ards and
and two
kc a V*r'
roty which to peaich it lelf, divides its Claws diflerent fVoin other hirdsy who
do always put three before and one behind, whereas the Parru puts v/o be-
hind as well as before.
The Claws which were a little crooked, and very fharp, and of a pale T«l-
hiv, proceededbuthalfway outof theSkin* the other half was covered and
hidden underneath : They were in all two Lines and a half long.
Its Tail well enough refembled that of a yiper^ as PlJny obferves, or that
of a great Rat ; which Marntolt who has Writ the Hiftory oi Africa in Spa^
nijb, feems to intimate; when he compares this Tail with that of a MoUy be-
cauie that the Ihiall relemblance that there is between the Tail of a Camelion^
and that of a Mote, muftmakeus to think that Marmoly according to the
Cuftome of the generality, of thole who publilh the Relations of what they
have Icen in Forrcign Countries, has without diftinftion intermixt wliat he
hath Read, with what he hath Seen; and that he has taken what he Ipsaks
of the Ciimelions Tail, out of Ibme Italian Author, becaule that Topo which
in Spanifj fignifics a Afoltf does in the It.iiian fignify a Rat.
But the Tail of our Came/ion was neither like to a Pipers or Rats, fave
tvhen its fwelling made it round ; for otherwile it had all along the three E-
minencics which are leen upon the Back, as aforclaid, which are the rows of
the SpinoitSy and ohUf*e Apophyfes of the VertebrM : Belides thcfe it had like-
wile two other rows made by the Tranfverfe Apophyfes, It always wound
this I'ail about the Branches, and it ierved him inftead of a fiith Hand.
When it walked it very rarely futitired it to trail on the ground, but kept it
parallel to the places where it went.
Its Face was flower than that of a Tortoife, and (eemed very Ridiculous, in
that its Leggs being not Ihort, and incumbred like thole of the Tcrtoije, but
very lools and free, it carry ed them with a kind of Gravity which icemed
ailtcled, becaule needlels. Wherefore Tertukian faith, that one muld think
that the Camelion rather mikU m if it wouldwalkthan that it really did.
Some do think that this Gate is a Mark oftheTimeroulheis, which is
(aid to be very extream in this Animal. But bccaufe it is certain that
Fear, when it is not great enough wholly to take away Motion, adds great
Strength to that of the Leggs; into which it is bcleived that it makes all
die Heat and Vigour, which has left the Heart to dclccnd. It is much more
probable that this flowncls isthe etiedl of a great Precaution, which makes
It to Aft drcumf'peftly. For it fcems thn the drmelion chulcs out places
where it can bell lett its feet ;and when it climbs up Trees it trulh not to
its Claws, tho* they are much fharper than thole of Squirrels which du
every where climb up lb lightly .- But if it cannot grafp the Branches by
reafon of their bignefs, it leeks out the clefts or cracks which are in the Bark,
to fallen its Claws therein.
HAving opened oMvCmnelion after it was dead, we found, when the Skin
which covered the T/«>r4 jf and Belly, was pulled ofti that there was no-
thing underneath but Membranes which joyned the Ribbs together, and
which were in the place of the Mufeuli Intercojlales. Thele Membranes which
were lb tranlparcnt, that the Intrails might bu icen through, were died green
on the Liver,
Tho Belly being cut through the Middle up to the Cartilago Xiphoides, the
Liver oifcred it fcTfe, out of which the Gall Bladder proceeded lb as to touch
the
ox
The Anjtomicil Dejiription
I
I
1 ■
\}\
m
■9Hc
t^fipll
Ifj
m
tliK flioit Ribb ; ib wc do call the Ribs which are not|o)'ned to the S/frw/w,
and which are after a particular manner in the Qwr/zw, as hereafter j'hall
be explained. We found the Vefitle between tlie Lobes j thou^) Belomus
placeth it in tlieleftLobe.lt was a bout the bignefs of a i^M,aimoft round,of a
Dark Green. Its Neck produced the Ductus ChoIidocttSyWhkh was infcrted un-
derneatli the Pylorus.
The Liver which was of a dark Red, and of a pretty firm Parenchyma,
ill which levcral Cavities or PalTages might eafiiy be difcerned, was divided
into £W0 Lobes, whereof the Right appeared lomewhat Larger tlian the
Lett.
The r<f«fm/f lay under the Liver, and feemed to be only the continua-
tion of the OefophA^us, which enlarged it lelfe a little in the Belly, along
which itdcfcended Itrait cnougli, and was only a little bended towards the
Fr/o»'«J)>>vl trc it was contraded; and there its Membranes were very hard.
\Ve wondered how fo Itrait a paffage made by lb hard a Membrane, could
and Colour as the Oefopha^j^ns, both being compofed of IV^jite, and not
Tranfparcnt Membranes, as were all the reft that were found in the Belly.
The Uefcphagus and Ventricle were together three inches and a half long.
At the palfage out of the Pylorus the htejline was enlarged, and grew bigger
than the Ventricle, making three turnings one on the right fide oi the Pylortts,
the fecond at the bottom of the Belly, where being dekended, it role again
towards the Ventricle, where it nude the third winding, to re-defcend to-
wards the yi/»w. The length of this whole Inteftine was fevcn Indies, and
it kept the fame bignels to tlie end. It was very Bl.uk all over, and one
might fee certain Membranes where with it was fallened, which were
the A/r^«/f7, in which were likewile oblerved Vcifels full ofBIootl. I'hcrc
were alio H'7;//f It' res like \.\\t V en. t Laciest \ and this Membrane of the
Mijcntiry which was very tianlparenr, had in its middle apiece which
grew thick and opakc.as it were to make tlie Pancreas Afelltammju'i Receftacu-
lum Pecqiiettanum. Though it was iiiiponlble to get together the Branches
of the biooci-Vcirels Iprcad in this Mfentery, and to trace them to their
'I runk, >ct there was Iccn one which was judged to be that of the VenaPor-
tj. The Vena Ctza was likewile found under the Liver, lying upon the
/Vrrf^rrf, and full of very iV^r/t Blood. , -,; i
J'hcrc was no apptan.nteof the Spleen .- Which agrees witli what Au-
thors averr ot the L.-Mtliofj. They do fay likewile that it hath no Kidncj s ;
However we found, that our'shad two Flefliy parts lying all along the two
fiJcs of tile Spine, in the region of the Loyns and the Os Sacrum, which wc
took for the Kidnycs : Tlide Helliy |xirrs were tafily (qxrated from that
place on which they were fukncd, that tliey could not be taken for the M///^
mil ifoa ; and they were firmly lixetlonly at the place, where the end of the
Inicirine loyiied it lelt to the bejj;inning of the I terns. This particular cir-
cunilbnce made G,\fendiu to bclcivj; that thele Helhy parts, wiiereofhe
)p..iks 111 the litj of Mr. I'nr.d; who luid the curiolity to \\uv\iCjMel/cns,
mii!,ht be the 'J'e/L'c/eu Thi-v were al)0Ut an Inch long.ncar two Luies broad
about the inil.lle; an.l they went llopin;;to the en.l, making the figure of
a Lancet. TIilv were aLjur tlie thiclwieN jftwo thirds of ;i Line. Their
Pa-
0/tf CAMELION.
2 c;.
\
PareHchymi Wis of a.palcKfi very Salid, and watered within with ftoreof
Sirolitic ; which m adc us to take them rather for the Kidneys tlian 2V///-
cies : And that which Itrengthened and confirmed this Opinion, was 4 Cavi-
ty each of them had in its middle, according to their lengthy formed of a very
hard Membrane, whicli migiit pafs for the Pghii of tlie Kidney. MAlfighi-
m has oblerved the like palfages in the Kidney's of B/Wj, whicli yet Hurvey
faith are Solid , and without any Cavity.
ThcTterw had a paflage which came out at the ^»«*. This Paffageor
Neck of the Vteru/ was placed on thele Flefhy Parts, which we thought to
be the Kidneys, and under thz extremity of the Inteftine as in Birds, and
wholly contrary to what is ufual in other Animals, where the Intefiine is up.
on the Os Sacrum^ and the Bladder above the Neck of the Vterw. This Vte-
rm was as in Beads compoled of two Horns, which came out of its Neck,
and extended three Inches and a half in length, and returned to the fame
place, making as it were two Anfesot Handles when they were drawn from
within the region of the Ilia, where they were folded up. They were not
above a Line broad, and in feveral places lefs, where they contrafted them-
ielves, making as it were knots : But we found no Eggs neither in their Ca-
vity, nor in the annexed Membranes, called the Oz/rfr/w/w. -« -/a \i!i;:'i^..
The generality of all thele Parts, liz. the Liver, Ventricle, and Inteftines,
were upheld and fufpended by a ftrong Membrane or Ligament , which
like the MetUafiin»m, defcended from the Region oithi&CartiUgo Xiphoides to
the lower part of the Belly. There were alio fuch like Membranes, which
from tht fame Cartilage were extended on the right and left lide, which were
that which Htrvej takes for the Diafhragme'm^K^, and which Fdricittt dc*
nys to be a Di.fhragme, becaufc that they ar« not Mufbulous. And indeed
thcfe Membranes were tranl'parent, having no flefhy lubllance, they were
only double, andjoyned to icveral others differently figured, as it appeared
when having blowed into the Afpera Arteria, both the great Vacuities on the
right and left fide dS the Bowels, which hung in the middle^, were tiiddainly -
filled by thefwelUngofthofe Membranes, which were not difcerned before
it was blown ; and this fweUing did not only fill thefe Cavities, but it did
thruftouton both fides fome produdions refemblingtlie Bladder ofaCtf;^;
fbme about the length and bignefsof ones Finger, others much lefs, and from.
the great ones proceeded other lefTcr Productions. In the middle of thefe two
great heaps of different produ£lions of Bladders, which reprelcnted the right
and left Lungs, there likewifc arole one fingle Bladder, which foemed to lup-
ply the place of the little Lobe, which in a great many Animals is found in
the middle of the Breail, in the Cavity cf the Mediafiinum. Thefe Mem-
branes thus extended by Air were IVhite, and (bmewhattradfparent, and ap«
peared very curious i but they were ftrengthened by fibres, inter-woven
KkeNets.
When we ceafed to blow, all thefe Membranes falling down and lying
upon one another, caufcd all thefe Bladders to diiappear, which indeed are
nothing elfe but the Procejfus of the Lungs. j ; . . j nui:r;t. j -
Gefner dkhj that of the Intrails of a CAmciion, the Luni,^ only are^ifthle.
But Arijlotle lias more truly oblerved, that Quadrupeds which lay Eggs, have
Lungs almoft invifikle\ if they are not blown into to fvvcll them. Indeed,
whatever appeared in the place where the LiVAt^g^ ought to be was, before it
D was
76
The Attcttamkii Pefcription
ii
i I!
I
was extended byrblWmg, but like two little pieces of Rofe-cola^red Flelh,
about the bigaels pf a £|f4», fituated on each ude tlie Heart ; which made
P/mamiiu to fjiy, th^t the Camelion (ms little Lungs. But thefe little pieces
of Flelh were not qll the Lungs j they could be taken only for the Membranes
of the upper part of the Lff/d^j plaited and heaped together- which in this
place were interfperled with fmaU Red Eminences, which when the Wmd
dilated thefeMembarnes, appeared all over the extent of tlieir Superficies ;
and when the MeiTibranes iubfided thele little Red Eeminences approacliing
one another, caufed again this appearance of Flefh, which was no fpongious
Subftance, as P*rmolm would have it, but only a heap of contiguous Mem-
branes. ;\ .iii :)!„,;
The ^fr4^r<cr/4 was very (hort, compolcd, as is uFually, o( Jjtaularji
CmilAges. It had a i>r« * ^t its beginning, n>ade up as it were of t wo f^i-
glottideiy which fhut the opening or Chink, making a kindof G/o««, whicii
wasatranfverfe flit, and not upright as it is in Animals that have fome kind
of Voice, of wljich qw CamtUon was wholly dcftitute.
The Hem was very Uttic, not exceeding three Lines in length. Its Point
appeared as if it were cut off. T(ie Atrides of the Heart were very large,
efpecially the left, iind (omewhat Redder than the Heart, which was*
very pale. The Veffeli about the Heart were very full of Blood.
The tiram was found fo little, that it was hardly above a Line Diame*
ter, and was nottwU^as large a*ihc%iiM/M«rrft», which was very White ^
the Brain being ^ a Rfddijk-Grs^
The Qptiek A/«rxwf w«re not Iq fliprt, that tlie Brain fli^uld be continued
and fiifleood to the Eyes, a$ Judfiotlf delcribes them. They were not like*
wifeasF4a<r0/«rr^«r(Bie»Hs|hcin^ wliolayth, that the^ d^ p^oseed fefantet
ljtfiiomtiheBrala,kmdamtjfifVf^» I ^ there weir^ two ^n>ilnences in the
fii^f^which we;p«tliiQi (7r«;{ixM' and fir^ part qf the CI/>/M/(f Nerves -^ and tli,q^
Emiocnda after ioyokig , {Qpairat<4 into t;\yo Strings eight U^i iogag ^
picce^ and tn&rted into the Bw of the) Bye out of its Axis^, as is^i^ial* Thi$
Gbbo was covered with siTuni;*Co»jiutifivai umlerneath which was th^
Infertion of theMufctesof the Eye, which were not fibrous4j Panarolus/^i^A,
i^ of httle pulUev df JohnUm wuld hwe it ; but a true Muicalous
Flefh.
GvortbewbokiTit»iciiCof^f$0\ivA, was an Orbicular Mulcle which fail-
ened the Lidd to the Eye, to w^vugh it was Ibjidhereot, tlut it (erved to give
tlie lame Motion to the Lidd as to the Eye. |ts particular Adion was; ta
clofe tho little round lnoie of tho Li(jki: this Mufelie being railed, the kif w^sk
(eea iature, which Johit^om (aith the Cmifilian waq^ts. |t W4$ of an l/Mhelis Qon
loMr, iocompificdatitsincerioirEdgcwithy little gpldeaCircle^ which h^^
already/ been mentioned. The Cfrve^ w^** vorymull, tl^ fore-part of th«
Sclerotica very tliick and hard, and the hinder part very thin. Tiic Choroidefi
BUek under the Zr/V, and Blem^^ in the bottom ; tlie Retim ve ry thick 9nd
fomewhat Reddi/h j the finmnfrs all A]^ot*s, Co that it was impolTtt^e to di-»
diftinguifh them ; the CryJtaffinM it fetf leem^d to be confounded with the o«
tbor kkmottrs.
Near the place through which tlic ChtJtek Nerve$ do enter into the Or^V#
orEye^holes, icvcral very fine fibres of NarYcs did liikiewiie enter, and palling
into th« Vitality which is in ehu. middteof tlM^O'^A^^, did pcoitrate into a
great
-m>"-
Of aC AMELION.
^7
great Sinus which was in the upper JawBone wliere are the holes of the
Noftrils. ThisSftfM was full of hard, fibrous, and very Red Flcfh, through
which the paflages of the Noftrils did go; thefei paflages being made thro*
a very hard T>//iw Membrane ; they were oblique, alcending all the way from
the holeof theNoftril into the 6V>;iKf, and afterwards they defcended into the
Palate, which by a very hard membranous produftion, covered the Extremi-
ty of each paflage, in which we tbund nothing that could carry the Air to-
wards any Organ fori '^ ^tnfe of Hearing.
AriftotU has obferved, tliat the generality of Fi(h do hear, though they
have no conveyance for the hearing; but we have found neither any pafla-
ges for (bund, nor any Sign in the carriage oi oxxv Cnmelion^ which could
make us to think tliat it had the Senfe of Hearing .- So that it is a true Saying,
that it is an Animal, that neither receives nor makes any Noife,
The Nerves which proceed from the Spind Marrow were eafily feen when
the Intrails were taken away. They proceeded after the ufual manner, from
th& Vertebrd, and fomc of thole which were deftributed into the forc-Ieggs
came out from the fuperiour Vertebra of the Thoraxy becaufe that the Vertebra
of the Neck which is very ihcrr, could not (ufficiently afford them. They Win-
tered into the Capacity X>f the Thorax tlirec on each fide, which firft united,
and being afterwards divided, returned cowards the Omoflata. Thofe de-
figned for the moving of die hind-legs, did after the fame manner enter in
at the fides of the 0//4fr««», were united, and afterwards divided to diftri-
butc them(elves into the Leggs. Between every Rib there was one, which
proceeding from the lower part oiths&Vertehra, at the top whereof the Rib
IS articulated, went crofe-wilc obliquely alcending towards the Ribs, and
accompanycd them tothe end.
Arijlotle (ays thzttheCameliort hath no Flefli but on the Jaws, and at the
beginning oftlie Tail ; Ours had all over the Body, except underneath the
T/'OMOf and Belly, where inftead of the M«/f«//w?frc<?//rf/«, and thofc of the
Abdomcfij there was only tranfparent Membranoi-, but double and fibrous,
which were thought cajiable of aflifting the Motion which the Ribs ought
to have for the Rclpiration of the Camdiony wiiich is very flow ; the prin-
cipal Organ of this Motion of the Ribs, beinga flcfhy part which defcended
on both fides of the Back-bone, near their Articulation, which miglit be the
Mujculus S.'.crolumbus. All the Back-bone, Tail, upper part of the Thqrax,
the fore and liind-legs were furnifhed with Mufculous, Red^ fibrous Flefh,
whole White and Silver-colour d Tendons were lb vifible, that it would have
been very caly to have made a Mufcular DifTeftion thereof ; all thcfc Mulcles
being without Fatt, of which we found no appearance in all the Animal, un-
Icii one might take for Fatt, four or five little Grains like to Millet, which
were faftencd to the Membranes, and filled the Intervals oftlieRi"^s; But
the finallneis of this Subjeft, which made it to dry Ipecdily, hindrcd us from
making our Oblervations lb particularly as it deferves.
The lalt Oblervation which wc made, but which is not the leall confidi-
rablc, was upon its Tongue, the make and ule of which is very extraoi'dihary'l
We found tliat it was conipoled of a White Flefli very (olid, ten Lincs^ong,
tiiree broad, round, and a little flattifli towards the end .• Tt was hcllow and
open at tlic end like a Sack, fomcwhat like the end of an Elephants Prohofci's.
Tliii Tongue w as falknal to the- 0> lIyoi.ie<^ by the means of a Ibrt of Trunk
D 2
like
aS
The Anatomical Defcription
\h
\^t a Gut, fix Inches loi^, and a Line broad, having a Membrane without
aod a Nervous Subftance within. The Membrane was covered witli Spots
all along as if it had btten imbued on the infide with a EUek^ extravaflatol
fibdd, unequally oqfie£led in Several Places. The Nervous SuUhuce in tlie
■middle ^v«s Sayd and Cbmpa^, although very Soft, and was not eafily di.
vided into Strings like tlie Nerves which proceed from the ^m/ Marrow.
Tlvis Trunk iervcd to otiA out the Tongue whicli was faAened to it, by exr
tending it, and to draw it back by ContraSbiog it felf ; and it was our Om-
40X00. that when it fhDrtien<id it mi, it muft tw, chat the Membnne which
covered it had a Stylm of aCartil^neousSubftaiice, very iine and imoodi,
ioferted into it, to cheeud of whidi the Trunck was faflieoed, and on which
its Membrane was plairad like ASHh^tockiKg on the Le^: For we coukl net
certainly underftaod how this Tongue could odierwite be retraced. This
Stjfiuty which was an Inch lon^ cook its Original kom the midkiie of thehaf^
J£of Oi HyoUtSt as it is found in the Tongue of feyeral Birdi.
The Tongue wasvodowed with liore of apparent Ve&ls, by reafbn K£^s!t
Blood which was therein great abundance, as in all the reltofthe Body:
Which made us wonder whv ArifiotU iaid thm tht Camelioni«f m Blood ha
deiu the Heart *ni Eyes ; and that the generality of the Modems do place it
amoi^ thofe wAiiinaals that have lictle Blood.
It is probable toat it was not the £nudl Eihwra which the Aatiencs mads
ofcbe particularities of this Toi^ue, which hindered them fiom Ijieiking
tiiereor; And that if they had i^n to what purpose tlte<CMdS«w uiesit, diey
could not think that it UvM by the Air alone .- For this Tongue fervcs it £cr
the catching of the Animals whereon it hves; and it is a very Micprifing thu^
to us to fee the Swiftnefs wherewith it darts thi^ Tongue at a Fi^, ami vHtn
which it draws it back «gain into its Moudi with the Prey, wiudi it is laid
that it never fayls co^tch by the means of a NaiMcil Qltte whidh its Tongue
incedlknciy Sweats ^sreh, as we have observed, and whicli ^ithers togyei^sr
and thiukens in its Cavitie, which penetrates not into tlie Trunk to which
tliis Tongae is failencd .- So that to fwallow what it has glued at the end of
its Toqgue, it is ncccflary that tliere be a kind oi Perifialtitk A6bioin perfbrm-
cd by the Tbngu^ whole parts fucccHively joyoed and prcfled a^inft tlie
Palace, do there caule to run into the Throat whatever it has to Swallow.
Tlie abundance of wrinkles which we faw run a crofs on tlie cxcremitie of
this Tongue nrade us to be of Opinion that it aAX^ be fo done.
Never,clielels Marmot^ who lay's ^t he has jeen 4 prttt numy Uve Cameli-
ons, with a dedgn to explain himfelf upon this particular uic of their
Tongue, AlTcrts that it (erveschem not to catch Inleas, and that whatever
he lias obierved of this Animal could not makp him to aitcr liis Opinion,
that its only Nouriih meat is the Air and thefiearas of the Sun.
Yet we have found its Vemride and Iittefiinea filled with Flys and Wormei^
having lecn it fwallow them after the manner afarclaid. Wc have likewile
obftrved that the Excremc^ncs that it voided almoil every day were mixed
with fiore ofTeUofv and Greenijb Choler^ and liigh as cliey are in Animals
which do live in Ibmetliing elle bcHdes Air.- Which Aulermiperj Phyfuian
to the L*mfgr4nte c£ Hejfcftf who in tlie Year 16 19. brou^lit a live Camehott
from Mdt*'\nXQ Gernum^^ hath already obierved. Our^ did many times
void Stones abdui the hignc's ofu Pea 5 which it had not (wallowed, but
which
\
K
Of a CAMKLION.
29
e wittiout
yvitliSjpots
xavaflated
iiice in tlie
t eafiijr di.
IMMjncw.
• it, byac>
sourOpi-
ane which
ulfinooch,
Ion which
conid not
ed. This
ofthefeaf^
ion of the
;he Body:
)Btaid Li
io place it
fits made
iL(()eakiag
cskjtiiey
rvcsit £cr
fingthuK
andurim
1 it is (aid
:s Tongue
to which
lie cad of
perfornv
^inft tlic
wallow,
enutieof
Cameli-
of their
vhatcvcr
Opinion,
VVormeiy
likewile
mixed
Animals
hyfitian
Zameliott
c
tunes
ed, but
v'liich
which were ingendred in its Intcfihes, as we difcovercd after a Curious Ex-
vnination: For it was found that thele Stones were fo light, that being put
intodiftillcd Vinegar, they role from the bottom of the Veffel when rtirred i
that thevdid there DiiTolve, and tliat one of them which cleft contained in
its middle tl^e h^d of a Ffy, about >vhichtlie Stony matter was ainaf-
.This made us to think tlwt the LitnterU which PAft/trolut Reports, to
fee perpetual in the Camelioiiy was not the Diftemper of our's, leeing that re-
taining the Ufeful things, it rejeOied thole only which were Superliuoua, and
not fit to be kept. .. ,
It is true indeed that it voided Flyes. which appeared almoft asintire^s
it hud taken them ; but it is known that thi^ happens to SerpentSj which do
Evacuate Animals whole »s they have f\v allowed them; And every body
know*s that the nunner of drawing the Nutritive Juice from the Food, is
different in different Creatures; that fome mui> DiiTolve what they Eat;
and therefore they do fiift Chew it, and afterwards reduce it into Liquor in
their Stomach ; that others, who Swallow without Chewing, have a Heat
and Spirits powerful enough to Extract the Juice they have need of, with-
out breaking th^t which contains it, even as it is feen that the Juice of the
Cxr4^^/isdrawnas well from the /^<i/^, where the Stones I'emaine wliole,as
iirom a ^4^ wherein they are bruifed.
By thele Obfervations we thought there was not lels reafon to doubt of
the Truth of tlie PropoTition, which the Ancients had ftarted touching the
ilerial Ncwifljment of th^ CametipH^ than vve haveljad to rejefl; that which
they had eftjibli(h*t touching the changeing of Colour which they havefaid
liappens to it by the touching of the deferent things whicli it approaches, af-
iter having oblerved, that ei^cept the White which our Cametion took in a
Linnen C^ath, all the other Colours, wherewith it was covered, proceed-
ed not from the things which it touched, And it is ratienal to think, that
the White which it received in^ cold Linnen Cloath wlicre it was kespt ibmc
time as under a Cloak, was an eftefk of the Cold which generally inadu it
grow Palef becaule that very day was the coldellof all tholc whereon we ob-
lerved it.
And to the end that Naturalijfs and thole whicli Study Morality may not
be troubled for Curious Subjefts to exercilc their Fiiiiolbphy, which they
thought to have found in the extraordinary particulars, which the Antients
had left in Writing concerning the Wonders of the Qameliont Nourilhment
and change of Colour, we do think that the new Obfervstions of the Moti-
on of its Eyes, and that f^ its Tongue, and the manner of cliangeing Co-
lour according to its PaHTions, are altogether as capable of imploying their
Witt.
For to dcmonftrate that Flatterers want Sincerity, and that Vain and
Ambitious Spirits feed on Chiwaras \ it is not necclTary to be true tliat the
Camelioii takes ali Colours but White^ and that it lives only on Air : And one
may find as much ground, but with more truth, to Moraliz.e on this, that
the CoffuliQjtf which is without Ears, and alniod without Motion in moi^
of Its parts, hath Nimblenefs only in the Tongue, which lets nothing elcapc
it, and in the Eyes which can Ice all wa)'s at once.
N^lu-
50
The Amtomiccil Dcfcription
Natuialilh will likcwilc have a great deal to do, before that they have
clearly dcmonftratcd trom whence proceeds the neceflity which -Nature has
impofcd on all other Animals of Moveiiig both Eyes together after one
manner. For the C.tntelion Ihcws that it is not the joyning of the Optick
Nerves, which caufcs this ncceflity, as many were of Opinion. They will
alfo have trouble enough to tell what Power do's ^o far pulli out, and almoft
at the fame inftant draw tack this Tongue, and even to produce inftances
like it. For the moveing of the Mulcles, which is attributed to the diiferent
pofition of their Fibres which makes them contrad and extend, is nothing
proportionable to the quicknels of tlie Motion of this Tortgne, nor to the
greatnefs of the I'pace which it runs through. Fdr when our hand iscarry-
ed fwiftly for the fpace of fcven Inches, which is what we have obfervcd
the Cameliofts 1 ongue to move, the contrafting of the Mufcles which gives
this Motion to the hand, do's never exceed the length of twolincs, that
is to {:iy the fortieth part o f the contradion of this Tongue, And though,
there be ibme colour to lay that it is thrultout,and if Imay fo(ay,Spitt
out by the Etfort of the Wind whcrewitli the Lungs are fwelled, and that it
is drawn back by the Nerve which is in the middle of the Trnnck, which
having b.'en ftretcht out by this Mtfort, makes it to return back to its firft
ftace, and fudainly draws in tiie Tongue. There is yet this difHculty, that
tliis cannot be performed without a great deal ofNoile and wc have oblerv-
that this darting out of the Tongue cauleth not the leaft.
It is likewiie a very difficult thin^ to imagine, what becomes of tliB
Nervous Subftancc whicii fills the middle of the Trunck to which its Tongue
is faftened, and where it can difpole it felfe when it is drawn into th(p
Mouth. For when it is there, the Root of the Tongue do's almoft touch
the extremity of the Cartilaginous &/////, on which fuppofing the Mem-
brane of the Trunck to be folded and drawn on, as has been laid, that Nerve
cannot be drawn on after the Hime manner, by rcalbn that it is too Solid
and compact ; and this Solidity hinders us alHi from thinking that it (brinks,
and as it were enters into it (elf to retire from the fix Inches in length, which
it has when extended, to that of a Line, to which it is reduced being con-
tracled.
It cannot be Hiid that it bends like the Neck of a Tortcife^ when it draws
its Head into its Shell, becaufc that this bending is performed by the affift-
ancc of Divers Mulcles, which do bend this Neck compofed of ieveral
Vertebrd:^ and that fuch Organs arc not found in the Cameltons Tongue. The
Tongue which the Wood-Pecker fliootsout a great way beyond its B^k, has
Organs alio, whole Subltance is much fitter for this A£lion, than that of the
Trunk of the C^wf/zoff ; for there arc very long Mufcles, bending over the
Head, which coafilHng of flclhy Parts, have an aptitude to extend and con-
trail themlclvcs, whicli in their great length may produce a confiderable cx-
tenfion and contraftion. So that we may lay, that this lb ftrange a Motion
of the Cjw^//<^;f/ Tongue, do's Ibmc what relemblc that of the Horns of a
Snail, and that lb great a lengtii as this is reduced almofi to nothing in this
Trunck, by the increalcof its thickneis, and by a great dilatntion, cauled by
the powerful and luddain rarcfatlion of the BUck and thick Blood, which ap-
p jars unequally dilpcrfcd through the whole length of tlie Trunck. Yet
tluit do's nor lufficiently explain tlic thing, becauie that if the rarefadion
• • caul'cth
■^
OftfCAMELlON.
3i
draws
affift-
(evenil
e. Tlic
has
of die
er the
con-
blc cx-
fclotion
of a
in this
(edby
ich ap-
Yet
faction
auloth
CAufeih the dilatation which makes tiig contradion ; it cannot afterwards
proHuce the extenfion in the lame Organe ; anditistobe fuppofcd that the
extenlion proceeds from the raretaftion which is made in one of the two
parts of which this Trunck is compofed, viK. in the Nerve which is in the
middle, and that the contraftion h appcns when the Rarefaftion is made in
the other part vU, In the Membrane which is without it, by means of a
diffcrflfnt Situation of the Fibres in the one and other of thefe Parts : So as it
is pcobablc that the extending ?nd contrafting of tiie Tongue of other Ani-
mals is performed. But the bigncfs and Flefliy Subftance of other Tongues
are Difpofitions to perform tliele Aftions, which are wholly wanting in
that of a Cdmeliouf although this effefts them with incomparably more
Force ; which makes that Motion Marvelous, and difficult to Compre-
hend.
But above all the change of Colour will a long time detain the Curious
before they will Difcover the Cauie, and be able to Determine whether it is
done by Reflexion, as Solinm thinks ; or by SuffuHon, as Seneca is of Opini-
on ; or by the change of the Diipofuions of the Particles which do compofe
its Skin, according to the Doftrine of the Cartejians. Yet it is True that the
Suffufion is moft eafio to comprehend, efpccially to thofe who fliall have ob-
ferved that the Skin of the Camelion has a Natural Colour, which is a Blen-
ijb Gray, which was feen on the infide when it was flea'd ; that tlici'e was
cafily taken away a great number of little Pellicles from above each of the
Eminencies, which are the only Parts of the Skin which do change Colour ;
and that thefe thin Skins are leparated, or ealily feparable one from another,
whereas thofe which do compofe the reft of the Skin, are exaftly faftened
together. For thefe things having been obferved, there will be found fome
probability to think that Cholcr wherewith this Animal abounds, being
conveyed to the Skin by the Motion of the Paffions, may creep between
thefe Skins,aad that according as the Choler enteis under a Pellicle nearer, or
more remote from the exteriour Superficies of the Emincncies, itDy'sthem
TViiw or Green : For it is feen by experience that TeSow mixt with a BlewiJJj
Gr4)r makes a kind ofGreen; fo that it is eafie to Imagine that the fame Cho-
Isr ipread under a very thin Pellicle may make it appear TdloWf and that be-
ing under a thicker Skin it mingles its Teffoiv with the Bleivijh-gray of this Skin,
to produce a Qrte»i(b^grdy, which with the Tellow are the two Colours that
t)\cCimuH(m tafc^s when it is in the Sun, where it Delights its lelf: For
when it is moved by things which difturb it, it is not ftrange that the Btack^
and aduft Humour which is in the Blood, being carryed to the Skin, fhould
there produce the Bromn Spots which appear on it when is Angry ; even as
Hire do fee that our Countenance becomes Red, Telloiv, or Livid, accord-
ing as the Humours, which are Naturally of thofe different Colours, aie
carried thither. By the very fame rcafon alio, when by a contrary Mo-
tion the Humours, wherewith the Skin is Naturally imbued, do return in-
to the Vc(fels, or dilTipate themfelves, fe that others do not fucceed in their
place, the Skin waxeth fVhife by the feparation of the Pellicle i, which do
compofe the little Emincncies j for thisWhitenefs happens to them as to our
Epidermis or SiMff-skiti, which being dryed , and feparated into little Flakes
in the Difcafe called Pityriafisj the Skin Whitens extraordinarily, and feems
to he rub*d over with Meal. Abundance of fiich probable realons may be
found.
r-
The Atiatomical Defiript/on
touiid, before any one Hull occurr, whereby the Truth may be demon-
ihdtcd.
But to conclude our Oblervations on the Camelion with fbrntliing more
Sjlid than is in this Philo(bphy of Colours, we will relate the Remarks
which we made on its Bones, whereof we do keep the <S'/(W^ro», and where-
in we have obferved a great many confiderablc particulars.
The Banes which compofcd the CrsniHrn or Skull feem'd to be made only
to fiiHain the Crotaphiu which filled all the Head, as well without as within
with a Whiteifli and Fibrous Flefh. The three CVr/?j which were upon
the Head mctt together in one point to»vards the Back part. Two of thelc
Crcrts which covered the Eyes like Eye-brows left great vacuities, each
making a kind o( Zygoma. The prnicipal cavity of the Skull confined in the
Or^iu or Eyeholes ; for that wherein the Brain is contained was witliout com-
parifon the leaft. Thefc two Orbit* were open one into the other, fb that
tlie Eyes touched on the infide, as is (cen in ieveral Birds : Which Vlinj has
excellently defcribed, when he fays that the Camelious Eyes arc very large,
and little diflant one from the other. For this little (cparation cannot be
meant of that whicli is at the Face between each Eye, becaufc that is very
broad in all Cdmeiiom; this little diftancc of the Eye one from the other in the
Face being proper to Man only, as cue grcateft is peculiar to Siieep,' accor-
ding to Ariftotles opinion.
Each half of the lower Jaw was compofed of two Bones articulated per
DUrthrofi/tf ihe Afofhyfis which goes from the corner of the Jaw to the Condy'
Im which is articulated with the Bone of the Temples being a dilUnd
Bone.
The Back-bone, comprehending the Tail, liad feventy four Vertehrdy two
in tlie Neck, eighteen in the Thorax, two in the Loynes, two at the Oi
SMrum, and fifty in the Tail.
The firfl of the Neck was the only one which liad its Spinous Afophjf'
fis bent upwards, and which was ditfcrently from the reft received on both
lides. All the other had in their Body a Cavity in their upper part which
received, and in the lower a Head which was received by the Cavity of the
ncxtjwhich made a kind oiGin^lymos.AW in general had their (even Afophjfes,
except the Fertehr* of the Tail, which have eight, viz, two Spinous, a
laracone,snJ another very fmallonc underneath, w.th the two tranivcrfe
and four Oblique ones.by tlie means of which all the yerteir* werearticulat-
cil, I lie oblique Superiour ^^o/»/>y/ri of one /Vr/r^r4 pafiing over thclower
of the rertehra next above it,
The Ribbs which Ue/ner makes fixtecn were eighteen of each fide, and
of three forts. The two firit above rcaclit not to the StcrHumy no more than
the three laft below. The third, fourth, fifth, and fixth, wcrcjoyncd there by
Apfendtcesf which were not CurttlsgiMMs, but of the fame Sublhince with
the Ribbs ; and thcle two forts of Ribbs were joyncd together by an Angle
which they made, the one defending downwards, and the other afccnding
towards tlie Htcrnitm. I'hc other nine Ribbs were not faliencd to the Ster-
num ; but each was loyned to its oppoilte, by the means of a common Ap-
pendix, and which went from the riglit Ribb to the left, being beat in tho
middle of tlie Brcaft and Belly.
., .. .,. .. .li^iM i"' •■ ..." i-t:u.The
.^.,.
Of ^ GAM ELI ON.
Tlis
' The Sttrmm wasicompo&d of four Bones, the firft of whicli was vwy
large, aiid made K'ke- A Tvef^ie. "<;vi I.in'.; wV/ viudmIv/ ;miyTi tuoijuv/
IhsOmfo/atk OL!Stiiu4der-t)hidesw^e.io long? that they rdached frbm thb
Back-txnie to the Sterm»ti to wJiich thej* were joyned inftead ofC'/iiwciif/*.
The (^4 /««<7m/Vir4r« \^ere afoer the ufaii manner joynedi by tb:. Ox P«^tr ;
but the Ifihiim wa»ndt firnflyiii-ticubied to.theiWMwbjnrla/ Ci^ For
it: was f;he Os tUum whieli' was clierc failieaed by a loofs Liganieni r/So tlut
it appeared that tlidfe Bones, after the', fame manner as the Dm«)i!&irir, have u
StruduFdand conhexion^icogetlier different' &t)nii what isfbund)iiiBlloth^
Animt(l6, where die ©ji»wj&/<**j« are fafttaled to the Truttdcoft&e' Body, but
by very lools Ligaments, in comparifon of the O^a ImMtinltta: And it hat.
been obferved that the OmopUu in the Camelion are very clofeiy fa/leiied to
tlie Trunk, as has been laid ; and the Offa innomintiu on the contrary art
very moveable, even as the Omoplau are in other Animals.
The OJfa Inmmiftata made a hole forewards on each fide, but whicli was
partly formed by the Os Puhity and partly by the Ifchinm.
The Hnmertu whicli was articulated with the Omoplstd per Ginglywon, as
the femur is generally with the Tih'iA , had an Amhyfis near its Head likt
to a Trochdnter ; and the Femur ^ which was joyned with the Jfchiumfer Entr-
throfm had no Trcchxnter^s.
The teggs.as well before as behind were alike, bclnq ev ery o ne comuol*.
edof two Bones, which i ither relembfed a RAditts and d'wfoV, tlnni Per <j
f/adindTibia , becaule that they were both articulated to the Femur as weH
as the Humerusy and were both capable of bending upwards and down-
wards.
The Feet and Hands, or rather the four Hands, were al(b alike, and dif-
fered only in this, that the Fore-feet had as it were a Carpm conipolcd c
twe) 'X little Bones, and thole behind had Ibmething whicli rather reiembled
a Tarfusy becaufe that the Bones were larger than thole which feemcd to
make the Carpuiy Yet there was none which jetted out enough behind to
make a Taiut ; which might be one ol the Caules which makes the Came/ions
Pace fo flow. Tliele Bones of the Tar/us were fix in Number. There was
neitlfcr H^fetacarpnsy nor Meutarfus ; unlels you would lb call the two firft
Phtlkngts of the Toes, becaule that they were joynod together as the Bones
oi tht MetMtMr pus y and A/(f/4r4ry*j commonly are, there being only the laft
PkiLina^es which were feparatcd, ami appeared like Toes. There was like-
wife tliis difference between the Feet and Hands ; for in the Feet the Part
which hath three Toes was articulated on t/ic right fide of tlic grcateft of the
two Bones which do make the Leg ; and on the contrary in the Hands, u
was fet againft the Icaft of thole whereof the Arm iscompofcd.
After having made tliele Remarks, we tbund that the Skeleton and Skin,
which was layd up, retained for Ibme time a ftrong Scent, inclining much to
that of Fifb beginiiig to ftink ; and that this ill Smell, as thele parts grew
dryer, was changed into a Sweet and agrcable Smell, very like that ofrhc
Roots of the Ins and / 'lolett Flowers ; and that at lall all ilic Odour Ev.iporat-
cd, when the rcll of the Hamidtttr was conlumcd.
As for the knowledge of the incredible Virtues which the fupcrftition of
tly ancients hath attributed to the C.4iuchon and of which F//»> f.uth that
Uemocntus h-th writt a whole Hwk. they are lo Extravagant in the jiulg-
I'.
inr".i
34
Thr Attaloikicat Difiriptjm
mcnt evcnof P&Vty, that we rcfcrt our fclvcs to his Ofunion thereof: Andf
without trying whether we could raise Tempers wit^jts Heiid, o^gaid
Law-riuits with itsTongue, or (bp Silvers with itb Taii» and do the other
Miractes which it is SudDematritms hath left in Writeiiu; ; we were contents
ed to make thole Experimencs which feemed to have ; tonoe probabiiitio, be-
ing founded onSyibpathie and Ailtips(thy» fuchiRS is that which S^9M R&r
ports to be fo graat> between ttmCrm and the Cjumiim^ that it dyes im*
mediately itftef having Eaten of its Fielh. Thecruth is that a Crwir peckt
&VBral tunes with its Bill onour Cdmelioiif wjheil it was fet to it I)ead ; and
we save it ieveralFirtt of it to Eat» and even cl^ Heart it iibl^ iufbichi^
iwaUowed without aity harm.! to noii-'j<mn(» m \im:itmp, I /!ooI 7137 '{d
htu. t:.. i>.,./3,y(ir«o si\^?.Vj«kvi»tt\ i"!]!!) jifb \::'i I hisl nu-iH iuiasi fiinuiT ojIj
hii * Mv iui ^abil ibj.9 fic i:fncv/»K;! oJo({ ji. wbwii ».itRut> .«»\. k^O arri
r' t»Aiu h "x V on b*rl vyiV,^^;
i.
'rr ':
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•v/.:>vmo3itbr(!v; •>'■ '■ . rir'i -ri'd rA-^'- ,- ;>of{ ''Hi^'rli •'fLiJxrl ,».v\-i.T n
r-
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i)orr; r rriu'l ni ibif' // hnr. Abv'H vAi f!oqu?j.i!:! rbiffw ibiiiio t^ib'^o
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3«
the Explication of the Figure (fth DROMEDARY.
IT is reprefented in the lower Figure,(b that there'may be (een the highth
of the Bunch which it has upon the Back, and which is for the moft
pet rt compoled of long Hair, which ftands upright. There is alio feen the
four Kinds ofCalloJities, which are at the Parts on which it refts it feif when
it lyes down, viz. The twoC4%&/«oftheFore-l^s, that of the Thigh,
and that of the Breail. Its Feet are iikewile fb railed tliat they do pretent
a part of the Sole to the Eye.
In the Zipper Figure.
A. The frfl and grcAtcft of the four Vmmdcs.
r. T/Sw Oefophagus.
B. The fecond Ventricle.
C. The Third.
D. The Fourth.
E. The Pylorus.
FFF. ThefecomlVcmrklc cut i;t four.
G. The hole which is the pajfagc of the frjl ami great Vcntrklcintfi the feeofid.
h h h h. The holes of the Hacksy which are between the Coats of the fecond Ventricle.
I. The Glandula Pinealis.
K. The Sole of the Footy which is Solid, and covered with a very foft and delicate
Skin.
L. The uf per Part of the Foot^ which is a little Cloven.
M, r*^ Penis.
NO. The Tongue.
O P. The Part which is rough from the infide to the end Joy reafon of an abundance
of little feinted Eminencies.
N q. That which has the greMefi Emittencies turned after the fame nunner as the
little ones.
q J). T/;4/. which has Itkewife great Eminencies, but which are turned offofite to
the little ones.
q. The Center of the great Eminencies.
THE
I
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37
-(-»•.
AHA **T)MtC AL MsCRJPtlON
O F A
^-jjt .■;«j . ,1 <i : - i -ev
«i;
iD R O M E D A R Y.t
THis Animal here delcribed urecall a Drvmriirx^ltho'the common pradife
be to ghre the name ofOMv/ftmply to that which like it has but one
Bunch on the Bixk^doi Drofmeddiy to that which hath two accordii^ to Soli*
«»/, but contrary to what ^fz/or/r and F/f«^, and the generality ofAutliors
have Writt thereof, wlio do make two (bits of Cjmv/r : whereof one, which
retains the Name oTthe Genusy hts twoBuoches, and is moft commonly
found in the Baftern parts ofjfi, and is therefore called BsSfriaxutj ; it is alio
bigger and more pnoper to carry heavy Burdens : The other, which
islx({er, and fitter for the Courier and which for this reaCoa is called
DromeiUryy has but one Bunch, and is mofl commonly feen in the Weftern
Farts of Jfa, viz. in Swia and Arabia. The ^ieur Difi an Arahian, who
was prefent at our Diffedion, informed us that the Camels of his country
are like to Ours.
Itwasfeven Foot and a half high from the Crown of tlie Head to the
Feet ; five and a half from tlie highed bending of the Back-bone, whidi is
the Bunch ; Six Foot and a half fixHn the Stomach to tlie Tail, of which all
the Knots or Vertebra: were fourteen Inches together ; and all the Tail com-
prehending die hair, two Foot and a half. The Head was One and Twejity
Inches from tiie hinder-part to the Nofe.
. The Hair was of a fi>m>-CDi0«r inclining a little to an Aflj-Coiour, It was
very loft to the touch, moderately Short, ami fbmcwhat fhortcr tlian an Oxe^Sy
«iu:epting ibme places, whene it was longer, as on tliu Head, uncicr the throat
and on the fbrei^^art of die Neck. But the longed was on the middle of
the Back, where it was near a foot. In this place, although it was veiy foft
and limber, it fioodciie£l,& tluu: it made the greateif: part o^'ciie Bunch of
the Back, which wlicn tfiis hair was prcired down with die haad, hardly
appeared more Elevated than a Do^gs or Swines, which are Animals thut
have not the Back Sunk, as Horftes, Coas and i>''ag^s gcncraly have. And
indeed there aic (bmc Autlvors which de fay, that the Dfomeiery is caa;cn-
dred of the C-iwr/ and H%^- 'J his is very reuiignant to ArifiatUy who alfertf;,
.- ■ '■\: " ' dlUt
58:
The Anatomical Defcription
tliat tlieie is no Animal wliicia hath the Back bunched hke the Camel. Some
Authors do fiiy, that this Bunch is a Flcfh pecuHar to this Animal, which
riles upon the Back over the Vertebrx, and which wafts away, when after
a long abftinence from Food, it grows extraordinary lean. But we found
not any appearance of this Flcfh in our Subjeft, although it was not lean;
afid v^-ithout this Flefh, the Bunch which was made only by the Hair, was
much rail Jd, as is (een in the Figure.
Bcfides thele two forts of Hair, viz. The Jong which was upon the Back,
Head, and Neck, and the fliort which covered the reft of the Body ; there
was likew'ife a third fort at the Tail, \vhich differed from the others, as well
in bignefs as Colour, being Gray and very ftroug, and altogether like i^ie
Hairofa//or/if'sTai!. ' ■ ! /
TJie Head was little in Proportion to the Body ; theNoIe was cleft like a
H*re\y and the Teeth like to thofe of other Animals which do chew the
Cud, having no DentesCanini nor Incifores in the upper Jaw ; although the
Head wa^ts the Horns which Nature has given .and beftowed on the great-
cft of thole which do clicw the Cud. CW^w fays that it his recompenled
till? defcdof the Camely by arming its Feet, which have Hoofe like thofe of
Oxeriy according to Pliny : But that is not found, for it has neither Horn nor
Hoof on the Feet which can render them dangerous, each Foot being fur-
nillit only with two little Nails at the end ; and die Sole which is flat and
fcroad, being very flelhy, and covered only with a foft, thick, and ibmewhaC
callous Skin, but very Htt and proper to travel in iandy Places, fuch as ar£ in
Jfia and Afriu. We thought that this Skin was like a living Sole, which
\vore not with the fwiftnels nor continuance of the March, for which this
Animal is almoft indefatigable : For when Jrifistle (ays, that they are ibme*
times forc't to defcnd,as it were,with Boots the Feet ot thofe which are in the
Armies ; it feems to be not lb much to eafe them from the inconveniencics
which they do undergo in travelling, as to prevent and keep oft' the Wounds
which they might receive in thcWarr. And it may be laid that this 16ft-
ncli of Foot, which yeilds and tits it felf to the ruggedncis and unevcnneis
of the Roads, do's render the Feet lefs capable of being wornc, than if they
were more Iblid ; although Pliny thinks that it is not poflible. that Camels
can make long Journies if they are not Ihod ; Its callous Kn ;s are much
harder, and do nearer approach the Solidity of the horny hoof of other
Animals.
Jrijlotle hath remarkt other Particulars in the Foot of the Camel, which
we have not found there. He fays that it is cleft in two behind, and in four
before, and that the interfticcs are joyned by a Skin Uke the Feet Qia.Goofe ,
which was not found in ours, whofe Foot was only cleft at top, within four
or five Fingers of the end ; and this flitt was not joyned by a Skin, but un-
derneath this flitt which is ihallow and not very deep, the Foot was
Iblid.
The Ca/lofities of the Knees were fix in Number, viz. one at each of the
Joynts of the fore-ltggs, the firft and higheft being behind, at the Part which
is properly the C«i/Vwj; and the fecond and lower of the two before, upon
the Joynt of the Knee whicii rcprcfcnts the Wrift : Each hind-legg
had li evvife one on the firll and liigheft Joynt, which is that before, and
which is the true Knee.
«• ' Arijlotlc,
Of a D a O ME I> A R Y.
39
Ariftotity who has oUerved but four di^ thefe Ctllofitksj which he calls'
Knees, aixt w ho groundlefsly' reproves an ancic'tt An thory w!iich is tierodetus,
for having made flx^ adds alfba thing Rfdre (It^iige, whldi is to fay, that
the Owf/ never binds its Lcggs but in thefe four places ! For the Truth
isytliat it* bends them in Eighty like oth^Quadrupeds,: and tliat there
are«ftnlythetwoi bendings which do fiipply the place of the Heel in the"
hind-l^gs, which have no CWiS^/w. '.
Having opened diefeC4fl)/fir/«, to bbferve their Subftane© (vvhich is be^
tween Fleih, Fat, and Ligament,'' we found- that in fimie there w^ a
heap of (hick P»ir;- whidv made us ta think as {bme Authors dp report^
(iitft CdMcU are fiib|6^ to the Gout ; and we- conceived that it might be, that
0W'l>r<>»wf</4ry hswi-b^eft tainted with tliisd|llcraper, which Vras ended by *
Suppuration.
BeBdesthefe fviCatofitieiy there was a {eventh muoli bigger than the reft,
at the bottom of the Preaft) firoiiy joy^ed to the Stermm^ which had an
Smitiei^bft in this Place. It was eight Inchjss long, ilx broad, aindtwo ehidc.
It wa& UkewLfe very nAudifoppursMd, and it' was judged^at this Part was
as^iceptible of the Gout as the Apticks or Jbynts, boGauSe that its^ufe being
to fupport thp whole Body alone whilft it was loading , Cduched upon the
Ground, that hardlhipmigbt make this Part; capable oftlie vv^o^^and
heat which do attra£l thehumoFs dft tlie Joynts, anid wluoh do kihd^r dtaib'
they cannot dig^ and d^»tt-fe theow Th& gi^t Sobriety! whidv is remark-
able in the C4»»<r/,and the incredible Fatigue which it geriendty ^ilK)r9,|dp de-
monilrate that the greatefths^fliipitniay produce the'Gdii-t, as nireU asldle-
aoft iand Debauchery .
Before we op^ed it to obferve the inward P^rt^, we-todkilotite that; the-
fv^tiumy which is very^ large a^d 4ooie, covered not etily the end(^i^&
Penis, but that it turned backwards ; which may have given occafion to the
Opinbnof thoft, who have thought that the Comet i^^d, badNvard, like
the I,;w/», Cj/?or, W**^, c^f. whofe P#»« bends not forward.
The internal Parts are very like to thofeofthef/or/^. Tbe^ Liver had
tliree Lobes, two very large ones, in the middle and underneath which
there was one which was kller and pointed. The Ligament which held the
Liver fufpended was not faftened to the Cdrtil/^a Xifhoidesy but to the center
of the Digphr.igme ou which the Membrane of the Peritoneum which covered
it, hadaluftre, \^ich made it appear as it w^?e all over gilded. The Gall
was not contaifwd in a Cyfiis^ but fpread over tlie Liver, in its Ditlfus
ChliJoehui. :"'i'0-)(-oi::-.' -im;!.
The TMirfc/Ir which was very lavge, and divided in four, as in the other
Animals which chew the Cud, had not that diiferent Structure, which is ob-
ierved within the tour Ventricles called by Ari/fMU, KoA<a, 'Eyu'®.,
Kfx/>u(f(*x®. , "Hpv^fo*. They were only diftinguiliicd by Ibme itrait-
enings , which made that the Hrft Ventricle , which is large and vaft,
produced another very i'mall one, which was followed with a third, i* mc-
whatlefs than the firft, but mucli longer ; and this was followed by a fourth
liketothefecond.
Atthe top ofthefecond Ventricle there were feveral fquare holes, which
were the Orifices of about twenty Cavities, nude like Sacks placed betw§efi
the
40
Ihe Anatitmal Defiriptim
the two Mem|>r^n^. wliicli do compofe the Subftancc oftliis Ventrtde, 'l"hc
view of thei^ ^q^ Qf^ade us to tl^iink chat they miglit \^«U be the Refecvatory 's
where P/i«y fays; that C'4W(f/j do a longtime keep die Water^ which they da
drink in great Abundance whefl they do meet with it to fiipply the wants
wliich they m^y have thereof in the dryDcfarts where thfey are Ufed to tra-
yelj and where jtis.feid that tliofe wliicli do guide them are fbmetimes forcV
by extremity of Thirft, to open their Belly, irt which they do find Watera
There is like wife (pme reafon to fay, that the inftind which Anftotle and
P/;«f have oblerycd to have been by Nature beftowed on this Animal, of?
always troubling and muddying AVitli its Feet the Water which it wouldi
(jrjink, might,- rather be to render it. heavy, arid contequently k£ 'fitb
xo p^s fpe^ily » and more capiable of being a long time retained in it»
Stomach.
The Inteftines wtere of four forts. TJic firft at the enterance of the fourth
Ventricle were ofajroiddle-fize ; they were fix Foot long. The fecond were,:
as it were ruflSed and contracted by kveral folds, as the Colon ufuaily is byi
means of a Lig^fl^fU: which tacks it together, and makes it as it were divic^
into fevcral cells. Tliefc>yereaMbofajniddle-fize, and were twenty Foot:
long ; The laft which were thefmalleft were Fifty fix Foot long ; the wbol^-
ipiking eleven To/y^v i and there would have been found above thirteeoyii^
thole had be^ un{(>ldad which were ruSed andcontradod. k f. {
The Spleen wa$ l^yd upon the left Kidney. It was Nine Inches long, fbuf:
broa^ ai^ hflU' an Inch thick*
. TheP<9#^, of which it is iaid, that Bow-firings are made, was Nineteen!
Inches long. It was very pointed at the end, which wasb^t, and made a$i
itwerea Hook of a, cartilaginous Subfi:ance, without any appearance of
the Ai/4m/. The ^ctremity oitli£\Vr€ter was a very Imall Mem^
brane. \
. The Lungs had but one Lobe on each fide. The Heat was of an extraori
dinary bignefs, being Nine Inches in length, and ievcn in breadth .- It wa%
Tery pointed.
The Stioifturc of the Tongue was remarkable , in that contrary tQ allj
Tongues which are all over alperated inward, by the means of abundance;
of little Eminencies which do tend inwards; one part of this Tongue liad
them from the in-fide to the out-fide; for the half towards the end which was,
very fmall,was rough as uliiaily from the in-fide to theout^e ; but tlie other:
half near the Root which was very thick, had towards the middle a little
Circle, like a Center amongft leveral Eminences, which covered all this fc-.
cond half of the Tongue, and whole Points were all turned from this Cen-
making a roughncls when we rubed them towards this Center. A-
ter.
mongft thcle Eminencies there were others placed in two Rows, in a diird:
Line, five in each Row, which were Navils, formed by wrinkles folded
round after a very delicate and curious Structure. Thc.FigMre explains this
more clearly tlun the Difcouri^ ;. .7 rljul / . :!o:iairu yr^v ;oil30!:i ba^uto-}-'
The whole Brain comprehending tlic Crr^^f/Z/ww, was but fix Inches and a
hulf long, and four broad. I'he Opttck Nerve was pierced, according to its
length, with a number of holes full of Blood. The Procejf/ts Mamiildres were
vcrv
O/^DROMEDARY.
very large and hollow, having each two DuSius^s or paffages, the one of
which appeared round, and the other like a Crefcent, by a tranfverfe Se£fci-
on. TheG/4»flla/4i^/>»i'«//jwdsaboutthebigneisofafmall Filbert, and as
it were compoled of three other GUnds, v'hich left a dent in the
middle.
'.•AA
- .;.■.. ^J4^M^ {V<\ -i^'i .rj 3. vj.
\^i\^\- ^•^^,•'A!*«!U ti.iVUV!5,l. .'.1
:l'}i ■■
;f!\M
and a
, to its
/were
vcrv
F
r
4^
-nz-:c:
'j;.j
I'! ;-. V
y i.
, . . I.I
i ; . ; . V. .
the Explication of the figure <f the BEAR.
IN the lower Figure the Be/ar is reprefentcd two ways, viz. with its
Skin on the one fide and without it on the other ; the more plainly to
diicover the Forme and Shape of its body, which is principally remarkable
in its Hind-leggs.
In theVpper Figure.
ABC. The left fore-patv.
B. J ttttle Toe which is ia the place of the Pollux.
A. A Great Toe in the place of a little one.
f. A Callojite on the Carpus, which as it mre makes a Httl.
DEC. The left hini-pm.
E. A little Toe which is in the place of ahigger.
D. A great Toe in the place of a lejfer.
G. The Heel covered with Hair .
HI. TiE'? Two Ventricles. , :
H.T-^rOefophagus. ' ; ._ - 'v^N
I.7l&rPyk)rus. rn ^'^
KL. The UfrfO'i»ey- - > . . i^,
MM.m Ureter. ., .^ ^
NN. nrVenaEmuIgens.' 'N^ ^
• O O. The Artcria Emulgcns.
PQt, The fame Kidney inverted, and from whic'j fme of the little Kjdneysare
Taken away, to iifcover on the inftde the d/Jlri^ntion of the Emulgcnt ^cffels
and Ureters. V . i.,
R S T T. One tf the little Kjdneys cut through the middle.
R. The Emulgerit Arterie of one of the fmall Kjdneys.
S. The Emulgcnt Vein.
T T. The Ureter ofoneofihefmallKjdneis cut in two length-wife.
V V. The Papillae.
Y Y Y Y. The halves of the Pelves.
"^yi. The little S'm\xc^ which are ktireen t/jc Pelves 4/v^Papillr.
r n E
l>-r'
with its
ainly to
laricable
\Jdneys are
nt V4eU
r II E
♦^•f1|t,v^.. „-V) '.'* *M^-'*.'»ft^; ,■ ■ ' •■ \^'t^h^,-'i^-'.^--*' *■■■.' .;-"
ir^,«M'. ' »•■■
jy.'- .fi-j^flicfrV. ^,,uv. -Mh.;**- f^^yi^f^
-fy
'****L,
*4\
':»«■ .<.5n' ,••;■■
■■:*•■
'*
^
\
>
.«...(
.>..
5
'<v
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♦'•^
,#^
7 (•■•'jflWI' ^'
■;T9«Mt '^^'P
:':ji[?.r^':-
!
sa
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►«.>
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■i+
-*«*-o. .*i
I ■
,.-^.
43
.\vi,'li,H-,
, it^,:jt.ll
V^M-^^ --'** >
• J IJJll UIJ C4 ;
.111} -Jii.il
4 m
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
OF A
' n ■• -if}.
iOt »-,:
B E A
THc bignefsand thickncfsofthellair, in which the whole Body of tlic
Btar is hid after iiich a manner, that it icems to be but one lump,
which hardly has any appearance of an Animal, has made it to be rightly
called by Virgil laforme ; but there is no one which do's not find it wholly
Difformcy when the Skin being flcad off, it*s true fliape and Figure may be
fcen, without any hindrance or obflrudion. This deformity, juft as that
of the JpCy which is accounted the ugliell of all Creatures, is founded on the
the ill refcmblance which they both have, with the handlbmell of all Ani-
mals, by the general and ever true Rule, that the depravation of things the
moft perfeft is the woril.
That wliich makes the Body of Man admirable, according to Galen s Opi-
nion, is the ilru6lureofthc Hands and Feet, whicli didinguiChes his Body
from that of other Animals, even as Reafon makes the dittercncc of Souls.
1'his Strudure i i altogetlicr extravagant in the B^r, in that having Ibmc-
tliing which in appearance, approaches that which makes the perfcaion of
t e'j 0:-|;ans ; it is found tliat in Truth, that which is mod important in
tlicuconlbrmatioii is depraved, or wholly defeftive in the Bf4r. Gglen Re-
niirks two things, which are principally iiecclTary tor theconveniency of the
uli:ofthelc Paits, viz. In the Hand, that its five Fingers be generally di-
viucu into two Parts, having four of them joyned together, wliich arc as it
were of one (brt, and a fifth Part which is lb leparated, to lervc the princi-
pal A.'iHonofthe Hand which is to take hold } and in the Foot, that it is ccm«
|>olcd of the Heel of one fide, ami of the live Toes w Inch oppolc it on the o-
ther, as the four Fingers of the I land arc oppofite to the Tluimb ; to make
the Step more iiirc and firm, by the different application oi'thcfe twoParts,to
the Figure of the things on which wc tread.
iV/«;, who has fpokcn of the rclcmblancc which the Paws and Feet of
the ijcir have with tliolc Parts of Man, has not well underltooti it, making
it tocoiillft in the Pofition of the HI^ows and Knees, \\hich he ttcports to be
in the y^^f and Br^r as in Man, and contrary to other Animals, who have
V 2 the
44
The AtiiUomic'd Dcfmption
the Knees behind and Elbows before : For the Truth is, that all Animals
have thefe Parts turned after the fame manner, whatever Jri//ot/e may re-
port thereof; and that what is there found different, proceeds from jience,
that the Heels in Brutes are taken for the Knees, tiic Carpus or the Cfditui ;
Bccaufe tliat the Bone which makes the Heel of Man, is (b lengthened in
Brutes, that it is taken for the Leg^, and that the Wrift, which in Man is
compofcd of a connexion of eight imall Bones, almoll round, which is called
Carpus, has in the generality of Brutes one of theft Bones very long, and
which is taken for the fore-legg, though it be properly one of the bones of
the Carpus. So that the Leggs and Paws of the Bear are in this only as in
Man, tliiit they are flefliy, althougii AnfiotU fays that there is none but
Man which has them fo : That the Osca/dsoT Hccl-bonc is fhort, and ma"kcs
a part of the Sole of the Foot : I'hat there are five joyned togetlicr, and op-
poled to the Heel, and that its Paw has likewife the Bones of the Carpra al-
moin even, and united like ours ; but in its Paw it has no Thumb Operate
from the four other Fingers, and thcbiggcdof the five which do comjX)le
the Paw, and whicii has only tiiat bigncis which may make it to |)ais tor a
Thumb, is placed quite contrary to Mans, being on the outfide, and in the
place of the little Finger, even as on the Foot where the greatell Toe Isalib
on the outfide. As to the Foot it is not ufually rcfted on the Heel, which by
rcafbn hereof is covered with Hair like the Legg, and has no Callofniesy nor
that kind of particular Skin which defends the Sole of the Foot, and which
Ijavcs its Print on the places where it lias gone. On the contrary, its Paw has
as it were a Heel, that Caliojify which is in the palm of the Paw, being in-
terrupted by the hairy Skin, to begin another CaSofuy a little higher. In a
word, the Fingers or the Paw arelikcvvife very ill mapen, and unfit for tlicir
ufl's, being great, fhort, and faftcned to each other as in the Feet.
The Sublrance of theic Parts is not left particular, nor lets remarkable
than their Scruclure. Pliny and Plitt.trch do report that it is an excellent I'ood;
and A//fi^4r/f/lT«j lays that in G(rrw.«»^ they are even at prcfcnt relcrvcd for
Princes Tables, at which the Paws of the Bfttr arc fervcd up faired antl f hioi-
ked. \Vc ohlerved that this Subftance good to ear, was a latt Ligament, ve-
ry white and delicate, about two Fingers thick, which was on the in-fidc of
the Paws and Feet; and it is queiVionable, whether it be not probable tliat
there may proceed feme moifture from this Part, which has (Kcafioncd
A^.tian and Phnyf^ fay, th.it the Bear Lives Forty Days l>y licking only its right
Foot.
The Claws of the two Be:rs which wedi(fc£led, were faftcned lO tlic
laft Phibt oftlic Toes after the lame manner as in the Lyon, having by the
particular Scru6\ure ofthis Article or Joyiit, which we have dcfcribed in the
lyon, the Faculty of holding its Claws elevated in its March to prclcrvc tlie
Points thereof ; but it appeared that our Wrjrj had ncglc^led to ulc this Ka-
culty, becaufe thst tlicir Claws were half worne away. They were BUcky
and much klfcr than in the /.)(»», as might be ludged by what remained.
Thu manner how thcle Cilaws were wornc, dcmonlhatcd tliat their Sub-
fhncc was very ditkrcnt from that of the Lycn \ Va in the l.yatis whicli we
(lilfedcd, the Claws wcreallo lbmcv\hat wornc on one J'aw, but as fibrous
Wood would wenr; whereas thofc of the f^ear were like Iron . Thiit is to lay,
that the C laws of tht/ ypt are comi^led of fcparable fibrcN,by rcalon th.it they
uic
«.
Of a BEAR.
4$
.lie
are of an Heterogeneous Subftancc, and that the Claws of the li^r are of a
more even and more compa£l Subftance.
Tlie, Teeth were Hke to tliofe of tlie Lyon, fave that tliey were much
lefs. Thcrtfore it isfaid that itules only its Paws to break the 'Netts
and rend the Snares of the Hunters, becaule that the bignefs and thicknels
of its Lipp5 hinders it from ufeing its Teeth. Thefe Lipps have alio a very
extraordinary fhape, the lower ones being wrinkled, and cut from the two
corners like a Cock s-Comlie.
The length of the whole Body,from the end of the Muzzle to the end of the
Toes, was eight foot three inches ; Five Foot and a half ••o the begining of the
Taile, wliich was Five inches ; and one foot five Inches to the hinder part of
the Head, which was flat and made an angle with the bones of the fore-part
DireO: from the Sittura Ldmdoides, zt the middle of which abutted a Crest
elevated like that of an Helmet, but much left than on the Lyon ; and from
whence the Cro/4/;&//-«, which did Likewife Cover the head, did alfo take
theiroriginal, beinga great deal lefs flefhy.
ThtTiiorax was larger than in the Lyont and alfo very long,being compofed
of fourteen Ribbs. The Neck was iiot Short in proportio n to its breadth
like a HaggSy as Authors do report .- for it had feven inches in breadtii, and Nine
in length : the great thicknefs ofthc hair which furrounds and inlarges this
Neck, is that which makes it to appear fhort .
'ibe Os Femoris or Thigh-Bcne was proportionably longer than it gen-
erally is in Brutes, and it was articulated with that of the Legg by means
of dikotuUy which fbmc Authors do iay is found only in Man.
The Skin which was vcrv hard and very thick on the Back, was found
very thin and Delicate under the belly. The Hair was not {o har/li and
ftuborn as in the Lyon and IVild'Boiry in Ibmc Ibrt refcnibling Wool, more
Friy-lcil than the GoatSy and much lefs than the Sheets.
As for t!>c internal parts of the Body, the Epiploon was very large but very
lenn, !.' call tlic reft of the body, which neither on the infide nor the out-
fide had one (crap of fat : which might be an cffcft of the dillempcr where-
of it died, the natural conftitution of the Animal being to be very fat, and the
Winter being the Sealbn in which it grows fattelf.
TiieLfVfrwas vaflly great, and divided into leven Lo^f/,oncof wliich
was much Icls than the reft. The C)Jhs feUia was not half lo big as in the
Lyon : yet there was much gall diffufed on the membranes of the circumiucent
parts.
The Oe/opha^c^us which exceciled not fourteen lines in diamctcr,and inlargcd
not it leU towards the fupcriour orifice of the Ventricle, was outwardly
very flcfliy to the Ventricle, which was cxtrcamly linall, although yi^r//?w/f
aflRrms th;it the Uetr lias it very large as well as the hcgg . Which he lays
(pcrlups)with ;ill orhcr Authors,l)ccaule that tliey have thought that the Bear
beinga great fredcr, nnift needs hive a Luge Ventricle. In ourSubieds
it was not a foot in lcn;',tli, and its greatelt breadth, which was towards the
Top,cxccedcd not Six Inches, and two and a half towards the niiddlc,wherc it
was contracled to inlaijjcit lelf again in a fccond Ventricle about three inches
and a half,wliich was railed towards thcl^y/orMs'lUc bottom of each Ventricle
was hard .md thwelin-js tiiick,and five towards the Py/fv/is, whicli wasallb
liurdcr .-Their internal Membrane wascvcn,asit uilially is, except that litti:
rout^Iu
46
The Anatomical Dcfcription
rougliiiefs whicli we call t!ie Velvet : But it fbmewhat relemblcd that of the
Ventricle ot' ilniinals which Chew the Cud, by reafon of levcral Eminencies
which it h.i'.l, like to thole which do make the Reticulum and Echings ; but
that tficle Kniincncics had not in theii- fhapethe regularity which isobierv-
cd in thole Animals,
As to the Intefiines^ it may be faid that there was but one, becaufe there
appeared not the dillint^ion which is obferved in the generality of Animals,
by the dilference of their ColoLir, Subllance, and Bigneft. Tlierewasnot
like wile any lign of tlie CW.irw nor its ^/'^f»rf/jf, no more than of the Wrin-
kles, or Cells at the Colon. They were in all Forty Foot long: Whereas
tliole of tl)e Lyon exceeded not Twenty five. 1 his Uniformity of the Jn-
telVines m:iy have been the caule of Theodoras Gazas putting, in the Tranl-
lution of Arifhtles* Book, where he Dilcourlcs of the In:eftmes of the Bsarj
the Sin.5u!ar hfcjlimw for tlie Plural "Evripx ; and it is probable that tliis
particularity w.is unknjwa to Scalii^ery when lie reprovea Thecdorits for
taking this Liberty.
'l[\^ Spleen was iinall and thin, being not above fix Inches long to two
broid, and lets than one thick.
The Structure oi livi Kjdneys appeared to us very excellent and particular.
Their figure was very long. They were five Inches and a half m length,
and two and a half in bre.idth. The M.mbrAnA Jdipoft, which was without
Fat, being taken away, there appeared another very hard and very thick
Membrane, which was not the peculiar one, faftned to the Parenchyma, but a
Membrane which like a Sack contained fifty fix finall IQdnepy for they may
be callal lb many Parenchyma adlually leparated from one another, covered
with their proper Membranes, and joyned together in Ibme places by Fibres
and very thin Membranes, which were produced from that which inveloped
tlicm like a Sack. This connexion was principally of the little Kjdneys which
are in the Hollow part of this whole heap oi Kjdneys \ For towards the
Gibbous part, they were not linked together.
The ti^ure of each little Kjiney reprelcnted a large IJafis on tiie out fide,
and were prelfed together towards the infide of the whole l\jdney^\\\\i:.xc they
were t'alLned like a Buncli of Grapes, 'i'his ha^s was in Ibme Hexagonal, in
tlie moll Pentagonal, and in otli'jis Four-f']uare. They were alio difte-
rent in Size ; but m the greatell part it was about the bigiiels of a middlc-
ing Chellniit, in Ibme of a Imall Nutt. This Heap did rcprelent a Ptne-Affle^
\\\\:\\ Ripe.
Hach oithcfe little A[/:/«aj was taftned, as it were by a Tail compofed
of three forts of Veifcls, which are the JJranchcs of the two Emul^ents and
the Lre:rr^ which entered thro' the Point of the little Kjdney, which made
a dent to r>.veive the!ii,as an Apple receives its Stalk, after the iiiiial aianner
ot the great Kjdneys. I'hele Branches were dilpoled lb as that of the Artery
was iKtwcen that of the yein and that of the lreter,CiS KioUnus has obferved,
wh<) hclcivcs that theie VefVclK are thus leated, to tlie end that the Artery
Ihikcmn upon the Vrctery may Inceifantly cauletlic Zrine to run by its con-
tinual bcatiii!',.
'Ihe iritncks of the Enitfl^ent I'ein an I ///r^ry.whicli were not bigger thana
()iiill, were each divided into two Briinches,aiKl afterwards into fevcral others,
t" I'U'niih .1(1.1 .iildoiK- to every little Kidney, though there were Ibmctimcs
two
I
'■T'W-:
"!'7.?;55s;-'
Of a BEAR.
47
two which feemed to be faftened as it were to one fmgle TaiJ.But that appear-
ed lb , by realbn that the two Branches which fartcned them togetlier did
enter into the little Kidney prelcntly after the Divifion. Thefe Branches pe-
netrated a little farther, and loft themfelves in the Parenchyma^ \b that the
notable Cavity which the Veffcl had when out of the little Kidney quite dif-
appeared ; whether that happened by the almoft infinite, and confequently
imperceptible divifion, which is made in the little Branches, which diiberfe
themfelves through tlie Parenchyma^zs Laurenfirts Bel/ins thinks it happens to
the Emulgents of the Kidneys of Man ;or that indeed thele Vellcls do not pals
farther, according to the Opinion oi Higmorm^ and that tiie Ipongious Sub-
ftanceof the P4re»chyma.^\<tkm\y fucks up and filtrates the Blood of the Ar-
tery, to render It to the Vein pure, and ieparatcd from its ferofity, wliich
runs through the PttpilU into the Pelves ox xXic Ureter, iike as Whey, when
the Cheefe curdles, leaves the buttery Part, and pafTeth through the Cheefy
part; and even as the Lye which is poured upon the top of the Copper comes
through the hole below, afiier haveing penetrated the linnen, without any
Pipes which do carry and convey it thither.
The Formation of the Ureters was different from that of the Emnt'ent
Veflesl ; For a little after its cnterance into the Membrane, which like alack
fliut up all the little Kidneys, it was inlarged, and its bignefs which was
about the fize of a Quill, increafed ecjuall to that of a finger. It was after-
wards divided into two branches of this fame bignefs, which produced others
leffcrjwhich fupplycd a leflcr to every little Kjiney. This laft Branch did never
the left furpaft in bignefs the Branches of the 'Emulgent Vein and Arterie,
which entered with it into the little /(/dKeyfind it palfcd forwarder,and near-
er to the middle, at which place it was divided into two, andlometines
into three branches. Every of thefe Branches inlarged it felf a little, and at Its
extremity formed a Pelvis, which was filled with a Caruncle like a Nipple; and
at the fide of this Caruncle the P^/xz/j appeared pierced with three or four
holes, which were only Sinuofitics formed by the Membrane of the Pelvis^
which was wrinckled on the in-fide, making as it were other leffer Pelves]
capable of receiving only the head of a Pin. Thele Pap/llai or Nipples, which
were no bigger than a Grain of Wheat, exceeded in their Number thole of the
Paptl/^ of an Ox's Kidney, which arc as large as the end of ones Finger, but
which are not in Number above Nine or Ten, wliereas there was above a
Hundred in every one of the Kidneys of our Bear : And it fcems that Bar-
tholwm had not examined this, when he writt that the Kidney of the Bear
was like to that of the Ox, of New-born Infants,and of a /V/oz/f .which he
differed before the King of Denmark ; for thele Kidneys of which Bartholinus
Ipcaks, and to which he compares thofc of the Bi'.tr, have only flits in their
Superficies, which makes them to appear at the tirft fight hke unto tliofeof
the Eear^ although in truth they have but one fimple and continued Parencln-
W4, thele flits penetrating not very deep ; whereas the Fifty fix linall Kid-
neys of tiie Bear were aftually divided, and had every one all tlie parts of
which tlie great Kidneys are compofed.
It mult be alio, that thole who like Pliny have leportc J, that the Penis of
the /i#4r, fo (bon as it is Dead, grows hard like a Horn, have not Icrioufly
cxanuncd the Matter, and that they have not had either the Courage to in-
lormthcmlclvcs, which is the Pf// /r of the Jir^r whca alive, oi the curiofity
of
+8
The Amttomkal Defer ipt ion
ot'dilVcl-Xmg one when dead ; for they would liave found that this hardncfs
k.naturaltothispartinthe Bf4r, as in the To^, W'V^f, Squirrel, tVej/elyUnd
(everal other Animals, which iiave a Bone at the end of the Pexis, as Ariftotle
obfcrves. Tliatof our Bf^r/ was rive Inches and a half long, four Lines
broad towards the Ox Pubis, from which it was five Inches diftant, and a
little bended.
The Lungs had five Lobes, three on the right fide, and two on the left.
The two upper on the right fide were very large ; the third which was
middling, was divided at its extremity into three Points. In one of our
Hesrs, the two Lobes of the left fide were exceedingly IwcUed; the fuperior
which appeared whiteilh, was puft up with a great deal of Wind : In the
interiour there was found a ftrange Body twice as big as ones fift, like to a
Spunge fteepcd in Ink. In the other Bear, which was very younij, the
Struaureof the M(r^.«/?/««»ii was very particular, being pierced infeveral
places with a great many holes of a Line and a half in breadth, and being in-
terfjaerfcd with a great number of Vcflels, which were above a Line in
thicknefs, (b that it wanted only the Fat to relemble an Epiploon.
The Heart which was fix Inches long and four broad, was very folid at
its Point, the Fleih whereof was an Inch thick j this Point was blunt and
not fliarp, as in the Lyon.
The Afpera Jrteria had all its rings imperfed:, and not intire as in the
firrt of the Lyons which we diffcdcd : But thele Rings in our Hears , were
much larger than in the Lyo» , being above five Inches in the Circum-
ference.
The Tongue was broad and thin, as in the Cat and Dog, and furnifhed at
top with its little ficfliy Points without any roughnels.
The Cranium or Skull wavS notfb brittle as Authors do report ; it was found
very hard under the Saw. It is very true that it was not above half tiie
thickncfs otthe Lyons ; which we found to be fix Lines at the thinneft: place.
The Bone wliidi advanced on the in-lidc, and which (eparates the Cerebrum
from the Cerebetkm was alio thinner, and of a more irregular lliape than in
the Lyon.
The Brain was in recompence four times as big, being four Inches in length,
and as many in depth, to three in breadth ; whereas the Lyon had but two
every way. The Ulanduli Pinealis was very little, and almoll im|jerceptible
as in the Lyon.
'1 he Eye w as covered over with an internal Eyelid,which began at the p^-.at
C4////.W or corner lending Ibmwhat down wards. It was lirangely 1 ale ;
Its B^// was not above Five Lines Diameter, and was leifer than that of a
Catt .'I'he CiryftalUnus was almolt fphcrical ; and that ot the lett Eye of tiic
greateil and oldeil of our Bears was i'poilcd by a Glaucoma which had made
it white, and altogether opake, its fituation was likcwilc very extraordinary,
not being directly placed over tlic Aperture of the Uvea but drawn a fide out
of the //.v/i of the Eye, fo that even before the delVe^l ion this was found out
by a whitcnefs which appeared at the bottom of the aperture of the PupiUa
in the infidc, as if there had been a Cataradl couched: and thiswas caulcd
by the contraction of the Fibres of tlic Lif^amentum Ciliareoioiic fide, and oy
the cxtenfion or relaxation of thole of the other; whicii lecmd to be made to
leave a free palfagc for the ulual Species through both tlie other humours ;
this
Of a BEAR. ^^
this distortion of the Crystatlinas being probably caufed after the fame man-
ner as it is fccn to happen to the eyes ot'ChiIdren,\vhich haveing been a long
time couched in one place where they canonlj^ difcsrn the light obliquely,do
grow a (quint by a dispofition which the mulcies oi ihe eye do contradl'by
ufe, and which changes that which is naturall to them, by the extcnfion oi
the fibres offome, and by the contradion of others. This would make us to
think that thefc Fibres of the'L;^4«»f/7r«w Ciliare are capable of a contraftion
and voluntary dilatation, like to that of the Fibres of the mulcles ; and that
.this aftion may augment or diminish the convexitieof the Crysta/Iinustaccord-
ing as the need which the different diftance of the objefts'may make it to
have on the Eye to fee more clearly and diftinftly.
The extream leanncls of our two Bf4rj,deprived us of the means of making
an experiment on their Fat, and of informing our lelvcs of the truth of what
Ariftotle, Theophrasttts^'Bind Ftiny do report thereof; that being kept all winter,
it manifeftly increales in bulk and weight ; which being verified would con-
firm the current opinion, that the 5^/jrisofall Animals that in which the
Facultie of growing is moft powerful!; feeing tliat being at the bcginingof
Life almoft the leaft of all ( tor according to the report oi Ariftotle^nd Plinjy
It is hardly bigger then a Rtut^ yet it grows one of the greateft; and that
though it hath oeen a long time fuckled and feed with muk from a damme
which cats nothing, ( if it be true as jir$fto$U fays, that the Bcmt brings fortli
its Cubbs when it is ready to fhut up it lelf in its Den, where it remains for
ty days without eating, and that afterwards the Bemr dcs annually cominue
a long (pace without takeing Nourilhment, ) it ceafetli not to grow (b pow-
erfully that according to Aihettns , its growth like the Crocodile^ s lafh the
whole courie of its lire, and continues eTeAiafber its death,if what the ancients
have writt concerning its Patbetruc. - ' '
The Confideratioii of thele^slrciculars joyned with our Obfervations,
made us to think that ths Temperament of the Beary whidi according to
Arifiotle is extreamly Humid, muft be underftood of an Humidity peculiar
to Life, whidi is that which dos not cafily dry, and which is the cftcd, not
of the Crudity, fuch as is the fuperfluous Hunudity of the Excrements, but
of the perie£tion of the ConcoQion caul^ by the goodnefs of the Conftitu-
tion ot the parts, which are capabfe of eafily Converting all kind of Nourifli-
mcnt into good juice, and of affiniilateing and changeing it into their proper
Subftance, or of dilTipating the greateft part thereof by the Imployment
which they do advantagioufly malte of it for the exerciie of their Func-
tions.
The Remark's, which our Obfervations on the Bear have afforded us of
this perfcftion of Temper, are firft, that an Animal which Eat's indifferent-
ly of all (bits of Meat like the Br4r, and which with the fame Facility Di-
s'jcfts raw Meats^ F//Z>, Cr/ihst Infers, Fruits of Treesy Pulfe and Honyy and
that in a very (niall Stomach, and ftrait Inteftines, and amongft whicli
tliere is found noC-ffww, muft have a Wonderful Power for the Concoiiion;
feeing that it is capable of fupplymg by the goodneft of the Temper, that
which is wanting in the Commodioulhefs of the Strufturc, which is found
111 the Organs which other Animals luvc to render thefe fundliions more
pcrfeft, and which to Digeft a great deal of Nourifhmcnt, do keep it a lonj;
: 'tnt in great Receptacles, and Convey it through a vaft many wrinkles and
^'^^iiife-
5<>
I he Anatotnkal Dcfcription
anfraftuofitics, as we have OI)lerved in tlie Camet^ whole Inteftines were aU
molt as long again as thole of the hear, comprehending above eleven Tcifes.
Secondly ,t!ie linall capacity which is tbund in its Liver and Spleen to receive
the Excrements, denotes alio that the aftion of the Natural Heat is fo well
regulated, that it is not Subjeft to the Delects or ExcelTes, tiirough which
the Food being cither Burnt, or but half Dreft, the filoud which is thereby
ingendered hath need of being Purged and Cleared of abundance of parts
which are incapable of Nourifliirig the liody. For as to the great Number
o^K^idfteyt, when even Nature had made it to Evacuate a greater quantity of
Ssrofity, the abundance of this Excrement ought not to be Eftecm'd a Sign '
of the wcakneft of tlic Heat, and imperfeftion of the Concodion j but
rather an Eflfcd of the little inlenlible 'I'ranfpiration which is made in the
Btar, by realbn of the thicknels of the Habitt of its Body, which is not fa-
vourabl j. To which we may likewife add, that this want of Tranlpiration
cannot be a Sign of the want of Heat, and of an Earthy weight; leingthat
.howiVlaffc, and Grolslbever i\v:BcAr appears, there is Icarce any Animal
whole agility and vigour is more capable of fhewing the abundance and
Subtilty of Spirit which the power of Natural Hoat is ulcd to produce.
Thirdly, this lb Pow'eiful feculty which it has of growing, is the mark
of a very perfcft Humidity, Icing that it renders the parts capable of extend-
ing themlelves, and fo of Augmenting tlieir Grandure, without the Icait di-
minifhing of their forces. The Conjefturcs which we have drawn frotn
our Obfervations, to mahe credible this extraordituiry fmallncls reported by
AuthoRiof the Bear at. it& Birdi\ ^nd firft ConfogQiaticMiy are gruundcd upon
chelittlenefsofits Evc!^ by teaioftthat the Eyes wh^n the Formation is ap>.
parent, are commonly ib bigg»ili£rDPortiori to the reft of thc^Body, that
each Eye furpaffes in bignels all the reft of thcHejid,Uke astlieHeaddo*s vaft-
ly Exceed the bigncfs oUhc reft of the Body: ib thatilipponng as it is rational,
that the Eyes of the Bear were in the firft Formation Froportionablyas large
to the reft of the Body as they have uled tobe, it is ealie to Judge by the
httlcnels wliich they have when the £^4r is arrived at its growth, what
was the (mallneft of its whole' Body in tlje f.rft Formation ; or elicit
would be to fuppofe ia thing incredible, viz. thai its Eyes have not grown
andincrealed proportionabiy toithe reft ofchefigd^, as in odier Animals.
■smtm^fSiii:
in fit*
. !•
boi
in -in .-^infMut
.'V i.' iv, -,,-!i
THE
itilHi^
«?
.aqoii.s'A Y: ftlb\/,0 vb iiv vw^vti '.^^ V> wA\jiV\^y.:l ' \Y
ibidsi^-^tlUiil^FM Ou UA frtst'^t'l ■W\nQl sail ni fcsditiHbtti bMw ^i'l
s>b ihs ^yHaH, liib'io ajirlV/ -jr t mo'fi ^bsH arf* '- '.•^;o1'X>^iiy '•i^di ^lumpl
3-jf, :' '. '! 6}usoini i^ijl-iiM Iniii viid-nm-i^'. 2;j:;t'I-s.v.i sJiJ^oe-iJ-nX
.1. ^*j»'-
.^i>t^^rl *iV!^?^^> v-ii
-5 : !*s
^Pnt*.'->V »4^'> ••/_ "a\\ \(i v<*!^ ■,\-\;\ "«i .v^i:
tL'-"
4^<Cl
^(Mk.VV^fi ^TH^tvl. HV\\> ^ .W. imviVw .v-\' ,yij^
•MM
.%'5i.w,'; •!> AVw* -is^A Ai^wi K .14
.?.u-'or{-.!' vV'V J5
i-
■-.-i WK
i\
iM
.-.rfCi
..I. H im .. f V . .
.f; ^
I-
^■•a-^
w '
/
Pr^
The Explication of the Figure tf the Gazelh or Antilopc.
That which is diicribed in the lower Figure has no Black hfl, which
icparates the Fawn-colour of the Back from the White of the Belly, and the
Knees of the Fore-leggs are not bare and Hair-lels ; becaufe that theie are
Particulars which were wanting in Four of the GtxtUs which we difleded.
There was one al(b, which was the Nfale, whole Horns were mcxre bent
towards the Back than they are in this.
^*i ur- *
In the Vfper Figure,
-I t
A. The Oefophagus.
B. The mitlMe Memrtme of the great Ventricle.
C. The interndMenArtme.
D. This Memkrsiu feftrttedt to diftover the fart uudirmitb,
E. The Valve which fif»ts the feeoiid Vcatncle.
f. The fir/t fart ef the feeoi$d Vcnmck.
G. The iomerfirt of the fetoni Ventricle.
H. The Satk of the jecond Ventricle.
I. Tfc Pylorus.
K K. The GibhoiufMrt of the Liver r/ufei uf,
h L. The right Lohe.
MM. The Left. - -
N. A Little Lobe which is in the middle.
O. TheGdlUBladder.
P. The Duodenum. > r
Q^m Pylorus.
R. The outfide of the Ventricle.
S. TheSfleea.
T. rA^Tnw Lymphaticks.
V\.TheKjdneys,
5C. V Art of the Membrane^, fee n mth the Microibope.
Y. PartofthcMemhrane C, /Jr<r» iwM /Ar Microlcopc.
I. The Uft llone of the Sternum.
W. TAiT Cartilago Xiphoides.
Z. One of the Feet* '
\,
^U
\^
TUB
'.**• ^.vw^ui^t-WA-^ilir^^J^f^ct**!"**
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-IS
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53
•1 •Ml-..V>'l !-. I V?''.
nr.tfj'.i'
hn ■ ,.';i;/, r^ :;•';; •-' k.i;^. -■!
■ -(.lU ■~'x,, ■ /.uv'.li £.;v:i:U;fij;.viv:Li
Tit 4!
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
•rifd but ./nJi'A'ii ■•(ii:'yjh-ji.^ „ FIVE '"''''^ ' '' '^^ •"'">'"'
_f..
'•a;.d
G A Z E L L A «
' R
■iw':?! •,!',.;
ANTILOPEs
"■•frrr:
"■»•'/ '»'•'
,f „,!,.|,, .".i.-.p-
.••'>-!f'
THHe five GazeSd^s or AntiUfis of which we do give thcDelcription, were
jL brought to us at divers titnes; There was one Male, three Females,
and a Fawn, which was likewile a Female. The firft which we dilTef^ed,
which was the largefl; and oldeft, was brought us with its Fawn, from the
Park oiVerfailltSt where it was told us, that they had been both killed by a>
nother Male Gtzetts. We found that the left Shoulder of the Damme was
all bruiled, and that the Fawn had three Leges broken. This made us to re-
fLtOt upon what &/(9w»j (ays, tbst the Gaz^ is the Oryx of the AntientSy
which Off tan reprefoits as an Animal (Irangely fierce and cruel ; But we
found nottheodier Marks, which according to Authors are peculiar to the
Oryx ; 4j to have oHefingle Horn ik the middle of the Fore-head, as AriftotU fays;
to have all the Hair ttirmed tomards the Head , according to Plinji't to have a Beard
o» the Chim , as AU>ertw\ attdto hepongenoH^to Fight Lyons and Tigers , as
Owviti relates. _ ;"I ,^..|,;nfn l-^c- ■;',m'] wui': ■ ,
Our G4zeBa*s had i very mild carriage, and it is faid that thele Animals
grow not angry, unlels when touched on their Horns. The Jrdian Au-
tliors do call the GazeOa Algazel, that is to lay, a Goat ; and it is mod; probable
the Dorcas, or Lyhick Goaty which is no other but the Streffteeros or Wild'Soat of
JEgypt't although &4/igrr pretends, that the 6Vr<-^y7cfrw is a Species of^/Jrwj^.
MliM Reports , that the Lybick Dorcas is light of Foot, that its BeHy is
White, and tlic reft of die. Body of a Fawn-colour; that the White and
Fawn-colour along tlic Flanks is Icparatcd with a Black Lift ; that it hath
Black Eyes, and huge great Ears. The Strefficeros, according to Piinj/ is an
African Goaty wliich hath the Horns elevated on the HeatI, very pointed,
round
54
The Anatomkal Defcription
incompaft round with feveral wrinkles, and bended like the Branches of
an Harp ; orratlicras Joannes Cajus underrtands it, that they are bent
fbmetiiiies outwards, and Ibmetimes inwards, fb that tlicy do delcribe the
ProfiUy and wreathing of a Gnitterne : But it may be quellioncd whctlier the
Lyra of Plinys. Time were of this Form.
All thefc Marks being found in thcfe five Animals which we differed, it
may be laid, that the 6Vrf/|/wrrw, Dare as, and GazelU arc the fame thing ;
for our GazeHa is an Animal of ///r/c/', which feems to be a good Runner, if
it may be gucffed by the length of the Leggs. It was about the bignefs and
form of a l^Vild-Goafy with Fawn-coloured Hair, except the Belly and Sto-
mach, which were White, the Tail which was blackifh, and a Lift fbm-
vvhat more Black, like asjtlic rcft of the fHair from (he Eye to the Nole.
The Hair better rcfembled that of a WUdXjoaty than that of a tame one, be-
ing very fhort .- Under this Hair the Skin was pcrfe£lly Black, and fliining
in that which was tlie oldcft ; in tlie others it was Grayifli ; and this Black-
ncls appeared very plainly in their Ears, which were large and not hairy on
the in-liJc, whc"- the Skin was Black ^nd foiooth like £^f «/, having only
fbmc Itreaks of Hair very White, more ftubbornand longer than that of the
Belly; Thele ftreaks or rows proceeded from the bottom of the Ear, and
grew larger towards the Edges. The Eyes were large and black ; the Horns
were likewile Black, radiated crols-wilc^ fifteen Inches long, ten Lines
broad at the Bottom, very pointed, pretty^idit, but fbmcwhat turned out-
wards towards the middle, andwhicn did -afterwards bend inwards again,
accordingto the fliajx: of the Branches ol an Harp, fuch as is feen in wme
Ancient Sculptures. Thole of the Male were a litth more bent backwards.
In tlic Four 1-cmales they were round, but the Male had thcmfbmewhat
comprcfTcd and flatted, which hindered ihem^ronj being perfeftly round;
and It may bcfaidthatttiis roundnefsof thcftorns has giveh to the GgttlU
amongft the Ancients tlic Name of Strtf^erosy which muft rather fignify
Horns \neathod about, than bent as thole of all other Gms ufually arc ; this
one Ibrtof roundncls being peculiar to the Horns of tlic Gdzefiat amongft
the (to. It-kin^, ^luppofmg it to Le a Species of Goat ) bccaule that the other
Horns of thcfc Animals arc of Angles and Planes, like thofe of all Sheep, ex-
cept that ofCdHdioy which hath round Horns, as Br/o»iWobIerves, who fays,
that e: en in his time it ivss in the Country ailed Utripfoceri; which might well
he the redfon that made atnligcr to faj', that the Strcpficeros u s kind of
Shfcj).
'llicfc Horns were hoUow half way, ind filled witii a pointed Bone, which
faikncd them to the Head by the means of a Pericranium which covered it
This /Vmr<i/i;/««» was very hard, thick, and moiftened with a great deal of
Blood, likeasthein-fideof the Bone, which Was Ipongious like the Diploe :
The external Superficies of the Bone being vciy (blid, and ftreaked with Ibmc
Furrows according to its length, contrary to the Furrows of the Horns,which
were tranfverle, as hath been declared. At the root of thefe Horns there
more in the Male
illy isinthcgcnc-
viliry of Brutes, where the Males have tlic Head always rounder than the
F'jmalc.
■ • - ' ' ■' "'' ' ''' ' * ' •• The
of (I've (Gazclla's or Antilope's.
, 1?
The Palate was covered ovijr with a very hard Skin, Ukelong Scales, The
Denies Incifores, which were wanting in the upper Jaw, becaule thut this
Animal chews the C^ud, were eight in the lower Jaw, very keen and oFan
unequal fize ; the two tbremoll being as large as the other fix wliole breadth
went taper-wile, and being hkewile a great deal larger at either end than
towards their Root.
The Tail in the Females had long and Blackifh Hair; It was flat at its
Origine, and about two Inches large towards it? firft Knotts, and was con-
traded and reduced to oncj at the place where there grew long Hair which
liung down to the Hammes. Tht; Tail of the Male had not this long Hair
whivh in all the Females relcmbled that of a Mans Head; it was only a
little longer than that of the rell ofthe Body and Ibftcr than that of the Tail
of the Females.
The Forc-leggs upon the bending of the Knee were covered with
Hair Ibmcwhat longer, and harder than on the re it ofthe Legg. It was
layd and turned half on tUe right lide, and half on the left, like the feather
otuHorfe; and in this place the Skin was a great deal thicker than tllewherc;
which made it a kind of a little Cufliiou to kneel on, like the C.allofities
which art on the Knees ofthe C\v/ie/. The Gazc/U which FdiHs Column*
delcribes, better rclembled the Canttl than ours, for it had this place wholly
deprived of Hair. x'-^\
The Foot, which was a great way Cleft and fortified with two great
Hoofs, befidcsthe two little ones at the Heel, like the foot of the/l^//i-GMr,
had this alio relcmbling the feet ofthe Camel, xhziX, itrefted half upon the
Hoof, which oply fortified the . forepart, and lulf on the Skin, which in
the hinder-part, covered around, and much thicker Flefli than is on the
Feet of ^tsggs^ Wild-Gotts, and other Animals which liavc C^loven Feet.
And this Flefli is probably more fitt to walk uj^n the Sands of Ly.^/.i, than
on the Lands of other Countrys whtc/i are Stony, as we underllood by tha
Feet of one ofourGi«c///j'j wluch was much Iwelled, for having been hurt
in this tender |Xirt unprovided of a Hoof.
We Oblerved alio that tlicle Feet are Cleft after a particular manner,
becaule that the two Hoofs, which might be moved a great way from one
another, were joyncd by a Skin which was very calily extended : Which
made -us to doubt whether the GaccIU might not be the Animal which Allun
itportstobc by the Greek Poets called h^jemas, to which he gives a great
many Marks which are lecn in the GaztlUy but amonj^lt other things he
lays that its Fee?, which arc like to thole ot a GoMt^ arc lo Formed that tliey
do help it to Swim. This Skin was fhorter in the Feet ofthe Male, whole
Hoofs opened not lb much as in the Feet of the Females. y'yi
Our G4if//4'j had but two Teats, which had each but one PafULu 0\\ the
fide and underneath the 'I'cats there was in the houtnA or Groins two C-avitics
like Sacks not very deep, where the Skin was without Hair, as it is about
tl;c pApilU ; but this Skin was not lb fleck, being rough and like a Barley-
corn. Ihclc Cavities were filled with a Subllante like Wax : Which may
have occalioned the miilake oi hjiHMes A^ricoU AmmomHs^who has taken
i\\cCivet-CAt iovjiGtzella^hy rcalon of tlie Baggs which the Cive/-C4t ha«
to contain its Sweet Smelling Liquor ; the Civet-Cdt and G.uielU being oilier-
wife Auitn.ii> altogether unlike, and thcle Cavities or Sacks which arelccn
iu
■yi
The Anatomical Defcription
in the Gaze/in, do mucli more relemble thofe which Hares have in the fame
place, than thofe of the Civet'CMt. The Male had thcle Cavities or Sacks as
well as the Females. 'i ..,..' ii;;." - . /. , ^
All thefe Particular Circumftaflces which we obferved in thcfe Females,
were only in three of our GazfU/s; the fourth differed from the reft, in
that it had no CuOiion on the Knees, although the otiiers much Younger had
It ; but it had not this place bare like that of Ftthms CV/*>w»/i, which it other-
wife refembled, by rcafbn that it had this Black Lifl along each Flanck,
which j£lia» has obferved in the LyhUn Dorcas • The Male had aHb this
very Li(h -^- --■
AS to the internal Parts, the Epifloon in all the five G.tzellas was furnifht
with a lianl and Redifh Fat, M'hich covered and inclofed atmoft all the
VcllcUs which are in tliis Part, by following and accompanying them
into all their divifions. Tins t'piiiloon Swam not upon tlie hteftines^ but
Invclopcd them beiiiiid, except in one of our Subjerts in which towards the
left fule the //*>», W":s Ultncd totht Peritonnum^ by a great Number
of Fibres. In tlie otliers it deicoiided from the anteriour and middle part
of the Ventricle to which it was lalbicd, and paffing into the bottom of the
lower Belly, under tlie greatell parr of the Intcftines, came to falten it fclfc
to the Center of the Mclcntery, and Afcending higher, returned to the lower
Part of the Ventricle. I'lie Csrtilago Xiphcides was four times bigger in
Proportion than it is in other Animals, being an Inch and half in Breadth, and
fJ3re»dingoutofcAch fide of the Sternim to which it is fafined, and turn*
ing it felf round to end in a double obtufe Point. Tlie Liver, as to its
Ftguw and Shape, w^s very like to a Mans, being divided into two great
Lob«j^ befide^ which, there wetirj two leffer, one whereof, which was the
Itart, \f as cxtciKifxl to tlie right Kidney, which it half covered ; the other
was^ in the middk Ujwn the Spine. In the iHillow part of the Fawm's Liver
thflrtf were two Lympliatick branches about the bignefs of a Line. They
appeared as it were very full of knotts, by realbn of tlie inequaliry which
an almolt nifinitcXumlxirof /Wf <•/ artxMdcd then« in the contract ing them }
fb that like little Beids of C/^r//«// they faftncd tlic Trunckof the Vend Port*
to the liipiiour Orifttr of the i'lHtrnlt.
i'lui Sybllanetoi the Liver appeared to us very particular, being as it
were cumpoltd of an infinite Numl)er of little Glands, fbme bigger, and
ethers lelfcr then Hemf-Jcrd. TlKjweic of a much pikr Red than that
which irtvncd them to^^cthcr. Theie Glands fcemcd every one pierced thro
the niiddlj, t)y rtalon of a little Red flitt which they hftd, out of which there
camchloud when they were p-clTed. That which parted them one from the
oi'icr was of a Red IIkc to that of thcfmall flits,but this part did not bleed.
'iTloCil iikU of the hollow part were mucli larger then thofe of the Gibbous.
Dr. M.iifngli'iits a Phylitian of Mrffwa, who is of opinion that all
Ihc I**tcn(h)mt4^s are compcrfed of (cveral G/</r<//, explains not how he ob-
ferved that the Livers, which do generally ap|'»car of acontiniicd and Ho-
ttKil»u'neoiis Subfhna*, are indeetl divided into ftvcral parts Icparared from
nn^H!K)rl;cr,nor of what bignel< chey are.fbr when he lays that thelc (ilands
do i*f Jmbit Chapes, upon the l>unch, it may l)C doubted whether thefo
<»^4pts 'lo fi 'oilic tlie h^ine or l)ii;iiejs of tlie GJunds, which he neucrthclefs
0ivii*-«»lu he Hcxav^onal in the Liver of Of/, and dilfcrcnt in every Animal.
\Vc
of jii/e Qa.ie\\2LH or Antilopes.
57
We were of opinion that it might be, that the Glands wbidh did compcdi-thet
Livers o( out Gazella's were grown apparent by fome Piileinper, becaiuii: that
they were much more vifible in feme tlianin others, and that thene wasone -
of our GazetUs w here thelc G lands a ppeaicd not at al l,and in which the Livef;
was fouiid with a PArencbyma even homogeneous, and continued as uiuaUy ;:
To that there is ground to believe that thefc Glands, vyhicb when the Animal
is in Health, are ipongious and imbued with tlie Blood whkh is in all the Pa-
remhymx of the Liver, do not feem to be feparatcd 1 rom c ne another, as they .
do af^ar, when being hardned by the DiAtrnper, and by realbn thereof
receiving lefs ^ood, their different Subftance makcij them more diltingui-
fhablc, by the diverfity of Colour, which ia the gkindulousFart is whiter for
want of Blood, and redder in that which is between the Glands, by lealba
of the Blood there contained.
But that which conHrms Malpightus\ Opinion, is the rcgwiar Figure whiclx
ue haveobierved in thelc Glands, which is alwavs near the Hexagonai,,aod
the little chincks or Hits which all had in their middle.- for that diemon- ■
ibates, that it is not when the Liver is Iiardned by a Schirroiis and preternatu-
lal concretion o^'its Subibnce, fortuitoufly amalted into icvcral Lump,, as it,
happens to Oyl when it is frozen, but that every Gland by condeiiliug Jja*
prelerved its natural Figure.
Tiiciipleen was oval, very fmallj all faftened and "oyncd to the left fide-
of the Ventricle, except about a Fingers breadth of the fore-part, which was
leparated there-from ; lb that the Veifcls commonly caUod Vas hreve^ whtcte
are ordinarily the band which fallens the Spleen with the Stomach, appeal^
cd not, being confounded and hid in the Mcmbraiiesof one or other of the
Vijeera. In all the five the Spl6en was of a Violet-colour at top, Bkw un-
derneath, and all over fpeckled with White Spots, wiuch^ might be sakta-
for Glands Uke thole of the Liver, were it not that they wets of a reguliT'.
fliapc. . jt ; >. .,•
. . The GjtelU, which is an Animal that chews the Cudd) has but two Ve»-
trijlps, which do appear very dillintt and Icparated from )ne anorhcr by
confiderablc Contrattions, liichas i^ ''.(in in other Animals that chew tlic,
Cudd. But the tiUth is, that ir. our gr..tG'<U(riZi, theli: two Stomachs were
mere dilHnguilhed, than the four arc ui other Animals ; for bcfides the Con-r
trai^n anadiffereijU (jualities ofthe Membranes, which do, generally make-
thcdiltinftionof thetour ; there was a Valve which leparaiicd thelc two/
aiii^it^ the Membranes whicli ud compole them, we found all the variou*.
yiuurcs and particular Subrta aces, which tlK four ulcd to iiiivc. f /'
The 6rft and largeft which receives the Nourilhrncnt immediately frbim
t]x^0^of)4gm., was very ample and large at the top, and iu Figure, wii
iipuUQd at tli^ biuttonu It wa ; covered on the in-fide with two Mcmbranci?
uyd one upou the other, which ai-e thole, with which are leparately covereji
the two firll Stpm^chs, which in French are called Pume nnd HotiHet. VheSk
twoMc<n,brajics,Nycre very.eaTilyleparatcd one from the other : Tlic extth
riouif, ViucJ^ iFH«ic the internal Superficies, whicli is that whidvis) prof
pcx to tlie Pmm* w Paunch, called by Arifioti Ko/Ai* m^o «^J»» wasUkis'a
Velvet compolcd Q^'^n infinite number of Uftfc Particles, hmhg the Ibcq^ of
Papilla, which were three times as long as bigg ; and this Bulk exceeded
not that of a middlc-Azcd Pin. The other Membranes which were under
U tliis
58
The Anatomical Defctiption
this firft is that which is proper and peculiar to the fccond Stoiirach, bv Ari-
fiotle^ed K6xpu'(pfltA®-, and by the L«//«^, /?(r//f/*/*>i*, by rcaforithatit has*
fome Emincneies which da rdpreftnt a little Nee, which hasrfiade this Sto^
mach to be called Bpnt/^f, bccaufe that this Nei* relemblcs tlie lace Bonnet,
in which Women heretofore inclofed their Hair. Thefe Eminencies fike a
Net were as it were ingrailed, and bordered with little grains.
This great i^muhy which we do reckon bitt one, becauft that its two
diflferent Membranes Mrere e^temled equally^ artd after tlie faftie manner one
over die other through its whole Capacity, may fldv'ertheleft appear doubfe,
in that its fupcriour part, which was much larger than the rnferiour, Nvas in
fome fort feparated by a Contraftion, but which was Very inconfideraWe.
At the top of this great Utomach towards the right fide, where it conrra-
ftcd like a Pylorus, there was an Orifice or Aperture which was tlie palTagcto
the fecond ; and this Aperture was eblcd by a Membrane, in form of a great
Valve, made like a Uttle Sack, to hinder that which is once got out of the
great Stomach from re-entring therein. I'his Ikond Stomach, from its en-
trance to its middle, was like to tlic third of O.rcn and Shee^j by AriftotU
called E-^n©. by the Ijuins UmfH»t, and in French Millet, becaule that it
is full of leaves difpofed lengthwiie, which are bordered with little Emiuen-
cics like grains of Af/VKr/, which appeared rough and full of points to thole
who have given it its Gtoek hame, ivhich figiilfiei an Hedgh«^. This rough-
■efs which went half way decreafed inlcAnbly and not all at once.The colour
of this firll part of the (econd Siomadi Was liltcwife different ftom the firiV
sreat Stomach) id that it was of a Red inUiAiAg coi Purple, whereas the
nrft was white as uftially. ' ^'
Tlicftcond part of this Stomach was much larger than tlic fail, and it
i«(ftmbledthe fourth of other Animals that cliew the Cud, called by Arifio"
tit "t^iVfpov^ by the ljH»s jKxtmafiirfty and by the French Ctutettt, becaufe
that it is in this Stomach that the Runnet is made which makes the milk to
curdle. It had alfo fome inequalities and Eminencies like leaves, but which
were fmooth and polifhed. Moreover it formed at its entrance a great Sack,
by tlic means of a fold which it had underneath the firft part of the (etond
Stomach ; and tow rds its pafligc out it was raifcd upwards and contrafted
to mftke the Pylorus. This Scrudurc of the two Stomachs which was found
tht lame in all the Females, was fomcthing different in the Male, wlicrc
the firft and great Stomach was not pointed at the bottom ; and altiio its two
Membranes were feparablc as in the Females, yet the under one had no NTct-
work folds, nor any Valve at the entrance into the lecond Stomach, which
jMd an Eminence or Bunch which was warning in Females.
The htifittui of the Females were Jilpofw in liich a manner ri«t thri
'JtiuHum and UAtm were plaited very fmall through fcveral little Cells, and
farltoned along riw CWcttr, vHiich fervod them as a Ixmd "Xt lUjr thelc j^aits or
folds like a Rui<l'. The C>^ ' ad no Cdk .- The UU or fnadi guts were aU
moft four liitu <tianNter -. obc Coha aibove lix. The httftims of tlw Male
had their Ai$fr40mi^ifs *,iu -iiotho- mMmcr ; for iome wens fokkd jn i-he
C9i6l$ ffi I Maa. nuking a great many Jitck Cells : otficrs w<nt doubled k>ng>
wsys Bkc a 'Vxtxsi^ ctcti kM iMuig above tour IndiRS IcNig.
}#". ' uki r 'J '■ 'I i!/»J' •' j.4«y* )
■*'
ur, \vasm
(f {I've Gazclla's or Antilopcs.
<5>
The hrznclvis of the renaMefaraicxwcYC very large, and taltened to the
Co/ciw by ^buadji^ai of; lii^le branches ^^^w^^^ ^ftt..^l!^^fe3" 'yA!\^^ every
great branch pafllng a little tar thcr did in like manner diftiibute little bran-
ches to tJieSmall Guts. ., ,*^,i,u ^,.,! ^ ' ,, xjo oJ •/i;ra ii vu'jm^i p .'/oi urb /I T
The C,«f/?;»» ,was feveo iiichcs m length ,a^ one m; thif^nc^s. v.a I
The Kjdmp were alnwarpuod • The niht/ay qntJer th^liJtJ&J ngIjij|L9J^
of the Liver, and the left under the Point of thf l^pmafi^^^ X^^
thofe of the Male was very extraordinary ; for the left? was upon the Joriay
and the right v/as two Inches higher than tfcj left.
At the Originc of the right Sprfthaticfe 'J^r/^ry of the Male, there was a
Glandulous Body placed upon the Trunck of the yen* Cava as if it were a
Cufhion to this ^r/^ry. .ob: -. '-Viw.vv VI' .A L
The Vterus was divided into two Cor/iwi, as in oth& Bbil^t* ,0a the iin*
fide it had abundance of Eminencics Ukei?4fi^4,ievea.0i:;eught.iR eashjidimi
and at the Internal Or//ffr there was a C^raw/*- in the infide Wihich , ;c<»'^rocJ
it. ■ • :!',)''' vV; V •'.••■• '•"v ■- ■"
There were two large Vcffels which went to tift -Duggs. Th«L.Veij>
which was the latter dirc£^ly tended to th& ?i^i//^, alwayesiW.pingitisSniQ
bignfs, and fuddainly difappearing, without caAing forth^AOy tpp^rc^nt ij^tir
ches. The Jrferj/ ran down to the Bagg which is near thstiFt^fZiiMh^tc it
was divided into five or fix Branches, like a Goofes Foot. . ■ -i I . [
The Lungs had foqriiabesfln the right fidfc,ajldtvVQCWJ the kft. ,*i0i)e
oithcGgzeffis they were all fticking fait one to the other ,,and to tliieRiWv
and Diafhragme, to which the Li^er wasfbfafined, that U^P.sKPffi^n^ .was)
there tied, and would fboner tare than feparate. . ... I.vaV .1
In this SUi)je£l: the l^eaa Jzjigos was asi Ut^ as the-fCejui K!ava. u^k i' .( ) v >
All our GMull'i'i hadtlujaeart long; s^d Pointed, that «Mf the largeft hjjtng':
four Inches and a half in lenf^th, and twoand a half iu.Wwdth. 'i lie' YeiBV-
tricles of the Heart of that which Dyed with ihe blow,, Yrt»i<^iliadbruifed this
Shoulder, were almolt filled with a hard and Solid Flcfh, which was a Body
rtrange, and Separated from the Subftance of the Heart, .nnd of- its)V>ttirbls.
The f^r/f4ri</«^w was imcdiately Knitt to the Sterntm and Diaphragme by
two ftrong Ligaments. The Point of the Heart was turned towards the
CarfiLigo XifhoitUs.
The Erain had few Anfrd^Hofitys, and was but lightly flit, and divided in
two, at the place of the Falx. The two upper Tentf ides were open one in-
to the other in the Anteriourpartofthe Septum ^.Mctdttmf by aa hole two
thirds of a Line in breadth.
The Ball of the Eye which was very large being an liich Diameter, was
covered with an mtcrnal Eyc-lidd : The Cornea *vas Oval. The Ivea was of
a Gieenilh pearl Colour, and the Retina was in this place Croffed over by the
Branch of a Vein which fliot forth fevcral BranchesjThe whole being full of a
Blackifh Blood. The Branch was about the bignels of a great Pin, and it
was got ipto the thickncfs of the Retina.
"«•
H 2
n
*JC
/
/
/
<^a^
6o
i
IN che lower Figure it may l;>e obljbrvect that this Animal i$ a:lcogether lijcc a
Cat, ex(xpt.rilatithisptiapbiid6n»bfyalhoitCrN«;k^^ and the Tail niuch
'. Ihthxs itdifcaifB ftopi theXw/arii which Iteis aNccI$: longand fleqder.
and a irerv hrgc TiiH', ias NatitfaHits'do defSribc itf.
AA.ThetottomoftheyGnmde» .n->V\KiiilJ pjiioirHfO
BiB.- 31» Vena'Gaftrka^' ^vvAWir ,'i oini ! -' •'•b?'7.'"i.vV';v;,. ..vjT' " -
Dft -SRIiiMSplcoii/-' -•■^•'■- -■'• ■'- .•-N-A-vt.J ...-;.." o-;-u i>.j,v-_>ian^i»fi,-MJ ri bnr>
E. The Trntik of the Vena Cava. . . , .31
G, TheTrt/miof the Aorta. > / .■!:>'' it.<7KV ^rytl ovl oidv/ crfsflT ' '
H. Th0 uffer Mefcnteriftk Artca-y mifcslied th Lower /> the Tex^' ^ '^"'^ ■' ^/'^y'
h Thr Veins tifdAnnitt of thtUyitu^ ., ^,...._Ti„..- ,....„.;biii hn'h ^Jiiij-ri
KlCr Tht Ureters. • :-'-. ■ ' ^/-^^ Jji-i -^^ ;i>'or- ru.'it}>v\Vv wlX .i-iifb^
L. Tltf Bladder. .ioo?ii-iV«ttd£S!i!i' .^o 'jnn,?i*r. tu 3vB ojtii Iwljlvr) iiv
M. jh^elelwhUkmiy>Ut4ken.f»'oMef th'Dtkttntu. ^ ^i^-' '.;jja*Jl - IT
aiw T/^ Prolkta:. r,;u . .. . ... ■ ,. . ^ :..-.. / '^01:3 iVsV^fei^tirtjlo
0©. T/tf Kidneys^ -J^f-'^ ,lcniii-^ 'jhTi, -id^iJ^ii ij:>i v;ci,'>w>5%-ivy/Abna
P. TArPenis. -,. .J:x;^;;q3l i'..ij t:£3-icinoo! ; 'uov/ hnu ^b-^Tu sijih
Qna 3 Ae /w^ h&mtuire of /iW Kidney. ' ^>-! ii«i -'2 nl
Ak. Someyefilt afMsriMomtkooatfidtof the K^ney it fetfl '^^ifv "A
SS. Tkt^ettMNsSmtheO^txKxm. n^Et-.^ .1 ii/ol
T T. Tbetwootker Sinus's i* >*# Os OccipitiSi "'i v i. j lu m^jn -Jdi lo cvbrn
V V. The Brum. ,iuu.- .:.:c .j;in . : uii.ii i.^:\ iipmlji fji37/ /j-.-iUO:lt*
X- TW Cerebellum. ,:I&■'^i >*i-» <o a-ia^JlvX'JJ 3il;_ rno-ii l;.r)3i;!i.(^:il Uib ,-.^nii
art* Wiu.wi.j b:>n JUJ i-i-w r.^.^H »fb io ^rl aiiT .iJiorrtfi;L;iJpr.r!il ovy.}
n^biijbivil' f nis jrO »^hflc)i| juJ?gv' biu'. ,i'"i(U\>ittU|k'r\v.V>. v/;^t bell v3tt^\ t'Xl
.1 .'>Rj7(J ni cm, I : ' -^ /.-if.)
— — ^— ■ " f , ' - ' ..Ml \.A\ I.. I ■ -«•■
10 itvf V. r 1 a(i i' .IjuvO 'f.w Mv^to.) -ii i : bbil-y {3 ..■..'nsini ni. lijiv.' ua.yoD
-.if vd ■. bTltyf. ) j'jfel«^ . b ni ^tv*- i., .v.H tnb hiix: ,11:- IC) hi.jq rnir.'.)3iv) a
B 'ioHii. , ifji AJ olmiv/ t^ff'i ,.:)fijni;iHL.jVvi lij/o'l 3uiP ijulw fit// /rl-i fbns^
?i bnii^,i. ri Jtyii: fc lo^rjiJ'iiii mU Jucir ?.iiw djfm.il -IT ,loolM r,' uiDsId.
'-'•Ill
.#1'
'8
'. j.ilftf\ u
.v»,^',n5\ 3Hi1o8biiibif!}3/iJ«r'f || g
3 V
^l.'
l\T
w
\
\
i
1 tii
w^cjO
herlljica
'ail itiuch
d flender,
j'lo slori:
sfhj.^ •
ffd *.i vh'i\
>t,i ?■•; bnr.
:ri5{i 1
iljlvi') i^f/ ■
Jl • IT ■
(bvii siii!:
ib , '.lin^l
i-r-
! )tJ ,0"OD
THE
;•■'..,
i
'H^:
Wi\
\^p^\^(\ \:^<\\K\W^\\\<, ...aV---
-- .6i
n>il!
■:(-. 1 1 1
;^\^.'.7 JUT i-ii;;!j 'lyjioiil noi otn<>i tit \tirrAio'J tjin no ruiy 'A ; >'.-fcihifiA 2>Oi!j
- -^ ;■ t H E .;,:,^ ,. '. V\. ... J •, -Xi^^^
,!-)tvii-,i ■•'*;- ',*'' '^''. ■ l^'ffifit'*^''
'IT
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
t::'::CHAT-pARD:,i:i
■jj!^i[ ^.t^tiiJiir . ;;.j i-v hnn < ^^^ ■_ I Diji i ; Jii.;;!' 2B'// ^-j-iiJ bj:!!; -'h
!^
CATAMOUN
^FI^Is thought that the ChMt-fard w CM-^jhountMtt is one of tlide Animals
•njl^ which are ingeiuhcd by the mhtuve ^of two di^rent Species, ^nd
that it ought to be put in the number of the No veltie!} which Africk daily
produceth \ according to the Opinion of ArifidtU^ who giving the rcalbtt of
the Fertility which JfrUh has for Ahnfters; lays that the diyneis of its Dcfarts
cocnpels the Savage Beafts XQ Aflemble at place's whera tiliere is Watel^r And
Ik hippoles that this meeting oocafions tltefe different Animals to couple, and
iag^ndera. newSpecieSj when it happens (hat they are cqiiial in Hze, and the
time which they uled to bear their young is not very different, i - isoilai !i^
But according to thele reaifi)|i8 of Arifiotky . the Animal which we fpeak of
Icems not poflibie t» bb ingendred of a Lt^a^d and afC^i^^ nor of a Cdt and a
fdmhcr^ which according to the moft common Opinion is the Fenriak Lto-
purd, for neither the Stature of theie Animals nor the titties during wJiich
they go with Youi^ are alike; tlie Leofmi and ?mhev\it\x\^ Animals a
great deal laog^, and of a Species which carries its young much k>nger,|han
Cm. .i'M'lo:i".'!;:;'.'':it!)£r. ;|-/ .'jtJ/!; ^ {\ V-^ .\\ -. Xw ,n>\
Our ChM^^ind was but itwo foot and a half, from the ^it ^ its Nofe to the
beginning ot the Tail, k Qiceeded not one foot and a balt'^itl licighth, from
the top 0^ the lack to the end • of jhe Fore-claws : Tlie Tail was but ^dight
inches. '•-' "^ .' jbfcmoijafij ii^' vn-jbri!' Ui Jun-bioni-vbi;
There was nothing in alT its exterbur Figure which is not in a Cr^ fave
that its Tail was not long enou^v in Froportk)* to the reft of the Body, whole
Hulk did indeed iurpafs that of the largeft Zm^ but wai> alfoiitiuch itfferioitt
6,2
I he Anatoihkai Defer ipt ion
to tli.it otthc Lee/fird dad Panther. It had no long and flendsr Neck like
thofe Animals? It was on the contrary in Ibme Ibrt fhortcrthan the Cats;
which we found to proceed in Ibme meafure from its extraor linary fatnels.
But in this it fcemed to us repugnant totht nature of the Leopard^ which
according to CiHen is tlic leanclt of all Animals, unlels it be fuppoled that
our Chat-p.trd was ingcndred of a Leopard and a Cat, and not of a Cat and a
Paat'er; becaufe it is obferved that comr.ioniy when there is a mixture of
Sprch'Sf that which is thereby ingendred has more refemblance to the Damme
than the S/re, cfpccially in that which refbefts the Form and Habit of the
Body.
The grofncf. of the body of the Hair, was proportionably of the length
asjt i'yi\\Cats, i>u£ it was ibme .vhat fhorter^ The Co/o<»r ^yhioll moll pre-
vaildd all over tSc Body was of a Fox-r^d; only the belly aiid infide of Uie
fore-legs was 7/4^f^.f, the Throat and bottom of the lower Jaw was white.
There were black fpots all over, -Icng ones upon the Back, and round ones
on tlic Belly and Feet, at the extremity of which the fpots were very
finall, and thickly leraiii ued ; on the Ears there wpre (bme very black ftreaks
wincii crofTcd tjicm, j and in (hort, they wholly relembled thofe of a Cat. The
Hairs of the Beard were ihorter than thofe in Cats proportionably to the Bo-
dy ; and there was none on the Eye-brows and Cheeks, where Cats have
them.
In opening the Belly there way found an extraordinary Quantity of Fat,
for.sjl toe intervals ^f the Mufcle^ of the lower yenterwereoAed tlwrewitlf?j
and uider the Periitaxum thero u^s a piece which was bigger.thaa ones TJt,
wliic'i inclofed the Vena Dmbilicalii, The two Skins or Coats of the Epiploony
which Vere Iikewii« furnifhedtlierev^ith, did joyntly defeend as ufually, and
r-ear hed into the Gro^ ; and folding themfelv.es tinder the InteiilincS) did em-
kace iifldkeep tliemfelVesiiifpendod as in a Sack.
rUe Inteftmes were almoft all of an equal bignefi, and had two thirds of an
Inch diameter. The Reifumand Colon exceeded the other in bignels only one
third of an Inch. Thefetwogreatlnteftines together were twelve Inches
Ion?: ; the otliCis froni the PyhrmtQ the C^cum about fcven foot. " The C«-
cum was an Inch and a half in length, and two thirds of aninchinits greateii
thicknefs. It terminated in an obtufe point.
The Stomachy which was very great and large, had in the finuofity, which
is in molV Brutes betwetn the fuperiour and inferiour Orifices, a Membrane
greatly loaden with Fat, which joyned thde two Orifices together, and
which conduced tlie trunck of the Vent Gtfirica to the bottom of the bend-
ing, without touching the Membranes of the Stomach ; the Tmj G4/?r/r*
being in this Membrane after the fame manner as the VefTels arein t\i& Me/en-
tery, and carting its branches into the Stomach as the Veflcls of the Mefentery
do caft them into th^Jnteftines, or as the Vas bre^e produces them to infert
them at the bottom of the Stomach, and in the ^ieen . id
3. The Pancreas was fartened, and run along the Dtsodenum attd Ueimj andi
advanced not far underneath the Stomach. ri
The ispleen wa$ fOUr Inches long, and fifteen lines in its gteateft breadth.
Itwasot a dark-red colour, aad its Figure vqry wellreprelfenteddiatof.an:
Oak k$Sy being flit in fevcrai places, mot-:. ■ urij to v^^ ci •'•nu) by-'biii . !b .iluU
: The
ft
of a Cat-a-Mountain.
^^
Quantity of Fat,
fiJled tlwrewitlf};
llie Liver wasdividetl into fix great Lolfes, three whfcreof were indented
in feveral places. Its Suh/fofice was (bit, and (eenicd to be compofed of feve-
ral Gloftds, as we have klreadv remarked in the Liver of the GazeSa. This
was found by two diflferent Colours which were feen in this Liver ; the bot-
tom being black and fpotted with a clear and yellowifh red. But tlieie (pots
had not a regular Figune like thole which have been oblerved in the Liver of
the(7^W/A /■^'in:
The Gtt/I'Biadder was in the greateft lAe of thole which were again divi-
ded in two : its Colour inclined to Yellow. Its fize was proportionable to
that of the whole Animal, like as the KJdneys, whole proper Membrane was
eafily (eparated, altho* the Veflels wnidi were numeroufly exteiidet- on
the external Superficies of the Parenchjumtj and which were very !r.i r,f. x\n<'i
this Membrbne, even as if it had bet .) :;;<^leiy
for thele Ve(reb were (b vifible, that tl .;/ feeincd
-■ane, altho indeed they were included in the liib-
ich has been already remarked in the youn<T
fwelled, appeared thro
joyned to the Pare»ch-»
to appertain to this . n
(tance of the Kidney
hion.
As for the Pares of Generation they were very defeftive and imperfeft ;
for except the Penis, Prct/hUt and C<»r«/rf*//t which is in the irethr a, tlicre
appeared not the leaft lign or remain thereof. There was only a VclTcl
which might be taken (m- one of the DeftreMia ; but it was impoffible to
know certainly whether it was really one, becaufe that tiiere was rto ap*
pearance of Tefiida^ and it could not be di(cover<sd from whence it came.
As to the other Sfermmck Ve(rels, there could none be found, altho fought
after with all pollible care : for it was doubted whetlier they were not brdcfeti
through carelefnefs, as it is probable hhfmanhHs did. When he Differed i
Woman in whom thele twoSpermatick Arteries wefe ndt found, altltough
flie had had Ibveral Children. To cifcar this doubt, the Vem Cdvx was ptcC-
fed, and ihe Blood therein contained m4d6 to afcerid from the Iliack branches
to the Emulgent Veins. The fame compreflion was likewile made on the
kkEmulgem, without getting out one drOp of Blood, which was there very
abundant, and free from coagulation. The great Artery was likewile tied
a little bek)W the ErmUent j and having blown into the Ttunk there went
not outafty wind. 'Tis true, that haying tied tlie Trunck above the divi-
fion of the IliMk Arteries, the wind loft it (elf through the SuperidUr Mef^^-
terickf which was broktrt : but this brinch being tied, the Air found no way
out whenbtown* and when the whole Tmnk was fwefiedup.
Thisdefea of the Sfertruaiek VelTeb arid other paiiii which are abfolutely
ncccffary (br Generation, agreed very well with tlioabfUndanCeof Fat Wlicrc*'
of this Animal was fulK after the mafincf oi all thdft whkh by at^ externa!
caufe have been rendred incapable of En^endring, and iri Which the remain-
der of the noiirilhment could be impbjitekl only to produiie Fat.
This gave us (bme fulpition that mscChiU^ird might have been Caflrated
when young, according tO the Cuftom'WHichthfe^^«^/f/ have followed, as
much as tlicy couW.towards aH the Mates tfftich thc^ 'dli keep in their Houfcs,
where tteydo fi-equently nourifh t^Wte 'C^4^/4r*, ' Afpecially in Birkdry^
there being fome appearance that the^iermMfick VeffeU rtttght have been cort-
fumed and effiiced by age, even as the Jtta/tomofes 6f die Hesft axtiH Ani-
mals
w^ \T 1^
->
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
1^121 125
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■tt lU 12.2
M ISA ftia
Lo 12.0
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
9i WHT MAIN STMIT
WIUTU.N.V. t4SM
(71«) •71-4S03
^
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V
^4
The Aitatotfrical Defcripion
malspffifliorttimeaftertheir Birth, when theft parts wanting, Aft ion anH
yfe, dp wax <Ji:y andutterly AboUfli- . But the truth is, that we found not any
, Cicatrice in the Skin, qf the Belly ; and confidering tliat the Vml»Uml Veflels
do ilill remain, althc contrafted, when they do no . more execute the Fundi-
ons ^ur which they wcro employed before the Birth; and that the Spermatick
Veflels ferving for other ufesthan Generation, .have OQ realbn to dry up for
want of Imployment, when that, for which tliey were principally dcfigned
confics to ceafe, feeing that it is ordinarily feen that as they pais they moot
forth fevcral branches for the nouriflirnent of the adjoyning parts ; we re-
main in our former Opinion, that this defed of liich important Organs muft
J)roceed from fomc otlier part, and thftt the Sterility which is^ common to
bme Animals which have been irigendred by the mixture of two different
Species muft have a particular caule in our Subjeft, For that \vhich rcndeis
MmUs Barren is not the defcft of, any of the Organs which arp heceflary to
Generation, feeing that the diflereiic? which may be found in tljoConforma-
tion of the Matrix of Mares, and thai, of She-Jjfes cannot, as fomc pretend,
be theoccafion of Sterility ; the Mare^ in which fomcthing is wanting, that
isfoundinthe6yyr--4(r<'» ^>ng not deprived of any of the parts 'which are
abfolutcly neceJTary to Generation, feeing that Hie ingcnders; and the differ
rcnce of the Organs which is between the Species of liorfes, and thi^tof AiTes,
■ binder's not the Gcnerjytipnpf Jlcfc/f*;. whic^ dp pr<?fiC?dfrQP[Jibfil9WWi:<?.ot'
thefe two Species. • ,'ln. >•,{ .^nowJir-. ■. ,£w Vnofh^i.!;/ < 'iMi.jro -hoci
Therefore JrifioiU^ , accordingto EmfeJccUst attributes this <ie^ only to
the Temper of thefo Animals, whole parts have contraftcd a hardnefs whicK
renders them incapable of contributing to a new mixture; which this Phi-
lofopher explains by the comparifoo of Coffer tad^Xifif vliiich being fepa-
rately very Duftile and MalleaUe tobe impioyedin different and fevera)
works, s^-e no morein acondition of being 'Aieilded ^nc) receivin^a new form,
by r&afon of a brittle hardnefs and (h^rpucfs, which tlie Maf$ c^i^ipoled of
theie two Metals acquires, when they are melted togetlicr. ^ , ^
So tlvitifit be true that the tMfiCetvMriiovOinKeSf which are thought
to be engendrcd of the H'olf and Panther, as Md^iv'spf the lje(far4 and Bitdiy
and the greatefl part of the other AniiQials wluch are born by the mixture of
two.Species,ceafenot tq be fertile ; it muft be thought that (he Coyaformati-,
on ofourCi^4/-P4r</ was particular and accidental to it; ai^d tliat the defeO:
of ilie Parts which are wanting, and which madr it ^ii^pable of Generation,
proceeded not from this mixture of Species, whiph by cliangiog the Confor-t
mation of the Parts couM not corrupt tc to the de^ee of rendring it ufelefs to
the FunQipnSfand whie^ is ftill lefs i^pable of makiq^^iMutilationj but which
may morqeaniy caufe a vice in the T^Pff* which,|s a,confcquenpD very na-
tural frpn) the mixture^ i^nd in^kOQ^ic is probable that if die ;|/^/^ be the,
only Animal wlnqhtheconfuiranorsoecies makes Bjurren, it myA needs be
thotth^rq is fomething pjnrtiicul^.iin .t^ofe whiclfhavjc iiigendredit, which
is not found in th^ Qt|ie») *Tis tM^ which Arifttuli has obfwved in the
Horfe^i^Me, wbq hRt{»,;bpch ■^•p^.Jc^ po^cr for Gcneratjpp; than all,
other Animals, feej^ft tl^ in (14^ Which cofifiAs ofthpitf A^rhicharc-
<^o^-ft¥4r ♦Pd,whk!|!flugbt cp«((Mi4Katly.tO;be h^ readily- oB^ndredj-
the peffia|^9C»|i^' {hf if^^UK^eptioA-? great de^j l6ng|ir,and have midi more [
<U,fn " clifficulty
if a J<Ga6*a-Mou(kaiii;
>6f^
"iSte"
difficiilty to give it its laft perfbaion tlian ©tlxei^, ,by(,ieafi)n».,8S cl)is,J*biIo-
lopherlays, of the hardneft: of their ViiritSi wllicU jsiil^^aliBafthiwIltfsli
Drought and Aridity have made ftcrile. . ;; ;, j j ,:;3„;:i;!: I'j, •//
- For this being ibi it is found that the Mitk is jB3.rrejii;,|l©t ; oiiljf hy. . dit gft-
neral reaionof tlie repugnance which is always found iiJ tte niiMu/er!(jit'i.tti^
'ferent «Sjp«/Vj, butUkewife by iheparticujicdBfcd xvlweli. was iftiJOthof
'^tfee^wVi- which are affembled for Genqradott, and whith ibave: notrift^r-
mounted that repugnancy fb powerfully 9&l^ih^dj^]Bt(^s^^MA.foxes^^fj\\)(i^
are Animals fertile enoughftottranTnoit to,tlieiff,J[*orterity the powerfiictij^
^ions which they have ibr Gederacion^ ootjwithfts^n^ing^ Jdie.CQdtreviety
twhichthe mixture of diflfeient'Sp^csimyemjle* , ' r i jiri <
' The Penh was extraordinary fmall, cOotftir^Bg from tlie : .fwelliog icff j t|ie
.Ifchiumj which is its Origine, to the end, but an Inch and lialf, andiJawft.a
Line and half in Diameter. Tliore was f(t)jUai.pP/J8orte.!, vv -^V. a :,) jill
The Diafhragme was very. fkihj^> and its necvpus p^t ven« ; 'CnalJk ,/ jTJie
Veriurdiumj inWhidi there was to water^ iwas.ejsceeqliogiiw; to tljerl^itawti
which happened pcrliaps by the (Welling of this) part, whielifftJer djeioifttt-
nerof all things that do congeal,. was pii|F«d op? I^<)r tUi^PiffefiUooil^
made the eleventh day dilanMary 1 670. at which time was felt a greater cold
than ever was known. The Ventricles of the Heart were filled with great
plenty of congealed and hardened blood, which was not in the Veins, per-
haps by reafbn uf its little quantity, which eafily thaws in the parts which
muft neceiTarily be much handled in the DifTefkion and Preparation thereof.
The Heart was rounder and lefs pointed than in CAts and fierce Beads, by
reafbn, as it is probable, that the extr aot i Jina r y di ft c nti o n and e iJargi t ii; P f
the VentritUs had made the point to fhrink towards the Bafis.
The Lunp had eight lAesy four on the right fide, three on the left, and
the eighth in the middle, in the cavity of the Meiufiimm joyning the D/.t-
fhra^me.
The Os Fromis had two verylarge AWj, which we're fauare and long,
adjoyning to each other. There were two other Hihiis^s in the Os Oicifitis .-
they Vere of a triangular form, and distant from each other, being of the
right and left fide of the CerebeUnm* 1 he Bone which %)arated th^fe two
Brains had two points. ^^^-^ v*, f''^' f'
The BtAin was divided in tw6 by the VaIx which w asTcry large, and
which did enter very deep therein. The Anfrdluofuies were extended in
length from the CerehellMm to the fore-part. At the place where the GtanduU
Finealis ufually is, there was found only a little point about the bigneis
uf a pins point, which was taken for this Gland.
1 ne Ortite of the Eje was whole' and bonie all round, the Bones of the
Temples and that of the Jm being joyned ; but the internal and upper
part was open, infbmuchthat theAt/forthe Eye touched the Mufcles of
thcTemples.
The iJ4//of the Eye contained eleven Lines in Diameter tluougli the mid-
dlef the Cornea had nine. There was an Internal Eye-lid, which was
icatid inthcgrcatC4/»i^ivjof the Eye^ and which advanced towards the little
one.
Ti^c
66
thf Aftaitltfiicat Defeription
^^ The Ajpieviu Humour, ^hit^ \na in exceeding great abundance, wa» not
ftahd congealed, alchoi^ the VifreotultAd Ctyfidi$$( were hard Frozen :
which demonftrates that this Humour is i^piiqperiy called Apeo^St and that
its 9i]b(knoei$ rather SpirxBuou^ahdasitwetieJEIiy&tfrM/^ be^ufethat Con-
g^datiibn poeuliarhr beniMSs eo Aiqueous Liquors ; thofe whkh are Fa^
«n<lCMeagtnoos b«ii^ cap^leoAl^« Coagulation, evei^ asthofe which «u|:
Spirituous and jEdivial do loiftr neither ^on^ehcion noi- Coagulation: $p
that k is piobbblechaKthisSqfciaaoce, «rhidi js Ibck'd «p in tti^ tbi-epanc tif
th^By^ has QOthing of \;P!atcriliut'the Trantpartncy and; fluidity, bfp^
that it has need of ott exiraordimry thinoBfi ind Subtilcy, to (erf^, foe tlip
Refradion which muftbe made^in thcCrigll^ittM, whoft Tubftanop isctHckqr,
by eftabKChing the diverHt^ «f che Medium, which is neceflkcy to tht«i Ope-
racioh;
The ChoroUes wa^^brown^ajod th& Rtthut white« The T^petnm was aUb (£
ai falewifii whici. • In tht pbfit of the Optick Nerve there was oblerved a
btack |)oint» The N<rve entered into the £ye almoft dure£tly< over the mid-
dbof tile Tsfehm* Tht CiyJtMllitu contained five Linesi Diameter, and its
Fttftcriour pin man^t fh CbnvMt as the Amccriour.
^ j£3!3 flj; ..' IwiliJ -jiav/ 3'iKjli £>tb 'io l.''■•^\tW\ t^il'i" .a h<mA <!aw -jyva nulj
- -(3r| ,?rn-V 3fh fir jrp .vvjfrbifiv/ X^A^'^h:Av^y^m I'fi.; twiiaj5fKJ-> lo •/5wlff
diidw mttj dih ni -f7Vi.ilJ '^Itlw/bii! // ,x2ijm.i.'pj'ijil ^ji'IouoIj;:;; vd ^auil
■jiUi fii.'l .iii uoisidj
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The Explication of the Figure of the Sea- Fox.
IN the lower Figure it is laid in fuch a manner, that there may be feen
the two Fins which it has on its Back, Eye, Noftril, and the five A-
pertures of the Gills, with the Teeth which are on the right fide all of one
lin|gle Bone , making only one row, and after another manner than on the
left fide, where they are ieparated from each other, and dilpoled in leveral
rows, as is feen in the upper Figure.
_ ». > t''^.
In the Zipper Figure.
a. Is the Heart.
B c. The Right Lobe of the Liver.
c. The Gall-Uiadder, of which hut a, [mail fart isfeen^ it being incbfed in the Liver.
D D. The Left Lobe of the Liver.
c. The Spleen.
F c. The Ventricle.
g.
gh. TAi? Duodenum.
n L The great Inteftine.
). The Auricle of the Heart.
K. TAr Aorta Afcendens.
L. The Cornea funk and, folding over the Cryftallinc.
M M. The Edgt of the Sclerotica.
N. The Optick Nerve.
O P Q. The great Inteftine, part of whofe toot is taken away to jjjew the Spiral
Memhrme that is within it.
O. The part next the Duodenum. " . >^*^\
V. The beginning of the Ka^um. '^ v- '"Mi'-"'
Q_QjQ^ The Srccw-like or Spiral Membrane.
s
%
THE
->f - V
..^-.^ , — *■*.-■ ^'
be feen
five A-
, of one
LOU the
ieveral
hehivtr.
the Spiral
£i'
THE
»if.'' '<^»-(,' V-
i— »|, ^ — — MM-nrr
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-« 4^*^ .t.«wi»***.*-a-aawj' -<*-•*■
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W^<[\^'
.t ^t.^v'.vitiiyAk 'i'VV
69
!i*«ifr ••^•■)'
;jf.:7.'
-•vU^V
ANATOMICAL
tut?
,Mvi ,rir!:!l.'
y.rH:" *^ A ^'.-v- ■. -' MlHoi.^kq^QotjbrjR-
i)ji;tl ,Avyil «i';: it io wot j; Lsii ,clGintri v uofiJo'lrt
S E A F O X
IN this Fifh wc found all the marks by which Authors'ddcribe that which
they do call the Sea-Fox, except fbme particularities which are pre-
tended to have made it Si named. For they do lay that it has a great deal
ofrefemblance with the LMd-Fox, as well in its Tail, as in its Subtilty,
Smell,and Taft of its Flelh : but none of theCompany oblervedthat it ftnell't
otherwife than the Generality of Sea-fifh. Its FleCh was found well tafted,to
make it to be taken, i^as it has been by Ibme Authors,,^ for the Actipenfn^ or at
leaft to make it unlike that of the Fox^ which is known to be very ill \ and
it cannot be believed that this Animal can have a great deal of Subtilty, if it
be true that the Brain contributes to it, for there was hardly any found in it.
As for the Tail it is indeed very ftrange, but it nothing refembles that of a
Fox.
The Sf4-Fox is by Authors put in the unflat Cartilagiri^ -7 > Cetaceous Kind,
which are called Galeodi. Their generical differences, are to haye two Li-
versjfive BromhU or Gills of each fide, and pendent points at the Finns wbich
are under the Belly, at the fides of the Navel in the Males. Thele Fifliesare
of fix Species called CAHieuUy Acantias, Muflelm^ GglexiaSf Jfietiaf, and Mo-
peeioff which is our Seo' Foxy whole Specifiek difference , a,s to the Fi-
gure, is taken frdm its Tail, which very perfeftly reprelents a Sythe.
The length of this whole Ftjb was eight foot and a half, and its greatell
breadth dire£ily over the Belly fourteen Inches. Its Figure was fuch, that
from the end ol the Nole to about the middle of its whole length, ^t had
the common form of a Fifh : for it grew larger toward the Belly, apd^hen
it did contraft,to the place where the Tail of other Fifhes end,: BMt tlierctit is
that liis began, which was almod as long as all tlie reft of the QQdy,and mad^
likcaSyf/«r bcrit towards the bdly. At the place where thiiv Sythe began*
tiiere was a finale Fin underneath, wliich, Salvian rcpqrts to be at the. jtop,
.':,;ortri " where
%
7°
7/>e Anatomical Defcription
#
where there was only an Eminence, which was an Articulation chat made
the Sfine to bend in this place higher and lower more eafily than in all the
reft of the Body, where the Flexion was eafic only to the right and left.
There were two fins elevated on the Back, a great one in the middle,
and another lels towards the Tail, altho ArtftotUy according to the report of
AthetMHSy fays that it has not any Fin on the Back. It had three Fins on
each fide. The two next the Head were large, and reprelcnting the wings
of a Bird, which is the reafbn perhaps that induced Arijlotte to (ay tliat there
is a Foxy which like B4///,hath leather wii^s. Thefe Fins were fifteen Inches
long, and five broad at their Bafis. Tnole which were at the middle of the
liclly wercof » fnidrfle fi?c. Tljey were at. the fide of i^je Navel, and had
C9ch|pti|dait9pjn>; w^iich is prc^r t;o ttle^I^lfs ip thi^^t of ^iQ), ^
it has been laid. The laft near the Tail were very finall.
T\v&iikin wasfleekand without Scales; t|ie Crefi:s and Fins were hard,
and compofed of fmall Spines reftrained by the Skin which covered them, the
Colour of which was all over alike of a very dark-gray, blewiOi like Mud,
and not whi^ 0'xhc flplly, «s in Sdl^iM^ Fg^.
The Openiiig of tiK Mofh was five lAcbe^ and anrwd wi|h two forts of
Teeth. TliCTimt fide of the upper Jm^ to the place where are the Canini
of other Animals, had a row of (harp Teeth^ hard and firm, being all of one
fingle bone in the form of a Saw; but this bone was much harcfer thaq the
other bones whicli are £iftenod wkh a Cartil^ in tbcfe fbrcs of Fiflies. l^ie
dthf r Teah,which wora on |he fide of this and idil the iow«r Jaw. made fi^
rows throughout, and ^tmt moveable and laftnod by flefliy Nlombranes.
Theiv Fjrgturi was Triangutar femewhat flnrp, and their Siii^mft mad^.
fofter ilian that of the ostecs wltidi are bfce a Saw, elpedaUy in the inM^
roN/S) wiiMC t^were very brittle and iofter than ^ Cartilage, (b that
there were fonte wkich a{^apcd only like an hardned Membrane.
The 7on§tte was aU firmly fixed to the lower Jaw, andcompoied of &ve-
ral Bones ftrongly aniculated to each ocher by a fibrous Pleiii. It was fur-
nilhed with a hara<S^M», and covered with little ihining points, which niade
it verv rough from the infide outwards^ and very fleek and fmooth from the
putfide inwards. Thele points viewed with a Microfcope were tranfoapent
as Cryftal, arid appeared to have three Lines in length, and one and alalf at
their BafK.
The Tkr&at was verylat^, and the Otfffhtgtu was not ieilbr than t\tt%Kh
fUM^, in which Authors do iay d\ait this 1%^ conceals its young when tl^y
are 4&aidjby fwaUowing them down to vomit tliem up again; and this is the
reAfbn wliich made y£/i4K and PAi^rf^ to fay, that the Sitbtilty which this
Fifh has-to quit it (elf of the Hook which it has (wallowed, is to fpew it up
ii^th itsStomodijwhich &^MUmi i>epoFts,itcan turn the wrong fide outward:
wlikh ismuoh mcM-e probable than what othi|rs^ fay, t//«. that it'proeeef!»
t6 Swallow the Line untitl it has found a place weak enough to^cut it with
its^eoth; becaUfeit has no hfifrres. ''; ■'' toI : fi'n £ 1o /moi ru rnrrroj c/i?
This St^hiu^ was about fiflcen Inches lon^, and S.vt hrba^,^mm&tvrt»at
the bottom in » very ftnait Fyorjiw, which was like a choaking, making the
prffegc of the Stt)Maeh to tho Intefline^ 'X\\\%Dnihs or p^flbgc, which ex-
cuedod net tliree TJties in iengtli, and one and a half in Diameter, was veiy
-'■'• (inooth
cu
wl
wl
the
fmooth and ilippery, even as the OefoPhagiut but the infide aS the Hkiint^ was
rugged, atid like to that of AnimaB whidi chew^theGad, which is called
Reticaimik In the 6t&maeh there was found a branch <tf the Sea-plaht' called
in Fretach fi^tc, about five inches long, and a Fifh oif «he fame length with-
out a Head, Scales, Skin^ and Entrails, being alldigdied, except the Mu^
oulpus i^lelh^ which was left entire.
Aiterxthe Pj/lorus the lHtejHne was a little enlarged even to contain four
Lines Diameter, for tlie length of five Inches, whi^ nfiaybe taktnfbrthe
Duodenum^ which was afterwards'dilated for the forming a ^reat Itittftine,
which was about eighteen inches long, and three broad. Its inferiour {^art,
which wa& fmooth, and feveh inclws long, was the ReUmh Th6 Superi-
eur wliicliiconrain^ about thirteen Inchcts^ had a very particular flru£bure ;
ftrinitead of the ordinary CircutnVdlQtions of the Iriteftkies, the Cavity of
tliis was iranfverfly infeerrwted with ^veral fe^aratiMis compofed of the
Membcan^of the latdftiAil folded inwards. 1 he£b Reparations were near
half an Inch diibnt from each other, andturiied round like the fhell c^a Snail,
orof aSta&-"Cale withanopebNewdr Which is the ceafbn, as it is «afie to
coaje£iurejwhythonoiiihifhi<iierttfhy4, andisagreacwhile inpaffing, altho
the way^be'vej;^-'^'®*'*'' '"' ^•^'^'^'- 'o ^.ra.aii,^:.'; .r.h in fj-jn: ■ ;<j ,(!.:! v,\o
Theil^^^^ookup the wbble Jerigth of^fbe^ightfide-of-the B^Ify; it Was
divided inMi^wo Lii>es\'\vY^ has made Awehors to fay that this f^j^ hath
twoLivtci^^ .The kHigbfl of the^Lob^ was twenty fhches, tho otiier^igh-
teen, eaehconaining^ly fi^t^ in bi«adih .• its colour was 'r^ddiDi, and was
flreaksd all along, and acrofs by oblcara Lines.' The GaOyirAs indof^ at the
t^pof tfaeig)«iit Lobe in the fUbHanoe' of 1^ P4>'^^^/f, and was not ga-
thered <iyc6 a WifsAi r but it$<:ok)Uf<dyy feettied to afj^gnsen through the
Tunide^kke Liven The 47^0>i«^fi Weighed five pounds and a half. The
VefcJe hod in tlfe infide 4s it wtrt leaves Gbttipofed €t its I'unicle ; Th6 ^all
WTOch it jcontained was fqund *^ have ftiorc Or Acidity thaA Bittame^ '
The Spieitt-woi MenedtO'iJiie bottom v^ the Stomach. It wa$ double
li^the UVer» and ttkifiMiiattne in tixHi unequal points, tiie longefi^ of which
was five imeh^Sf its Cok^Fix/lembledcbattif the Liver, being only fbolie what
lets dark, and kfs bkrow A Near ^h&^Sftieef* there wa$ obftirved a fart fatten-
ed u> x^titirtfejUHe, ^hv^v miglit be faid'to bethe Pamr^m, becauie th^t it
was asic wore GlandulouV^t ^<^^>'^h^ii t'lc *^]^^'^^
Towards the N^tvel there was tbt^rtd a part fhut up in the infide, about
two tttclies kMg, and'puittted at tlie end, x^^hicli was judged to be the part
wliich nutdethe Sex, wl^h was ali^eady dilcoveved by the two points alrea-
dy mentioaied, and whi^h AiMihors report to be found only in the Males.
The BrmeMii Or Gi&s^Mi hich are five of each fide,bad this common amongd;
them that their Aperture, which is about two inches and a half, waiinlarged
almod as much again in the infide, to lap over a hole like to their Aperture :
That wherein they differed, is that the three middle holes were greater, and
Erovided on the infide with BronciU. The two laft which arc fomewhat
;frer,efpecially that which is moil; diilant from the Head, had this particular,
that they were fiuooih, and without thoic Foliages whereof the Bromhu or
aUs are compoled.
The
.iii^i* %j«5:3J.aKU"
72 The Andt(N^ical Vefcription
^ T^j^art had i^l^^ruardinin ; but there was a Membrane Jike to that
0f.ti|Qp^ifWr«</iw\vbic}vr^vQ(i$dan4 iavqlpj^dthaJ^td. The bignels
;0f : thoMirr; and M ifjW^f' refeiDbli?^ ,a, P*//<f/i Bgg. Its Ventricle wliich was
/ingle flsj irt moft Anio^^Is which ^ not breath,, had five f d/vc/, (hrec Sinaoi-^
if^at the^iHouth Qi%\y&4p*'t^i and two Trici^ffidef at that of the Trm C4v«.
Tlie //(T^r/ had like wife one fingle -(4«r/V/tf very large, and the JKginningof
the ^«rW >yas girt- wilha flefliy rftig of ten Lines. The AortA AjctndeMs ha-
ving ca(i forth fome bmoches for the J3j?in» was : c.onruined> and near all loft
unt|?rtllc/rongue. .liunor w:;: ;,iii*. ( . . . •
Thfi^ii^wasa mwr lump of Flefli, being covered with tlie Muicfcs of
the Temples, wliichicontaincd four Inches i^ i;hi<;:|{ncjl^. The Crtmmm was
not digger than ones fift ; it Was ijear tcf(q fingsrs fhick at top. Tliis thick-,
nels was excavated by ca^^eirnousand;ui|6qual<»>r4fV. They were .almoft all
en^pty, containing only a little muc<>Ms matter n^xt witli Blood. The Bum
which was very finall, and haci bM^Uttle AnfraauoHty, was IbJoft and flab-
by, |hat no Obfcrvation could b«,madc on itsStrM^ure; ;:.b ''Dfil x^ vCil
, Tlie ^inaiit A/riii(M!ii, which iliQt opt all along lhro.ughjtl^F0r4lMR/tf«or>
holes which are between the K*r/<^jr<, ,l?ilatneats,pfAr(m'« about thebignels
of a pin, produced at the beginning of its Exit out.of the Cr4W«w, three
Pair.iwjuch were: about alineandahalf inbigaegi^ t^o wbcceof divided
thenifeshe^ at the Temporal Mu&les, ji)d at thole which do move thb great
fore-Fihs ; the third; Pair-run all alpng (he ^iM<w^, always koepiog ^ ume
Ngnels, i^lthoughit continually caft into the FleihUctlebnncnesUlcethoic
which proceed from iJie Mtdu^ ^M^it^j \ c r . n „ . ! . .1
. The E^yit$ which were. Jaiger .thafl tliofejel^an Ox W^re onlyidcmi-f^hcrical,
being fl^ before) and t^ iiclero$ifdi m^ng as it were ^ Cup. This Mem-i
hMe yfaA very (hin^/but fb hai'd^thait itimgh( rather pals for a B<me than a'
M^Qmbmne. On the contrary, the. C^/vri was fo tender, that it was folded
and funk on the CryfiiiUfNn^ whicji was perfe^ly Spherical, as it is generally
found in Fifhes ;. yet in one of the l^yes it was lome what flamed.
The Anteriour Vve* was not blagc, nor very obfcure in the infide, but only
greyifb, as it is on the outflde, where it makes the Irk* The Qlwaiies was
of the fame colour, and its ground had that luflre of Mother of Pearl which
is in 7>rr^r/W, Animals, and which we do call the Ttfetitm^ \m wi^h colours
lefs brisk. The Retim was adorned with Sanguinary VefTcIs very apparent.
This Fiflf was very Flefhy, and in feveral places we found )cat above, an
inch thick ; which very much Fortifies the Opmion of Archefirtfust. who ia
^/i&M^M averrs that the Sea-Fox is that Fifh whi<;h thofe of HyrMitfe do oU
CynaPi tu, by reafbnof the abundance of Fat which it hath? Which is con-
trary to tUe Opinion of Ep^vetttfy who Jays in the fepje Awtbof, th^t Carti-
iaginous FiChes have none, nu ov^i tifofk d liMii-i/ .ijau j iaqii liarij 3f.r;3 fXisfb
Ifus ,i33i:'_';,';; ^;-^7J\-:^pi'. giltini as'irb Mi Ji.i'.j i'l ^hri-Mh piia tmrMw JbslT
?E'v^Ofncl Jit K,ii.iiw. f'.Ai 0V/3 ;j(\V .%\ -aj-itV (ij'iw sbiirn sth 00 hafclvt-q
,i^SiTiu<i^n\iMQ'ilirjl\i><:r ii^tt] Tn^-Bib ilorn ci ii3id>w 3iii3 vlkota^u
, , , .b'iloqrxjoD uii <.'i. .0
:.!t
■i i M'-'" '*
f X
'lo eJiiiBVuD 2:j<]uJ -Ah'^i v\.\\]iy{ ^0\\ ' .,q w\\w>v\«^/.^i ^lVT
oth ?l yiutii'^l -iiiv/ol 3th iii okkisliitioO horn a ilaiilv/ TAH'" | "^
1
^1 j^«iu;"!a ffuidsfifetferrnfj^. •jib'iutoRtUaih'iOiii-isfliiGiJiiv/'^ijbLt^HsfUio
.' .i^.u'U :':':io jr.fh'!o i-'jjnc'ijj?
•»i
-tfe
^'ii y.
z'puUA vh'^Si y.'fi -(.1 . /.
.-ishbi:!
ii-IiK
D ^A*l
;^>
StO'ld'?!?/ %l\ V.-i^5 <i-3.vi ^v-v-lun •t,\^\ri^\ vaY .1 .1 .i
m
V^ -Vii,
■^
-.1
,^.
V-
m-
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■»!»■,
"%?..
#
HHT
74
The "Explication of the Figure of the Lupus Cervarius or Lynx.
XHAT which is mod Confiderable in the lower Figure is the black Hair,
which makes the Tuft that each Ear has at the tip, and the roundncfs
Head as* well as the reft of the fhape of the Animal which nothing par-
ticipates of that of the )l^(7^ir. ^
• '■■ In theVffer Figure.
A. Is Me of the Kidneys at big m the Life. ^ ' - : • ' , , '
BC. TA^ Tongue. '
D D. The Integuments of the iotferBe/fy,
EE. The Liver,
F-TAfGall-BIaddcr. -^
G. The Ventricle.
H.TA* Spleen. - - • ' - ,
L 1.1. Tie f^ejfelsmdiingthMt, csBed the Vis-btevc.
KICK. 7*f Epiploon.
Li L. L. TAr IntdliiKs.
ir-'-
\ »
J'^'-A.r !
';> '■ -x' >:
THE
'm
... - * •
•70
;. 'J
s
i
- •■ - ' • """, ' • — —- — — ,■
_. ■■ ■ ,'!/ /;.;^,,>. ' ;,;r!?": : ■:\ii\ui
toi i.;; //!?»■{) 'lo.' V ^?V7iiH.tni: ^??j?i;.J ^-jbMl -ylito oiofi* fi; 'Wiijo /bis (>j
— ^ . ' - ' ^ rnn
■"([
j:.ju*.; '.
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION -■
^»*^Tt^ -/-..J V\^ ■'W*J*
O F A
""i:
LUPUS CERVARIUS
\:<,U ,tp>.r'l !:;ie ij!i:<' •.'■'•/'? rrjv
L Y N x;
OR; i.i;i ti;; \-x.. ^'-^^w >,.; jrj if>.-;t
I
Some Authors have thought that this Animal was called Lufm Qet'Oari*
«f, from its Figure and Colour, {uppofingdiat it has the fhapeofa
Wdfcy even as it in lome meafurc rclembles the Stkgi in the Colour of its
Hair. This very Realbn hath made others to thfnkmat it is the Thos of the
Ancients, becaule OffUn reports tliat the Thoi has the Form of its Sire
which is the Wolfe^ and Colour of its Dammt which is the Leofardefs, But
the truth is that the Luptts CeruMfiut or Lynx has nothing which rclembles
tlic Wolfe -, and the little rcfemblance which it takes from the Leofard or
Sti^g is fo common to a great many other Animals, that it is more probable,
as leveral Believe, that the Name of Lupus Cervarius is given unto it, be.
caufe that it hunts ^/4r^/, as the JVolfe devours Sheep.
That which was Dilfcftcd had not the Nofe long and pointed like the
PVof^ff but blunt and fhort, which made it rather to rclemble a Cat. The
le, /h of the whole Head was levcn Inches, that of the Neck four: The
rclt of the Body contained twenty four Inches, without comprehending the
Tail which had but eight ; the whole amounting to three Foot ftven Lich-
cs. The height from the extremitie of the Back to the end of the fore-paws
were twenty Inches, and there were twenty three from the Ot S»crnm to
the extremities of the hind-Feet.
The fore-Paws had five Toes ; the hind-ones only four. All thefe Toes
were anvi'/id witli Claws crooked, pointed, and articulated as in the Lionf,
Bearsy Tigers and Catts which we have Differed.
The Back was of a Fox-rtdf marked with Black Spots. The Belly and in-
K a fidt
l(t
Ihe Anatomical Defcripion
infide of the Lcggs was of an Afli-colour, fpcckled alio with Black Spots, but
differently ; for the Spots of the Belly were larger, not fb Black, nor fb dole
to each other as thoic of the Back, Lcggs and Paws, whole outfide was red
like the Back. The greateft part of the Hair, viz. that which appeared red,
and fliat wtiicTi appeared of an Afh-colour, was indeed of three Colours,
havingthe root ©fa Dark-Gray, and the extremity Whits : But thisWhite-
nefs of the extremity took up lb little a portion of the Hair, that it prevent-
ed not the feeing its principal Colour, which was that of the middle, and it
made the whole Superficies of the Body lo appear only as if it were powde-
red. The Hair, which made the BTack.Spots, was but of two Colours, ha-
uing no White at the end, and being only lets Black towards the root, which
nev^rtleldi \ra» Brovner itMn chat of the otilOr Hair.
The Dentes Canini, which were four, were eight Lines long in the upper-
Jaw ; the two of the lower- Jaw but fix. Between the Canim there were
in each Jaw fix Inciforesy and thofe of the upper were Hkcvvilc longer than
thole of the lower. There were ten MoUresy five in each fide, viz. two a-
bo«*e, an4 three below in ca^li Jaw.
The TongHe was Ibuf Indies and a half long, and an Inch and a half
broad. It was covered with Pricks as in the Lion and Cdtt. Thefe Points
from the tip of the Tongue to the mitkfle were very hard and fharp, and
were turned towards the root of the Tongue. Thofe which were from
the root to the middle were turned contrary \ and were blunter and fbfc-
cr.
The Ears^ which greatly refembted thofeof aO/r, had each on the tip
which was pointed, a. Tuft of very Black Hair, which Teemed to us to be a
Charafter very particular to the Lufm Orvsrim, todiftinguifh it from fcvc-
rai other Animals which are delcribed in cliq Hidories of the Antients^ as die
Thif Chscs, aod pMUhtr, which modern Autliors have taken for the Lufm
Cervarim \ but in none of which has there been obferved this Tuft, wluch
j£ii4» reports to be at the «nd of die Eaits of the Ljmx, after tlie mtiz manr
ner as we found it in owr Subjefl, and in odier Ljtfi Ctrvaru which are in
tho P'irk of Fiiuetintu
In is very hard to conje^ure why modern Autlu)rs have taken the Lufm
Cervarius for die Thcs of the Ancients, of wliich Ibme, as TheocritMSy have
only reported it to be a kind of Wolfe ; and others, as Homer y that it Eats
Sta^s : For it is jpretended that this Author has in ibme mcafure delcribed die
Nature of the Thosy by compareing them to a multitude of TroJMSy which
preiTing l^^yjfes in a Combatc are put to Flight by JjaXy who comes to refcuc
them : But by this Comparilbn he gives us to underhand that the Thos arc
weak, and Cowardly Animals, icing that being aiTcmblcd to eat a 6>.t^
which has been u oundcd by a Hunts-maji, they do leave it to a /.mm which
uiKxpe^lcdiy conies upon diem, tor this rea(bn they are by the Moluji in-
terpreted VMtheri»t which arc a kind of w;eak and timcrous Wolfe. Aril'
totle and theoaitus do likewiie (ay, diat the i'hes relemblcs the Wotfe^ that he
is Iwift footed, and leaps a great way, although he has (hort Leggs.
Hrit there are other rcaibns to make us bcldvc that die Uiptts Cenmiis is
not die Tk^Sy which are much more powerful. For befidcs our n3t find-
ing our Lupus Cerv.trtMs to have ihort Luggs, die other Marks alio
wludtdic Anticnts do uttiibutc to die 2)&m iue wanting in it, having mt
die
T"
of a Lupus Cdrvariu* or Lynx.
n
AriJ-
liat he
the Figure of the Wolfe, as Jriftotlt 4nd iyppian defcribe it, not being weak
and timerous, ds Homer reprelcntS it, not naving another Colour in the
Winter than in the Summer, nor being of the kind of Animals which dOlttVfe
Man, which do him no harm, artd whi h do not avoid him : For it is knowri
that thefe Charaders, by which Atijtotle and Pliny do reprelertt the r/wr,
are not found in the L«^»f Crrviir/Jiif I and the greatefl; fiart are contrary to
what we have oblerved in that wiiich we Differed.
There was only the changeing of the Hair which we at tirft thought to
be (b as ArifiotU reprefents it in the Th6s ; becaufe that the Hair of the Lw
fuiCervgriusj which was brought to us towards the end of Autumne, was
very different firom the Hair of thofe we had leen in the Summer in the Park
oiVincemes ; theft laft having not their Backs Red, nor fpotted with Black
like ours, but only confuftdly intermixt with Black, Gray, and Red .- Be-
fides that their Hair was fhort, thick, and courft as in a M*jHvey whereas our
LttPus CervMrius had it long, foft, and fine like that of SiCatf. But we at
laft found that this divcrfity in the Colour of Hair proceeded not from the
alteration which happens to it according to the Sealons, but from the ditte-
rcnce of the Species ot the Ljtpi Cervdrii: For there are fbme whofe Back is
Red, fpotted with Black, wliich do come from M«/f<M//4, fuchas was ours;
and others which do come from the Lei/tUft and Canada, Ml^hich have no Spots
on the Back, fuch as are thoft which wd have ften at f^incennrs.
Therefore Authors do differ amofigft themieives, and there are fbme
which do even contradid themftives on this Opinion that the T6es is the
LufusCervartHS. For though Sealiger and Q/(zjt do always interpret the Thci
'ta Arifiotle, L»pMS Cervariusy which Otfner and Qilhns do likewife in jEUm ;
yet Scaliger when he fpeaksof the LttpusCervarius, lay's chat he thinks it is
tbcMak Lymx, which; may make us to think that he takes the Tfrds, Lynx,^
and Lt/ptu Cervaritu for the fame Animal, conformable to the Explication of
Petras CrinititSy who interprets Thoes in thmer Ljinces, and to that of Eufi-ithi-
who fays that the Thos is no weak and timerous Animal, becauf'^ that he
HS
jadKcs the Thos to be the Lapus Cervaritts, whicli indeed is ftrong and cou-
ragious.
But Hir»toU»s on Pliny, fays that he cannot fufficienvly wonder at the er-
rour ofthofe who do takt.the Lufns Cervarins for the Thos'. For the Species
of the Wolfty which is pretended to bo the TAo/, is a weak and timid Ani-
mal, which is by Gefner^ Gazt^ and Niphns called Lupis £itnarinSy Lupus Ar-
mentHS, and by the SehoUaji of Hamer ranthtr ; and Oppian puts the Thos a-
mong the little and inconfiderable fiealh, fuch as are Dormice^ Hijvirrels,
and Catts ; which is confirmed by Hefychiusy and fecms to be very fuitable to
the Idea which Homer gives of the Th«s.
So that it remains only to fte whether our Lupus Cervuriusy which has fb
little relation with the deftriptions which the Antients do mako of the Thos
and Panther J has any more with what they have Writt of the Chaos and
Lynx. Hermolaus makes no QuelHon thit it is the Chaos of Pliny. And in-
deed, when this Author fpeaks of the Lupus Cervarius, he reports the fame
thing thereof as he ikidot the Chaos, which is that Ponjpey fliewed Ibme in
hviThcAter ^t Rome, which were fpotted like the Leopaniy and wliich had
been fent from the Gaules, that is to fay, a Northern Country, wlieie the
Lupi Cervariif which have Hair like that of the Ltopitrd are found in great
plenty. 6ut
78
The Anatomical Defcription
But tlie difficulty lies in what P//>ijr lays that they had the Shape of the
Woif<i which we found not, as has been iaid, in our Lufus Cervarius. In-
fprnuch that there remains only the LynXy of which the Ancients do (ay no-
thing whicii is repugnant to wliat we have fccn in our Lufus Cervarius, in
which we have Ukewifc found all that they report of the L.ynx.
For. hefidesthc lock of Black Hair which Mlian Remarks on the tip of the
Ears of the Lynx, and which we have oblerved to be after the fame manner
in oUrSubjed, wliichisa very particular Mark, we have likewife found
that it has a fliort Note like Mls4nsLyf$Xy and it is known that the Lufus
Cerv.trius is very cruelly bent after the hunting of Ht/^s, which Of fun
Reports to be peculiar to the great hyax ; of which he makes a Speci-
es different from the little one wTiich Hunts tUres. For as to the Blackiih
Colour which Pliny gives to the Hair of the Aithiofinn hynxy he mentions it
as a thing extraordinary. And in fhort as for what concerns its light, which
Piifiy Reports to be more piercing than in any otiier Animals, we have Re-
markt nothing which may obftrud, or hinder us from bclieveing our Lufus
Cervarius to have had a very pierceing Sight ; befides it is not very certain
whether that which is reported of the fight of the Lynx muft be underftood
of that of a wild BeaA, or of a Man of diat Name, who had a Sight fb good,
as Piiny affirm^s, that he law the Moon when it changed ; or of an other, who,
zsGeorgius Jgucok explains it, had the repute of feeing thro' the Earth, be^.
caufe that he knew how to dilcoven where the moft concealed Metals .were.
As for what concerns the Inwards of our Lupus Cervarius y which was a
Female, we found that it had a Stomach like to that ofCats, having nothing
extraordinary either in its Structure (^.Bignefs, whicli was proportionable
to tliat of the reft of the Body. ^Wj x\\^y\ ;.. j jo ajir.o<p i<] ui^t;v/ xYA^u\t r.-;
The Sfiecn which was laid al(Mig the left part of ttie Stomach was of a Red-
ifh Colour. Its Length was ieven Inches, and its Breadth but one. All a-
long one of it!> fides, viz. that which was towards the Stomach, it liad an
Eminence which made an Angle. ^i .t« i .., ; jw.j i- •: -i c . • ^>m
The Epifloonj which covered and iiidofed the Inteftine% was liki a Net-
work of Cords of hard and Iblid Fat, whole void Ipaccs were filled with
Membranes pierced with an infinite number of little holes, lb that as theie
Membranes were not capable of retainin;^ Water like thole of the Ef if loon
of Men and feveral other Animals. Theie Ropes of Fat did indole and co-
ver almofl: all the Veffels of the Ef if loon.
The Intejlines, which were of an equal bignels, contained altogether nine
Foot and a half in length : which ieem's to have been oblerved by Pliny, who
fpeakingof Animals which have ihoit Inte/linesy ptxxiuces only two exam-
ples, which are the Lufus Cervarius and Ducker. Yet we have already Rct-
markt in the Lyons that we Diflfedled, that tlieir Intejlsnes were not above
three times longer than the whole Body, wliich is the proportion of the /«-
tefiines of the Lufus Cervarius. There was a C^cum, but it iud no Affendix.
The Liver had feven Lobes, wlrich were long and ftraiij,hr. The longeft
was five Inches, and the broadeft two and a half towards the Bafis. The
CiAlUladdtr contained nine Inches in Icngtli, and not exceeding half a one in
breadth.
The PAncreas Afellianum was three Inches long, and fifteen Lines in its
grcatef^ breadth. It had a Cavitie full of Hi mie a nd putrified Serofitie, w h ich
was t!ie ocuifioii of'aii A\Kt\\ in tlie C enter olclic ^^liajtcry. The
ofaLvLpud Cervariu&'or Lynx.
7^
111 Its
•hich
The
'riio KjAneys were fituated at an equal heighth oppdfite^^ each ; to other.
They wore two Indies in lengthy and one in breadlh. .:ulcillL aiii yj \y<\\\(A
The Matrix rcfcnibled that ot Bitches and Cats. It contained four IrtdiieS
and a half from the external Or//}!fr to the Bifurcation of the two Hornesor
Duftus's, w hich from the Bifurcation to their Extremitie where the Tffiidei
were, contained each four Inches and a half in length. 'The T^^w/e-i were
fix hhcslong, and four broad : They were compolw ctf^ftverai GUnils,' ' ■
The X/iMg/ had (even Io^« like the Liver. They wecealiiioft all dryed
up and friable through the extraordinary heat of the Blood, which was Btackt
by aduftion. This Blacknefs of the Blood had made the Heart livid, ^sCc^
tinged the Water of the Pericardium^ (b that it was Bloodie. The Heart
was two Inches and a half long, and two Inches broad. The Auricles ^ Vef'\
fels and Valves were as in a Catt.
The Mufcles of the Temples were large and ftrong, being eight Lines in
thickncfs, and two Inches in breadth. This bigneis leemcd to us very con-
fiderable, to make dubious the beliefe which we had that the Luftts Cervarius
is the L^wjvoftheAntients; becaule that when G4/f/» (peaks of the diftiirmt
fize of the A/w/f/fj of the Tfw^/w in various Animals, he gives only three ex-
amples of thofe which have them extraordinary Hnall and feeble, which are
Mart, the JfCy and Ly/tx. But it is probable that GMlef$ means the little Lynx
oWppian, which only hunts HdreSf and not that which devours Staggs,
whichis the Lupus Cerv4rf Its,
The Si/ttts*s of the Skull were Very ample and open. The Bone which (e-
pertes the Brain from the Cerebtlkm was liketo that which we have found
m a Tig&y FoXt Deg:,Cjtf and a great many other Animals.
At the opening of the Skttfi the Jnfraifuofities of the Brain appeared thro*
the Dura Mxter, which was tranlparent. The external part and Subiiance
of the Brain, which is called the Cortex, was very white and Iblid. The
Glandula Pinealis \yas very fraall, ,, ,
The B/i/Zof the ,fy* was an Inch Diameter; It was almoft Sphrrical, ex-
cept the Cornea^ \yhich was railed Ibmewhat more; pointing.
The thicknefs of the Cornea^ \vhich ,was half a Line, was every where a-
like. It was joyned as ufually with the Sclerotica by the mutual Attenuati-
on of the extremitie of the two Membranes, which being each in this place
oaAchktthQ Diamond' cut 0^2, Glafsy dofojoyn thcmfclvcs that both toge-
ther are not thicker than each apart, becaufe that the tliinneH; place of the
one, which is its extremitie, lyes upon the thickcft place of the other.
Thefe Sloapeings were each two thirds of a Line broad. The Sclerotica^
which was outwardly White, and inwardly fomewhat Blackifh by the
touching of the X/Vm, was very thin at the bottom, not being thicker than
ftrong Paper . It was twice as thick at its extremitie towards the Cornea.
At the fide of the Cornea there was a Membrane as in the hyon^ whicii
Icrves for an internal Eye-lid which eafily covered all tlic PufilU when it
was thruft over it. It was of a triangular Form. The two leffer fides were
faftcned to the Conjuntfiva. The third, which was the largcft, could flip
and advance, over the Eye to cover it.
The fore-part of the Ins was of a Yellow-colour mixt with a great many
little red Lines, which were broken and of an unequal fizc. It was Black at
the hinder part which lay upon the Cryflallinc.
TIic
»
8o
Th^ Atutomkal Defmptkm
. : TiiQ Jefnetmf Huinottii wfts very aJaaoAmt, but ibmewhat mudcUe^^ being
iullied by the difTolution of ibmo part of th9 Black Subftance whicki&faften-
4'. The Ci^yWivf was £breall40es diarnetef) and five thick, thre^ of which
imde the J^ttriour Camte^dtUy and. two the Pofteritmr.i . i tbulw fieuJjuKx
^. The f^i^MttrHurnour was very Clear and Trai^parenh'' ;' ' :mc '
^ TheX^Mv of Ihe X/um^ which was of a Blewifli White, wais pierced
^y the Ofthk Nenn,. not at its extninide, as it isfiea in moft Anii&als, but
m90h in its Ccntec. Tbs^Oftiek Nerve had inits middle a Red point iaclitte*
iR(5;t9bBlack..-!i-i... -..,... l^.. ^^■...■.. .. . , ,,. . ,;^ ,...,i .;, ..:,.,,„ ^..
•iRr'afelti irfgts -^gisJwf ..jnio-rft; bns-sg-ui.-aiaw v/*\m.V..yih;i!J •'..is\s'&r, in^X .
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'■■'■•'• .i\ rj'JOj 01 ovH uiii -ij /u, o"jf ir.vbt i ;«;;
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I • ;'
: ;.7 . The Explication cf the Figure of the Caftor or Beaver
IT is reprslented below, with half of the Body,that is the fore part, on the
Land, and hind part in the Water ; becaufe that it was obfcrved dure-
ing the time that it was kept, that it loved frequently to plung its hind-
Paws and Tail into the Water. ,1
vt'V'*
In the Vppcr Figure,
wiifc-;
A A. The Os.Pubis. T
B. Thehottomofthe V^biAAzr.
CC. The tipo firji PoHcheSf which are the largeji of thofe, wherein the Calloreum
is prepared and contaimd.
DD. The two fecond, which are lefs. Y':^''
E E. The other Pouches of a third Jort^ inclofed in the fecond.
D E. Severalitttk glointlar Bod/sjcen ufon the fecond and third fort tf/Pouchcs.
F. The Common Hole to the Intefline uid Penis.
G. ThebeginingoftheVttas. %
H H. The Epididymides.
T. TAr Teflicles.
K K. The Vafa Spermatica Prxparantia.
L L. The Deferentia.
MM. r/&^ Cremaftcr's.
N. Oneoftheforc'Pdws.
0. TAr Colon.
P. The Cxcum.
Qs_ A Ligament fafien^d to the Caecum; along which are ff read fever tUVeffeUwhith
loofe themfelves in the Coat of this Inteffine.
KK, The Brain. •_ a ,i .
S. The Sinus of the Dura Mater.
T T T T. Four other Sinus's proceeding from the other ^ pfhich divide the Ccre^
bellum in three.
V V V. The Cerebellum.
X. The bone of the Penis. ^..
T,, ■>■
i%Ai:x.
1
THE
■<tf
^tvhith
H E
*«v^,-«^ •^ *
I
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: : — — rr-- — :". ;::i li.: j — ^ '.
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■ i I »..ilTfY^ '"•''■*"•
ANATOMICAL DESCRJPTION
■;:-i..: . -- -. •■■ - - - »-^-' -■ • •■,■■■] X ' • ■ ,
A S T O R
liioc,
»H "lit -'
1- i iiu ^ji;
I'f'iO dJ''-* ■••■■"0!} •,'[■;■•"■ i'O!'! ''■jrS!. I
BE
E R
-•f t'tl.Wi
XT was (bmuch the more neceffary to obferve nicely all the Parts of th&
1 Ctfiory becauie there has not hitherto been made an exaO: Defcription
thereof; the Ancients having been ahnoft wholly filent concerning this A-
nimal, and the Moderns applying themfelves more to fpeak of its Nature,
than to examine the Strudure ofits Body.
That which was diffeded at the King^s Library was taken in Canada,
about the River of St. Lamttue. It relembled an Otter^ but was larger and
bigger, and weighed above Thirty Pounds. Its length ivas about three
Foot and a half, from the end of the No(e to the tip of the Tail, and its
greateil breadth was near twelve Inches.
The /£i/r which covered its whole Body, except the Tail, was not every
where alike ; but there were two forts, which were mingled together, and
which differed in length as well as Colour. The bigger was about an Inch
and half long, and as thick as the Hair of ones Head. Its Colour was Brown,
Ibmewhat inclining to a Minime or Soot-colour, but very bright;
and its fubilance was firm , and lb folid , that having cut it crofs-
wi(c there could not any Cavity be feen, even with the Microlcope.
The lelTer was about an Inch in length ; there was iome much iliorter
than others ; it Iccmed likewife more fknder, and was (b loft, that the iinefl
down is not Ibfter. The mixture of thele two forts of Hair lb different is
found in many Animals ; but it is moll remarkable in the C4/^(7r, 0/^rr/and
lVild'h.ir ; and it leems tliat it is likewile more aeceffary for them : For thcfo
L 2 Animals
84
The Anatomical Defer i^t ion
Animalsbeingfubjcftto wallow in the Mire, bcfides the flrort Hair which
Nature has given them to defend them from the Cold, they had need of ano-
ther longerHair to receive thcMudd,and keep it from penetrating to the Skin.
Its Hexd was five Inches and a half long, from the end of the Nofe, to
the hinder-part of the Oecipnt^ and five Inches broad at the place of the Bones
which do make the Eminency of the Clieeks. This Proportion has made
the Cijlor, to be by Herodotus, put amongft the Animals which he calls TV., a-
^ 'KOProf(pa, that is to fay, with a fquare Face or Head. Its Ears relembled
tholt 6i' an Utter \ they were roufltl lOd tery fhort, covered with Hair on
tlie out-fidc, and alniolt without any within.
it is laid that this Aaimal delights to knaw T^ees, and tluuit cuts thorn
da^il^-oitiakeitsD^riundorHofevl'ithal; andiiidled its TeeM; were made
after a manner very proper for it. At the end of the Nole it had four
hciforesy tv\'o in each Jaw, like Squirrels^ RatSy and other Animals which
love to nibble. The lower ones vrere above an Incli long, but the upoer
were not above ten Lines, and flipped within the others, not being dircaly
oppofite to them. As^f o their fhape, riiey werte half round beftre, and very
fharp at the end, wKich was cut bevelling on the in-fide and out-fide. Their
Colour was White on the in-fide, and on theoutfide of a brisk Red inclining
to Yellow, almoft like that of baftard Saffron. They were both about two
Lines broad at the going X)utofthe Jaw, and above a Line at their ex-
tremity. Befides jCMc JncifurtSt there wece fixteen Mtlires , that is to
fay, eight in each iv^^ four below, and four above. They were dircftly op-
pofite one to anotl^f , jind had nothing particular.
As to the Eyes w'C could not examme them, becaufe that the RatSt or
fonie fuch Creatures had eat them.
The Structure of the Feet was very extraordinary, and fafficiently de-
monftrated, tlut Nature hath defigncd this Animal to live in the Water as
wxjil as upon Land. For altho* it had four Feet, like terrcftrtal Animals, yet
the tiindmolt leemed more proper to fwim than walk with, the five Toes
of wluch they were compoled being joyned together like thofcof a Go(^e^ by
a Membrane which fcrves this Animal to Swim with. But the forc-oncs
were made othciwife ; for there was no Membrane which held thefe Toes
joyn'd together ; and this wa« requifite for tlic convcnicncy of this Animal,
which ulcs them as Hands ( like iifir/yrf/x ) wlien he eats. The Proportion
of thefe Toes, their Situation, and the ShajK of tlie Palm, do make thcle Paws
wliollv like Hands; and when Mtthtotut fays that they do differ from tlic
Hands of an Afe, he evidently dcmonftrates that he has confounded the
C*ftcr with the 0/rfr,which has the Tocsofthe fore-feet provided with Skins
like thole behind ; which perhaps he has infcrr'd from what Plinjf lays, that
tiu: C'4/for is altogether like the Orrrr, cxa'pt the Tail. The length of the
tbrc-roet was fix Inches and a half from the Cithitits to the end of the great
Toe ; anil three Inches from the beginning of the Hand to the extremity of
the ^rcatcft Finger : tho(c behind were longa*, and contained fix Inches from
the extremity tit the Heel to the end of the longcll, which was the lecond
Toe, Ikfidcs tliefc five Toes, which were all furnilhed at the end with
Nnk cut nlbiTc, and hollow in the infidc like Pens, there was in the exter-
nal Part of each toiv and hirhi-foot, a little lionc which made an eminency .and
which mii^ht have been taken for a fixth Toi?, had it been fcparatc and
vitjf! • ' divided
of a Caftor or Beaver.
85
divided from tlie Foot ; but as it was not, it feenied that it ief ved onfy to add
more ftrength and firmncis to the Foot.
'tllic T/f// is that which has principally made the C<t/<?r to be reckoned in
thi number ofthe Jmphihhus : For it has not any rcfcniblance with the reft
of die Body, and leems to partake more ofthe Nature of Fi^ tiran of Terref-
trUl Animals. It was covered with an Efidtrmis compolcdof Scales, wlm:h
a Pellicle joynod together. Thc(eAV«/« were about the thicknefs of Parch-
ment, about a Line and half in length, and for the moll: part of an irregular
Hexagonal Figure. Thofc on the upper part ofthe Tail were very little dif-
ferent from thole underneath ; fave that amongft lomc of the under ones
there grew fbmerimcs one, fometimes two, and Ibmctimes three fraall Hairs,
which were bent downwards, and exceeded not two Lines in fcngth. As
to the Colour thev were of a Dark-gray inclineing to a Slate-colour ; but in
the)oynts the rpUirmis appeared of a Dariter Colour. When the Skin of
thtCaftor was Head, the Scales of the Tail fell off, but their Figure remain-
ed imprinted thereon ; and this part of the Skin, where the Scales were, be-
came White, andof a Sublhnce like that ofthe Skin off i^ as the Forfeifey
or Se*-Fox. In diffecting the \ ail wc alfb found that the Flelh thereof was
very Fat, and had a great deal of rekmbbiKe »ith that of Cetaceous
Frjbes.
As to the reft, the bulk and ftiape of the Tail was very rema rkable. It was
about eleven Indies in length, and at the root it exceeded not k>\K Inches in
breadth. From thence it went in(en(ibly increafeing on each (kie to its mid-
dle, where it was five Inches ; and afterwards it klfuned toclic end, where
it terminated in an Oval. On the contrary it was thicker towjrds its root
than in all the reft of its length: For in this place it was near two
Inches thick, and decreafed by little and little towards the other end ; {(>
that in its middle it exceeded not an Inch in thicknefs, and was reduced
to five Lines and a half at its cxtrcmitie. The edges of its Circumference
were round and fomewhat thick, altho' tliey were much thinner tlwn the
middle.
The fkle through which this Animal cafts its Excrements was fituated be-
tween the T lil and Os futhif^ about two Inches higher than tlic beginning of
the Tail, and tltrce Inches aixl half lower than thcfe Bones. It was ot an
Oval Figure, abaut nine Lines in length and Icvcn in breadth. The Skin a-
bouc it was iilatk and witliout Hair, and was cafily contrafted and dilatetl,
not by a Sfhiftifer as the J/ims of other Animals, but fimply Hke a flitt. 'J'liis
hole was common to the p.ilfage ofthe Urine as well as to that of other Ex-
crements : For bclides that the j1»us or extrcmitie of tiie Reef urn ended there-
in, a little lower, in the Anteriour Part, there was Iccn to appear tlie extremi-
tie of this Animals Penis.
At the fKJes ofthe infide of tiiis common palTage wc obfervcd two fmall Ca-
vitirsf one in each fide, where we endeavoured to introduce a StylHs ; but wc
t'ould not make it topafs from the infide of the Hole towards the out; and
thro' the outmoft Skin we perceived two Eminencics, vliichwe afterwards
found to be the Baggs or Bladders which do contain the Cdfiorcuwi And it
being that which is moft remarkable in this Animal, wc examined it with a
particular cxaiilncli.
Naturalifts have fpokcn varioufiy thereof. Some do AlFcrt that tlie Cajfo-
85
The Afiatomkai Defmption
ream is lockt up jn the TefticUs of the Caftor ; and /Elian fays tliat this Ani-
mal kno .ving that Men do hunt it only to get this Liquor of ia great u(e iii
Phyfick, tears off its Tefticles when it lees it felf clofely purfued by the Hun-
ters, an J leaves them to them as for its ranfbni. Others are of Opinion that
the Csjlcreum is not found in the TefiicUs of the Caftor ^ but in tlie Bags par-
ticularly defigned to receive this Liquor.
To inform us of the Truth, we liript our Beaver of its skin ; and having
taken it away, we dilcovercd in the place wiiere we had oblcrved thcle Emi-
nencies, four great Pouches fixed underneath the Os Pubis. The two firil
were placed in the middle, and higher than the two other. They both to-
gether reprcfenred a kind of Heart, the top of which was about an Inch un-
der the Os Pubis } and the (ides, being circularly extended, did approacli to
rc-unitc themfelves in the upper part of the common aperture. Ihc greatcft
breadth of thefe two Pouches taken together, was a little more than two
Inches ', and the length from the top ofeach to the common aperture wa^
likcwile about two Inches. I'hcy appeared externally of an Alh-colour,
iheaked with Icveral white Lines of the Ihapc of thofc which are lecn in the
Sa/igot or Water-nut. Their outward Coat was without wrinckle or fold,
and appeared cl(;ar and tranfparent, fb that its Colour Teemed to be borrowed
of the Coat which was underneath. And indeed, having opened one of
thefe Pouches, we found that the inward Coat was of an Alh-colour \ that
moreover it was flefliy, and that it had on the infide (everal wrinckles like to
thofe of a Sheeps Maw, amongft wjiich we found fome remains of a greyilh
matter, which had a (linking Imcll, and which was there fb flrongly faftcned
that it Teemed to be a part thereof. I'heTe wrinckles were extended into
both thefe Pouches, which had communication one with the other, by a^
hole of above an inch, and were feparated only at the bottom. ^ »
Underneath thefe firrt Pouches there were two others, one at the right, and
the other at the left fide ; each of which had the Figure of a Pear fbmcwhat
Hatted, or of a long green ytlmond. They were each two inches and a half
in Icn^tli, and ten Tines in breadth. Tlieir greateft breadth was towards the
tnJ fartlielt from the common PalTage of tlic Excrements, and ended at the
fides of this ho'e. Thefe two Pouches were fb placed, as that they joyntly
formed witli the faid common hole the fhape of a very open V, from the
inliJe of which the two firft Pouches railed tliemfclves like a Heart, as wc
have already laid.
Thcle tu o lower Pouches were very rtreiglitly joyned with the upper,
about the conuiion hole ; and it is probable that tlie matter of the Cajioreum
having begun to be prepared in the two upper Pouches, palfc:!! into the
otlici two there to be perfeded, and to acquire more confillcnce, more oyli-
ncjs, more linell, and a yellower colour, which appeared very little in tiic
upper Pouelies. The (truclure alio of thcle Pouches were very ditferent.
Itlctmed tiiat the lower ones were conipoled of CilanJs, like the Kidneys of
AninuK: for in thenextcriour liirf.ice there wa>a great number of
round IJo'.lics, a little riling, anJof a dilfercnt fi/.e, the large't not ex-
ctedin-^a niidulein^ Lentile. They were all covered over with the Membrane
which externally envelo|)ed all tlie great I'ouches, which i>> nothiii!." elle but
a Coiuinu.ition of the coiuniv^n Menibiane of the Mulcles.
- .j^'; I' Having
linall
:ni;
of * Caflor or Beaver.
Having opened ieveral of thefe little Glandulous Bodies^ we fbund that
tliev were coinpofed of a ipongie Flefli of a viiiitiih colour inclining to a reef,
and that they all had a confidorable Cavity : (o tliat it feeoied as if they wera
£> many littk Pouches i but there was no Liquor in them, nor any other re-
markable Subftance. Ij-uI; , c;
We, judging by the Toudi that there was ibme Liauor In the Pouches^
of whole furfiicc thele little Bodies made, a part, opened one at the bottom^
keeping that of tlie other fide tofave the Liquor^ Out of this hole there
came a ftinking Liquor,yelk)w :is Honey, un6^uous as melted Fat, andcom^-
buftible as THrpentine } for it took fire b«ing put to tlie flame di a wax-candle^
We would liave leen whether by Iqueezing there would not be a reHux of
this humour into the upper Pouches, or into the common paiTage of tlie Ex-^
crements ; but neither the one nor the other fell out. - ,p ^.ua ..
Having afterwards emptied the Liquor of this iecond Ba^ we jperceiv^d
that in its lower part there was a third Pouch about fourteen tines in length,
and fix in breadth, which was likcwife full of Liquour, diid ia i^i^'ened to
the Membrane of the (econd Pouch, ibat it could not be jleparated. It went
iloaping to a point on the lateral part of the common hole ; but we pefcei-'
ved not that there was any palfage into ths Cavities which we have Ijiokert
of in delcribing this hole ; for we could nuke nothing go out that way. -.In
the external furface of tlie third Pouch there were little glandulous Bodies like
thole which We obierved in the fecond. In this third Pouch we found ji
juice, yelkifwer, more liquid, and better digefhdthan in the others. It had
alio a dilferent fmell, and greatly reiembled the yolk of an Egg, but it$^ €d-
lour was Ibcnewhat paler.
Tho it was propofed in this difbourfe to fpeaJc only of the ObferVations
fnade inthe.Diiib^lioa of the CMfior^ it wiH be no digreifion to relate What
lias been fince written from CMf/ddd touching the Csjloreim, It is reported
thix. the Cajhrf do ufe this Liquor to create themfelves an Appetite when they
Jiavb no Stomadi ; that tliey do gee it out by Iqueczing wtrii their Paw the
Veficlts which do Contain it ; and that the S«vages do thct^witli rub the Snares
w'dich they lay for tlieie >\nimals on purpde to entrap tlicm. Ronddctim
had well obierved that the Laftors do frequently lick up this LiquOr ; but he
fpcaks not of the particular ulcs which are told us that the Animal and Sa*
vages make tlKreof. v ti 't; . / • •<. ♦- -'is v v.. \ • lu aji- , • , > ./.i ;;in
But to return to tlw Pouches which Contain the Caflereiim, it h evidert!
by the accurate Dclcription which we have already made thereof, that they
are not the Tefticles of tl^G Cafior^ as Icverll Naturalifts have imagined,
whole Error will likewife more qvidcotly appear, by What we Ihall after-
wards f peak of thclc Tefticles.
SexttMSy according to the relation of Pliftyy derided ilioft who bcliiJvcd
that the Caftor tears off his Tefticles, M'hen defdy porliied by the Hunte»<^;
and faid that it was impofTibk, becauietliat this Aniitlal hflth the Teliide!t
iultened to the Back- bone. But he confutes one error bj* another. For as
Dtn/tondfs has very well oWcn'ed, thcTclHclesof tlw Cn/for arc concealed ii^
the Groins, and not faftcned to the Back-bone. Ncvertlioicls AmatMS Ln^a^
nus and Mdthioitts, who have both Commented upon Dhjt»^idn, and wlio
Ijy that they iuvcDiflcded C'V/^rj in the prclaicc of levevifl Phifitian% 60
avcir
»8
An Anatomical Defcription
averr that they have found thefe Tefticles ib faftened to the Back-bone« that
they had great difficulty to ieperate them with a Launcet. RondeUtiks ruitt
into the fame error, altho he has examined a little better than- other Authors
the Pouches from ^hichthe Cafioreum is taken, but yet very negligently) not
to perceive that they are four in number; for he reckons but two. There
are feme more Mociern Authors who have not gone much farther than the
other, contenting themfelves with, knowing that the Tefticles are different
from thefe Pouches \ and have fb iirunderftood Dicfiorides, as to believe that
when ho fays the Tefticles of ihtCafior are hid in the Groins, he took the
Pouches for them. But experience hath dcmonftrated to us that all theft
Authors are mii^aken, if ail Ctifiors are like to that which we DifTefled : for
the Tef^icles were no more on the infide than the Pouches ; they were only
a little higher at the external and lateral parts of the 0; ftihis^ in the place (^
the GroinS) whets.'we found them wholly concealed, fb that they appeared
not outwardly no more than the Pr/i/j before that the skin was taken off.
*rheir Figure and Shape was very like to the Stones of Dogs^ fave that they
wei-e longer and kfTer in proportion to their length. They were little more
than an inch Iwg > their breadth was half an inch, and their thicknefs fbme'-
what lefs. As to the Epidiefymis and all the VefTels neccfTary to Generation,
they differed in nothing from tho& of D^igs.
: The Penis appeared more fingular to us. . In its extremity inflead of the
Bsliwit it had. « Bone fourteen lines long, and made Uke a 6>y«7, which was
(WpJines brood id its bafis,' and fiiddainly fbaithing it felf,; ended in a point.
There was this alio remarkabk, that whereas the Penis of Dt^s re-aicends
from the Ospuhis towards tiie Navels this dcfccnded downwiards towards the
p^UJage of die Ex^nients, where it ended. lb was, as we have faid, con-
cejiled j fb thJatil^fore the^kiik was taken off we perceived it not, and we
could not dilijern of wliat Sex this Animal was. '
r The better to examine thefe Parts, we opened the lower vmter't and ha«
ving traced tbq Sfarmstitk VdTels to their Origine, we found them like to thoCc
of Dogs, andotlier Animals. Wc obfcrvealikewife that the Fmj was laid
upon the Rtlimm, and that it pajTed underneath thd two firflPbuches of the
Ltfioreum, to which it was dofely joyned : that moreover thefe Baggs received
their Veins and Ax^vk& from. liaHyfogMft rick Veinband Arteries, there be-
ing no appearance that there were other Vclfcls which could furnifh the mat-
ter whereof the C,tftorenm is formed, unlels ic Le imagined that it is caufed
by t\v:{Uret which is improbable, vi.fi . .. liji.i v k ■{aA.X^ i: .m; -.f.j \u
As to tlie other parts of the lower VeHter the jM ufc!ts of the Ahdomei^, Peri-
tomttum^ Stomteh, and Bladder, had nothing remarkable, and their Stru£^ure
was altogether like that of Dogs.
^iX\\clnteftinesYaAhx.t\Q confidi^rablc, except the C^cMm, which was two
mches and a half in breadth, and ten in iensth. It was unufiially ranged on
tlie left fide underneath the Spleen^ from wnenoe it delccnded to tlic Cavity
gf CiUe //r«««, and terminated in a round point, making an Appendix of
an ;mch in length ; It was tliat which made us to diilinguifh this iHteftwe
fVopi the others. Its Figure was not flrait, but a little crooked, like the blade
of 4 Scy the. In tho, concave part of this bending there was a Ligament, and
id tine convex ano(li^r>l>oth hkc to thofc which aic coniinuniy found in the
Colon
niavs
cf a Gaftor„(S!*' B^vcr.
i)9
m, Peri-
Colon of Men ;. and thcic Ligaments were atcompaiiied \Vitli Veins and Anc-
ries which came fromiti\eK«?»^A/-fy^/?^£t<V*^,'ind fpread from fi^ace to fpace
their branches into the Body of this Inteftine. . ; . ■
Two fingers underneath the great end of tile Spleettj there liy a Kttle Splie-
rical Body very extraordinary, which appeared of the fame Subftince as the
^lee/tj akho it was remote from it; It was three Ikles Diameter,
f The otlwr. ila/'(/?/«<f were foUttle different from one another, that \ve
coMld never diftinguiJh the Cokf$. They were near twenty eight foot long.
Having opened them we found m the infide -eight Worms long and round,
like to fiarth-worms, three whereof W6ie between leven and eight inches
lorig,and the reft about four.- > •- > -tJ^ Ji» ''^j ■' -• ' '' ; ^ •
The 6/>/w* was laid along the left fide of the Stomach, to which it was
faftened by eight. Veins, and as many Arteries, which made fb many Fas Bye-
ws. Its Colour was very Red .- Its length (even inches, and its thicknels
almoft equalled its breadtli, which was about ten lirie>. - ; ' • ' '; •■ ,• '
We obierved nothing particular in the L/Vfr, favethat it Was divided into
five Lobes of the lame Colour, as the Lobes of a Dogs Liver.
TlicGaH-B/aiiler was hid under the hollow part of the Liver between two
of its Lobes. It was two- inches and a half in length, and near an inch ia
jbrc;4dth. All tlie lower Vfttter was overflowed with a diffuled Cholcr, Which
had perhaps occarioned the death of this Animal.
The P/!»c, c'.i/ was nothing different from that of Dogt. Its length was ten
inches, but it exceeded not two in its greatcft breadth.
Though this Cd/or was very Fat, efpecially through the Belly and Tail,
yet there wai.found very little in the Tunica adipofa of the l^jdncys.^ and in
the Epiploon. Badi Kjdney was an inch in thicknefs, near two in length,
and as much in breadth at the middle.
The C*rttUgo Xiphoides was round, and fourteen, lines broad ; but very
tliin and pliable.
Having afterwards opened the Thorax we oblerved little difference between
all the parts which were tliere incloled, and thofe of Dogs. The Lungs had
fix Lobes, three on the right fide, two on the left, and another little one
which was in the Mediajlinum near the Center of the Diaphragme.
That which was molt remarkable in the Heartj is that the left Auricle was
larger than the right ; which is likcwife feen in (ome other 'Animals, but not
in Many who on the contrary has the right Auricle of the Heart bigger than
the left.
We the more carefully fought after the Foramen Ovale, which fevcral
Modern i\urIiors have averred to be found in all Amphihious Animals, and
even in :\!f»y who do often dive and fwim a long time in the water. But
what cxac^n Is (bcver we ulcd in the iearch, we could not difcover that hole
in the H.-art ul our C.iftor. It is true that as it had been leveral years pcnn'd
up at / 'crj:if!hs, without having the liberty of going into the Water, it might
bctliat till* hole was doled up, even as it happens to 'he Fartusj after it is
born, and luol^i tithed Ibinctime. Indeed it (eemcd that in tliis place tliere
had fu: iiicrly been a hole which was (ince grown up.
\J\u\cyi\\cl'efiaCoion.tna wc found the T/f/vf called A'ol'le, which fills tlu:
whole frunck of the rcna (Jav.i, and which was lb difpofed, that the fllojd
M nii 'jiT.
lASf^
«!»«3ih.,v
•^.■fy.iyt*<-j »> n^i'
pO
Ihe Jtid99Mical Defiriptim
mi^t eiadly be qini^froai che.JLnvr to tb» jHeart by die F.f;?4 Cai^aj but
which is hiadrediroq^^ddceadiog from the Ht/trt towards the L/W through
the fame Vein. .y\v a. i <
The fifort was twp inches aO!^ ^ W k>ng from the bafis to tb^ {kunc, and
altnoft two inches -bipad. •-.•l.^h-!!- • •■ f/'-'i'.'.' ■.-.') j-i-'V yl;>:.'i 'O ■
In the Difle^^ipn^Yvhiqh weipafdpQf the Biwlr, the Figure /of tlf^^SiMVi of
the^^AMA/tff^r appe<K^ tou&Vfttry'finEuUr'A The upper .Uriw/ which came
from the fide of t^ 04J^tkmi4ft>4iy)4(i^Q the Birdm JUtQ the right and kft Ctdes,
and advanced in a Af-eigbt line to ti;))? beginning of the €rrtf^#/bwy sphere be-
ing arrived it was divided into&wo gceat branches almoftin the ibna of a ¥*»
which on the right and left did divide the Cerehrtmbom tlie Certh'ttlMt. Theft
two brandies pioduccd four others ; two on each fide, which by returning
towards the hinder part of the Head) divided the Crrr^riivm intp three unequal
parts; tliat of the middjei whidi wa^ tlie greateil, wastenhnesP in length,
and five in breadth, and was Oval : the two other lateral ones were four lines
and a half broad, .and Ax long. The whole extent of the Brsin was in' its
greatcd length, fiom the Nolo to the Temples, hut an inch and eight Une$>
and an inch and half in its breadth.
Having railed the whole Body of the Dmrg Mater by the Anterior part we
found no FmIx under tlie great ^imt. There was only a little Cavity whidi
was formed by the roundnefs of the Sitws^ and under the Branches of that 5i-
uHs there was ieep to appear (bme prints of the like Cavities.
The(eparationofthe£r4i«fron)itheC«r«^dEEMr, was dUlinguifliable oitly
by thoie lorts of prints, wliich were not deep. The Cerebellum took up all the
hindcrmoil part of the Head. The Brsm had but very little A»ifra£lm>fities ;
and its external part Hi^ned rather White than Afli-coloured. The reft (£
tlie Brsin was like to that of other Animals. The AUmilUres Proeeffus wtrte
very large; but tlie OftitkNervet were very fmall at their going out of the
fubftance of the Brainy and they went joyned together after an extraordina>
ry manner, by reaionof the kngth of tills Con|un£l;ion, which was (even
lines ; they were afterwards divided after the ufual manner tb go to the Eyes,
which for an Orbt^* had only a bony Circle.
As to the Hejh of the Mu/des %nd of all the reft of the Body, we found
nothing^ particular (ave that the Flelh of the Tail,as we have already oblerv^d;
was dittcreiit from tlut of tlie otber Parts, iVjidh
^.n
\-il.l\ j;.\,»;;]l'
f.'^"'
■ »i " jr " i ■ Ill
-, . J; "V'.'pu.i .!••/; i:>ifl.v I ■
-iit')rr\U .^,
'■ I . .
Ik'-'
ibu:.!'
^c:
?{ 3 T T O ■i'-h "^^ 'mx^Jxi 'a\\'V iwi\L^i\^xS 'vdT
idi 'fo-3*jjjf;aT38 oi\i
nui'iTy(/o\ •. ,;j ni -Jdidim.v.'i h i
r
;. •^^^f>.^"0 aril ni iR zni>!<' v<i ''yuJo 03 rb*:^ honjJJsit t)'!/;. JSi^i ^ iOiiw-^iR-v^;
I J v
^ymi^
-at*
-&>:^r','i'v4 ii.loqib/i. uiniQnipvA ^^^^ t^'^
f'l-.njiixfv J^V£'K!a."M <.Vx vWvii.Vvv/io^ \'onm>» "tVi it A,
^:'-
'Ki-:i^-<.j
2Ji.
■^*^'^L
-ribi
AU-jVAitil-j.
J3
.'^ «ftj
,;-f■*^
.ns^yiU :i'^ l^ Xl (I
« Jk>V,
Si«f
; V .:i H
m
M
;rfi^,>< ~.
oUn/:
i ■-■ . i. ,
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'a Knt m tmim^ f jji rt ii ' f-/ .w,. . , ^^ — ■4*- <■
jj; r
p3
The Explication of the Figure of the OTT UK.
;'(. '. 7Cf
THat which is remarkable in the lower Figure is the Strudlure of the
Paws, whole Toes are faftened each to other by skins as in the Gooje ;
The Teeth which are (harp and different from thofe of the Cajior^ and the
Ear which is little as in the Caftory but a great deal lower.
In the IJpper Figure. .v 7
A B. The Kidney covered with its Membrana Adipola.
C C C. The feverd little Kidneys difcoveredy the Membrana Adipofa^«>^ td-
ken off.
DD. r/>r Ureters. ;. / ,
E E. The Emulgent Veflels.
e. The Clitoris drawn intvards.
FF. The Nymphx.
H. The Anus.
I. The Clitom drawn outwards.
L. The Bone in the Clitoris.
:^i>h
THE
.-C '.
••. * ■ ,
THK
,*.
►-Ife.
''if >1
■m=
^--^.^_
93
iy.t.^j'' K^'AL L^ij ^-.^ift'l <..ll Ic;
;nv
lo-i'-i
•;;U.-:
.\, ,
K/il oi tfb ?£7/ x^j^^-.V.' -M'a idi \ b'/i-;^'IiiU. jv/ jeiI; -t'.v^'v) y.'b moil Jiiyiihilj.ifis.'
>*hW-
. T:;...J]
ji 'ilxifl . fi hfUi
1 U) !)■;'! .'.'h
.'■U'i»'M>i i,£Jf
iji I i. 'i J . ' , ' j ' . ' r"!i;J ■ -_-" •■
•v;>\\p ^ith'tovvi^^-viA ariT ?:li ' i- bflii- 'liiot 3oa b^bsjjxa -^i^iO -'lii 'to Jwh
?t;(i--'n Aii orr.'.' ■vA\y'.i u;h3<> v/'ip ■.■!.. r'.;!'!' .ovii ; ,oJ£ 3o:' ;.\'A)yfb^o
t: {.f" _>2"!.'h ir'ti •'.•iiiV)'>dJ io aic . •.
O'h ■'n bri-> -liir-l ]^;4^ yp: nio/i
AISIATPMJG^L^ D^SGRIPTION
til Si.'.h ,ai xbuTi ,vr!i .iud :ili;;!^. ;ij;liL\-j iioil-oci '"(j ni -i'j^^gid^n,'. /pfb Jiflj
'.i liWjd
.iv
:<-:. ;oa
r^^vf* M>'*-
•irt I
.■A v-.v) ' .-> j'd-'j't yrit fvi
Some Authors haveooinfounded dieOw^r with the Cic/?<?r, by reafbn of
the great reiembfaruk thdt is between thei& two Animals ; but- tb^ ge-
nerality (fo agree that they are different infeveral things. We have remar-
qued fi)me which we havenot as yet heard fpoken of;, ^nd there are likewiie
a great many Particulariciefr which are attributed to the 0//rr, and which are
pretended to be common to it with the Cafior or Beaver y which we found
not in our Subjed. ' ' . ■
PltfiVf Beloniui, and almoftall the Natural Hiftorians, do fay that the 0/-
^y and Ci/?or are only diflfiwent in the Tail, which is covered with Scales in
the Caftor, and which is Hair in the Otter. Georgins AMcoIa and Alhettus^o
make the four Peet of the Otter like thofciof a Do^. -All the other Authors
do report that it has them like to thole of the.C<»y^(3r: we found neither the
one nor the other in our Otter. Herodotus fayS that the Cafior and Otter^ even
as the other Animals which he calls /quare-headedj havethis in common, that
their TefiUles are proper to the Dilkmper of the Mother^ and Brafarolus af-
firms that they both have the fame Virtue againft the. Epilepfie, Paljtey and
all the Maladies of the Nerves : In which it appears that thele Authors have
made no diftinftion between the Pouchei oi i\vi Cajlvr and its Tejiiclesy be-
caufe that the Pouches are only made ulc of in the Dirtempersof the Mother
and Nerves. JrifiotU has likewife attributed to the Otter a particularity
which P//«;' reports of the Ci/or, which he declares to belbinragcd againlt
Man, that when he bites him, he never quits his hold until he feels the Bone
of the Parts which he has Icizcd to crack under his Teeth. ''
The Greek word Aourp'oi', from wlience the word Lntra is derived, and
which fjgnifies a hath or lUgmo^ lecms to diftinguifli it from the Cafiory be-
caufc that it plunges only into Prelh-water, and never into the Sea, the water
whereof is not proper to wafli with, nor to make a Batii; and that the Caftor
goeth inditfcrcntly into the S;a and Rivers. '1'
ic
"The Anatomical Defcription
g»
ThefizcoftheOwfr, and the Proportion of its Parts, did alio render it
very different from the Cdftor that we Differed ; for the Cafior was three foot
and a half long comprehending the Tail; and the Otter had in all but three
foot two inches, and its Tail was proportionably much longer; which made
therefrof the Body Icffer than that of the Cafior. The Head of the Cafior
wa»£v«inches^aa4a half from the Nefe to the hinder part of the Head, and
that of the Otter exceeded not four and a half. The fore-feet of the Cafior
were fix inches and a half from the CtAitus to the end of the Toes, and thole
of the Otter not above five. The- hiifi^r*jfeet of the Cafior were fix inches
from the Heel to the end of the Toes, ' and thole of the Otter but three and a
halt:
T^fhfs does jn44Mif^0eii3fcpoii« Ot^r very diff^eWlxyn th^t f.vI^i,JKr//|^-
Mf dcflcrlbes, in which he makes tlie Leggs to refeinble ithofe oFa Foj:, and"on-
ly different in this that they are bigg^ ; Wile^ he would be underflood to fay
that they are^bigger in proportion t6 their tength : but the truth is, that in
proportion to* the reft of the Bcdy^jjwy are a gr(;^ KJeal fhorter thaji a Foxes,
being in this like to th|^feof a deftly which -ha^ a long Booty and fhort
Leggs.. r 3
The hinder feet wholly refembled thofe of i^t Cafior y having five long
and (lender Toes, not clofe together like thofe of a Dog, and the intervals
had a skin, as in the feet of Geefe. The fore ones were like thole behind,
andrvery diifcrenj; from th« fore-feot of the d^ :,Jfm tjfeiefe to^ Were iQyne4
by Membranes a» tbo^e behind, excepting th^$ tbi3 Me«obraoes held thiem
clofer together ; but th«y had aottbat refemblaocQ which thoie^d'f the C^^
have to a Hand ; (he fiveTcwx being equals havingeach theii'three ^alanges,
and die PoUex not beiog: more ie^tratafrom theocbgr Toes thaatlie refl are
from each other. •
TheA'o/Jr, Eyes, and fhape of the whole //f4</, did hardly render it diffe-
rent from the Cafior : The Teeth only were unlike, not being fLarp, nor fb
iirong as thole o£ the C'^or ; which made us to think t\\2X ArifhtU has mi-
ftaken the Ott^r for che Cafior ^ when he exaggerates,after the manner already
/hewn, the flrange force of its Biting : for our Otter had not tiiofe four great
and long Incifores which are particular to the Cafior, and fbme other Animals*
as the Hare, Hquirel, and Rat; all the Teeth being made like thofe of the
D»g or Wolf, and the Canini being, as is ufual,longer than the intifores. So that
thefe Teeth made all the reiemblance that we found the Otter to have with
the Yhg, altho BeHonius reports that it has its Head, and yElian calls it the
River-Dog. The Ears wliicli were little, as in the Cafior, were bwer thaa
the Eyes, and fituated near the bwer Jaw. . ul
The Hair was not half fb long as that of the Cafior y containing in that pkce
of the Body where it was longefl,but eight lines ; whereas that of the Cafior
was eigliteen. Its Colour was in fome meafure di^ent from that of the C>
fiory but not after the manner as Authors do exprefs it : for they do report
that the Hair of the Caftor inclines more to Grey, and we have found the con-
trary ', om Otter having the Hair underneath its Throat, Stomach, and Belly
much Greyer than it was in our Cafior. The Hair of the Tail was Ihortcr than
upon the Body, but a great deal longer than on the Feet. The refl of the Hair
^'/c. on the Head and Back, was ^ a Colour reiembling thatof theC^/^cr,
being
i
of stH OTTER.
P%
being of a dark Ck^fnut, and of two forts, che one longer, Blcowner, Scraiter
and thicker; tlie other Ihortcr, grayer, more fi'ialcd, andfbfter. *
To finifh the Ddcription of tne outiSdei k remains to fpeak of a Partfcalai'
very rcmarkeablc, and which greatly diflmguifties the 0//^r, not only fropi
the G»fior^ but evnen from other Brutes, which is the extraiirdkMry Forti(»ilit>ioh
of the exteriour Orifice of the A&/«jr, where we found the /Vy«i/f*<? and" k
CUtwu as ill Women. The CUtmf, which was fituated ac the ftiperbur pipc
of the Nytffpbxi and beyond their jun£^ion^ was three lines in length. It was
compofed of Membranes and Ligaments which inclofed a Bone two Knes
long. -^ !^
The generality of the Parts which were fecii^ fty the Diifeftran, were yet
more ditterent from thde of tlie Ci^ than the exteriour are. The Liver
which contained burlive It^jrin the C^or^ had fix in our Otteri. The Sftttft,
which was Cy/«<ArMf/ in the Cdfitr"^ and very Imall, not exceeding ten hnes
Diameter and (even inches in )iengeh,was flat m theO/ffr,being an inch and halt'
in breadth and four and a half in lengtli. But its Connexion was ib prticular
that it was not only differcnfi from thatof tl|e Gsfior, but from almoR all othel-
Animals, in which the Sfleen is generally faftened to the Stomach ; whereas
in our Otter it was at the Epiploon.
The/0<'»<ryj were three inches long and two broad. In the Cajtor they
were not two in length : but the principal difference was in the Conformation
which was fb extraordinary, that it relembled that of the Kidneys of a Bear ;
thole of the Otter differing only in the number of little Kidneys, whereof the
one and the other are compoled ; . for inflead of fifty two little Kidneys which
we found in the Besry there were only teofin, tlicC^r, i^hicli were {Opera-
ted one from the other, each having ttnr 'F^Mchjimg, Venay and Arteria Emul'
gens ajMrt, with a third VcflW, wnic&wafra branch of the Petvity which the
dilatationof the XVrtW' produced, and ten br^RClies of which went to each
little Kidney one. Thefe little' Kidneys, befides a common Membrane that
enveloped tliem, had flore of Fibres which tied and collected them into a
heap, which had a Figure {bmew|iat loriger than the Kidneys ufually have ;
and there was one of thefe fmall Kidneys which was a little more fcparated
from the reft, and which extended this Figure towards the top, fo that this
little Kidney might be taken ibr the CapfnU JtrMaria.
The Pancreas was compoledof conglomerated Glands like that of the Ca-
ftory and generality of other Animals, but they appeared more diftinft and
feparate one from the other than ufual.
The Lungs as in the Cafior was compofed of feven Lobes, fix of which was
equal in fizc, and the fcvcnth very finall, which feemed only an Appendix
oi the fixth.
We carefully (ought in the Veffels of the Heart that Foramen Ovale which
is thought to be in Animals, whileit they do remain without breathing in the
Belly of their Damme, for fupplying the ufe which is attributed toRefpira-
tion, which is, to afTift the Circulation of the Blood which is made through
the Lungs, by means of the dilatation, and comprcffion of this part. We
had formerly made this fcarch in the Caftory becaufe that (bme have thought
that that Animal had need of this conformation of the Veffels of the HcaiT,
to make it able to injure the cellation of Rcfpiration which it undergoes when
It
9^
The jirt4tif0tieal Defaription
it plunges and dives a long time under Water ; but we found not tliis ForsmeK
open, nor that tliere were Qjiher-GQnveyances which might grant pairage to
the Circulatvoq (^ the Blood tlian thoie which, are in the Lungs. . l^tt the
.Truth is, that we oblerved feme vefiigU of this Aperture, wluiih ftemed to
deaiQiiflirate tlivat'iit had not t^^eoLlaqg cloledL: whidi appeared to us the ^lor^
ptpUble, for|:haitiWe wereaftutxdthat th«Ci;/Jf<>r had b^n a lotag timCiihut
^pio his Hutt .without having libifrty to plunge into the-Watei-^ and ttiac it
might happed thattchis For^mt wa$ ftoppedas it ufually is in aU Anim(ds a
litd^ aiter ther 6irth, when, th^ tiiculty which < they ha«!fi of /breathing .ten-
ders this Fortmtn ufblefs. But in our Otter we found not any appearance
dut there evtr had been a J^mm^/il which^iifight gtant psffagCr; to the ^ood
from the yen* Csimmio the AttmAVeikufA^ ahdtliis rum^iAOcly: agrees :.with
the Remarque3 which all Auth<>r^ ht^vci m«de ithat the Qtttir\ i; jever and ^non
forced to raile it lelf above the wwrio |k*&th:; which the €afiw does not,
having a much greater facility pf.w»ptipgjl»rpdration foriaconfiderabletime.
The other Parts whicli hav^ :b«rx careftilly Diffeacdi, have furni W : M$
:wi(h nothing con^lderable^,Kd•vti4€h<d^lirest«i«ltm^r^^^^^ // u,,.
■„.>.\-A.xi V !.',.•; -j;:;^j ri .-..ik/, .lii :L-.i;v/ai ,?li,iriiri/'.
J. ;. .._^^, 1,. ., .«^^\<;<(:ioif3 Jiiasw tt r>ni.^ luo rir
v-fjj M3¥: .) oib ill ■'■.Bi-OifT'o^ f'r.r; jinole-i!;/!!! ijj-ih otj'// tnir'avA J'lT'
hoi3£!Tnc!'./.0 yh tii^c. ir 3-jn3.-*;l?rI) lua.aiiq oiij ii/d : rfJj^rD' ni b'/;j Jori iiav/
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The Explication of ihe Figure of the C\yct'Q2i,t.
\VT'
IT is difpofed in fuch a manner that one may fee the Situation of the
Pouches in which are the Receptacles of the Odoriferous Liquor, and
the three Apertures which are peculiar to this Animal, and which are more
diftindly reprefented in the upper Figure.
:^i^:
In the Zipper Figure.
A A. Is the E^d of the Veais forcedly draw/toufivards.
B B. The Anus of the Maie and Female.
c c. The External Orifice of the Uterus.
D D.. The place where the Tail is cut off.
e. An Eminence heing a kind of Cikoris.
F F. The Pouches wherein are the Receptacles for the Odoriferous Liquor^ covered
with their proper Skin, and in their Natural Situation.
G G. The fame Pouches uncovered and turned downward.
H H. The fame Pouches ^r^ more uncovered, the Mufcles being taken off.
1. 1. The two Apertures of the Sack., or Receptacles of the Odoriferous Liquor.
K" The Vnitemg of the three Mufcles of the Pouches^ or Scent-bags.
L. The Sheath in which the Penis lyes concealed.
M. The Neck of the Uterus.
N. N. The Tefticles of the Male, brought Jideways tojbew them, their Natural Situ-
atton being under the Pouches .
O. O. The Tefticles of the Female. * >
P. P. r/;? Cornua Uteri.
Q^ (}yrhe Cremafter-Mufclcs.
R. TA^- Bladder.
S. S.The Extreamttie of the Cornua Uteri haveingfomerefemblance to the Tuba
TTi:
lation of the
Liquor, and
ich are more
jquoff coveren
off.
Liquor.
NMtural Situ-
«!•
to the Tuba.
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lUil
:AlSfAtOMICAL JRESaajPXIQHi
CIVET CATS
'A
feUov
Ftcr havekig made the Diffeftion of a Cjifior andO/^w, an cpportunky
^ offered tof joyning thereunto that «f two Civet-Catts, whicli dyed tlie
_Jlowing Winter in the Parkeiof^<'r/4///«., We wereveiy glad of being
able tomakethecomparifonoftliele two Species of Animals, becaufe that
they do agree in fome Org^os, which are very jxculiar to tlicni, wliich arc
the Receptacles in which there is collefted a. 'Liquor, whofc Odour is re-
markable, for bei^g extreamly pieafant in thb 6ne, aittl veiy diiagreable m
the other. . .
We at firft fcKight wheth^ there was not fome particular. Reafon of this
divCrfity of Scent, but we found not that there was apparently any other than
the diverfitie of tlieTemperamcnt of theft Animalsjfor the one is Jiot and dry,
drinks little, and inhabits hdt and dry Countryes ; tlic other lives fometirees in
the Water, and fbmetimes on the Land : and as it has a great deal of humi.
tlitie, by reafon that it participates of the Nature of ttjby it has not Heat
enough to Concoft and perfcft this humiditie. So that fuppofc that tlit-
good and bad Scent do*s proceed liom the Concoftion or Cruditie which
theNaturalheat more Of lefsPowerful operates on the Humours, the Caftot-y
wh«3(e Natural heat is weikencd, and as it were ftifled by the abundance
6fitsmoiftrire,canonlyiraperfe6lly Concod it,and produce only ivcry un-
pleafant Scent. > i
ThetwoO-y^z-C^rtiof^vhich we madetiie DilTeftion, were Male and
Fcmaljbutfolikeinall outward appearance, tliat there fccmed no dillindi-.
on of Sex ; it being impoffible without Dilfcdion, to judge whctlicr
they were not both Females. For the parts which are proper to tlic
Male, were hid and lockt up in the infide ; and the Vcflel or Receptacle of the
Odoriferous Liquor, whofc aperture has been taken by moft of tlie Ancients
for a mark of the Female, wasalil^e ia bpth tlie one and the other of our
Civet-Cults. •.^-•■' ■ ■ ..!n;i i. i /; i." :Mii .Iji. i'
From the Mouth to tfee bcgining of the Tail tlicy were Twenty nine
.' N 2 ^ lutjiw
lOO
Ihe Aiiitloniiicil Dejiription
was tlic long-
luclics long. The Tails of both had been cur. 'I'hat w hicli
cllcotitained ten inches. The Fff/ were very Ihort, elpecially tliobc betbrc,
wliich from the Iklly to til ; ground exceeded not live Inches. The Pmvs.,
as well thoic bcfi^rcns behind, had e-acli hve 'iVw,- th« kait of which wa-s
inwardlikeaLVj/'j- J Due this little Toe touched not the ground. Ik-fides
thcic five Toes there was nSpur which was armed with its Nail like the
Toes. 'IT.e iXails were black, llrait and very little Pointed. The Sole was
furniflit witii a Skin very 16ft to tU^ tpuch. The Ears relembled the figure and
li/.e of thole of a Catt', but they wcfc IcMs Pointed, and Ihialler .- The reft of
the Head had nothing which participates of tliis Animal but the iieards,
v/hich arc «3oit3fi*ifJ:0 tlfp gjiifr^litie df K^fhhtrousf iivnmt^. (■ ^w lie
Ifcad' vv^as Ih^it t ^it NtotJirhrlong'; Hie TdingireHetV ;• rhc^ l^'ei liltfie/'fllafc^,
troubled and long ; the De/Jtes L.tnini lliort, and blunt, lb that they did ieeni
to have been broken : and it.iv pw^bt^le that this Fierce and Cholerick Ani-
nul do's ordinarily break its leetli by bitcing the Iron barrs of its Cage. The
Xtck was ftiens^thencfJ andiJsu^ilied by Ligamcuti^and.Muicles extraordir.a-
ry ItriJrtg. Birt/joitfjjjIsUas obleivedthat diey are;ta|r nioce jiumctius in ttlier
Aniimhi. ' • ■'' A' J
The //?/>, which was fliort on the Head, and Paws, was very long on
the ixdi; of the Body, being Ibuc Inches aada'baiif oiv die Uo^kv where i|is
longdl. Anwngell thi& long Hair, wluch wa& Uard^ Ua4?iri,, and Hmt, fr^^>
intamixt ancthoc niiQccer,i(mer,.aiid fcizciitfi [^kt,\ViMyMi^a|tl}o,CAfiol(f^^t^
it was not 16 fiiiCi: Itw^s all over of the fsme; Colauiit.'VA*.. ^(^^c^,.
'i'he^cat hair was q£ throe Coburs, t»ilwiQg;<V^tsaaii;I^SKii^
others Whita, aiid others RjiiJ. Tlicre were lonie of tijfii Hi^Hs wiiid}
were ot'two Colours,, being Blade tcxwai'd&tlio middkyaiid WliHjB.ioinuUQitis
towards the Root, lometimes towards the other end. The four i'iMrwero
Black, aiallb the Bblly and bottom.of ciie rhcoatt.Cottlraiy co tlMsNaiuit; of
other Animals, which ahvaycii iwvv the Belly and I'hroat of a lighter G>
lonrthan the reft of chc Body, wheit alt the Hair ia not of clue lame Colour.
TItc reft of die Body was iiuermixt widi three Colours amunt^]; whidi.
Black was the clieif. There \ver«,two grciic black Spocsae the Inks, of the
Moutb, which iiKompaft the Eyes, and left the reifc v«ry wliite, excepting the
\o(c whicli was black. The Crowne of the Headj tioin tlii iiyes to the £<»!»
was gray, by the mixture of the white and black wluch was in evciy liair.a^
has been laid, all the ground bein^ black, and the extremity wluie. kiycEofs
whidi were all Blad< on the outfide, and otdiy Liii^at witJi Wlute, were
filled in the infide with a loiu; w lute Hair. Tbtr Aleck Imd on. each fide four
Black /.(//; on a very White ground ; andthcle Lifts which be^^aM under-
neutii the iurs, (.yccnded obliquely towards die Stomach. Tbemiddio o^
rite Biick was covered with three Lifts ; the middle one wat» JHack» andtlioiu
of the fides Rediih. I'he Shuldm and fiiks uoto the Flanks were masked
with a great deal of lilack antk little tieii!. The Ptmks were eqvkiUy ftrcaked
^vith Black and White^ but thele ftreaks were not fo continued as tliole of
the Neck ; they svcre rMlwrthe Ipots which P/wy calls Eyes in tlie Panther,
liut few of which ware fingie, the i^eiitelkpait bci/i^ )oyjH:d to each other.
The Tail u as Hliik at X()\\ ,ukI mt\t with a little White underneath.
1 he Afi-rrurfuiiVx Ponth oi iiid< i»liidvis the RecojMtacle of the (Uvet,
wa> un(ii.iu(.ath r';'.e./«"s.iikl ni)« under the Tail, as Anjiotlc places it in Ins
< iflw C I V £ TaC A T S.
"I-CI
Hyam, which wc together vwith lUelomus judged to be nothing ellc but our
Civet^CMt \ or Jit Icali: tlut oxvc.CizKt'Carrs a Sfecics of^Hy^na. And\Wk
bolagih, it is veiy ibangitiithatiuhis gneacPepfon, w'ho reprehends Wcreafo/wV
tjjr .being rruftakon, when he ;tIiouglit that the Aperture of this I\)uch ^ras
iiie<part wluchdurtotedtljcSaxof the Feniale, and wPio excufes him upon
ijiis Account, that itis .difficokuot coibe deaived, ifithe thing be notcate-
Jiilly exajnioed, tChouldfuflferhiolifclftO'ruiiiiiitoihcitHrie'miftake, and write
m. kveral pianos, that tlie.^;^.aad ^aeis of Gencmtfion in botli Sexes are bi^
jkiwthe Pouciur.v/ i.^dxii^'in-miii'-^'.^)) isilsdCAi birnuil a^rni r.i ■mi?riori
,,.: This Fcmb was Jjct wucn tth^HJnits ahdanother little Aperture, from which
itiWastvvoIaehesand adaalt". diltant; biititAvas nearer the Jms. This
Peuch waSvtWQ Inche>attdalial£in bneadth, and thitie in length .- Its A^
pertucewjiicli vvasailit;ifr<aiii nop to bottbrn, was ttvo Tndhes and a liiW.
At the edges and in-fide it \ik'asiC(&vui-ed with a thort H;iir turfltd inwards, 'fb
thai it was rQUghiQUturardi .tiyiputuagtbe'two fides of this Aperture, the
ip-ifide was leen, tlK capacity oitwivichw!0isld;<30iitai» a tfrnall Ptiii.it' s -li^^ ;
tlje bottom thereof was iweECOtl en the i%li«<!in\il Mt itde, M'ith t\\*o Forimf
iMoapableofi^ceiviog the Finger, whiclvuiid^fl!ch'pen«3rote''iiuo a Saek,'fup-
piy?d witl\a Wibutc and Rougii Skin dike tliaci^la Gt>r/<'. The Eminencies
T^Uinli madp tliis incqualiey, iJ'ere piierocd with «8Jniany lUw-w; out -of which
WAS made fto come* when icjuKEai, liie odbi-iferom ^Liquor, whidi the
jMtmsdifi calli^isrt^ ivbich^ifie&itirotH) and from^VhcMe is dcrivcdthe
Word Civet. ■■■'-^
, Indeeid»jfthis jL^uor was >fcothy'injconuiigodt^ twiiidh was knownby this
titat ibmetime after it Joft/tbeWJiiteDcfe which 4t <had at the firft. It pro-
Q9edcd, as!far as we could judge, from A9«at<|}umbcr of Glands which wtire
between tbc two Itunioles, !«>f 1^9 iaidi the Sacks were compoled.
Tlielittk Aqpcrtjarc -Whicli appeared tinderaeath the great Fouch, was the
ciurttuoe of a Dttdus, in wiiidi the Bettiid the Male was concealed ; and
tli&Jr'cnitxte had i'uch a DuBiuSf. wbiolk was die Neck of the Mtttrix, wlioie
internal OiuiicB wnisic) ilrait, andifbdiflacuit to dilate, that it was very hard
to make-a Uttle Pifobe toeotei' tiierein. 'I'lw external Orifice was covered
With two little Eminencies Ibmewhat longiflii which were joyncd together,
and made ^au Jm]^ uadei'oeatli dvcliich thei% was a third Eminence which
appeared (to be tlic<,V/?p>rK. . .ij k;' : nouM'-! ^ ai -.fj'
At theopeningiof the Belly thert was^ond binder the Skin from tlie 0/
P«i^>tottheKav^ twofiuiuiencics of Itardl^at, un >Indi broad and thick,
and foor long. They indoled the tfiranohes which do pais from the HffngAfh'^
rick Veins and Artenies, :into thc<two:8acks wliich do make the gre«tH*ou(Jh,
there Co coQveythe Matter w^icrBof the fweot'fmelling Liquor is made, and
vhich is there oolleQed. '|JUrtvii0/mM;:has very carefully iuarcht after, tW
aot found, die particular jDw^j'ji, wJjidi 'he thought to bs neccifary f)r the
comxying this Matter : But our Opinion is tl>at there need:> no other than
the ;/Vrtcries, juft osthe i^4^'//4|, and Kidusys^have no other which do convey
to them the Matter of the Milk ^nd Orinc; there being a Faculty in tlw
Glands, that are lockt up in tlicSaxiks of the .Receptacle of the Civet , which
imkos titen to rucitvre int") tlic Arwriei, that which is prop;;r to be
converted into odoriicrous Litjuor, «ven -aH-t4K;Glands*ofthe ]'<(/»///« do im-
bibe the Matter which they dotind in ihcBlood, proi^crto rca'ive tliC'Glu-
acbrofMiIk. Thclb
il02
7 he AttatomicMl '■ Defcriptm
Thcle Veflels wUich went to- the Bags of the Receptacle were very great
in the jVIale ; but could hardly be, perceived in the Female. The Ctvet of the
Male hfid alfo a (Wronger jan^l plealaater Odour than that of the Female. Yet
Autlnors do almaft all fay the contrary ; and iQMailrafuiKs in his Treatife of
T/'m-if^preferrs tlie Civet. oi the Female to that bf the Male, which he reports
-tobenothing worth, if not juixcd with tliat of the Female. We found it
not to be true that the Scent orfmell of theCiv^/ is perfefted, after long keep-
ing, nor that being new it had an abominable Scent, z&Amatus L^itAmuK-
ports ;for its fniell Teemed no better to us after a year,than when we made the
Difle^ion. Pktnrcb fays that notxinly the Skin, but likewile the Flefh>and
Bones of the Panther have, ji gobd:Scci)t> but we found not thai the pl&afiidt
fmell of the Civet was comiai).uni6ued to the inward parts jfbr-it was the Hai^
only that had a goodfmeUyandefpecially in the Male,whofe Hair was fbper^-
fumed, that the hand which ihad toiiched it did a lone time reeatn a very ^6a-
(antand agreeable fmell : which, ift^s to confiiin and fb'engchen the Opinion
of Scttliger^MAthioluSyd^xA feveral lotbers, who do think that the'perfiime of the
Civet-C4t is nothing eJfe but its Sweat; Co that it is gathered as Afiir;!^/ affirms^
irom the Animals which do produce it, after they have fceen well chaccd in
their Cage ; and that it is gathered not only from their Pouches, but Jike?
wife from (everal other places, auid'efpedally-. from iabqi;i«' the iNeck: there
^being $. prol^ability that tho this Sweat proceeds indifFcremlyirom the whole
Body, it gathers more abundantly in tho-BagSf and . there ^dWjB ^ greatot
Perfeftion. .',,.; H;oV/
, Thefe FcMJ&»or B4^JhadfbmeMufcles, which B4K/A«|6yir> mentions tiot,
altho he lias marked them in his FiguirBss . Thofe which wefound weri dif-^
ferent from thdie which he reprefo^s, as well in Number ai in Stru£hire^
He puts down four, which prcxtoeding from the neighbouring parts,' are joyn*
ed to the Pouches, Thofe ofowCivet:^ats were but three in nqmber,of which
there was one, which taking its Origine at one of the Pouches, went toin-^
fert it felf to the other .- the two othersdtook their Oi^ine from the lower
part of the I/chium, and each came to bel joyned to its Anta^onift at the
middle of the two Pouches, and was faflened to the Pouchover which it
went to make this Conjun6Uon» ■•■' ■)• = ffv/ jimn c:;i.n-niifiH t^iJj;! l >
It were eafie for us to conjecture what ought to be the Adion of thefeMuf^
cles by their ftrufture and fcituation : for tliat which is common to the two^
Pouches, muft be for their Conflri£^ion, by drawing one to the Qther ; and
thofe which do come from the Bones of tlie J/ehittmy do draw the two Pouches
together, fbmetimes on the right fide, fbmetimes on the lift, according as
one of the Mufcles is contraded, whilfl its Antagonifl is relaxed. The ufe'
of thefe motions is very probably fbr tlie pre^Sng and fhueezing out the O-
dorous Liquor, the retention of which is infupportable to thefe Animals,
when by time it has acquired a picquant Acrimony, which excitcii tliem to
fqucczc it out : for it is obferved that Civet-Cdts do fecm to have a redlefhcl's
which agitates and torments them, when they have gathered fioic of this
Liquor, which they are con (trained to let out. ni/ -• i ; : jut
, I'hc EpiplooM was double and iquare as ufually,. but very great. Itdiifcen-
dcd to the Us palts and was conipofed of rdws of Fat whicli inctofed the Vcf-
fcls. Thcic rows or'baiids had each i three Angles, and were joyned together
by a texture of Net-like Fibres. % vi j ii; ;)nit <,'y v.-iij , Lilly/ r>Ji-.i"/, Tfie
of im^ CIVET-CAT S.
«>^
, The Int'eftittts were not very long, but 'elpecially thclntefiina craffa^ whicti
all three togethei* exceedcdi Hot fix inchesi On the contrary, tiie SpUett: x«as
extraordinary long,coiita^intng above fix; inches in iength-and two in breadth,
and a quarter of an inch in thicknfifs. 1 he Colour thereof vi'as livid, inch-.
fling to a ^lack. , - . '■■■'..
The Pancreas was fa^"edto the Uaodemm, and eittcndcd towards the
iifleen. It was an incli ui breadth, and'fbur in length*'! vjrr;!u;;j ,«H ^iii i
The Livtr had five great Lobes, and a fixtii leffer than tliie reft/ fituated
in the middle , of the lower part. Bartholinus t*:xkoQ& {cx&n. The Liver of
the Female was much paler than that of tlieMiie, and it was. marked with a
great many fpots of a darker Red. .u; , • <.. v ...vsv
, The Situation of the Kjdtfeys was fuch, that the right was> higher than:, tlie
left. They were both faltned to the Loins by a Membrane which we took for
the Duplicature of the PuritoneuMj which heldthemtpgether asthey are in
Men, and in (bme other Animals. Bartholinus thinks tliat this Membrane is
that which i? particular to them, and which immediately invelopes their P4-
renchyma^ but he confeflss tliat it was more, eafily feparated than the proper
Membrane uled to be. , - : ,i
The PfwV was fituated between the two Pouches in a Ductus, as has been
already declared. At its extremity it hadaibone fix lines long, one and a half
broad at the narroweft place,ana above two towards its extremity, where it
was larger, and divided; ib that it had as it wore two heads, between which
there was a void fpace like a Gutter, to give paiTage to thcDrff^M.
The Matrix was feparated into two long Cortrua, at the end of which
were the Te/lfcla, whofe bignels fcarce exceeded that of a great Pea, whole
Figure they imitated, being ahnoft round. Thefe Cormx produced likewife
beyond the Tefiicles, £bme Appendices of a fat and Membranous Subiiance,
of an irregular Figure, which might be taken for the Fringes of the Tuba of
the Matrix.
The Lungs had (even Lobes, three on one fide, and three on the other, and
and a leiTcr than the reft in the middle in the cavity of the Mediafiimm near
the Diaphrigme. The Lungs of the Female was corrupted and filled with
Stones.
The Heart v/as as in Dogs. The mouth of the Jorta was hardened, and
as it were Cartilaginous: and there was a Fat which accompanied the /<a/i
Coronaria even into the fubftance of the Heart. a
The Mufcles of the Temples were very thick, and did cover as in the Lion
the two upper fides of the Head. In the Os Frontis there were fix Caviries
or S/»«j'j ieparated from each other by Spongious and very thin Bones. The
Cerebrim was divided from the CerekeUum by a tranfverfe Bone, as in the ge-
nerality of Brutes. Bartholinus has obferved in a.Ctvet-Cat a Bone which part-
ed the Cerebrum in two, very different from this and all thofe whicli are com-
monly found in Brutes in the infide of the Cranium ;for it lay long-ways accord-
ing to the ^iutura Hagittalis.
The Glandifla Pinealis was very fmall, and about the bignefsof a little pins
head.
The Aqueous humour of the Eye was muddied ; which hapned as we
thought, by the diifolution of the Black, wherewith the reverie of the Ins
is
[Of.
The Anatomical Deftri^im
is befmeared. The T*fetum ftron^y inclined to White. Naturahih do fay,
that the Eyes of this Animal do fliine in the ni|ht like thofe of Cats, The
CryftaUine was more convex inward than outwand ; but that which it had
moft remarkable, was an extraordinary hardnefs, which put us in mind of what
Pliny fays of the Eyes of the HyxnA^ viz. that there are thenoe taken fomc
Precious Stones called hfytni*.
This Particularity joynedtoagreatmany others, which are found common
to the Hy*nA of the Ancients, and td our Ciwt-Caty made us rather to incline
to the Opinion of fifibM'a/, ( who thought that the(e are not different Ani-
mals) than to that of HcMligerj RueHiuty AUxAnder Btnediifuty Mdtthiolits, Leo
AfricMusy BufbequtHs^ Aldrovandusy and almoft ay the Modern Authors, who
would have the Civet*Cdt to be unknown to the Ancients, and that it was a
Species of C4/ : for according to our Remarks, the length of the Head and
Eyes of the Cl^/«^Cir, the fmalne^ of the Teeth and Feet, the harfhnels of
its Hair, the Ibftneis of its Tongue, the blacknefs and reditude of its Nails>
and the hoarlheis which all Authors have obferved in its Voice, which ren-
ders it more like to that of Dcigs than CatSf are Chara£ters wholly diiferent
from thole which are feen in all the Species of Cats. But on the contrarv^ aH
that the Ancients have related of their Hy^M is found in the Civet-Cnti iome
Incredible and Ridiculous things only excepted ; as to make Dogs filent by
itsSiiadow, as v<r(/?ttfi<;^ and ^/im report; to know how to imitate the Voice
of Men, whom it calls by their Name, to intice them from their Habitati-
ons| and devour them, as Plimi relates ; and to have alio Humane Feet, and
no Vertebr* in the Necky like the Animal which Busbefuw takes for thef^aux
of the Ancients ; which are Particolarities, which Leo AfmMm lias not ob-
ferved in the Animal which he prc^les for the Hj/mm*,
For the Delcripdon of the Anctents, as to wliat concerns the. exteriour
Form, confifts in thrse things, which are to relemble the Wotf)y/ the Head,
to have long daring Hair on the Back, and a particular Aperture under the
Tail, befides the two which are commonly there in the Females of other A-
nimals. The two firft marks which we very diftinftly dilcovered in our
Civet-Cat y although, common to other Animals, have ieemed to us
very convincing , being joyned to the third, which is lb particular, that
it may be laid that there is not known any Animal wherein is found tlie like.
For the Aperture which Hures, GazeUdSy and feveral other Animals have in
this place, has nothing that relembles the extraordinary Fijgureof tliis which
is in the Civet-Catf and which Arifiotte has very diftinft^ obferved in the
HyaHs which he de(cribes,by faying, that this Fordmem is like to the exteriour
Orifice of the Matrix of a Woman.
The Ible difficulty which occurs is that the Ancients have not fpoken of
the Scent of the Civet-Cat : which has made GiUius to think, that it was the
P4ir/jfc^ of the Ancients, aad CafleUttty that it was an//v»4ofa particular
Species. But it mull be confidered that moll Natural Hidorians have com-
pofed their Works upon the Report of others.and that there is rcafbn to doubt,
whetlier the Hunters who informed them of the Particularities of Animals,
were not too grols and rude, as are the greatcrt part of the Savages which
arc addiftcd to this Exercile, to be capable of knowing the goodnefs of the
Scent of the Civet-Caty and in this relemble Bealh that dillinguifli not the
' difll'icncci
-:r^ ^ WF— i^^<p— ■— ■■■I.J
of two CIVET-CATS.
to5
differences of Odours, but as they do relate to eating and drinking ; feeing
that we do know that the fmell of Civet is very difagreeable, and oftenfive
to {everal wheiiritis newy\and -not miKM With other Perfumes : but eljseci-
ally Countrji perfons do not think that fweet Odours are pleafant, and do
rather chufe the fmell of Garlick and Pitch, than that of Incenfe and Benjtmin ;
whence it is,tl^t the Indians 4o, ^1 th^Mftkf^Rjif the fti^j^ipg Rat. And i|p\v
in ^/M, aqqqr^ing to thfe' report of (jf,(^riiju,aBoliv^yX\^ Negroes wt|ch
do gather t|ii^ Liquor w^fjth? C^W^jC-f/f ;ha!ii[e jeft on Stones, antj
Truncksof, Trce^y hm^j^r it by i!^tM^ only J>y a thick and Oily
tenacity, whrch makes tnerii to fcrape the places where they do find it, with
a defign to extra£l: the Odorous Liquor,which fwims upon the water wherein
they boy I what they havefcraped^ . .^' -> .^,y^ ^^
This incapacity of judging of good Odours, whereof we do fufpeft the
Hunters of the Ancients, do s otherwife appear very credible ; becaufe that
Authors have writ, that of all Animals the Pfnt/ier oi^v hs^d i good jGnelL"
for it is not probal^le that thefc Hunters wer^j6f fclils mt^'pnly becai^ tl^
ne>er merwitK a C/Wr4:ilr, 'il?4«i»,6iP«Wi;m/^^^ Animals,
which thole whp havQ a fubtilerand nicerfmellda reckQQtojbaveagpo^ JRrent)
but that thVrfeafonof tfiis was the def^d'o^liherfme^^^lfo ^w was not
the Senfe they made ufe of to judge ttt^t'l*WfelMklSSdiK^^ ^^A
ItM avows, but only the thoughts that this muftlife'fo"; "*^ >|p»niop 5 j??in.g
founded only on the power which they faw that theP^ai^^^.^had of drawing
Animals to it. which was fuppoied to be na other tmhg thaa a fineli wjucfr
was very pleafuig and agrfiSKihgirt*.^^^^ ,v;' , ^^^; ;^ r^, . ; ;f "
iC cxteriour
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i "J[ ■ the grcatnief* df the £4^;;^ fhipe' dfthc fy j tftf ^eat Canthus or
tdrnerof whicFi is ilitagfi^^'t^)!^, a$alf6l*(e';A^««J^ whichis much wi-
deiidaainth&Ofi^ittz, jTnd'pbiriArtifn^ijMithhkVjefoyehlfget, ,
nb-;';iIv/iyi«v/sd3iiw.V-niva [birlv- i-'*:Mi.l^tju-oi>( ; :.:!!3 £Biixufij ii;^bbj;
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ti\6oa.
1 ,. I.
K. T/fee root of that Hair, ip/&«f^ « white anHtranlfarem^
L L. Tj^^ wAj/p Hair md^Hified^biti tiotfo much as the Piece.
M. One of the Eyes, i m- ^ :*>.-■.*'.,,.. j., a. ^-I'iw!? ;vj:
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THE
ANATOMICAL ' 0ESGRIPTIOiSI
o'i.'-i'.: -ufiri arnjJ -ufiU jrlj is fjvj.r . ••■' ■., ,,k;..(„uj^ mii ^n..,^ ».i w... ^.i!
O F A M . ^ , .xiud^O
n*Tui{ <a-JVKfl ■uv/ ,Eyiwn.t'4 /Mr;..- '^irB . >^ ...!.:: iujU
:.:qc^ii!3 l«'i
'.'(i
. ■ III I
rv
THis Aniinal, which is by dl the Northern Writers callod Jnimal Mai*
ftam ; by tfae GenuMus, Effsmi, and l^ the Modem Naturalifts Attes,
tppeu«d ooiusatthefirftview nottobedieif/r^, which CM/^r rrtienttbnsin
Ills ConmartMrieSi snd wbich PofyiuUf Solimts, PrnfuniMSy and StrtAo, have
Ulcewife de&ribed after him, becaule that our Elk was not found wholly con*
formabletotheDelcriptionwIiichthefe Authors do give of the Mce. Yet
when we confider, that they do not agree, and that the Defcriptions which
they dc make of the JUcy arc more different from one anoilier, than that
)«rherein tfaey agree is different from our £/<('; we thought that all thefe con*
trarieties, which are found only in (ome particulars ill explained, arc not ca*
pible of hindring our Be^f tliat our Etk, and all tiie Mes of the Antients are
the fame tiling.
For tlie Reafbn of the diverfity of ttiefb Dedriptions of the Antients is,
that tlieM lives only in Couatries where thoy had no Commetx::e. And
Pgitfamds reports, that amongft all Animals, tlie Alct is tlK ibie one that rs
unknown to Men, becaufetliat he fuifersthem not to approaclihim, by rea*
ion that he Icentsthem at a great diftanceby the extraordinary iiibtilty of his
iinelling. But wliether it be by this Rcalbn, or by any other, it appears that
Authors have very ill examinee! the w/ff, which they have dclcribed. For
(bme have reported, that it has Hair of diHFci-ent Colours, hke the generali-
ty of Goj/j; otliers, that it is all of one Colour, like the €'«»»<■//; iome do
make it Horned ; others without Horns ; fbme do lay that it has no Joynts
in the Leggs, and lb being unable cither to lye down,or rife up, it fleeps lean*
ing againit a Tree, which the Hunters do faw half through, to make the
£^ to tumble down, and to catch him; others, that this is not true of the
tJkt but of another Animal called ^jf^/^. All thefe particulars, how con*
trary foever, arc found in our EJi : which dcmonftratcs, that thclc Defcrip-
tions are not diflerent, bocaufs that th«y- ate of various Animals; buthccaufe
tint tliofc which made them ujx)n the report of otliers didrtotM'eIUindcr(^ar»d
C) 3 wji.u
10?
— :-- ■ , — . ' I.
The Anatomical Defcription
what was told them. For it is tiue that our Elk had hair like a Came/, chat is
to (ay, all of one Colour over all the Body ; and it is likewife held that the
Hair'of all Elks is of divers Colours, but it is at different Seafbns of the Year.
hiked our Elk which was dilTedied in Winter had all the Hair of a Grayifh
Yellow, which is the Colour of the Cmmt/; and the Northern Hiftoriansdo
fay that it changes at Summer, at wfuch time the Hair grows paler, as in
Deer, whofe Hair is paler in Summer than in Winter ; and thus it is probable,
that Citftr has reported that the Jlee or E/k has Hair of two Colours, upon
the relation of thofe which had (eenit in Winter ind Summer,; and that this
diverfity having been ill explain'd, he underltbod it ofthat whttch heiiad-re-
markcd in Goafs, the generality of which have at the fame time Hair of two
Colours. - '^ i •>
So when Cx/ar (ays that the Jlee has no Horns, and which Paufaniaszt'
tributes to it, thej^j^e both Ipoken true,beC9|^ that it may b^hat cJfar's
Hunters had metii.^nly with Females , whidi have no Hornb ; and that
thole of P4«/A«i4/*/ time hadobferved that the Males had Homte.
As tor wliac concern *s the Leggs of the Eik, which are pretencfed to have
nojoynts, altho (bme Authors report that there are Elk^s in Mpfcovia, whole
LL\^'^sarc Joyntle^ there is great probabilitydiat this opinion is (bunded
on what is reported of the(e Elks oiMofcovia, as well as mCdfar^sMce, and
Plinfs MachUs, that they have Leggs ib ftifF and inRexible^ that th^ dEoi
run on he witout (lipping ; which is a way tha,t is repoitedthacthey havJrto
lave tliemlelves from the Wolves which cannot purfuethemvand likewife ^y
reafon of the ftitfhe(s of the blows which they do give with their Feet, which
^re fb (Irong, that when they do miG the bk>w which they do lev^lat ibme
HeaH-, tiiey do with their hind-feet break the Trees like Mt^outft^ as OUms
Magnus reports, and that with their fore-feet they have often run the Hun*
tci-stlu'ougli.
In Hue, that which demonftrates that from this diver(itie of Deferiptions,
which li only in refpedi of (bme particulars, it ought not to be concluded
that the Elk and ALe are two dillerent (brts of Animals, is that the very
Ddciipcions, wliicli the Moderns do make of the Elk, do not agree together,
and are not wholly conformable to what we have oblerved in our Subje£t.
For Ibme, as Erafmus, Utella, and iiigifmimd»s, do report thar the £Ar iias a
SjIicI Foot like a H/r/r*/, according to Pliny, who makes the Alee wholly to
rcicmble a Hot ft , except in the Neck and Ears, which are otherwifc propor*
tiont:d ; MeHabenms at(b, and JosmtesCdms, do give it a Beard likea Gm^, and
report that the rcll of its Hair is not longer than a Horfe*s : which is not
found in other Authors,nor in our Elk, whole Foot was Cloven, and altoge-
ther like tliat of an v. Its Hair was alio in every part, not only a great
deal longer than in fir/ri, but it even proportionably lurpalTed tliat o't Goats
without any appearance of a Beard. i
Wc found not that piece of Flefli which Volyhius report's, after Strah, to
be under the Chin of the Alee, nor the hairs which (bme do make on its iNCck,
and which (iefiier avcrr» to have (een in a (igure of an AUe ,whicii was lent to
him by HelaJHait A/w«/rr ; but thcfu two particularities being fmgularto cah
of theie Authors, and no Pcrlbn havcing fpuken thereof lave them, they
ou.,!)c not to prejudice the commoa opiaioa, wliich makes no diHFc'iciicc be-
tween the ^/ff and ilic £'//(•. r< , ...i.v.'/ rri;;/' I'liiinV/ vi,-: But
if the E XkK.
109
Butthat which more confirms this Opim'dii^isithat'all thepardcuiaisoh
whidi the Antients do agree; are found ioour M v foD they da all eeoient^
that the >tf/cr is aa Animal near ufkon thcScatare of the tKr^^ which it ^c«
wile refemblesby thegreatne&of the Bax^^ jaod Uttleneis c£th6TaiI, ;as; ftjfb
by tlie Horns, \lrhicharehot.^nd ifihvaakElk^i nor inlSHies. TJ^udo
alio agree in this, that the Atce^iStxs froiii the;6>i^ ia thfi ioagth and ,GQlom)
of its Hair, inthegreatneis of its upper Iip^;in the ftnallne&of it»Neclc/aod
ftiiiiieisofitsLegSk
Our EMc exceeded five Foot and a lialf froni fchd end of the N6& to the be-^
giningoftheTail, which contained but tw6 Indies in length. It liad no
Honis, becaule it was a Female ; and the Neck was fhort, being as broad as
loi^ , which was Nine Inches ; the Bars u^ere Ninie Inches in length
and four in breadth ; and there isrealbh to admire, why thofc who hav^
thought the i^/re of the Authors of late Times, which they do take for our
Elk, was the Om^^, or wild 4(^ of the Antiencs, are not grounded upon the
reiemblance of the ^u^ wliich in their bigneTs do Ikr Ibrpafs tliole ot ^Utt^s^
Ctws, Sind GoMts, and which liave none comparable, fa vethc^ of ^(/rjry^bicii
our Elk did better relemble by thefe Parts,, than by th^ Hair, or Feet ; ii»
though 6V«6>rr affirms, tliattheFeet oftl)e£//ir are like to tliofeofan J/ff
and SteB* and SigifmiindMS report,that there are fome £/i^/ whofc Feet are fbJid;
but there is ground to believe, ifthisistrue,.ithatitt isathing^ai fingulartd
^ome Elksy as it is extraordinary to HarfesXQ have a cbvcnFoot,. and to tA^t
?i have it (blid^ PUmjf reports,tha^ thefe Animals have in certain Countrj^s.
As to the Hurt the colour of our Elks differed very little from (hat cKtthe
Affcy the -Gray of which fometimes approaches, that of the Cmnt^ to
which we have in this already compu^d our £/j^ ; but this Hair was
in ibme places very different firomttiatof thcr./^, whichiis a great deal
ihorter, and from that of the Ctmtl which is a great deal finer. This Hair
was three Inches long; and its bignefs equalled that of the courfeil Horfe Hair.
This bignefs grew lefler toward the extremity which was pointed ; and
towards the root it was alio ftaitened, but all at once, itiaking as it were the
handle of a Ltuue. This handle was of another Colour than the refl: of the
JHair, being diaphanous like the Briflles ofaH(^. This tranfparent Part
had at the extremity a little head or rotundity, which was the root; and it
feems that this Parr, which was finer and more flexible than the reft of tiie
Hair,- was fb made, to the end that the Hair whicli was elfewhere very hard,
might keep clofe , and not fhuid an end. Tliis Hair, cut through the
middle, appeared in the Mi^rtf/^o/r fponsy on theinfide like arufh; which
Gefmr explains very ill, when he only fays, that it is hollow. This Hair
was long as a Betrsy but ftraiter and cfoler, and all of one fort.
The upper Lif was great, and loofcd from the Gums, but not fo great as
P//«rmakes itinthe./4/r^, when he fays, that this Beaft is forcM to iced
backward, to prevent his Lip from getting between his TcetJi. And in the
DilTedion we oblervcd, that Nature has otherwile provided againft this
inconvcniency, by the means of two great and ilrong Muicles, wliich are
particularly aefisned for the raiflng this upper Lip.
Wc hkcwife found the Articulations of the Legs firon^ly knit together by
hard and thick Ligaments. Neverthelels it is true, that if one could buhcvc
what is reported of the Elky that being very fijbjcft to the Ef$'effte, wltca
I^IX)
The AttathmkaiDefcripion
it.' is ' fallen imd-: a Fie of thc'Diftemperj' it is Freed and Cured, by Uft-
iftff iOHe of h^ Feet tmto hb Ear^ and due the Hoof of this Foot i» an
inndliUe Reme4)ribr the %7^/)}ii ^ThiK^fiiniBi have joynts ^rmoro
iUpp^than thb^of the A/a Mwe af^»ared to them that thought it had ndno,
aiidvw&ich we^^ttVe not found in-Our£/^ or atiloaft it is necefljiry chat thd
C«»«4^fimiy whepoiritH it is agitantedibein^ in thi&Conditioni do make ibme
i;ei}ycKrange^R)H»oii thel^gam^s ot the joynes, to c^teixiithem fo far
beyond what they ordinarily are. But if 01ms Magnm hip Writ like aa Hi*
ftoriaii) and if it J>e not in RaillBry that lie lays^hat of the- two C/4m» which
are ixxcA ind of eadi of the Eik*j¥ctty that alone which is oni the > outfiofe o^
the ri^t Footy is pcoper to cure the EfUtffu^ there muft be fu{ipo&d a onidi
moreadmirabb Difloouion ;'aiid it may be find that the Cure of this DiiteniH
per^'by the fiogk: touch of the Elkh Claw, when a Kin|;:of it is worn, is
nor more ftrange, nor incredibbthan the Contorlibnthat'onilUbe conceived
in this Footyto nnl^e the Claw, X w^ich is on the outlidc/ to be put into the
Em: So that to underftand what Olam means, it is probiible that his uitca*
tion was toderidethe imaginary Vertue of the £/^'s Foot, and tliat he has
^ery prudently n^ide ufe tliereof^ For being unwilling openly to declare bb
Oj^jfon, which was oontrarv to that of the Vulgar, who bve Specifidcs,
aihohgfl which the Claw of the Elk\ Foot is the moft Celebr^tied ; and (ee*
ingtut they: do not fi> nRtch-efteem the Phyfitians who do makeProfeffioa of
x^ig Remedies, islnfiruments proper to worke (bme Cures, as tho& who
dat^tftofCaftingtheni, if I may ^o (ay, in a Mould, by Fdrifitni^ Akti*
fleuNtiekSj Atttipedsgricks, Sidd Animitpticis i This great Mailtxplains him-
islf,by ft Figure,- wnich leaves tbo^ who would be deceived in their Error,
without (candaUtiagthem, and which makes others to underftand his mean-
ing. For the FhDt^erb b(^2ithat «hb £fr muft be rubbed only with the E(-
im Nvhen it is ibocs eo H^ihe that it muft not be touched at all ; he lias in-
timated tlULttherois^noCiaw of the Elk which infallibly cures the E^lefjie,
by faying that there lis noncbut that on the outlide of the Foot which the
Eik xaxi put into its £4r,' that can do it : for he adds this impoflible qualiticah
tibn to a great many others which Authors do mention, and wliich are very
dii^cult, but ablbhitelv necedary, as it is laid, to make this Remedy Operate:
as CO luve been cut off with^ne blow of an Hatchet, the Animal being aUvc,
on Sc. Cilts\ day, from a Mab which is at Rut, and has not yet cngondred ;
to manife^l that the ImpoHors which woukl fell Elks Claws, have added all
thcfc diiHcult qualifications, to the end that chofe who have experienced the
Claw of the tlk, which they made uie of, to figniiie nothing, may think
tliat It is the want of ibme one of tliofe Quaiilications, wiiich i„ urtaialy in
that which the Merchant prelints them. . iw:.;;! . .:. 5\ »;.•(.:; ii»v.
Having made thcie Rcfljflions on the firmnefsof the Ligaments oF the
Joynts of the £/it,wBobfcrved the Figure of the £)*,tlie great CiMhtu orCoitier
of wliich was flit down\Tards,a gi'cat deal more tlicn it is in Ht^s^ FidkwDitry
and wild Goats^ but after a fafhion very extraordiiury, which is, that tliislUt
was not according to the length of the £fe, but made an Anglv with the line
which goes from one ot the ooriicrs of the Eye to the otiicr. 'liic DilFctU-
on dilcovcrcd to uii diat thiy flit wns proportionod to the GiMdnU Lschrymatu,
which was tuund ru contain an inch and a half in length and icvui lines in
breadth. . j:;. ^ -;>•'■' \ L -■■ - ■• i^t;./;!.- ; The
\(>fth€ fe hK,
r It
tjn fj^i^e i-rttetnat parts lud foftwtbing jftfewibKifi^ thofe lof an (I*, e^»eciaHy in
that vvliich concerns the k)^ V^faf^iilleis kfdhtffiwef. N^vertliel^ thei^
Pirts had^lH^lWJtticulalVtf^at^rfMjfiift ai)d gt^atttt l^eftttkk vvas fwitly inclo-
ftd'byaMcrAbfjineJifceaSftok^ whi<:U liaVing ^buiwfaoce'of' Vc^ffels^ ^ftigkt
paK for k\ePjff4oo» ; ami tWal'^Mftea^i^ tlic 6knd« ttttdFati wbicli isuluali^y
HI ,i3s« part; thire was oiily tbv^iil^s ^«*pffeirne Bladders M\ of 'Wind-afbonfe
1^ biMit^s-'pF a 'ChfJKMi 'Y\w ffffefifkrs, ■ ^tMdti were foriy cigfcit foot- kngi
h»ia.\:attiht"^'ilUmt an AjJpencliK, u^hith Was tliirteea indies long, and^H* e
broad, ft iifeat^Iy rtfembled riw Figupeof a Man's. • fi- r. . ' ; : •
' The L'Wm^fitiAliy i^ <ft«cecding orie fbot m kiigth afad fevirt infctyfiii
ifrbreadtft'. -"it "wCas Nvhdl€,jw»ithout Lobes^ ftnd evtn without ftny^ppeari
aticc of the cfefr #hich is evver the Cartil^oXtpf>oides» It was fo jayned ' to
f he Dmj^^^'^'p, that it was impoffibk td rfe|t)arate it from its convex part
witlrout cutting it. Itliadno GoB-B/Mldet'y md it was all o«*w, a«d even to
the bottqm of its Parenchymny of a gray arid livid Colour. . r. - : j : 1 j: ;
' j^tHc Sffli4n^»s likewife vel-y ftnall, beirig no move than eight inches Itmg
afi^d fix broitf i The Sabftance ofthefir two Fififta^med very iiflooth
afid J^oittJSgehcoltts i biw tht A/<^f<7J Vvwe in ; their exteffifaliSubftanCe ijjbtred
\vtth'twbmffererit Colours, which ittadfe it to appear' mttgh like 4%«r/r^
«lib^ to tWtdtidiitothingftlt: lagged/ They ^Msit rtttt tftJljftieHt to the koitft
by the Duplicaturc of the Peritoneum, but taftned brtly by iheir VeffeJs..L'
The Lungs were divided into feven Lobes, of which there was three on
each fide, and one at the middle in the Cavity of the MedUftmum. The in-
feriour Lobes were each as big again as the fuperiour.
The H:Art was leven inches long, and five broad. Its Figure was pointed,
and from the h»fts to the point there was an Eminence obliquely turned like a
Screw, which Eminence anfwered to the Separation of the two yentrhUs,
fo that it feemed to be a fold of the external part of the right Ventricle upon
the left. This Eminence, which is fcarcely vifible in the Heart of other Ani-
mals, was extraord?fH»il^ apparent in this. The Septum md rell of the Pa-
^vironcd thg left Ventricki had the thickncli
^ers j^rtmri* were imperfeft.
H/tiM Cere Uimr ^ was but four inches in kngtii,
r Thc-finafnicfi of this pan compared with
i9^ht6tiiiyl^Jkr)mali^f{^'h\ch,as has b??n iliid, was
Argument capable of confirming the Opinion
;tcil paic of the GljUlds which are about the
fjivi«;<//ViW, \vherewith tliey ufually arc im-
i^^ffftm^l to them by the Arteries, or by the Nerves,
from whicli tliey dQ-r^wiihii M^tterlwnereof they do qiake the Umpha.
TlieCuriofity whfehr w^-^jildpf exa^ fee|iing out the DuBus\ dcfigned
to receive and convc'y lIwft^lllHnours, whi(^ muft be very vifible in a part
lb extraordinary large, could Tiot be latisfied, by realbn of tlic corruption of
our Subjeft, which had been kdpt' lb long, that all the Parts began to dilFolvc
with Putrifadion.
The A«^y/4«cr of tlic Bm/« differed not from that of thQCerekll»m, both
being very white, and firm enough, notwithfianding the Corruption, to
mfi^c it ap^Kar very ibund,in an Animal 16 lub)ud to Ibmc Didempers, whole
leat
V.
BIl2
The Anatomicd Dtfwpion
iiBati$plac|ed in th&Briuni which aoomitng toC^iriiMr, is colder, inoi(ler, and
more Phl^matidc in this Animal (han in any other.
. The GiimdMU PukmUj was of an extraordinary fize, exceeding three lines
^' l<$ngch, like that whkh we found in the Dromediuj ; but its Figure was
C<wii^ as viuall)!y. whereas theGMiiwU of the DrMviir^ had the torp of^
T^eftiU. This ^vatneis, which to us leemed very confideral»le, in reg^uid
<fi the. finalnefi. of the reft of the Brain, made us to think that thofe who,
m]wfiXig Ur^fivms^ do attribute to the difierent Formation f^i^ Orguif
of the Brain the divers Operations of the interiourSenies, mifl^jt fortifietnem-
leifesiin their Opiilioa by fbme fudi likeOb(ervations:CQnAdfnriqgJ^tXi|Qw,
£;f^/,|and other fiei^oe and cruel Beafts, have thij^ part to little, that it is almoft
irop^ns^ptible ; and that it is very great in th(^ which are tiqierous like t^(^
£^^ which is held to be lb fearmi, that it dies with fear, "(^hei^it has reaft«
veiiitbe i^iift wound : and it is oblervable that he pever recpyers;when he ^es
the fmalleft drop of hi$ own Bloods i,i ,, r . /i ,., i
In theJ^r4/« we likewife found another part, whole bigneis.,hia4, relation
tQ thefmeliing, whidir is more exquifite in the £/^ than in ^ny qithei^ Animal,
aceording tothei^^imonyof ?0fm$fy as ha( been already .decWed:, t(
x^^PrctfSns M0mmi«t*$i. which^^ jtf« thought to |)e theOrg^ps ofthat
w^ without canpidrpo gnewter. ibw i4»py Aimti^^yfi^ bavs """
beiiig.iibQvefoiir:|iiMSin,Oi4m«w%-,i ^■v>-v,;u-iVi -^ j ■]<..,>, i.jijiicp.'U-di (u
no Siiiil ci.^! vm\T&)v\v io ,?.wiixr naval oini bjbi7th!yi3w \«ivs«A arlT
-iti JHIT .w«Wk\MW»VA 3i1t \o virt/Oiib ritol!;bi.'n usii iHafiobuj^ ,,h-; rhtit
fbyjnir.q 2ir,v 3)ir«iiH eJl .l.x^id avh brm ,^noJ i-abn; •,vyr'i{?.f.'tf \\\.\K jilT
u x\\i bftfnuj vlwprliio yjnantrik'i rrR ,'<;w y»ar(j irtio<| -jr!! in i?\fc;\ •»Kt rrs'-.Tr hnn
nfx[u Mva', •'; jiijiii a:!j 'k) \ :X[ htvvjv/j j'b '.'o blot r. •,.; ot Ivjnpyl'ii itiij il
-inA ijiho io viksi\ srli ni i.kiiuv vI'joiid! .i rbii!^/- ,9:i:! julfrta-wflT .rl-;! -jrli
«*'■' f ■■' ,'• -'-^"•- ,... i. . .iioif:>iitir;i/] fin//
o3 ,noiic{!-.o )3fh p(iibf!fii..!i.//ji>u .li^Mi-.mj rrriil !ni. /jiitlw ^i.;/ ; fii-nl
jlOilv/4<r>.]fn'>IJi<i vHiol o? JJjjdulc! IrffiiitA ui. ni,btiuol v lav \fy\t[^. n - ijlu
■h
i« <i i H #i«i ii W iiltt H iw i — l i-
WUf WWW ! *!■< « I >IW I .-a^w
I I
3I .aws*! bn.:; ,,l'ij5?i srb ao ni<b tibmm'd ban {{\hd ym iobnu -lo-id^il J_
iiu vtiw i!3 ^iltf i^»i^tl-sdi 2fe^l-¥^'obr'C(UuA J^X ..'.^fjioii bssb e.Ia ni bit
r ,
.^"^Swi T4v'
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vX
«
*'*^'*fij
.■^^ti'f »iV.3l\;^f?^^
Avdi vh\fi ?7UCjrf 'j'VI .H
,. ^ -S-'
iliT
<iff.
10
"4
Ka>rc
The Explication cfthe Fignrtcf the Coati Mondf.
' I ^He lower Figure reprelents the different Colours of its Hair, which is
I lighter under the Belly, and Stomach, than on the &ck, and Paws. It
is alfb neccffary to be advertized, that the Snout is (bmewhat more crooked
than it was wnen theDiflef^ion was made, def^nedly to exprels the mobi-
lity which was there obferved, and the great ^alitv which it had to be rai-
ted upwards. The Tail is bent downwards, because it was found thus difpo-
ied in the dead Animal. Yet Authors do fay that the Coati ules to carry his
Tail very ere£t.
:": t
^1. OJv :
In the 'Upper Figure.
A. The Dens Caninus, in form of » Tusk.
B B. The Tongue.
C C. r/^rOs Penis. '
D. TA^ r/g/^f hind-foot.
E. HErr Spurs o/fiEre Heel. Jll as tig aj the Life.
.*««-',
.1 iU'.I.'-
THE
niai^Ei .i,^
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THE
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Ik ' .|»fe*«40'.
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"5
■•• • ' -
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t
• * ' '
•'
• ' ' •
THE
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
' O F A '
CO ATI MONDI
THE Coitti is an Animal of lirazi/f^ which is varioufly defcribcd by Na.
tutalilh ; and their Dclcripcions do not exactly agree with what we
have oblerved in ours : which may caule a belief that there are feveralSpe-
cics of them. DeUri in his Voyage of BraziU gives it a Snout a Foot long,
round as aftick, and as fmall at the beginning as towards the end, very like
the Prohofcis or Trunk of an Elephant^ to which tyJargrAviits alfb compares
this Snout : but in his Figure he makes it like that of our CoAtiy whicii had
nothing of an Elephant^ Trunck but its mobility, which is (carce otherwile
than that of a Hog. In the Kings Library, amongft a vaft number of Ani-
mals painted in Miniature with a great deal of exaflnefs, the\is the Figure
cf a Co*ti which fbme of the Society faw alive ; which tiiough it refembles
ours, yet is different in fome very confidcrable particulars, fuch as arc the
ihapeof the Teeth and Feet, which were very extraordinary in ourSubjeft :
but notwithllanding it is found to have IhiHcicnc rclcmblance to the Figure
which Maf-grMvitis, Laet, and Deleri have given tiiereof, and to that which is
in the Kings Library, to make it thought to be a kind of Cm//.
It was in all thirty five inches and a half; viz. fnt inches and a lulf from
the end of the Sm'st to the hinder part of the Head, and fixtecn inches from
the Occiput to the beginning of the Tail, wiiich was thirteen inches long.
From the top of the Hack to the extremity of the fore- Feet was ten inciies ;
andthtre was twelve to the end of the hind-feet . Its Snout was very long,
and movable like that of a /% ; but it was (Iraiter and longer in proportion.
Its motion was more evident than in the Hog, its Snout cafily turning up-
ward;!.
The four Vans had each five Toes^ the Claws of which were black, long,
crooked, ainl jiollow like thole of the Cajlor. The Toes of the fore-Parvs
were a little longer than thofc of the hind-Pans^ which were like to thole of
the l?fjr,cxccpting that the whole lole was without Hwr, wherewith the Heel
i
!»♦•<
%
ml
\1
rKf
If
m
mi
m
i
P ?
of
.-.^ii'^itW*!;-- ifi; ,
•'^Stm^tSadrT^J^tSSr.
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i-.ili-o.SlWl/'
Ty.,
i'f^'^f
'Myy^*"*
M^
The Anatomical Dejcription
of the Bear is covered. The Fahns and Sales of thcic four Paws were cove-
red with a fbfc and tender skin as in tlic /Ipe ; and this foftneft of skin was
the only thing which our Subject had of the j4peyto which wc found it Iiad no
otiicr refeniblance,a It hough it was given us for a 6'4^0/«,which is a kind o(Mcn-
ky : for its Tai!,wIio!c length in (bme fort rcfcmbled the Tail of tlie ^^f, which
arc called CerccpJtheci,\vas diflerent therefrom in the length of the Hair.wjiicli
is a great deal Ihortci in the Tail of Jpes proportionably to their Jiody. The
Iblc of the hinder-pms was long, having a Heel, at the extremity of which
there were fevcral Scales a line broad, and l^ve or fix long. They grew out
behind, heaped together like a Mtrigold^ when it doles it lelf at Night.
The f/.i/> was ihort, rough, and knotty.. Jt.was blackilh oa the Pack,
iA fbme placed of the Head^ and at th(^ end of^tHe; P^iv/iand Snout, . Jis for
the reft of the Body it was niix'd with Black and lied, yet Co that the bot-
tom of the Belly and Throat was of a deeper Red in lome places than in
others. The Tail was covered with a. Hair of thefe two Colours, which
formed fevci al Circles, or Knots, the one Black, and the other mix'd with
Black and Red. . '^ ' ' — - - ..^ /- ; .
The Tongue Wis chop'4.\!^ith leyeral FifTures or Stipkes, twliich made it to
rcfcmbic the top of a leaf of a Tree.
The Eyes were very fmall, like a P/j»/. The Emts were round like thpfe
of B.sts i and covered at the top with si very fhort hair^ but in the infide with
a longer, and whiter. < • . -in ••'..' : j'li i' I ' ' ii:j i L.';i; ; i i • ■ '.'
. There were fix /w(/or//ifi each Jawr.* 'ifThe ' Cflr/«/' were very large',
efpccially thofe of the lower Jaw.l Their Figure had fpmcthing more par-
ticular, not being round, blunt, and white as in z Dog, Wo/fj or Lm^
but fliarp by the meat^ of three Angles, which at the extremity formed a
point lliarp like an Aule. They were grayifli, and fomewhat tranlparent.
■The Gula was large, and deft as a Hogs; and the lower Jaw was alfo as in a
i/<7^, very much Ihorter than the upper. ; ■'
• N.ow there was not found any A( thefe particulars in the Sagoin ; and thc(e
two Animals having nothing common fave the Country wlierein they do
breed, which is Jk^ztle, we have found no Defcription in the Authors which
have treated of the particular Animals of jimeriu hUriiionalisy which fijites
better to what we have obicrvcd in oui^ubje£b,than that of the Animal which
Msrgraviui and Luct in their Brazil/aft Hiftory do call Coattf which is a Genut
wliereof they do make two Species ; the one has Red Hair all over the Body,
and is fimply called Coati ', the other has only the Belly and Stomach of this
Colour, which they do call Co.ui Mondi.
In tlie Delcripcion which thefe Authors do make of this Animal, the marks
which we have there defcribed, and which we have met with in our Subjedl:,
do all occurr except the Teeth and Scales, which are at its Heels, which they
have not mentioned, and the Tail, which in their Coati\ they do make much
longer than the relt of the Body. But Laet reports that thefe Animals uled
to bite off their Tail, and that they do live on it fbme time, which at laft they
do wholly devour, and then die. It might be that ours fo (hortned his. They
do likewife fay that the CoAtPs have hands made like thofe o( Monties : whicii
ap|)earcd not in our Subjeft, whole feet were ocherwife very lilte to the Fi-
gure which M*rgravitts has inlertcd in his Book.
By
"■■^^w;,.v.^^^»!Kl,
>^'^-'
• of a C O AT I MO N D I, iij
By tlW Diircclion wc tbund, thit-uiidcr the S.'jin,.aj^d J)Ctween tlierKTuP
des t!iet*e!\vas a great ibal of Fat, vvbitc^nnd liard JikcTaJloav,' i The Ptjfit
was bid'in-a oaffagekrt inch deep, and as much broad, 'Wli'ole' Aperttuio was
iiijdci' tholJcily, about four Fingers diftant Irbni t\\Q Anus^'. Tllia Pcnitivas
provided with a Bone, whole length .did in pro'j)drtion exceedingly furpal^
that of the Bones whlcliarc found in the P^«« of other Aniiiials which bavo
it, . It was thick at both ends, and had a Figure refcrahling th^ Bonc.of a
Pullets Thigh. Along the Penis there were iwoVeim very..large, andfull of
Blood, which went to the BaUms. The Tejlicles were like to thole of Dogs.
The Epiploon wr.s very fmall. It had little Fat, and was a qonnplication
of Fibres and Fillets latlicr than a Membrane. It was not laid upon the h:
teftittes, but tucked upon the Ff;»/r/V/f.
1'he Spleen was two inches and a half long. It was of a Dark«red at the fide
of the Stomach in its hollow part, and Blackifli at the extremity in its gib-«
bous part. There was not oblervcd any Veffels in .the . external Membrane
of the Ventricle J except the CoronarU Stomachic.'- . which appearcc ' towards the
upper Orifice,. and fbon dilappcarcd, fliooting forth a few Branches.
The \.tver was fbmewhat blackini,and or a Subftance very Homogeneous
without any appearance of Glands. It had Icven Lobcs^ (wo great ones on
the left fide, and five other finall ones on the right fidt. T\\t:^luMers^zSi
between the two upper Lobes.
ThePiwfrM/, which was faftned along tin Duodenuntf inclinrtg more to?;*
wards the right IQdney than towards the Spleen^ was v.rv finall. The / ^i
fentery was all filled with a very hard Fat, which iiKlofec ,aac' almoft concealed
allitsVeflels.
The Inteftines contained in all fevcn foot in length. They were all of one
thicknefs, and had nothing whiclimight diftinguilh theni from each other;
there was no Crfww. "^ ' ■ ...
The right Kj^ney was a great deal higher than the left, fo thai two Lobes
of the Liver covered it.
The \jmgs had five Lobes ; two on the right fide, and two on the left,
whiclf were (bmewhat (inaller ; and a fifth in the Mediajlinum.
The Hcitrtf which relcmbled that of a Dogt had the right Juricle extreme-
ly great. In the right Ventricle , and in the right Auricle^ there was found a
great deal of flimie matter, hardened.
The Miifculus CrotrphiteSf palTing undei ; i:^ Xj^goma, was faftncd there. It
was extraordinary flclhie, even to its infcii;; ii, which is made by a very large
tendon, which was inclofed between two pieces of Flelh, much thicker than
thole which arc generally found in this place, and which are thought to be
tlierc put to defend and Ibengthcn the tendoti of the Mufclc of the lemples.
The OrbitA was not Bony ih;oughout, but it was fupplied in the upper
part, by a Crrtilaginous Ligament , which joyned the Jpophyfts of the
Os Frontii to that of the firft Bone in the upper Jaw.
The Bone which fcparates the Cerebrum from the Cerebel/umy was as in Dogs.
The Dura Mater was very adherent to the Cranium. The Sinus's of the Os
Frontii were full of a matter like a fiyablc Fat, The MamilUres ProcejJ'u*
were very large.
The
Rf;,,^jw<"
^.v~,^i
*1^''
^•tM
ii8
Ifjc Anatomical Defcription
The Glohe of tlie Eye exceeded not four lines and a half in Diameter. The
Aperture of the Eye-lids was larger, and the PuftlU it felf was not leffer than
the whole Globe of the Eye. The QryfialUne contained three lines in breadth,
and two and a half in thickne(s,and was moreconvqg inwards than outwards.
Thisthickncftof the Cny?4///>»r made the two other Humours to be Ids in
quantity. The Choroides was all over of the (ame colour, viz. of a verj-
brown-red, without any Tajfetim, which is hardly ever wanting in the Eyes
of other Animals. ... . - . • : .
1 ,1...;
:•: I
'■■.' '■• '
.; J
7 :'■-■;- ■// ,.
t*j..
!.»
««
^Xi9
I The Explication of the Figure (f the SEh' CALF. ^^
TH E lower Figure (hews die dif]b£fl£S thatjchere is between the Eire-
feet, which are lockod up under the skin except theP4ip^, and hind
feef, winch arc jo3med together, having the form oFaPIIhes Tail. It may
be likewife oblerved that the Ears do ieem to have been cut off, having no
external E^rs.
In the Vpftr Figure,
\_i
W
A. T/ie TruBck efiM Vena Cava.
B. jT^ Trunck (f «l^ Aoru.
CC. T** Venae ««iArtcri«AdipoOe. ,J" f
D. RenSuccenturiatus. .0
E. The right Kidney ftrifd of the Membrana Adipofa, mU divided by the Gil)-
botufut. ^ ■ ' - ^ ^ S f '.
f{(f. FoMrfmaefmieulMrVelves.
F. r/&rEaiulgent Veffelsc/'/Af r/|k Kidney. - ■^*
GG. W^EmulgentVefrelso/zAr/r// Kidney.
H. The left Kidney covered with its Membrana Adipofa.
G I. The left Spermatick Vein which getterMfy enters itUo /^«Emulgent. Imt
mbith hit three other Winches ifhith mfdfieH it to the Membrana Adipola.
K L. The yentricle, hilfof which it tdkett dwdf to refrefeiu iheStrttSlure ef the
Inter Ml Memhrdne, whofe vprimkles »} tumUttd and waved it the itfper part^
and firnit in the Lower,
M M M. The Liver. N. The Gall-Madder.'''
OO. The Heart.
p. r^^Vena Cava, which ram Mlong hy the Bafis of the Heafe'';;^; f/jjjji']i '"
QS^The Auricles of the Heart.
R.The Aorta making the Crofs.
,~ N
't y.\:
1 .
:\
.;i,,T./» r •
Of] ill)
S. The rifht Arteria Axillaris.
T. The left Axillaris.
A. The Artery of the Lungs.
V V. The Carotides.
X X. The Ncrvi Recurrentes.
Y Z. The Vena Cava ofened at the place n>here it is fanned to the Heart.
Y. The hole which penetrates into the right Ventricle.
Z. The Oval hole which penetrates into the Vein of the Lungs. . , , ^^ ,,,
a. An edge made hy the tnteriour Memhrane of the Vena Cava. 'Joihi'i/
b c. One of the Hairs of the Beard reprefented twice as big as the Life. ' ' ' .
d. Part of the Sclerotica, which with the Cornea not reprefented m.iket the half of
the Eye cut in tn>o. , ,<^j«^|^
c. TAf Crylhlline. :. , wA rv^i
^^. The Fttreous Hmmr. ■ \vii:- -vtjVi.
n I i i. The other half of the Eye. ."■ , . .x .»,!,
h. The Extremity of the Optick Nerve fwhich enters directly at the Axis of the Eye.
I i i. Three Branches of B/ood-l^effels which do enter into tie Eye with the Optick
Nerve^ and wimh are ramJjied in the Retina.
Q. 7'Ar Tongue. THE
I
3
I
no
;]JAD-A3,^ •
« .^ _ . . . _ ..
I. ..„,. v' ' ■ ' ■ •
kmr-:.
:t he .a\
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
OF A
SEA.:.:CAl.Fv^
fiONDELt TlVShss obfervM that the Ses-Cttfe is of two Species, one
of which is found in tha MediterraneMy and the other in the Ocean.
:e makes no Other difference between each of thcie two Species than the
habit of the Body , ^vhicll lie reports to be fuller in the Sea-Ctife of the
Ocean than in that of the MediterraHeMtif which k not ib thick and Hiort as
the other. The Sea-Cdlfe whole dcfcription we make liad more rclcmblance
with this fecond Species than with tlie fit ii:.
It had a long Neck and the Head farther diHant from the Slioulders than
it is in the Calfe of the Ocean, fbas it is rcprelcnicd in the figures wc have of
it ; and the reft of the Body was likewifc ftruiter. The Breaft was broad
by rcafbaof the fituationofthcO«if;/>/4r4, which were forwarder than they
are in other Animals, which have the Breaft Pointed and narrow when the
()/w«j>/4M are back warder. The whole Animal was twenty tight Inches in
length from the No(e to the end of the hind-Feet, whicli according to the
tlifpofttion that tliey Naturally have in this Animal, were extcnJcd and joyn*
cil one to the otiicr ; iiaving in this only the forme of a Fi/b\ Tail, according
to the Djlcription of AriJlotU^ which is contrary to that of Rondclettut,
who rcj fents tlie Sea-Ca/fy us well that of the Ocean as of ilie AfeditcirjHedn,
\v ithout hind-feet , and >vho reprehends Jrijlotle for reporting that tliiii
Animal has Toes on the hind-f^et like to tholc of the fore-iccr; lo ijiat it flenis
that Rondelei/rr lias confounded the true Sca-Calfeov VI oca of ilic Ancients,
with the .S>j-Ojf of the H'efl-lndifs w liich li.is noliind-tcct, but only a miUi;i-
pen Fijb-Tdily which it makes ulc of tor Swiiniiig, wliicli it pvifoi nici with
a very great Swiftnefs, according to C/nJI-ts, who lays tiiat he law one which
the HolUtidcu hail brought from the Indus.
The Sc.fddlfe which we delcribe had not only two hliKircct, but befidcs
fhat a Tail of an Inch and ;i half long, which AnJlutU- jiiftly compares to the
Tail ofa St/ig^. Tis true 'that the Toes of theic feet wcie not Ij iliapcd nor
■ ■ ^ lo
.'». r^ ■«•- - ^
'-- -
if/nDi^ '
ON
pc'cies, one
die Ocean.
;s than the
Ulft of the
d fhort as
:{cmblance
crs than
wc have otf
was broad
lan they
vhcn the
Indies in
ig to the
ind joyn*
accorchng
iondeletiiff,
itciruHedn,
tWut this
lat it items
Ancients,
, a ini*h;i-
ines wnh
one wliich
)Ut bendcs
arcs to the
ihaiM.'il nor
li.)
•SK?-:
i-'-^^ V*#«^«^*^ *-** ■*~'^'^
-« n*j=5-'-«(«*
-,**^^«*MB •-^*'iP*'***'''~(»-»«'ijj!*Ti-« i-^'
.^■**'w i ww i iM ilff w-ejx * - .*
-JE-***'
■ iSH^#-^?>ert»'-~^--- ■^-■-n^*-^- -wr^p**'*-»»'!BW**^s
HS: > -
,^
i.
m:"^
I ^
J
;»»•
.v <li «, -i fc..'i>«---
-"•*S«*«Jv-*!t»
ftsj
^\-
-a'
'lb-'
"*v ^V.
J..
■<tf SEAL or SEA-CALF.
121
lb dUlinft as iij the fore teet, and that thele two feet thus extended as they
were, and ' joyned one againft the other had rather the Forme of a Fijbe^s
Tail, than that of the feet of Animals which have any, and which they
tpmmonly Ijend under the Belly, Thefe feet^ were hke to thofe of a Ducker,
which cannot walk like other B/Vi/, by holding their Body parallel to the
grpund,but which are forc't to go upright like man. .
. y^r//?(?//f fays that the feet of the 6V4-C<i^f refemble Hands: his meaning
is that the forefeet of this Animal, in ftead of the three parts which do com-
pofethe Armcofa Man, viz. the Arme, C«^///w, and Hand, have only the
kft correfpondent to the hand of Man, lb that this Part proceeds immedi-
ately from the Breaft. The 6V4 Ox of the Wefiern Iflands, which is a kind of
6V<i-C4^of a prodigious bigneft, is there called Mtuttty ; becaufc that accor-
ding to Oviedo^s remarks, it has only thefore-fcet, which by the Spaniards arc
in all Animals commonly called Hands. In our Subjeft the Brachinm and
CuhitM were inclofed and lockt up under the Skin which covered the Breaft ;
and there was only the Paws which came outwards. Thefe Paws thus clo*
led and contratled did not leem to us fufficient to lerve die Female to im-
^ace her Young, as Oppitn reports that flie do's, when flie carry's them tq Sea ;
They did like wife appear,even as the hind-feet, fitter for fwimingthan walk-
ing; akho' in; truth, neither the one nor the other of tl],cfe feet could well
jferve to walk conveniently. Ailian has obferved, that the Females have
fi gifeat care of carrying and frequently recarrying their Young Ones, Ibme-
timesintotheiSea, and fomctimes on Land; ,4tis probable, that this is to
leach them to Swim, and walk, by a long Exercile, wliich produces a ha>
bit capable of lupplying the conveniences which Nature has denyed them.
.'Tis likely that thmir calls the Sed-Cahes Nepodes, by realbn it may be laid,
jclia? t^iey do Swim with Feet, and walk with Fins, and not becaule they
Jiaye no Feet, as Eufftthiits explains it. Thele Feet had Claws which were
not fo necelTary for Ivviraing as they are for walking. So tliat it fecms, that
Nature, who has made the Sea-Calf to live Uke the Cafior, on Land and in the
Water, has given Organs to each of thefe Animals to go with more or leli
eafe, according as it has deligned theni to be more generally in the one or o-
ther of thefe Elements ; for the Sea-Ca/f, which is oftncr in the Sea, than
on Land, walks not with fo much cafe and facility as the Cajtor ; and the
Cafior Swims not lb eafily as the Sea-Calfy becaufe it goes into the Water on-
ly to catch Fi/ht and makes not its common refidence there.
For thefe very Realbns, the Heart and Lungs o( the Sea-Calf btivc a par-
ticular conformation, to inable this Animal to continue a long time under
Water without breathing, as lliull hereafter be explained ; but the C^_fior
which ftays not long in the Water, has not this particular formation of the
Heart ; at leall we have not found it in thetwoC4//ori which we dilFcded,
the one whereof was o? Canada, the other of France.
The Head was not fliort and round , as Rondeletius delcribcs it, and its
Nofe was long enough to make it rcfemble the Head of a Calf. But the Eyes
were not like thofe of a CV/i which has them full, and as it were ftandmg
out of the Head ; for thofe of our Subjeft were hid, and as it were funk into
'their Or^/>«,whofc upper Edge was not railed, as it is in the Cj^.Ncverthelcls
thef ; Eyes were large, containing fifteen Lines Diameter. There was an in-
ternal Eyc-lidd to cover the Eye ; it was drawn up and hid in the great Can-
thm. (^ ' Over
t
I
121
The Anatomical Defcriftion
Over the Eyes there wanted tlwfe long Hairs which Rondelttim and Seve^
tiitm do tliere place, and it only had feme at thefide^ of thcNofe, whidi
were of a very peculiar Figure, being fquare and flatted with knots from
fpace to fpacc, and very clote to one another, as it is reprelented in the Fi-
gure.
Beyond the Eyes there were holes for the internal Ears as in Birds, and
there <vcre no external ones. ArifiotU has oblerved that this is peculi-
ar to the 6>;f-Ci(//^,which among all viviparous Aninials,is the (ble one that has
internal, and noextcrmil Ears.
The wirole skin was covered with a fhort Hair, very like to that of the
Land-(7ii//. Silvftiim dos ill compare it to that of the Goat which is very
long. Its Colour was between a Gray and Yellow, (bmewhat fainter towarcls
the Belly than towards the Back, which was chequered with Spots, about
the bignefi of ones Nail, of a dark-red. Vlitij reports that this Hair,a long
time after that the Skin has been flead, retains fuch a fimpathy with the Sea,
that it follows its motions, and that (bmetimes it ftares, (bmetimes is (mooth,
as the Sea fwells or is abated by its flux and redux. SevertHM declares that he
had ieen this Miracle ; but he exprefTes it with fuch excels, that it is the lels
credible. He fays, that when the North-wind blows, the Hairs which were
railed by the South-wind are not only laid^ but do wholly dilappear. Cardam
affirms that this Property, which had pailed for Fabulous, was found true in
tlie hdies. Experience has demondrated to us that thu Miracle is never fien
at Purii, For having kept and obierved this Skin for (cveral Months, we
found that tlie Hair was in all weathers kjX the (anie highth and iitua-
tion, -' ' ■' "' - ■ '
The Skin wa<; hard and thick. Plitn fays that it is impoflible to kill the
Sen-Half bMt by hi caking its Heid. The Hiflorians of the Wef-lt^s do re-
port tlHt die Skin of tlic MatMti being Tanned is above an inch thick, and
that thereof is made the Soles of Shooes. ;' ■ ^ •
'ThzTreth which were long and fharp in both the Ja^vs, were very unlike
to thole of tlie CW/^, and do better relemblc the Teeth of aH^oi^. So that
the Sfumariis and Germans have realbn to call this Animal the Stea-
Wo/f. Belides, the mild and heavie difpoTition of the Land'Calf has very lit-
tle rcfembliincc with that of the Sta-Calfy which Naturalifts report to be
Crafty, Bold, and Couragious, living on Rapine, having the Induftry of AS-
Icmbimg with its Kind, to attack the greateft Fifhes, and ftrength enough
to defend it (elf on Land againft the Bear : which is hardly credible of the
Cahes of the Stature of ours, and can awee only with thofe which are t'<.-
ken near En^lamLt whidi according to GrjW arc as great as the hears ; o i-a-
thcr with thole vfhttvtoi Gomara Oviedoy Pfdr6 Ciefa^ and the laft relatioiis of
tlie Jnt'ijtes do Ipeak, whidi are of a fize (b Prtxiigious, that there arc found
Ibme twenty foot long and feven thick. But Names are moft frequently given
to Filh by reafbn of fbmc relcmblances that they have,as it is pretended,to cer-
tain thinij;s whctlwr that Similitude be taken from their fhape,or difpofitions.
Thus the StSheep has this Appellation, bcciufe it is white, and has crook-
ed Horns li!<L- that of the Land ; and the 'Sea-Calf is by fbme called a Wolff
by realbn that it liVcs on Rapine. Ncverthelcfs by this realbn it Ihould be
called a 6>'rr», if comj>ftred to tUeSeaShfep ; and tlic SraShcep ouglit on the
contrary
of a SEAL or SEA-CALF.
and Sevi"
[e, whtdi
notsfrom
n the Fi-
)Irds, and
is peculi-
le that has
lat of the
ich is very
T towarcls
}ts, about
[air,a long
h the Sea,
is fmooth,
"es that he
cisthelels
hich were
r. Cardgft
ind true in
never fcen
onths, we
and fitua-
to kill the
iits do re-
thick, and
>
^cry unlike
". So that
I the Sea-
lasverylit-
iport to be
iry of Af.
;th enough
iible of the
ich are t'<.-
its ; i-a-
relaciotis of
: are found
ently given
idcd,tocer-
lifpofitions.
I has crook-
led a Wolf,
; Hiould be
iglit on the
contrary
1 1 3
contrary to be called a Wdfy becaule that according to //•7/4/2j tlie SeaSh^ep
hunts tiie^V/t-Ca/zTj, and devours them.
The Toxgne was very like to that of a C4/r,bein;; large, flat, and fmootli.
It was forked, and cut in two at the end, as Jr/flot/c has remarqued ; but not
ddubie, round, and Iniall, as in Serpents ^ and Lizards^ as Pliny delaibes it. a
The Lxry»x\\2id a particular formation, t'lC Epiglottis be..jg pioportiona-
blylaryerthan in other Animals; it wenthaif asi inch in Icngtii bjyond the
Glottis^ to cover it. It is probable that this is dOnc more exattly to cloli^ the
entrance of the^y^fr^ Artcria, when this Animal eacs his Prey att'ie bottom
of the Sea, and to hinder the water from runnin'i; into its Lun 's.
'I'he Ventricle was in form ot an htcfiwe, which was contradc.l towarcls
its two Orifices, iicvcrintu deicribes it roiuvJ like an Ofiricrj's Egg. The in-
tcriour Membrane was folded, and made ftveral wrincklcs. Sc^erimi-s de-
icribes it without wrinckles. llieie wrinckles from the Superiour OriHce to
the midclle of the Ventricle were waved, and from thence unto t!ie Vylortu they
were llrait. This leems to iiavc Ibmc relemblance with tlie Ventricles of A-
nimals which chew the Cud, in wiiicli the wrinckles of the louver Ventricle
are iirait, and according to the length of the Ventricl: ; whereas in tlie uppci-
they ?.retranfverial and oblique.^)i?K .■> .] r,-, i.. :
In theinlide of the Ventricle tiiere was found a round bottom of the Sea-
herb called by the Ssa-men H'Vfc/', which is a kind of Fiicus. This clue or
bottom was of the bignefs and fliapu of a Nut. It cloicd the upper Orifice
of the Ventricie^ m^ovtmch that it feemed that this round lump had been
pufh'd into tliis Orifice by the effort of an extraordinary compreffion, and
by the contraction of the Ventricle.
: I'he Liver had fix Lobes, two great ones underneath and behind, and four
fmali ones at tlie top and before. The Ga!l-l>ladder was between the great
right Lobe behind, and the firllof the finallones which are before of the
fame fide. Belonitts reports according to Jriftotle^ that the Sen-Cdf has no
Gall. Pliny would have it in the Breaft ; which agrees not with what he re-
lates, that this Animal vomits up its G^// when purl'ued by the Fifher-men,
by realbn of the kiiowledge he has that he is taken only for his Gall, which is
pi-oritablc for the Cure of leveral Difcales : for it would be impoirible for him
to vomit up thisliall which is in his Breaft,it being incredible that he can un-
derftand the inrentioiis of the Fifhermen : unlels that this Sagacity be pecu-
liar to It, and other Amphibia, fuch as are the Ct/Zc^, Serpents, and troops ^
which this lame Author reports to take care to get rid of the things tor which
they arc fought after ; lb that the C^/Zty tears on the Pouches wherein is con-
tained the Nledicinal Liquoi* ot^tlK Cajlcreum^ the 6£r/;i.-«/jdorwallow the
precious Skin wliich they docaliat the Spring, the Frogs i\q daily vomit up
certain* vS'tf///r//<rro/« Liquors which arc ingendred in their Bodies, for fear of
being killed tor this Liquor.
The /(>^;?m relembled not thofe of the Qf^rr, as Rondeletius llxys, bccaufc
the Kidneys of the Otter are compoled of leveiai linall ieparatc ones, which
have each their feVWijf/// Vclfels and particular Ureters, as is reprelenicd in
ihe Figure of the Kidneys of the lie^r. The Kidneys of our Subjedl: were more
iike to the Kidneys ot the /.W-(.W/, being cleft at top only in rlicirSurtace
by cho|)s which did not fink very deep ; but thdc thups \K<iQ inucli moi-e
■ • Q. 2 luimcrous
iH
The Anatomical Defcription
numerous than in the Land-Calf^ and they made this Kidney to leem compo-
fcd of leveral Glands J03 iied together. Thefe Kidneys did likewife differ
from thole of the ^and-Cdf^ in that befides the great i^elvis which is in the
gibbous part of that Kidney, there were feveral other fmall ones fcattered
in leveral places in tiie Subftance of the Kidney, infbmuch that it leemed
that every of thefc flnall Pelves appertained to each of the little particular
Kidneysofwiiich the great one was compoled, and that t\\Q Parenckyma oi
every of thele particular Kidneys made but one fingle Mais. The Memira-
m Mfpo/li of the Kidney was all interfperled with very vifible Vcflels, which
made Rondeletitu to fay that the Emulgents enter not into the Cavity of the
Kidney in the Sea-Caif as in other Animals,but that they are diftributed over
the v\hole Body of the Kidney. The greatelt part of thefe VelTels in the
left Kulney were the Branches, or rather the Roots of the Spermadck Vein,
which by reuniting did form three great Branches, which the Trunck of the
Sf^rmatick Vein, ihac proceeds from the Emulgcnt, did by the way receive.
This left Kidney was accompanied with a Succenturistus^ which was about
the bignefs of a Filbert^ and immediately adhering to the Trunck of the Vena
Cava. •• ?•- _ . : v
The Lungs had but one Lobe on each fide, which was only a little tranf-
verfly cut through the middle.
The Heart was round and flat. Its Ventricles appeared very large, and its
Aiiriclfs very fmall. The Trunck of the Aorta proceeded from the Heart two
inches in length before it returned downwards. Underneath the great Aper-
ture through which the Trunck of the Vena Cava conveyed the blood into the
right Ventricle of the Heart, there was another which penetrated into the
ArtertA VtHoja^ and from thence into the left VentricUj and afterwards into
the Jorta. This hole, which is called the Foratmn Ovale in the Firttu, Hiakes
the n.tfiomcfis by the means of which the blood goes from the Cava into the
Aorta without pafling through the Lungs; and it is apparently for the fame
ufcthat this palTage is found in the Sea-Calf znA Fmttttj by reafbn of the ne-
ceffity whicli c^ch liave of living without rcfpiration, r/r. the Foftttt whilft
in f he Womb of its Motlier, and the Sea-Calf' whilil under water. Which
denionitratcs that Refpiration is neceflary for the Circulation, and that the
Blood which the Lungs have received from one of the Ventricles of the
Heart by being dilated, is afterwards thruft into the other Ventricle by the
compreflion of the Heart. And it is probable that the facility which the Scit-
Calf has of Diving a long time under water, muft rather be attributed to this
particular formation of the Veflcls of the Heart and Lungs, than to the Ihiall-
nefi of the Lungs, which is the reafbn that Pliay alledges.
■ Between thele two holes which were in the Trunck of the Vena Cavoy
there was a Membranous (epararion made by a fold of the interiour Coat of
the Vein.
In the Ventricles of the Heart, and in the Lungs, there was found great
flore of Blood. Plinj reports that thele parts in the Sea-Caif do contain kfs
blood than in other Animals. This blood being kept congealed very firmly.
Ariftotlc and P//>f^ do affirm that the Bones of the Sea-Calf are Cartilagi*-
nous : we found that they were real Bones very hard, efpccially thofe of the
Crnninm. Tlic Dnra Mater wasfaflned to the Skull, and redoubled to make
the
- ;■ 'ffT^t^y- '
(fa SEAL or SEA-CALF.
12^
the Falx. There was a bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like as
in Dogs and other Animals which do live by Rapine, and which do eatFlefli,
and not Graft, like the Calf. This Bone was flat and pointed, and not
round and maflie, fb as that which is found in the Head of the LmnHtiriy
which is a kind of Sen-Cdf of the Weft-Iitdiesy and whicli is held to be a
Bone which has a peculiar Vcrtue for dilfolving the Stone of the I -tneys and
Bladder.
The Sinuofities and Cavities of the Brain were as in the Calf, jut there
was more of the Cerebellum proportionably than there is in the head of a
Calf; which is unufual in Fifties, which have very little Cerebellum. The
Glandula Pinealis was two lines in length and little lefs in breadth. Natural*
lifts have obferved that this Animal participates nothing of the Stupidity of
Fillies, but that it equalls the moft fubtill Sagacity of f erreftrial Animals^
P/zwyteftifies that there were Ihewn fome at Rome which anfwered when they
were called, and which with voice and gefture faluted the People in the
Theatres. Gomara makes mention of a Manatit or Sea-Calf of the Indies of a
prodigious fize, which being tamed, did come when it was called by its
name, and carried ten men upon its Back in a Lake where an India»?r'mc&
^jept it. Jldrovandtis reports that he law one which did Sittg for the Chrifti*
an Princes and not for the Turks.
The Cryftdine was almoft Sphxrical after the ufual manner of Fifhes, and
the more convex part was before, oxitrary to what is ufual. The whole
Choroides was beimeared witli a white and very opake iiibftance. In the Re-
tina there were three branches of Mood-vdiels, which did enter into the Eye
with the Optick Nerve, and were fpread over the whole Membrane. This
Optick Nerve did enter into the middle of the Eye, and its entrance wasdi-^
re£lly oppofite to the CryfiaS^.
Theie two Remarks are favourable to the Opinion of thde which do hoU
that the reception of the viliial Species is made on the rur^u:e of thtRetinn
and not thidCharo/des; becaule that the VdTels which beii^ fpread into the
Ketina are laid upon tbtCiaroideSf muft, by realbn of their Opacity, oppole
tha paf&ge of the viTual Species, and hiildbr them from gotn^ to the Choroi*
des: which thele VeiTels do not in regard c^ the Retina b^ule,that it covers
them with its furface which terminates and locks up the ^i/rf 04^ Humour.
The Situation of the Optick Nerve which was found in the <<4jf»of the Eye,
and which by con&quence did diredly receive the vifual Species, &3mstod&>
monftrate that it is not the Choroides which receives the Species, fee-
ing that there is no Choroides at the principal place where the Species do fall ;
but that it is the Retina which is extended over the Optick Nerve as well as
on all the other places on which the Species may fall.
The left Eye was contraded, and a great deal le(s than the right ; and was
found to have been hurt, the Humours being half fuppurated. In the Eyes
of this Subjed there was not found the thouland Colours which Natualifts
report to be there obfervable.
Tbi
-^■^^^r
Mi
.1'
|::
I
J
Hi,
t
s
126
.J, :>
,j :,: i l)^--
The ExpIiCitt/on (f the Figure of the Barbary Covr. ' ! ''
-iri ni .: ,.
.; ;ir ; , .. ; / -
t
■ 1
. ./ ■!';,-.,'.-A'i :„v
:av ■
Figure, \ ..b.
u'.T^loo ■;'<■;..■
' t':
r.'f'i v\- , •
: i-i.
.^i.ir;.v
i 7';'ij <;rri
'A'i
/ IiJtW I.
Inr. /• .,'
-' .■.'
••»;■ ;. ,:-'ij
V^ -r ..) , ..-.
•y\-y
hhiicfs, : 1
. ■- 1 i If: ) hip; ,■
TH E lo.vcr Figure is to difcovci- the extraordinary lciii;t!i of the Head,
the (ituation of the Eyes wliich are very high, the \vi11din5 o''' ^^^'^
Ilo.ns, the length oF tiie Nec'<, the Bunch which die Shoulders do Vurm oa
tlie Bade, tliac which is at tlie Sternum as '\\\ the Carnal, tlie iinulhieis of the
Tail, and oclier particularities which do render the Figure of the Animal dif-
ferent from the ordinary Cy.r. .',,";( ||/,j,;„. ' r'.:"
'ic. vjjb'r^rrr.'^-'j i ) jriiL In the ^pp*
A- // //;f ^rf^r Ventricle. - • >■! ::.'fn
B B B. The three otljcr Ventricles.;^ ' r . :
C C. The Origine of tbt EpipioonjV ' :. :o
DD. r/yf Pancreas. • ! : .-
E. A f/irt of the Alpera Arterim in its natural higm'fs, ; 1
, i I, The Mcmuranoiu part of the Aipera Artcna o» tvhich the Oefbphagus liesy
and rvhic ) is towards the Vertebra; of the Neck.
ee e e> The Extremities of the half Rings of the Aipera Arteria flatted and in-
Urged, making as it were the ^Vings iphich do cover the Extremity s of the other
half Rings which an underneath, and are reprefented by f f f, <'^''i -'■>" . ■• >v-- »
g g. The hollow and Chaaellattd part'ofthe half Rings, -.U7/ vvj:'-: x-,\\
FF. !r/;tf Liver. . /j/..'/i ibijqC^ is:; '.i ./
G. 'i7r«r Gall-Bladder. '.;n; urn ojni -Mjii.. lnbyvrj/1 . .j qi;
r. The Tmnckof the Vena Porta faflnedtotheLivtr, '^ ' ■ c ■ ■.
H.HdlfoftheTrMittkof\tBe NcnA¥ana.loo/ed from the Uvtr, t$ diftover its
interionr furfacei •' i "'■- • '" i-^rJiivv.''' rioijq'ju:y, ■
1 1. The holes of the brunches of the Ne^nA Von^ which do enter into the'SuhJlance
of the Vavqt, with the Valves which do half jhutibem. '
K. The Head jeen in another Afpeii than that of tUlifwer Figurey to reprefent the
' tie Hotm. 'Avry. \\:\ jon oij cb'ibY ylarjj rb*/! : -. Ih
: 0:
ly.iR
. j Jcqbfriij ;^n; 3 , i<»\v\fy\'j en ?t viofb 3;. :j :..ni
pArticular winding of
L L L LL. The fve'fmatlLo':esef /A* Lungs/' \\i\i\u
M. M. The two great LoL'es. 1 ••'•■-.») ; '-■ (ioi3'.U];c;
n. The Ligament which fajiens the two great Lobes to one another, .;ci i':.>i ■ '/
.' i f vs..
no
, • ;ii .'ab-v-'ri , 1 iiji.'ivA no ^ . ^ ■', i^jljo ;;m
: ,;fiiu(i.^"i(!!.'. '.it :Hb ,i ; ; . c uvy:il (.: .:- ; '
■'/•;
.j;;! ;;u c.
T H E
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A.
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■ rw; . i".*/t/ f ',-■^'■
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V;--;. '";;-'::':;/'iii the
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
BARBARY COW
-:;i
" I *riis Anim&l was about thQ fize of a Cw. Its Hair was of a Fox'f^d,
1. paler towards the point than the root. It was a little fhorter than
it commonly is in Cms^ and almoft of the fame bignels flbwkrds the point as
the root : which is contrary to the Hair of Animals, which is moft freouently
bigger towards the root than towards the other end. Tet we have before re-
marqued an irregularity oppofite to this in the Hair of aq Elky which was a
great deal fmaller towards the root than towards the middle. '.»;, .' ■'"■;;.'
The difpoTitton of the Body, Less, and Neck made it better to ref^mbie a
Sng than a Cmp^ of which it bad omy the H>rnesy which were in a great ma-
ny things different from thole of Cows. Th^ were each of them a loot lon^
and took their rife very near one another, by reaibn the Head was in this
part exceeding narrow. They were very thick, bent backward, black, •
wreathed like a Screw, and worn before an^l at top, lb that the rai^d parts
which formed the Screw, were there wholly ef&ced. The Ti//was larger
at its beginning than towards its end, after the manner of all the cloven foot-
ed QuxArufeds of Barbtry which we have DifTeded. It exceeded not thirteen
Inches in length comprehending a tuft of black hair three inches long, which
it had at its extremity. The Ears were feated not at top of the TemfUsf and
underneath the Himts as in Co»Sf but more backward : as for the reft they
were like to the Ears of thcGazelUf being covered in the iofide with a whit6
Hair in Tome {^aces, the reft being bahi, and difcovering a skin perfe^ly
black and fniooth. The Eyes were fb high ^^ld lb near the fi>rns, that the
Head fcemed to have almoft no fore-head.
The Teats were very little, very fhort, and only two in number: which
rendred tliem different from thofe or Coipj. The Shoulders v/cre very high,
making a bunch at the beginning of the Back. There was anotlier bunch
oppofite to this of the Back, viz, at the bottom ofthc.Stermmt like as in the
CameL
We
,t.
r^i|£^''
^<>m:-
WM
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1
'9
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f 1
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ill
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V
ta.
The Anatomical Defcription
We found that all the particulars which are obferved in this Animal were
leen in the Bdalus which AUrovanius defcribcs, and the Figure of which
was fent him by Horatm FotiUn*. There is only the bunch of the Sternum
which neither Mdrovandtis nor Font ah* do fpeak of. It is probable that this
Animal ouglit rather to be taken for the Bubalus of the Ancients,than the lit-
tle AfricM Ox which Belonius defcribes : for Arijhtte compares the BiAmIus to
the ^*gg. JP-ltM leports that it is very nimble footed ; Off tut attributes to
it Horns bent backward ; and Fliwf averrs that it altogether relembles a Cdf
and a StAgg. But there is not found any of thefc marks in the Animal which
Belonins d'elcribes, and they all occurr in the Animal which we fpeak of, as
may be cafily demonftrated, if rcflcftion be made qh all the ^articufars be-
fore rcmarqued. But it is no wonder that BelomUs\^ deceived in attributing
to his little Ox the name of Buhalusy feeing that Pliny tcftifies that even in
his time this word and appellation was very equivocal, and that it was given
to Animals which had no fimilitude with the Bithaliss.
As for the inward parts, the Eftfloon inclofcd apd covered xheyentricUs. It
was Compodd rf a Membrauie very thin, but continued and not pierced.
The VelTels wcrti included in a thick Caul. Its Ligatures wcri fartned td the
two laft Ventricles, viz. from the Pylorus to the lecond Ventrtcle^ to the up-
per part which touches the Di4fltr4gmty and from thence it extended over
the t wo firft, by bending it felt towards the left fide.
The Ventr teles were ia number four. The frj^ find grcateft wgs velveted
with an infinite number of fii>all Teats, whicli made die exteriour furface of
the internal Membrane of xhj&VeKtricle. as it is in the generality of other Ani-
mals which chew thP Cud: but rliis Membrane was cafily feparable from the
external as in the GazeUa. Thefeco/id Ventricle had its internal Membrane
in form of Net-work ; and this Net- work, as in Sheefy was nothing elfc but
the Folds of tliis Membrane, which was loofcr than the external \ and thefe
folds were of different Figures, fbme Triangular, others Square, and others
Pentagonal. The thirds as ufual Iiad its internal Membrane much loofcr than
the lecond y and the folds which it had were more railed, but they
were all ranged long-wife, making^ as it were |caves indented. The Ftitrti,
which alone was greater than the Second and Third together, was likewifi;
filled with Leaves ; but they were without indentures, and their Situation
was tranfverfe, as it were to (lop and retain the NouriJhmcn( a longer time.
Such a Strudure lias been obferved in the 6V4-f(?jf,where the Cavity of the In-
tefiine was interrupted by Membranes tranfverfly fituatcd, and difpofed like
a Sntil-^ell or Newel of a winding Stair-cafe ; and this very tranivcrlc Situa-
tion o^ Leaves has been found in the Caecum of Afes^ in the Colon of Hares,
aqd Rditsy in the Colons and two Cecums oiOjlriehes, and in the 'Jejunum of
Mm. The Colour of this lafl VentrtcU was very different from that of the
others, being of a very darkred.
The Intefiines were all together feventy and eight feet. The C^cum was
eighteen inches long, and three broad. It had a Nervous Ligament, which
ncverthclufs caufed not any Cells.
The PancreMS was faftened along the little Ventricles. The Sfleen was ten
inches in length and tour in breadth. It was half joyncd to the Ven»
trtcle.
The
of
and
fordif
were
for
with
wife
wit!
in a
whic
rcfiJi
and
make
mal were
af which
B Sternum
that this
in the lit-
Btihtlus to
ributes to
)lesa Cdf
lal which
cak of, as
culars bc-
ttributing
It even in
was given
ntricUs. It
lot pierced.
InedtOthc
to theup-
gnded over
^svelveted
r lurfaee of
f other Ani-
)le from the
Membrane
ing elfebut
j andthefe
, and otliers
\ loolcr thaa
but they
The Fourth,
^as likewile
ir Situation
ongcr time.
ty ofthe/««
liCpfed Ukc
vcrlc Situa-
'H of Hares f
Jejunum of
that of the
C^cum was
ncnt, which
leen was ten
to t!ic rert'
The
(fTtfB ARBARY COW.
i;29
-• Th&Uver was romlitl and vvithout Lobes, being only a httle cleft before
aud bdhiod. In the Trunk of tlie y<n* Porta thoct was oblervod little Mem-
branes in form of Valves, which half covered the holes of the brandiBs
which do carry the blood from the Trunck of the Porta iiito the Subftancc
ofthoiinw, to hinder it from returning into the Trunck. Thefe Vtlves
whicli have not been yecfeen in t\\Q Liver of any Animal, are very fkvoUm-
ble to the Piilfation, which Glijfoa attributes to the branches which the P(7r^4
cafts into the Liver : for this pulfation, which he thinks to be communicated
to them by the Arteries, which are joyned and faftened to them by tlie afli-r
ftance of a Capfula,which inclofes the Vein with the Artery.: this Capfula ha-
ving a particular motion of conftriftion, is not eafie to conceive without thefe
Valves i,.it being. l»rd for the blood lock'd up in thele Veins to form any
puUatiOiT'whcn it is ftruck by the dilatation or the neighbouring Arteries, if
not inci^^knd retained by (ome adjoyning obflacle, llich as is that of the
Valves J "^ikKerwile it will ncceflarily flow back intp the Trunck, and Brandies
which doi<;onvey the blocd thither ; for the impetuofity of the motion of
this blood towards tlie ti uiick cannot fupply this obftacle, as GUjfon pretends,
by reafon of the weaknels of the Tunicle of the Veins, which do bring this
blood into the Trunbk : for thele Veins would have more need of a Capful*
to be ftrengthncd, thaii tliti branches which arc in the Liver^ the Parenchyma.
whereof might be fufficient to ftrengthen them* So that it (eerns that for
want of thefe Valves, the beating would be much greater in the Branches
whicli do convey the Blo6d into the TrUnck of the Vena pcrtay th;in in tliole
which do diftribute it into the Subftance of die Liver ; and that this beating
muft be as contrary to the motion of the blood contained in thele branches,
as advantagious to that which muft be diftributed in the Liver.
The Gall-bladder was at the extremity and on the edge of the hollow part
Cn the right fide. It was faftncd to the Liver by its internal half, and tlie
Membrane which made the outward half was thin, fine,^ and all folded, be-
ing intirely void of Gall.
The Lungs had (even Lobes : the five upper ones were fmall ; the two lower
contained nine inches in length and five in breadth. Tiicy were faftned to
each other towards the middle by a McmbranousLigamcnt half an inch broad,
and two thirds of an inch long.
The Rings of the Afpera ArterU which were impcrfcfl, did leave the fpace
of a finf;cri breadth without a CartilaM at the place towards tlvj Back-bone,
and which touches the Oefophagus. Thele Rings were of fuch a Figure, and
lordifpoled, that their extremities flatncd, and inlarged, did each form as it
were two Wings or Auricles, which were laid oneupcJTi the other; 16 tliat
for inftance the lower Windsor Auricles of tlie firlt Cartilage were covered
with the upper Wings of the lecond, whicli with its lower wings did like-
wile cover the upper wings of the third, which did cover its lower wings
with the upper ones of the fourth. This continued after the lame manner
in all the Cartilages of the Afpera Arteria^ as is reprtlented in the Figure,
whicli alone can fumcicntly demonftrate this extraordinary Strufture. The
rcfidueof every Ring, which was the hardeft part, was hollow in its middle,
and left two eminencics at its fides. This conformation did in this place
make the Afpera ArtcrU more rough tlian it generally is ; bccaulc that the in-
R equality
i^o
The AnatOff/iiiat'Defcri^ion
equality of the two diflferentSubflances which compole it, namely^ the Mem-
brane, and Cartilage which is found in all forts ot jfptrd JrterU, this had
over and above the inequality which the Cavities or Indentings, that were
in each Ring, did make. n r
The Corne/i in the Eye was of an oval Figure, as it ullially is in other Cimf.
The Iris was TeSavy a little inclining to Red, The CrjfidifMts was more coa-
vexbdiiod than before. 'i'ij:^ w-'a; ' rlqiriw ,n(,ij . i-ul ydi .
-fTlfi'^ri vo uv^h cj bsi:j7?/fi bns I'^-i'/af 9-iu !bi;{:g7.,<»yiiS3i>v uri; ^ifijaf!- ;.;
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■'«*»•■
TheExplicationof the Figure <f the CORMORANT.
.7'
IN the Lower Figure is obfervable the length of the Head, the fmalnefs of
the Eye, and itsobUque Situation, tlie crooked Figure of the Bill, and
the extraordinary Strudure of the Feet which have the great Toe outwards,
and the others inwards, being all four webbM together by Membranes.
In the Zipper Figure.
I
m
)
A B. Reprefentithe Oelbphagus Wkww «/>, ami tied at the fof.
B C. The Ventricle tlorrn up.
B. The place where the Oefbphagus is firaitned to make the upper Orifice of the
Ventricle.
D E. The Afpeia Arteria.
E. A knot mSde of a Bony Ring at the bottom of the Afpera Arteria.
V F. Tm Mtifcubits Ligaments which do fafien the Afj^ra Arteria with the Biad'
ders of the Lungs.
G. The Heart.
H. The right Lobe of the IJWQV.
I. The left Lohf.
K The third Lo'e, which i< under the two others.
L. The Gall-niaddcr.
M. r/f Pylorus.
N. A p/trt of the Ocfbpliagus, the infide of which « reprefented.
(). T/e ^((prriour Orifice ff the Ventricle.
P. y/ p.trf of the Ventricle which u fecn on the infide.
q q. The Memlr.vii s of ti>e Ventricle cut aj under, the inter lonr of which is compo-
fed of Ml i/.jifiite nun ber of longijh (il.nids conglomerated, and whcje points do
n,:iLr tie inter i/.tl Superficies of the Venrricle rough like Chagrin.
(\. The Larynx.
K. -///rlongiie.
S T. 'Tie ri[:ht Foot.
T. The Serrate or loothid Claw which is on the frcond Toe.
T U E
' *^ '*'5--l%ft«*^»^-^
'iSSft^.
r y^,s^fif'fb;^fs\6f p 1 rM^yi^tf^i ^^^
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.ss;>«i.,affi^.«i.js;jji-
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ANATOMICAL DESCRJPTIOISJ
;;','!':;;r t ij;;h hn') :;fj3 ^ : ^ixA .-J.O F A Jj 7"^r;;rnov! idi ;,j:.ynni vd
CORMORANTS
' I ^His Bird is called a CormorMt, 'that is to lay' Crow-Marine, becaule that
1 it is generally all black,and is an Aquatick Animal. Gefher fays that it
is lor this reafbn that it is by Alhertus Aftf^/»«y called CArbo aquAtieus. Gaza, is
of Opinion that the Cor4Jc oi JrifiotU is this very Bird, not only by realbn
of the Greek Name, which fignifies Crow, but likewife of the other marks
by which this Philolbpher deligns it,which do perfeftly agree with the Cormor
r<i»/ that wedefcribe.
It was twenty feven inches from the end of the Bill to the extremity of the
Tail, and three foot and a half from one end of the Wings expanded to the
other. There are fecn a great many larger on the Sea-Shore. Its whole
Plumage was Black, or a very dark gray, fbmewhat greenifli on the wings,
except the Belly, and under the Neck, which were covered with white Fea-
thers, the end of which was blackifh : which made thele white parts to Teem
fpottod with brown, Gfner reports that in Switzerland thefe Cormorants
which are there called Scharbi^ that is to fay Coals, have feme of them white
Bellies.
Under the great plumes which cover the Body, there Was a gray down
extremely fine and thick, as in Swans. Aldrovandus reports that the Skins of
C rmcrants are prepared like tliofe of Vultures, ^nd uied to cover and warm
the Stomach.
The Feathers which did garnifh and adorn the Neck were very fhort, and
thoic which did cover the Head much fliorter : but they were very thick and
ihiall like Fringe. This demonftrates the Cormorant not to be tlic Ph.ilocro-
cnraxj which is 16 called ; becaufe it has no Feathers on tlie Head, and that
Pliny is deceived, when he fays that the aquatick Crar, which is the Cormo-
rant, is naturally bald, and that this particularity has given it the name
winch it has amongft thcGreeks. Bd nius held the fame Opinion. Thele
Flumes upon the Head were four lines in length, ftrait, and Ibiring. This
nude tlic Head to appear lefs flat than indeed it is, although it very much
appeared lb with thclc Feathers.
Towards
»?4
The Anatomical Defcription
Towards the root, as well of the upper as lower Beak, there was a Skin
without Feathers : it was like wife extended round the Eye. This Skin was
Red. AldrovAndus reports that it is generally white, and Gefner makes it of
a £i^«»-CokHM-. This iatne Skifi was extended under tiie tieak, upon the
Cavity which is generally there. In this place it was of a Pale-yellow.
The Bill at the fides was Gray mix'd with Red, and Black at the top. It
was three inches in length, from the opening to its extremity. It was crooked,
and very pomted at the end. This Beak lerved him to catch Filli ; but bc-
caufe that he could only fwallow tliem backwards, or fidewile, and could
not conveniently fwallow the Tail firft, by rcaibn of the Fins, Crcfts, and
Scales, which hiniircd them from entring iqio hisThivat, h< ujed to cail
tli^min the Air, to receive tliemwith the Head firft: which lie does with
lb much dexterity that he never mifles. This Bird is made ule of for Fifliing,
by putting an Iron Ring at the bottom of its Neck, to the end that the Filli
being received into the Oe/oph*gusj which is very large, making a kind of
Craw, might not enter into th& Ventricle, and tliey might eafi#y be made to
cafttliemup.
In the Beak there was not any hole for the Noftrils, although in the Palate
there was one large enough to permit the Vapours to rife up to tJie Organs ot
the Smelling. . .. i.,,, ^
The Eyes were fmall, and fituated very near the Bill. Bang ihut, tlieline
which the Eye-lids made, was {bmewliat moire oblique thau icgeneraUy is in
Birds.
The Feet were fhort, not exceeding four inches from tte Belly to the
Ground, and tliere were fcven to the end of the greateft Toe. Tlicfc Feet
were very blacky and fhiiuag, covered with long, and ftrait Scales
in tlie ioTide of tha Foot , and on the middle of tlie Toes. Theie four
Toes were wcbbM together by Ibmc Menabranes, which w^ have alrea-
dy remark'd in a Scotch Goofe. Tliefc Membranes were fpcckkd like Chagrm.
Tiielc four Toes, which were all of a row, went Icffening from the great to
the little one. The great and little one did make a right Anglo, the great
one being on tJie outfide, and the little one ontheinfidc. The two otlier
Toes were likewilc on the infide, between the great and little one ; which is
unufual in other two-footed Animals, efpecially Man, who(c Foot iia^ the
great Toe inwards, and tlic others outwards: for tiiisiiib madetolupporc
and more fiimly to fcttlc the Body on the Feet, on which the Prominence or
Protuberance \\ Iiich the toe has on tlie outfide is nccelTary, to hinder it from
bending on either fide ; but this prominence is wholly uiclefs on the infide;
becaufe th^t the oppofite Legllifficicntly fupports the Body on that fide.TheIc
Toes had iharp and crooked Claws .• the greatefl: cxa*eded not five lines. Yet
there was tliis remarkable in thefc Claws, that thole of the lecond toe, which
is next to the |;reateft, were (crrate or toothed in each Foot, on the fide to-
wards the third toe. The great toe, which was three inches long, was
compoled of five bones or Phalanges, the next of four, the third ot tluce,
and the fourth, which is the leaft, of two. This laft was an inch long. J-
rtfiotle reports that the Cormoraat is the only Dnckir which Perches on I'rtes,
and which makes its Nell there. Wc have oblcrved that the Feet like thole
of our Cormorant^ arc more commodious for Perching than arc thole of other
DHckers,
of a CORMORANT.
«3^
was a Skin
is Skin was
makes it of
, upon the
.•How.
:lie top. It
i^as crooked,
Ih ; but bc-
> and could
Crcfts, and
uied to call
e does "With
for Fifliing,
hat the Filh
5 a kind of
be made to
n the Palate
le Organs of
)ut, theline
;nerally is in
Belly to the
Thcfc Feet
trait Scales
Thcfe four
; have alrea-
ikc C/j^n».
the gruat to
;, the great
le two otljer
e ; which is
DOt has the
le to I'upporc
)mine!icc oi
nder it from
the infidc ;
,t iide.Thelc
e lines. Yet
i toe, which
the fide to-
s long, was
ird ol tiiicc,
1 long. yi-
;s on Trees ,
et like thole
oleof other
■■$
Duckers, though thefe feet can. clalp the branches only with two of their
four toes, namely, with the greateft, and leaft : but this Uttle one is mucU
krger than in other Palmifedefy which have the little toe behind fb fliort^ that
it is only as a Spur, abfblutely ulelels to gripe the branches.
. The conftruftion of the Foot of our Cormorant appeared to us not only
more commodious than it is in other Palmipedes, in regard pf tlie facility
which is given it to Perch it felf, but is alfo very advantagious for Swiniina :
for whereas other Palmipedes have only two Membranes which do joyn tlie
three toes before, our Cormorant had three which webb'd thg four toes toge-
ther: tor which rcafon thefe Birds do go under water with an incredible
quiclinels. Gejr/er rejjorts that the feet do fbmetimes ferve them to catch the
Fifli, and that they do bring it to the Shore holding it with one foot, and
fwiming with the other. Tliis particular ule, viz. of having occaljon to
fwim with one finale foot, may make us to comprehend the reafbn of the
extraordinary Struaure of the Cormorant'^s feet : for if the toes and their
Membranes which do form the toot, had been outwards, it would have been
impoflible for the Bird to go otherwife than by turning round when it fwim$
only; with one foot, as it happens to a Boat vvhen rowed but with one Oar ;
wJiereas the toes being inwards, it happens that when the Bird fwims with
one lingle foot, it ftrikes the water exaflily under the middle of the Belly,
and makes not his Body to waddJe on the one fide or the other. Mfow this
formation was (b much the niiore necefTary, as its feet are fhorter.- for if they
had been longer, they would have had a facility which they have not to bt;
turned obliquely under the Belly, to place the foot in the middle, and not to
ftrike on one fide iftore than on the other.
The 0«/tf/>A4?iw was leated at the right fide of the .^/^'"^ •^'■^''''''» under
which it palfed to reach the Ventricle. When it was puHed up by blowing
on the infide, it was inlarged to above two inches in Diameter. Being come
diredly over the Bifurcation of the JfferaArteria, it was turned on the left
fide, and was fuddenly ftraitned, leaving for the upper Ofifice of the Ven-
trtcle but one Aperture about the bignels of a quill. This contrading ap-
peared not when the Oefophagm and Ventricle were blown up ; for then they
made oaly one fingle Bowel. This Ventricle was flelhy and Mufculous to-
w ards the bottom i but it was Membranous in its upper part, perhaps to in*
large and contract it lelf according to the need tliat it has for the 1 walfow?
in^ Fifhes, and fOr the incloficig them afterward in the Ventricle^ where the
coricodion, which is begun in the Oefophagm^ muft be compleated : for
the t;reatnefs of the Fifli which thele Birds areTeen to fwallow is a very ftrange
aii'l amazing thing.
1 iic Ventricle and Oefophagm did feem of the lame Figure and fize, being
viewed on the outfide, after thdt both had been ftrongly putfed up byth&
wind whicli was focceably made to enter therein .■ but the Ventricle was nar-
and not ib capacious on the inflde, by reafon of t!ie thickneis
i-owcr,
of the two Membranes , whereof it was compoled , which together
did make the thicknefs of two lines. Th? Pybru* was not oppofite to
the Supcriour Orifice, as is commonly oblerved, but it was as it were fixed
into the middle of the Ventricle, leaving the lower half hanging Ijke a Saefc,
This lower part was flefliy, and as it were Mufculous.like a Gizard ; although
thi$
i
■■
i
ii
if
1^6
T/w Anatomical Defcription
this fleOiie Membrane liad neither the thickneis nor hardncis which is ordi-
narily remarked in the Gizzard of Birds. And it is probable tiiat this part
was thus flefhie and Mulculcus, to ftrve to fquceze and more eifily to make
afccnd towards the P^/orus that which is delce .dcd to the long and narrow
bottom of the Ventricle j when the concodion of the aliment is there finifhed;
the hard and Fibrous Flefli of the Gizards l!>eing made more rtrongly cocom-
prcls, and as it were to brui(e the hard and dry grains which Birds do fccd
on, and not being neceflary for thofc which do live only upon Flefh, or Fifli
hlic the Cormor^t.
The external Membrane of the Ventricle was white, and appeared of two
fubftanccs; its < xternal part being Nervous andhar4atcop, and flefhie at
bottom, as has been declared, and its internal part being quaggie, and mu-
cous, fb tluitit fcemed that by the means of this internal part the two Mem-
branes of the Ventricle were glued together. The internal Membrane, which
was fomewliat reddifli, was GlanduTous, and compofed of an infinite num-
ber of final! Glands a line and a half long, and about the thickneis of a great
pin ; thefe little Glands did touch each other, according to their length, and
were faftened, and as it were glued together, by a fubftance refembling their
own, but fomewhat lefs firm^ and fiimie. Their extremities were more
firmly faflend, viz. the lower ones which proceeded from the external
Membrane of the Ventricle, and tlis upper ones which did adhere each to
other, and did form the internal Superficies of the Ventricle ; fo that botli
the ends of the Glands did render this internal Superficies Uke Chagrin j
which doth very well reprefent the Velvet of the great Ventricle of Ani-
mals, which chew not the Cud, if it be imagined that the little bng Teats
wl'ich do compofe this Velvet were joyned to each other, as conglomerated
(ilwnds generally are ; whereas in Animals which chew the Cud, thefc
iitt'c Teats are feparated from each other, being only faflned to the inter-
nal Membrane of the great Ventricle by their roots. In fbme Oftriches we
have found the internal Membrane of the Gizzard of a Strufturc wholly Uke
to riiis.
Lj * lie Superiour part cf the Ventricle towards the Orifice, there were
feveral vl'orms eight or ten lines long, and About the thicknefs of a midling
pin. They were white and tranfparent, and in the middle of their body
there was fcen as it were a blackifh Vein, going from the Head to the Tail
which was more pointed than the Head, which was fmallcr than the mid-
dle of the Body. At the bottom of the Ventricle there was a matter like
to black blood half curdled. And it is probable that it was in effeft from
the blood which was fallen into this plaoe, by rcafbn of a blqw which the
Bird had received upon the head. '' -'^ i.'!b>•M^^ y,.\.) hos j\u > .
The Intejline$ were feveh foot long.' ' They had not thofe two Jffetp-
dices which do fbrm as it were two CctcHtns, which &/9xi/«j reports to be
in all Birds. We found that thefe forts of Inteflines were likewife want-
ing in an Ea^le called Haliaetos, and fbme other Birds. All the Inteflines
of our Cormorant were of the fame bignefs, ccmtaining two lines diameter.
They were inclofed with the Ventricle in an Epif^loov, which PJiny averts,
not to be in thcfc Birds. This Fpiploon had a great deal of Fat, hard Ukc
'■ • - •''■ ■■ ■•• M. « u..,.:. ■.;..:;.> J/ J.,.; ..•, Tallow.
.-,.^,,..
'■**'-^''—- • -
(f a CORMORAN T.
V
Tallow. On the Ventricle and Gall-HilcHer tliere was fome of thi^Fat
tai^ened, and lepatated from the £p/p/9(W) Wbicb is a thing very ^tiicu-
lar. ■ ' ■■• *'■■ s'<)- : "■:. ■; ■ .■■-;. w-'.;^vi,,>l
The /C'<*»<y' were lock'd up and fepairaced' from the other parts'-^ 'the-
lower Belly, by the means of a Membrane Which did cover them. Thejr
had an excraOixlinary Figure, noc being, divided into three Lobes as tliey
generally are in Birds, but toothed like a Cock's Comb in their gibbous
part. Jri^otlefkys that Oviparous Animals^ like Birds and Filh, hav^
neither Kidneys nor Bladder, except the Sea-7owo!r/. We have nGt m
found any Bird that wanted Kidneys or t/V<'r(»r'j'. As for the Bladder^ tlie
truth is tliey have no other Receptacles for their Urine, bait f he
extremity of the ReCiumy which is comtiwrily more dilated in Bi4xls than in
terreftrial Animals, and having fometimes a roundnels like to a Bladder.
as is leen in the Oftrich. The i Meiton^ whicii is no Bird, but yet
parous, has likewife Kidneys
the Pouch of the KeEium^ as ,
The L/vfr which was ol
had three Lobes, two before,
ovi-
id Urctors which do convey its Urine into
I' -ds.
;is clear as Flefh-Colour, was fma]]. It
y,ciierally fcen in other Birds ; but the
left; was not half fb lar^o as the right .• the third was under the Icft^, al-
moft of its form and fize. The whole Liver was leated on the right
fide. The Ventriile took up the left. The Gall-Bladder was feparatcd
from the Liver, being fattened there only by its Neck, as we have found
it in Eagles : this is likewife obferved in fbme other Birds. The bottom of
this Bladder touched the Ventricle. It was an inch in length, and three lines
lines in breadth.
The Spleen was an inch long, a line and a iialf thick, of a fbmewhat
darker Colour than the Liver. Its Figure was Semicircular, It touclied
the left part of the Ventricle, but was not faftened by any apparent Veffels.
It was very adherent to the Pancreas^ which reached very far, after the ufu-
al manner of Birds, into the Sinunfity which forms the nrft fold of the Intc-
ftines. It was of a whitifh Flefli-Colour : feveral Veflcls did faften it to
the hollow part of the Liver near the Origine of the Gall-Bladder. Its in-
fertion into the Inteftine was near that of the Bladder.
The JfferA Arteria had its Rings intire. At tiie place where it was di-
vided, in the Thorax^ there was a great Bony and very hard Ring. There
were two Mufcles or Flefliic Ligaments, which did tie the Afpen Arteria
towards the place where it enters into the Thorax. Thele Mufcles, which
in t!ic generality of Birds do knit the Afferti Arteria to the Sternum^ did in
this joyn it to the Bladders of the Lungs, when being divided into fevcral ten-
dons, thele tendons became Membranous and made as it were a Goojes Foot.
The Hedrt was lliut up in a Pericardium wliere there was a clear and lyni-
phid water. It was almoft round, its point being very blunt. Its Aurida
were very little, efpecially the left : It dcfccnded not between the two Lobes
of the Liver as in moll Birds, the Liver being quite underneath its poiiir.
The Tongue was very fmall, not exceeding three hues in length : Ic was
double, having two points, one whereof, which was round and llelhie, did
bend outwards ; the oilier, which was MemhranoU'. and Cartilaginous, did
tend toward tiie Larynx, which wa.s hard and bon) .
S The
^^
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Photographic
Sdaices
Corporation
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WniTM.N.Y. 14SM
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t^Si
The ada^miQil Defiriftm
f hiQ ^r was but half an inch iGiDHeteiv The Gtam \nA^ qH a traai|pa<r
real: jwivery l^iski^^ like 160^ jth^iil^cwbusJBiiamdlwJiiclit^ Ertmef^ docaU
B.ougC'cUir. It is ^bable that this red proceeded from the extravaiated blood
hA^mi the; twoTufticic9« wlluuiVQf the CtrMic.^vta^icohifKifidr^^fi^^^
nkles^were eafilytepai^ahlei and this Bird bad been hit iemafchidws upon the
I&ad. Tlie OyfiMllia* ) was iinall,; being (carcely a line , in ' ]>ianietei!. Its^
Figure wa$ Sphxridal^ <ai it ottiiiiaffily is in Fifli^ perhaps h$ roafon that thi^.
Aqinia|< QHght «) &eiiilear in ther water where it goes to catcb its Prey. . rltj
\y^s sijifitle3epce<ft;d before. • i ^
This Bird wafe killed at &^MM'tVbsn being btonght into the iKitchai of
an tniie* he tbvreifle w at the Cook» whom he bit. One of IhiSo Wings Wias
broken^ andhisiSkttlibentin,iwihaa:hrottght:tous. , , ^^>>\ :;iii ij / ::.:
. „ , .i : -..nil: :^:l^ li i:i'-i .(-ifi-iunA. !).i tli^'l |J1
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140
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The Explication <fthe Figure of the CHAMOIS «?r GEM P.
' I 'He lower Figure reprcfents the difierent Colours of the Hair, the
1 greatnefs of the Eyes, the turning of the Homes backward, and after
what manner the upper Lip is cleft.
i'»'
r» s.
In theVpper Figttre*
..Vti l:}ia,!\.4-.. •; ••
A A. The right hohc of the Liuer. .^
B. The ieft hohe.
C. The little Lobe.
DD. 7%^ ^rw^ Ventricle.
E F D. r/rf Epiploon wAw^ flw<^rj /i?rf firfi d/id third Ventricle to which it is ftfi
ened. E. // Aftrt 0///&r Epiploon, which is raifed to difcover the great Ven
tricle.
£F. r/&f //&/W Ventricle covered with the 'E'^i^lotm,
G. TAf/rt»W Ventricle.
H. The BmS which was fimttdiit the third Ventricle.
1 1. The Vafa Spermatica Frseparantia.
K K. The Branches of the Fraeparantia which go to the Bladder,
L I. The Branches which go to the Neck of the Uterus.
M M. The Branches which go to the lefticles.
N N. The Branches p^h do go totheCorava Uteri«
O O. The Tefticles.
PF. TA*- Cornua UterL ^
Q^ The Bladder.
R. ^Callous Apophysis at the Point of the Heart.
S, The CrydaiWinc Cleft in three,
TT. The Oclbphagus.
y. TheVyloim.
THE
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-TTJ
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
GHAMOIS
:it ?t'
^^ ny^uii
JIKllf^^iU
Vr^xy.) hot
J tlKlfl IBI!.
* v«
,SiH^^^H,?fIfit) pin: iL'-fw Ifimir^;
1 ni ?i !.yv im /■ ;r^ ,^«..- ■ M J
rurm.o .1 ^k. ./ ■A:nilM<v ■ '^^y.iJi
npHe ChamisW G^»»^:^Whldi *we delcribe Ws foMeiWhht bigger thkrt^a
1 Goat. It had longer Icggs ; the Hair in recompcnce was fhorter.
"Inelongeft, which adorned the B;lly and Thighs, exceeded not four Inches
andahaff ; oh the Back it was much ftiorter. The Hair which did cover
the Back and Flunks was of two forts : For befldesthe great haii- wliich did
appear, there was a fmall one very (hort , and Hne, hid underneath, about
the rootsof the greated, as in the CAJlor. The Head, Belly, and Leggs had
only the great Hair. At the places where this Hair was long, as at the top
of the Head, on the Neck, Back, Flanks, and Belly, it was a little frizled, and
wavedasinGo^rx.
The Ridge ofthe Back, the top of the Stomach, the bottom of the Throat,
Flanks,the Crown ofthe Head, and outfide ofthe Ears, was of a dark Minime
Colour. From the Ears to the Noftrills there was likewife a lift of the
fame Colour, which furroundcd die Eyes. The reft of the Hair w?s of a
foul reddifti v/hite.
The r4/7 exceeded not three Inches in length. The Esrs were five. On
the infide they were bordered with a wliite Hair. The reft was fmooth and
of a dark Chcftnut-Colour.
Th^
P^3
The Anatomical Defcripion
The Eyes were large : They had an internal Eye-lid which was drawn
towards the little corner of the Eye : it was red. ' Tis perhaps upon this
account that Allertus affirmes that the Ch/anois has Red Eyes, The upper
X-ip was a little Cleft, in the middle, as in the Hare.
The Homes grew on the fore-part of the Lrow a little'aBove tTi'eEyes.Thb
CiJtour tliefeof was black. They were rottnd and ray'd in Circles and not
like a Screw. OpfUn calls the Chamois Streppeerosy tliat is to lay an Animal
with turned Homes. Jldrovandus and Ge/ner do interpret this Equivocal
word, and do upon good grounds b^li^te |}iat OpPian meant that thelcHorn^s
arc turned and bent backward, and not turned like a Screw as they are in the
Sl\cepofCaeJjAwhichBe^fiMtf^\^ ^Indeed, the Homes of our
C^Siis-ii^rrtbff^i^^c^^^ji b|it bJ^cdMj&Jjifi^fe
crooked^as they are in the more" Aged, in whicntney aogrotv ft bencfinj^
backward, and (b Pointed,that it^s ^pp^ted that theie Animals do tare their
Skin in fcratching thcmfelves ; and that it (bmetimes happens that they
do there rcmainjp intapgled, that they cannot sett tbep out again ; which
is the reaidh thaJB they are ll^mifbit to'Death. ^t is aMorci^orted that thele
hooks (ip fcrve t£| {iaykhejsd whpiifcey do fall^m tlk top of the Hocks on
which they do love to run.
It is doubted whether the Chamois is the Animal which Pliay calls Ruficapra^
or whither it is the Caprea ", for Plinji: faylihat there are two kinds of wild
Coats. 'Jonfion thinks that the Caprea of Pliny is the Chevreuil. Seatiger is
of 0{>«nton chat the Gtifrea is the GJkdmois, and that the Chevreui^ is the C4-
frc(^ which Votto e^qpuuning CoJ|j^lU1i^k\ag^\Sass not from Cajf^ea tiodk
i\\?Lt(Aldtovandtts, wjd ^ys xX-^tCj^rea is in Ffccfich called Chevreuil: lb tl
Ruftchpyay ftccording '$a ^i^tg^/'i^di common ^enm tt) Capret ^ndjbex. i
ifris probable that thcyP^picjmf of the Ancients is our Chamoisy ^Waufe Pj
fa^s tliat |b^ Rupicapii is dilKrenxfirpm the l^ifv*taf in that it ha&Homs j
ed backward, and that the Dama, which is aribther Animal than oufl5o^,has
them turned forward : and he moreover reports that the Caprea has branching
Hoff^j, whicJi, coffe^)on]ds./|:Q the Chevr/i*i^^ l^elonim pretends tlwt tlw
Chamois flcrivcsus hame froni, tue Cv-rri' word }{fmas: but the delcrlptjibn
whicii if/vA^«-giycs of ths Kjfmas^ makes it appear very diifercnt from qus
Chamois ; for amongft otiier things he lays that the KjmtH ha;* Horns ti)fil'ed
^brwards. fie like wile alHrms tliar it hastlie Ears garAiflWd with a Very
fhick 1 lair, wliicl^ was not found in pur Chtmoisy as lias been already remark-
ed. Now ^idi^ety who reaionabiy complains of the little exaftnefs which
the Ancicntv urai to delcribe, and rightly diftinguiih Animals by their pro-
jxir names, has himlclf greatly contributed to the confufion which is at pre-
lent found in the namesof an the Go4^-itW, of which this is one. Forbe-
fides the confuliun which he makes of Caprea with RupitaWay be likewife
gives Aldravandfu and Gefaer occafion to think that the K/mdty which he
cakes for i\\fiCb*mois^ is in Fr^/^ir called Faon \ and this Error QfW/^g^rpror
,<:ecds from hi^ uot making the diAin£^k)n that there is between Kffnu, ac«
cording to its common fignlficatioh, and K/ffMy according to that in which
the Poets do ulcit: for according to the firll^ it in truth ligniHes our Faivn;
A[.r/fi4i coming from k«ip«' , wliich TigniHes toileep, or to be lain down, be<
cauic that tlic Fmiv^s of Savage Bcalls dare not to go out of the Dens and Ca-
verns
of a C«t A M O li>A\9r Q.E M P
143
t^ros. where idnf^ dsa fleep and are ufiJally.iai^ :rjbac accoo^ii^to the feiioad
Ug^EcatkHi which is particular tb the Fcm)C^ ab/il'.'j&^^r ra«N';ds it f^
4ioinnal wholly ^^^f^nt: f^o^ th& ¥z\irn; o£ dvo Deer^ tod^dther ^nikials,
, ;Our C/i'iiww/ (had /M^r/only k th^ikra?^ JawVlilw^^ier Ahimals
Virhich chew the Gud. They were eight,Bi*biDbBr, and iinewen; thofe of
the middle being a great deal lai^ger thaiLt}bQ&()which'w«t>at the&sikis, ra«
fcoiblingtlK^itl.theG'AiwKi;.. •. . , -;■. ■■■;; ibv/ ei ;:• : iio jV;' ■' ■ iviv.^: '■"*
/The fVr/ were cloven, ^d lioUow underiieath> andnbc ifilod with Fkfh
^ in the GaxxlUybx theflelh was: drawn inwards, ib thafceach Claw made a
print in the Bardi like a Horle's, and the extremity of thehoni^ whkli bore
up^n the ground was very. fharp^.ii >\:\\'i. f;j|.!ui ',;:,•,.••:•.):;; ;;-;(!■.• -.r
, The anteriour part of tlie Efiflmt wa&fefthad on tlie left fide. to the . ^rft
Vintritle. In.paffingto:theri^tfide, it Was joynedtothe third: delcend-
iii^ from tlienee it went underneath theiow^! part of the firfl:, and by rc-
alcending behind was faftcned to the bottom of tliis firft Ventricle ; fb that
this Efifhen was not laid on the /fffK/^/naasat'generally is.
There was thise Vemmles. The firft^ which was the greateft, was com-
pofed of two Membranes, the interiour of 'which Was Velveted, and miglit
l;e ealily fepa^ated from the external. The Second, wliich was the icafl:,
had ibme wrinckles railed on the ioTidl^, iwiiich did £brm different Figures,
and compoled as it were a Net. Th|e Third, itrhich was of a middle fize,
had dentilated leaves, (iicb as ai% in the third Veotrieli of Oxen. Bartholi-
im has found in the O&jwoer which he ^de&ribes, that the two Orifices of
the Ventricle, ( for he fpeaksonly of one> were Very near each other; but
in our Si^je^ they were vecy diftant, oa the Figure demonflrates. The
thitxi Ventricle lud a ftrange body, '&ilened<to its interiour Membrane. This
Body was compoied of a haixl Membrane,: in which there was Gravel inclo-
led. Gefwr fays that the Chumcis ules to fwallow Gravel xo clear his Tongue
and Throat, which are generally bedaubed with Pituin or Phlegm which
t^kesaway their Appetite. Betides this fhange Body, which was natural-
ly Clammy, there was a Ball, or glewy Bowl, but eafily (eparn: le; It was
of an Oval Figure, containing thirteen lines to ten. One of d. ! : ends M'as
as it were cut, and this cut had a slight Cavity through the mid ;le. This
Ball was of a dark Olive-Colour, rel/chtw in his Treatile of tlie Bails which
are found in the Ventricle of the Chamonj calls chcm German Be&oar. Cardm
fliles them Corvi-Eggs, by realbn perhaps that thefe Balls are fomctimcs found in
the Ventricles of young Cow, which has been oblerved by Pliny. Birth. li>?tis
fays that they are frequently found in Denmark in the Bellys of Horfcs and
6heef. He thinks that thefe Balls are made, either of the Hair which the
Cow do fwallow in licking themfelves, or from the WooU which the ^hecp do
cat from each other, when they do pafs away the Winter in Snovvic Moun-
tains, where they can find no Grafs.
The B4// which we found fecmed not to be compoied of Hairs, butoflig-
nous Fibres; which was dilcovered by the inequality of thcle Fibres which
were not of the lame fixe, nor of an uniform Figure like as arc Hairs. It
muft be likewife confidercd that thefe Balls are found in the Bsllics oi Horfesj
which are not Animals that do lick themfelves, and in which they muft be
made
[yy
144
, . -^, — —, ^ ■^...- . ■ --- -^ f , ■ ■
The AnA^dmicalDeferifiion
Inade of ibmechtng elle thaa- Hair. Thus die generality of Authors, itiii
amoimil; others Csmerarimitivi Gffiier^ :d6 think that thefe Balls are com^
ledofthe refidue of the Plants wiiich the Animals have eaten, the harde^
Fibres of which are undigefted ; and they do lay that thefe Fibres are of tW
Plant DoroMtam which fome do jud^ to be a kind ^Acomiti for tho' the leaves
of die Dortmiaan be tender and lore, they have fome nervous Fibres, almoft
XiktFltuaain. P/M^feemstOGonfirm this Opinion, when heaverrsthat tho
Chamois do's live on Poifbn as well as QhmIs : for tho BotMmfis are not agreed
upon the poyloB of the Doromeumy ana Ibme do queftion whether itispoi^n
to Men, yet they do cuncurr that it is poifbn to mbft Beafts. It is thought
that the Chamois does eat the Doronieumy to iecurd it felf from the Vemge^
to which they might be fubjefl when they do run upon die points of the
liigh Rocks. Vcljthim alTerts that thefe Balls are found only in the firil, or
tecond Ventricle ; that which we found was in die third. Comer arim remarks
that it is toward the Month of iVin/nff^rr that th6y grow there.ourDilTedion
was made in DrmxF^rr. ij a x: l.'i
All the //;/(/?/».';^ together, without comprehending the C<«r«Mi, werefort^
foot long. I'hc C-iCHtn was eight inches. The Colon exceeded not a foot.
1 I'he dfkai was round and flat like a Cake ; it was eight lines thick ill'
that half which adlieicd CO the great rfw/m/r; the other half, which was
not adherent, went leffening itsthicknefs to theend which was very thin.
The Liver bad three Lobes, two great ones and a little one. 'the QalU
Bidder was in the middle bf die right Lobe. Amongft the Animals that
have no Gall, Pliny rankstheGotf , of which the Chamois is a Species. That
which A(r/^a///if Differed had. none. < >'
» The Kjdneys were two inches long. The Memhrana Jdipofa was not joy*
ned and ^ftned as uiiially upob the body of the Kidney, but it left a vacant
fpace between both. The lame thing has been obferved by Bartkline in his
Chamois. The top of the Medhrana Adipofa of the right Kidney was faflned
to the little Lobe of the Liver. ,- . . f:
The Cornua Vteri wen: extraordinary long, and bent with feveral Folds
and Circumvolutions. The Te/licles were joyned to the extremity of the
Cornudy which are properly the Vterns o( Brutes. The Vafa pr^parantia
did call forth (bme Branches, not only into the Tefticle and Matrix, but
I ike wife into tlie Bladder. Thp round Ligaments took their Origins at the
fides of the Matrix or D«<(?Atf,ahd did defeend as is ufual into the Groin where
they were dilated to make that which is called the Goofe^s foot.
llie Lufigs had eight Lobes, four on the right fide, three on the left, and
the eighth on the inlidc of the duplicature ofthe Mediajlinum.
The Heart was long and pointed. Towards the point there was a callous,
white, hard, and round Apophyfis : it proceeded out of the heart about the
bigncfs of ones little fingers end.
The Brain was large in proportion to the Body, containing two inches in
breadth and three in length, comprehending the Cerehellumy The Anfra-
duofities were more and more diverlified than they commonly are in Brutes.
Although the Cerebrum was divided into the right and left, by a long cavity
as is ulual, yet there was no produftion of the dura Matery to make that
wliich is called the Falx : there was only a line very Uttle elevated, which an-
uL.',!!{ I'wered
(fa CHAMCIS «• GEMP.
«4^
fMrered to the cavity of the Brain. The Choroides was very much dilated by
the afBuenceof the Blood, which had been retained in tlie Veflels whereof it
is compofed. The GlMmluld PiiuMlk was lai|;e, containing a line in Diame-
ter, its Figure was rounder than ordinary. vo^ .:
ThciC^i^^rrvrdide&ter into the Qlobeof the Eye out of ths^^Axk^ a
great d^ more towards the Brow than towards the Jaw. On the i'nflde of
the Globe of the Eye, it cotred through the extremity of the Tsfetum^ whi(^
was brown of ColoiU'..bc;/. vjirM.-
The Cryfti^Hm was more convex on die outHde than on the iniide. It
was naturally divided in three on the Superficies of its interiour part. The
MmtrsMd Artulmoiies was very thiclc aQa hard, S) that it was eafify ieparated
from the Cr;!;/74/KfMiv,
i .unique-
■-.IfV ■■OvVl -K
•i^\ \4
THE
^rr V
-i.r
14^
the Anatomical Defcription
:. The Explauatim of the Figitrt of the Porcupine and Hedgehog.
'T^ H E lower Figure repreftms the diflferenceof thefe two Species of A-
I mats, which are unlike not only in their fwn^ but alio in tbdr pric-
M&f which are all of one ibrt in the Hedge^, and much fhortei*, in pnv
povtion to the Body, than in the Pira$f$M, which ha& great and hard pric*
Kles on the Back and Fiancks, and which on its Neck, .Head, and fides of its
:Jaws has only long, imall, and^exiUe firiftle. . ■ < . . ^ • r
L, I ., • . . -'i-'f r'lyjh'yrih-.'lisri'.^un:
twjiiuqai •.ii!i;3 2&w5ij In the IJtbir Fifftire. ■ .^Vv.-'a
In the Vfftt Figure,
A. The Ventricle of the Porcupine.
B. The Duodenum, which may fafs
for a fourth Ventricle.
C The great Spleen.
D. The little Spleen, which is fafined
on the Ventricle by its middle^ gnd
joyned by its lower end to the Ilium
towards E.
EFG. The mnm, * - ^ ^<
H. The Caecum.
1 1. The Colon.
K. The external Ear like to that of a
Man's.
L. One of the Vorcupiaes great Teeth,
as big as the Life. ■'v :|t-,
MM. TAr Paraftat*. "
N N. The Tefticles of the Male-for-
cupine.
O O. The Proftatae.
P. The Bladder.
q ^The Ligaments which do fafien
Tefticles, and fafs into the Thighs.
r. The Epididymis natarally Jepa-
rated from the Teflicle.
Q^Q. A fiece of the Skin which feem-
edas it were Printed on the inftde
by reafcn that it is wrinckled in/mall
Cavities Lozenge-wife. There is
likewife one of the Porcupine's ^rw-
kles which was left fanned to thisptece
ofSkiny to jhew how little adherent
it isy beca'.fe of the fmallnefs of its
rootf whtcn penetrates not far into
l^je Skin.
R. One of the J^ills which were upon
the Porcupine's Rnmp.
SS. The Kidneys.
T. The right Succenturiatus inmedi'
ately finned to the Vena Cava ^
Emulgens.
U. The left Succenturiatus immedi'
ately fafined to the great Kidney,
andbji the means of a Fejfel to the
Emulgent.
XX. rj&r/nvCornua Uteri.
Y Y. The Tefticles of the Female
Porcupine. , ,,
Z. The Bladder. ' *
^^. The broad Ligament of the IJte'
rus.
r. The left Succenturiatus cut in half.
A A. The Tefticles of the Male-Uedg-
Hog. inclofed within the BeHy, as
they commonly are in the Femaiesof
other Animals.
X X. The Epididymis.
|3 |S. The Paraftatae.
y y. The Proftatae.
s «. Some flefhie Membranes which do
ferve for Cremafters.
§. A Tranfparent Membrane.
©. The Bladder,
a ft. Membranes in the Male Hedg-
Hog like the broad Ligaments of the
Uterus. The/e Membranes are thick
and very different from the Mem-
brane f, which isTranfparent.
n G 6. The Vala Spermatica praipa-
rantia.
A A. The Tongue of the Porcupine.
THE
^
.•Wi.>.^— «^
pay. lAf . '.
■ '.■4
Vf3i^>':T;GO
■ ' K
r'." vv^;T-rr.,
it.f*^-r.
« .% ^i mr$ tf'M
moil
<*■
.■■.:V,.i . ti'i'^v- i .1'.
'\\y.\\:-
14.7
Mf.;-i''
hit ,]i33ifU jjukq-iu.'b .gpol 3<*v;t ijy.'; M li'Ofn bn£i island
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
^j^n-iM'- fbfb fii ;j,-5;t ii kii. 'OF SIX
ti< )';>i<j'>V
i-
j ;
PORCUPINES
AND TWO
X 'J\-Jf,i (lis f-„l:V.'tf
*t.i ir/r.n
. oliof! >o
. riVn liji'ul'l'
HEDGEHOGS
TH R PorikptHe and M'Jg'Hdgt SLCOAt^tk eo tlw Ahaehts, are Aiiimafs
of oiieGcKM, by realbn of che Prickles wherewith they are bocli
covered. The name of the Gmw is i^^iVoj, Echimm. The Poreupineis by the
Gr^^it/ and L4//M calkdHfiJtrix. The Hedg-hog is by OjM/m Stiled i3a<'o$ i^^no;
in Gr^fil', minor Eehinm in l4/fi9r, as if the whole ditlinftion of thele two
Species confiiled in only the difference of ^he fize. Yet we have obfervcd that
tlie Aninnais of thicfe two Species were likcwife different in other thinijs more
c(rciTtial, namely, in the Country where they do breed, in their trickles,
and in the Shape of the reft of their Body : for the Porcupine is bred in Afri'
C4, the Wr^^^'A^iij is common in £«r<»/f ; the prickles of our //irflf^^-Ziieg; were
fhorter in proportion to ilicir Body than thofeof the Porcupines', and the
(hape, as well as the ulc of the(e prickles, was alio very diffcrent,evcn as their
Feet, Nofc, and all tiie inward parts.
The grcafc.1 of tlic fix Poreitpines which wehercdefcribe. was eighteen
inches frortv the Nofe to the extremity of the hind-feet extended. They all
had over tlie Body a Bridle or great IlilninK Hair, relembling in its groncners
Confillencc, Figure, and Cblour, the Briltles of a BoAr ; which has ^iven to
this -Animal tlic Appellation of Hyftrix, which comes from voi ^1$ that is
to lay tkgs'kur. And indeed this Briftle did better rclemble that ot the Wo*^'
tlwn of the Bour, in that it was not intermixM with another fhorrcr Hair,
like <otlic downe which garniflics the root of the Briftle of the lioAr', but it
was every Where of the lame length and kind. It was abpivc thrcc inclici
\mn all over thft Body, except tlie top of the Neck, wiicre it was a foot
T 2 long,
148
-^ — .. —
The Anatomical Defcriptim
long, and three times as big as any where elfe. Thele Briftles made as it
were a tuft on the Head, of about eight inches, and muilaches about fix
inches long. The Briftles of this tuft was of a dirk Chefhut Colour from
the middle to the end.
Befides thele Briftles there was likewile on the Back two (brts, of Prickles
Ibmeftronger, thicker, ftiorter, and more pointed, the points whereof were
keen, with two edges like an awle. Claudign puts thefe (brts of prickles oq
the head of the Porcufincy and fays that t^ey do fupply the place of Horns :
which we found not m our Subjea$. The other prickles were a great deal
longer and more flexible : they were a foot long, their points flatted, and
weaker .than the otlvsrs. The ^^eft and ftroneeft were whjte toward tlie
ro<^t, and of a dark Cbefnut Cdloui at did efid. ^he* long^ft'wgire white at
the root and end ; and in the middle they were chequered with black and
white. All tliefc Hairs and prickles were hacd and Ihining in their furface :
the infidc was of a Siibftance white and fpongious.
There was likewile another kind of. pricklcs^the end of which feemed to
have been cut, the reft being ItoUow like a ^ill ; but that N^hich compo-
fcd this Tube was -a gfcat dealthinner than that of any qiiilf. Thcle Tubes
or hollow Pipes exceeded a line in Diameter, and were three inches long;
they were white and tranfparent like Pens, and rayed with little wrinciUcs
long- ways. Thev were twelve in number, and laid upooihe, extremity of
the Coccyx^ ibmcwiiat railed at ^e top. Their r0pt was v<|ry (mid], not ex-
ce^clitig the bigii^s of Ja Pin, althoiigli it wasabo|rc fix line$ long.
Thofc prickles which wereftrongeft and (Foiteft, were eafie to pluck out
of the Skin, not being firmly fixed like the others : chelc the Animals are uled
to dart agaiiift the Hunters by fluking their Skin 9s Dogs do when they coRie
out of the water. CUndium fays elegantly chat the Potcufine is himfelf die
hon^ the Qjtivery and the Arrow whicli he makes ufe of againli the Hun*
tcrs.
The Tort-feet had but four toes ; the hind-ones Iiad five, tnd were formed
fikc tliofe of a fir^r, the great toe being outward. 1 he w)io{e^i^ and Foot,
as alio the Belly, was covered with the great Briiiles already mentioned, ha-
ving only the fol^ unprovided tiiereof. Thefu feet rcleniblvd not thole of a
Hog^ as Alhertm reports they do. We found likewile that the Nole of our
Porcupine WAS not made like the Snout of an Hfgy as it is rcprelented by
Cltutdian^io w'.iom ncverthclefs the Porcufine muft ^ well known, being bom
in Ai^Pty where this Animal is very common. This Nofe reiembled tiiat
of an Hurty tiie upper Lip being clelt ; the lower was likewile pieraxl,. and
made as it were a Cafe, in which were lliut up the two Ucifwesoi the lower
Jaw. I'licle Teeth as well 9s thofc of the upper Jaw weru not unlike thoie
of tlie CAftoTy beiug very long, and lituatcd in liich a manner tlut the keen
part of the lower ones did not meet the cutt n^ part of tiie upper ones, Ukc
a pair of Pincers, as in moft Animals: but thvle parts did pals over each
otiior hke CilTacs. The MoUret m four of our Sul)jefts wery only fix in eadi
Jaw; the fifth had eight. They were fhort,/ ^i^niliug not above a line and a half
out of the Jaw-bone. They were cut at tJie cop very Iniooth. By thcii'
cutting it appeared that they wci'e not intircly ii)ti(l, but rliac thelk)ne was
1^ it were folded or leaved, having amongft the folds of tlic Bony Subiltnof
. ,, auother
■A^
of «x PORCUPINES.
H9
;*-j
another blackifti and Spop«ic one. ThefeFolds were not only in the furface
where they appearedc 1; l;ey were through, the wholeDooth^ as was found:
after it was broken. , \j. -rlT oiof;; jj./5vt»- ,■
Tlie Tofiguiwus at i\s extremity covered over with teveral little bony Bo-
dies like Teeth. The greateft were a line iA breadth: , their extremity was
been and divided by three rays or cuts^which made as.it were four Jncifcreu
•'■ The £4iCf were thinly covered witli a very foft Hair : they refembled thofe
of Man. In one of our Subje£ls they were found different in the upper part^
which was pointed as the Ears of Stayrs are painted.
The Eyes were little as in the //0|, not exceeding four lines from one.cor-
ner to the otlier. The Situation ot: the comers of this Eye was very exti:at
ordinary, the great Canthut being much higher than the ieiier.
Diredily over the Os Pubis near the JauSy there was a tumour or fwefTing
about the bigneis of an Egg without Hair and Prickles. In the middle of
this tumour, and near the Juttt, there >yas a little hole le(s than that of the
JfiM. Alhertus reports that the Porcttpsne has two Jtim\ by realbn perhaps
of this (econd Aperture, which is defigned for the Parts of Generation,
which are not externally different in the two Sexes, almoft as it is in the Ci-
vet-Cst and Csftory the Penis of the Male being concealed in th<; Pouch,
which was made to come out through the hdie adjoyning to the Anm^ wlien
the Pouch was prefTed. . j;\. .
The Skin being flead, on its internal furface appeared feveral wf inckles,
Ijozenge-wife, about two lines in bigneG. :The whde skin over the Back,
andFlancks, was adherent to the Mufculus carmfmy which was ftrong and
ilefhie, efpecially along the Back, at the place where the ftrong prickles are
faftned. This Membranous Muicle had its Origine at the tranfverfe
and oblique Afofhyfes of the Verubrd of theNeck. From thence it was extend-
ed along the yertebra of the Back, and inferted it lelf into the Off a iimomi-
MAta being'by the way faltned to the Vertthftt of the ^int. It was very ad-
herent, ncV bnly to the skin, as has been already declar^, but likewiie to the
common Membrane of the Mul2les. On the internal furface of this Mufcle
there was a great company of Nerves whi$h were laid and interwoven like a
Net. The skin was not only ftirred by tihele Muicles, as it is in the generality
of Brutes, but it had like wile four others on each fide feparately to remove dit-
fertn: places of the skin, as the great skinnic Mufcle is to remove the whole
skin. Thefe four Muicles proceeded horn the In tercoftals, where they had
a large ^w, which terminated on a little Tendon, like to the treble of a Lute.
The Tendons of thde four Mufcles wg-jB infertcd into the skin which covers
the Ribs i Flanks.
. The Cattilafp Xtphoides was extraordinary large. The E^ifloon which deC-
cended on the left fide to the Groin, was firmly fixed in tins place to tlic Pf-
ritonaumy and did not freely flow over th« Internes ^ ufually. In ooe uf the
Subjefts it adhered to tlie Bladder. .1.;'., r :•* 'r '
I'he yentmle w^ almpll round, although divided into tlirec unequal
Pouches. The middle one, which was the greateft, dcfcended lower t;ian
the others. The fupcriour Orifice was very llrait. It was in the middle,
and direftly over the great Pouch. The ipiaiour Orifice was mightily dila-
ted, being an inch and a half broad i tp ^hat the Dmietum fceuicd to be a
fourth
••*
tco Ttx AiidohticM Defctiptm
fourth Ventricle joyned to three Foiichcs, which did rcpreient three others :
but thi« Inteftine was conira£ied; to make the JejutmH/t which was very
fliort, and the Ileum yet more. The detmrn was very large : It was fevcn
inches long arid two broad towards the lieum, cerminating in a point, and
making in its whole length the Figure of a Sythe. It had three Ligaments
correipondent to its length, whith did contrad it, and make Cells as in the
Cohtt of Mm. The Ligament that was in the bending which this Inteflihe
made, was very large; cwasa partof theMefeotery, but was failcned to
the Inteftine only by one fide; tlje reft was loofe. Tlic Colon had likewife
n)me Cells^ which were not fb well leen fts thofe of the Covmw, although
themwere two Ligaments to form them. This Inteftine was ftrait : It was
forty inches long; tt was folded in two, and tlie two parts were ftrongly
faftned to each other throughout their whole length.
<^. The Liver was fufpended and hung upon the DiMphragmey by a very large
flhd Membranous Ligament, which proceeded from the Cartiltgo Xifkotdes^
and vertically defcending, was inlcrted from the FilTure of the Liver to the
middle of its gibbous part. It had leven Lobes, four great ones, two on each
fide of the Fimirc, and three ftirall ones, one of which was in the middle of
chc F ilfure, feftned by a Membrane to the yen* Cava ; the third was under-
neath, between the four great -ones. The two great Lobes of the left Hde
wQrc joyned together at their extremity by a very ftrong Membrane. i;i! :
< The G all-Bladder was fmall, flat, bnd almoft empty.
' The Ptf^vrrMf was very large being three inches and a half k)ng, and G:$
lines broad at the wideft place.
".'The Sfleen was diflercnt in <Mir Subjc£bs. There was one in which wc
ftirnd two Spleens. The lai^ft^, which was five inches long and ten
lines broad, was fafVified to the left (Me of the Ventricle, by the rsmi SfUnici
\vhich do make the Tir he^e : it was alio faftned to the Ef if Icon. The other
Spleen which was three inchesin length and eight lines in breadth, was fix-
ed to the Vcntriclc,without the appeirance ^f any Veffels which aid unite it.
It was likewife joynttl to the £/|i^(W by tlie upper end, and to the lltiun by
the lowerend. In theother Sub jefts, where it Was fingle as is ufual, it was
Icvcn inches long and ten lines bi^Jatl; It xas immediately fixed by its up-
per end to the upper part of the Vcntrrcle, and by its hollow part to the left
lidc of the Vcntritle, by the means of the ramiSplemti, which (not torch three
branches into the Ventricle, and as many into the Spleen. The RamiHcati-
i>ns whicli went to the Ventricle Ai^cit three inclies long ; thole of the Spleen
were only one. In oneof ourSubjcitsthc Spleen, bclkles the Ligaments of
of. the Vtshrevey and yf the Membranes by which it was held to the Ven-
tricle and Fptftoony had allba Ligament which did hang it to the D/Mf.ragme.
T« all our Subicds the Spleen was of ^vcry dark red, efpccially in its hollow
pat t which rcgnrds the Ventricle, where it was almoft black.
'I'hc l\j<lH(ys were double on cacli fiilc, having a SnecentMriAtm a third part
as bi{;as the true Kidney. The true Kidney was two inches in length and
one in brcmlth. It was vciy Iblit., not havin 5 any Cavity fw tfcc P^lvit, It
1iad only on the ontfidc a Cavity rlr dcpreflion in its antcriour }\jrt. The
Pdrenfl'imM of tlic SuccntHiiatus tH'i Very ditfcront froni th^tof the true Kid-
ney, l)cit)i», rro. c fbft ; It was liketv Ifi compolcd of two ditiLM«ni Subftances
ViZ.
of Six PORCUPINES.
»5«
t/ia. the one flcfhie and red, as in the true Kidnfcy ; theothci- glandulous and
whitifh; thefe twoSubftances were mixed together, lb t;hat this Kidney
being cut, did fliewas it were ieveral rays which went frotti the Circumfe-'
i^ence to the Center, almon; after ttie fame manner as it is (een in the Cerdel-
IwmdtMtH. At the Center of this Kidney there was a Cavity capable' of
containing a midiing Bean. The V^a Emutgenti* made an acute Angle with*
the Truncks of the CdvA and Atrrtty having their Origihes much higher than
the Kidneys, which feemed drawn down wards, ,!•
The Bladdfr was very large and thick, being compofed of two CoatsJ
which included between them- a fubftance (pongious and ibm'ewiiat flefliie.
In one of the Subjefts, as it has been already declared, all the back part of it
adhered to the inferiour part of the E/z/Axw, on which it was laid. The fore-
part, which touched the Peritcndum^ was tefi flelhie. It was loofe in this
place without being joyned to the Peritotmutn.
The Tefticles of the Males were long and narrow, containing only four
lines in breadth and an inch and half in length. The Vapi Pr^farant/a were
feftned to the in^riour part of the Tefticle, and did form an Efididymit iepa-
rated from the Tefticle. This Efididymit was faftned to a Ligament, which
pafling into the Thighs, did leem to be made to ftrengthen the Tedicle, and
perform the OiBce attributed to the round Ligament of the Vterut.
The PMrdfiai/e Were extraordinary great : niey were two inches and a half
long, and (eparaced into three branches; and in (bme of our Subjieds into five,
like branches of Cortd, At the end of the Penis there was a bone of an inch
long.
In the Females the broad Ligament of the Mttrix was ftrongly Aliened
to the lUdneys at the baftard-Ribs. The Teftides were of a Glandulous
Subftance, without any appearance of Bladders or Eggs.
The Nervous Center of the Ditfhragme was lb thin and tranfparent, that
the Lungs were leen through. There were five principal Lobes, which
were each divided into two. The Rings of the Jffera Arteria were not in-
tire. The Trunck of the Arterin Vtn^a and its chief branches were of an
extraordinary length. Having tied the Az.jgos in one of our Subjeds, and
put a fmall pipe underneath the Ligature, when it was blown, the VenACor
1/4 fwelled, beginning to fwell tiirough the IUma^ by realbn of the Commu-
nication of one branch of the Azygos, which palling beyond the Diaphragme
went to make an Ansfimtofis with one of the the branches of the Iliack.
The Heart was two inches in length from the B/ifis to the point, and four-
teen lines in breadtli through its middle between the point and the Bajis, be-
ing Ibmewhat larger in this place than at the Bafis : it was blunt at the end
and the flefh of the left Ventricle was firm and hard. It had an Eminence
which made it to appear winding like a Screw. The right Auricle itemed to
be only a dilatation of the Cava. In one of the Sobjefts the two Auricles of
the Heart were filled with a flimy, white, and very Iblid Subihnce, and the
Ventricles with a black and congealed blood.
The Brain was almoft like that of the Hog. There was no bone between
the Cerebrnm and Cerebellum.
The Globe of the t'.ye exceeded not four inches Diameter ; it was almoft
Splutricil. The CVw4 was elevated like ademi-globc on another Globe
formed
I$?
the AtiatomicalDefcriftim
formed by the iiderptiea. The CryfiMllif$eyf9& likewife almoft (phericalin
oneoftheSubjedis, being morecoayey before than behind. In this fame
SubjeA, the Cryfimnehaid as it w^re a Kernel, its internal part being hard
after the manner of a Cartilage, and not lels transparent than the reft. This
Fart tlius hardened had not the Figure fphericai like the whole Cryftalline.
•but it was flat and lenticularp Th^ optick Nerve ^nt^red gt the middle of the
Globe of the Eye^ The Vvu was Qt a d^k red ; the Membrane wl^ch is
applyed to the bottom of the %e, and wliiichwedo call the T^/r /m», was
whitifli, and djiiTenunated with (ever^l little red Spots. This whitifh (Co-
lour of the TafetMm made the hple o^thp Vvc^to appear lefi brown than ths
Iris,
The two HiJg^hi^ which we differed were M^Ie and Female, they con-
tained eight Inchesfrom the Snowt to the end of th^ hind* feet extend^
which were not above two Inches. The Noie in both was fhort and round,
better refembling the Nole of a D«, than the Snowt ofzSmtne j (b that they
were of that Species of M-^-^ cauled by Mahiolut CsnitfSf who makes (wo,
•Z//&. one whicn partake of the Dqg, aiui the other of the Hag ', and this Und
fiems to be more common thap the other, becaufe that in ^giifift the /^
rijfon is ablbiutely called /:^-W, and in DinehJEeftjfere Vifkefty tha^ \& to lay,
a ^ covered and armed with PritkUs. j^j
They both liad the He^d, Back, and Flaocb ^ver^ wI4i Priklcs. The
Nol^ Throat, Bdly, and Feet were only interfperfed with a very fini^ and
very white Hsur. Hermdms (ays that the HiJ^-kcg has Prickles w over the
Body, except on the No(e and Paws ; but we found this falle in one of our
Subje^, which had no prickis on the bdly ; but thole on the Back and
fides when it was heaped round, the Breech and Snowt approaching ea^h
other, did intirely cover the Bdly.
The whole i^nimal was of one Colour ; the Skin, Hair, and Prid^cles
being of a dark yellowilh (>ray. The Prickles were an Inch and a half long,
and very different fromthofe of die Poreufime ; for they were fomewhat flatr
tifh, and very like to the Prickles of th^ outward Shells of ChefNuts.
The Paw's were compoled of five Toes, of which there were three great
ones in t!ic middle, and two little ones, one on each fide, They had long,
pointed and hollow Claws, making the Figure of a Pen.
The Teeth wercdifpoled in fuch a manner, that below there was only the
Moiares and hci fores. Thcle laft were but two, which were Ibmewhat longer
than tlic Moiares. At the top there were no ItKifores, but only two Ci/f/w,
which left a vacancy in which the fmifores of the lower Jaw were lodged.
'i'UeC^/TM; which were longer than the /wf/Zor^/, had each alio a place to lye
ki, in the lower Jaw, between the Cstiint and htiforesf with an Interval tor
thatpurpofp.
The Female had eight Teats, four on each fide, difpolcl in two ranges
along tlie Belly and fitcaft, the two highcft being Icated on the Peroral
MufLic.
Having taken ot? the Skin, there appeared ^Mufculus CdrMofust which as
ill the Pnrc*/'///^ was extended from the OJfa InnomtPiau to the Ear and Nofe,
rutming alonij; the iJack-bone without being taftned thereunto ; which fhcws
that this Miilcle Ici vcs not tlie Hedg-hog For the Awaking his Skin like the Por-
rm>n:cj wliicli d.nts liis IVicklcs by this Aftion, but to bring its Head to its
Breech,
ofiwo HEDG'HOGS.
^53
phertcal in
this fame
eing hard
!ft. Thi$
^ryfhllifie,
icileofthe
: wh^chis
ftttm^ was
litifh Co-
ll thao^
they con-
extend^
nd round,
> that they
takes |;wo,
I this kind
the Ift"
Ljcistofiy,
Its. The
ih^lland
I over the
ne of our
Back and
ling ea^
Pridkcles
half long,
ivhat flatr
fs.
tree great
lad long,
i only the
lat longer
o CdffiMj
e lodged.
ce to lye
terval tor
/Q ranges
Peaoral
^vhich as
nd No(e,
ch fhcws
the Por-
cad to its
Brcecli,
IJreech, and to gather up the. wMe Bqdy likp a Bajl; which th? Hedge-
Hcg ufes torfo when it (pannot faye it felf by flight :, tqir.being in tjii^ pofture
it is all over, covered with its Prickles, a^ the Dojgji Ijfiow not l)0\v, j^a take
Mm without being Pricked. Pi/m reports that ij" notwithftanijpgihi^
FraecaUtiOft^he perceive^ himfelf in cfanger,, he Jet*s %:.liis Urine, i^fjjch jhe
knows to have the quality of vitiating his Skin, and making all his Prickles
tpfallot^a^it were to tleprive the Hunters of the Pr;ncipaT Fruit j^j their
Xaboury whi^h is this Skin, which the Ancients had in great efleensy, by ,f ea-
lbntha;t it^fervedthem foTj^ruflies to cl?an their CloatlM. a ^, ^ •ivnij-iiJr -
The Liver had ieven Lobes, one of which was divided in two. Thg,(3^l-
Bladdei- was in the midcUeof the two uppi^r Lpbes, vi'hich were the gfe^qel^.
Its Forme was Ovale^ . It was eight Liqes long, very full and BlewiQi.
The Fena h0ea were .White and very apparent in the M*fenterj^ \ and
the Receptacle of the Chyle was great, ample, and full, ,
The Sfleen waslayd on the Ventricle, to which it was faftned, by twelve
branches from the Vm Bre^e. It was long and cut like a Ccck^s Conab., Jhe
Putereas to which it was faftned, had the fame Foripe ; It differed ther-
froin only ;jn Cok)ur, the Pufttrtas being Whitifti, and the Spleen of a Black-
ifll Red. A, : .L:;i'-
The /»/^/»<>/ were all aJikeinSublhuiceand thicknefs. There was no
Cactfm. They contained dll together four Feet in length.
1 he Kidneys wer& an inch long and eight Lines broad. They \yrer9, of
an Olive Coloui:, the right being (ituated higher that the left. .,,\\. v . >
The Bladder was an inch and a half loi^ and an inch broad.
In the Male the TeJfieUswen in the Belly ; which, according to Arifiotlii
is peculiar to th&Hed^-Hog, which aroongft all Quadrupeds that do ingendec
a perfed and living Animal, is the only one whole Tefticles are inclo^ia
it,as in Birds. Theie Te(licles had a very lai^£^<Wi<^wi/, which received the
Vaf* Spermatica Praparantid divided into four Branches, and which were le-
paratcly inferted into them from the bafis to the greater half of their length.
This Epididymis was not feparate from the Tefticle,as in the Porcupine^xxt was
therto faftned, all its length. The Vda Spermatic* Deferentia proceeded from
tlietop of the Epididymis. The Tefticle and its Velfels were tyed and fulpend-
ed by a Ligament which might paife for a Cremajler^ becaule that it was a
Membrane which appeared lomewhat Flefhy near the Tefticle. The reft
of this Membrane was extended and inlarged after the manner of the broad
Ligaments of the Uterus. It had a great many Vcffels of which two of the
cheifdidmakeavery confiderable Jnaflomofis, by eroding one another in
the middle. They proceeded from the l^afa Sfermatiea Praparantia, as from
their Trunck, and were diftributed through this whole Membrane, extended
like the Wings of a Bi// ,as in the i;/fr»j ; fbthat confidering the gieatnefs
and Number of thefe Veffels, which were not proportionate to the quantitie
of the Nourifliment which the Membrane might require, it mi^ht be pro-
bably thought that the ufe of thisStrufture was, that the Artena Spermatica
migiitfenJ to this Membrane a part of the bloud which ic carryes to the
Tefticle, to be prepared in this great Number of branches ; in which the re-
mainder that amnot be imployed to the Nourifhment ot the Membrane
ftcmed to bo lomctime retained, and perfefted by this long retention, to be
inablcd after vvards to rcliow into the Trunck of tlie Spermatick Artery, and to
U mingle
'^
T
W4
tbi « AHotokii(fal\ Defrnftkin
mingk \yttiithe bloulj|w;ifich 'go*s'4dtothdTefl!ikt0'; (:her<2»!bSiiigAochiAg^
0}i(^(\l thii itaui^'dfV'wch'itii h^eifery- 16%^^ tll^^libwty into all'clie
Arcwfejs^ WIrtch ihi6tf this acWtfttt ai«deftirtrteibf die V^teVwhicb'^a^
iUUad'ih ttvd V«HiV9 iit)cJ't)le'^Ohtif>reffioti thjUf-ilfe aioti(in'«tf>Rerpfi^Mi-
^ 'i^ttfes to dlHlieXf^z/f^i, 'fcdfflg a Illfflcto'irtipuifivtl ^^rf* for th%
' Un bbtit fick* Kf^ytck bf thift^Wadder'therei Wsf e Poudhes of I Siibftatt-
txt piit\y GlamiiAbu^, jpartly MfeWHArioiisi ' ; ■ thof ^rc very ' Yellew : Twij
apparefjplv ci le Par/tfiat'^. The WWWrf w^i^^a'lUt^ uiiderheaftbjdf an extr^
^ M-fchc F,;male- tfw 't'/rrvJ- ^M^Mcdrtipofed ofiiNeck and; tw© HopM^.
The N^ik wis tomjitifed of tW<i MttrthJraoes : thfci^ external iv«s thick aftU
Fle.'h^> the interna W^i* thirinb^Mfembi^nouS, ihd Nervous. Th6 Hcfrnes
were unequal, the left 'bt;ing teffiii:' than the right^in which Cfitere vrast]t
J'tetds: ''"^•' '-v. Z':':!- 03,.. •-^''/ v;:j uo :-,/■■,.■. v.'/.V>:' .J'V
^^ Th^ £i»iigx had five Lobes, viM^^tw oFa middle fize at the' right fide,
and i^ on tjie leftiohe 6f which inras greater aild the other tefibr than att
tie reih This tittle oAe, which ttie Cavitie dFth^ Mediaftine inciofed, was
forlted at tiie end. The Hesrt was almoft round. The right JuricU Wi»
of aRfed-aknoit Jiack. Tlie left Wa$ whitifl*/- if o
The Globe oftii« Eve exceed Mot two tiites^intdiainBtfer : it had anio^
ternii^ fi vetidd. 6r the tliree Hiimdurs df the )9yt ftiere appeared oiriy the
Crvftalline^ which flfled up the Whoie Gk)bt, wi^tlOijt any appearance of fhe
A(^ e usotVitretns Humour. The i^M<iidif)MVi6GHitely xaaxxi'^CrjfitHine,
anc^ 4s 'k wer^itick tait on ttiatilM^ cowards thefckxtomofthe E^e, as the
C^i^ir4dtd cover ^nd touch it befor^ The Vvn Wfts all over black, with-
t^t the Tifetwrn-f it dtd not likewife' midie any fald^ on the fore-pait to forsie
thiitrisi Co tiiat the £ye, when thb lidds wtre open« did appear all Blacks
-faritjqliil ' •
DHE r^^i :
Slit Yi-m^ ■->/»>*
.•''.{/r.Tr " " U
THE
M, ^ 1.,
wA\'^n )\'iCl \^i y»uw\u\K v\ \
>
?
;5
■,i;; D'H
,;■■'! V,,;;
(»
-iri;;
13-ftib (■.!j'».<\Kofb1o iJDl bfJK ^bni:! I nb v/ofi aawofH o-jugi'^I -jdv/o! aH'^T''
Jlj.:fri! gtiistJ Luiiil yirj'iocjfnuib yi!i ^nuMlo ml hfiB ?B(]tH s..i ino-il J[_
Tir.fu"! •'ORiJxy i'SoT 'J>(l3o ad^ bfir; t'.-^'tr.i ywv toil jHt'io'JoT iir^rg of'i brtK
-•Jl y(ii ^i iloif!'// ^A.K lij-n.'OT oni u> yiU^i'l a.'h l.udrrilab ion iji '«jH .jjmoI
.^m'^^ lE:>iiiurriU vK .k
.Tjvi J -J »i A> c"xlo..l \\;A ji'. -i'Vi;! . J [y
.•JybbiiIa••II£D"•^^V.t Jf
T .1
.sift'jl "j^ti tV\l^^lV»«wtClVl•i<i^,*?
?V«h
-Yv
I
V-»vitr
.x,-u\ov-"'' 4a\v<.k \»<5|\vr. r.vJiSS ^ U \,
<M\} ii'vViv\\\
iJtntJ
', i. .1^
-lATi\
-^s 1,'*^ t,r
.TjbbBfa
,■■■>' ,, ... - ■• ■- -y^y^-'.*i'--^'
: .-?*■'
':irj^x^«
H r^ T
•5«
The Anatomical Defcriftion
Tfje Explication of the Figure of two Sapa)ous and two other Monkeys.
' I 'He lower Fignre fliowes how the Hands and Feet of the^/rdodif&r
I from the Hands and Feet of Man, the thumb of the Hand being fmall
aimthe great Toe of the Foot very large, and the other Toes extraordinary
long. Here is not defcribed the Figure of the foiirth Afe, which is the fe-
cond SdpajoM, becaule that it was wholy like to that which is here reprelent-
cd, except the Nofe, which was loiter. i • i i .^
V j-v-
I"'.
In the Vfper Figwe.
"i
V'
A. TAf Umbilical K««f.
B B. The tm right Lobes of the Liver.
C C . The txvo left hobesofthe Liver.
D. The fifth. Cleft mhiL makittg as it vtre tm Le/n/is. >. .!
E. TArGaU-Bladder.
F. The Dudus Cyfticus.
G G G. The three DuGtm Hepatici.
4.5.6. Three Branches that come out of the frfi ,
H. ThecomrnonDudivs.
I.Ti&f Ventricle. ,
K.TAf Spleen.
L. The Pancreas.
M. T/&f Caecum.
N. The end of the Ileum.
O. The beginning of the Colon. '
P. J Gland fafined to the lower part of the Trunk of the Cava.
Qj[^ Two other Glands fafined to the tm IliackVeines.
RR. n^Tefticies.
SS. TheGlandulousVro(kitcs.
&. The Bhdderfo turned uffide down as to hide the Penis.
TT. The Brain. •
tt. The back part of the Brain without AnfraSiuofttys.
V. The Bladder in the Natural fituation, and ofned to jlew the Caruncle Y and
thethicknefs oftheVro^itesS- i.
XX. TAf Paraftata; Cyrfoides. ;^
y , The Caruncle at the heginning of the Urethra.
3 3. The Glandulous ?roRdiKS which look but like the thickning of the Neck of the
Bladder.
THE
• -li
•■■^>?
iSTJlfe > ^^ . ^?**. *» >*« V
.f iV*,
^,'^mi'■f^^
^M'
Ife.
^
j^»>:^ .¥^. ^^g*,^*
*"'* 54
't^-- ~
ft.-
JM^ Wi^
^3,
•■u* r'w ,f' *i-i I,
■--•'{ iH.
-•*■■' :t:-
'^Sl
■* .^Hl l *ffi
~tWi|||
i/T
!**-
; .i
\:^A\ o'Al
i?.
^' )" ! , 'i'l r
MMl l
" i n r i ( ^
TJ
I^
T^
v/
'■>-,' I II r
■•■-''■'nKT'Ij
Bgnol
j(J jua'f orlj >o /i)oT srlj
-U31 yd ,nv/o -HtMla ri,.(lj i.ijM'io . *- ^'^ \i-jldiifjhi ykm haahni LfL rS^K-lt/o
ir•^.|
.i.u K. -0,1! J 111 iiuUbivu:^Ji lo Qi « T^h •? . i;bl:^b flofnJi. S;3miyi Ji 3;;rh
.biifh v;if
31 3fir
-^.i/ei!i'uui":>dl
ANi(;?,,:T|;>jva,';,ift'rH-]?,R!;,'i^^
f!v/ ^^■f3o!du^
flVi'rjVi on
'Jill jRih
^o.'.i,7/ il.>idv/
iL'ionti 3on bifj
.'((.3 -Jii'i'
Jl,;, {Of
Oil;:;:. ■, 'qmH i.ViihxA'^^''^")
v,a lo rK;!(^-i Vd ,^n:;b::iD '{;,f 01 rj 3r'b ,vv':> bi>ffi^ 'inhd L::;v- :;;i;fl i:^;.:,,
^hT;o^}|o'idniI }jt!>;bD-;: //oH :)(lvi tir:? ':-i<hi<ih^ji =!//,',;,- V,-^ ', ••:'•■ /f
THe Speciesof^/« are venr nutomjous^. ^HV^^^ifm^^
Getmtty xa, tbdQiWOlsk^ve; %m\ m W^ji^cIjI^Yi? nope.
The TaiHe&-4p#i&fcy the ^iie(fiinp{y,c;iM, •$«/«. T^jafe Mjfc|c> \m%
a TaU arsof (WO Spedos^ \CiK)Latio^s.ha^e hQs^^i^^ of ti^ (^je^Ji^ ^^
names >vhich they do ^ive them : for ibmeare called ^erfofif/^^i^^ t^r^yji^
name of the G^imu, that is tot iay, T^fk^^il i 9J]|i^rs ^^f^i^kMi W^ ^. ^^
(ay,\i^hich have a headMkei a,ut(g^ by r^^ of the lefi^ of uveir 1^^
The differences of Jpes ar« takea in French, pr«cip^ly ^m ^hw fige ; Jor
the great one& are funply called «%>g<rj or^fJ, vhc$twr w?Y Ws a "Yail
or no ; or whether they have a long Nq& \im ^ i)e>g, qr ^ ((iprt gp^ ; aji^ t|;i|^
The four >4)p» which we deleribe werQQftb!^G<|M^qf tt^^ (^erctjfit^ci^
becau(e that they had Tail^^ JBut thsir fmab^ P^rmin^s \\{^ tqb^ ranged
only under the Uems of Ahnkits. .
They were but fourteco iophes from tht CroWQ of (Ije ^ea^ to the b«:gii^-
ing of the Tail, wliicli was twenty inches ; Th^ A^R? Iiad fojur- V^phfe^ ;
from the Elbow to the cndof the fiiwr$, was fix iftche^ : ^b? Thfit ^tff iki
a halfe : the Leg fiv«, and the Foot W, lEOm the H^gj tp ^e^ eq^ qjf jtte Joflgr
eft Toe. Th^ did likewife all agree in fevpral QtJjpj- ftbiflgs i wflifjb ' ap^
common almoft to all 4pes. via. 1. Tbatdify liwl Sfeiff 9R Wc^fSxM^
wWch >/^#/<r has obfcrved to be pecvUiV t9 tbp -^^fe f(jfmg;A9 kif.
Thele Haires according to Arifiotlth ^knm^K VfrjSdSJnfe .tjltt
hard to defcern them.
:Y/l)!'r-5I r/toi-i-fbY^V^
Itt tf.YW
2. That ill the lower Jaw tliere was a Pouch or Sack On each fide into
whicji
The Anatomical Dejcr>ptton
■^8
which thefe Animals ufed to put what they would keep. j. That the Teeth
were very white.and like Man*S) except theCanim, which were very long in
the upper Jaw, and very ftrSil in the lower Jaw, being without Point and
difkrmgfrom tbs IfKtfirety only in their being- ftraiter and longer. 4. That
the Feet werealmoft like the Hands, as they generally are in other Brutes,
the Toes of the Feet being as long as thofe of the Hands ; which is not in
Man, whofe Toes arc two thirds .Qiortetjdian his Fingers. The Feet of
our Jpt. iid indeed more relemble the Hanfls of Man than their own, by rea-
Ibapf the conformation of the great Toe, which refembled a Thumb, being
longi1ilfender,andiigrwtwty'paj:|ed:froni tht ffrft Finger; ^VkCreAs in^tlift
Hand or Paw,theT*hunib\vas^tofliorr, andfotlofc tothfe ifirft Ffng6-,
that it ftemed almoft ulelefs. 5. That the Parts of generation in three of our
Subjefts, which were Males, were different from thofe of Man, there being
no Scrotum in two of thefe Subjedsjand the Tcllide^ not appearing by rcalbii
that they wefe hidin the fold ot flie Groyne. ^H is true that the tliird^
which was one of tYi^ Sap4Jous^ had a Scrotim, but Swas Cc^ fhrbnk, that it
did not appear . 6. That the Skin ftuck dole on the Buttocks.
The three Males diflered only in Cobur of theu- Hair. , The fourth Sub-
jeft, which was a Female was of the CynocephnU kind i not having a flat Face
like the others,-but a Np(e ibmcwhat longlik^ little BolonU Pegs. Yet its
long Tail did make it to be of the CereMttheci kind \ike the othSts, whole difT
fereuces amoji^ft the Apcients wer^ taken frointhe Coloue of the Hak ;' |n^
Hereof itheci Amply called, being thole which have but one Colour ; and thbf^
which have (everal being called CePi, that is to (ay Gardens, by reafbn of the
diverfity of Colours \yherewith they leem to be flowered and Imbroidered,
T!t
■\ 10 ..,'r-»xjf; Lii,
as MtM reports Pytbtgoru to have iayd.
The flrlt of otir if^/Nvas ofthe firft fip^'cis of the Cereofithttiy\»in^u!ll
of one Colour, t//«. of a Red (bmewhat inclining to aGreen. Thiscbkiur
which was predominant, was only a little darker on the Back, and lighter
on the Breath and Belly.
The fecond was of the lecond Species, becaufe that befides die Greenifh-
Red colour of the Hair which covered the Back, the Hair which adorned iho^
Belly, Bread, and infidc of the Thighs and Arms wasGray. 'jrj5r,?PiL>ojrr
The third and fourth were likewife more diverfiHcd with Colours: This
Species is called SafMJou. Thele two Siib)cds were different, nor only in
colour and the various fliapc of tlicir Spots, but alio in the Forme of their
No(c, which was lon^ in the one , and flat in the other. The Hrit, which
was a Male, was white on the Belly, Stomach, Throat, on tiie iniide of the
Armes and Thighs, and on the Buttocks. All the Back from the OmofUtx
to the Tail, was of a dark-Red. The Flanks, the outfidc of the Armes and
Thiffhs, the Leggsand Crown of the Head were Black, and every biatk Hair
had'alfb little Rt-d and White Spots, there being two Red Spots towards the
end,and the half towards the root being wliite. On-tlie Cliin there was awhito
Picked Beard, an inch long. The Hair on the Back was an inch in length ;
about the Neck an inch and a halie ; it was in this place more Staring than
in the reti of the Body, and made as it were a Rutie. The Brow had a
White lirt, on which a row of Black Hair was elevated like Eye-Brows.
Tlie Iris in the Eyes was of a Ridilh Yellow. The PmlU was very large.
, .■. • - -- ..,.,.,„ , The
4^. I if
(f two S A P A J O U S and two other MONKEYS, i^p
theHead wasroUnd, witlia kindofa flatface, refemblingth*; Vifagebfa
;MiH with a fliortand Flat Nofe.' ; . * '''^T':' •'-,•';; ^'^^f ■ ;, ;;P".'^
'The other Safajauy which wns a Fcriiale,liw^the Nole lort'^i^cti'mng-cd tHe
' f.^itocefhaU. Its Hair was of three colours, z//fc. Red, Gray, aha a dark Chei|-
)»JT[if . The JBelly and Brcail were mixt with Red and Gray,. The Arm^s
andfLeggs were ofa dark Chclbutt; the Back had thb Chettiiut and R^d
nib^t together., X(i that in fome ^.I.accs there was more Red, in others mo^e
Cliellnut; whicli made great Spots ahtioftasin Cats. It had neither, tlje
'White on the Fore-head nor the Beard, as the other 6«/»rf;(?«. '
' ■•'The frfyj of the firlt6</>.i;o« were round aridfb (niall, that round the liofc
ftey were not extended above a Uiie and a half, being intirel^ covered with
tire Hair. Tlie Writers of Phyfiognomie, have thereon apparently Found-
ed ^he Judgement which they do niake of Uttle round Ears, which they cfo
{^ut 4S a fign of a deceitful and Villanous temper, fuch as is the Jpes.
.Authors do not agree touching the internal parts of iXxQ^pe. Ariftotlcy Ptiny
'^rt^' Galen do averr that they are wholly liketothofe of Mart. Alhertits doN
'oh tile contrary affirm, that as much as Jpe's are like to Mail bli the outfidc, fb
much are they unlike in the infide; So that there isnoAaiAial, as he (ayes,
^tch has the intrails fb different from Mans as x\\Q\Ape. 11^$ Obfervations
^Rilch we have made are repugnant to both tliele Opinions, which are botli
too extream. Yet we found that our Afes did more refcmble Man in the ex-
ternal parts than in the internal,and that there iare more Aniihals which bavie
the inward parts as like to thofe of i>4an as our Afes^ than there are which tb
as much reiemble Man, as our Afes do, in thei^ exteriour figure. "^ \ "^
The Rings or Holes of the Peritoneum were as in Dqgs ; t!ie EpiplodHwis
different from that ofa Man, in feveral things, ijt. It w^s not fallened to the
Cd^n in lb many places, having no connexion with the left part of this In-
telline. 3</. it had another Ligature which is not found in Ai<m, viz» to the
Mufclcs of the Abdomen by means of the Peritondum^ which formed a Li^^a-
ment, which we have obfcrved in the //>«^ oi Canada. 3</. Tlie Vclfcls of
the Epiploon, which in Man proceed only from the yena Porta, did nevcrthe-
le(s iu one of our Subicds come from the C^va, having there one of the Bran-
ches of the Hypoga(iricAy which was united to the Branches of the lortt.
4/A. In fino the whole /*>//>/«>« was v/ithout compaiifbn greater tuan it ge-
nerally is in A/m?, becau(e that it did not only cover all the Intethnes, which
is rarely (ecn in /V/jw, whatever Galen lays, but it even invelopcd them un-
derneath, uS it do's m levcral other Brutes; where it is frequently leen tliat
the Fpijloon is larger than in Man^ cfpecially in Animals which do run, and
leap with a great deal of Agility ; asil it were fo redoubled under tlie Iiitert-
incs, to defend them, with the rert of the Bowels, againil the rude loults
which tliele I'arts do receive in running. It is true t. tat the Membranes
of tlie hpiploon were intire and continued as inA/4«, and not iK-rfoiated like a
Net, as they are in the generality of Brutes.
The Lix/fr which is one of tlie priiKipal P'ifcera, was very different from
the Liver of Mrw, liaving five Lobes a** in a Dog^ viz,, two on the right jidc,
and two on the left, and a Hfth layd upon the right part of the Body of the
Vertebra. This lall w as divided, making as it were two leaves- In one of our
Subj^ds, the Subllante of the Liver was Ipccklcd with fcvcral (pots of a dar-
ker
iSo
The Anatomical Defcription
ker colour than the reft, and of an Hexagonal Figure ; which we have very
frequently leen in Brutes, and never in Afr*. The BiaJcUr was fafteriedto
. the fixftoftbe two Lobes,, which were on the right fide. It was an^Indi
long, and hatf an Inch broad ; it had a great Du^itt, which was immediate-
ly inlerted underneath the Pylorus: This Duitm received three others, which
' ihftead of that which in Man is fingl^ and which is called HefAtim ; ^hele
' three D«<f?«jV had their Branches difperfed like Roots into all the Lobesof
; the Liver, fo that the firft had four Roots, f /«. one in each of the three rigi^t
Lobes,and one in the firft of the left; the fecond and third Dultus had both th^r
Roots in the lecorid of the left Lohes\ thele Branches did run under the Tunicle
TTaj iiiai nw\« »¥»•.*» *• D^^^ •-."•—y w^»im^*». wf^w*^ - i« «>*w*« *^ msawaws^a ki« u»iiui 4i#«*
vers that we have found fpotted ; for they are always of a lighter Colour
than the reft of the Subftance of the Liver : It is probable, that this blackneft
proceeded fi-om the fpongynefs ofthefe Parts, whicii being imbued with a
greater abund^n<»fQf, Blood thjif^jhi^ reft of the Parenchyma^ did thereby ajh
pear more dark. " "' [ " •" " ,' '
' The VentricU diet likcwile diflfer from a Mansy its inferiour Orifice being ve-
"^ry large and Jow ; for it was not elevated fo high as the fuperiour, as it is in
Man; where it is not called inferiour by reafon of its fituation, bi^t bfrCauIe it
is thro' this Paflagethat the Ventricle is emptyed. ;, il ":'_'( ,^.'"
The lntejti0es were hardly' more like the Inteftioes of Af4»'tliui the ioltfe
Parts. In th^ SaPajoits they were in all but five Foot two Inches longhand
in the other tw(^ Jfes eight i they were ahnoft all of the &iie bignefs ; the
JleoH was in Frpp^rtion a ^reat deal bigger than in Man. The Cacitm had
no Fermi form Afpei$tUx\ it was very large, containing two Indhes and a
half in length, and an Inch t)iameter at its beginning : It went pointing, and
was fortified by three Ligaments like as the Colon is in Man, there to form
little Cells ; This conformation is wholly diflferent from that of a Atw's Ct-
cum. The Colon had its Cells as ufual, but it was not redoubled like an S^
as in A/4»,being quite ftrait. It had not the contrafting which feparatcs it from
the Retlum in Man. Befides the Cells there was obfervedlbme leaves on the in-
fide,like to thole whicli arc fccn in the Colon of the OftrUhy and which we have
lately remarked in the Jejunum of Man. Thefc Leaves were tranlverlely ex-
tend d, abutting on the Ligaments which are extended along this Inteftinc.
It was thirteen Inches long, and an Inch diairster.
The Spleen was fcatcd along the Ventricle as in Man, but its Figure was
different in one of our Subjefts, being made as the Heart is reprefented in BU-
xjonry. Its Bafis contained an Inch. The Pancreas had only its Figure which
made it to rcfemble that of Man, its connexion and infcrtion being wholly
E articular ; for it was llrongly faftened to the Spleen, and the infcrtion of its
^uihs into the Intcftine, wTuch in Man is always near the Porut hiUriM^ was
two *nches diftant therftom.
The Kjilnfys had a Figure and Situation not Icfs extraordinary. They
were round and flat ; tlieir fituation was more unequal than in Man, the
right being much lower, in refped of the left, riz. half its bignefs, The
Gland called CapfuU Atrahiliria was very vifible, by realbii that the Kidney
was without iMt. This Gland was white, and the Kidney of a bright Red ;
its Figure was 'I'riangular. Anjloth
of two S AP A J Q U S and imoihcrUO^KEY'^. iS^
, Jrtfiptle ikySf that the generative Parts of tlije ^(T doTefeinble thole oF
the Dog. In our Subjeds we found that they were (JilFerenc :«lniiciVojii, .a^
w^as from thole of Man ; for in tlie Males, the Peats ^i^do floiiss, as it
has in the Dog ; and the Tefticles, which irt fonv^ of our Subjects >viice \\\4
in the Groynj without any S:raf««i, as has been (ay*d, had a very particular.
Figure, being long and llrait, and but one line in breadth and eight in Ivngth.
In one of the SaP4Jouj they were found of a Figure quite contrary, and al-
moft as remote.from the Figure of thole of Man, being perfeftly iound ; they
wereihut up in a HcrotitM, which joyned them cloie up to the root of the Pr-
uu. The gland ulous Proflat* were fmall ; the Parafiata Cyrfoides were in re-
q.Wtal very large J they contained an Inch in. length ; their breadth was un-
equal, being four Lines towards the NecK. of the Bladder, and a Line and a
half at the other end, diflering herein from f hole of Man, who has tiwni
flfendereft near the Neck of the Bladder. They were compol^d ofleveral
little baggs, which opened into one another: the Caruncle of the Urethra
y,gs linall, butvery^like tp tli^tpf M^n, , .^^ , ^ yi-n-u:^'.
■'..;■ '/(if'"''' • u r r; t ~ ■• '.'"'" '■•■ ■j-r']^-' ■'•:''!'-)■. y.r,ti':^ :■ - „.,.•.
Tlie generative I^arts of the Female had aUo a great many things wliich
rendered them different from thofe of BitebeSf herein relembHng thole of
Womtn', there were Ibmc of them likewile which were as in fi/>f/&^j, and af-
ter another manner than in Woman ; for the exteriour Orifice was round and
ftrait, as in Bitches f^nA the generality of other Brutes, and had neither A^«si-
^ nor CariuKuU. The Neck, of the Bladder had its hole otherwife than in
tVomsfi, being very farm the Neck oS the MMtrix, viz. towards the middle, at
the place where its roughneis began, which were feen only towards the ex-
tremiticof the Dtf^Mi near the Internal Oriface. The Truncksofthe A£i~
tr.ix were alio different from thole of Women, and releo^bling thole of Brutes
in that they were proportionably longer, and more redoubled by various
turnings. The Clstcris had (bmthing more conformable to that which is
ieei) in other Brutes that have it, than in that of Women, being proportion-
ably greater, and more viftble than it is in Women. It wascompofed oft wo
Nervous and SpongiousLiaaments, which proceeding from the lower part
of the Oj P«^//, and obliquely advanceing to the fides of tlicfe Bones, did
unite to forme a third Body, which was ten lines in leingth. It was form-
ed by uniting of the two firft, which a very ftrong Membrane joyned to-
gether, going from one of the Ligaments to the otlier, befidcs a hard and
Nervous Membrane which invelopcd them. They terminated at a Gland
like to tliat of the Pems of the Male. The little Muicles, which were taftn-
ed to thcfe Ligaments, proceeded as ufual from the tuberolities of the I/chi'
»m. Thele Ligaments were of Subfrance (b thin and Spongious, that tiie
wind pcnitratcd, and made them cafily to ("well, when blown into the Net-
work oftlicVeinsand Arteries which is in this place. This Network was
vifiblc in this Sub|e£l, being com^fed of larger VcfTells tlian they propor-
tionably are in Women. It was iuuatcd as ufually under the (econd pair
of Muicles of Che C7//tfr/>. Its Figure was Pyramidal, ending from a very
large Bafis in a jpoinr, wliidi run along thv third Lig^nieut to its «xtrcipi^
towards the Gland
. f .\>»\»
;i.
)V.' l|tf.-
iOj.^q li.rri
I ;■■' ,
to
^
MT
The
1-62
■ — ^y — ^— *— ^^^■^■ " ■■' . I ■ ■■ ■^■-l
The Anatomical Dtfcription
The reft of the Parts ofGencration were lifee to thole of Women. The
Neck of the Bladder had its Mufcles as in Women: For there were a grcafi
Number of flefhy Fibres, which proceeding from the Spfnnifer of the Jmf,
were faftned to the fides of the Neck of the VtermySind other fueh likeF&res
which did come from the Sphiniter of the Bladder to infert themieves at2
the (ame place. The body of the 't;rrr«/, its Membranes, internal Orifice^
its Ligaments as well the Round as Broad, and all its Veffells had a conforma-
tion intirely like to that, which thefc fame parts have in Women. The
Tefticles, which were ten lines long and two broad, were as in Women,
compofedofagreat Number of finall Bladders, and faftned near the Mem-
branes wluch are at the extremity of the T^ka and whidi is called their
Fringe.
The Duggs rcfcmbled thofe of Women, as well in what refjjcfls their
fituation, which was on the MtifcuU Peitordlcfy as in what appartains to their
compofition, which confifted of a Glandulous Body, and a Teat. ' i ■ *
At the place where the Vena Cava is divided to produce th two Iliaikti
there was aGland of the Figure and bignelsof a middling Olive, containing
five lines in length and tliree in breadth. Black on the outfide, and mtich
more on the inlidc. It was moiftned with a Lymphatick Humoar,wherewit'li
its Spongious Snbftancc was filled. In^this fame Subje£^, which was one of
the two firft M>;»i(<7j,there wcr&twootller fbch* like Glan«b, but (tnall^rj^
towards the Originc of thcCr»r4/;, one on each fid* "^j. ^v^-^jun n: . j. ,iiii'r.
At the opcini^ of the Breaft, there was fband a greats abundance of Water
dMper^ over' its whole capacity. The Thymus was very l<irgc. The Ltmgs
had fevcnXobes, three on the right fide, and as many on tlie left ; the (ev^iitb
was m the Cavirifi of th^ AMrafiine, as in the generality of Brutes. This
again makes a Notable difl^retice between the internal parts of the ^ and
thofe of Man, whofe Lungs have generally at the moft but fiveLobosyoften-
cr but four, and fometimes but two. Vejidim affirmes that he never uw in
Man this hfth Lobe, which he reports to be in Jfes^ Rippofing ttiat they
have but five. Tltis great Number of Lobes of the Lungs clearly evincecjt
diat Anatomifts lucre no rcafbn to lay that Brutes have tlie tungs divided
into more Lobes tlian Man, by reafbn that they haye the Face and Breaft
tUmed towards tlie fiartli, fieing that the ^/t^ lias generally the Face and
Breaft like a Mans.
The Hart was a- great deal more Pointed tlian it ufosliy is in Man:
which is likewiica Cliarafl^r of Brutes. Vet in the intenour SuperHcie»of
its Ventricles it had tliat great Number of Fibres and fle/by Coluinns
which are fcen in Man.
Tlic Uvuh, whidi is in no other Brutes, was found in our jtfet wholly re«
fcmbling riiatofMan.
Tlic (, rmitim had 'a Figure very conformable to a Mans, being round and
(bmowhat flat at the ftdes, and wanting that Triangular tione whidi fepa-
ratcs the C/Tf^r//?/; from tlie Crrr/WArw in moll Brutes. ''-"•" '' pi
The lir/irn was Ut^gc in propot rion to tin; IJody. It wciglied two ounces
and a half". Tl'jc D>/r.i iWirrr entreil very fiirtoForin xlw F^l*.. The Ai^
fraduofttL's ot'tlic external |i<irtut'the Brain were very like cjioic of Man in
the AiiteriDii;- part ; but in ilie hinder part towartis the CVrc/'fiSww, there was
' " hardly
:io was
hardly
cftwoS A?h] O US andtwo other M ON K E \ S. 163
barflly any : TJiey in requital were much deeper in proportion. The Jpo-
j»/55r/r/,whi€harecailledA/4w////irw, which are great Nerves tliat do firve to
tl)e Smelling, were not lofc as in Man, but hard and Membranous. The
Optick Nerves >yerc aifp of aSubftance harder and firmer than ordinary. .
The G/4jMf«/« iV>r^'-^ was of a Conical figure, and its point was turned to^
wards the hinder part of the j^ead.
y inhere wd^^'nqRfte Mirabik : for the Carotides being entred into the Brain,
went by oneiingle Trunckoneach fide of the edg of the feat of the Sphenoides
to pierce tt)eP«(M WM/^r, andto be diftributedas ufually into the ^afis of the
Brain. •_ ,; ,;',:■,,■ . , '...■.■
:j iTo finifhthe Defcriptipnasiwell of the external as internal parts of the
Apes which we diffected, by comparing them with thole of Man, we liave
made an accurate fearch after ^U the Mufcles of thefe Animals, whicji we
found for the; v^8i part agreable to thofe of Man : So that we do here relate
only thole things which we found particular in our Subje£l$,
The Mufcles of the Face, in that wlwcli partcipated of the Cymcephdns
had a great deal offimilitude withthofe oWoo^s ; and in the Jpes^^Klnch had
ri*e Face flat like Man, it had nevertlicleft loine Mufclej* lilsc to thole of
Brutes : asamongft others the Majfeter's jind Crotophiu, which were a great-
deal larger in proportion than in Man,
The Mufcles ofthe 0/ fJyoides, Tongue, LM'jf/fX and Pharynxj which do moft
ierve to articulate a word, were whdly lijie to thole of Man, and a great deal
more than thole of the Hand ; whicli neverthelefs the Jpe^ which fiaeaks
not, uies almoft with as nwch periedion as Man : wliich Demon itrates
that fpeech is an Adion morqpeculi^, to Man, and which more dillin^uifh-
es him from the Brutes than the Hand ; which Jnaxagoras, Arifiotle and
G4Un have thought to be the Organ which Nature has given to Man as to
the wileft of all Animals, for want perhaps of making this Kcfleclion. For
the Jpe is found provided by Nature of all thefe Marvellous Organs of fpeech
with fo much exaftnels, that the very three fmall Mullles which do take
their rile from the Apophyfis StyloidcSf are not wantimj, altho this Apo-'
phyfts be cxtrcamly fmall. This particularitie do's iikewile fliewtliat there
is no reafon to think that Agents do purformc fuch and iuch Adions, uc-
caule they are found with Organs proper thereunto; For according co Uide
Philolbphers Apes fliould Ipeake, feeing that they have the Inllrumcuts lic-
cefiary for fpeech. .'^'>^ - ■
In the Mufcles ofthe Head and Neck there was nothing particula • but the
Flexorcs of the Head, which in Man arc infertcd into the Apophyfis ^laji ^dis:
For they wcrcfaftncd to the lateral and hinder part of the Oj Uccipftis,b^xaa[c
that the Head of the ^^//^ has no Apophfs Majloides. Amongft the iVluLlos
ofthe Armcs there was only thuPalmarts that had any tning remarkabk-. Ic
was extraordinary large. The great A; rr//«j, which in Man takes jts rife
only from the 0r>toplat4yd\6 in our Subjeds proceed likcwife from the fourti.,
fifth, and fixth /Vr^rAr* of the Neck.
The Mufculus Rcilusy which in Man reaches only to the Bafis ofthe Stcr-
nunty did alccnd to the top, pafling under the Pnlcralis and little ^errta s.
It was flclliy only to the half of the Sternum , the reft being but a mter
'J'cndon.
W2
In
164
The Attokmieat De^ert^m
In the Thigh that of the Qfoitigem^i ( whi^d<^ftnre t6 throw out the
Thigh) QAWtdPyriformifj was a greatdeal (h)dUertiianinM^;^fiel inflo^cl
of taking its rife from the lower and extei'nalpift 'tf theQp^imNw/ it pRH
ceeded from the Jfchitim near the de&itas Cchhi^sL Thtt'Mtifttes oTtheJ
Buttocks had a Figure differetit fitt»fii tho(e o^Mmi, being :filoker, by reafe*
that the Op Iliam JtfszKtauch ftraiter tiMn ih Man. €ki^nieMMfeiiii Pfod
there were two othier Httle Muferes, whikh are iMI litnind iA^AMt. Every
oftliefeMufcles having the iti(ne< Origine as the P/cMi/didiriltime byalofig
Tendon to inlerr it (ek into the upper and inwat^part of the 0/ Pnhis, 1
Amongft th^ Mufcles of the Le^ that of its tlexoresy which is called B»^
ttfiy had hot a dbtrble Origine'tstft Man. I^ proceeded intite firom the
knob of tttt ifchiitmy arid was ti^rted into fhe tipper part 6f the Pep«i^
This fmglc Head was inTe<imtai^V»y thkk and iltohg. - ' ' - ' ^ ; '
The great Toe liad 'Miiicfes like •«& thoie of a Mans linimb, cfen as it
lias the Aftion thereof : Which is hot' in the Foot of Maii^'W-faerie the great
Toe has Mulcles yery^ different fWsm thofe of his Thumb, beCMiie that the
Aftions of thefe twgr l^arts are in lA^n very different. ' ' f' ' 3- 1 . L ..( »
To the Hiftory of the Mufcles of tFip^^r might be added \kt Deicriptton
of tlie Pouch, which they have in their Mouth. It wasconipofed of MeRH
branesand Glands> and of a great many Mtiftulous and Camous Fibres.
Its Htuation was on the out Tkk of each Jaw, readiing oblic(u(^ from the
middle of the Jaw to the under pati of its Angle, pafling under a part of the
Mulck called tMiJftmus. It wa^'an inch and ^ half long,, and abnoft as
br(»d towards its t^tom. ' It opetiidd into tKreMbuth between the bottoift
ofthe Jaw and tlie bottom of the Qumme. T%inco this Pouch that ^er
u(e to put what they would ktep ; and it is probable that the Mulculous,
Fibres whidi it h^s, daferve t6 ihut and of«n it, to receive and put out
what theleAnimttttdatherelayupihRcrerve.
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\66
The Anatomical Defcription
The Explication cf the Stagg ofCsLmdaL^and Hinde ^Sardinia.
THe lower Figure reprefents the Difbroportion which is between the Stag
and H/ftdcy the 6>i^ being almolt as big again as the Hiftde. It di^
covers likewife how the H^rnes of the Stagg is covered with a Skm, and how
the ///;f<^ has the Back and Flanks marked with (everal (pots of different
ihapes.
In the Vppet Figure.
A A. T/rr Liver.
B. The gr est yentnch of the ^tacQ^.
C. The little Ventricle.
D. The extremity of the Vala Spermatica Praeparantia
E. TheTcR'ickitfelf
F. The Vafa Spermatica Deferentia.
GHH. r^c Epididymis.
I. r^&r Vterus.
KK. 77»fCornuaVteri.
LL. The round Ligaments of the Uterus.
M. The Bladder.
N. One of the Cornui Uteri opened to difcover the two leaves 0. which if
has on the Infide.
F P. The Carorides opened tofbew the tranfverfe lines which it has on the infide.
Qj;^ The Jugular opened to [hew the fix rows of Valves which tt has, viz. four
marked R, where they are three in a row ; arid two marked S S, where they are
two and two.
T r. Apiece of the Jugular reprefented at large, the more iifiinHly to difcover a
row of three Valves marked V V V.
X Y Z Q. The end of one of the Brow- Antlers of the Stagg .
X. Part of the Horn with the Skin taken off, to expofe to view Grouvcs wherewith
the Homes of the Stagg are ordinarHy hollowed, to make roome for the Fejjels in
the Skin which covers them.
Y, Thepetceof Skin which is cut atPdy, and On the infide of which is refrefented the
Veffelis mit .
Z fi. The refi (fthe Brow -Antler covered with the Velvet Skm.
THE
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the Sug
ind how
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VIZ. jour
re they ire
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•i.i ir - . v,i .t'isbmtiiL' ;i>lo'id yiav/ i!i;nvi bnK'cnh.fi'i'/ ■^mfifi.^i'jV
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
■^Hi.fb 'hn.i^[^a ■ji-iJi'Mi ? ji t'JH\..ii ui'^ u-iuo<!'ji!.'uj usiflv/ ^n;.:iUiji /liLuio;;
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HINDESSMDiNtI
t\: /ii-'i'-";^ • .. '!-»;j». infill''/ ^-.^-^ ^^. .\- ' i >>. v,:^ . '
THq ^iTi^ was very large, being fpur fpp^ feroin thp tpp of the ba^ to t/ie
Ground. Its i^/rrj were three fpot Iou^,an4 tk^BrowJ/ftUrs afoo«
there were fix on each Hprns, which is the gpeateft n^robjr that Stag^i 4p car-
ry, according to JriftotU and f/i^; yyr^l^' jopveit Wffe i? apt ;i:yf in.fjfejis
Country, wher« are found Stf§^s tliatnay^fhem to Tweijty tM'O. ' ' *
The whol? JN^wj: wfire ^ov^red wifh ^ very hard, Sfcip, kpd gaj^i^t with
a very tfiick and ftiort hair^ of the Cainp Cplpur ap thai which covi^e^ thp
Body: it was turned In ieveral plapes. Pim^ very' ifnpjoperly c^ll:^ thi^
Hair, Feathery fbft as Powne* This whial? ^kfn liad ,a ^re^i i?iany Vf Ip* ap4
Arteries filled with plenty of Bbud, w}nchiw;5Uedt'j.WW ^^^ *'^^? ^^^
the Home, which was all furrowed to gjve place to ti^ YeUels, aft^r ^hig famp
niannerastheCr«»/»Mor'31<uIl isflutqdbipi t^ infid9^a!o^prdin^,t;p the di*
ftribuilonof the Veffekoftjie DurMM^fr, i(J^/»fr w^ cf opinwx? '^^^^^
furrows which are feen intherurfaceoftheHornspr>fi§p''<^» areinadeby
Wormes which do ingender there in the Summer, and wlu.ch do i^,t it^
which is aitpg«ther improbable. Pli^y had not a(llp,|^ii f^^asinined the Na-
ture of tlie Homes of the St4Mf when he fays that tl^ip5[^'>^^r^ lil^e th? J*Tanf
FfruU and the Rted : Forthe StaJks of thp(^ |*|ants, wlji^clii.arepither hpilowj^
or Pithy^ 40.411 _?xprels.f|ie .SoJii|«i«^ #i9^^i|s i*P4|ikR# ^^'f^fJ^.PW
'Sr^gg. ... ,..,, .•. .,j ,1 ,. ,. ,' 1 , i,.,.,{i j ( y'. „•■ >r^;ni 'i *• ■■ '!Ly!L3LI!^'d•■•
Df w<jfr/>/« has better PhTTofopized on tHe' (ipne;«tibn pT thei^VK(orh^ ;
for he affirms that intlw A>4^becawfe lie abounds >vif|j jSloud a^ grpws
very
i68
The Anatomical Defcription
very Fact at the beginning of Summer, Nature confiimes a part of the Nour-
fhment where-with it is overcharged, by lending it thro (ome Veflels, which
it has in a great Number and of a confidcrable thicknefTe, to the place where
the Hornes_do grow. And indeed, it is a very furprizing thing to fee tlie
abundance of bloud which we found between the Homes and the Skin
which covered them, when by Fleaing-off this Skin, the Tunicks of the
Veins being very fine and finall were broke in fundcr,
This Obfervation made us to refleft upon the different Generation of the
Homes of Animals, which being of two^atures, namely Ibnie hollow, and
others fblid, have likewile two way's of growing : Porthole which are (olid,
and .without Cavitie, like thole of the Sta^j are imraediatly faftned to theOj
frontif fropi \^hi<;h ,thcy.do ftemto grow, this Bone being a great deal more
rare and Spongicus than in other Animals, as Democritusms obferved. But
ifthefirftOrigineor Germination of the Hoi nes of the Stdgg do's proceed
from any fiibftance which comes out of the Bone, its increale depends cheifly
on the Skin which coversit, and which atfordsit a ^r-eat quantitie of Nour-
ifbment, thro the great iftimber of VelTjls contained in it. ,.
Hollotv Homes tike tha&: Oxen ire mgendered ahd''do grow after a quite
different manner; for they are not imniediatly faftned to the Scull, but they
have their Cavitie filled by a Bonfe ufhich is an Appendix of the Os Frontis ;
and this 4ppendijt. eyea as the reft gf the Scull ^is covered with the Pert-
eraMuptWy the mians of which jthele ^ Horpes do. joyn to the |ci;ill, and
are-ingedtiered and do growirom whaKthey receivekfroni tHk Vettbli of.the
Pericimium: for on the Pericranium which fattens the Appendix oftheOi
Fiontis there is a Creft, apparently made by the Tranfudation of a matter
contained in the Veflels of this Membrane, which, we found in the Cavity
of the Homes of t|ie G^zel/as itftbmparably greater, fuller of BloVid, and
more numerous, "than they^'re in'the reft of Uic Pericrmiutn which covers
the other Bones of the Head. Sothkit muftbe underftood that even as
Solid Homes do take their Noyri'Qlmenc and increale by their external Su-
perficies, thole which are hollow do take it at the internal: for when the
firftCruftbeginstobehardnedtin the Produftionofthe Pericrtuiium^ which
covers iriicPomted Appendices of the Ojfr<j/»///,l)yhai'dning almoft after the
manner ♦» Nails do harden at the ends of the Fingers; between this firft
Cruit aiitl rilie Pericranium there is ingertdered another Which glues it felfe to
the former and thrUfts it forward ; iiiid thus there isfucceifively ingendered
fevcral Crufts one upon anothcl*, almoft after the l^me manner as Snail-
fhells,'and Oyfter-fhelis are ingendered and compofed of Icveral Lamina or
Plates gliied to each other. This is the realbn tliat hollow Homes are ge-
nerally Wrinkled and ruffled like fhells, and that they are eafily leparated in-
to fcvefat Leaves. ''>■■•'' '''
'■' 'Afijictle has giveh l&meldea of ^his manner of the Generatinn of hollow
ftornes^ m Ikying that there enters into their Cavity Ibpiething liard, which
fprinjUront the Scuft f which myft be underftood otthe Bone which en-
ters ini!o the Cavity bf the Homes: Biuthe lp6akes not of the Pericranium to
whichthe Home is immediately talhicd,and from whence it is probable that
it takes itsOrigine and Nourifnmcnc^
The Generatidh of hollow Horiiei* is likevrifc different from that of Iblid
• ones.
of a ST AGG 0/ CANADA.
i6p
ones, by the different quality of the matter, which is more aqueous in hol-
low Homes, and more I'erreftrial in folid ones. Hollow Homes do eafily
Ibfen before the Fire, as not having their Concretion by the Hxiccation
and Confumption of t!ie Aqueous parts, but by the Coagulation of a Matter
which hath not a confiftencc fb firm, without the cold which does harden it;
and fblid Homes arc of the Nature of the Bones from, which they do proceed,
being of a Terreitriai matter, which, according to ArifiotU- and Pli/ty, is hard-
dened on the Head oiStaggs by the heat of the Sun; ArifiotU makes alfb a
remark which demonitrates that the matter of 6>4^j-Hornes is Terrene,
dry and of the Nature of Stone; for he layes that there has been Ibmetimes
Suggs taken, on whofe Homes there was found Ivie^ wliich had there taken
Root as it do's on Stones : and Naturalifts have obferved that the Ivie do's
frequently grow in places where *S>4^^/ Homes are Buried. This conjefture
may be confirmed by theconfiderationofthat excrelcence which is peculiar
to lh& Stagey Q2^\cALtuhrymaCervi\ which comes out, as it is laid, from the
greatC4/»//>w or Corner of the Eye, being ftrongly fattened to the Bone, out
of which it grows; according to Scdiger : for this excrefcence is (b like a
Stone, thatfomedo think it really is one, and that it grows not out of the
Stagg, being very far from giving credit to what Authors report of its
Generation, viz. that it comes out of the Corner of the Eye of the Stsgg,
when to cure itfeife of the Wormes which it has in its latefiines, it eats Ser-
pents, and plunges into the Water up to the very Eyes. The Bone which
is found at theAf/&ofthe Sr^^^j Heart, is like wife a Sign that this Animal
do's exceedingly abound in a luice capable of being eafily converted into a
Bonie and as It were Stoney Nature.
The Intefiines being taken all together, dicf meafure Ninety fix foot in
length. The fmalleit contained fixty fix foot, and the great ones without
the C«c»m twenty. TheC<e(»M was one foot ten inches in length and fix
inches in breadth towards its B4/!t>. It went leHening towards its Point
as ufual. This extraordinary length of the iMefiinesy which is proportiona-
ble to the greatneis of the Ventricle in Aniqials which do live on Grafs, is
hot foundmthofe which are fed withflefh; becaule that Grafs, being not
foeafyto be changed into Bbud, and this No-jriili.iient affording it lefs
matter than flefh, it was neccfTary to havd'the Ventricles thus large, to con-
tain a great quantity of Grafs, and that the tntefiims fhould'be proportionably
long, to make room for the Natural heat to operate a longtime on the Nou-
rifhment retained and conduftsd thro long Turnmgs.
There were twoAV»ft'/V/«, a greater and afhialler, which feemed to be
the Duodenum inlarged. The great yehtricle being blown was five foot
round. It was compoled of feveral other Ventricles heaped in one, by reafbn
offourorfive bunches which it had connected together by a Membrane
which did joyn, and make them to fbrm6 to this Veatricle feveral Cells.
On this Membrane there was another which did cover and lock up the
whole Ventricle. This Membrane was faftened behind, to the Ventricle ; Be-
fore it was joyned to it only at top, the reft being wholy feparated, and
greatly extended, by a great deal of wind which it (liut up with the Ventricle
and /»/(r/?/»«,which it atfo covered like an Epifbon. The upper part which co-
vered the r(r»/rrf/« wasthin,andtranfparent,without Fat,Glands,or apparent
X VefTels
lyo
The Anatomical Dejcription
VelTels : the part which defcended to inclofc the Intefiines had Ibme Veflcis
and Fat, but in a very little quantity.
The Spleen was round, thin, and wholly adherent to the great Ventricle.
It was fix inches Diameter. The Veflels which do make the Vas Breve
were utterly imperceptible. The Gibbous and upper part was falhied
to the Diaphragme by three ftrong Ligaments.
; The Liver had but one Lobe, and was only Cleft before, and quite whole
within. The right fide was fomewhat more extended that the left, and
made a point towards the Kidney. There was no Gall-Bladder.
The KJdney was very large,bsing five inches long and three broad. There
was no Ren Succenturiatus.
The Penis had no bone. The proper Membrane of the Tefticle was im-
mediately faftened to the Glandulous Subftance, lb that it was ablblutely
infeparablc therefrom, and more than ufual in other Animals. Over this
Membrane were an infinite number of Blood- Veflels, Ibme whereof were
ftrait and as big as a Bodkin i others were undulated, and as it werefrizled,
very finall,about thebignefsof aPin. The Glandulous Subftance of the
body of tiic Tefticle was Yellow j that of the Epididymis of a pale livid Red,
The Uniting of the Faft Prapursntix was wreathed and confounded,and made
a Tube about the bigneft of ones Finger, which produced the Epididymis,
which covered and imbraced the top orthe body of the Tefticle even as the
Cup of an Ju me. This part refcmbling an Jcorne did produce a body about
the thickncfs of ones Finger, which dclcended along tlic body of the Tefticle,
being there faftened, and made towards the bottom a kind of a Teat, from
whence it returned along the fide oppofite to that by which it dcfcend-.
ed, and formed the f^AiD^/trr^M^whidi wasabojut the thicknefs of a StvM»s,
quill. ,
The Lungs had (even Lobes, four oil the right fide and thrcc on the left.
The HeMrtwas very large, almpft round and Ibft, bccaulc that the Ventricles
', /ere very large. There was a Bone as ufually in Sai?^j, ,,,, ,,, r .
' I 'O the Dcfcription of the S/<^ we do ioyn that of the H/ntUj to dila>
I ver wherein thefe two Animals dicl agree, and in wl.at tliey were un^
like befides the diflference of the Sex.
The highthof this Hinde was two foot eight inches, from the back to tlio
Ground. The Neck was a foot long. The hind-lcgg, from the Knee to the
end of the foot, was two foot, and to the Heel one toot.
The HMtr was of four Colours, viz. Fallow, White, Black and Gray.'
There was (bme white under the Belly and on the inlidc of the Thiglis
and Lcggs : On the Back it was of a dark fallow : On the Flancks, of anlla-
bclla-failow ; Botli the one and the other on the Trunck of the Jiody was
marked with White Spots of different figures: along the Back there were
tw.orovvs in adire£lLine ; the rc(l was confuledly Speckled. Along the
Flanks tlji're was on each fide a White line. The Nt"ck and Head were
Gray. The Tail ail White underneath, and Black at Top, die Hair being
jSxinchcs long,
*'TIVc Epiplo.HWAs f.ifttncd to the /Vr//o«<»«» dircdiy over the Navel,
and invtlopwil the Intcftincs underneath. It was com|X)lcd of very thin Mem-
branci'jfiiul iiii.ifl VclTds without Fat: It was double,
'J'hc
of sa ST AQG of C AN AD A.
The Liver was fmall, and like to that of thq ^tagg^ in that it was not fc-
paratedinto feveral Lobes, having only tlie filTure, which is generally at
top towards the middle, and an other underneath inclining to the right fide
•There was notallo any 6\i//-ii/4(sWfr.
- ! /The four Ventrieies were better diftinguifhedand feparated each from other
thart they we re in the Staggy where there was dillinftly feen but two. The
firft and greatdft Ventricle had on theitifide a Membrane eafily feparable
from that of the outfide, as in the Gazella, This internal Membrane was
rough by an infinite number of Afperitesor Teats, as is generally feen in
Animals wliich chew the Cud. All this great Ventricle was con traded in
feveral places, and feparated indifferent Fouches as in the Stagg'. it was
filled with Grafs, amongft which tliere was. found feveral pieces of Skin,
of fhoe-Soles. about theb^ne{sofaCrown-piece,fbme pieces of Lead about
the bignefs of ones Nail, which feemed worn and fretted, and fbme Frag-
ments of flate. This may make one to think that thefe forts of Animals
do haflily gather their F(»d in the Fields, and that they do wait to cull it
leifurely when they Chew it. The fecond, tliird, and fourth Vttttricle were
not diikrent from thofe of Sheep.
The Inteftines -were very long as in the Stagg, but lefs in proportion. They
meafured in all forty toot. There were two forts .-the firft which made
a bout a quarter,vvere Grayifli,and plaited in Folds fix inches long .- the others
were of a dark Red,and folded very fmall in Cells. The Mefenterji w^ com-
pofed of very fine Membranes.
The spleen was covered with a hard, thick and whiteifh Membrane : Its
figure was round ; it was like that of the ^tagg, flrongly knitt to the Ven'
tricle and Diaphra^me.
Tiie Cornutttteriwerc long and bent into feveral Anfraftuofities. Theft-
extremity was applyed to the Tefticle which was fniall, on the infidc of each
of thefe Horns there were two folds pf the internal Membrane, which did
forme Ibme leaves ranged according to the length of the Homes, almoll af-
ter the fame manner as is feen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals
which chew the Cudd.
ThcH4»/ was extraordinary large and fbft .- Its Ventricles were extended
by a quantity of coagulated bloud w hicli filled them. The Lungs had feven
i^obcs.
The Tnincks of the two Ju^nlarsy as well the internal as external, had
each fixteen Valves difpofed in hx rows, about two inches dilhnt from each
other. The four upper rows confided each of three Valves ; the two lower
ones had only two, but they were larger than thole of the upper rows.
The difpofition of thefe Valves was fiich,that the aperture of tlie Sacks which
they did form was toward the Head, to flop, as it is probable, the too great
impetuofitie of the Bloud which falls in its returne from the Hrain into the
Axillary Branches. Thofcofthe Moderns who arc ignorant what is the
Motion of the bloud in the Veincs, have attributed this ulc to all the Valves
of tlicic VclTclcs, the lituation of which is found to be contrary to the Mo-
tion and couric of the Bloud, after the Manner as they underftand it, and fa-
vourable to the courii; which it ct'edively has for the Circulation,that is to fay
Ibr Its return towards the Heart. Rvthol/nrts has reniarkt two Valves in
X 2 one
tj2 T^^ AnatomkiA Deftrtpttm
one of the htgulari. RhUnks., who firft fiound out theie two Valves aBlirms
that they are never found but in the internal htguUry although we have air
wayes found them in the eMcernalas well as Internal : Bat this fituationdf
tlie Valves contrary to the Motion of tlie Bioud towards tiie Heart, hat afs
yet been feen only by Amom LnfitMus^whohas obferved ionte of this Nature
at the beginning of tine^«r^M,uidwluch he thought to (erve to hindc; tlie
Bloudofthe ^*;gw from returning into the Tninck of the C-rtrj ; but this
Conformation is extraordinary, wnatever this Author layes, who averr's
hirnitftf to have (een it a thoufand times y becaufe that all Anatomifts^ with
An unanimous' oonfent, do teflifie and avow to have feen the OMitrary, lod
never to liavefouridValves in the Veins, whole Situation fiiVQured not. the
Morion of the Bloud towards the HeartJ i\w\ . tui.; . h-S .
The Carotides having been opened lone<^ways» it was obferviol that they
had f^veral Rays Uketranfverfe Cutts, which interrupted the contiouitie of
the Fibres, which are according to the length of the internal Atonbrane <£
this Artery : wt^h appeared to be made to knitt together thefe Fibres^
and to fortifie them even as it b (een in the Fibres of die right Mufck
of the Belly, which are fo interrupted by the tranfverie lines, that they are
called EftervafiMs, It was fearcht whether the lame thing could be fdund
in the Crural Artery, but it was (mooth and even, and had not thele Cutts.
The Glohf of the Eye was>an inch and a hali in Diainecer. The dryfiijliim
was more convex behind than before.
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•uqqu OiiJ rii boin^l/iritri ai uuaH u'sOtlv/ ii,ili -Mil .iiirJ^'b'Tl lo joui Jib j^
3Kdi iSc b(;fi (UdmL'b i»5» 4offM mT arfj ^dalu^^^^ , ;a en «/^ /Jiuy-l
,\r.y,r,v\'<uS. niii 2; <ii) eb'ii>7>n7/©b b'^inui it:;')' • .rac yidJn. .ji'ifi^iBfnyTei
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h
The Explication of the Figure of the Pintado
THe PintAdo which is reprefented in the lower Figure, has no Tuft at
the root of the Beak, like that whole Head is reprefented in the upper
Figure. As to other particulars, the Ten which we delcribe, had all that
is remarkable in this viz,, the Tail turned downwards as it is in Partridges^
f die Neck and Leggs longer than Pdrtritiges arc ; the Feet provided with
Membranes after the manner of Water-Fowl; the Head covered with a
Caique ; the top of the Beak garnilhed w ith two Appendices ; and the whole
Plumage black, or dark-gray, Speklcd with white Spotts.
In the Zipper Figure,
A B. One of the h'cathcrs of the Wing. A. is the fart of the Wing which is unco-
vered. B is that which is covered hy another Feather.
CD. One of the Feathers of the BeUy. Cj thepartof the Feather which covers the
Down marked D.
E F G. The Head almofi as hig as the life. E, the Tuft which grows out at the
roct at the Beak. F. the Casque or Bonnet.
G The fle/by Beards.
g. The hole of the Ear.
H H. The (mall Mulcles of the Afpcra Arteria.
II. The Artery oftheLua^s divided into two Branches.
K K. The Carotidcs,/Af left of which feems tofroceed immediattly from the Hem.
L. The Crofs or bending of the Aorta on the right ftde.
M N. The Heart.
N. The Right Auricle.
OO. r/;f Liver.
P. The Gall-Bladdcr.
C^. The Dui}.m which conveys the Choler into the InteiWnc.
R- 77;flntcftinc.
S. T/e Ventricle or Gizard. "•
T T. The Vena; Iliact.
V. Afin'^le 'Iciiidc faflcncd to the Bifurcation (f the Iliack Veins.
XX. 7/;r Hmulgcnt Vcincs.
Y. T/e coNtintiatton of the TriojcL of tie Aorta tcyo/id the Vcnx Iliac r.
a a. 77rf Iliack Arteries ivhich do fcrve for Emyil^cnts.
h b. The Kidneys.
c c. The Ureters.
THK
•rrr'-":- ) - ■- ■-■ '- ^ «w?*^Ti'
^i^t^iM^Jtgi . ^■^..oMe.-.^iLt.^i. -.J^y;. »'.T^' _,_^
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175
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THE
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
i;f.-i!
''"'ft:!-.*,'- '•
7- r OF TEN
;!! ;^'"
-,;■{
v:
PINTADOS
1'^;
.V i^:.'.i<UJr
v-'h^;; ,'
• -yj
np' He Birds which we delcribe are a kind of Hen called Pintado, by realbn
■ M of theexadnefs of the Figures which (eem as if Painted on itsFlumage;
tnele figures not being irregular and as it were accidentally made, asinth&
generality of other Birds. Upon this very reaibn (bme of the Ancients made
iChoiceotthe Names which they have given to thele Fowl : For by yarra
and Pliitjf they are called yaru, and by Martial Guttata, by realbn of the
white Spots wherewith tlieir whole body is diverfiBed and Speckled » as ic
were with feverai drops. Their Eggs are likewilc Painted, and Chequered
with white and black : thus this fort of diverfitie is a thing Natural and
Ssrpetualto theie Birds, which this particularity diftinguilhes from common
ens, which in the Genns of Birds arc almofl; the fble ones, which have not
the Plumage alwayes with the fame Colours in their Species ; Hens being
indifferently white, black, gray, yellow, or mixt with all thele colours. O-
ther Authors have given to the Pintado^ Appellations taken from the Coun-
try where they do generally breed (which is ^/r/cj) by calling them Hem of
Africa, Earharj/y Numidiaf Guinea, Mauritania, Tunis, Pharos, that is to (ay
Jtgypt. Margravius reports that in the Kingdome ofCtv/go it is called Ji^c
jfele. Pliny relates that they are alio called Mtlea^rides, becaule that according
to the report of his time, they went annually trom Jftiea into Bxotia, and
come to beat themlclves near the Tombe of Meleager, whole "Story feigns
that the Sifters were changed into thcfe Birds. There are fbmc which do
think that the M</M^rW hth<iCQ(^'d''lttdesx TurkyCoek ; wluchihallb9£)(a-
mined in the Sequel, l? i)i;u:f ;• -nhi y! t Phvi -..Tb ,'y-,
The ten Pintado^ whereof we have made tlie Diffeftion, wei'e of the fize,
and almolt the fhape of an ordinary Hert. Some are of Opinion that they do
b«ttgr rtfcuiblc the Partridge. But the length of their Neck, and Lcggs,
,.J which
6y\
The Anatomical Dejcription
li
which did even furpafs that of the Neck and Lcggs oF Hens, have made
us to dilapprove this Similitude : We only found that tliey had the Tail
bent down-wards like the Partridge and not held up like tlie Hen. But
tliey have no Charaderirtick more particular of the Hen than the flcfliy Ap-
pendices which do hang down on both fides of their Jaws, which are not
mett-with in any other Bird, and which even in the Pintado have Ibmething
different from thofe which are in Hens; as fhall hereafter be explained.
Their whole Plumage was only of two colours, viz. White and Black.
The White was every where perfeftly White : the Black was alio in Ibmc
places perfedly Black, but in the moil it was faint, and inclining to a^dark-
Gray. , ^ . _ .
7. he top of the Neck inftead of Feathers, was only garnifht with a black
Dc .. n, which did better relemble Hair than Feathers. Thefe Hairs being
about two lines long, were turned upwards, contrary io the ordinary fitua-
tion of Hair and Feathers. In one of our Subjefts, towards the hinder part
of the Head, thelc Hairs were almoft an inch long, and made as it were a
Tuft. The under part of the Neck had little dark-^ray Feathers markt
with Wliite. Thefe Feathers went infenfibly three mches in length and
one in Breadth. The half of thefe Feathers, towards tlie root on both fides
of the Quill or Stem, wasgarniflied with Beards or branchings like grayifli
white Down, above half an inch long on each fide. Each Down or Beard
was disiheivelled, and divided as it were into fever al fine Locks or threads
towards its extremity. Near the Quill or Stem the roots of each bearcP
were)oyned together by the Crochets or little Fibres wherewith the Beards
or branchings of the feathers which do ferve for flight, ufe tobe faftenej,
and which are deferibed in the Oftrich. The other half of thefe Feathers
was compofed of thefe fame ibrt of Beards or Branchings, which are harder
and firmer. Tliey were of a dark-gray intermixt with white round Spots,
two lines Diameter at the mofl. They by an equall order did malce three
rows on each fide with fix in each row ; fb that the fixth of every row,
which was common to the oppofke rank, whereof it did likewife make the
fixth, did meet on the tail of the Quill or Stem. This Quill which was
black, did grow white at the place of the mark or S^t, as if on a black
Skin there had been thrown Ibme drops of >^i^/M-For^/>, which haddifeolour.
ed it : Which iUuilrates the thouglu of i^^/W, by whom ths Piutado's are
called GuttAU.
The Feathers of the Wing*s were marked after anotlier manner, have*
ii^ two Sorts of Spots, fbme oc which were round, and others long. Thefe
marks were white, an a dark ground of three diflomt Kinds : for at the place
where the Feather is covered with another Feather, this ground was fimply
dark-gray; In the reft of the Feather this ground was abfblutcly black ac
the Circle of the white Spot *, this reft was mixt with white and bbck
Speks.
Ciytns MiUfiits Arifiotie\ difciple, who deferibes the PifUsdo in JthetiMU
with great cxadnefs, principally inlarges upon the particularities of tlie
fliapc and colour of the Spots of thefe fathers, and even tothe having ob-
fcTved tliar the black which edges the Spots is reciprocally intermixt with
die \v hire inform ofaSaw; whichjs very difficult to comprehend, if one
*;....-/ ^' fees
of Ten PINTADO'S.
^77.
tlieir figure
whcrctbrc we have in oui-
l^'igurc
?/'
lees ri3ttliin;foatlicrs, or
exactly ddigned tliem.
The Tail a.s I -as been fayd, was a little bent ' dowil-wSrcfs as in P.trir!dgeiJ
The Leggs were covered with little feathers layd, and as it were glued, up-
on the Skin; they were of a dark-Gray and fpotted with Whitu like all
the reft.
The Head had no Feathers ; the unner Eye-lidd had only long black haii'S;
which were railed upwards. At''..-fc«p of the Head there was aCrf/, or
kind of Cafque, which Modern Authors do compare to the Bunnet of the
Doge of Vcntfe. This Cvefi is by Margravius called MitdU Cutacea, We
found that it was only covered over at top with a dry and urinkled Skin
of a dark Fawn Colour, which was extended from the B^^ak to the hmder
part of the Head which it covered, being cutt away over the Eyes. But the
infide was of a Spongie Subftance, fbfter than the Bone, and lefcmbling, as:
iay's C/y^«j, a flelh hardened anddryed like Wood : which may make one to
think that D* Alechamfins and Cafauhon had no realbn to corred the ancient ex-
emplars of Athcruusy where it appears that this Crcft is it; aZfjLo. ^vTvonhky
by putting TO ;y/xi'|xx inftead of ttJ ffzuju.* : for altho the colour of this
Crell refcmbles fbme fort of Wood, yet indeed its fubrtance has more rc-
femblance with all forts of Wood than its colour, becaufe that the colours
of Woods are much more different amongft themfelves than their Subftan-
ces. UAlechamfius is perhaps miftaken, when he fay's that this Creft is
peculiar to the Males ; for we have found it in all our Subjeds as well Males
asKemales. 7'"'/^*'
The Eye was large and open ; the Poet Sophocles^ according toP//>y, ave^r's
that the yellow A^er is made of the Tears which do drop from the Eyes of
the P/>f/4/;/ci/,which are beyond t'he Indies.
Thel^ifi waslike tothatofanHen. In two of our Subjeds we found,
on the middle of the root of the Beak, a Tuft compofod of twelve or four-
teen threads four lines in length, and about the bignels of a fmall Pin, of co-
lour and Subftance like the Briftles of a //o^. On each fide of the Beak a
blewifh Skin was extended towards the Eye, which it incircled, and grew
black there. Be/o»ius pofitively affirmes that it is White round about the
Eye. 1 his Skin made the Eye-lidds, and covered the two Appendices with
a Subftance half flelhy and half Cartilaginous : they hung down on both
fides the Cheeks, being faftened to the upper Jaw, and not to the lower, as
they are in Hens, and as Belonius has Painted them in his Pintado. We
found them of different fhapesin our Subjeds : for in fomethey were Oval,
in others fquare, in others Triangular. 1 hey were alfo of different colours.
Margravius fimply declares that they are Red. We obferved tliat they
were Red in the Females, and Blew in the Males ; although all Authcrs do
report that t his Bird has not any exteriour Mark which makes the diftindion
of Sex. On this difference of Colours Columella grounds ad iftindion be-
tween the African or Numidian Hen and the Mcleagris^ laying that the Afri-
f4»iyir« has its Appendices Red, and that the Meleagris has them blue .- But
there is no probabilitie that fuch a difference can conftitute divers Species,
(eeing thatthefe Colours may eafily change in the very fame Individual upon
light occalions, as is oblervable in the Turky-Cocky in wiiom the Combe
Waxes Red when he is Angry, and who has it generally blue.
y A^
w
1 he Anatonikdl Defcriftion
At thefidcofthcfc J/'/'^W/Vfj bnckward, there is plainly fcen the hole of
the Ear, which in other Birds is liid by the feathers which do adorn the
Head ; this hole was extraordinary little, perhaps by reafbn it is unco-
vered.
The Feet, which, as has been fay'd, were very high, were of a dark-gray.
Some great Scales covered them before ; and behind they had only a Skm
made rugged by an infinite number of fmall Eminencies like thole of Cha-
grin. The thres fore- Toes had, even to the third of their length, a Skin
which joyned them together as in the Gcofc. The liind-Toe was fliort, and
the Males had no Spurr behind the foot.
After having made thelc remarks on the Pintado, and read what the An-
cients have written of the Bird Melcagris, we think it very hard to be of the
fame Opinion with Turncrus, Belonius, Gefncr, Aldroz'atidiis, and all the Au-
thors which have writt of thcle Birds, and which do hold that the Meleitgris
of the Ancients is the Tnrky-Cock, and not the Jfrican Hen, or Pintado ; for it
is eafie to prove that whatever the Ancients have reported of the Bird Melea-
gris is found in the Pintado, and that nothing of all this occurrs in the Tnrkj'
Cocky which on the contrary has fome things particular which are not ih the
JSIclcagris of the Ancients. For tlic particularities which Clytus attributes ta
the Bird MeUagrts, viz. the Creft of a Lignous Colour and 6ubftance,
the Beards or Appendices of the Cheeks, the mimcrous white Specks almoft
regularly and with Symmetry placed on the fe»thers,of the fhape and fize of
a Lentill, the Leegs without SpurrS in the Male, and the perfeS relemblance
of tlic Male and Female, are leen in the Pintado and are nqt found in the
TurkyCock, What P//>i; reports of the ISixA M'deagris do's very well agree
with the Pintadoy but not at all with t\xTtitky-Cock : for he fay*s that the
Miieagris is a Bird that lives in Laliesand Rivers .- now the Skin which the
P//»/4*jhas between the Toes of the Feet in found only in Animals which do
love and dilight-in Watry places, where it is known that the Turky-Cock takes
no plcafurc. In fine, in the exaft Defcription which the Ancients have
made of the Meleagr is it \s impoflible, ifit were the Turky-Cock, that they
fhould omitt the remarkable and particular things which appear in the Ttirky-
Cock, and which are not found in the Pintado, futh as are the way of difplay-
ing its Tail, of dragging its Wings againfl; the ground, of extending and fiif-
fering the Combe on its head to hang, of having the Neck rough and whol-
ly void of feathers, and of having a Lock of black Hair at the Breart.
As for what refpe^ls the Inward parts, we found the Oefo^hagus, as in moft
Birds, ranged on the right fide ofthcJfper.i Jrteria. It was inlar^ed before
its entrance into the Thorax, and made a Craw of the bignels of a Tennis
Ball, when it was blown up ; afterwards it was contrafted to pa(s thro the
Thorax. This contraded jpart meafured two inches and a half in length.
Tliis whole OcfophAgns was (prcad over with a great quantity of Vtirels,which
were not vifible in tliepartlige, which from tfte dilatation that we have ta-
ken For a Craw palled to thcGizard; this palTagc being of a Subftance hard-
dcr, wliitcr, ajid more Nervous than the rc(r. The Giztird was as in the Hen.
It was found for themort part filled only with Gravel. Its internal Mem-
brane was very much plaited, and cafily Icparablc from t!ic nel"hy part. Its
(tiMlaiicc was like to wliite glue; fotliat this Mcmbianc being feparated from
tJicGi/.nu, was c:i lily dr'cj, and waxci! Inrd and Inittle like Gkds.
The
'WT':":
if Ten PINTADO'S.
n9
in moft
before
Tennis
iro the
length.
,which
ave ta-
c hard-
le Hen.
Mem-
t. Its
cd fiom
The hteflines- wer&three foot long without reckoning the two Cxcums^
which were each fa Indies. The Duodenum was mucii larger than the o-
ri\ers, being aboveei^ht Lines, The Cacums were not cjf a uniform breadth
as in the generality of Birds, but did go inlarging. They were fultned by
the Membranes of the Mf/w/z-ry, and received veiTcils^hcfefVom like theo-.
thiv IfiteJhtKs, ThevG was no Panirf at. U.': •■[i.
TIk Liver was divi led into twoLobes, which at the top !iad eachaCa-
vitie to receive the point of the Heart The Cavity of the ngut Lobe was
greater and deeper than that of the left, becaufe that tne point of the.
Heart was turned towards the right fide^ Tlie lower extrcinitie of the:
Lobes was fallened to the Dtafhrtgrne^ which defcends from the top down-
wards, and to the Bladders which the Lungs form in tlie lower Belly of
Birds. In molt of our Subje£b the Liver was Scirrhous, and filled \yith a
great quantity of hard yellow Grains, ibme as large as Peafe, and pthers
feis. We found a G4//-^/<<ttw only in two of our Subje£ts. In the one it
was nine Lines in length and fut in breadth. Ic had a On^m from its bot-
tom, which was inurted into the Jittejtitie near the Pylorm. In the other,
it was an Inch and half long, ^nd four Lines broad, being fallened to the
hollow part of the right Lobe ; and the Duitus was from itsmiddie, and not
from its lower extremitie, and in&tted it ielf into the Imejtme, four Fingers
beneath the Pylorus. In the other Subje^s which had no GaU-hladder^ the
ramus Hefdticus was there found very larg^ and vilible. It meaiiired Ave
Inches in length, and wasiolferted into the htcfiine fix Inches beyond the
Pylorus, •■ - . . . .1 ;j.." ..
r Towards the upper part of the GitMr^ there wa$ ^ bodyj of an oval Fi-
gure nine L'nes long, and ofa dark red .Colour, and a vf^rm Subftance. It
bad connexic4LWith the Trunk of the. A>ff# Porrj, with; that of the C4V4
and AwUi, and with the haefiimsjicfAVentriele^ by^^me v^ry vifible bran-
ches. Some Modern Authors have obienv^^ that Birds yi^hich have a flefliy .
Ventricle have no Spleen. Yet we are of Opinion tl^ap^this body could be no
other thing than a Spleen, < as well by rea(on of tjiele (Connexions, , as of tile
Sympathie which it (eemM to have with tlie Livei.-i becaule it was found
that in all theSubje^s where tlie Liver wab Scirrhous, thiitpart was after the
fame manner; altho^ the hard and compa^ SubHance ot this body in the
fubjei^s where it was Scirrhous, and its Figure fo regularly oval, might
cauie a belief that it was a Tefiicle : but there were two other round bodies,
four Lines Diameter, couched on the Loyns, and faflcned to the Trunks
oi the yem.Cava and Jort*^ which were the true Tefiictes. In one of the
Subje£ls thele round bodies were fingle, and taftened on the place o^ the di-
vifion of the //ittfi'/. i . r .,, . ,.' .X'jvn
The Air being blown into the Jfper* Jrteria it made all the Bladders to
fwell, which received the Air after it had palTed thro' the Lungs, and of
which there arc fome that do dcfcend into the lower Belly of Birds ; it is ob-
Icrved that the Pericardium was likewile blown up. This Remark may be
of ibme Importance to dilcover the ufes of Refpiiation, and the Advantages
which the Air, being by this means introduced into the Thorax, may bring
to the Heart, by the Comprefiion it may there caule, by the Imprefiion of its
Y2
Qija-
irb'
The Anatomical Defttiftim
ihtiei, by the reception of the fuiBgs whiph it iflc^flantly
iinua'I heat in Nriiich it is, 8fC. »vs.wU :•.: i .;..(!
exhtfks in t!ic
Oiiali
cbiicint
'Il.eiM^nibrancof the VttieardiHmvf^i not juft fit and faftcncdto t!.e
Heart as is ulbal, but tvas a great cfeai extended towards the Pointy nnaking,
a lack or Afpendix YaXi mlnc^x long, Iii one of die Subjc(:^Si this Affenr
<y/A\vasagieatdealJonser; for defcending between the t\vo-Lobe$(tt the
Liverj ir went to b< faitened to the Girzard,
The Me, a >*rr^h^4, after hjtvitti cnteted' ehd Gafityoftho Thoraxy had
txtd fmaf! Mit/clef v^hidhf were knrtf tO its Jtntn^Un^ part, ai»d> which turn-
ing ori the ohe fifte diid the other ibnttwhat-iiown wards, were by ftve-
laf /W^Si'iAiited tottifr'Veffefe of tll€ Heam ; Thefi'Afcte were each ai-
itioil'anTqc!. jrng, roiJrid like a Col-d, j<nd about thfc thicknefsef two riiirds
df a^Eirie; We Irave found thefe&Aift' A^yJf/W'ifl a great many ^it^i^t
in mbft^^Hey dofaffcri^riie ^yj>rt*#irfi^ifyWt6 ^^^
THeiJi^/wertfof SjWhgioUs fleffi,^ perforaceil'i.virithftvei-allittl^tioles^as!
bi^ astltt^htad'bf a^ttmll Pih, rfigWdtiy jJla«t4a« weH' full as empty, and'
coveted ii*ith aH^?y'fHie7'iwrf/f/A Tfliey t««rt'd*a Pale^ved inciniin^to
AfB-olirloiiT'^ bdngtw^ltidht!jiaA<tfcl-li^lfk}lig^ and nine Lines btaatd^ andr
Tiii >*4y* nfcafupW art M'Waridl^irt lehgth,-fflftd' anlnch in WcadtJil
tioWardsitsB*^/; it Wksv^ry pdintiA The li^-w beihg come' due df the leftj
r<^?»yf*,^ w« tyrned'ditfetHy foi^aW beihfe' ftift inutile H«attyai^overed
v^i^ t6& Tiglitj«MV^; fb tbiit if'<b«lt7d td^ proceed. Ikim tli^rright 7^i».y
/r/f/^, and crofled over in this pkce, to defcend to the right iide. l^stt
ttl» IW m^Q^ i^\^'^GimmmmKKm'it^^^ frdmblieligfert,
■AW'Wmd^6.&[^dtK t«e.l¥dflfc> - 'Tto Uj^lfidniof cheTwinkoftha jrf«
(^i'i'Urmd) Bri^ tte JT/^tA^ BrknClft^ AUas^MiimH and hai^iawer.dsan tfaa
mmM'^iemicliPS^xmc^^ deat le^.
tHSf^t1i6f%'(9f <h^t'M"^ Th^yi^i^^^d %St Umi^m: /Brandi^itiiooKidnejto
Biiftii^ i!Hd^ fafrriid.' 'Th€ EM0i^<W fiivncht^ dll^he Cat^f m didiiikeWi&oofiibl
ijW*lf(S'///A^/f BHaftehei df tW CVt^^ \ ' and afteif beitig joyiifed to di? Kidney^
cfia'^S fetwardi^Ti!ftia9i!h(i a*r/W^« Tlie fame Tr«rtk of \W4»tK afcci^
it^ di^ffibh lAte tiVe J^i^i* SrancheSj did oohtiniiei and defceiittdvelii to the
^^^< casing fbt^ the leve^l ]^B^h<is t0 thb right and leit„ ta<£»m the
C^iW//, '• .'^Bi^y^i y* -nu^ii ni bnr ,^uo;i-nD(i ;..;,-, a uiaiiv/. ?Oaidu^
The jlR'iS* haa iiteifhift^ paftifeiii^r. It isorfly obferved that* there was
vfih\kk\yA}ofhyfts^^<»k tfiebignb&ot' a little- Pii^ and two ' Linos long^
whklV prbiec^ding frefrh thef t\iii> fldb^ <!il' th6 CrMiut^} did )oy ny alid j^ke aQ
-^i%fe wKvtenilifcCir^^^afld'Ae Gki^l^lkmji f->\h^J■. . .^'toi obiii^-'iD^jdLig
The Criltalline was more convex within than without fcheEVe;; ; 1.) uarhur
'iu hnti. ^t^imA ■a'li VniT bailsfj t)Kf| Trw!l« iiA tub Ljvi^33i d;;!;!./ ^!.Wi
-Ju i*! ji ; .oij'l to j{;i»t-. jjv/ol 'Mh (K'M hm-'A'ih ob IBrb ■.friol jib 3 lu.ii rirji.-iv/
•x\ tmi .■{'-;frii)>l iiiiT ,qj; nwok) oiunMl /.wu w»«\ln,.\\i^l txb 1/ ,' j I. / 1 '?
«i;;;ani7bi». u':;] bfjii ,tio:ii. ijb^l 10 cAk\ ofij ly/o'jhh .u :. i.iiuiocjxui ....ifj^;
jjjirAl <£a: . t.w.\A; aib o3'i; baDu^xMiUKufeym M^'^c^ .'^niad jii/, ytii .! jl.fv/
i.
yri<-
v->s
.yP
tT
\cA. rn
'^ViA-ui
.fh'. . •/., JwtilxD 'i"<
. FMo^ fdit»V *.^i>ft •kv.Wt- slit -.k .
:.ri>'i nruV v>i\'\% wWk'^'d ^0*1 .{f'i^i
.ybi-;j(vj7 wV .J
.ai,'jCiir,H )C*i! .0
i^-'.A'ji x-AMi.HyL <j^'\ t.\\u vivti I'v ^:/p.•l^..•^i^^s\Wt Wiiiv-Vi; iilsrr.qS i'.iu'wjtA /Ti" .S
.^v*SS^»' Vr V\i.^\ >.Vx;.'!ni;"'.i.
'■^.^7
•IH't
. ^^ nJBL^.,^^1^11^:..
l83
The ExpliciOmnftbeF^tireeftbe Eagfc.
THe fower Figure reprefeots only one of the Engies which are here
deicri ed, becaufethac they were almoft ail alike. The main and
principal difference wasintheFeathei'sof the Neck» which were compos-
ed onlv of a very long and (inoothdown in the Male; whereas m the Fe-
males they were like Scales. It muft be likewife oblerved, that the great-
nc^oftlie Claw of the hinder Foot could not be reprelented fuch as it
would appear, if thele Claws were not hid, as they neeeilarily are by the
Bough on which the Eag/e is perched.
tt,:*..
In the Vpper Figure,
A. The Trunk of they em?om.
B. TheNeekoftfjeGiW'Bhdder. ••
CTheDuetiisCyikkiis. i.
D. Tt&rDudusHepaticus. v fv
E. lA^ Spleen.
'? F. r/ftf Pancreas.
G G G. The BrAtuhes of the Vena Porta Md CxUaca Afteria, $phuh go to thi
Spleen mU Inteftines.
1 2 ^. The three Du^us Fancreatici. t -^
H. The Alpera Arteria. > «
I. i/prOelophagus ^/e«m»«/. '
K. A glandulous hodj ftfiemed to the ufferf4art cfthe Oelophagus.
L. 'iTw Ventricle.
M. The Spleen.
N. T/jeBrMKheswh$eh4reiUfirihiftedtotheSpkcaMt$dlate(\.mes.
O. The Pancreas.
P. T.^e Tongue ds higg as the Life.
Q^ Thi- Eyes.
R. Oac oftfje Feathers of tfje Breaft which is ermpt^ed only of Threads likt
Down, andtphichhas ttvo Stems like tivo Branches which froteed from a thirds
which is as it were th Trunk.
S. Tl;c WcduWd Spir4iilis divided and frparated ds tt mre into two Branches which
afterwards joyncd tgain.
T r V X. 1 he /.ime Marrow cut through, to /hew how the two farts TT, w'^it't
divide in ttvo the Trunk of the Marrow on the fore-ftde, are joined together at
the hinder part X, tofc^m the Cavitie V.
Y Y. Twofmill Appi:ndices which fufflji the place of the Cxcum, having on the
mftde a very fm JLiMilVi.
THE
4.,**-^. , ^
I
9 . :
I ...
•-■; -.7
.«?
. ; ■.
■."V *R ?v; :.f
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
OF THREE
1 itJin (nt
n,.
.r.
E AG L E S
■ i , • ,■ V I r 1
.1 . - ,-. ,
THele three EmsUs were almoft alike in bignefs forme, and Plumage.
Tlie inward Parts were in (bme things dmereut, principally becauie
thei \> re of different Sexes. The greateft which was a Female, meafurcd
froni ' ■ tremity of the Beak to that of the Tail, two Foot nine Inches 3
from I of one Wing, to the end of the other, when expanded, (evert
Foot ana i. half. The Beak was two Inches and a half long, without com-
prehending the bending, which was nine Lines. The whole Head, compre-
hending tlvB Beak, was four Inches and a half; thb Neck five Inches and a
half; the Leg together with the Thigh, to the extremitie of the Talons,fifteen
inches. It weighed ten pounds. Its whole Plumage was of ajCheft>nu£
Colour almoft black, except the bottom of the'Neck before, and of the Belly,
which was of a white I'ullied witli a reddifh gray. The Feet were fmall m
proportion to the Body, and of a blcwifli gray. The Beak- was all Black.
The two others, one of which was a Male and tiic other a Female, ( and
which were (bmcwhat leffcr ) had the Beak black at the end, yellow towards
the beginning, and blcwifh at the middle. The Feet were yellow, covered
with Scales of different fizes ; thole at top of the Toes being large and Iguare,
cipccially towards the extremitie ; the other being very fmall. Tlie Talons
were black, crooked and very great, efpccially that of the hinder Toe, which
was almoft as big again as the others.
The F/«w»4g<f was of three Colours, viz. dark Cheft-nut, red, and white.
The top of the Head wis mixt with Cheft-nut and red. The Breaft and
Belly were mixt with white, red, and Cheft-nut : the Wings had a great
deal of Cheft-nut, little red and Icfs white. The Quills of the great icathei-s
of the Wings were nine lines in compals. The Plumes of the Tail were
very brown towards the extremitie, having fbmthing of white towards their
Originc. The Thighs and Lcggs even to the beginning of the Toc^i, were
covered
The Anatomical Defcription
184
covered with Feathers half white, and half red, each Feather being red at
the end, and white towards the beginning.
Naturalifts d<^ fay thzt Eagles have the Leggs thus provided with Feathers
as well to defend them from the Beak and Clavvs of Birds, when they catch
and tak'e them m their Talons, as to keep them from the cold of the Snow,
to which they are expoled on the tops ot the Mountains where they gene-
rally refide. Beloniuiy who has defcribed feveral forts of E.igLsy has defcribcd
them all without Feathers on their Leggs.
Befides the great Feathers which covered the Body, there was at their root
a very white and fine Downe, about an inch long. This Downe ferves like-
wife to Arm the £4^/rj againfl the Cold, of which they are very fenfible :
which is the realbn that Falconers, when they make ufe of Etgles for high
flying, do take from them a part of that Downe and of the other Feathers
from their Belly, to the end that they rife not too high, being hindred by
the cold of the middle Region of the Air. The otiicr Feathers which co-
vered the Back and Belly of our Eagles, were four or five inches long. Thofe
which covered the Thighs on theoutfide, were fix incl;es, and reached three
inches beyond the Heel. Thofe whereby the Breaii and Belly were decked
in the Male meafured leven inches m length and three in breadth : they were
fbft, having on both fides only a long Downe, the fibres of which were
not clafbed together, as they generally are in the flrong Feathers which are
ranged like Scales. Thefe Feathers were double: for each Quill being come
out of the skin about two lines and a half, did (lioot two unequal Stems, the
one being as large ag.iin as the other. We have oblerved the lame thing in
the Feathers of the Neck and Belly of a Parrot, and in all the Feathers of a
C.tjfotvary. Belomm reports that the Bird which he calls Cock of the IVood^
and which he thought to be the Tetrix of ArifiotUy has of tholt forts of Fea-
thers, an i that he has not feen any other Bird have the like.
Tlie Eyt which was funk in the orhitCy and covered with an Eminence of
the OS Frontisy which made as it were an advanced Eye-brow, was of a very
brisk Ifx ilU colour, with the luftre of a Toffaze. The Cornea was raifed
with a gruat Convexity upon the Sclerotu*y which made an edge elevated
round the Cornea. This Border was hard and Bony. I'lie Conjunff/va was
of a very lively red. The Eyelids were large each being capable of co-
vering tlic whole Eye. Befides the upper and lower hye-lids, there was an
Internal one, which was drawn into the great C'4«r/;«j or corner of the bye,
and wliich being extended towards the little one, did intirely cover the Cor-
ftra.
Artftotlc and Pliny do make fix kinds of Eagles, which are the Py(>^iirgus,
MnrphmtSy perc/iopterosy MeUn»etos, HtliietoSy and Chryfaetos; but they do
not wholly a^rcc in the Delcription which they do make of them, chiefly in
what concerns their flzc : in the reft of the defcription they could not be fb
different by rcalun of the names which the Grcehs have given them, by
which thefe Species are dcicribed, by attributing to them Ibine Marks which
thlhnguilh them. Theli; marks have made us allb to fiiui out the Sjxrcies to
which vve ludge that our /'.4t;/?j mull be referred, as well l)y realbn of the
Particularities wlucli do make them agree with thefe Species, as by rcafbii
that tlioli. uf the other Species are wanting in them. 1 huy we do think that
two
of three E A G L E S.. 18;-
two of our Eagles which wwe the leall, might be ranged under flic kiit^/iifi
cies, which is the true Eaglcy commonly called in French, Royaler by Jrijhth:
Gneftos, and by J£.lian Cbryjsetas and Afterias \ by rcalbn thac the red, r.nd as
it were gilded Colour of" the Plumes, is cxprefTed by the Greek Naiije 0»y-
/tf/w*/and that the (pots which they have on the Belly and Thighs, do rep<e-
fcnt the Starrs fignihed by the Name >//?m^, which all Interpreters do report
to have been given to this Exgky only becaufc of thefe red fpors. Moreover
thele Eitglei could be neither the ?ygiirg$tSy that is to fay the white-taifd
Eigle \ nor the Morflmost that is to (ay the E<^le whole Plumage is of a
dark Colour ; nor tlie Melam4etosy that is to fay the cole black Esgle ; r.or
the Percaoperos, tlut is to fay the Eagle whofe Wings are f'potted with
black ; nor the HJUetos, that is to fay the E^U wliich refides near the Sea,
that is reported to luve blewifh Feet : Becaule that thefe two Eaeles, as ap-
pears by the Defcription, lud not the Tail white, nor the whole Plumage
of a dark Colour, were not all black, nor had the Wings fpcckled with black,
nor the Feet blue j fo that our great Englff which had the blueifh ^eet,
might be the EagU which abkles near the Sea called Htiiaetos, for this rea-
ibn, befides that it had the Wings very dark, as Ovid defcribes it in the Me-
tdmorphofis q( Kmg Nifutf who was changed into this Bird; that it had the
Breft and Belly white, according to the Defcription of the HtUaetoSf made
by aa Anonytnom Author whom Aldrovairdussix&if that its Feet were al-
moft all covered with fquare Scales, having a great many le& fquare than in
the other Eagles ; which Belonim aifirins 10 be peculiar to this kind of £4-
gUy to wliich AriftuU attributes that whi^ is fpoken of aU the Eagles^ vie*
that they do rejea thofe of their young wl^c^ conoot fted^irtly behoU the
Sim.
Some difficulty might arife about the fize which was indtf&reut in our
two Royal Eagles, each not exceeding fix pounds in weight ; whereas the
Eig/r Chryfaetos, which AldrovMdm defcribes weighed ten. But it muft bp
confldered that our Ei^Us were young, as appears by the white Feathers
iirhich they had upon the Neck, Wings, and Tail, which do change Co-
lour in the Ei^les when they do wax old, and do grow of a gilded or dark
cheflgut Colour, as (jeftter has obferved : Add moreover that it has been
faid that Anftotle and Plit^ agree not upon the fize of the Eagles of different
Species ; ylnjtotle making that which he calls Gueftosy which is that which
MliaH and PU»y do call Omfaetos, the greatefl of all ; and Pliny faying that
it is only of a middle fize, and that that which is called Perenopteros, is the
biggeft.
Pliny fay*s that Birds have no Epiploon: yet our two Royal Eagles had Mem-
branes, which like a lack did inclofe the Intejlines, Liver and VeDtride \
which Cor te fins has like wife obferved in making the DifTedion of an Eagle :
We found fuch an Epiploon in otlier Birds. This Membrane proceeded
from thofe which do form the Bladders which are in the lower Bcllyin Birds,
and which do fwell by ReCpiration. It had a great deal of Fat, efpecially
over the Ventricle, which might caufe a belief, that this Fat had the fame
ufe in this Bird as in Terreftrial Animals, where it is thought that it fervcs
in the Epiploon to fontent by its heat that of the Ventricle \ at lead it is ob-
Z
ferved
1 8^
The Anatomical Dejcription
fervcd that Carmvcrcus Animals have the Epiploon furnifhed with a great
deal of Fat.
The Oefoph.igttt which was on the riglit fide of the Afpera Arteria was ex-
tended even to two Inches and a half in Diameter, and fix Inches in length
whyn blown up, on the infide. Towards the top there was a gUndttl m Bo-
dy hard and firmly fixed to the Membrane; it was about the bigneft of a
Pea ; it was found only in one of tlie Subjefts. Underneath the place
where the Af^erx AtterU was divided in two, the Oefophagni was contraded,
afid did pafi underneatli, then was enlarged to form the i entricU which re-
ftpiblcd It in Size, Figure and Subftance : For both the one and the other was
compolcd of Mem!>ranes hard, white, and mixt with leveral Veflels on the
ourHl^. The infide was different ; the bottom of the Oefopkagus^ which
formed a CVr^ ovCra^v, wascomppied of f mall Glands, which towards the
bottom were about tlie bignels of a Rape-fetd, and went continually Icffen-
ing, untill they infenfibly became impeix:eptible. T\\q Z entricU \nA (bme
wriiikles, which multiplying^ towards the bottom, did render it thicker
than towards thetopp. Thcfe two Caz^itiesy as well that of the Breafl, as
that of the Tyf/^rr/c/f, were very large, and proportioned to xhtZ or mty oi
this Bird, which Naturallifts report to be lb extraordinary, that it ravages
all the adjacent places, which 4o hardly fuffice to furnilh it with the Prey
neceflary tor its Nourifhment. Thus it is Obferved that there are not found
two Eagles in the lame Quarter. /C/m/» reports that the Eagles not being fa-
tiified with the great Birds that they do take^ as Cranes and Geefef they do
ImniRahttSy Harts ^nA Kjddsy which they take up, and carry away ; and
that they have even the Craft and Subtilty. of kiUing B«/fr, by making them
t' fail down Pr«/^w«, and then eat them, after that they are beaten m pie-
C<:''y/ their fall.. • ..■^i^u^.. .•■»' { •• -
1 he Intefiines were fmall, after the manner of T/Vr4«V>«< and Carnhorcus
Animals, contrary to tliofc which do live only on Grafs, and elpecially thofe
which do the ^v the Cud, where tlicy are generally four or five times longer
and broader than ill others. In our two Royal E.-<gles they were llendcr
ancf iliort, and had no (Idctim in the Male, 'i'he Female had two, each be-
ing two Inches in length. In the Eagle H»liaeto>; inflead of the (J^cttm,
ther-; were two (inall Bunches hardly viliblcon the outiidc, but which had
On t'le inficL* two Pou.Iics tbrnied by Tttttichs like Valves. The Rectum was
the Fi|^iire of which is rcprelented in the Plate of the Hn(lard.
Ihc spleen in the two Koyal E.igles was round on the outiidc, flat on tlie
infide and towards the yentritle^ to which it was immediately adherent:
* PwHson the right lidc ri\at it was fallcncd. It was eight Lines Di iinetcr.
lis Colour was a Red much darker than that of the Liver, which was of a
very lively Red. Its VelFels which it received from tliJ Porta ;ind Arteri.t
C<xliaca «erc large and wide. In the EagU Hal/aetof it was Icated under tlie
right Loiicof the Liver, and knit to tlie rhird fold of the Intefline by the
Bfanches of the / Vat^ Po/.t and At tent C\t./.t:af as in the other two.
I :
In
ver. I
(f three EAGLES.
■ 87
In this fame EAgle the Pancreas was (ituated as in moft Birds in the firft
fddofthe /»^f//«f, but it had a Figure altogether extraordinary. It was
round at the lower end, making as it were a Head ; the reft was flatter and
thinner. This Head was perforated to give paiTage to the Du£tus Htfm-
eus, which without having any Communication with the Ductus Pancreaticiy
went to infert it lelf into tne Intefiine. The Duihts Pancreatici were in num-
ber three ; there were two which were inlerted into the Intefiine between
the DuSfits Cyfiicus and Hepaticus ; the third was joyned to the top of the Hc-
faticus. The Infertion of thefe Du£fus*s had two things particular ; tlie firft
was that their infertion was made into the Duodenum^ whereas in Birds it is
commonly into the Extremitie of the firft doubling of the Inteftinesy which
belongs to the Jejunum. The fecond particular is that the Mouth of all thele
Dulfu/s was each co\ Ter* in by a little Teat, \v ' ■-■ generally there is
but one Teat for all • Duo , as well Pantreattc, -s Cy/tick and Hepatick.
The Pancreas in the two Royal Eaglesj was likewife (eated very near the Py
lorusy but it was faftned to the Intefiine by a Ductus ^o fmall and fhort, that
it was hard to be leen : at the other end it dinged to the Spleen, which was
faftened and joy n'd to the upper part, and to the right fide of the Ventricle ^
as has been already declared.
The Liver was a great deal bigger in thefe two Eagles tlian in the other :
In both the one and the other the left Lobe was the largeft. The GaUEUd-
</fr was likewife very large in all the three, having the bignefs and form of
a great Cheft-nut. It was joyned to the right Lobe of the Liver only by its
Neck, which wasapalTage of a Line and half big. The DuCtus Cyfti-
eus proceeded from the bottom, over againft the Neck. This Neck was
joyned to the Liver after two different manners ; for in the two Royal Ea-
ples it hung to the end of the right Lobe which was the fhorteft, as has
been laid : This was the reafon that the Bladder was quite out of the Li-
ver. In the other Eagle, the Neck, was faftened to the middle of the hollow
part of the right Lobe as ufually.
In the two Royal Eagles^ the /C/^»9'/ were fmall, being only ei^ht Lines
Diameter: They were round and flatt, of a tawny Colour fbmewhat red-
difh. The 'Eagle Haliaetos had them almoft like other Birds, which com-
monly have them very great in Proportion to other Animals, and of a parti-
cular Figure.
The Tefiicles in the Male Royal Engle, were two ^maW gUndulous Bodies,
lliut up in Membranes. They were each of the bigncis ot a Pea, lomewhat
flatted, of a flcfli Colour inciineing to yellow.
The Females had the Ovarium and its Ductus as ufually in Birds, ajid
fiich almoft as is dcfcribed in the Figure of the Damoifdle oi NumiiiA.
The Tcngue wisCartiligfnous at tlie end, and flcfhy at tlic middle, having
at its root two liaid points like thofe which are at the bottom of the Beard
of an Arrow. It was five Lines broad, an Inch and twotliuds long, from
the Mouth of t!ie Larynx to the end, which was not poinied as m moft
Birds which have tlie Beak ftrait, but which wasfquare as in the Parrot.
The fmall Mnfclcs^ wliich faftcn the Afpera Arteriay did not take their 0-
riginc from tlie lecond Clavicula as in the generality of Birds, but from the
internal pai t of ilic top of the Utermtm.
Z2 The
iSS"
The AifotQmical pefcri0ion
The Gloh of the Eye in the Female was in its greateft breadth an Inch an
half Diameter. That of the Male was tiuee Lines lels. The Cornea had a
Convexitie which made it to rife above the reft of the Globe of the Eye,
which was flatned before, as it is ufual in Birds and Fjfhes, which have not
theGlobeoftheEyelbSphdericalas Terreftrial Animals. The Cortfu in
one of the Eyes of tiie Male was not tranfparent but had an opake wliitencfs.
Between the Cornea and Chryfiallinus in this Subjed tlie whole Aqutous
Humour was found hardned and as it were petrified, about the. thicfenels
of two Lines. This Cataract was placed in the /r/*, whidi was of a mi-
nime Colou';, and which ftem'd to have been altered therefrpm. Tiie
Cry/hlinuf was four Lines and a half broad, and tliree and a half tj^ck, be-
ing more convex on the infide than the outHde. In the Female pne of die
Eyes was likewile fpoiled, all the Humoiu'S and Membranes of the inlidp
being corrupted, lb tliat the whole was dilTolved into ^ reddifh wa^er, with-
out any appearance eitlicr of the Cryfialline, Jqitet^ns, or "Citreous Humour.
The hole of the '"Cvea was cloljed by?a thifl, h3rd,and tranlbarent Membrane.
C.ortc flits who has obferved this jyjembraqe inthe Eye or an £<^/f, reports
that it is found only in the Species called OJjifrfl^a^ whiph Jrifiot\e for that
rcalbn calls Epargcmosy that is to fay Which has as it were a Cloud ovfjr the
Eyes. Our Ea^le was never the iefs very ditfiprent froip the QJ^froM, which
is not a true ttigle^ but a kind of VuUur^ whofe pluqiage, according tp A-
rtftotUy is of a whiteilh Gray J whiclli Ji^ fipt any rekrablance w.itl) Qur
Eagle. ' , ^ j; ,
The Optick Nerve was iti this Eye eistraordinary loft and tendeu- ^ The
Membrane which is peculiar to Birtls, gnd which procei^d^^ from thie Optick
Nerve, makeing as it were a Purfe wi^ich go's to faftpn it ftlf at <;|ie Psther
end to the Ligamentum Cilhre, was very black, an^ even rpore than fhe
Choroidcs. Altho' we called it a Merobi^ne, becaule that it appe^rM a
Membrane plaited, yet it was only a company of great black F/^rej, whicli
had fbnic reddiih ones in the middle, and which appeared to be VeiTplj. The
Optick Nerve from whence this Membrane did proceed, was flatted, make-
ing as it were a cleft three Lines long. The YLtfisoi this Membrane which
was of a triangular Figure, had the lame breadth, and five Lines from its
Bafif to its point. The Retina was very thick and Opakc, efpecially all tht*.
bottom of the Eye, where it was plaited and wrinkled. In thii place the ''•
was no lapetnm over tlic Choroides.
In one of our Sub)e£ts a Remark was made upon the ftruQure of the Me-
diiUa Sp/nalfs, which was at firll thought to be peculiar to this Subjed, but
which was afterwards dilcovered to be common to other Birds. It was
found that towards the middle of the Back the extcriour part of the Marrow
was divided and leparated in two, and afterwards rej':)yned ; the interiour
part remainin^^ intire, and being only dilated .- which makes the Figyrc of
a leaf. 1 his Icparation of the extcriour parr, and tiiis dilatation of the lute-
riour, was an Inch and half long, and eight Lines broad in this Subjedt, and
in other Birds proportionably. We always found in the Cavitie which the
two leparated parts do leave \n the middle, a wiiite and glutinous Humour,
which appjar'd to be the Lymphatick Humour condcns't.
If
of three EAGLES.
nch an
rhada
le Bye,
iV6 not
mu in
itcncfs.
Aqui'ous
tickneis
fa mi-
. The
ick, be-
B of ^le
e inlidp
r, with-
[umour.
nibrane.
rqports
for that
ovi'S the
I, which
vi%\} Qur
i-'The
: Optick
he Oitheir
than rfie
peaiM a
r, whicli
rel$.The
J, make-
le which
from its
ly all the.
ace the >'
tlic Me-
iJLd, but
It was
Manow
iiitcriour
Figure of
the lute-
jjed, and
Inch the
Humour,
^9.
If the Principal life of the Ventricles of the Brain is to receive their Excre-
ments, it may probably belaid) that this Cavitie which is peculiar to Birds,
is as it were a Ventricle of the MedttHa Spinalis, whicri^eing" included with-
in Bones, that have not a free Motion, fuch as is that of the flexible Spine
of other Animals, it wants the means which this Agitation' ft^ht gi\^rt,
to difingage it felt of thefc Excrements, and diffipate them j ia that itus-
quires (bmo Receptacle to receive them. This Coftjefture will'glve us oc-
cafion to learch whether there are any particular Dii^uh for the difcharge
of thefe Superfluities,
•UV.HV:; I. tx'. Y
'.M »i^'
vP£3'Dnii'I -i^^AJ^^ i.' C .11
CJ
THE
If
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fpo
The Explication ef the Figure of the Indian Cock.
n ,
' ;v;jh cili'ioitih.i'iiis ibtM ,imliol'/.i ,
OF the twoTnd/M Cccist that is reprelented in the lower Figure whole
Beak had no Bunch, but which had three points at the end ; and
which had no white Feathers at top of the Tail ; becaule that the other is
found figured and defcribed in Jldravandw.. ^u ;.- .ti] i-tij-... ,, jr.:si ujmuikj
In the Zipper Figure.
A. Is one of the Fctthirs of the Creft in its Naturdhignefs.
B. Another of the leathers of.ue Cref, whofe Fibres are halfjbut up in a Mem-
branous Duftus.
C. The Beak, which has no Bttnch at topt of its Natural fizcy and divided into
three At the end. ^■..■.,^....„, .,.,
A. The Beak which h,es a Bunch.
D. The Liver.
e. r/frrOx-j/Gall-Bladder.
F. T/;^ Ramus Cyfticus.
g. r/'^ /»«> Remi Hepatici. .
H. The ftngle Pancreas.
I. The Duaus Pancreaticus.
K. The A^^vz Aa;RX)A flatted, but lefsdoi^ted than the otfitr.
L. The Aijpcrii Antra mofi donbiled.
M M. The Kidneys. . ■^.
NN. The Aorta,
O P P. The Vena Cava, mfM is divided into the Branches P ?,/aidotf the Kid-
neys, to winch they are fafiened, and do ferve for Emu\^Qnts.
QO/'iV/f Branches of the Aorta which do make the Crural Artery's
HH. Tije Ureters.
S T. 77-^ Vafa Defcrentia. '"• '-•>, ( ^ ^^^
XX. TX^TefticIes. - . ^^^
YY. n^ Epididymides, r i ' • •
ZZ. The extremitie of the Kadium. .^
V. The Vcnisfajienedto the Reftum. ' • ^"
r. The ftrneVcai^ lifted up, to difcover the hole of the Kt^nm which is between
landU., and the Aperture of the fack which is under the Kii&.\imf which o-
pching is und rneath H.
*. The Anfraftuous Gall-Bladdcr. having the Figure of a Cxcum,
a(i. The r.K? Duftus Hcpatici.
:j. 7V;<'DudusCyfticus.
^J. 7/;f TiwDutlns Pancrcatici.
i t. The right Pancreas which is under the Mcfcntery.
t?. The left Pancreas which is i,yd uvon the Mefcntery.
THE
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ANATOMICAL
» ' i i-f'^tT \ir
INDIAN CO GKS
C'J ■^ti-JL! ^...i t« xu."«4 iv;.,':l, . : ji;iwi"
^ lO Is;;!."
THis Bird we call Indian Cock to difiinguifli it frora th?t which is very
common amonglt us, called Cocq £lndeQit Turky-CocLu h was brougiit
from Jfrica, wliere we are told that it is called Jno. But bcc -iile that ' ' is
Name is.not known; tliat all the Authors which have fpoken of this iS-d
have put it under the Genus of Coeh ; and that Galks' Inditm is the 4 me
which LoK^alius, Gefner^ and AldrovMndtishxv^ given it^ '^chp^on being the
only peribn that calls it GtXius Perficus-i we have called it Im'iJh^ accaiding
to the opinion of the fore-cited Authors, and after th&i]i;amj/le of thole (by.
whom the Bird which is thought to be the Meleagrjt of theAxicients, is caj-
led Turh-Coeky altho' it comes from Africa: add moreover that according to
our conjedurcs the Bird which we fpeakof^is found in the! ff:V/?-/W/«,where
according to MurgrAvtHs it is called MitU'ptiranga, which Benxa in C^ufn^f Rq'
ports to be a kind ot Pf4«ocjt. » #:£v . ;^:jf;i ^:
W c diffeiicd two which were Males. Mdrovandus delcribes tiie Female,
and makes it in iunie thing different from the Male, which he law only in
Painting ; and declares not in what ftate he law that Female. LoagoUus
law only the Skin of the IndiM Cock which he mentions. The two which
we delciibe, dittcred from each other only in the Beak. They were about
thefizeofa middling Turkey-hen. Their Flu<;>;':rige was peifeftly black
on the Head and Neck : all the reft had a greeni.l; Eye mixt with black, ex-
cept the Back, whole Plumes towards the Root were of grayifh Colour like
the wood of a W'4//-»,Y^ The lower Venter, die top of the Thighs behind,
and the under part of the Tail had white jt'eathers. Margravius fays tliat
the Indian CockoiBrA;:,ile is green, pf .hapb becaule it is lefs brown than oars,
and t!iat the giecii inclines to a brown ; but the deepnefi or faintnels of Co-
lour oug!it not to change a 6y?;c/«, when it is eftabliflied by more impoi eanc
Ciicumftances, fuch as are the things in which the Indian Cock of M.-wgr a*
vius and ours do agree.
Oxx the Head from the Beak to the beginning of the hinder part of the
Neck, tlicic was a Cicll or Plume of black Feathers, two Inches and a half
Jonc;.
i
■% .
V^l
The Anatomical Dejtriptton
long.
two Lines and a half broad, erefted, and a little leaning backwards,
with their extremitie bent forward. The Neck towards the top was gar-
nilhed with fmall feathers about the breadth of thole of tlic Creft, but a
great deal Ihorter, not exceeding four Lines in length near the Head : 'f hey
increafed in bigncls as they a ppio a c h ed the bottom of the Neck towads the
Breaft, even till they were two Inches long, and one broad.
The Feathers of the Tail were mixed, fome being black, others white.
In one of theSubjefts there were white ones only underneath the Tail; in
the other there were alio white ones niixt with black at the top of the Tail.
There were ^yeral of theip Plumes whoi^ Beards were fhut up in a long
quill or ftem m^e uf a ver^.thiii wliite Membrane, wlucll fbmtiines incoqn-,
pall them even to the end, leaving only a fmall Tuft to be Icen. This Quill,
whereit locktupthe F/^r« of the black Feathers, appeared blue, by realbn
that the Membrane was in Ibme meafure tranlparent. Some of the Fea-
tlici-softhe Win^andthofe which did make the Creft, were included in
this Membranous Quill, w\iich is likewile found in the Feathers ot tlie
Tail of Turkey-Hem. All the I'highs were covered with Feathers.
The Neck was nine Inches long. From the under part of the Belly to the
extremitie of the Feet extended were fourteen Inches. The Feci were
great atid (hong. The Le^s were covered before and behind with lai^e
Iquare Scales. At the fides they were fmdl, not exceeding half a Line, of
an HtJti^m4l Figure. The TtJom were black, long, and crooked; Be-
hind the Legg tlu»c wanted tiiac Spur which is peculiar to Ctfob.
The Be*k was iarge, being nine Lines broad at us b^inning, and (wo
Inches long. Towards the end it was black, and very bard; the reft was
yellow and covertd with a Membrane, v^faich was(b iwdledin oneof tbe
Sub|«9!s, that it made a round and liigh Bunch, about the bigoefi of a finall
Kuct, and after the manner as AUnvMskm Figures it. That which had
not this Bunch had the end of the Beak divided in three, as if it had been
three Beaks joyned togetlier. •
The Livtr in both the Subje£ls was of a brisk red Coknir, and of a Sub*
Aance very (oft. It was divided into two Lobes : the ri^ was biggeft,
the left longe(l. Tlie GsU-BUdder was almoTl in ttie middle of the two Lobes,
buc more taftened to the lefi^Hde than the right. In one of die Sub|e£h it
yf/iiS AnftdUtomy and of tiw Figure which is attributed to Tfiri ; which di-
vided it into three little CtMs. It was joyned at the top to the (iirface of the
Liver, by the moans of its cxtsriour Tunuk, ' ich it borrowed trom the
CitffttU^ and at the bottom to the Imttftmey which fupplyes the place of tho
JeJHrum. ItsCok)'.v wasgneen, its kmgtii an Inch, and its bigncis lialf an
ItKh. 'Sii'{^ >
rf»c DHifm Cyftiem in this Subjcft, proceeded from tlic up|xr part of the
Rhddcr, and detcendvd llrai^ht downwards, to iniertit Icif mtothc Polleri-
our part of tite Imtefiiae : U was about the bigncls of a HeMs^tuii, and about
an Inc i long. There were two Du^m Hefutitt, whidi in Bi-ds is very
rare. They both came out ofthciidc of the ur»« FortM. TiKy were of
di^lreat li^cs, rlieonc being as Ugg as ihuQiiiU of a/^/v, and the other
(carce-
u- i u.
)C.^ I
i :
IvA
of mo IN' D ! A.N € O C K S.
«9
Icarcely equalling a middlolized pin. ; They deiccndeJ in a right Line the
length of ail kich, and penotratfcd the Intefiifte very near the inlertion of
In'the other Subjcft the'B/«lWr/'vwsfinaller, of ariovirl Figure; The
D«<f7w Cr/?/:/« proceeded from the niiddlcof the Bladder. There were like-
wile two D«^///* Wf^/tr/r*, 'which wero inserted into the Inteftiue after the
fame manner as in thedtliC(-Siii>)ed:' Ikit aU,t|ie(e Dultm ^//jm'weruleflcr
than in the Subjed whefc the Bladder was MfratittMs.
The PMcrets which Avas found double in one of ti)& Subjefis, vfsa placed
asuliially in Birdv, in the Interval of the firft Circumvolution of the hrc
ftinesy which makes a Siiiitorityj at the bottom of whicli thefc two Pamreas's
took their Origine \ andtlie oacj, viz. the right, parting under the Mefenierfy
and the other above, alcended to fallen themlelvcs to the left part of the
Liver, and tothe Pjflor&tV t^rom this'iilacc they did each ftnd forth a very
fine Ditfftts,^h Lines long, which infv^fed it ielf near the place of the three
Cholidochi. Thefe fiv?! ftoleswlierewiiii tlw btttfiine Avas in this place pier-
ced by the three Choiit^hi arid tti^d PAfttn/tti(i,did allnieet under the wrinkle,
which the InteJUne makcSf to form as (it wiiSfe a Ctrmieit. The glandulous
Subftance of the P<imrr<«f was of apalc red: they were tliin towards their
Or^My but very thick at thdir oxtremity towards the Liver. The other
Sabjed had but ontPanereM^ «iii(|onendg(eD«(9iii^'!j!rnijj7iJ;( niA r. v.ivi
The Oefofhi^Hs^ which was very ihttitf ^^nd not uxoeeding half an Ihcli
in compafs, was dilated towards tlk eDtriancc of tlie !IW4X, to forme a
Crm which was f<i!>ur Inches in circuit, andah Inch in' length. After its be*
ing thus dilated, it was coatraded, andpia^g through tbe Thor/tx, was
again dilated to form as it were a Venti^Me^ fomiffhed with GUnds which
had the Figure and fize of a grain of Ryei they were tanged like thule which
are defcribed in the Buftdrd. The flefhy Tmtitie of this VeKimU was very
thin. The GiczMrdy which was two Inches and a half in length, and two in
breadth, had nothing remarkable, excepting that its flelhey part was very
thin, and its Velvet covering very thick, hard, and brittle hko Glals. Tliis
hardne^ hapning to this coat of the Gizzard of the lf$diM Cocks ^ when
being ieparated from the Gizzard, they are left (bmc time a drying; but
in thelc Subie£Vs, they were found thus hardncd at the opening of the Bo-
dy, and being flill frcm.
The Imefiints were of an extraordinary length, viz. twelve Foot ; and
each C/ccum fix i but their Cavitie was very (Irait, not exceeding a Line in
Diameter. Intheyf/»»/, at the extrcmitie of the Reifum, there was a hole
two Lines broad, which was the mouth of a Sack five Lines in length, and
tha-e in breadth. This Sack which was under the 1W//mw, is dulcribcd in
the UujUrd.
Tlic Tefticles were featcd on the Jorta^it the fuperiour part of the Kidneys.*
their Subltancc was glandulous, of a pale red. They were Hvc Lines long
and two broad ; and at their lower part there was (een anotlier Gland ab-
Iblutely black, which was ftrongly fallcned to them .- Twas the Epidi.i^Mu,
which through its lower extrcmitie lent forth a very fine UucJtfs, which
was the Deferens^ which running along the Vrnn EtnnlgcttSy was changed
into a very thin Vtmitle.
At The
»94
l^he ^ato/hicd iD^criptifm
TJw Faiuwis fildiiSd at the \(cait^r part^f tlie y6»i»i,.QppoAtP to^he Rump.
Its FiguiiQ:\vas Pyrmid/u/, beh?^ Ibutf 7LWW* Jonfti and. ^Iwee Lines broad
towards its Bafis. tt was com poled of two hardand nervous 3<^ies, clad
with ftv«ra|!lteooth;lnd lito«wi».Menafetao0». There, was alio ken
ibmeinu(buIou$Flenir'*^W<:h;ifeTOa"9kfelf8tii»(J8it/)i/. .t ,
H TlKJOtUfeysi ^liiG^ were ipookkd^. with f^Vicval i^aU pointSi iome wliite,
others iniaitne» mado>Hl &>ajp[ttehfiBd that.^heir ^N^an^onfiili^Qf a num-
ber ofconglomerated.Gkflds-\*ijoy>werfe^ 8R)ufri«fl}» iPJtin icvef^l
6ecpcomp&mrimt»:iad dtvi(iin6/4iM2faiiKldn4^b¥MiS/t>V0 £nci)es^iM;HJ ahaif in
Jen^bind tenJDibijtwIdiJ .^llhfl JMi^6^'lliM/aiMij^r<^/tfi Mth«ir,di-
lli-ibutioil asorcfoi^il^^ kAd tlie ju'nrfirrj iofeft^i^afllielves ^f jph^ extremir
ty of t^Ua Jin%tiff^i&f»tbs^yjgi^:rmi'. aWgsr •tl)»i;0xt!$riouj^viM£& gf;^
KidiMy«..' • •• '1 !>i !,.':'.\!iTJi[^ rufli ■ ' [.-^bnyj: ■< '''■■■■:i ;<- -^ .hn:,
\'r3j\Tf&Mfpgra:Jttnnk \aortfyMtl\R^h\t(^\^ffxr\i^mafipia,i% jine to^fh^
mddhdt the Ct4iv-Jck9tei wh\ih^:mm94i^>i\'%\^topiSf^'t^^^ in Birds^,
whqrek was dilatQd:and tkltsfiltd. ;: ISihtf^^Mt^ifllkH Qtlf backwards, ic mad^
a ibiU oeaiccnding attJocb^andltaUiiiiieigthij and £i»eqing it M( by a vecy
ilixing: Mcmbc^ne/tojJiA \fe(:y:jpil(e70f;«h»H^>49^^<. From thence itd^
fcendttdioto thsrZWdb Inr t^.Qt^|Subje^Ac>iiUde not £> great a iblii,
but it.U^as dilated aAtriheiamejQMUWFkj .>XMs ttilstatioQ Mr^twolq^^^
and a half in CircumfereB08»;vMS'ft<**** Ii»cb^4a<«iy other part. '^^^
Thef/tf^WMiveqprmiill^uJiofjtwiAg aalw^ in lei\g|th aiM halifian
Indtar its Ei/ir « % {X^int' w«ii very > flMrp^ Jkfl Q^ym of t^? fkihy y^iyA
which is. at the moutk of i!le(^<<iM)C#v« in ^irdiw 1 wa« aLioe jin,dcpdi. >
c TiieG/a^rQfihO'%meal«ii(dit^Lines.mOMW9W a^^.i^C^fr^tf ^\r<
Tlie CnftJluu livf^Tfenf iConhBi^JMluod f baaMoir ; Ic was, t^W«. Line^ |3it-
amdcr. Tiwi^/hvmiArfvwr'Wteflifa f^oyiit^^Coofita The C(6*r<^
/«!r/ was all over biadi ^ ' t:^fi<mt^^T^ftm¥^ wib«r« were leen > none of the
Cbinurs wliidi atQ cttoitnoniv (b«ir«. Theiry uras of a dar(c, red. Tbe
fkhwtiu.va-A bard nod Cftrtiliigtooiw at the tbre part* according to t!ie natui-o
ai 1i:rc{i and ^/jf&^iijiTh&. (7^/^ A'jrrv/ was iitW<-wa]($ } and after havii^
pierosd tlie ScUofotiLt aod Ujoraidctt was iiilarged^ -and tbrfnud a Circle, from
the CircumftrcDCcol which there went levejralbJavkhilas whicli wcreu-^
nittd to form a iMembranu tbac Wc liave ibund in.aU Diids, and whidi is
dclciibcd in iwvcul places of thclc M(r«wi>r/.
In* ;;vb'»J.,S4'j ,'^J^nol yti.fiiiiofjjfa ijfi In&uv/ vmV.^^A aif f *
7ii ut, ■ iiT/s-jXij i(;H jjnfl •»•»'>•/ M77/ '>iii7fcj Yuiljujd ^ xiliwrs.'.) ij/r-
fll teidirjhb H e«»»V>.': .'fij r>l^nL'£«v/ fbi;!// hiJtxtlT .fljbu.u /t ^^
•ffft InJy ' ;i/iK nt>w* : r.7/ twc'i ttwf t:v^1 irjfjj u Uit ; hima a-'-i t .->
lisjftv/ .u'.ViwV oftfl yiJiy K diWl i«il jhitfiJtJXJ 137,'d rt; .'ic^irsj . ^u\t/
7liT . Pf
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1 ft J
1^6
The Explication of the Figure of the Buftard.
T
He Six Bufiards were not in a}I things alike. Tliere were fome whofe
Neck was pi oportionably longer than the Leggs ; others had it ftiorter.
Some had the Beak more pointed than it is here described ; yet the Generali-
ty had it thus. There was one where the Feathers which covered the Ear
were ibmewhat longer than they are here repreiented-
. . JnthelJpperFigwe.
A A. The two Lobes of the Liver,
B. The Gall-Bladder.
C. rA^DuftusCyfticus,
DD. Thf Dudus Hepaticus.
EF The Dudus Pancreatici.
G. A fold of the imterndl Ttimc/e of the iHtefiwe^ forming a Caruncle or Teat^
which cover's the four Mouthes of the Cyftick, Hepatick, and Pancreatick
Branches.
HH. TAr Pancreas.
I. The extremity of the OefbphagUs where it begins to inlarge itfelf.
KKK. The outward memhrane of the Oefophagus n»/r/c// is common with the Ocfb-
phagus ^«</ Ventricle, or (jiziard ivhteh it covert.
LL. The Internal Membrane which cover s the Gland's of the lower fart of the
Ocibpha^jUS. This Membrane is alfo covered with Mother whtch makes the
Velvet, and which is likewife extended over the Membrane M M. h is not here
refrefented, to avoid Conf$tfion, and hecaufe it is eaftly fnfflydhy Imagination.
MM. The Internal Membrane of the Gizzard, which is folded andrujled,
N. The Ghads which are at the bottom of the Oefophagus like to the ends of
Ptpesy attd ranged one upon the other.
00. The Flfjby and Muiiulom part of the Gizzairdy inclofed hetiveen tie Mtm-
I 1 ane KKK, and the Membrane M M.
P. One of the Feet reprefentedat large ^ althoyit exceed not a third part of the Natural
liynejfe.
p. line oft.'.e Talons cttt, tojbeiv that tt ts not hallow under ncath^ but rouhd as .it
trp.
Q^ The extremity of the Wium.
R K. The hf ginning of the two CicumV.
SS. 7//f^rf,«/ Poucii, miichis ne.rthe hxtremttyoftheRcCium. Jt ts opened^
to d/fovcr /•'•<• mouths of the Urctcr'j and of the third C^cuin.
T T. The Uatfrb.
V. The third Cxcum commonly called Fabricius, Purfc.
X, 'I'he mouth of the th:rd CJxcuni.
Y. J fnliof the intern d M^rnhx^nQofthe grat Pouch of the Rcihim, mAki.?p^
,1 hltle Sick OTcrfl'C Mouth of the Pllllc.
Z /,. The mouths of the llrctcis.
TlIP
1 ■
i
4 r
t-fc.
»-■■ — '^ '^■iiiii^itiii.ii.
Opened^
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>
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m
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M^ ^'■xp^i^^^'^^''<f '^'f^^^ ^ *^ h'^iiUrtl
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»97
::;■;. .7^ fiiDt«3?(4a»:;,'ri£D x^"^^-^^'^ Vi^f'^M ^^^yi^ii^ ,t'i!u-j',4 'h-i ■■*.:. i
'J' J^ E ^'vU Ji fi^-riv/ -:.j' t •• ;)frUi;Aliti!
ANATOMICAL DESdCiPTldN
. -?
i,^,.,w;^
BUSTARDS
%\V.\'.*V 1>!
.VU..M. /;,
THe greateft of the fix Btt/ards which wediflefted, cojnprehended but
three Foot from the extremity of the Beak to tliat of the hind Feet
extended. This fize comes not near that which Br/wiw and Turner us zl-
bw to the Bufiard^ wbicli they report to be the largeft of all Fowl next the
Ofirich. The C4J[oamy and Qnffon which we diilefted, were a great deal
bigj^er \ and other Authors do not Qiake the Buftard, larger than that whicii
w^h we defcribe. AriJtotU ip Jthtn^ent makes it much leis ; for he com-
pares it, as to its bignefs to a great Cock. And it is (Irange that Bclonms and
Turuerus^ who had lecn Bi(/?4r</i,(bould,to follow P///»y,rpeak fo of it,that they
ftem not- to have well underftood him : For the Bird, which according to
fUny^ is the largeft next the 0/?rif/?, istheftcond Specif s oiTttrao, which is
not tnc B'//?4ri!i ; and P//aj; fays only tlut the bignels of the 0/«, which is e-
vidently our Qufiardy approaches that ofthe7Vri'4<?: But it is not certainly
known wliat the Tarao is, and what he (peaks thereof agrees not at all with
the Hujfard ; this Bird according to Phny\ Delcription, being black all over
the Body, except the Feathers over the Eyes, which are red: which is not
found in the huftard^ who has indeed fomc red and fomc black, or ibme
brown in its Plumage, but tiicle Colours are there placed after another
fafliion.
The Neck and Fat were much longer '.n our l^iffiirds^ than in thofe
whicli Gefner and and Jldrovdodus have dcfcribed .- as ^br the rcl^ they do
well enou;;!) aj^rcj with tlic Delcription which thclc Authors do make tnere-
of Their Neck was a Foot long, and tlieir Lcggs a Foot and half. The
Wings were hardly longer than the Lcggs ; fo tliat being extended, they
exceeded not four Foot ; whicli has no p.oportion witli the Mats of the relt
of their Body. Therefore it is that this Bird fly's with lb much difficulty
that It may eafily be overtaken in its Hjght. Oj>p/4ft Ay's tha( of all Uuds
tiie
ipS
The Anatomical Defcription
I ^'
tlic li/</..rd only is atiaid of Doggs, becaule tliat it raifes it lelf 16 little
from tlic ground, and go's lb flowiy, that they can eafily catch it.
'lis upon this account that it has been by the Latins caWed Jvis tardjf
from whence is derived the word Otarde in Fremh^ unleft it be taken from
its Greek Name, which is Otis ; altho the i\rcients have Ipoken very varioufly
cftiieO/w, to make it doubted whether it is our Hufiard. Jlhertus calls It
Mtjhrda^ and gives to tiiat Epithete, ill borrowed from Avistarda^ anEtymo-
h^/c nr.uch worfc; for he thinks it islbnamtd, becaule that it generally
niakes two leaps when it begins to fly.
The Plumage was of fix Colours ; viz. white, black, afli-colour, brown-
.^ray, and roIc-cojk)ur^. .The Belly, Thighs, under-part of the Tail, and
Wings Were whi^j?.; It is probable that helonitts'y who makes the top of the
Wings wiiite in the Bitjiard is miftaken ; becaule that generally Birds which
have any dark Colour in theirPlumage, have it ordinarily on the Wings and
Hack ; Which is oblerved in other Animals, which have the Back alio brown-
er than the Belly. The fore-part of the Neck, the Head, and middle of the
upper part of the Wings were of an afh-colour. The hinder part of the
Neck, the Back, the upper paft of the Wings near the top, and. the top of
the Tail were :ed rtreak't with black, long, unequal, and as it were inter-
rupted fpots, as in P.irtridges. This made us to think that j£Iia» intended
tolpeakof the Biiflard, when he lay's that in the ladies there are Partriges
as bigg as Geefe. The extremities of the Wings were of a dark-gray. All
the Feathers in general, excepting the great ones, which are at the end of
the Wings, had near the skina down of a very lively red, inclining toa rofci
colour. The Quill was alio of this lame Colour at the end. There were
Ibmc of the Feathers which, (befides this Down fattened to the bottom of
tlie (iuill, had another, which after a very extraordinary manner, jpro-
ceedcd f: om their extfemitic, the middle of the Feather being compolecl of
firm Beards clafped to each other, as they are in Feathers which dolerve for
flying, and the reit being as it were fplitt and divided into an infinite numb-
er ot very liiiall fil^res.
Ihe beak was of a Ibmewhat darker-gray than the Plumage of the Head.
It w as three Inches long from the Eye to its extremitie. It had almoft the
ihapcot^ a Turhkns Beak, and relembled not, zsGefner reports^ the Beak
of the E.igUy which is very crooked.
The L(ggs and almoll half the Thighs were covered with little Imall Scales
of an Hexagcrid l^igure, the greateft of which exceeded not one Line every
\\ ay. The Toes of the licet were covered at top with iquare, long and ftrait
Scales. All the Scales were of an alh-colour, covered over again with a
Ihiali Skin which was railed like the Heckle oiz Serpent. The bottom of
the toot was covered with a Skin Ipeckled like Chagrine. The Toes were
in number only three. The hinder one was wanting, and in the place
thereof, there was a Cnll.fitie about the bignels of a finall Nut. The greateft
of the Toes was two Inches nine Lines long. The TaloHs were large, fliorr,
a little crooked, linnewhat pointed, and almoft like to the Nails of Man,
beingofan oval Figure: but what they had mofl: remarkable, is that they
were convex underneath as well as at top *, which rendered their Scftion Lett'
tmUr. lielofitMs iaj's that the kind of Eagle called Haliaetos, has its Talons
round
little
tarda.,
from
•ioufly
:alls It
Etymo'
of fa BUSTERDS.
\99
round underneath, as well as at top, contrary to^iie nature of the Claws of.
other Animals, which are hollow, or at leaft underneath. <, r
The Bftjlard do's not build its Neft on Treeis, accordiag^lo Albennsy be-*
caule it cannot fly ; but it is probable that it is becaufe it cantvot ihnd there,
by realqn of tlic extraordinary make and ftrufhireofits feef, which is in-
commodious for tliat purpofe, having no hind Toe, and the i'olc of the Foot
being made round and filled with a great CaHofitji which hinders it from be*
ing able to Perch; i:*-. ^ • -.
AriftotU fays that the Otis in Scjithia, fits ; not on its Eggsl. Jake otlrcrBirdsi
but that itinveiops and wrapps themupiri a.Hares x»r Jfexw Skin, and
hides them at the root of a Tree, at the top of which it Perciies, to watch
for the Fowlers, whom it hinders from approacliing, hy ftriJceing them with
its Wings, as EmoUj Qo : which demonftratesthat the word /0/'/> is veiy^m^
biguous amongft the Antients, and that it fometimes figuiliesjour ii^W
and Ibmetimes another Bird, which is very different therefrom : focthe.fiwf
/?4r4/ is incapable either of Perching on a high Tree, of of fighting witi^the
Fowlers.
xj '!£v< ,'.:y,i\>y ,t"n\iiy,v
JO? o)is PR'f/ ouLtd:>i-j)[/i iitW
The hole of the Ear, whofe greatnefs Ibme pretend has given the Nanic
to this Bir4, had nothing extraordinary. In fbme of our Subjeds it was
covered with Feathers iomewhat longer than the re& : but they made not
fiich longEars asintheDf»Kj//^//r of A^««»/<//4, which, according to our con*
je^ures, is the true Otis of the Ancients,. an^ that it il» confounded with the
Om, asis niewhintheDefcriptioaofths £^nMo//riSI!r of A^4«ni/<if4.
The Liver was very larte, the right Lche.itySamG (q( ovhr Subjeft being
five Inches ; ib that it de&nded to the bottom of cbe Belly:. It was of a
firm Subftance, and of a Vermilion Coloiir, - ,..l '-';
TheGaS-Btadder, which was hid under the right I.o^ was faftened to
the Liver only by its tqpper pairt, which, was as it were its.Neck: the reft
hung down being loofened from the Liver, and adhereing below to the Je-
JMHum. It was two Inches and a half long, and an Inch broad, being of
an oval Figure. The Du0iis Cyfiicus'm fomc of our Subjefts was fhort, be-
cauiethat it proceeded from the bottom of the Bladder, and joyned it ielf to
the upper part of the Jejufmm. In others this Dull as was longer, becaufe
that it came from the tiie upper part of the Bladder, near its Neck, and was
inlerted into the fame place as the others which were Ihorter. The DuSiHs
Hefaticus came out near the Neck of the Bladder, and was alio fixed to the
Jejununty two Inches lower tlian the Cijti(us, only in the Subjefts where
the Cyftictis proceeded ft-om the Neck or the Bladder ; in others it was im-
mediately inlerted underneath the Cyfiicus, as it is commonly in Birds.
The Subftaticc of the Upleen was quaggie, and of a dark red. It was
made like i he Kidney of Ttrrefiritd Animal ; it was only ten Lines long,
and fix broad.
The Pamreas was placed in the firft Circumvolution of the Intefiines, in-
to which it defcendcd as ufually. Its Subftance was hard, and of a pale red :
it wa cry thin at one end and very thick at th'otlicr, from whence its
Dw/iK* proceeded, which was but five Lines long. In one of our Subjeds
there was tjvo Ductus PMcrettici, which came from the Pancreas: In ano-
ther there were two Pancreas •i, which had each their Ductus. 1 hele Due-
tus^
100
The Anatomical Dejiriftton
\
tHs\ were all inlerted near the Cyfiieiy having each a fcparatc entrance ; but .
they were all covered with an Appendix Uke a Caruncle, which appeared
to be a fold of the Internal Membrane of the Inttftine.
Arijloile in Athenxw^ remarks that the Bit^ardhas no Crm\ In our Sub-
jefts the Oefofhdgm was every where ftrait ; it was inlarged only, and iome-
whatthikned before it joyncd with the Gizzard, for about the Ipace of two
Inches. In this place there was a great quantity of Glands inclofed be-
tween the two Membranes of the OefopbegHs. Thefe Glands were ranged,
like Honey-Combes .• each was peirced lengthwife, tbrming a little Tw^^ or
Ductus. The Figure of the whole Gland was Conical, and about the thick-
nefs of a Line at one end, and of the length of two, terminating in a point.
Thefc Glands were laid one upon the other, lb that the great end only ap-
{jcared, where was the mouth of the little Ductus. The internal Mem-
jraneofthe Oejophsgus, which was laid upon theic fmall Glands, was fo
chinn, that they tvcrc leen through it, and that when they were prcifed,
they fent foith a Liquor which hkewife paffed through the Membrane.
This Membrane was alfo covered with another, which was extended over
tiic whole Cavitie of the Gizard, as well as over that of the enlargement
of the 0<?/(U/'%tf/ where the Glands were. Thislaft Membiaoe fupplyed
the place of the Velvet, which generally covers the infide of the Veutriclc
of Animals.
This Strudure of the lower pan of the OefofhAgusy and this heap of Glands
is found in moft Birds, but is not commonly leen lb plainly and diftin^^tly
as in the Bnftsrd, JrantiiUfWbo has made the Difleaion of a Eufiard, calls
tlieiu Glandfs of the OefMhtguSy CmmiumI^ ; and iay's that they are.round ; but
it is probable that he iaw thole Glands only through the Internal Mem-
brane, which oi&rs tcr view only the great end of each Gland, which is
round ; the reft, which is extended, and makes a point, being hid under the
other Glands.
The Ctzard was four Inches long, and three broad. Before its opning
it appeared very like to the Gizard of Hens, by reafon of its hardnels, which
m Hens proceeds from the thickneft of the flcfliey part ; but in all our B«-
J-jrds, this flefhy part was very thin, not exceeding a Lin© in thicknels ;
and the whole hardnels which was oblerved in this Gizard before it was o-
pncd, proceeded Iblcly from the Internal Membrane, whidi was not only
thick and iiard, but which had Folds and Ruffs in levcral manners ; each
Ruft" being frizled and refolded, which took up a groat deal of roome.
lliis folded and ruffled Membrane on the infide of tlie Gizard, was of a
pold Colour , and had no continuity with the Membrane extended over the
Glandi of the Craw which was wliitc ; but it was ieparated from it like the
Seams of a Lining of a Garment fowed together : It was hkewife cafily. lepa-
• laMe horn the ftelhy part of the Gizaixl.
This Gtz.trd was filled with Stones and Doubles : There were Ibme Stones
about the bignels of a Nut. In one of the Subjeds there was found ninety
Doubks, worne and polifli'd by their mutual rubbing, and by that of the
Stones which were mix'd therewith, without any appearance of Corrofion ;
which it was«alictoiudi»e, for that they wei'e worn only in their Gibbous
. *nd
V/x BUSTAR DS.
lOl
and Emirtotit parts, the hollow parts rematn?ng intire aiicJ vyithoutPoiifhing;
becaufe tliat they could not be touched and rubbed-'like th^ bthers. There
was not hkewile ieen any raapkor figii ot'Corrofioniti thefd-parts, bcinij rici-
thir rufty, tough, nor unev^iih. In ort^oFthe Subi'e^ the / V^?>/it/? jvas
found filled with a great quantity oFHay; jlrhe^ieiiVdyy that B^^ii'ds do
chew the Cud. In a Parrot, yi^hich is a Bird that is pbll'rved to thdw o-
ver again what it has already fwallowedi' we have rctnai^ked two VehtPii/ei
fcparatedone ft'dm the other by a lOiiij' £^^« or PalTage,' vvliicfr fedn^s to
be made for the ufe of Rmtiinationi'-Buc Ave have found no lujcH thing
in the Ii«>r«/. • -^^ "i otj// ^mvd. vwv,W -';.' ;\ ^ ^
- The Jnieftines nieafured four Foot in Jbrtgtl), witliOut reckoning rfitf t^vo
CMumsy of which the right was a Foot, and the left dedv^ii Indies ,• Wliicli
is no great lengh for an Animal that eats Hay. The two Cxcums proceeded
as ufually triarti the place where the Colonis joj.ied to the ///««».. ftaven
Indies diftaht from the Jms. They tended not from the top dowrtxC'ards,
a^ ^r4«//w reports heobferved it; but from the bottom upwards^; a^ it is
found in other Birds. The internal Tunide of the ikum was folded length-
wile, after the manner of the laft Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cud :
towards the extremity of this 7»/<r/?/wit'had Ibmecrofs wrinkles which Tup-
ply'dtheplaceof the Valve of the C(?/(?/f. '
• About an Inch diftaot from the Jms, the Inteflijrre \yas cont'afled', and
afterwards dilated, making a Pouch Capable of eontainiog an E^g. The
two Vreters were inferted into this Pouch. Towards its hliddie there was
difcovercd a little hole, wliich led intduSatk which, was ^Sit wer^ 4 third
Ctecumy which is vulgarly called the Ptirfe(^ Tabritiusi froin the name 6f him
who firftdefcribed it. This P*r/f or Sack was two Inches long, and three
Lines brdad at its beginning, where it was a little flraiter than towards its
extremitle. Over the hole, which from the middle of the Pouch penetrat-
ed into the third Cacum, there was a fold of the internal Membrane of the
Pouch, which ferved apparently for a Valve capable of hindering the reflux
towards the top of the Rectumy and of favouring the entrance into the
third C<€T«M. * '' .
This obfervation of a third C<tcum , is contrary to what Ariftotle has re-
marked in the Intefiines of the Bufiardy which he reports to have lefs Jpf en-
dices at their lower extremity, than other Birds ufe to have.
The KJdneys were three Inches long : They were very deeply cut in three
Lobes, after the manner of Birds. Their Veflels were like wile difj-iofcd as
in other Fowl, except the two CrurAl Arteries^ whicii are generally double,
and which commonly pafs underneath the Kidneys : For in our Siib-
jefts there was one which palTed over, and another whicli pailed under, to
go into the Thigh.
Each Tefiicie was fix Lines long and two broad, being of the fliape of a
fmall Almond, of a Subllance very firm, and white. The EpiMdymit, which
was perfectly black, and of the lame Figure of the Tefiicie^ contained four
Lines in length and two in breadth. Bcfides the two Tcfiiclesy in one of our
Subje3:s there was found a GUndulous Body, which leem'd to be a third. It
was nine Inches long, and fix broad, of an Olive Colour. The Du^as De-
ferens j which proceeded from the extremity ol the Epididymis of each of tiie
B b true
3 03
T/jc Anatomical Dffiriptm
tvMt T(JH(leSy paft over the ^##4 Emutgens^ to wlii^Ii it was f'^ Icned, and
(Iclcendcd upon the Kidney »loog ti^e Vnter,
At \\vs. upper lip of the JdWr t!iere was a Uttlp A^ndix, ^ ;: ii fv.^ply-
ed i;hp place of the pcmis, An^?ngft lb many Sub)<^s of this L\m wluch
we have differed, there wap never ^ Pcmale.
The 7j7z>^«r was not Boay, as ArifiotU delcribcs it in Athenms: It was
FleOiy on the outdde* having on the inddc a QiurtUage hikm^ to tlie
B4/& of the Os Upides^ as in tn^generalliry of Bir<i(. Itsildcs wae rough
with ionie prickly parts of aSubftapce between ftM^^n^hrane and ^ Cartili^e.
The Kings of the AfferA After U were entire- In lomc of tlic Subje^s there
was on each fide a Caruneif or red ^Iand« immediatelv iallencd to t)ie A/pe-
rd Arteris, and to the 0«//^/, by the means of a branch ^boqtthe big?
ncfs of a ^reat Pin ; which is very common in Birds.
The Heart was two Inphe? and ^ half bigg^ The Sack wjiich fornnes
the flefliy Valve, which is commonly found in tl^e rigJit Ventmk of tli9
Heart 0^ Birds, ^t the entrance of tlie Vendi^mfAy was foqr y^B^% deep.
The jflefli of theleft VtntricU was |qur Lin^s tluck towards its i^4i/}>, and
one towards its Point. . . r//
IntheGye» the&i/riif/f^ha^aCartllaginpusQd^beftMre, about a Liioo
broad, which made as it were a Circle about ^Mi, Qofne*, The Vve$ was
reddiOi and overspread with a groat number of Artefyt;, Veiq^ aw«d Nerves.
The Irii w(is of an UjiheU^ Colow. 'X^Cff^tBa* wa« three jUnn> 2)iaflicr
ter ; the whole Glohc of tlje %e nin^,
The Qft$ekNfru( Jbi^v^ogpcne^^tedinto tlie iolidc of th9 Eye, was flat*
ned» and formed a white edg^ ^ 90 ova^ IcPAg Aod i^rait l^we \ from
whence proceeded the bM Mei?ibianiB in ^m of a Purie, which nfteiwd
it felf to the fide, townrds the efe 0^>he CryfitltifH. This Membrane if
more p^uticuiarV deicribed and reprelcqted in the Peicription of the
Ofirhb' bo
In the Pslite and lower part of th^ Beak, which is as it were a lower |iw;
there was under the Membrane which covers tjieie parts, leveral glandulous
Bodys, which did open into the Cavity of the Moutli by (everal. very vtfitib
•n-*f»'Tj «f) ,w«,i5..>,frUfU r. 10 rioijr.vjsirit;
i ilill Tjrf JO
-: Vi^t \<^
Tubes.
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ao,
The Explication cf the Figure (fthe Demoifellcs ^Numidia.
T
'He lower Figure reprefents what kind of lon^ white Feathers do ftand
up like Ears on both fides of the Head ot this Bi
^ «- Bird; and how the
brown, long, and loole Featiiers , do hang down to the bottom of the
Neck. But that which is moft Kmarkable, is the Pofture, in which it is
put, by repreferting it as if it danied ', becaufe that this Action is proper
to it.
In the Vpper Figure.
A. The Trufitk of the Aorta.
B. The Arteria Caeliaca ivhidt goes *o the Ventricle y Spice ^j^ and Liver.
C. The Mcfenterica, which goes to the Pancreas and Intelliiics.
D D D. TheAnet'ue Emulgentes.
E E. The Cruralis Superior. ^
F F. The Cruralis Interior.
G. The extremity of the Aoru whith is difir Anted to the Os Sacrum and the *d-
joyning Parts.
H. TheTrnnck of the Vena Cava.
I. The Ramus Iliacus of the Cava.
K. TiSr Vena Emulocns.
L. TAe Vena Cruralis.
M. TheTrnnck of the Cruralis rphi(h fajfes nnder the Kf'^'J* ofidjoynsstN to
itsfellow.
OO. ThleftK/dney.
V.TheTefticleoftheHJe.
Q. 77- Epididymis.
Rk. 7'/&f ValaSpermatica Defcrcntia.
S. Thelreter.
T. The Teflicle of the Female.
V. 37;r Ovarium.
X Y. The Ovidiidus.
X. The Funnel of the Ovu!iui\m.
Z. A Ligament which Uflens the Ovidu^ to the Kjdncy^ like a Mejcntery,
A r^. The lending of the AC\Ki A ArtQiii.
©. The ii ne of the Sivmum, in whith the Circnmvolnticn of the Aiy-cvi Ancvii
is held faff.
*. One of the Hiugs (fthe A(jx.ra Arteria having two Notches.
E ii. J Viece of the Alpcia Artcna which dtfco^.ters the mtnner hotv its Rings are
interwoven.
K. The P.nt which rrfpelh the Vertcbr.i' of the Neck.
v.. The Part nim href pells the out fide of the Nfck.
THE
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' ' . ;
f^S-i-
THE ' '
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
J. . (.... 1 ;; ; ;*.O.VV J. QF SIX ■' ' ■'■'.:.
DEMOISELLES
N U M I D I A
f ■•!-, riv
} C<
' (1 ,4 'i J . v » J 4
THisB/Wisfb called, by reafbn of certain ways of Ading that it has,
wherein it feems to imitate the Gcftures of a V^oman, who afilds a
Grace in her Walking, Obeiflances, and Danfing. This relemblance muft
be thought to have fome reafbnable ground, feeing that for above two Thou-
land Years the Authors which according to ourConjeQures, have tr-uttd of
this Bird, have defigned it by this Particularity of the imitation ofthc Gefl>jrc ;
and Behaviours of Man. ArifiotU gives to it the >' mc ofMhr or Coniddim.
Pliny calls it Pdrafite And Dati/er. Jthen^tifs NTmi it 'A;^v^>?r{<«j! , chat a
to f^.y, having humane Form, by reafbn rhat iritr. cares whit it fees N'jn if.*,
and not bccaufe tiiat it imitates the Spxch of Man like r!i,e Parrot, as Gelitus
underftands it. For Athtn^us relates the msP"'.-, which as \smfhon rtpc; 1 ^ 11,
the Fowlers make ufe of to take thele Hirdb, which is by rubbin,^ their H) ci
in their Prefcncc, with Water put into Vcifch which they do cjiy away,
leaving fucli hke VcfTcls filled with Glue, wherewith thcfe Birds Jo^Iuc their
Feet and Eyes , when tllcy endeavour to imitate what they have icen other
done.
It is probable that llits Dtnftng cr Huffocn Bird, was rare amongft the An-
cients, bccaufe P//«y thinks it f?.bulous, by ranging this Animal, which lie
calls 6i/;>7c)t, amongft the Pegn/hs^s, (iriffom, .md Syntt's. I» *s likcwile cre-
dible, that till this time.it was unknown to the Moderns, (wing that they
have i)»t (|ipkc thcrcio'r as haying fe^n ji^, Iput only as iiavin^ r,va^ in the \^'ri-
" ' •■' '" '* ' ^ ■ * ' ■ tings
■II,'
io6
The AnatoMtcal Defcription
tingsof the Ancients the Defcription of a Bird called by the Greehj 6'cops and
Ot'tSf and hy the Latins J (io^ towhich they had given the Name of Dafifer,
Jtlor, and Comedian. So that the Matter in Queftion is to fee whether our
Demoifells oi Numidia may pais for the iico])s of the Ancients.
The Defcription which they have left us of the Otus or Scovs confifts in three
remarkable Particulars, which are Coeh in t\\G Ueimbipffe orNumidiaj altho* it
is not found that any of the iModerns Imve defcribed it, and that it has rela-
tion to any of the Birds whereof the Ancients have f poken. Thele three
Particulars, are the extraordinary PoftUr^" which all Authors do attribute
unto it, and wliich liave made it to be called Scopfy from ay.Jii?iivy which
according to ^i<tf/»<«fA> fbnfictiiruis fignifics to nwke- Sfort, in imitating the
Cjdluresofany one lAiid tlie lame AutKof lays,.iliat Sct^s was a kind of
Danlc lb called, by reafonofthe Bird HcopSj which was as it were, the Inven-
tor thereof. The fecond rarticuiarity,py wnich Arifiotle and PUn) have dc-
figncd this Bird, cnnfiih in Ibme feathered Emincncies, whiclitheydo put
on botli fults of the licad, -in tlie manner of great Haw. .Tlje thirdis the co-
lour of its Pluittagc, v\nc\\j4le3nutdeif Myniiemis ifl Athen^eus^ decfercs to be
Bicwifh, ar»d<>fa'LcaJ-co!our: to vvhkhit mtjftallbbeadded, tiW they do
Ijy, tliat this Bird is oi Ajrick.
TJierc is none of thole that iuvc Icdil the Demoifellcs of Numidis, in the
V^xkuiP'erfiillesy who have not obierved their Gate, Gclturcs, and Leaps,
to have a great deal of Relation to tjic BohtwJdn Mannci', whofe Dati/e they
iccm to imitate. And it miglit be laid, that they are mainly plpafed to fhew
their Graceful and Landfbm Dilpofkion fior Isaping, affid that tiry dii follow
People, not to have what is thrown to them to cat, as commonly do Savage
Animals when they are tamcd,but to be taken Notice of; never failing, when
they ice tliat tlicy are lookt upon, to fall, a Danfing and Singing.
' All that we diircftcd .hatj tile fcfthei'cd Eari, whicli have g^iven the Name
to the Otus of the Artclc'nfs. ThtR were Appcrtdiccs three Indies arid a half
long, com poled of white Feathels, iViade of^hne long Fibres, after tlie man-
jicr of the l-'cathcrs tliat young Herons have on the Back near the Wings.
All the relt of the Plumage was of a leadert Gray, llicli as it is dcC:ri!>cd by
Jtes^nder Myndicnus in thcO//«; except only Ajine great Fcathcr.s of the
Wings whicli were of a darker gray,; : that part of the Fcatlier w l:ic!i ap-
p'-.ir., and Ibme Feathers of th(: f It.ul and\Ncck: But ib. ail this,, the lluma^je
ingcncrai may paG for a lead CoK.iir. ; .:„.,". .'"!."..'.'/'!..
In fomc of our Subji.(^>, the Hcmx had oh its tlrh\va (omc niilii'ds cref^cd
likeaCrcfl, an Inch and a Inlflonj;, llicfe Fcallie'-s were of this kadcn
Grny, which was prevalent over alt the Body. In all of them, the fides and
hinder-part of the Head were garnillicd with black and ftioitcr Feathers than
the reft. Fi'om the Cantfrns or Corner of each Ejr^ there went a Itrcak of
white Feathers, that palled under the- Appendix, which formed the great
feathered Fars. The fore-part of die Neck wa:* adorned with black Fea-
thci-s, compofcd of long FibrcJs, much finer i" ' ")fier than tliofc of tlic Crnt
HYm ; they hung down upon the Seomac' ..iout Nine Inches long, with
a very great Gi-aee.nid Duoritrh.
^ Fran thccnJofthc /J/4)t to the ^.xtrcitutv of th9 t^^s cxttodcd there
were three Foot mid a Iiali. tT.c H/tk mea(ured two Inches m'lengtli ; it
was
belief I
cedas
of the
of the
Wc
of fix DEMOISELLES o/f NUMIDIA. ia^
great
Fca-
Crtcl
with
there
It!i ; it
was
w^s flrait and< pointed. The ■. Neck was fbucteen Inches. Fiom the
Bone to the octremiity of the gieateft Toe, was tep inche)>i. .^^ :
The Eyes wave large, having die Eyc4icis Wack. The internal Eye-lid
was white, interlperled with a greac many blood Veffek
TimLeggs were covered on the forefide with great scales, which were
five Lines long aind four broad ; on the imGde they w«rc garniihed with
fmall Scales of an H xagoad Figure. The, lole of the foot was fpeckied like
Ch^gria. The Talons were blade, and moderately crooked, 1 he grcateft Toe,
which was that of the middle, I ,aJd four Phdattgey^ the le?.ift whicfi was on the
outfide had hvc ; the middling one tliat was on the infide, three ; that bdrind
but one.
The Lrt-rr was fo large in one of our SubjeQis, that ii fiUod almoft the
whole capacity of the lower Belly. In the reft the right Lobe was only four
Indies in Icngtli, and the left three. In this Lobe which covered the Gi&zardf
there was a Cavity to receive the Anteriour part thereof, which was fliarp,
madcin^ as it were an edge. In four of our Subjefts the JUiMr was Scirrlious
beinn hlled with a great quantity of finall yellow grains, like to M//Ut. This
Scii'rnous Conftitution did in fbine meafure intimate to us that theie Livers
were compo&d, as it were, of ieveral fmall Lobes, each likewife compofed
by die congbmerating of ievcraJ Glands. It was alio leen after what man^
net the Rami CMftiares of the fV«4 Pattt^ C4c/#and Duifus Biltrii, went in-
to each of the Lobes ; aod it might he j judged thtt.there were ibme which
were diftr&uted to each of the Glands, lifieaufe that having blown into
thefe DiiifHs% it was obierved thatLi the Liv£cs, which were not yet quite
hardned, the little Lobes, and ev(^itbe. mlnutev£fclands, whereof the linall
Lobes are compofed, were Ibmetiines railed together, and ibmctimes apart.
In fine, as the found Livers ieemed ta have iSubftanoc homogeneous and
continued, by reafon of tlie foftneis which is equal in all the parts that con-
ftitute their Parenchyma ; they do alio appeal compoled of feveral diftind
and (eperato parts, which we call Lobes, compoicd Ukewife of Glands, in
thofc that liave been liardned by Dilliemper, by reafon that this Induration
not equally prevailing over all the parts, flicws their diftinilion : the Inter-
ftices of the Lobes and Glands bemg Ibfter, by reafon of fome remainder of
iilood in thefo Interfiiees, of which the Cilands were deftitutc. It mult be ne-
verthclefs granted that the Experiment, by which diftcrent parrs were (een
fcparately to rife upon blowing into the VelTels which arc diftributed to the
dirfereiit Lobes of tlie Liver, atfords a Conicfturc more certain, to conclude
tlut the fubftance of thefe y$fcera is Glandulous,and that it is noc from the dif-
ferent Conliftcncc which the Scirrhous difpofition caules in the Liver ; and
tho it frequently happens that tic Spleen^ when it is Scirrlious, difoovers
fomehjrdn'jdGraincs, like thole which are in tlie Scirrhous Liver, yet it is
certain that the Spleen is nctGiandulous like the Liver.- for this may caule a
belief that this Argument is equivocal, and thatthcle Graincs may be produ-
ced as well by fome obfhudions whicli do flop tlie paifagcs, fuch as arc tliolc
of the Spleen, as t>y tlie Induration of die Glands, fuch as are thole wlvire-
ol the Liver is comjwled.
Wc found nt) Gall-lUidder \u tv/o of our SubjeQs ; in the other it was
llnall, of an oval Figure, not exceeding Hve lines in Icugtii and four in breadth.
It
aqS
i»
Ttr: Afiatomical*JXe(c\ription
V.l
It wais faltenedtdthe right Lobe by; ksNeok/^ the reft being ipbie and pen-
dent. Tlie DuBtaCyftmsiipiBQiaiti^ dear tiie Neck, and was joyned to the
'J.qutium beingia liaein thidchifs^^and fburinches four Un^;; in length : the
Hepaiiciis came out of the Listet lower than tlie. Gall- Bladder, and was but
two inches long :; it ptvas inCeiioed neai* the Cr/?/(«j,
1 The HfUen was afya Subftarice very like to that of tlie Liver, feeming to
be qompolcd of Lobesand Slarids, and being Scirrhous. Its Figure rclem-
bled that of theiKidheys of TfcrrelHial Animals, tlic Splenatick Vejjels entring
through its gibbous part, after tiie fame manntt* as tlie EmulgeKts do enter
into the KidneySk It was leatsdj above the left. Jyidney, and between the two
Lobes cf the Liver, (b tnat it appeared to be a third Lobe. It was united
to the f.'cond Vintrich by the meads of a Membrane that lield the Splenatick
Branches. ij i;
,i At the bottom, of the OefofhagtUy where it began to dilate, there were
two Glands, three lines long,t)f an oval Figure,red,and with a Cavity in their
middle : They .were faftncdtolbme brandies of t!ie Nerves of the (ixth pair.
The Oefofhtgus was dilated towacds the bottom, to make a Orm about fifteen
'lues Diameter, and fix inches ions j Its lower parr, uhich was two inches
ijngi was of afubftancediffererit from thefupinour, iti external Membrane
^'cingtliicker and ; more flcfliic, and.Hafving between this and the internal
Membrane (everal little Glands cftgularly ranged one by the other, as diey
:< (t feen in (everal Birds,. and at k is delcribed and Figured ia theBujUrd. oj
The GVx^Wmeafured two inches M.\d a halfiinicngT:ii,and twoin breadth.
It was very like to that of a /*», having a thick iiiid iiard Fiefli, It was diffi:-
rent therefrom in its interiour Membrane,, whidi was ydlow, lurd, and al-
moll all feparated from the fteihie.4»rt. Tliis Membrane being dried did
break like Glafs, as it did imthe bidiaitCoik. In one of our Subjeds there
was found in the Gizzard lcv9ral5con6s, which Iccmed to be wdrn by their
mutual rubbing. ' te't. /nr.') •;,vj:n|.; ' .:* i.b fiiu ; :■.* i-vrf/i i:..!; ;,i(r}ii:
'I'lic Intejlincs were fix foot long,.and two'lines broad. Their Coats were
extraordinary thin. Each Cmcuth meafured i'w inches in length. The Rt£iMm
wasdibted towards its extremity, where it had a very ample Cavity, into
\\\\\q\\X.\\c i^reters yK\X.[\x\\i:yafaSpcrmatica Deferentta o^iv^d, in the Male :
in the Females the I^rrrrr/ with the Pallage cal led Oivk'/frnw, which is their
Matny^ I>;'.d likewile their Mouth in this plaa*.
'ilicicwerc twoP4/rcrf4j'sof unequallengt!i, the right being five inches
and the IcI": lour. Tiicy were faftencd to the Mejenteryy which aribrdcd them
ftorc of very villblc VftTcls. Their Subftancc was (bfr, and (blight, that
tlie two tOL;cther wcig! . ' t)U' ■ le Diachme. The Ductitj Pa»crcattcf jrjcccd'
ed from their upper )»art. Ihc riglir Dif(^/«j was ten lines ; the lelt but
ci^lit. Altho they m cr< 'fcrted in two dS ,ent places, their mouths were on
the iniide very near caca other, and adioyningto the mouth ol the Ductus Bt-
/ttnt, tlKV were doled aL;ain witii the lame C«r«wf/ir a.s uiiially.
'J he 'I'e/in/es mcafuicd fix lines in length and lour in breadth ; tlicy were
in'.mcdiatciy connected to tlic I'lUMck oi iheJ//» and C^-j, being Icated
t.)\v..iiis till. upjHr part di' il'x f^iiimys. Tlicy had an /•/'/ffl.'aj7»/i luulc from
tlic 7>//<'f/f, wludi liung iiy oncctid. If. wav live Iinc;>luiii;, ol a green co-
ttie Tilhtli bw:n;j;of .1 wiiitilh-yeliow . The Unani Urfaens proceeded
nut
!4)ur,
two 0tl|
undernt
but om
was dilj
The I
tlie braj
with i\\
red.
The I
The
neai rlij
mdentcl
ces whj
notdiej
triii;^ i|
)en-
the
the
but
of fix DEMQI^ELLES e^NUMID IA. -09
not from the Rpididymi^y ■ but from tlie lower part of thoTejhUle, ironv whence
delcending atong the VtktiEtndgeni, it wasfatViied W%\iQVreter) Ibthattilie
Vrtter 2iT^ Deferens mtiA^hmons Ductttn' ■ rn.-j!; ' '" . -. u
The Females had Tepclei like tliofc of the MalesyfiexCept-riife i3/*WA^'/#
Oviditctus, that Icems to^have relation to the Part cal1ecl-7«^/t in tlie Mhtrix
of Terreftrial Animals, was enlarged at the top like kPunnel which embra-
ced part of the Eggs. ' This Funnel which rcprelents the Fringe or the Tuha
of Terreftrial Animals^^- was made of a«tvery fine Membrane;- the" reft
of thePaflage, whofe Membrane was a little thicker, delcended alkjng the
left Kidney, to which it wasfaftned by the ' means of a Membranous Liga-
ment, an inch broad, in form of a Mefentety^ which grew along the- P'ena
Emtlgens, from which it received feveral branches, which conjiefted with
the branches of the EmulgeM Jrteries, weve difperfed in the Membranes
whereof this Ligament was compoled,and did likewife pafjinto the TuijickJi
of the PaiTage called Oviditctus. This PalTage, which was very lli-eight in its
upper part, was greatly enlarged towards the bottom, where it opened into
jtlie extremity of the Reitum; with a very ftreight Moiith. ' ;o ; : t
The KJineys were three inches long and feven or eight Lines broad, being
indented in ieveral places after the ufuat manner of -'Birds. The Vetfa £fhul-
gentiny iiiz. the Vein and Afteiy, were of a Strufture very ditferent. The
crunck of the Aoru defcending direftly, Without dividing into two' Other
truncks,did plainly fhoot forth on the right and left fbme branches of a mean
fize. The firft, third, and fourth, which wCte the leaft, did enter into the
K^-ney, and made the Emulgents. The (econd, and fifth, which were bigger,
were the Crurd Artertes. The fixth and (eventh were loft in the lower part
of the BeDy. Tiie trunck of the Vem Cava having paffed a little underneath
the beginnmg of the /\jdneys, was divided into two great Branches, each of
which was again I'ubdivided into two others: the one of thete branches run
along the Kidney, and was there faftened by Ieveral very fhort branches,
which were the Emulgents. The other Branch was like wife divided into
two others, oneofwhicii did alfb make the rrwdOwM/zj: the other palling
underneath the Kidney, jovncd it lelf to th?? oppofite branch ; and both made
bur one biancii laid upon the Artery, which was divided like the Vein, and
was diftributed as the other into the lower parts of the Belly.
The Vnier proceeding from the upper part of the Kidney, went under
the hr M\d\ oi' t\\^: I'^ina Cava; and running along the Kidney, joynod it lelf
with the Df/f/T/;/, to make together but one lingle Vcire!, as liiis. been decla-
red.
The Larynx was compofed of a C^icoidcs, and Jrvt-trjoidcs as in the Goofe.
The Iviiii^s of tlie vi///'fM Jr/m.t were intirc, of a very li;M-d liibltance,
nearrhatof a Bone. Their Figure was particuiar, cacii btiotr notched and
indented in 1 \ o j^^lace'j, and 5oyned together by this Notch, -v/z. at the pla-
ces whicii dill anlwer 10 the two lidcsof the Neck .■ the reft, which was not
notched, being fore ward and backwiird, la that the notches of one Rina en-
triii'' into tlk
HW'
tf:'
notches of the otixr, it li.i|ip
UL'd that the reft of the Kings
which
iTN.
d I o hi it I LT/^e Att^otttiial Defcriptim
f\\
which were not notched, did on tlie fore-part ca\er the halves of two Rings,
and was covered hehiad with thofcvery Rings which it covers in the fore-
part. This Strufture made thefe Rings to ewer into each othpr, which they
could not do very far»b9ing hindred by thefe Notches, which made one Ring
to ride over the other, and made the Artery tliat it.QouId not bend lb eafily
towards the fldes^ as forwards and backwards^ wbeve there was nothing that
luiglit hjcider ch&Riogs from entring into each other.
The figure of the whole Jrtery was not left llrarige than its Compofition .-
for after having defi:ended along the Neck m a ftraic Ijde about the lengdi of
a foot, it turned outwanis ; and inflead of entving; into the ThoraXf it did «n.
tcr into a hoUow Cavity in the Bone of the 6><rnwtf», where being .defccBded
about three inches, it was re-bent towards the place tlirough which it had
entred, and from thcnoe delcended into die Thcr so:, where it was divided into
its two Branches. The Rings in this whole Circunwolution wete fo ftrong*
iy faftened to each other, that they were not papibleiof any Adotion : aeither
have they any need thereof, being thus inclofei witlua the Sttnium. The
Rings of the part which was in the N^k wme looler, to yield to the motion
of the Neck.
At the bottom of tlie 4fp^^ Airtm*y there was a fcony Icnot, iiaving tbc
form of a Larynx y which on the ialide was^ividsdia two bjr a (mil Tooguey
l^intheOV/r add ifev^oth^r Binds. ThPjBr^npbos urfoioh weat i» the
X>ungs wore likewi&,»icQrdtog cotbus ufital im»n«ier» compofed lof Cart^ag^
oops D«aii-CirclesiLt the top, being garniihedwdwneachooisf with a very
.iiiin Membrane. The rouod wd Joog Mufqii^ wbkh in fevetal Risds slo to-
iien tlie Afftra. Meru with the ^nnw^idtalfe iligir iRiie iioqi iibat cart of
jthe Sternivp whidiis Af ticubaced winh the Cim(.ifnU or forked ibone, aiid were
inlcrced iotortUe (ide^of Khe Jfftn Aruru agK««t deal Jbttgher than theflaoe
of their Ori^e, lb that theif Aftion was to draw the AJfttra, A^erisdown'
wards. Tlifoy were;a line and a half in Diameter, and near two Inches a
length.
When the J/fi^ra JrtenA was bk>wn into, the Bladders of the Ljtiigs
which dcicendecl to die bottom of the Belly.did fwell and railed up the Liwr.
At the fame time that the Bladders were Iwelled , the QJoph^gus and
CrMv were hkewifc obfervcd to i well as in Pigeons ; and when the Oefopbtgm
was breathed into, ithe Bladders did alio rile ; but die Air did more eafiiy pals
from the Affem Anerin into the Offefhagusy than from r^vnOefofhsgits into die
Afpem ArtcriA. The ufe of this C;ommwnicai;K)Q, and the ways by whicli it
is pqrformed, arc not as -yet well known : we retcr the fpeaking dicreof to
the J)t}lcripi:ion of die Pigeon.
'i'hc Htirt was. two inclics bag and an inch broad at its hAfis : it weighed
half an ounce. The Pcncirdttm was fartcncd to the Heart by Icvcral Imall
Fibres. The right VcittrtiU was, as >;Uially, larger than it is long. Its In-
teriour was extraordinary Smooth. The Hclliy Valve wliich Birds have at
the mouth of the />*.i C.wa, was five hues loni^, and half a line thick. The
Arteries of the Heart luuitlicirl/Wi'/i/.c H/gmotdes^ as ulijally. The Fleflay
i<ii;amciu which jaflncJ one of the Tartitious of the right Ventricle to the
other, w ai hn^er and iliuuier than generally it is. ,^
The
The
of fix DEMOl^feLLES «/NUMIDIA. iii
- TliCjIiWA, comittg out of thfc Heart, walsdividtd into three Ti'undfs. The
teaft was the Jorta dtfsendtn's Wliich ffiade theCt-dffe^ by tiifnirig towards the
riglit fide a^ in theGenarality of Birds. The t^O dther greater Truncks were
thR AxilUres^ which hauing caft forth two fitrt^ Drafichtt, whkh wfcfe the
Carotidesy wtre divided itito fex^eral other great Branches, wllich wereafmoft
all cniployied and diftribiited into the Muftles ef tlie Wings.'^ The Carvhdes
a little above their Ofigine, had each a Glaird^ which ^as feftned to them.
Thde Glands were two lines lohg, and a line thick. ' ' •;-'' '
In the lower Beak on both fides of the Tongue, under the inward Ttmlcle
of the Mouth, there was found two Glandulous Bodies, from whence pro-
ceeded fcveral Lymphcdut'is which opened into the Mouth, and there difchar-
ged, being lqucezcd,a white and Vilcous humour. There were two of thcni
towards the upper part a great deal bigger than the others. The Tongue was
flefhie at top, and Cartilaginous underneath as in Hens.
The Tunicle of the PaUte was rough, with a great number of little Nip-
ples, and of hard and Membranous points. It like wife included a glandu-
lous Body, wliich Ihot forth, two great Dttifus\ opening into the Mouth.
There was difcovered a great quantity of other little glands at the fides of the
Lannx, which had alio Ibme Lymfheducis.
The Cranium or Skull was above half a Line thick. The Brain was divi-
ded in two, as generally in Birds. Each part was eleven lines long, and fe-
ven broad, Th&CireMlum was eight lines every way. BQth together weigh-
ed but a Dfachra© Mid a half*'^^'*^ fC ' :: : . f^ .— --
Tie internal Eyt*iid wds large, andiVas eafily^xtenaed over the ^'hole
Globe of the E^r.
ThePfmilmn Litthrymde was douUe, round, and very large. It opened
as is ufual into the cleft of the binder part of the PaUtt. The lower GUn~
duU Lachrymalk was coucht under the Globe'of the Eyi in the great Canthm.
Ir was ten lines lon^ and two broad. hsDu6iw was great, and opened be-
tween the Eye and mterual Eye-Ud. Having Syringed into this Duifusy the
Gland fwelled very much. The upper GlMndtd* Lachrymaiis was very f mall
not exceeding three Lines in length and two in breadth.
The Sclerotica was Cartilaginous before, having as it were a harder Ring
than the reft, three lines broad. The Comes had a border or yellow Circle
quite round, joyning the Conjunctiva. The Jrts was of a dark red : the I^-
fetum of the fame colour ; the reft of the Choroides was extraordinary black,
We found not that other black Membrane like a Sack, which proceeds from
the QPtick Nerve^ and which we have always found in the Birds that we have
diffeaed, without being able to conjefture what its ufe may be. All that
we could f urmile is, that this part has an Office Kkc to that xn tlie Choreidefy
in that the one and the other do, amongft other things, lerve to prepare the
NourifhmentoftheHumoursof the £)-<?; which, by reafbn of the tranfpa-
rent purity that is requifite for them, muft have an Alipient very pure, and
wtiolly exempt from the grofs and Earthy parts, by which Bodies are ren-
dred Op^ke ; for thefc parts, whidi may be called the Lees of the Bk}od,
arc Icparated theretrom, and retained in the Chorotdts and Purle of the Of nek
Nerve y wliicli are fuUied and blackned therewith ; this being done almoft af-
ter the lame manner as the Choroidcsy PUcents, and Membrane of the Vierm
C c 2 are
202
The Anatomical Defcription
are flillied, if I may fb-fay, from the grofTeA and mofl: impure portion of the
Blood which they retain, to the end that the part defigned for the Formati-
on and Nourifhment of the Fertus may be finer and purer. This Conje£lure
which for thefe reafbns may have fome probability, has been Hkew" reconfir-
med by the particularity that we have remarked in our Subied ; vv lierc this
black Purle not appearing, we found xheChoroides a great deal thicker than
ordinary ; as if the whole dregs of the blood,which in the Eye<> of other Birds
fbould be retained in th&Choroides and black Purfe, had here beeo >. olle£led in-
to the Chorcides alone.
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Photographic
Scieices
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WHSTU.N.Y. 14SM
(71*)I73-4S03
/
214
The Explication rf the Figure (f the OS TKICU.
IN the lower Figure it maybe leen that the Feathers of the Wings and
Tail could not be proper tor Flying, the parts which do compofe thefe
Feathers not being hookM tc^ether as they are in other Birds ; that tlie Eye,
which is not obliquely Scituated after the ufuil manner, has great Eye-hds,
The opening of which is long-wife as in Man ; that the Neck, Head, and
Thighs are deftitute and unprovided of Feathers, and that each Foot has but
two Toes.
In the Vpper Figure.
A A. Refrefents the Cdvity of the middle if the Tliorax.
B B D D. The Csvity of the loner Beltji. Thefe two Cavities are formed by trvo great
Diaphragms, and Jef orated one from the other by the tranfverfe Diaphragme
which is hetvpeen A and B, Md which is garnijbed with Fat undernexth,
E E E E. The four Bladders of the right fidg of the Stomacli.
QQQCThe four mAAciSofthe left ftde. Thefe four Bladders are inclofed
OH each fide betwen the great Diaphragme and M\jXs\tofthe Lungs.
G G. The Lungs, eaeb of vfhich is pmt uf between the Mujcle of the Lungs f and
the Rihbs,
H. >tf /iff/ ()/*/Af Cartilago Cricoides,
IL TAr CartilagoTyroides. ^ .^ ',^
K. The Toneue. * ^ -
L L L. The h$t$der fart of the Sclerotica, v^ich makes half the Globe of the Eye,
the fore-part being taken mvty.
M. TheMcmhrane folded like a Purfe^ which proceeds from the\ni\xn6\h\x\\xm or
Funnel N, formed by the extremity of the Optick Nerve, and uniting tte/tr
the Ligamentum Ciliarc.
O. n^ Optick Nerve. ?f^
P. Ti^^ CryfVallinus iv/>iSi //&< Ligamentum Ciliare.
Q0;_ The Cerebrum uncovered,
RK. The Dura mater raifeduf and thrown baekward/ipon the Cerebellum.
S. The Glandula Fincalis in its place.
T T. The uffer fart of the Cerebellum.
V V. The Sinus Longitudinalis.
X X. Two Tubcrofities or Swelliugs, making the lateral and inferiour farts <f the
Cerebellum.
Y Y. Tm Cavities or Ventricles which are in the Swellings of the Cerebellum.
a. The Cavity which is at the rife of the Medulla Spinafis made tike a Pen.
/3. The Vcrmiformc Apophylis 0/ /Af Cereljcllum,
9 . The Cerebellum railed, and turned backwards-
J /, The Brain divided in /riY>, after having cut the fmall Fibres which joy n the two
farts.
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ue
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s ^. Tke upper Ventricles in tohieh is feen the Lacis Choroides marked ^.
uTHQ^^\Yvf)ssl^lafmAliul^k4kf9/H,9^
A K. Two Smllings Scituateei under the Brain, they tare the f«me which care nurk*
ed XX. ■ , , . '• ■
u. TA^rCerebrfhim. .nf3£fk;.L0 iAM\ .A
F. The fourth ^iism, ..Vv-av.^W .V- >, w^au^ ^^1 .M
Ci.. A piece J Ae Stem of a Festher viewid with the Microlcop«y^^^^' ^^^ '^'^^^ ' ^
II. 3 2. Tmofthe Filaments whereof the tefs Betrd 0ftheif either Mtf^^m
fed. Here is refrefented only the heginning, the reft being aif of: they, are rirw
nijbede» estb' fide mth a Mwef Fibres, ^
ZZ. TheFihfuwhiebmeaithefidei tomtrdthe endofdlhwhok Fegfh^-, thefk
Fibres having feveral frnaS Crotchets or hooks bent downward^ whi^ J^e Jfkfi,
aLatehf mordingtom emparifintha ismade^tkefNnf 4ii^ilitBefkri \
0. The Fibres which are at the ftdes towards the hollow of the Femer ; th^^Fi-.
bmhteve feveral little Hfoks bent upwards^ refenMingtheCaitsh toiekifh fht{ tatph,
it faftmd, when it is pufbed famard enough t^ fSimo tht^eh*
«^*ft.
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TheExplicatksnbftlie^etohdPlat^bf tftc <!)StkTCE^ ;
A. /> /Ar Oefophagus. '•• '■ .■|J^^'^T .-^
B. The Bottom of the CiiWf winch defeendsundtrneatb the Gxi2axd.\\x^\ -AX .<t
I
D. yj^ DudusHepatious„-..,xl tVA-j^^'' uMWarnvm^iiW ,",\\QViiT .; . a
E.M.' 3^< Pancreas., .• . , ■. -Vn .-«" ' • ' v, Ac,r,\ u ^ .^vt ' ■ vr;\-'' V-A
E.E.Ti&< Pancreas*,, • .An
F. Ti^^ Duaus Pancreaticus, whofe Aperture imo the\nxs&\n6$}tiurkede.
Gf^,\^ fi^rt of this -Qokxi Mt itrgty ivbtth is gantijhed on the infide.whh FiUeis
SAtrked Hi. ;-,»,:.,., ■,;■;■■,■.•- 1^' •. w
. The sretlt \(afif^ n^huM the bottom of the. Rcdura,.^\!fc'<5i^:ife ,^c^\>.i r.
iC. TAif ^xtremttf^fheyfs^iwmyr^ich forms « SmUtng in ihegreiu Pouch. ■
kL. The Venis.xJ^*, Or igeMkjs. marked k: it is folded towards "i, underneath^
andfaffers the fart L to go through the Aperture of the little Pouch marked M M .
NN. The Ureters.
O O. The Ofenir^ of the Ureters into the great Pouch.
??. The tm Mi^cks of the Anus and Venis. *•
4 4. The two fetondMufcles of the Anus and Penis.
52?. The border of the hole of the great Pouch.
Q^ The Liver.
R. The great Vena porta.
S. TAr Or/^giwo/'/^rDuftusHepaticus.
T. The upper Vena Cava.
V. The little Vena Porta.
X. The Aorta defcendens.
Y. The lower Vena Cava.
Z r, Z r. The Kidneys.
r r. The Ureters,
a a. The Tefticles.
/3 fi. The Crural Aitt! ies.
g gi The Crural Veins.
^ y. A part of the Colon in little, joy ned to the doubleCcccumfrmcdlike aScrewy
marked S S .
f t. The Paff^ge or Matrix called Ovidudus, in Birds.
5. The internal Orifice of the Matrix.
b. The Extremity (f the Ovidudus, which wakes the InfunJibulumf>r Tunnel.
4 4* The hro.id Ligament of the Matrix.
>. The Tefticlp of the Male.
t*., The Vafa Spcrmatica Pra'parantia.
V. The Epididymis.
i-. The Deferens.
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'■. ''" ' . [''■■" ■-■.•■ ■■''^''^ THE" '-^^''^ • 5^iM.-''^^«"'^M-ohcrlw
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
j/"d JSfii *h-i;a.1o JtilM->iQp EKJHlT"' <-!^i^vH Jailors Imf; ^^^>!^\
OSTRICHES
1 r-l
THe Eight OJhickt which we defcrihe, w«re^pft of one fize. Therq
were five Mabs» andtbcee Feip^ ; ^^ yirere leyeii Foot aiida h^lf
from the top ofche bead to th^eroua^}} 6t)f|ith« MciPth^ Crown of^he
Head thejr were thnee foot, anaa$ wmy &m^ th^ B^ly tojc^ ground. Tl^
Body, from the Breift to thefeegiiining pf t|^e Jftii, ^nj^defl nattbr«!?
Foot ; the Tail was a Foot long ; thf) Wv^ withpu^ (he Feathers, but
a Foot and a half, hoing extend^t AQ^ wilh the Fejithers^ ^bree Fopp.
The Plumage wasiaUbin ibme/mepirurej^b](e> for fno^ of it bad black and
white, and ibme Gray Feathers. ^f«^j^r'(b*5 upon good Grounds laugh at
Cdrdm, who was of Opinion, that Ofimlfes h?d r^, blew, and green Feathers,
not knowing that they are dyed of tbe^ CfOlpws. The greateil Plumes pro>
ceeded firom the extremities of the Wings , ftxfd Tail. The grpat ones were
moft comnwnly white; and the, next fow w^s cofpolcd only of black.
Therewcre lome of them fmaller^ bieing white, otht* Made, which garni-
Ihed the Back and Belly. The IH^iirltsiiad no Feath^rb, no more tlian the
Thighs, and under part of the Winas. Tl^e bottom oftUe Neck was half
way adorned with Feathers, much Itnaller than tlipte of die Belly and Back ;
Ibme of which were black, and othfii^.wlwtPs , . Tibey w^^gr^iy inonepf tlie
Males, and in one of the Females. i.»i! J., j-ij 0. ; r. -..o ;..'
Ail tlicfe Feathers were of one fort* Thb is peculiar to the Oj^rieh ; for
it has not Feathers of leverallorts, like other Birds, which have ibme fbft, and
as it were lanuginous, to lerve tliem for Furr ', others hard and Hrm, for
flying; ibme lanuginous only at their beginniqg, and firmer toward their
extremity, whickis^miiv^e M'ic aBcale, to the end chat being all ranged one
upon the other, and covering fome with their extremity, which is fir-
mer, the Down wliichis at the rootof ^heojheis, they pight compole as it
were a Vcllmcnt, to defend the Birds from die Inconveniencics of the Wind
., , D d and
its
The Anatomical Defcription
and Water. Now this is not in the Feathers of Oy/r/r/'/'j, which are all loft
and fibrous like Down, fo that they do ierve them neither for flying, nor for
covering them commodioufly enougli to defend tliem from external Injuries.
We like wife obfcrved another equality in the Feathers of the Wings of the
Ofirich^ whicli is peculiar to them ; for the great Featliers of tlie Wings of
other Birds, have one fide broader than the other; but thofe of thcO//r/f/^
have the Stem exaftly in the middle of the Feather. There is realon to
think, that this equality is the ground of the Hieroglyphickof the A^gyptians.,
who do reprefent Juftice by an OJtrici\ Feather.
In the enumeration of the Wonders of Nature which are read in the
Gool: of Johythoi'co^tlvi Sir uQjdt£ of the Wings of Birds is one of the moft
ConCderable. This^ wonder i/e^reiTed by the rifi|ei^on which jGodcau^s
Jo^ to make on the ditference that there is between the Feathers of the 0-
^richy and thole of Herons and Faulcont ; that is to fay, of Birds that have
Feathers for flying, and of thofe which have them not for that ufe ; for there
is nothing indeed mqce admirably than this Stcudurc of Featliers defi^ned
tor flight, which confifls principauy ii^ three things, •««. in the texture of the
Threads and Fibres,- of whicli the Bdirdspfth^ feathers arecompOfcd>in the
Figure of the whole feather, and in the particular motion of each feather.
To know and examine thefe particularities, it muft be oblerved; that al-
moftall forts of feathers are compofedof two parts, viz. of the Tube or
Quill from whence the Stert-probeedSi itl^Hyi lefTening it felf to the tnd of
thefeaitlier; ahdofilie Beardsii whkb ai^lafhied on each fide to the Stem
ohVit Quill, and which' did^itttiko the 4)re»dth of the Featho'.' that the
Th'reads whereof thefe Beards a*e <:rtmp«i!rf«*,'ift« fkt, and plac'd ^'ith. their
flat fides towards each dther^ to thvefld that the/ inight eafily bend for the
approaching each other, atfd thai^ beiilg harder ta'berid the other wayc, they
do add more flrehgth to the whdle feather : diat this flrength and firmnefs is
like wife fortified by the manrtcr with which the threads whereof thefe
Beards arc compofedj are interlaced with one atiodier , this Texture or inter-
laccing being made by tlie means of an infinite Number of Fibres, which
the threads do fhoot forth on each fide, ta hook and grapple with each other .•
that tliefe Fibres arc crooked after a different manner; for thofe which
proceed from the Thread, on the fid6 towards the extremity of the
fcithcr, are longer, more flexible, and bent down wards; and tliofc.which
do pocecd from the fide towards tlie beginning of the feather or Quilly end,
are Ihjrtcr, firmer, and turned upwawls/ For it muff: be conceived chat all
thefe Fibres having Springs, thofi whifeli are longcff, nK)ft flexible, and bent
downwards, do turn upwards at the meeting of theoihcr Fibres, when two
threidi are forc'd oneagainfHIie other ; and that afterwards when thefe
lon^ Frbres ai-e forced far enough over the others, their crooked parti falls in-
to the Cavity made by the crocked parts of thole other Fibres, even as the
l.uch rhat istliltnedtoadoor, falls whftntlle Door is thru ft- to and enters into
t-isCavitvot t!ie Catch fa lined totheDoor-poll, andtherc hooking it felf, fa
ff -ns the Door .- for it is properly after thisflianner that one thread of a feather
is faftricd to tlie other. / i. . . ,
This admirable Srrucliirc of the feathers, whichii keifte to for with tlic
Microfcopc. fliccccds fb well fbr the ufvisxo wiii€h Katui* has dcfigned it,
.i:»- ' h ii thar
of figfe/ OSTRICHES
2X9
that when one thread havbeen (eparatcd from the other by ibme external
Violence, it iscapableofbeingreclafped with an incredible facility. Itmay
be (did that this is not uiUcnown to the Birds ; who frequently bufietheni-
lelves in putting in order with their 13eak the Threads ot theic Ikards, Wheii
tlicy have been dilbrdered ; for this is fufHcient preiently to recover and re-
duce into their former order thofe feathers which are fbealiiy ruiHod, and as
it were broke ; and this difpofition is much more advantagious to them
than if they were hard to ruffle or break, but being once torne or broken,
were no more capable ot revniting. And it may be laid that this Structure
has not been known by thofe who have thought that Birds do carry a kind
of glue in their Beak, by the means of which they do again rejoyn their fea-
thers when they are tome •• for the Wings of Birds are neither mended witli
lize nor glue > or at leaft they would be lpoil*d, otlierwile then they are, by
the Rain and Waters, in which they are frequently Plunged, if their Fibres
were joyned other wife than by this admirable Texture, of which experience
may eafily be made, by feparatin^ the Threads of the Beards of the feathers,
which are feen to rehook of themfelves, and without glue, by rcapproaching
them only.
It muf); be oblerved in the(e (econd place that thefe threads are not perfe6l.
ly ilrait,but a little bent,to make the whde feather hoUbw underneath; which
ierves for two things, viz. to make the Beards llirongbr and lefs capable of
being bent upwards, when the feather liiddainty flrikes the Air ; and to make
the Air catch in this Cavity, more to refil); the wing which beats it in its de*
(cent, and ciufe it alfb led to r efifl the ^me WiAg when it is raifed, by reaibn
of the convexitie of the ftather over whitk the Aii* glides more eafily than it
vroukl if it was flat : for it muflbe confidered that for fl^ht two things are
neceflary ; the ftfft that the Air greatly refifts the Beating of the wing, to
the end that the Bird may bear it lelf thereon; the fecond, that the lame
Air refifl as little as b pofible the railing up of the wing again ; as well to the
end that the Bird may not fink asmuch in raifingthe wing, as it rifes in beat-
ing it down, as to leUen its force where- the wimgrifes, leaftthe Bird weary
itlelftonopiirpofe.
In the third place it muft be oblerved that for thcfe very realbns, f/a. of
making the Air refift the wing ftriking it,and yield to it when it is raifed. Na-
ture makes ufe of two things: thefirftis'that when the\yin2 is raifed, it
becomes lefs than when it is beat downwards ; which is done iometimes by
clofeing the feathers, and makeing them to flipp one under the other ; fo
that the half of one covering the half of the other, each feather can ftrike
the Air only with its half: Some times by making them to go from under-
neath the others, fothateachftrikesthe Air with its whole breadth. The
Birds which have the wings k)ng and pointed, do make ufe of this means.
The other way is for BircK that have Ihorter wings : for they do make ufe
of an Artifice which Rowers do imitate in the management of their Oars,
which is to make the Water to be flruck with the flat of the Oar, when they
do make it to go downwards, and that it be cut by the edge of the fame Oar
when they do raife it upwards : for the fame thing happens to the feathers of
tiieextremity of the wing, which do ftrike the Air with their flat, when
the wing is lowered, and do cut it when it is railed; which is done by a
Dd 2 Mo-
aao
The Anatomical Dafcription
Motion like to that of the Oars which Watermen do make to turn a little,;
when they do raile them upwards .- For each of the great feathers has thi^
Motion a^art,by which it is a little obliquely turned^ when the wing is raiied,
and this feather is reduced into its former Situation when the wing is lower-
ed. This Aftion is very diftinftly obfcrved when Birds do for fbme time,
hold their wings ereded, by an extenfion like to that which isdone in reach-
ing ; this State affording more leifure to lee that winding of the feathers,
than when they do (Irike their wings in flight : for than the wings being
thus railed, it is obferved that the great leathers, which arc the Principal
Organs of flight, are all Icparated from each other, by reaibn of their obliqui-
tie, which (eems to open,forthepairageof the Air, as many Doors as ther^.
are feathers ; which are doled when the wing coming to lower it felfe, alt
thefe feathers do retake their former Situation , and do beat one upon the o-
ther to make of the wliole wing one continued rurtace,gapabl^ of gverfpread-
ing a great quantity of Air. viiniiiw lijvtl ni»i -iiohou
In the fourth place, it muft be obferved that this oblique Motion of every
feather belongs not to thole of the Taill, which has difl^erent ules from thoU;
of the wings. There are two Principal ones ; thefirft istofervc »s a Rud-
der, and to keep in the whole 9ird a ftrait Motioki, when it is kept ftrait
and of turning the body downwards, wlien it is kept lowered, or upward
-when it is rail^. The other uie is to (erve to,l)elp it forward, when it is fud-
dainly moved by thefe two fucoeflive Mptions^ which doproduoe the faooQ
efleaastheTailoffiOies. > . ;
. Nqw this whole Mecfianifip^ is wanting iaihe feathers and Wings of the
OJirUh: Fdt- the threads Qf'th^' Beards which «r» at the two (ides of the
Item of the (^1 of the great feathers are never ^oed one to tlie other, hm
floating and flexible, not being crooked, but f^rait and even widiout having
any of the Difpofitions neceflaiy ^r the facilitating the interlacing which
they have with each other in thf feathers of other 3irds. Therefore ArifioOt
lay s that the feathersof O/m^r/^rejike theHaire of Terreftial Aninials,that
is, to fay that they are more pepper to cover their lk>dy's than to ^y withw
Thefe Feathers have not likewife that particular motion w^ich rendec$
them fbme times ftrait, fbme times oblique, becaufe that this would be ufe-
lefs to them, tlie Beards not being jpyned together, to make the Texture and
Continuity which the other feathprsJiavc, to flrike all the Air ihat is metr
with under the Wing '■, fb that it may be faid that the featliers of the Wing»
of tlie OJtrich are more like to the Pendants of Ships than to their Sails ; altho*
AiliAit reports that thefe Animals do make ufe, thereof as of Sails, when to
rcnKJier their courfe fwifter and lighter, they do extend thefe feathers to the
wind, tP the end that it may drive them : For fails are nqtpnfy jervicable
inShips mcerly as an Obfticle, whidi refifting the wind byitsbignefs only,
receives a fimple iiniiulfc fbas the hull of the VefTell docs i but tliey mull be
confidcred as an obu;iclc of a commodious figure and fhapc, which being
managed and governed after a certain manner, may draw a gieater adviaa
tage from tlic agitation of the Air.for ^hc motioaof the Veffcl, tlipa it would
^i) witliout this figure and Governtnent. Thus the. Illumes of the 0/?mi^ can-
not be ulcfull to It by their figure or Motion , fQr if they affii^theni to ad-
vance forward by forcing their win^s backwards, they wpwld jiinder tlieiti
as
ofEtgk OSTRICHES.
2^ 1
as
as much in bringing them forward, and there would happen to tliein Oivi ,ii>
convenience to which the Wings of B4/«, Huttcr-jlyts, and Fhcs, would ibo
fubjeft, IfNature had not provided againft it, by giving the VVings of thefe
Animals the means of being contraded in ftich a manner, when they are raif-
ed, that chey do ftrike a lets quantity of Air, than when they are lowcr'd a-
gain. For this Contrading is made in Hdtts hy the means of Bones that
they have in their Wings, and which do make as it were the Hngers of their
hartds, the diftance between which are garnifhed with fkins which they do
contraft and alternately extend as need rcquirs. The Wings of Butter. fhes
and Flyes do perform the lame Adion by the means of certain pit)ers, which
have an eflfea like to that of the fingers of the B4// J and the fpced and force
with which the wings of Flys ai-e removed, and how they are capable of
making lb great a Noife as is that, not only of the buzzing of Hcrneti^
but even of little Flycs, fuch as are Gn/uts, which is heard to a great diftance^
imitating the found of a Trumpet, is a thing very Surprizing.
Tlje Motion of the Wings of the 0/?r/VAf J, can at the moft fcrve only af»^
ter the fame manner as that of the Tail of other Birds, and thofe of Fiflies,
which is in truth a motion proper to make a ProgreHlon ; but it is certain
chat the Feathers of the 0/?ri#^ cannot have this etfe£t, being like a tiiftof
Ibofs and floating threads; (lieing that to the end tliac (iich a Motion ma/
have fome eflle£fc,it is necelTary that the Organ have a Surface,ftrait, even^ and
firm, fuch as itis tiv a Ruddej^,- in an Oar, in thie Sail of a Wiad-mill, &e.
It is probable that the Author of the Book of Jo^ had reflected on ail chefi^^
thiii^, when he Detcribes the Cjfiriehf as an Animal ta which' Gsd has de-
ny'd the addrefsi Which he hath given to other Birds, and which he has not
fumi(hed with Organs€on\^6iuentco«xeFci{e the admirable Adion of Fly^
itigy having icarte any dthiir ufe of its Wings, than to raife them to receiver
tht Impulw of the Windj when it is favourable to its Courfe. Therefore
Cardan compares, or rather very much oppofes the 0/^miEr to the Bird of
Viiradifey which was formerly thought to have no Feet ; becaule that the
Bird of Pdradife'K a Bird, which according to the 0{}inion of Ca^n,
liever walks ndf Kghts on the ground, even as the Oftrich is one whicK nei->
ther Flyes nor riles into the Air. . i i:
• ' Befides the Feathers which we have defcribed, we have obferved that the
tdpi'pfthe Neck and Head Were garnilhed with a very fine, white, clear
DoWh, (Iiining like the Briftle of a Hc^ ; lb that it leeiYied to partake
more of Hair than of Feathers. This Down Was heaped together in litt;le
Tufe, compoled of about twelve Hairs, of but one Line in length, except
the riair inthe middle, which Was four: All the Hairs of one lock had all
together but one Root, which was a little Tube about the bignels of the
fmalleft Fin. This Downe was very clear and very thin in the Neck, and
much more on the Head, which was abfolutely bald at the top .- This
P//wjr reports to be Natural only to two Birds, w*. the Ofirich and Cormo*
M»/, for that reafon called P/&«/4cr0C0r4x.
At the end of each Wing there was a kind of Spurr, made almoft like the
Pricks of a Portttpitte : They were an Inch long, and a Lme and a half thick
at the Bap; their Subftance was Horny ; they were hollow, and in the Ca-
vity there was a Cartilage covered with Membranes and Ligaments, with
" ' - a
■•fvi;
"""'"Wr
a:i3
The Anatomical Defcription
a great quantity of VelTcls full of Blood. Aldrovandus coiifelTes that he
could never Hnd thele Pricks in the Oftrich : Albirtus rejx)rts that they do
ferve them for oifenflve Arms : Johnjhn is of opinion that they make ule
thereofasof a Spurr, with which they excite themfclves to ipccd. There
were two on each Wing, the greatelt was at the extremity ot the laft Bone
of the Wing, the other was half a Foot lower.
The Ncek feemed more (lender in proportion than it appears in other Birds,
becaufe that it was not decked with Feathers, as was laid. The Skin of
this Neck was of a livid Hclh Colour ; ci«///w makes it blew. The Head
did likewiie appear very fmall, for the lame realbn of the want of Feathers.
JiiertHt finds it ablblutely fmall. ScaJiger has realbn to reprehend Cardan,
fur averring that Birds have commonly the Head little, to the end that its
weight may not hinder them from flying ; becaule there are a great many
which fly little, as Hens, which have the Head much Icls in proportion than
other Birds which ^o eafily fly •• But it is probable that Cardan found that
his Theoreme was confirmed by tlio example of tlie Ofirith, which flycs not,
and whole Head without Feathers is ablblutely greater in proportion to its
Body, than it is in other Birds.
The Beak was Ihor: and pointed .- It meafured two Inches and a half
broad at its beginning ; its Figure like that of the rell of the Head, did not
in any ibrt approach the F^ure which the Head and Beak of a Goofe gene-
rally have, as thole have ill thought who have called the Ofirich Chdnocamc
Im, that is to fay Gocfe^ammeL
The exteriour form of the Bye did fufficiently relemble that of Man,
and was very dtiierent from the ordinary form of Birds Eyes, which have
the Aperture of the Eye round, and the upper Eye-Udd unmovable, and
without hair ; and the line which go*s fixmi one Corner to the other, always
oblique : For our Ofiriches had the Aperture of the Eye oval, a great Eye-lidd
at I he top, which lowered it lelfe as that below was raifed, having great
Eye-lalhes, which, as in man was a great deal longer than thole of the In-
feriour Eye-lidd ; in the line which went from one Corner to the other beii^g
lirait, according to the diredion of the Beak, tliere was a third Eye-Iid ^n
the inflde, as in the generality of Brutes : 'Twas a very thin Membrane,
which was liid in tlie ^reat Corner towards the Beak. Aldrovandus tlunks
Birds have this Eye-lid, tofupply die defe£k of the upper Eye-lid, which is lb
fbort tliat it cannot lower it lelte to cover tlie Eye as it does in ^/lan. But it
is probable that this internal Eye lid has another u(e in Bird:*, iecing that it is
found in the 0/r/c^, wholt: upper Eye-lid is large enough to be able eafily to
lower itlelle ; add moreover that the inleriour Eye-lid Ihuts up inbird^s
againft the lUperiour, as cxadly as the upper is joyned in man with the
lower.
The Tonfut m as fmall, adherent as in F//i&/j, compoled of Cartilages, Liga-
nKUts and Membranes intcrmixt with tlefhy Fibres. It was diti'cre ut in
our Subicds : In fume it was an inch long, very thick at the Aperture of the
Lartnx \ m others it was not half an inch long, but it was above an inch to-
wards the bafis, being a little forked at the end. Beyond the llittof the VaUte.,
towards the Hh.nynx, there were two great (ilands, which iurniflicd the
Spittle. V
The
Fat,
to be n
the br(
bottom
which
Birds
'J^he
the Jpi
in the
It was
Ci/cc.4r
of the
Crair
'W'
V
of eight O ST RICH K
2.-3
Tht
..The r/;/^/;j were very fjefbiei and very big, and without Feathers, , cove- ,
red with a white skin lornewhat reddi(})»; rayed by elevated wrinckles, of
tljq Figure of a Net, whole Madies could receive the end of ones finger. In
one of the Males, there were little Feathery here and there upon the Thiglis,
alnioltaftcr the lame manner as Gefner has defcribed it in his Figure. Some
had neither little Featliers nor Wrinckles. I'he Legs were covered on the
fore-part with a,reat Iquare Scales; , ,
I'he Fcot w^s cleft, and compofed only of two very large Toes^ which
were covered with Scales like the Legt Thefc Toes were unequal : the- great-
eft, which was on the infide, mealiired ieven inches, comprehending the
Clurvy which was nine lines in length, and a little left in breadth ; in tome
rctembling the Naile of a Mans great-Toe. The other Toe exceeded not
four inches, and had no Naile, This little one touched the ground onl,y at the
end. The great one being leen Tideways had almoft the fhapa a Mans Foot,
with its flioeon ; it was only a little thinner and longer. Pliny reports that
the Feet of the Ofirich arc like to thofe ol the «S'/4^^. Diodorm 6iculujt, who
Calls the Ofirides Stagg-Birds, relies upon this falle relemblance. Suidas is
likewife more miftaken, when he (ays that the Fcet.of t|ieO/?r/f/^ dorrelem-
ble thofe of an Jjfe. Thole who have named the OJlrich iitrMtho*c4wdus,
that is to fay, Cock-Camely according to Scaliger, and according to the Chalde.e
Faraphrale of the fore-cited pla(;e ofjob, have not erred (bmuch.: for the
length of the Legs of the Ofiricb has Ibme fimilitude with thole of t!icCfl«fr
ana CaouI. Moreover the manner after which the Foot of the C^wr/ is cleft,
which is different from all other cloven Fe^ t,and its Claw,whicJ) is alio quite
of another Nature than that o^ Uta^gs nadGoMtSy are pstrticUlarities which
are common to it with the Qftrtth. Our Ofkricks, like the Qamely liad a
Calloflty at the bottom of die Utermm^ op whi^h they ck> reft like the Ctimeiy
.when they lie down. mj: ^l.-.-ji.- vfiiyd ,'.:<ii'i Hui.t i- A: -A'X
Near the Anuiy in one of the five Mal^, thQre was on eadi fide tlirc^ holes
of a line and half diameter, and two lines in depth.
At the top of the Thordx, under the shin, there was Fat about the thick-
nels of two fingers. There was fomc more clpccially on the fore-part of
the Belly, which wa\ hard like Suet: it was in Ibme places two inch-
es and a half thick. This Fat was iiiclolcd between two Mcmbi-ancs as
rtrong as the Pcritonxum. Tlielc Membranes, which thus incloled this
Fat, were the Jponenrofes of the Muitles of the low er *ye»ter, which began
to be llefliie o\\\y towards the I-lancks, the whole fore-part of the Belly about
the breadth of a foot being without llefti. The6/f;«ww(telcended not to the
bottom of the Belly, liccaule that t'le Mulcles which move the Wings, and
which are falhud to the ^StermtrM^ have no need of being ib great as n\ other
Birds which llye.
The OeJopiitgM was leated on the Body of the Vert eh Xy being faftencd to
the JpoHeurofes of the Mulcles of the Lungs; of which more Ihall be Ipoken
in the Icquell. Its lumcles were very thick, ejpccially that which is llefliie.
It was mknlihly inlargcd, even to fix iiiclics in breath near the Lentrict: oi
(jizj:.»rd ; lb that it was ttiflicult to mark the place of the liiperiour Orifice
ot* the V'tMtricU : it leemcd that the extremity of the Oifophagtu did tbrm a
CrAiv which was contbundcd with a dti^zAtd^ and that tliclc two parti toge-
riicr
.>^v
2 04
Tfjc Anatomical Defcription
thcr did compofe one fingle Ventricle. This Conformation, ( which, in gbne-
ral, isverydiflferent from that which is common to Birds, where the Crtuv
is us*d td have a Contraction which (eparates it from the Gizzard^ ) was like-
wife more lirang, by realbn of the Situation that it had : for it was not only
in the Stomach, but it was lower than the Gizzard, underneath which it deC
cended, and towards which it afterwards re-afcended, lb that the entrance
of the Gizzard was through its bottom ; and thus the Orifice, which is com-
monly called the fupcriour, was indeed the inferiour.
In (bme of our Subjefts, theG/scW was feparatedon the infide into two
Cavities by an Eminence formed by its Mulculous Flefh, which, towards the
middle, was above two inches thicker than any where ehi. This Eminence
contrafted the internal capacity direftly over the middle, and fcparated it on
the left fide, where was the inferiour Orifice^ called Pylorm. The Figure
of thele two Cavities did not outwardly appear, the flefh of the Gizzardbc-
ing equal; and the whole together had tlie Figure of the Ventricle oiWizxiy
making an oval, which was fifteen inches in length and eight in breadth.
j£liM feems to give Icveral Ventricles to the Ofirtch, as to Animals which
chew the Cud, When he fays that this Bird digefts Stones in the Ventriele
called Echtnoty which is the &cond Ventriele of ruminating Animals, which
is ib called, by realbn that its interiour Membrane is filled with wrincklcs
armed with points like the Hedg-ho^y which the Gr^rit* do call fr/W/w/.- but
this ibrt of Vtrhritte was not found in our Subjcfts. It may only be ^id that
the Ventruie of fomeof the Ofrithes that we differed is double, and not that
they hive two Ventfictes ; feeing chat both the parts of the double Ventricle
are covered with th& fame Membrane, artd thiitthis Membrane isdiflTerent
in the difllisrent Ventricles of Animals which chew the Cud. For the Mem-
brancsof ihcCr^ir were garnifhed with Glands regularly ranged, and framdl
like the ends of fmall Pipes, being round, and pierced through the middle :it
the {Xirt towards the infidt of theCr4w, «iid uhequal on the other fide, be-
ing compolcd of Icvcral Grjiwj, after tiK manner of conglomerated Gltmls.
And in this thuy ditlcred from (\\tGl»nds whidiare found in the Crmsof the
Dem&i/rlles of Ntmidia, Grtfe, Dnckt and feVcral other Fowl, where thcfc
Glsnds arc fecn pierced only as in the O/fr/VA, but they arc linglc, and of the
kind of thofe called Congk>bated.
The Membrane that coated the infide of the Gizz»rd^ ^x\^^ v/hich was ca-
iily fcparabic therefrom, was a line and half in thickncfs m fume of oiir Sub-
yih%: It was a)mp)llH.l of two parts, viz. of a7*»/f/r wliidi was inimcdi-
aicly talVcned tothcFlclbof t.\\cGizziu^d, andof ahciipof little GlaiKiiilon>.
Bodies, which made a kind of Velvet. Thelc fmall liocH^^, in moft of tlK
Subit^ts.u ere lo minute, that they appeared to be ratlier Fibres tlian Glands
in Ibinc ihcy wciv about tlichigncli of a great Pin, aiiJ .il/ovc die length ot"
a I .inc. Thev were loyivjd and glued to each other, «s the Fibres arc in
WofKJ. There was a grt^at m.aiy i>laces where thcfc liii.il! Kalies were fc-
pai-ateil, iuid nvMlc ftvcral clefts or chincks. The /''f>//r/T.V of the Crr/w-
rant was aliHolf i)t this Struthiiv.
^ Thcic Ve»tn:hs were alwnys found full of Hay, Gn^fs, Bnlcy.fltMns,
Bones, and Stones, of ^^■luch x\>k'c were Ibnie as bi{^ as n fillers Fgi;. Tliea-
were likewilc fouic l-oitf'Ui : m one we counted Icvcrvy of tfieni. They were
molt
tals.
cfEi^jt OSTKlCt$:^%
7325
moftof them worn and confuaied about three quarters, ^injgfcratch'd by
their mutual rubbing,and by that of the Stones,and not by CprVdion caii^d by
any humour or ^cido Spirit, as we ^bund jbecaule that lomc of thefe bdfd>Ies,
which were hallow on one fide, and bolTcd on tlje other, were fo worn and
bright on t Jeof the Bofs, that there remained nothing'of tlie Figure of
Money : vi -.tas the fide which wasliollow, was not/^iall damaged, its
cavity having defended it from the rubbing of tiie other Dpt^/ej, All the reft
which was contained in the Ventxicle with tiieie Poublesy a^wcH Stones, and
Bones, asPuUeand Hay, was green. Wee found the fameTthing inrhe Ly»-
triclc of a Biijlard^ where there were Ninety Douhles worn ijy tiiis rubbing :
.they lud Uke wile given a green Colour to, a great deal oif^jHay which was
This made us to think that in Birds, and generally i4; all Animals, tlie
diflblutionofthc Nourilliment is not performed only by fubtilc and pene-
trating Spirits, but alfb by the Organical and Mechani<^l A£lion of the
Ventricle^ \\\\\d\ comprelles and inceflantly beats the things which it con-
tains ; lb tliat in the generality of Animals which do lu-allow a hard
Nourilhment without chewing it, ( as Birds wliich live on Grain, ) Nature
has made their Veniricle Mufculous, and has given them the inltinii of fvval-
lowing Stones, by tlie means pf which they may break in their Ventricle
-what others do bruife with their Teeth. In fine this Affectation which the
oenerallity of Birds have of fwallowing Stpnes, has a more manifeft u(e than
.uiat which EtgUs and CrtMes have of putting Stones into th^ir Nefts. CV-
ian^ and the genei-allity of other NaturaUft«, ar,« of Opinion tliat the Vefttri"
ci^ of Birds, aind efpecially of tjie OJtrich, is flcQiy, to afford it more Heat:
but it is known that the Mulculous and Fibrous flefh ads more by its Mo-
tioa than by its Temper ; and that one of the principal and mofl important
Ji£^ionsofthe Heart, is that of Contradion and Dilatation, which ferves
notleistotheConco^ionand alteration of the Blood, than to its diftribuci-
on. Itis probable that thofe who have thought, that the Stones and Iron
which Ofirkhfs do devour,are diltolved in their Ventricle by a particular virtue
that Nature has given to t\\Q Ventricles of different Animals ; by which Ibme
dodigpft Poylbns, otiiers Bones and raw Flefh ; and that the Ofirich wasfur-
piiObcd with that of digefting Metals and Stones, reflected not on tliat at-
trition of the Peices of Copper which we have obfcrvcJ, and mucli Icls on
the verdure, with which all that was contained in the Ve/Jtncle was tingod.
For iftherr#/ri<;/f ofthe OJlrich lud a faculty peculiar for digerting of Me-
tals, it would digcll them after the fame manner as other things are digdled;
whicli is to be melted anddifTolved, without fliflcring other change in their
Colour, tlian to iKCome white i which proceeds from the dmoft infinite lit-
tle bubbles which the boy ling of the Fermentation there produceth: Fo*-
tliis Ebullition gives a white Colour to whatever it Agitates, as is feen in
tlie Froth of Inck, which is while. It is likcwilc known by Kxperienct;
that the things whicli are diffolved in tlie Ventricle do receive an alteration
in their Subflance, witliout clianging Colour ; as it is remarked in Cr/m-htlh,
which arc found half digcfted,in the Ventricles of Filhcs, witli their Natural
blackncfs, and not having that rcdnefs w!uch they do acquire, when the
Ueatoftiv: Fire Boyls and alters thcm,after a manncr,which is very diill'rcijt
E e froi;i
126
The Aniithmicai tyefin^ion
from the heat 6f Animals: Soriiatthe greeh^fe ivhich happen? to Copper
in the Vetaride of die Opith, cannot proceed from a Diffolvcnt, that it has
to Kgeft Mctfc but ther? is a probability, that the DiflTolution i«J there
riiatfc, aftertlicfimemannet-asifitfhotild have been donfeoutof thhTen-
frick, if tlic Cdppef had been champed \wth Heibcs , or foihe acid or (aline
Liquor, of what Nature feeder Ifc were, and wWch flrould be very different
from this acid of fait jor'feHc'from that gencfalDiflfolvent ( whatever it be, )
'ofall that is capable of aflfoi-dmg'Nouriffinicnt: So that it is credibhi that
tfic OJfrkh being a Voracious Animal, ^ridi has need of Swallowing fbme
hard thing, that isreauifite, as has beeftfaid, to break its Nourifhment; it
mifufo the ii^in^ wfiich Nature has given it for that end, when it Swal-
lows Iron, and cfpccially Copper, wiiich is turned into Poifbn in its Sto-
mach, Ihftead of earning into Nooriflim^t. And indeed, wc were inform-
ed by thole wlio look after thefe Animak in the Aviary of VerfalUs , thix.
the (J/nV/iw whKhdo Swaltow much Irdn, or Copper, do all Dye prelently
after. ■• ■"'
The Intefinei in our Subjefts Were different in length, akho' the Animals
were almoft of the lame fize. In one they w€(re fifty Foot, in another four-
ty two, in a third thirty three, in a fourth twenty nine. The three fmaller
imcftines, had fcarce more kngtlvthan theCtjAw and Rt^um together. This
Cacum u'us doubled, as ill ittoft Other Birds- tbchcomprehending two Foot
in kngth, more or tefs, in pfopertion to ifcc length of the other Intrfthtes.
The External Surface cf tne CW!?>» andC«nrm» were uneven, with feme ve-
ry regular Boflfes, but diflfereiit ih each <>fthe(e htefiiites. Thele Bolfes
Avtre tormed by ibme leaf-like Ligariients^ which were on tlie inlid?, al-
-mollthe fame in they are ften ki the third and fourth Ventricie of Animals
which chew the Cud. In the Cokm theft leaves were tranfverfelv fituated,
each making more than half a Cirde, and being alternately placed; (btfaat
the ends of two Semicircles, did receive and include the extremity of ano-
ther Semi-circle, as if one did put the Teeth of two Combes within one an-
other. Thde Semi circles were half an Inch diftant from each other, and
were but three Lines broad in their middle, and went leflliin^ to nothing-
All along this Inteftine^ in the Pofterknir Part, there was a Ligament two
Lines broad, which being in length a third left than the hteftine, did con-
traft it, and make the Interiour and Semi-circubr Ligaments to Form the
Folds &ncl Boffcs, which appeared ftill more obfcrvable, when the Inttfiim
being blown up, the whole Membrane, which was not retained and held
by the 1 jgaments, was extended by the impulfion of the Air. All the
Veffels entered at the fide of this Ligament, to diftribute themfclves into
the Inteftiney but particuUrly into the Leaves. This Strufturc of Leaves
tranlverlely leated in the Cohn hath already been obfcrved in the Afe^
where mention is made of the dilcovcry that we have made, offuch Leaves
in the 'Jejunum of Man ; but we deferred to give the Figure thereof till wc
came to xhtOfirieh.
TheC'-fcwwwas likewife furnifhed with Leaves on the infide, or rather
with one fingle Leaf, which turned like a Screw from one end to the other,
almoft after the manner dcfcribed in th<i AVj-Fox, and as it is in Hares^ and
Ridfits. This l.wif was of the lame breadth, viz^ five Lines everywhere.-
It
(f Etgh OSTRICHES.
217^
nnd
It
It went only fbmewhat contraffcing towards the extremity of the htefiitu^
propoftionally as the Intefiine is ieflened) whicji went poiqtiiqg, as in moft
QjlAdrapeeCs, and contrary to the Nature pf Birds, where this iB/*/?/w keeps
the fame breadth throughout its whole length^and which ibmtimes increaif
esitfclf, as we have obfervM in tie P/«/4<fo, where this cnbrgement is
more conflderable) than in any other Bird that we have fecn. .
At the extremity of the Reffum there was a great Bladder fiU'd with U-
rine, to the quantit}^ of eight Ounges: It might contain ones twoFifts^
Tlic Membranes which compoied it, were like to thofe of the Inteftines ; but
they were a little thicker. In one of our Subjefts, which was a Female,
this Bladder was difleminated on the infide with a great number of Veff^Is,
which came as it were from a Center, and fpread over its whole capacity;
Thefe VefTels were not vifible in the other Subjeds. DiredUy over this
Center, was the hole through which the Relium emptied it (elf into theBlad^
der 'Twas a 'very ftrai^ht hole, in the middle of a TuriEJour of about
the bignefs of a Nutt, which made as it were a Hen's Arfe. At the bottom
of this great Bladder there were likewife two holes, which were the
Mouthes of the Vrfters^ which did run betwixt the two Tunitles of the Blad-
der, like to that of Terreftrid Animals. Underneath thefe two holes was
an oval Aperture ten Lines in length, which had a Membranous border,
by the means of which it might be clofcd, when it came to be compr^b^i
by the weight of the Urine: For then this Membranous bprder joyned it
felf to a fwelling or round Body, being of about the bignefs. of ones Fill,
of a middle Subllance between a Cartilage and a Ligament. This Tuberoftit
was cleft in the middle after the manner of an Jfrico:ky being faflened on
the infide to the Os Pdis.
This Oval Aperture gave paflage into a fecond Bladder or Poucli, leiTer
tiian the firfl, and which was not madetocontaine the Excrements, but on-
ly to give them paffage, according as its Tu»ieie did more oriels comprefs,
and dole the Tuherofttie which did fill it, by an Adion like to that of the
Membranous border of the Oval Aperture.
rUc Penis in moft of our Subjeds was compoied of two Subftances, viz.
of white, thick. Nervous, folid Membranes, and of white Ligaments, of
the fame Subftance as the Membranes, but a great deal harder and more lb-
lid, having neither in the Membranes nor in the Ligaments any VefTels,
nor Cavity : They appearM compoied only of tranlverlc Fihres very com-
paft. Tiic external Membrane which covered the whole Penis was the
thickcft ; The internal did immediately invelope each of the two Ligaments,
which were leparated from each other, and were united about two Fingers
from the extremity. There was one longer than the reft j the longcft was
two Inchc> ; They were each four Lines Diameter towards their Bajis^ go-
ing pointwife towards the extremity. The Originc of this Penis was at the
Cartilaginous fwelling which was raftened to the internal part of the joyn-
ingofihe Os Pithis, of which it is juft before Ipoken ; from thence it was
rcflcfled turning Ihort downv/ard , cntred into the little Pouch , and
came out at the external orifice of this little Pouch, which is the y/««w.
This Aperture was bordered with a Semicircular fold, which embraced the
PeniSfU the place where it went out. In fliorr this Penis had neither GVjW,
F e 2 Pu-
"The AhdtoMicM'Veftri^oti
^r^fuce, DuifS^y nor C4t'//j!; which iriighfc give paflage to any Seminai
'iAitvcr. In '(We of the Subjtefts, bdides the Merfitj^anes arid Hiiga'ments
"trhich compoled the Pefiis, tWerc Vas affo a third SuMlance, red, Spongi-
ous, and much refembling tfettiftlic Cavcriiblis Ligarfients of Tenejtrial
•Atfhnal?. U was garnifhed ^Ith a grfeat alraritit^ bt Veffels.
In the pemale, inftead of the ftj»/j, there ^&J tfnly the Gartilaginoirt
Spelling, whi<Ji filled thcfeeond Poueh as in the Male ; and this Tumour
cdttie out of the Jrtus about HfcbJgn«i!s of k fmali Mutt : It had a little A|>-
jjendix about three Lines lohg, thin, arid bent back. It is hkely that this is
the Clitoris.
In this little and fecond Poifch, thete was on the left fide a Fide into aft*
other Cavity, iti manner of af^ffage, which \^a^ tht Oviduct m. Tli is Hole
(exceeded not four Lines in Dfemetei-.-K had wrinkles all roundj after the
mattncr of the external Orifice of tht Females of ^ddr»pcd''s. In one of our
iStft)jefts the Tvmicle of this DtiwJ?*^ were very thic?<i and its Cavity very
large near the entrance: In another ?t \^'as lets; and about live Indies be-
yond the entrance, it was contrafted to Form another Falfiige five Lines
long, hard arid Nervous, wf](ich might |>a{s for tlie internal Orifice of the
JiijltHx. Oflderricath this Sfralt Paffage, there Was a little Bag or Pouch,
H6^ Perforate, the depth of which waseqnal to the length ot die Paffage.
ittttiefiirbjeds where this(^hiit Paflage walsmot fblirid, the OviiuUm con-
ifbaed it felf, from its <trft enttanoe fWl as it aj)p¥6d<*licd the Qvmim ; lb
thit at its extilattity it exceeded ritet four Lines in breadth, inftead of three
Indies and a half, which it had at ih middle. In this extremity it formed
that Hole which is called the InfuHdihithh or Tunnel of the OvidkBm, and
ieat forth, on the riglit and left fide, two Membranous Appendices, which
had ibme fmiilitude with thofc that are at the txtrcilnity of the Tuha. oiTn-
rtfirial Animals.
This whole Paflagc, which ii properly the Matrix or Corma Vtrri of Birds,
was two Foot and a half fong, and capable of receiving ones Fid: in its larg-
eft part. It wasflefliy at the beginning, and became infcnfibly Membra-
nous towards its end. After having afcendcd, by turning on the left fide
towards the Kf«mV/f it was reflefted towards the Back-bone, dt (lending.
A double Membrane, in form of a large Ligament, faftened it : It had
an Edge the length of two Inches on each fide.- The hinder part of this
Ligament was faftened along the Back-Bone, like a Melentery : tlic Antcri-
our was loofc. Both were intcrmixt with a great number of VclTels,
which were in greater quantity on the Paffage of the Ovtducttts than in the
Ligament. Thele Vcflels did come from two great Brandies wliich entered
through the extremity of the Oviduffust towards the Ovnriiim : the one
went along the top, tnc other the bottom ; and their Branches had Ibmc
AMfiomofcs with each other, viz. thofc of the lower part with thofe of
the upper.
Tiie whole Paffage of the Ovidu^m was compoled of tlirec Membranes.
exccnt the extremity, which makes tlic Inf'Hndthnlnm, wliich fecni'd to \x,
of a iingle Membrane. The Intcriour of thefc Membranes was mij'htily
wrinkled, or rather as it were leaved, after the manner of the third and
fburth Ventricle of Animals that chew the Cud. 'J'hcle Leaves, wliich filled
all
if tijWK
rCHES
.M9
had
this
Lntcri-
)ranes.
to Ix
Iitily
d anil
fillc-a
all
'^
l\
allj1;fie Cavity, went leiigtWife^^arid a vejfy tj^ Turiicie)Qjfnedi t^em to-
other. The lecdrid Membrane, wmcn wfis tBat of ^^t^
flelhy. The third, which was thin and fTeek, ^as riqtfiiijg .i?vt tli^ double
l^eiiiBrane, of which the broad l.i§ament , was fompolst^ wnich wa^
vicjl^ in two to embrace the Paflajge of tliQ Qviduiins. V « '^ . j. j- -<■-
Wcobleryed four Mufcfes, appertaining t'o the Jnus. ancfjP^«/V: There
Nvere two on eacTi fide. The tW9 firfl tooK tli^ir Origine frqm the internal
gartof the Os Sacrum^ and delcciided along tfie rouch of the lUc?«>w, for the
ipacc of two ;Lines : they pcirced it near its extremity, 'aqd pafling under the
^(}i0€r of the ^wj, infcrtcd tliem'lelves at the bafts of die Pe«u in the
i^afes, and at that of the Clitoris in tTie Females. X^e two ptheis went
tloni* it ne internal part oftheOj ///«»», towards t^ie totconi of the Kidney 's^
and delccndcd at the fides of the V/eters, arid ,al|9 piercejng t'fi'c ReStuMy faft-^
ed'^d thcmfelv'es to the fides of die Pf»/j andC/f/(»y«.
the Ovarium was placed at the upper part of tliq Kidney's againft the Vc'
}7X.Cava and Jorta, being ftrongly raftned to the' Trund^s of thele V.^ifeis',
and garniliied with leverai Eggs, covered with their slaris as in liens. Tlielc
Eggs were of a different fize, viz.. from the bignefs of a ?ea to tliat qfa
^u.tt. The Meinbvanc, which mcluded eaph Egg, and_iW,hlc1li in Frewb i^
called /c Ci/w, had as it were 9^ TaUy by w&jcS Ujeklje^.are comm,^^^^^^
^biineijted atltogetU^r, anq dp compbfe that wrjich iscaUed the Ovmtitfi.
This Membrane was t'he tKi^k'^r the IdFcrtlie^Eggswer^^, IjC,ha<i^a,,|great
quantity of Veflels, and wa's fafteiied to thd Egg whicli it'inclbled," by an
infuiity of Fibres, being open towards the place opppfite to the Tail,, as is
the Clip of an Acornc, when the Acorri^ is roujidf and fmail, and when iris
almoft all covered with its Cup. The Egg bein^ fepdrated from the C4i^.e^
or Clip, was only a very delicate Coat, which contained only the Yolk 0^
tlic £gg, in thofe which were not bigger than a Nutt ; but in one of our
Subjeas where it was found about the bignefs of two Fifiis, this Coat was
filled with a humour like unto muddy Water, excepting that it was yellow.
There is ground to believe tliat the Natural Heat weakened in this Ani-
mal, by the contrariety of the Air of our Climate, had corrupted thclc
One of the Oftriches which are in the Park ofyerfaillesy having lay'd feve-
ral Eggs, fonic were brought to us, on which there was made Ibme Oblci-
vations and Experiments. For as tliefe Birds do not fit on t(icir Eggs, but
cxpofe them to the Ray's of the Sun and the Heat of the Sand, contenting
thcmlclvcs with fccuring them from the ftain, by laying tlicm on little
hillocks of Sand ; we relblv'dto try whether by the Heat, as well of the
Sun, as of the Fire, and Dung, we might at leaft procure in them any Altera-
tion, that might fcem a Dilpofitiop to Generation. For this end there was
one kept five wce'ns in the Sun, half buried in Sand, on a Bed of Dung raiicd
tluce Foot from the Ground, covering it with a Glafs Bell during the ill
weather. Another was put into an Athnnor with a gentle Fire, keeping ir
alfo, for the Hke fpace of time, in Sand and well covered. We obfcrvid
fcveral things, viz.. That the Eggs diminilhed anintli part of their weight ;
That the yolk and white of that which had been heated in the Fire, were
fomewhat tiiickened, without having any ill Scent : That whidi had been
iay'd
.■Ur:.
•2^6
Tl)e Anatofnicd Vefcripim
lay'd in the Sun was not thickened, but had contra£ted a very ill Smell :
And that in neitlier the one nor the other of thefe Eggs, there was found any
appearance of Oifpofition to Generation.
At the top of the Ovarium there was difcovered two Glandulous Bodies
faftened to the Aorta^ and Vend Cdva^ whofe Subftancc was like to that of the
Teftitles of the Males, having in their Superficies a great number of Vef.
lels. Their Colour was of a brisk red. Each of the€ Bodies meafured an
Inch and half in length, and four Lines in Diameter.
In the Males the Tfftides were of a different Size and Figure in the diffe-
rent Subjefts. In one they were fmall, being only fifteen Lines in length
and five in Diameter. In another they were long and narrow, being an
Inch and half long and foUr Lines only in Diameter. In i third they were
four Inches long, and an Inch and half Diameter througli the middle. Thele
laft had the Figure of a PulUts Egg a little extended, being larger at one end
than the other. In alj tlie Subjefts tiicy were covered with a Nervous Mem-
brane, Sprinkled with 16 great a quantity of VclTels, that it appeared red.
In one of the Subjeds wc found the Tefiiclc had as it were another little one,
faftened to its fide. This little one was about a fourth of the i^ieat one, and
was nothing die but the Epididymis leparatcd from the TeJlicU^ which was
joyned to it in two places ; vtz. by a Branch of tile Vat SpermaticHm PrafA-
rMjf which proceeding firom the middle of the TejUcU^ did enter into the
middle of the Epididymis ; and by the Deferens , which proceeding from
t!ie bottom of the Epididymis ^ was rejoyned to the bottom of the 7V-
ftitle.
Tlie Vafa Pf^p/trantid came out near the Emnlgents^ and were joyned
a little lower to the Tefiides^ which were laied on the Kidneys, a little more
on the left than on the right fide: Before their conneftingto the TefiieU^
they were each divided into three Branches, which joyned to each other,
and afterwards (cparating, did thus continue to communicate thcmlelves a-
long the Tefiidey to which they inlerted lome Branches at equal Spaces. In
this place they were exceedingly invelop*d with Membranes and Fat: But
notwithlbndingthefc Impediments, tlicir StruQure and Communications
were diifinftly Iccn ; becaufe that having boiled one Tcjticlc, and all the Fat
being melted, the VelTels evidently appeared, and Ihcwed that after being
united, they were fenarated, to rejoyn again. The Deferens dcfeending a-
long the Sptne to the lecond Bladder, was there faftened, after bein^ dilated,
and changed into a Membrane. This Ductus, as ufiially, was folid, and
without Cavity at its beginning, and at the end it \\ as enlarged, and be-
came Membranous.
The Liver was red, of a Subftancc hard and firm. \\y its Figure it re-
fembled that of a Man, being divided into two great Lobes. Tiic left
was partctl into two other finall ones. There was alio another little one, in
tiie middle and at the bottom of the two great ones, which was found l)iit
in one of the Subjcds. There was no GaU-Biaddery but only :i l)iu7iis HejJi^
ticHs, which proceeded from the middle of the hollow part of the Liver, and
inlerted it lelfe at the Pylona. The DmHus was formed by the uniting '>''
three great branches, which were diftributed into the whole Sublbnce of
the Liver. At the extremity of one of thelc Branches, very near its Inlcrti-
'•■'■'" on
o f eight O ST Kl C H E S, ^,
on into tiie Du^us, there was a Dilatation about the bignefs of a^i-edt Fil-
beard, which did not appear becauie it was again covered Qver by the Paren-
#i^« of the Liver.
' The yeM Porta was double, having two ieparate Trunck^, and eadi thcit*
particular roots. The firii, which was the bigger, was failemed to the right
Lobe, at the place whsjx the Gall^Biaddfr commonly is in £irds. The ie-
oond (tlic letter) came out from the bottom of the left LobeThe VemCuva.
was joyned along the gxksx DiMfhragtMy right by the fide of the Aorta. >■ -
The P AVer ens was ten indies long, and an inch broad .'^ • It was placed be-
tween the Hrft foid-ywhich the ii!«Ar///W.f do make in foimeof a longSinuofity
us in moft otlier Birds. It wasofa true flcfli-Colour. ^Thc Glands where-
of it was compoled were wholly {eparatedfnom each othbrjand joyned on-
ly by Membranes. The Dit^tts PantreMicus was kniet toxhe uppef part of
the leiutMm. It proceeded from the middle, of the P«^)»iir} where the two
brandies joyned, which it (hot fortii into each harlfof xkkrPmtreas^ one to-
wards the top and the cither towards the bottom. It is nemarkable that in
die Generalities Birds,the Dm^us Pancrestiei are inferted lieah the ChoUdochi;
but in our Ofidches the inlertion of ilic Pam:re.ttktts was above three foot di-
ftam from that of the /i/Jif/w/. v, ; • vm\i. vrij .
The Sfleeri was taftned to the Ventricle by a ftrong Membra fie, ^ivhlch
condu£ied and held the ^plehatiiok Vef&ls, It was Cyltndf'icaj, being two
indies and a half bog, and Bight LinesiDiameter ; yet it was a little fmallcr
^t the bottom than at the top. Its PartmfrjmA was Solid, and like to that
of the Kidneys of jl^^^^r^p^^^/.
The KJ^h* compreheddod «ight aaches< in leqa^r &nd two in breadth.
In mofr of our Subjects they weoe dSfiferent ieom the Kidneys: of other Birds,
not being cut into (ev«ralI:X)bes, but'haviriga^xxitinuity vei'y equ^. Their
whole Subftance, MrbiCh was quaggy, appeared moreover v^ unequal, as
being compoled of a great quantity or Glands. Tliey had a very 'fine Mem'
kftme^ that immediatly covered tlwm, whijdh was again covered over with
another ftronger and thicker, fupplying cheufeofthe Memhnmx Adipofa.
Tlic colour of tliefe Glands was of a verjr brisk dark Red. In fome erf" our
Subjefts we found the Kidneys were cut in three as ufually, the upper and
tower part being larger than that of die middle. The Vreter vi'as not, as in o-
thcr Birds,lay*d upon the Kidneys from top to bottom,but it was included in
their SubftaHce,where it was a Uttle larger than outwardly,a., it were to form
a Pelvis y which was about the Icngtli of the Kidney. In this Pelvis there was
fcen jleveral holes, which were the Mouthsof the Branches or Cliannels
which the Pelvis fends into die whole Subftance of the Kidney, There was
not any appearance ofPdpilU.
The Rings which compofed die Affera Arteria, were intirc, but a little
comprefled, vvhicli gave them an Oval Figure. The Larynx confifted of one
Cricoidesy Sind om ArjiUttofdes. The Cr/fw</« relembled that oF a Man, and
tlie >4r;/-e»w<^j was made of two flat and large Carrilages, articulated with
the Cricoides by the means of their Mufeles. Between them t!iey left an A-
perture of fix Lines, which made tlicGiottit. Thele two Cartilages were
covered over with one Mufcle, which plainly (ervM to clofe the Mouth of
the Glottitf by drawing them together.
The
The Anatomical Dcfcriptm
. The DUpbij^e was not fingic, as in tcrreftrial Animals, where tliere is
butoncParcicidn, which fcparates the Parts contained in ihcThorsx from
thofeof the lower ^V/z/^r : But tlicrc were levcral biaphrs^mef, which made
a great many (eparations, by dividing the Cavity of all this part of the Body,
which is called the Trunck, into fix other Cavities, by tlie means of Hve
Partitions, which may be taken for as many D/4^i&r<^«i«.
There were four ot theft Diaphrdgmes or Partitions, whole Situation was
direct from top to bottom, and a fifth feateda CroR Ofthefourftrait
ones, two were Utcle, and two great ; the litcfc ones covered the Lungs,
wiiicli were faftened to the fides, and fcparated them from the four upper
ijladders of the Luogs.. The great DUphn^mes wliich covered theic Blad-
ders, 33 the little Ones coverod.the Lungs, left a great Ipacc in the middle
where tiie Heart and Liver were ifiicludcd together. The fifth Diapkrtigme,
M'hicii wa!> feated crois-wife, going from the middle of one of the great DU'
fkira^mts to the middle of the otlier» leparated the Heart and Liver from
clic Gizzard, the Intcltincs and ether parts of tlic lower BeUy, in which the
two inferiour Bladders of the Lungs were likewife held. So that the fix Cavi*
vities were, a great one of the lower yeitter • another great one of the middle
of the Tlwraxy leated over the firft ; two middling ones at the fide of the fecoad,
which contained theiour upper Bladders ; and two little ones at the (idc of
cbefe middling ones; wlicre the right and left Lungs were incloi^.
Each of the MttXa Diaphr/^tSy ("which we call the MufcU of the Luags^be-
■cauic tltat it was fkfhy, and covered the Lungs,>had itsOrigine very mrfhy,
which was divided into fix heads faflened towards the extremity of t^
^i<eatRibbs, near the Angle which they do make with otiier little Ribbs
thatfaftcn them to tbe6>^»i>m» inllcadof the Cartilages which knitt theiti
in Terrclirial Animals. Thefe fix Heads did altogether produce a largp
Tcnd<¥i or AponeuroftiyVihiQh being couched on the Lungs, went to joyn it
ielf with the Jponeurofn of the Qthcr oppofite Mulcle, on the Fertevrd of the
Back, to which it was alio f^rongly conoeded. The diredion of tlK Fibres
ofthisMufcle was Oblique, inclining a little towards the bottom, (bthat iis
A£lion is to contract tlie Thoraxhy clofing the Ribbs, and drawing them
dov\n wards. ■.■luj
Each of the great Dtapfjragmes, which was only a Membrane without Muf
culous ficni,and coniequently without Adion,and iervingonly for a partiti-
on,Iias>fccmcd tu us tomcritt rather the naar.Qof D/apha^me,than the two lit-
tle ones that were MuIcuious,and alio than the Ditphragme of Terreftrial Ani-
mals, wliich ierves for other purpoles than to leparate the upper Helly from
die lower ; being principally imploycd by its Motion in the Rcfpiration
wliicli is called free, as arc the Mufcles of the Thorax for the Rcfpirati-
on w liii.li is called Violent and forcal, the which is performed by the Dilata-
tion und Conftridion of the Thorax.li&ch of thtH Diaphagmes was joyned at
the rop, and at the fore-fide, along each Ribb of the Stmimy which was very
brojil uiouv UJIf/ches, as it commonly is in Birds. At its back-part it loyn-
cd tu the j^po/tiHroJis of the Mulcle of the Lungs, and by the means of this
ApoM.itrofts to tlie /'Vr/z^riC of the Back: At the bottom it was fallencd to
the trmiCvcrfc Mufclcofthe lower /'Vwffr.
T;:.- T; inrvc'.ll; l)/jp/jra'>me was /c.itcd a little lower tli.iu the bottom of
•^ the
in£
of
on
(f eight OSTKICHESS
^33
the Sttrnim. It proceeded frotn the middle of one of the great- Diafhrsmes \
and da aving on the foreprt tothe Tranfverle Mulcles ot the lower HeTly
stnd on the hind-part to the JfinuHrofes of the Mufclesof eh^ Lungs,tt wcrrt: to
fallen it fclf to the other great Diapfjragme. Underneath' it wa) {^arntmed
with Fatabout the thicknefs of ones Finger. r/. ;
The Luagtt beii^ included between the Ribbs and little Diaphragf^eijciW'
«d by us the Mulcles of the Lungs, wero compbled of twQ Red and Spongi-
ous nelhy parts, as in other Birds. They were each ten inches long and
^ree and a half br6ad, being an inch and a half thick. Each of the two
Branches of the Jfperd Arttrit, entring into the Lungs, was divided into le-
veral branches, which were diftributed into its whole FarenchmtA^ as in Ter-
reilrial Animals, exceptthatallthele Branches were (imply Membranous
without any Cartilages. The Airp^ng into the(e brancjhes, went to the
external furface of the PareuehymA which was pierced widi an infinite number
of little holes, which were feen through a very thin Coat, wherewith the
wholeLungs were covered to inclo^ theAir,ftnd let it out only thro five holes,
each about five Uncs Diameter, and ranked according to the length df the
Lungs, lome towards the Back-bone, others towards the Sternum. Thole
holes wliich were towards the Surmtmy piercing the flefliy part of tlie MuP
cle of trie Lungs to penetrate into the ladders, were oblique ; and it feem'd
to be tliu<; formed that the Air might be voluntarily retained in thele Blad-
ders by the Adion of the MuKle, which, by contra^ing it felfe, might
kflien this, hole, for Ibme u(es which may be conjectured, as it fhall be cxplaii;!-
ed in the (Iquel. . .■■ ■.lun'-'^^w -.M.ini Lviai.>iA.. ■ . ;i_./w.;^ ..-. ■. ■ ^^i^-^-iA^-^
The four Bladders which ^vere OA oachikte at the top of the Tijorix, Wer^
included, as has been laid, between the Dhfhragme and the Mufcle of the
Lungswhercwith they were covered over. The Coat of each Bladder was
fallcnt»l by the fides of the Di4piEr4^M« and Mufcle of the Lungs. At the
top and bottom it was joyned to the Coats of the Neighbouring Bladders be-
tween wliich it was. The fifth Bladder, which was a great deal larger than
thereft, was not included bei;ween t\\t Difhratme and the Mufcle of the
Lungs, but between the two iktfhrngmes with the Jatejtines and other parts
of the lower Belly ; and that tliey toucht the Mufcle of the Lungs only at
theplace where it was Pierced, to give paflageto the Air that it received
from the Lungs. In E^Us and ibme other Birds, we fijund tfifefe Bladder?
feftned by the bottom to a Membrane exceedingly loaded with Fat, wliich
inclofcd as in a Sack the f^en/riiU and InteJUneSy and which we have taken
for an Epip/ooa.
The parts of this Strufturc could not be fo well obferved in other Birds, by
reafon of the tendernels of the Coats whereof thele Bladdci-s are com|ioled,
which in die (jy?mA are about the thicknels of a Hog's Bladder; and we
found thofe of the lower Belly in one of our Subje£ls four times thicker, be-
ing Scirrhous : But in aloft other Birds it is almoft impolTible not to cut
tliem in making the Difledion, and they can be well viewed only, by keep-
ing them extended by blowing into the Jfpera Jrteria, This knowledg
ofthis Scrudure gave the Society an occafion of making feveral Rcfk£tions
un the manner of Relpiracion in gencf^l, and on that particular to Birds,
.;::..--. .-■■■'• - / Ff ■ to
^34
The AtiatoMieat Defcfiptidn
to imlcavour to arrive at the knowledg of the ufes which theie Organs mull
hargywhich are fa ditfi^rent in the one and the other of theie Animals.
It was eonfidered that Rcipiration ferves not only to the refrefhmenc of
the Heart, and to t)ie Voice, but that it is alfo ufeful for the Concoction and
i)irtribution of the Nourifhment, by the continual agitation and conftriftioiv
of the Ihoraxy which prcfling the Lungs fiU'd with Air, and by this Means
rendered like loft* Pillows, makes chat they ^ntly fqueezeout, not only the
iilood contained in tlieir Veifels, and pulh it into die Heart ; but do alfo
comprefstheother Veirelslhutupinthe27^or4Jf, to favodr the diftribution
of the blood, as it appears in violent Actions, where ihe retention of Refpir"
<itioti is nccclLry ; for it is oblcrved that it makes the blood to rile up into the
Pjce. Butthemaniier whereby Refpiration is accompUflit by Infpiration
and Hxpiration, docs evidently demonftrate the verity of this ulc in terrellri-
al Animals ; for Inlpiration is performed when th^Thordx is inlarged by the
changing of the Htuation of the Ribs and UteroKfiij which renders its capaci-*
ty more ample; and by the relaxation of the Diaphragme, which likewife
diminiflies the Cajiacity, becaufe that it makes it to mount on high, and
take up a part of the Tkor»x. Now this Relaxation, which is a thing
palfive, is not fufficient for the powerful effort that Expiration requires, be-
caule that the Air inclolcd and comprefTed by the Adion, which the Peroral
Mufclcs do caule in Refpiration^ would be capable of forcing the Diaphrag<^
me downwards, if not tliruft upwards by (bme power which afts ftrongly
ill Expiration. This Power is double \ one is that of the Medi.fiinumj whictt
after having been drawn and extended in the inlpiration, when the center of
the Diafhrggme deicc^ids downwards, do*s afterwards draw the fame Cen-
ter upwards, as do^s Spring, which after having been forc'd returns to its
firil State, by an Adion which CmUi$ calls Natural, and which is not volen-
tary like that of the Mufcles \. fb that he attributes to it the involuntary re-
tradion whicli happcn's to the parts, by Muicles whole Antagonifls have
been cut. The other power which makes the Diafhragme to alcend, is that
of the mufcles of the lower Belly, which may pais for the Antagoniilsof the
Diaphragmc, when tlicy do comprefs whatever is contained under the Dia-
pliragmc: For by this Aftion making the Liver, Kr^rm/^, and other parts
of the lower BJly to rife up , they force the middle of the Diaphragme up-
wards; which afterwards defcends, when-by its proper A£lion, which is Ex-
tcndon, it again takes the flrait and flat figure which the Contraction of the
F ibrcs do give it. This comprcflion of the Muicles of the lower yenter on
tlic Vij'ccrx is fb powerful, that the Ventricle has been fbmtimes obfcrved to
iiavQ been puOitinto the capacity of tlie T/'orAJc, when the Diaphragme had
received a great Wound: as PardHtySennertuSfSitidHitdaniis do teflifie.
By thcfc AQions of the compieflion of the Muicles on the Vijcet* making
tliem to afccnd, and of that of^thc Diaphragme making them afterwards to
dcfcend, and by the continuity of thcle alternate Motions, it may be laid
that Refpiration is, in rcfpcC^ of tlie the Humours contained in tiie lower
VeHtei't what the Puliation of tlic Heart is in r^rd of tiie blood contained
in its Vtfitriclrs ; that-jf tofay, that this compremon and agitation ferves not
only to the dillributign of the Chyle, as that of the Heart ferves to force the
blood into the Arteries, but that it is one of the principal caufes of the gene-
ration
flfei^fef OSTRICHES'
2J5
ration of the (ameChvle, by the diviHon, attenuation and mixture of the
parts of the Food whicii thij continual agitatioQ i3 capable o^ produ-
TTiefe Aftion$'\«rhic!i arc efTsntially rteceflary for Life, and which muft bic.
porfbrmed in Birds as in it; rtrtrial Animals, are there alio perfbrm'd by Rcf-
piration, altho* with diilrcat Organs ; for tho' the Diapiuagmc of thplc,
Bicdschat have it^iufculoii^:, or at leafl the Mufcb of the Lungs in tlie
C^wi^, has Ibme Tenfion and Relaxation, by the means' of which, the?
Lungs and its Bladders ^re compreit, it has not tfiat Motion which it has in
terreRrial Animals, by which t!ie Vifcera are foratimes forced upwards, ibm-.
times downwards ; andtheMufclesofthe lower t^enter, by rcafon of their
finaOneG, cannot comprefs them but very feebly, becauie that ainioil all the.
lower Bdly is covered with the Sfemum, whole fize muft be exceeding great»
as it is, to give rife CO the great Mufcles which do draw the Wing down-
wards; the force of thefe Mufcles being unable to ani wer the powerful A6ti-
on of flight, if they were left. So that this weaknefi of the Mufcles of the.
lower r^»/^r and Diaphragme ; muft be fupply'd in Birds by the Bladders of
the Lungs, which are alternately filled and emptied in their Rcfpiration ;
and the manner of their acting is thus.
When the T.orax u dilated by the Aftion of the Pedoral Mufcles, the
Air enters into the Lungs, and at the fame time froni the Luiigs into the Blad-
ders ; but it muft be underftood that it enters only into thole which are in-
doled ia the T'.orar, becauie that there is nothing which, by dilating the
Bladderscontainedia the lower Belly, can give occafion to the Air to enter
in; for on the contrary it is then that they fhrink, and thL^; the Air which
they contain re-enters into the Lungs. But when afterwards the Tiorax is
comprel&d and contraded, the Air lockt up in the Bladders of the Ifjorax,
being thereby fqueezed out, one part goes out through the Larynx, the o-
therenters into the Bladders of the lower Belly, and I wells them at the
fame inftant that the upper ones are evacuated ; and afterwards when the
upper Bladders are filled by the dilatation of the TLoraxy tliCy do receive, not
on^ the outward Air thro* the L^ry/^jf, butalfothatof the Bladders of the
lower Belly, which arecompreffed at the lame time that the upper ones arc
dilated ; aiid this happens to tliem, as well by reafjn that their Coats do
return into their firft ftate, by the force of their Spring as becauie that the nf-
eers, which luve been forc'd and comprelfed by the dilatation of tlie Blad-
ders, do in their turn force thcm,aided by the Mufcles of the lower Be11y,not-
withftanding their (inaltnefs. This makes a Reciprocation and VicilTitudc of
Impulfions,which ilipply s the potent Aftion, proiluctd by the great Mulcles
of thelower BJ1y,in terreftrial Animals. This Adion of tlie Bladders, wiiich
lerve for the Reipiration of Birds, is plainly leen, when they are dilfcded
alive. We have made the Experiment thereof in great Birds, as Gjcfe and
Turker-CockSf in which having open'd the lowerBelTy, without hurting the
Bladoers which are there ; it was remarked that when the T'.orax was deprcl^
fed in the Expiration, the lower Bladders did Iwell; and that when it was
dilated for Inlpiration, they did fhrink.
Thb particular manner which Birds hare in their Rcfpiration, may be
explained by the Bellows of Forges, which feem to have oeen made after the
F f 2 imita-
iil
imTtation oftR^Drgans of the Relpiratjon ojF Birds .- Fpr tliele BcUow's Jiave
a double capacity to receive t|ie Air. Uliefirft is that, underneath, which
receives the Air when the Bellows is opened, and this capacity reprefcnts
the upper Bladders fliut up in the Thorax. The fccond capacity is that a-
bove, which reprefents the Bladders of the lower Belly : Por when the infe-
riour capacity is contru(^ed by the compreiTion of the Bellows .- The Air
which it has received enters through a hole >/vith which it is pierced, and
palfes into the upper capacity ; fb that the Air forceaWy tiiruft, do's enU'-ge,
thi^ capacity, by making the upper board to rile ;. this hole being in the
middle board between them, which is as it were aiJ/4jf/>r^»»<' bptwcen
the two Capacities that compofe the Bellows, which are dirtercnt^ frpm
thofeofthe Bladders of the Lungs of Birds, in that tlwiriituation isditte-
rcnt; t!ic cripacity of the Adders which do firft receive the Air, being in
the Supcriour part in Birds, and in the Inferiour in the Bellows of Forges.
The Society has likcwife made on Icvcral other Birds Ibmc Rcmarka con-
cerning the Relpiiation of theic kinds of Animals, which will be found in
their Defciiptions.
TlKHedrt was almofl: round, being fix Inches from the B4//; to the point,
and five in breadth. Birds have it generally longer in proportion. The Auri-
cles were Imall, and the Ventricles great. The Aperture of the Feua Cm.'*
\vas viery large, without any Valves : There was only as it were a Saclr>
whole nde ( which was a partition betwecA its Cavity and the Mouth of
the VcMa Cava ) did lerve for a Valve, which might be ulled Higmoidts,
ThisStrudure is common to the Heart of j^rds. The, ocj^er Valy^ wur^^
in the other V^lTcls of the Heart as ufu ally. ^ , ., 1 , , - , . „ ^i . ., .:. -» i/ ;
The Ao'rtt defceded along the 1 ighc fide as in other Birds, being (hut up
in a CtffitU formed by the Jfoneurofis of the Mufcles of tlie Lungs.
The AW/ was fbft : In oueoftheSubie£ls we found aFrafture. ' Natu-
rallifts have oblerved that when the OJlrtch fcaii any danger, it thinks it
(elfin fafcty, when it has hid its Head.
The Cerebrum with the Certbellnm was but two inches and a half long, and
twenty Lines broad. The DitrA Mdter divided not the Brain in two by that
large Produdlion called the ¥aIx ibut in the Subllancc of the Brain there was
oblerved only afmall Ray (bme what deep, on which the Dura AUicr was a
little thickned, and applyed to it making as it were a Seame.
The Sinus Lougitudinslts went as vfually from the forepart to the hind-
part of the Head, to terminate at the meeting of the Sinus Ltteralesy which
were fixed at the place where the Dura Mater (eparates the Cereirum from
the Cerebellum. Thcfe two Stnus''s came out ot the Skull through lomc par-
ticular holes of the Occiput^ to difcharge themlclves into the Intci Uul jugu-
lars. The fourth V/ww, which was leatcda great deal backwardtr than in
Terreflrt.1l Animals, did obliquely delccnd downwards, and dividing in-
to two Ihancl.cs, cntred into the TtHtrnUs of the Brain.
The Ditr* AUttr being taken au ay, wc found the (Jlmdula Vintilts layd
upon tlie place where the Ccreiellum ii loyned to the Cerebrum : It was a-
bout the l)ii;ncls of a little Pea : Icvcial Branches of the Laas Chi.ri'ides invc-
lop'd it. 'i'he /'/* Mater was Itrewed with a great Numl)tr of VelftU. i'lic
Surface of tlie Brain which it covered, was not divided into leveral Sinuo-
lilics
the
of-^^ OSTRICHES. 43;
fities irtd Ciicuirtroluti^ns, lltit unooth and even, as it is commonly in
Birds. The whole Anteriour part of the Brain was divided into two parts,
which were conneflfid' together only^ Ibme verjr flender i^r«. Theffe-
paration of chele two parts, which in Tetrtflrhl Animalsgoes to the Cafious
Body, was abfblutely of the whole Brain, which was united only by the Pofte-
riour Part; near the Cfw^r/Kwi. This feparatibn and divif?oA of the Brain in-
t6 two I'arts is fotrtd ill moft Birds ; and it is well known by Quacks and
Mountebanits, \v!jo gain a Reputation to tlicir Balfbme, by curing Hens, af-
ter havitig run a Kiiift through their Head, which they eafily do between
thele two Tarts of the L'-iin, witlwiir killing them. In each of tnefe two Parts
there was a Cavity 6r Vfntrick, which was covered over with a white, me-
dullary Subilance, half a Line thick, which was alfb extended over the place
by which theft two parts are joyned together, and where the Anteriour Ven-
tricUi did meet in a thiud. In tliis third there was a cleft terminating at the
hfttfidihtilum and GltitittU Pitititaria, which exaftly (hut tlie end of the
l}ifiindi'jiilnm or Tuancl, being ficuated as ufually on the Os Sfhenoides, At
the Pofterioui- Part of the two Anteriour Ventricles there was lecn the Lac$s
Choroides formctl by a Branch of the Carotidey and a branch of the fourth
Sinitf. Alrnollall the Subftance of 'the Brain was of an Aih-colour, and
like to the Cortical Part of a Man's Brain, fo that in proportion to that
which IS medullary, it was ten times bigger and thicker.
The ten Pairs of Nerves took their rife, and came out of the Skull after
the fame manner as in Terrefirid Animals.
The Sftndit MedtilU^ which took its Origine from the place where the two
parts of tiie Anteriour Brain are joyned together and with the Cerebellum,
had at its fides two round Eminencies, about the bignels of a fmall Nut.
They had each a coofiderable Cavity, and did Form as it were two Ventri-
cles, opening tliemfelves into the Inferiour DuElus, which paifes under that
which is called i)/!-/*!""/ Bridg, and througn which the Seroflties of the Cc
rehcllitm are difcharged into the iHfundibitliim.
In the Cerehcllum the Cortical and Medullary Parts were difpofed after
the fam^ manner as they are fcen in Terrefirid Animals ; thefe different
Parts appearing on the outfidc to be ranged by Plates joyned to each other,
and diltinguifhed by parallel Lines. There were two Apophyfts Vermiformes
as in Man. There was alfb a Ventricle ofthelhape of a Pen, as in the ge-
nerality of Terrcllrid Animals, The Cerebellitm on the inflde was compol^
ed as 01 Jiiianly ut a white Subftance, like Branches of Trees^ and of another
red and livid Sulbncc,
The Figure ot" the Eye, like as in other Birds and Fifties, was compofcd
of two Scini-G lobes, the greateft of which formed by i\Mi Sdcrottca had its
flat part before ; the other, a great deal Icfs, was laid on the flat of the Scle-
rotica. Thi^ little Semi-Globe was the Cornea^ which had all round a railed
Circle, making as it were a Bjidcr. The Opticl- Nerve did not enter at the
middle, but a little at the fide towards the Angle, which the convexity of
the ^cUrotnu makes with the Hat part. The Vryfidline had no kernel, but
its Subftance was uniform: It was more convex on the infide than on the
out. The Lhooides was intirely black, without luving in the bottom that
van-
^mmr^^Ks^
^
; The Anaki/fiical Deftriftion
ai-i4|K: poured and as it W6f^ .gild<^ Mepibrane, which , wq c^H'the
!.Oi.'l >. 1
[ (im OftickNn-t^ihvimg n^cedtl^.Selert^iea^adChqroideSf Wjasdilat-
ed, ancl tormedas it were a Tunnel of a, Subftance like its own. This
'tunnel is not ordinarily round in Birds^ where we have almoft always found
the extremity of the Optick Nerve flatted aqd compreffedpn-the infide of the
Eye. From this Tunnel proceeded a folded Membi;ape, .making as it were
a Purfe, which ended in a j>oint towards the border of the CrjftalUtie^
nearell the entrance of the Optick Nerve. This Pur&, being fix Lines at
the bottom, at its coming out of the Optick Nerve, and ^oing pointwi(e
tovvards the top, was faifened by its point to the border ol tiie CryJidUiue^
by means of the McmSrane wihich covered it on the fide of the Vitreous
Humour, and whkh did alio cover the whole Pur&,that was black, but of
ano^er black than is tlut of the Choro/des, which appeared like aiSpotof
Water Colours, wliich fticks to the Fmjgers: For jt^ Colour. penetrate
theMembranc. ,^/^i,V. •;?r!]h/jr!,y-r.rnT;ni(i ei-'f.r.;.', -^^
The upper GUniulk Laehrjimalts, which is commonly hid on the infide of
the exteriour Angle of the Orbite, was placed in a cavity funk into that
Pjit of the CoroHsl^ which gob to mafe the fuperiour part of the Orbite;
Ic was eight Lines in length aqd four in breadth; its Tubes were di^^d
after the ufiial manner. .^.,j^,^;^^:, ,,,,^,._^^ .^^,,_ ,.;.,. :;.^^.,itv. v.
tJiiU i.U. V. ..
j:j-- .ii\..^
inn ,'JiJi iiwf.3 clwCJ ..."ivvi lO ..lii'i r.5; s;j*i"
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34.0
•r.fi\
The Explication of the Figure of the CASSOWARY.
THE lower Figure (hews that the Head, Neck, and BHnch on the-
Breail are without Feathers ; that the reft of the Body appears rather
garnifhed with Hair than Feathers ; tliat the flefhy Appendices, where-
with the lower Beak of Hens is ordinarily deck'd, are in this Bird at the bot-
tom of the Neck; that the Head is covered with a Creft like an Helmet ;
that the Beak is divided at the end ; that inftead of Feathers, the Wings have
only five Quills without Beards ; aind that the Rump and Feet are extra-
ordinary bigg. ,^ *^^
I
AM
'...lis
In the Vpper Figure. ,^
A A. Kefrefents one of the Feathers, which are for the mofipart donhle.
B. The Tongue fTi/A the knot of the Larynx.
C. The Spleen.
D. The Splenick Artery.
E. The Splenick Vein.
F. TT'f Craw.
G. T*f /fir/ Ventricle.
H. rA^/J-w/ii Ventricle.
I- Alt Appendix ofthefecond Ventricle.
r. The Head of the Appendix whithflofd the Pylorus.
K. r^ Gall-Bladder.
L L. The Duftus Cyfticus.
M>1. T/vr Dudus Hepaticus.
N. TAr Pancreas.
O (1 TA? Internal Eye-lidd extended over the Cornea.
PC^. The Internal EycAid dr/avn from over the Cornea, and brought into the
great Canthus of the Eye.
FSrO. 77^fjj»r4/Mufclcso///;^ /«/rr;»*/ Eye-lid ; CL '-f 'ti Ori^ine', P, its
hfertion ; S, the Optick Nerve on which the Tendon of the Muldc is folded ;
r, the Aponeurofis 0/ /Ar little Mufcle, whiofetves at a fully to the Ten-
don of the great one.
Rr. The little Mvikk.
T r. 7/vf Glandula Lacrymalis,
VV. The Tf^f/i 0/ //'? Gbndula Lacrynulis.
Xa. TheDnUMS Lacrymalis. X, ts its Aperture towards the edge of the Inter-
nal Eye-lid, through which the Humour is poured on the Cornea.
Y Z. The great Mulclc extended \ Z, is itsOrigtne ; Y tts Infcrtton.
a. The Trunek of the lower Vena Cava.
b b. T/v Emulgents cccc. TAr Kidneys.
df.df. The Epididymis, cc. The Icmclcs.
d g, d g. The Dcfcrentia.
gggg. !/;« Ureter's.
THE
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THE
.-it.. I -
'>:!f;-v'?:
M ...l-rt
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
•fbni 3£iiJ ,.
.3U3 moni Ki3:jaitil' ion zbv/ cov-'' -'dJ oiii»i-
CASSOWAR
5 b'jb|cm. .
;,-;b.
rl!
I r
il jtOi'Ji i
■ti't. il
L' i.
BEfore the year 1 597 this Bird was never leen in Euroft ; and no Author
of the Ancients, orModernes, has fpoken thereotl Hhc HolUaders
brought one at the return of their firft Voyage from India. It was given
them as a Rarity by a Prince of the Ifle o^Java.Siyi years after they brought
two others, but they dyed on the way. That here deferibed was lent to the
King in 1671, by the Governourof Madagafcary who had bought it of the
Marcliants which returned from the Indies. It Lived four years at Vtf
[Miles. '''^ ' • ••Vi.'^U
ClufiHS fay's that in the Indies it is called Ente. We have riot yet beena-
ble to underrtand wherefore it is in French called Cafuel or Gafucl. This
Bird, next the O/Zr/f/A is the greateft, and weightier of all that we know.
That which Clufm defcribes, which is the firll that the Hollanders brought
from hidiay was a fourth left than ours, which mcafured five foot and a half
in lcngtli,from the end of the Bsak to the extremity of the Tallons. The legs
were two foot and a half from the Belly to the end of the Tallons. The
Head and Neck were a foot and a half together. The greated Toe, com-
prehending the Nail, was five inches long ; the Nail of the little Toe, three
inches and a half. The Wing was lb little, that it did not appear, being
<]uiic hid under the Feathers of the Back. Aldrovandus, who has only feen
tliedelcnpt ion that is given thereof in the Relation of the firft Voyage of
the HolUuderSf reports that this Bird is cheiHy admirable in that it has neither
Wings nor Tongue. In our Sub)e«it we found this a fallitie. This Authpr
might alio have added that it has no Feathers, becauiJ that indeed, thofe
which do cover it, do better relcmble tiie I iair of a Bear or wild-Boar, than
Feathers, or Down i lb hadh, long, an.! rhin are the Fibres which do com-
puli; the Beardi of thclc Plumes.
/; G g AW
21^3
The Anatomical Defiription
All tliefc Plumes were of one fort, different from Birds which fly, where
tliere are fome fcacliers for fliglit, and others only for covering the Skin. Our
Cajfoirar had only of the laft fort. Tiiey were moit double, having two
long Tubes or Stem's proceeding from another very fliort one, which was
faftcnedtotheSkin. C/fifi»s fiy's that they arc alwayes double. In our
Subje6l there were a grear many fingle. Thole wliich were double, were
alwayes of an unequal length : Some were fourteen inches long. We have
already remark 'd tiiis kind of feather in an Ea^/e^ and a Parrot : But thofc
of tlie Cajfoivar had three Particularities. The hrlt is that the Beards, which
did adorn the Stem from the half to the end, were long and harfh likeHorfe-
Hair, witliout cafting out any Fibres, and in this tiiey, are different /romthc
Wjymiies of HerM's, Wjiofclon^<ndlflendcr.b«ards atei not of fingle FiWep as
they do appear ; for they are aeclicd on each fide with little Fibres, (6 fliort
that they are almoft imperceptible. 'J'he lecond particularity is, that in this
halfe the Stem was not different Trom the Beards, being neither bigger
nor of a different Colour, as is. commonly in the Feathers of other ^^-ds.
The third particularity is tliat thelc Jie^ds were pcrfeftly black, and that
thole (4 the ot|fcr haff were cff a GrayiQr Tawncy, fli.Qlter, fofi^r, and call-
ing forth fmall Fibres like Downe. Now. there was only this part, com-
}X)fcd of great and black Fibres, that appeared, the other part compofed of
Down being covered over therewith. 1 he different Hairs wherewith the
Skin ofCafiorsy Boars, and other Animals which arc Subjeft to wallow in the
Mjrc is covert, are difpofcd after this matanek' for the ules which are ^ex-
p|aicjcdinthedefcriptionoftheC'«/«w« '
,y The JV^ck was without feathers a^ in ihcJtidiMt<^otk. The Head alC> had
none : It liad only fbmc Hairs ere£led on the Crown, efpecially towards the
hind part and on tiie Neck. ThCrc was no Tail ; the feathors M^iich did
cover the Rump, which was extraordinary grear, not being different from
the others nor ocberwifc difpofed. i :*- .•ULiljii-
YhcWings^ which without the feathers were not three inches in length,
were covered with the fame Ibit of Plumes, and did each caflt forth five great
TubcsoiStems without any Beards. Clujius puts down but four.- They
were of different length, according to the difpofition, and proportion that
the Finrcrs have in the Hand. Tliclongeft was eleven inches, being three
lines i.)iaincuT towards the root, which was only a little bigger than the
extremity, which went not pointing but did appear broken, or ragged. Their
Colour v\ as of a very Ihining black. We did not think thele wings could
ferve to affiff it to walk, as CJufius imagines ; there being greater probability
tlut it miglit Ih: thereby aided to ffrike, as with Switches.
.J The Head appeai-ed little as in the 0//r/c//,becaule that it was not enlarged
with fcatlicrs, as in other Birds. It was covered with a Or// three inches
iiigh, like tliat of a Helmet. This Crcfi covered not all the Crown of the
Head; For it began but a little beyond the Crown, and ended at the bc-
^innin^ of tiie ikak. It was of different Colours, the fore part being black-
iOi, aiKl tlie hinder-part and lidcs of a Wax-Colour. It was every where
finootli ;md Ihiniuii; like Horn. Its Circumference was like ancdg, not
exceeding three lines in tli.it place ; from thence it went enlarging, and to-
wards its llifis WMs about an inch. Its Snjiihnce, w!iich was very hard, ap-
peared
At
which
half Ion
was lik<
AttI
inches
Callofity^
a dry SI
the mid
fity was
The'
dinary
Pentagoi
finall,
the Inftc
of a C \SSOW A K.
145
[nlarged
inches
of tlie
the be-
black-
where
filg, not
and to-
|iard, ap-
peared
peared to us like Home, being compofcd of feveral Laminx or Plates like the
Homes of Oxen. CtHJixs fay's that when the Bird molts the C reft falls off
with the Feathers : Wiiich ieemed to us incredible, confidering the fubftance
of the Crcft, fuppofing that it was a Home : for it was not of the Nature
oi Deer's Horncs which do (hed, and grow again ; ?. ' we made enquiric,
after this Particularity of thofe which do look after th«, ninials oiVerJMies
who for the fpace of four years, have not fcen the Creft tallen. We did
heartily wifli that we had been permitted to examine by the dilfe£kicn after
what manner this Crcft was joyncd to the Scull ; ijiz. whether the Scull fent
forth any bony Produdion into the Cavity of the Creft, as it is obferved
that there are I'uch in Homes which are holIow,or whether it is a Iblid Body:-
but there was an exprefs order from the King to preierve the Skin of this
Animal, to adorn the Aviary diVerfailles.
The upper part of the Beak was very hard, at its two edges and at top.
The Intsritices on each fide had but one Membrane, in which were the holes
of the Noftrills, very near the extremity of the Beak. This extremity of the
Beak was divided in three, almoft as in the Indinn-Cock. The end of the
lower Beak was flightly indented, being likewife divided in three. The
whole Beak was ofa dark-gray, except a green mark that the lower Beak
lud on each fide towards the middle.
The Eye was large. Its Iris ofa TofAze Colour, almoft as in the Lyon.
There was an internal £ye*lidd, which was hid in the great Lanthm. The
infieriour £ye-lidd, which was the largeft, was garnilhed with a row of
black Hairs. There were likewile a row of black Hairs tike a Demi-circle,
at the top of the Eye, railed like an Eye-brow. The hole of the Ear was
very great and bare, being only furrounded with black Hairs, like the Eyes.
There were of-thele very Hairs about the root of the Creft-
The two fides of the Head, round the Eye and Ear, were of a blewifh
Colour. The Neck was Purple, inclining to a Slate colour. Behind, it was
alio Red in ieveral places, but efpecially towards the bottom ; and thefe
red- places were raifed a little higher than the reft, in wrinkles running ob-
liquely crofs the Neck. Cluftus fay's that there are Red Plumes towards the
bottom of the Neck, which we have not found in our Subjeft.
At the bottom of the Neck there were two flefliy AffeniUeSy like thofe
which hang down at the lower Beak of tkns. They were an inch and a
half long, and nine lines broad, being rounded at the end. Their colour
was like ths reft of the Neck, partly red and partly blew.
At the middle of the Breaft there was a place without Feathers, about fix
inches long, of an oval Figure, a little Pointed at the top. This place was a
Cdvfttyy on which the Bird did reft, as do's thtCsmel. It was compoled of
a dry Skin, faftened to a bonic Ligament, very thin, applyed and fixed on
the middle of the Sternum^ by Fibres mixt with Fat, lo that nil this Callo-
fity was moveable.
The Thigh's were covered with feathers. The Leggs,which were extraor-
dinary great, ftrong and ftrait, had fomc Scales. There were fomc Hexsgonal,
PeuttgonMl^and Iquarc. Towards the top and hinder-part of the Leg they were
liriall, towards the bottom and fore-part they contained cVcn an inch .- On
the Inftcp they were like plates, two inches long. The Toes were likewile
Gg2 cover-
244
The Anatomical Dcfcriptiofi
covered witii Scales. They were but three in number, having none be-
hind ; the leart was on the infide. The Claws were of a hard and fbhd fub-
ftance, black on the outfide, and white on the infide. Tliey were half worn
away. Clnjitts fay's that this Bird has a prodigious Itrength in his Feet,
with which it ftrikes, by running backward, in fucli fort, that it breaks down
Truncks of Trees of the bignefs of ones thigh. 'I'hofe that had the care of
ours, obferved it not to be lb ftrong nor Furious : they have only remarked
that it perfued after Women with great hatred.
The Oefophaqus from the Pharynx io the beginning of tiie Craw, meafured
ten inches long : it was an inch and half large. The Tuniclcs whereof it
was compoled were thick. Before the entrance into the Stomach, it was
inlarged and ^rcw thinner, making a Craw, which, asinWrw'j and Pidge-
ons, was halt on the bottom of the Breaft, and half in the Thorax. This
Craw was eight inches in length, and four in breadth : At the ftraiteft place
it was two. It was fucceeded by a fccond Craw more grols, and compof-
ed of Tuniclcs more thick. This Craw was a foot long, and leven inches
broad. It defcended underneath the Liver. Its intcriour Tunicle was com-
pofed of Glands,as the extremity of the Oefophagus commonly is in Birds ; and
thefc Glands, which are not fb large, nor fb well formed as in the Bufiard,
which is the only Bird in which we have found them moft diftinft, were co-
vered over with a yellow Velvet. This particularity mal^os that this Craw
may be taken for the firft Vetttricle^ which was followed hy a fecond com-
pofed of thinner Tunicles than thofe of the firft. The internal Tunicle ap-
peared thick bccaufe that it was plaited. The Velvet which covered it, was
a little thicker than in the firft VentricU. Thefe two Ventricles were (epara-
ted, and diflinguifhed one from the other, not only by their 6'ubflance, which
was different, and by a Contraction fuch as is feen in the dififerent Ventricles
of Animals which Chew the Cud, but iikewifc by a Membranous border
made like a Valve.
: From the middle of the fecond Ventrictj there proceeded, on the infide,
an Jppendix three inches long, and eight broad ; *twas a Production of the
Internal Membrane of the Pentricle, At the end of this Appendix, there
was as it were a Head, of the bignefs of a Pullets Hgg, which drawing
the Appendix downwards, defcended into the Pylorus, and ftopt it. There
is ground to doubt whether this formation was Natural, or caufedbydil^
flemper. Wehaveneverthelefs thought that it was not Natural, and that
there was formed in the internal Membrane of the Fentricle a Scirrhus,which
by its weight having infenfibly extended it,had formed this Appendix, whole
extremity, great and hard as it was, might have caufed the Death of this
Animal, which fifteen days before itsDecealc, had undergone a kind of Vo-
miting of whiteifh water, even to a. Chopine or Pariftm half Pint a day ;
which was in appcarence its Nourifhmcnt, which could not find paflagc.
'Tis a thing very remarkable that this Animal, which feeds not on Fie (li,
but Pulfc and Bread, had not a flefliy and mulculous Gizzard, as all other
Birds which feed on that fort of Nouriflimcnt ufe to have; confidering al-
io that in every thing elfe it has fo much relemblance with ihcOfirtehy which
has a Gizzard .- and that like it,it fwallows whatever is oliercd to it, even to
burning Coals, according to Vlt(fiui ; and it mull be thought, that Nature
. ^ ■' has
was
inch
Skin
of lev
filled
thePf
other
branoi
rettr's
Th(
middk
of a CASSOWAR.
245
■ir.\}
has fupplyed the defeat of the Gizzard, by the in-' •Ic oft' Vcntn.hs
that it has given it, provided with a qualitie parti . and taj >\c of (!>'-
Iblving the hardeft and molt fohd AUments. This li.. : juin'd c ,il)lc to
confidering in whatftate the two /^f/z/w/a and Craw were found ; For r
Ventricles were quite empty, having only tl:e Craw that had any thinsj; m
and the Nouriihment which it contained was more tlian half digdl .
Which made us to judge of the ftren^tli that thcfe Ventrules mull conunou-
ly have, leeing that their Craw had iomuch thereof in one djing Animal.
The Intefiims, were in all four foot eight inches long, and two inches di-
ameter. They were all of one breadth and Subikncc, without leaves on the
inlide, without Cells and without a Cacum. f; ; . '\ j! 'ij^-.:
TheLiver was of a moderate fize the right Lobe being only eight inches
and the left four.It was every where Scirrhous. The Gall Bladder which was
fattened along the right Lobe, and fhut up in the Capfulaj was feven inches
long, and an inch diameter at moft. The Ductus Cyjhcus^ which proceeded
from the top of the Bladder, meaflired eight inches in length, and was en-
larged towards its infertion, which was towards the beginning of the Duode-
mm. The Hepttkus was eight inches and a half, and defcended from left
to right, and the Cyfiicus from right to left, which made that tliele two
Du£ius\ increafed towards their lower part. The Hepaticus was inferted un-
derneath the Cyfiicus.
The Spleen was three inches long, and an inch and a half broad at its great-
eft breacith : It had the Ihape of a HolfFiJb. Its Veffels were diftributed as
uliially.
. The Pancreas was little in proportion to the other parts. It was but two
inches in length and two lines in breadth. Its DuSius, which was very (len-
der was but one line and a half long, and was inlerted above the Cyfticm.
The Kjidfiep, as in other Birds, were divided into feveral Lobes. They
meafured eight inches in length. The Vreter^s were of the bignefs of a
Goofe-Quill^ and feven inches longi
The Tefticles were an inch in length, and half an inch in breadth. Their
Subftanco was white and hard, andmuch different from that of the Epididy-
mis which was foft and yellowifh ; but the fize was very extraordinary, be-
ing three inches long and two lines broad ; lb that it was raifed two inches
above the TV/?/!:/^. The Ductus Deferens dclcended along the Kidney, be*
ing fattened to the Fena Emulgens, and afterwards uniting it felfe to the U-
reter. It was eleven inches long, having the bignefs of a Quill. The Penis
was placed as in the Ofirich. It comprehended two inches in length, an
inch in breadth towards its Bafis, and two lines towards its point. The
Skin which covered it was hard, thick and unequal on the infide, by rcafbn
of ieveral folds which were difpoled like a Screw. TheBody of the Penis con-
fitted of two Cartilaginous Ligaments, which gave a Piramidal Figure to
the Penis. They were very hard and Iblid, and ttrongly conneded to each
other at the top. They were feparated underneath, to give place to a Mem-
branous Ductus , with which we could not perceive that the Deferentia or "c-
reter*s had any communication.
The Lungs mcaluied eight inches in length and four in breadth over their
middle. , . ■. - t c ■---■■< i-
Thi^
2^6
The AtijtOHikal Defer if t ion
•C: Tliis tiii"'-i ticing the largclt that we have dilTccleJ next the OJlriehy we
applied our iulvesto obfcivc lome things which do appertain to the Organs
ot Rei'piratioii, which have a particular Strudurc in Birds, and which we
begun to dilcover in the Oltrich : tor it is not eafy to perceive well tliefe
tiua^s in IclTcr Birds. Amonglt other things we examined two Mulcles,
which wc do call the Mulclcs'of the Lungs. Thele Mufcles had their Ori-
gins very HcOiy, which in cacli was divided into fix Heads, each faftned to
aRibb, at the place where the Ribb, which by one end is articulated with
t][C I'erteh.t, is by the other articulated with another Ribb which isjoyn-
cd to the Sternum. For it mull be oblerved that the Ribbs ol' Birds are ordi-
narily double; and that whereas in Terrellrial Animals, there arc fbme
Cartilaginous App^nditxis which do fatten them to the Sternumy they are
m lairds real Bones, which are articulated and not joyned/»fr Hymphyfm with
the Ribbs. Now thele fix Hcadsol the Mulcle of the Lungs did a U toge-
ther produce a larg,c Icndon or Jfoncurcfis which covered the Lungs, and
whicii leparated it from the Bladders, into which the Air, after having pe-
netrated the Lungs, enters tlirough the holes with which this Aponeurojis is
pierced ; and thclc Bladders were again covered over by the DiapbrMgme^ e-
ven as the Lungs was by the Aponenrofis : So that the Bladders we're thvtt
up between the Afouettrofis and the Ribbs. This Aponeurofis thus lay'd upon
the Lungs, went to joynit lelf with the Aponeurofis of the oppofitc Muicle
otx tlrcP^ertelr^y to which it was alio ftrongly eonne£ked; leaving neverche-
lefs upon the middle of the Body of the fVrrm«, a void ipacc for tlie paffage
of the defccndent Aorta^ and Oejophagus. . At the lame place where th^fe A-'
poneurofes were conneded tc^ctlier, and faftned to the yertebrMy the Diit-
plirsgmes were alio joyiKd^ ahd united totlie Aponewefts; but towards the
left fide they gave way to a great brandi of the AortSy which (iippiyod the
place of the L<tUdc€ and MtfentefuA. This Branch was crept between all thefe
A^oncHTojtSy as well of the Muiclcs of the Lungs, as of the DiaphrAgmes,
which were loyned togctlicr.
Tl.e ufc of tliele Mulcles according to our Conie£tures,is twofold. The firft
IK to Icrve the Motion of the 7Vjf.r4A-, by drawing it downwards; becaule
tliar they do go from the An^^le which the Ribbs make, by their mutual ar-
ncuiation,anddo obliaucly alcend towards the inferiour Ki-r/r^r.* of the Bacif,
to wliich they are Ijltiied. The iecond ulc is to retain the Air locktupin
the Pouches or Bladders, and hinder it from going out with the lame liberty
tliac It entered in. The ulc of this Retention is not well known to us, at
kali: in rclpecl of the upper Pouches: For in regard of the lower ones, the
ule of tins Retention has been explained in the Delcription of the 0/?r/cA,
wliere it was Ihown, that there is a probability that the Air contained in
the lower Pouche-i lervcs tocompreis thcl'V/«rj, and make them rile ujv
wards. Some do think that this Retention of the Air lervcs Birds to ren-
licr tliem lighter in Hying, like as the Bladder which is in Filli helps tliem
to Swim. And this Conicdure would have lome foundation, ;t the Air
ujniiintd in the Bladders of Birds was as light in proportion to tlie Air in
wliiclitiicy My, as the Air contained in tiie Bladders of Filh is in proporti-
on to the Water in which they do Swim. But to fiiy Ibmething, wfiicli hath
at leafl a lictle more prubability, waiting till we have a more certain know-
Icdg
led.;
ef a CASSOWAR.
347
ledge of the rruth and ule of this retention of Air, weconfider that the Birds
generally rifiiig very high, and even to the place where the Air is a great-
deal lighter thim it is near the Earth, might be deprived of the principal ad-
vantages of Rirpiration,for want of an Air, whofe weight might make on the
Heart and Arteries the Comprertion neccflary to the Dirtnbution and Cir-
culation of tlie Blood ; if they had not the faculty of containing a long time
a [X)rtion of Air, which, being rarificd by the lieat which tins Retention
prodiiC'Jtli tiicrcin might, by" inlarging it icif, dipply the dcfeft of the
weiglir, of which the Air that they do breath in the middle Region is dcili-
tute. For if tlierc arc a great many Birds which do never rife very high in-
to the Air, whole Lungs luive notwithftanding thefe Bladders in which the
Air is retained ; tlicre are alfb a great many that have Wings, which they
uicnut for flying; And it may beobferved that there are found (bme parts
in Animals, which have not any ufe in certain Species, and which are given
to the whole Genus, by reaibn tJiat tliey have an important ule in fome of
the Species. ' Tis thus that in leveral kinds of Animals, the Males have
Teats like the Females, tliat Moles have Eyes, Ofiriches and Cajfavars Wings,
and that Laad-Tortoifes have a particular Formation of the Veflels of the
Hcartj which agrees only with Water-Tortoifesy as it is explained in the De-
(cription of the Tortoife.
However it be, the ftrufture of the Mutcles of the Lungs of Birds gives
occafion to believe that they do ferve to this Retention, becaufe it is feen
that the holes which they have, to give entrance into the Pouches, are
mod in the flefliy part of the Muicles, which is capable of a voluntary Con-
ftridion and Relaxation. And moreover this Retention of the Air is mani-
fcft in the Cantelion, v/hich hath Lungs ofaStrufture like that of Birds:
For we have remark'd that the CamelioH is Ibmtimes fwelled, as it was ready
to burft, and continues a long time in this pofture, altho' the Reciprocation
of the Rcfpiration ceafes not from going its ufual pace ; as if by the
means of thefe Muicles of the Lungs, this Animal did retain the Air in fbme
of the Bladders, -viz. in thofe whole Apertures are in the flefhy part of the
Mufcle; and that In the others it leaves a free Egrcfs and Entrance to the Air
for Rcfpiration.
In the middle of the two great Diafhrdgmesy there was a Membrane,
which, like a MediaJUnum, dekeiidcd from top to boitom, and which ferved
for a Ligament,to (ufpend the Heart,Liver, yentriele,znd the reft of the parts
of the lowei Venter.
The Bladders of the Lungs were feparable from the Disfhragmes and
Muicles of the Lungs, each having their particular Tunicle. Thefe Tuni-
clcs were ioyned together, making double and not fingle partitions. The
ftcond Bladder had two holes. Tlie fourth dclcended not lb low as in other
Birds, by rcalbn tliat the Sternum being very fmall, and coniequently the
Muicles of the lower f-Vwrrr greater than ordinary, this Bladder was notfb
iiecciHiryas in Birds which have the Sternum bigger; which confirmes the
opinion that we have of the ule which we attribute to this fourth Bladder,
and whicli is explained in the Dclcription of the Ofirich. Now the Sternum
was proportionably IclTcr than in the OJtrich, bccaule that the Muicles de-
signed
i
''Ji
l!
24^
The Anatomical Defcription
fignedfor the Motion of the Wings, to which it gives riic, were very fmall,
and proportioned to tlie Wings.
The Heart was an Inch and half long, and an Indi broad towards its
Btfts. Its flelhy valve made a Sack, that was but one Line deep,
The Tongue mealiired an Inch in length and eight Lines in breadth.
It was indented all round like a Cocks Combe. Aldrovandus has laid that
the Cajfomtr has neither Wings nor Tongue, inllead of laying that thelc
parts are of a ftru6lure altogether extraordinary in this Bird.
The Gio^e of the t ye Wd'i very bigg, in proportion to the Cornea, being
an Inch and half Diameter, and the Cornea but three Lines, 'ihe Cryftal-
line was four. The black Purfe which proceeds from the Optick Nerve^ was
as ufiially in other Birds^
In this Subjeft we applyed our (elves exaftly to remark what belongs to
the internal Hye-lid, which we have found in the Eyes of all Birds, and in
thofc of the generality of Terrejhial Animals. The particularities of the
admirable ftrufture of this Eye-lid, are Iijch things as do dillinftly dif-
cover the wildoni of Nature, amongil a thouland others of which we per-
ceive not the contrivance, becaule we under(land them only by thcEtfe£ls,
of which we know not the Caufes : But we here treat oi a Machine, all
the parts whereof arc vifible, and which need only to be loqkt upon, to.dil-
cover the Reaibns of its Motion and A£lion. nil •_.•'. ,:. 'vmv.mH
This internal Eye-lid in Birds is a Membranous part, which is extended
over the Cornea , when it is drawn upon it like a Curtain, by a little Cord
or Tendon ; and which is drawn back again into tlie great Corner of
the Eye, to uncover the Cornea^ by the means of the very ftrong Ligaments
that it has, and which in drawing it back towards their Origine, do fold it
up. It made a Triangle when extended, and it had the iigure ofa Cre-
fcent when folded up. Its Bafts, which is its Origine, was towards the
great Corner of the Eye, at theedgof the great Circle \v\\\Qhthi Scleroti-
ca Forms, M'hcn it is flatted before, making an Angle with its Anteriour
part, which is flat, and on which the Cornet is railul, making a Convexi-
tie. '] his iJtf//V, which IS the part mmiovabk', and falhied to the cdgof
xhcHclcrdticf, dill take up more th.in a tiiiic! ol the Circumference of the
great Circle ottlic ScUtruca. Tiie lideof the Triangle, which is towards
the little cunitr of the Eye, and which is moveable, was reinforced with
a border, which lijpplvsthe place of the 'i'arjus, and which Is black in moll
Quadruped's. This lide of the Hyc-hd is that w hie!) is diawn back into
the Corner of the Eye by the Action of the liira ol the whole Liye-lid,
which parting from its Origine, priKcul to joyn ihenilelvcs to inTarfus.
To extend this Eye-lid over the Cornea, there were two Mulclcs that
were lecn when the fix were taken away, wliith lu \ cd to the niDrion of the
whole Eye. We found that the mcatelt of thelc two MulcLs lias its Ori-
gine at the very edge of the great Circle of the 6 Lrotica, tow artis the great
corner from whence the Eyc-Iid taUs its oU'j.iiMl. It is very liciliy m its
beginning, which is a large W^//>, from wIicikc coirii:!^; iaiciilihlv to eon-
trad it lelf by parting under the Glol»e c;f the i.\ o, like us the iiyc-lid palfts
over it, it apprtxiches the Optick N'ervc, where it produces u Tendon round
and nender,lo that it palfes tluo the Teiuiun ut tl.e ; t', .r WiAl le, which lervt-.
fo;
fo a C A S S O W A R.
24s^
ruuiiJ
lb;
tor a Fully, and vviiich hinders it from prefling the Optick Nerve, on which
it is bent, and makes an Angle, to pafs thro' the upper part of the Bye ; and
coming out from underneath the Eye, to infert it Iclf at the corner of the
Membrane which makes the internal Eyc-lid.ThisIecond Mufclehas its Ori*
gine at the fame circle o^thcHclerotica, butoppodteto theHrd, towards the
little corner of the Eye; and paffing under the Eye like the other, goes to
meet it, and imbracc its Tendon, as it has been declared.
The Action of thefe two Mufcles is, in refpsft to the firfl:, to draw, by
means of its Cord or Tendon, the corner of the internal Eye-lid, and to ex-
tend it over the Cornea. As to the lecond Mulcle, its Aftion is, by making:;
its Tendon to approach towards its Origine, to hinder the Cord of the Hrir
Mulcle, which it imbraces, from hurting the Optick Nerve ; but its princi-
pal ufe is to alTift the Adion of the firft Mulcle. And 'tis herein that the
Mechanifme is marvelous in this Strufture, which makes that thefe two
Mulcles joyned together, do draw much farther than if it had but one : For
the inflexion of the Cord of the firlt Mulcle, which caulcs it to make an
Angle on the Optick Nerve, is made only fortius end ; and a fingle Mufcle
witha ftrait Tendon, had been fufficient, if it had power to draw far enough.
But the Traftion which muft make tlie Eye-lid to extend over the whole
CorncA being neceflkrily great, it could not be done but by a very long Mul-
cle J and fuch a Mulcle not being able to be lodged in the Eye all its length,
there was no better way than to fupply the Adtion of a long Mulcle by that
of two indifferent ones, and by bending one of them, to give it the greater
length in a little fpacc. The infpeftion of the Figure will icrve greatly to
tlie underftanding of this Delcription, which the novelty of the thing renders
oblcure in it lelf. i '^v ,"*v - , ■ V .. *.
Theule of this internal Eye-lid, which till now has been defcribcd b/ iiO
p:rlbn, is not determined. Our Opinion is that it lerves to clean the CotmA,
and to hinder that by drying, it grow not lefs tranlparent. Man and the
Jfe, which are thelole Animals where we have not found this Eye-lid, have
not wanted this precaution for the clcanfing their Eyes, becaule that, they
have hands with which they may, by rubbing their tyclids, expi-cfs the ^hu-
midity which they contain, and which they let out through the Dwf/#i>iL<-
crjmalu : which is known by experience, when the fight is darkened, or
when the Eyes lulfcr any pain, or itching : For thefe Accidents do ceafe,
when the Eyes are rubbed.
But the DiiTeftion has di(lin£):ly difcovered to us the Organs which do par-
ticularly Icrvc for this ufe, and which are otherwile in Bii-ds than in Man,
where the Du£ius palfes not beyond the GUnduU Lacrymnlis. For in iiiids ic
goes beyond ; andf penetrating above halfway on the internal Eye-lid, it is
upned underneath upon the Eye ; which is evidently done to Iprcad a Liquor
over the wliole Cornet^ when this Eye- lid palles and rcpartcs; as we obiervcd
it to do every moment. . , .. >
"A ,\\
rri'
\:r-'^'
'■.Ji
'AU k
Uh
The
'--*.
?$o
t.
:' The Exflic<ai<m (f the Figure <f lU TORTOISE. -, ;
THis Tortoife has feveral particularities, whicli do render it (iiiTcretif
from thofc that we have in France, Its flidll is not flat, but very
convex. It has but one Shell to cover its Badk and lielly. Its Tail is fur-
nifhed with a Horn at tlie end. Its Paws are not covered with Scales, but
with a Skin wrirtkkjd like Sjwtijb Ltafher. Its Claws are not Ihjirp, but
blunt and lialf worn away, and its Jaws toothed like a Saw.
i i 7o:)i I'..-
^'.jV\<i\ U]
ryth-n ?,:i ^u-:
■ • •"•:' ' " , ..... .. sih JiT'-f • ,tv'-! ;'V;
A BCD. TherigUftdt eftljclAVtv.' ■ :3 j'iiU rn .iiobvi;,;.; ..l. i.ji ;
A. ^ //■«/«? Lobe whiclj covers the Bladder. vuL nij ,ri rJi»JiO-i I):.;i,<.|«sL;f •/■
B. Tlifflladder. ■^.. --^ ^--^ ^''J '^'^ i^---> 3^!^ i-' -•■'••-- i'
C. yfe lVi«(nt tfffte Vena Pprtaat vjao aUiii i^ . /v./l i':!]:-' .I't ao - ,,. •'.
I>. 77;fr;^/i/*Unni$Hepat»cus.'in . T-i^arul ruxi li.j tfiobti^ .' 3:. fl : : •
EFG. i^eUftf4r44tiHlAVtf;,i :;'? -li^n 1ir(n ii arivy;. i;; r I" t;:^ r.!'
li. 77^ /f]^ Ramus McpaeioBb. " •
V. Thflatunusiy whtdufteJefiMdrJt^l)t p4r* ^thehxvtv are jt)jmed together.
G. Thegrratljcixcffkt iff* fMrf cfrheCiva:
H H. Tlteritjft Vena Cav^ !*' -»- ^-.. ^ - v-- ■ '•• r -'*V"^- ■■ • ' ■'•'- '■
n. nf/i/f Vena Cava. .wIj b ' ' :^"i?ia v:!'! /jscqi iij^u ' ,.i£?j-r:^
K. I*r Puttos Cyfticus. '"'^ '• ' :.- «aoirt....'..a nt:; iu j:ii;_ ./.^nr >.,r
L. T/;f Trw^ifr <//^^ Rami Hepatici. • ! •
MM. TAf ^4i»/;/.
N N. Wr Vetw fimulgctltos, to whwh mre fafieKed tm Glands.
OO. 7*Af T^ftides. ' "^'^
I* P. The E/^xi^xAyKitdtdfroeetdingfrom the I{fdney, and fitfie/tcdto f)&f Tefti-
cks ^r ''''^ Du6lus's. - -r- ' . . •
Q.Q, TAe Ureter's. ' •■-■"'> Jjniu'J:.- i vd ,{/rn ^ j;- t ib.rl// /!3iv, ilnEjl i;:: fi
RR, T*r Bladdcrof W. ^'"* ^-i 'P*^' ibiflw Ln£ ,: '.f.ino V-flJ /'ji.iv/ VJibir
S. 7*f M<* <?/ Me Bladder opited, (f<riMg io^Hje ft'^ht tveo Caruncul*, wtneh
. 4n the txtrmhttes oftht OrtDu's, stui two others which are //*' txtremities nf
the Defercntia.
T T. Tm fofev^ whid) tre of the Origine at the S|>ongioiis Ligaments, eomfo-
fttg theMjK>fthe Pcflis. .,";,"' .■••',
VV. A Urge MuftUy n^h mrMes the IKe^mm itHd V^tm.
XX. Tw9$ther Aln>fiiei of the ftniHf w/neh tre iMer^neeimfh trvo others mirked
V. rifttxtrtmity ({the GisMW. Tii/l"!- :i --.a i^-ifiJ fx ' .' »»-w^^'.) : ! \ ./ iri^ i07.
Z. Thegrext circuUr Affendix. .ii!;mr Tt , /;j pb ri ;<
ili. Tiie little Appendix rt'tth its tivo BitttOHS.
♦ t. The extrem I) of the iUQum cut lcn^th>vifey to difcozer the lody if the
I'cnis.
f>. ^Y/i» Apcrtiiie ifctwccn the itvo Ligaments, on nhnh dntis the Neck of the
BUildc;.
t»r.r . ■ .iThe
fIVu ;5 .-:
liiifcfctu.
lit very
ilisfur-
iles, but
irp, bill
bn ;r ;
i -^* 'I i '
:-r; ■ 1-
3.-1 I.- t
ilogetl}tr.
,-i »■/■.'/■:'!
.; ,... . > '
i; T
thei:^^i-
Xy wltieh
'emitits u/
ts, tomfo-
I ' ■■■■"■
rrs marked
\ -to-:.-
ui:-
)dy if the
•ck of the
.'•*
I
The
"t^
V*'
4- The Penis cut a. crofs^ to difcover the Cavities of the two Ligaments marked
w ft>, And the Cavity which fupplys the place of the Uretlira marked v.
SlClCiCi. The great Duftus s of the Lungs.
I § |. The Bladders opening into the Duftus's.
A A- The Auricles of the Heart feen on the ftde which touches the Back-bone.
1. The Trunk of the left Vena. Cava.
2. The Trunk ofthe right V em Cava..
2* The Trunk of the Aorta At the going out of the Hearty forming two Crojfes.
4. The left Aovta.
5. The right Aorta.
6. Theconjur/clionoft'jetivo Aortas.. . , ^^ .
7 7. The Carotides. ^ i /\ , } [ [ .' (J |
8. The Artery of the Lungs.
9 9. The Veins of the Lungs ir/;w/& are dif charged into the Axillares.
10. The Artery w'oich goes to the Stomack.
11. 37;^ Artery which gees to the Liver, Pancreas^ Spleen, ^c.
12. The Artery which goes to the Inteftines. l
I ^. The Heart in its Natural Situation. ■ -^ —
14. The Anteriour Ventricle of the Henrt.
1 5. The Artery of the Lungs opened, tojbew its three Valvulae Sigmoides-^
16. 16. TAr Heart out of its Natural SituaiioHy being rai fed upr/trdsy anijef*'
rated from its Auricles A A> which are in their place.
17. 18. The two Pofteriour Ventricles of the Heart.
19. The Aona proceeding from the right Ventricle. It is opened to reprefent its
three Valvulx Sigmoides.
3o, 20, 20. The three ValvuU Sigmoides, which are at the entrance of the Au-
ricles of the Heart.
ab. Two holes which are the extremities of the Du6t\J&hy which the two Pofteri-
our Ventricles do eommnuicate.
c d. Tiro other holes which do make the Communication of the Pofleriour left Ven-
tricle with the Antertour.
a, a. The Cerebrum. : . )
(3. TAf Cerebellum.
>•). ^''^^ Olfaftory Nerves. ' . m,,',
J^. r/;^ Medulla Spinalis. ,: > >
g f. TAf Mulculi Crotaphit* f///. I ■;
() e. The Os Occipitis. 4
X. The Cartilaginous P/jr^ or Film which flops the hole of the Ezr.
7. A Ductus which defcends into the Palate. 1
y. ThePl.tteor Film fujlained hy the lonji Stylus marked v, ; /
H h 7
THE
U
a^a
THE
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
OF A GREAT
I N D I A N
TOR TO ISE
•.t f.>
C; k.
I rjn
.'it
XHis Tmeife was brought from the hMes ; it was taken on the Coaii;
o'tCoromutdeL It was four Foot and a half long from tlie extremity
Mouth to the end of the Tail, and fourteen Indies thick. The Slieil
contained three Foot in length, and two in breadth. How great (bcver tliis
Tor^//<r was, it came not near thoie of whicli Eliam and Plmy do fpeak, which
were fifteen Cubits, and every one of which was fiifficient to cover a large
Cabine where (cvcral pcrlbns might lodg : But oui's was a Lattd-Tortoiff, and
thofl* that Pltny and Elian do make mention of, were ^ea-Tortoijes^ where
Animals do generally i;row much larger tlian thole of the lame Species which
do live upon Ian J. tJian declares that Land-Tortoijes are not ordinarily great-
er than the large Clods turned up by the Plow when the Land is light. The
largeft Sea-'lortoi/es which they do take near the ^^////cj, according to the re-
lations we have had thereof, are not above as bigg again as ours.
The Shell and all tlie reft of the Animal was of the fame Colour, viz. of a
very dark Gray. The upper part was compolcd of (cvcral pieces of a diffe-
rent Figure, tho' the moft part were Pen: v'oml. All thcle pieces were fix'J
and loyncd unto a Bone, which like a Skull, encloled the Tiitrails ol the Ani-
mal, havii)gonc Ajicrturc l)cforc, to let out the Head, Sliouldcrs and forc-
l.cggs; and anotlier oppofite, thro' which came out the hinder I.eggs and
Thighs. This Bone on which the Scales were fatlncd, was a Line and half
in the ihiiiiicft pl.ice; .indiKar an Iricliand half in lome places. It is gene-
rally doubL, there being Olio upon the hack and another un;lcr the F)elly,
wiucli, like two Breall-lMutes u" Biieklers, are )0\iiedbv tlielidci, and ty-
ed
(f ^ T O R T O I S E.
55
great-
Thc
the rc-
•iz. of a
a diffc-
;cfixM
ic Ani-
iid foic-
tTgs anil
and hall"
is gcnc-
11, belly,
and ty-
cd together by ftrong and haid Ligaments, but which do nevenhelels grant
liberty for my Motion. Elia/t tells us that. Land-Tortoifes do caft theii Shell,
inftead of faying their Sheliii, that is to (ay, thole pieces which are fixed on
the Bone made after the manner of a Skull. For there is no probabilitv that
a Tortoife (hould ftparate it lelf fronitliis Bone to whicli all its principal part ;
are faftned. And it is true that thcle pieces areof themfelves loolened rioui
this Bone, when the Shell has been Ibmtime kept, ami the Bone begins to
putrify ; othcrwile, to unloofe them you muft lay the )ioi-\^ upon the Fire,
the heat of which makes theie parts ealily to leparace from each other.
At the great Aperture befoie, there was at the top a raifed border, to
grant more liberty to the Neck and Head for lifting themfelves upwards :
And this Inflexion of the Neck is of great ufe to the Tortoife ; For itferves
them to turn again when they are upon their Back, And their Indultrv
upon this account is very admirable. We have obfcrvcd in a h\'ingTono:ji\
that being turned upon his Back, and not being able to make ufe othis Paws
for the turning himielf, becaule that they could bend only towards the Belly,
it could help it (elf only by its Neck and Head, which it turned lomtimes on
one fide, and fomtimes on the other, by pufliing againft the ground to rock
it felf as in a Cradle, to find oufe the fide, towards which the inequality
of the Ground might more eafily permit it to roul its Shell, for when it ha^
found it , it made all its endeavours on that fide.
The three great pieces of the Shell were upon the Back forwards ; they had
each in their middle a tound Bunch (landing up three or four Lines, and an
Inch and half broad: The lower part of the Belly was a little hollow ; Au-
thors have taken notice that this Cavity is peculiar to tlie Males. Upon
the Back there was a wound, occafioned by (ome blow that it had received
when it was taken. This wound which pierc'd only the Shell and part of
the Bone which furtained it, without penetrating on the infide, was not
healed within more then a year which (he lived, after her being taken.
All that proceeded out of the Shell, via. the Head, Shoulders, fore-Leggs,
Tail, Buttocks and hind-Lcggs, were all covered with a loofe Skin, folded
in great wrinkles, and befides that grained like Spaaijh Leather. This Skin
did not enter under the Shell, to cover the parts which are there cnclofed, but
it was fallned about the edge of each of the two Apertures : The Skin of .Sm-
Torto/fes is covered all along the Lcggs with little Scales like Fifhes.
/ilhertu s {.lys that great 'iWfl//w have a Shell ovoc their Head in form of a
Bucklci . The Head of our Tortoijc was only covered Vith a Skin, which
was much thinner than that of the other parts. It was (eaven Inches in
lengtli and live ill breadth, anddidinfbnie nieafurc relemble the Head of a
Serpent. The lower Jaw was near as thick as the upper. Tiiere were no
Apertures lor the Hars. The Nollrels were opened at the end of the Mouth
by two little roiin.i holes, after a uncouth manner. The Kyes were (inall
and frightfull : But we have obllrved nothing in relpect of the Torioife,w\\v:\\
may nvakc us to comprehend xs'iiy Gt/ii/ss and Gcfner^ in tranllating the words
i^-AoTa')) litrr, which Elim makes li(e of to exprels the deformity of the
Tortoife^hAVt: rcnJeied it Crifpif/ifna .ifpcciu^ inftead oi' J/pcchi .idtncdumTorvo :
For tlie (irrci: (ii^nilics both,and the niterpietationofthc rranllarorsof/i//.««
has nothing of the leiiie, as the other, whic!i agree with tlie Dclciiption of
^'54
The Anato)ftical Dcfcription
Facuz'/ust \vh(5 lays that the Tortofe is truci ajpeitu. The Eye had no up-
pci- Kye-lid, being fliut only by the means of the lower, which is lifted up
to tiie Eye-brow. Pliny reports that this is common to all oviparous ^4-
driifeds.
Towards the extremity of the Jaw-bones, at the place of the Lipps,the Skin
was hard as u Horn, and keen as in other I'ortoifes ; but thelc Lipps were
jagged like a Saw, and it wanted not on the infide two rows of real Teetii,
although Pliny affirms that Tcrtoifes have neither Teeth nor Tongue.
On each of the fore-Paws it had five Toes, or rather five Nailcs ; for the
Toes were not dillinguifli'd otherwife than by the Nails, thele Faws having
at the end but one round Ma(s, from whence the Nails grew out : The hind-
er-Leggs had only four. Both the fore and hind-Leggs were very Ihort.
'i'lie fore ones contained but 9 Inches in length, from the Top of the moulder
to the End of tin: Nails, aM hinder Leggs eleven, from the Knee to the end
of the Nails. The Nails wore long, being an Inch and Half. They were
rounded away both above and below, their cutt making an Oval figure;
they were blunt and worn away. Their Colour was parti-coloured of black
and white, indifferent places, and without any order. We have obferved
that Hea-Tortoifes have Claws or Nails much fliarper, becaufe that they do-
not wear them in Swiming, as Ldnd-Tortoifes do in Crawling : We have
found fome that had only four Nails on the fore-Feet even as on thole be-
hind. J^crfMi tells us, that there are allways five on each Foot. We have
remark'd that tho the Tortoife goes flowly, yet the manner of going which is
peculiar to it,muft wear out its Claws as much as in Animals which run .- For
it rubs them all againft the Earth fingly and one after another ; fb that when
it purs down one Paw, it refts at firlr only upon the hmdermoft Nail, then
on the next, and lb paffes to the others, even to the fore-Claw by turning its
Paw, which is round and bordered with Nails;like a C.harriot, which moves
its whccU, and imprints the heads of the Nails widi which their Circumfe-
rence is bordred, and makes them to enter into the Earth one after the other.
The Tail was large, having at its beginning fix Inches Diameter. It was
tburtccn Inches long, and terminated in a point like an Oxe's Horn. Or-
^;z«callsita Nail, which he likens to the Spurr which is behind a Cock'^s
hoot, and thinks that it is a Callofity cngendred ai the end of the Tail of
'lortujcs^ which have btcii formerly cutt 0^: whieh is not probable; aCV-
im not being able to obtain a Figure !b Regular, and lb exactly rounded as
it was in the I'ail of our Ton'/fc. This Tail after liie Death of the Tortoife
was turned on one fide, and lb inflexible, that it could n^vcr be made ftrait,
what force iocver was ufed. The fame infiexibility was found in the Mul-
clesofthe Jaws, which could not be ojx*ned otherwile than by cutting the
Mulcles. ytriftotle has oblerved tliat of all Animals, the Tortoife is that
which hath moll Itiength inhis Jaws; For its Force is liitJi, that it cuts in
lunder whatever it lays hold on, even to the iiardell Fhnts. We have taken
notice, ui a Irnall 'i or/w/r, that its Hcail, half an hour alter its being cut oft,
did make its Jaws to clack with a Noile like to that of C aflanetts : The Ihf-
ntlsofthe Tail, equalling that ot' the Jawi., makes it evident that the Tor"
r'f/f hasa grLat deal of Itrtiigth in this part to Ihike with; and that this
Horn wliit-;) it has attheeml may lave nillead of an offeiifive Weapon.
After
< ^ T O R T O I S E.
255
After having fawed on bot!i tlie fides, the Bone which in manner of a
81vull, makes the Cavity in which the Entrails are encloftd, as has been (aid :
Silnd afser having quite cutt away a Membrane adhering to the part of this
Bone which is underneath, and which makes the Belly, (this Membrane fup-
plying the place of xhc Veritonmm towards the bottom, and of the Pleur* tO"
wards the top ) the Internal pacts which prefented themielvcs to view, were
the Ventrt:lcy Liv- .id Bladder, Avhofe greatne(s was fuch, that it covered
the htefifftes, and all the other parts of tnelOwer Belly.
The t^entrick was placed underneath the Liver, to which it was feftncd by
means of levorai Veffels. Itvi'as-nine Inches long, and three diameter. Its
Tunicles were very thick, its Orificcsftrait. and the Membrane which makes
tlie Velvet was folded and bearing forms like Leaves extended according to its
length. Ithadthe Figur€ofj!he7^<r«?/r/f/tof a DiJ^; Se'verifms atmbntcs to
ittliat ofthc Ventricle of a Man.
Atitlie end of the Ventricle, the Intefiine which one may call the Duode-
mm, had in its inner fide Plaits or JBolds like the Ventricle, Their Figure
•was Reticular ; wImcIi might give occafion to believe that it was a fecond
Ventricle. The reft of the Intffiines were compofed of very thick Membranes.
The fmaJl-Gutts were one Inch diameter, and nine Foot long : The Valve
'oUlvtCobn was formed by a circular fold of the Internal Membrane of the
Jltiim, There wa« not found in the Ileum, nor Colo.Vy the Leaves that wc
have obferved in the generality of Animals. We found no exeunt. Sever i'
yms attributes two Ctecims to the Tcrtoifey refembling thole which are found
in Birds. The Re^tmjSt nine Inches diftance from tlie j4nMSy had a con-
tradion like the Rump of a f^»,round which there Mtere three round Appen-
dices of a different fize,wliich IcomM formed by the Internal Membrane oi the
Return ; and which were covered over with iflefliy Fibres extended accord-
ing to die length of the Appcndioes. The reft ol tlie Reifttm which reached
from dw contraftion to tm :^mitSf did ferve as a Caic to tlie Penis, as is ob-
ferved in the Cajlor, Civet-Cat, and feveral other Animals. Among tfee fmall
Watev Tortoifrs wthzve diffcfted ; thcpc w«s found towards the extremity
rftl« ReKian, two BlacMers, which had commiinication with the Interne,
and which fwelled when that was btow'tt up. lliele Bladdws have HOt been
found in great Tmv^s. " - ^ ' • v- -'^ ■ ' • ^
The Liver was of a Iblid Subftancc, but its colour pale ; it was of a confi-
dcrable bignefi, and feemcd as if it were double, being feparated into a right
and left prt, which were joined together only by an ffihnms of one Incii
broad, and by Membranes which did convey Veffels from the kftparttotbe
right. Eadi of thefc 'parts had a l^iW<i C«tm proceeding out of the Con^/exity
whidi faccth tlte DrJfh/ra^, and oadi of them a Ramm Hepat/eus going out
of the hoHow part. The left part ctfthc Lister was thegreateft, being di-
vided into four Lobes. The firft and biggeft was on the left fide : ITic fe-
cond, whofe btgncfs was of a middle fizc, was under die firft. The third,
which was fbmwhat leffer, was extended towards the right part, and pro-
duced the l/hmiisby whicli the two parts were joyned togctlicr. The fourth
was lengthened Hire as t!w third, oyer which it was fituated, to go joyn it felf
to the right part, to which it was faftncd only by a Membrane and Ibme
Vcflcis, which thi^ Membrane did convey from one part to tlic other j fucU
aliko
*
^$6
The Anatomical Defaription
a like Membrane did joyn the two laft Lobes. TJie right part of the Liver
had but three Lobes. The firft and greateft was the niglieft. The fecond
was under it ; 'twas by tliis Lobe that the left part of the Liver was joyncd to
the right, by the means of the Ifthmus. The third Lobe, which was tlie
lead, ifTued out from the middle of tlie Cavity of the great Lobe, and did
cover over the VefuuU which was faftncd in this place, being inclofcd in a <SV-
nus or Cavity, which hindred it from rifing without the Liver, as it ufually
docs. It contained an Inch and half in length, to lialf an Inch in breadth. It«»
Figure refembling that of the ycftcuU of a Man. The Cantlis Cyjlicusy (whicli
as in Maiiy was tlie continuation of the Neck of tlie VcficuU ) was levcn Inch-
es long, and as big as a little wriring Pen. It delcended without having any
Communication with the Hfp^ticus, and was inierted into the DuodenMity by a
})arti.cular Aperture. The Hefaticus was double, as has been laid. The
ri[;ht had Ccveral apparent Branchcs,which like Roots,werc extended into the
Lobes of the right part of the Liver. The left had none of the apparent
Brand les, but it formed a Trunk,which, immcdiatly iffuing out of the Liver,
didjoyn it k\i to the Trunk of the right Hepatick, joyntly to making but one
Trunk,whicli went to infert it felf into the Dnodemm near the Cyfitc.
'J'he yentVorts had its Trunk in the right part of the Liver, between the
the lirrt and lecond Lobe. Itfhot forth a great Branch along the IJihmusy
pioducing itvcral Branches which were diftributed into the left part of the
Liver. _ --'v:- ■;-'■; r^ '■ •/ .vlHn ^:,,
The V(nii Cava^ as has been faid, had two Trunks, one right and the o^
ther left, which did penetrate tlie Paretichymn of the Liver, with which they
were covered over near three Inches in length.
Tlie apleen was between tlie Duodemtm and the Colon. It had the Figure
of a Kidney, and recm'cd its Vellels by aideprcifion like that which the
Kidney has for the receiving its own. The Arteries did come from the
Branch which diftributes it lelf tothc Liver and Duodemm. The Vcms were
Br&tiQhcso!: the Mef enter id'.
. The P.rKcreas ihahly QmhrnQcd the Duodenum. It was Hkewifc faftncd
to the Spleen, which it partly covered. I( had the Figure of a Triangular
.j^rifnve. Its Duitus vi'as opened into the Vhtodenum.
The Kjdnejs were four Inches long, and three broad, in the form of
a Triangular Prifme, of a brisk red, divided into three or four pieces
joyned together by their VelTels, and cnctoled by the cxteriour Membrane,
The emulgent Veins proceeded only from the riglit ^cnaCavay wliich was
quite taken up in two great Branches, the fliortell whereof, which exceed-*
.cd not an Inch,did enter into the right Kidney.l'hc longeft which faad three
Inches, pafled on to die left; their entrance was toward^ the lower part of
the Kidney. The Z refers iffucd from the fuperiour part, and run along
the whole Surface, to which they were faftned ^s in Birds : There was a
plandulous Body an Inch long, fix Lines broad, and very thin, which was
Itrongly conncacd to each of the Emulgent Veins. 'Twas in appearance a
GUnduU lientlis.
The iVy/w/w were layd upon the Reins. They were two Inches and a
haU in Icngtii, and ten Lines in breadth. The Fpididywis was of a particular
•^ -^urc.- 'I'waia Drufns folded into ih many Circumvolutions, that be-
ing
'-}^
of aT O R T O I S E.
57
ing unfolded, it contained fourteen Inches, whereas before it had but four.
Tliis Ductus did not fccm to proceed from the Tejliele, but only from the Kid-
ney to which it wasfaftned. Having made an Injeftion: of a coloured Li-
quor into this Dii^ta, a great many other little Di0us^s were made to rilcy
which did not appear before, and which went from the TefticUto the Rfidi-
dymii : Thefe Da^«j's being enclofed in the Membrane which retained the
Circumvolutions of the £/'///^;w/>, and which faftned it to the 7V//f/(?. ..;-^< r
I'lie Bladder was of an extraordinary bigncfs. There was found in it a-
bove twelve pounds of clear lympid Urins ; Jrijlotle tells us that the Sett-Tor-
tvfc has t\\z Bladder very large, and the Lattd-Tortotfe very finall. Never-
thelcls ours was a Land'Tono/fe : And in the Diffedion whicli wc Iiavc made
of icvei-a.1 iVjtcr-Tortoifes, wc have always found their Bladder a great deal
lels in proportion than that which we do Treat of. 'I'his makes us to tiiink
tliat there is an Errour in the Text oi Ariftotlcy by the tranfpofition oftho*
words Teneftid and Marine \ feeing that the Realbn which Ariftotlc alledges
for thegreatnelsofthe Bladder of Xo^-rwyfj, does not well conclude to make
us clearly uiiderftand that the Terrefiial ou^ht to have it left than the others^
For he fays, tiiat Tortoifes not being covered with a Skin, whole Pores can
adiil in that Tranlpiration, which in other Animals confumes a part of
the Molllureofthe Bodj', and greatly dirainifhes the matter of the Urine;
this Animal muft neceUarily have a great Receptacle for thele Moilhires,
which the thicknels and hardnefs of the Shell retains and includes; But he
fay's not that the Shell of 6>4-'/or^w/o- is thicker than that of the Land, nor
that they do drink more : And according to Jriftotlc's Reafbning, FiQics
which are known to have no Bladder, ought to have one very large.
The Figure of the Bladder of our Tortoife was altogether as extraordinary
as its grcatnefs. It was made in the fhape of a Gutt, and its Neck was not
at one of the ends, but at the middle ; which does indifferently well reprefent
the Membrdna AlwtoJdes of the Fatiis of moil Brutes. This Figure is very
diri^crent from the Figure of the Chcftnut which Severims gives it : It had
two Foot in Icngth.Its fituation was Tranfvcrlc, going from one of the Flanks
to the other. Its Exteriour THnkle was Membranous : The Interiour was
llrcngthencd by an infinite number of flcfhy Fibres emboffed, which were
crolfed and interlaced one within the other, imitating thole which arc leea
on the infide of the Auricles of the Heart ; Theic Fibres had their Originc to- ■<
wards the Neck, and diiperled thcmlelves thro' the whole extent of the Blad-
dvT.The ufe of thele Fibres is without doubt like that of the Fibres of the Au-
ricles of the Heart, where they do ferve to ftraiten and contraft their Cavity,
for preffing out what they contain. For the Tortoife not having like other
Animals, a Belly flexible, and garnidit with Mulclcs which might com-
prcls the Bladder, this part ought to have in it lelf a particular Principal
ofComprcflion, by the means of which it might dilcharge it lelf of what it
contains.
Tiie Neck of tiic Bladder was an Inch in length and as much in breadth. It
was falfned towards the middle of the J\fchm,\nto which the Urine was dil-
tharged by a little Aperture or (Oblique Diu'his feven or eight Inches from
t!ie Anus. Within this Neck there was four little Teats, the two grcatcll
of which were the Extremities of the l^/i/a S''crmatica D:fercnrii : They werQ
I I about
til
I
y
4
.58'
Tbi AnalomUal Defcription
about a Line in length. The two other Icfler were the extremities of tho
Z'reter^.
The Peaij which wasenclofed ia the Re^mn as in a Calc, as has been Ikyd,
contained nine Inches in length, and an Inch and half over. It was compo-
(cd of two round Ligaments, of a fpongious Subftance, ai,id covered over
with a Hne Membrane. They were layd one againft the other, and knitt
together, not only by their Extremities, viz. near theG/jw, and towards the
root, which was at the Internal and lower part of the Os Pdis ; but likewilc
by their Superiour part, for all their length, by the means of the Membrane
ef the Reflim, which was firmly faftned to them in this place, without ad-
hering to them in other places, as by the fides and lower part. This
Membrane was extraordinary ftrong at the place where it was joyned, con-
taining near two Lines in thicknefs. The reft was thinner and ot a blackiili
"Colour : Thefe Ligaments thus conncfted, did leave underneath a Cavity
in the form of a Gutter, like to that where the Intlra is generally plac'd in
other Animals. But in this which had no Vrethra, this part was liipplycd
by a Cavity, which the Ligaments themfelves did form with the Tuuicle of
the Retlum only, at the time of the Evacuations which ought to be made by
this Dufhs. 1 his did certainly happen by the fwelling of the Ligaments,
which being conftringcd by the Tunicle ot the Return which embrac'd them,
left a vacuity in the torm oia.Du£tus, between the Tunicle of the htcfiine
and the Ligaments : For thcle Ligaments, tho' conltringed, did not ceale to
keep fomthing of their roundnels, by rcalbn of their fwelling : And this made
a triangular Cavity, the two fides of which, formed by the fides of the
Ligaments, were Convex, and the third formed by the Tunicle of the In-
tejtinff was ftrait. Each ofthe two Ligaments was not only Spongious, as
it is ordinarily in other Animals, but they were hollow with a long Cavity in
form of a Pipe, which went from the Os Pubis, where was the Originc of the
Ligaments,as far as the G/«»j.The Veflfells which were lent into the body ofthe
Pf««,had a particular diftribution : For whereas the Artery,Vein,and Nerve,
do ufually all three run upon tlie Pf«/j,there were but two in our 6ub)eft: And
the Vein, after having formed a Net work, and Icveral Circumvolutions to-
wards the root ofthe Penist did penetrate into the Ligament, and producing
a Trunk, which running along the Internal and Superiour part of the Cavity,
fcnt forth ieveral Branches, into all the reff uf the internal Surface of this
Cavity. The Strufture of the GIms was yet more txtraordinary than all
the reft. Above it terminated in a point, and appeared to be the continua-
tion of the Ligaments, not differing therefrom, neither in its Subftance nor
its Tunicle. Underneath it had two flat and almoft circular Append ccs,
placed one upon the other. The greateft, which was faftned to the GU»s
underneath, was an Inch and half in diameter .- The Icaft, which was Hx'd to
the middle ofthe greateft, contained but half an Inch. It had moreover two
little Appendices, like two buds about the bignefs of a Line .- AH the GIatis
was of a Colour like to that of the Inferiour part of tlie Tunicle of tlie Reci-
utHt which ierv'd as a Cafe to the Penis ; *twas of a very dark flate Colour •
There were two Mufclcs Icrving to draw the GUns inwards. They took
their Ori^ine from the ^fr/^^r* L««i^4r«, and palfing along the fide ofthe
RecfKm, infcrted themfelves at the upper part ot the Pcwj, near the G/ans.
lo-
of a TORTOISE.
■2c;c?
!
Towrirds the middle, tliey were interlaced with two other Mulcles, appoint-
ed for the Motion of tlie Tail, and which ferved them as a Fully.
The Heart was feated in the upper part of the Breaflr, being doled in a very
thick Pericarditmy and faftned by the lower part of the Membrane which co-
vered the Liver. Its Figure differed greatly from that which the Heart ge-
nerally has. Forinftead of being extended from its Bajis to its point, irsgrcat-
cft dimenfion was from one fide to the other, being three Inches this way,
and an Inch and a half only from the BaJis to the point. The two Auricles
which proceeded from the BafiSj were very loofc, and as it were hanging
down: The right had two Inches and a half in length, to an Inch and hall'
over : t!ie left was lelfer. The Fena Cava, which, as has been faid, liad two
Trunks proceeding, the one from the right part of the Liver, and the other
from ihe left, convcy'd the Blood thro' each of thele Trunks into each of the
Auricles. I'hcle Auricles, as ufually, opened each into a VeHtriUe, and at
each of tlie Apertures which gave pafTagcto the Blood from the Auricle in-
to the Ventricle^ there were three yahnU Sigmoides\ which, contrary to what
is uf ball in this kind oi Valve, hindred the Blood from going out of the Heart
to return into the Auricles, performing the Office of the lalvuU Tricufpides
Befides thefc two Ventricles which were in the hinder part of the heart
which faceth the Spine, there was a third in the fore-part, inclining a little
towards the right fide. Thele three Ventricles were communicated by fevc-i
ral Apertures, their Subftance not being folid and continued as in the Hearts
of other Animals, but Spongious and compofed ot Fibres and flcfliy Columns,
contiguous only to each other, and interwoven together. Befides the llrait
Apertures which were between thefe Columns, there were others more ca-
pacious, by which the two Poftcriour Ventricles had communication together,
and with the Anteriour \entricle.
The two hinder VetitricleSf as has been fayd, did recicve the Blood from the
two Trunks of tlie Vena Cava with the Blood of the Piflmoniqae Veine, which
was double, there bemg one on each fide .- For thele Veins emptying thcm-
felves into each Axillary, did mix the Blood that they had received from the
Lungs wi:h that of the Vena Cava, to carry it into the right Ventricle, from
which the Jorta did proceed.The Anteriour Ventricle had no other Velfel than
the Pnt7ncnique Artery : This Artery, as well as the Aorta, had three WalvtiU
Stgmoidcs, the aftion of which was to hinder the Blood, which is got out of the
Heart, from re-entring, when the Ventricles have dilated themfelves to re-
ceive the Blood of the Vena Cava and the Lungs.
This uncommon Struftureof the Ventricles and Veffels of the Heart mull
have fbme particular ufes,on which we will not declare our Conjeftures iup-
ported on different Experiments, till after having fliewn that-the Strufture of
the Lungs is not lefs extraordinary : For the one and the other Srrufture is
thus extraordinary': in thefe parts, by realbn of the particular Actions that
they have in Jmphi'tous Animals, of which kind the Tortoi/e is.
'I'he /hrtafit the end ohhcr\s,ht Ventricle, was divided into two Branches,
which form.ed two CrofTes. Thefe CrolTes, before they were quite turned
downwards, did produce the AxilUres and Carotides. Afterwards the left
Crofs defcending along the Kfr^f^r*, did calV forth Branches: The firll: was
dirtributcd to all parts of the Ventricle. The fecond went to the Liver, Pan-
I i J cre.is.
rw
260
The Anatomical Defcriptim
crcas^ Duodenum^ and Spleen. The third furniihed Branches to all the /«-
tffiines. Afterwards it was united with die Branch of the right Crofs, which
deicended fo far without cafting forth any Branches, and both formed but
one Trunck, which defending along the Body of the Vertehrx^ gave Bran-
ches to all tlie parts of the lower Belly.
. The Larynx was compoled, as in Birds, of an Arjtenoides and Cricoides,
articulated together. 1 he two Bones, which do each make one of the
Horns of the Hyotdesy were not articulated the one to the other, but each
ilparately in ditterent places of the lUps of the Hyoides. The Cleft of the
Cuotiii was Itrait atid doll', apparently to keep the Air a long time enclolcd
in the Lungs, for ufes whicli mall be after wards explained. It may be alio
believed, that this (b exaft indofure is to prevent the Water from entring into
the yifper.i Jrteria, when the '/t>r/o//i'j are under Water : And this particular
Conformation of the G/o/r/j may be theCauIe of the Snoring of the Sea-Tor-
toifcsy which as P//«r reports, is heard a great way when they do float fleep-
ing upon the Surtace of the Water. The Sea-Cahes, which arc likewife re-
markable for their Snoring, have alio their Glottis and Epiglottn extraordi-
nary cloie, as has been remarked in the Deicription of this Amfljiitous An-
imal.
'Yhc JJpera j4rfer/.tj wliich had its Riogs intire, was feparated at the en-
trance of the Breaft into two long Braiaches of fix Inches each. From the
entrance of the Lungs thcfe Branches did loofc their Cartilages, and produ-
ced only Membranous Channels very large and unequal, containing even
an Inch and half in Ibmc places, and Ivilf an Inch only in others. The Mem-
brane that formed tiieli: Channels was tran(parent and thinn. but folid and
tbrtified with Ligaments linck'd together after the manner of a Nett, compo-
fcd of fcveral Maflics, like to thofe that are fecn in the Iccond Ventricle of
Animals that ruminate. Hach of thele MallicsyWas the border and entrance of
a little Pouch, which opened into a fecond, and that fbmtimes into a third.
The Branches of the Veins and Arteries of the Lungs did run along the Liga-
tucnts, ot which they did accompany all the Divifions, equally dillribut-
ing the Blood into the whole extent of the Lungs. The Authors tiiat have
thought that the Tcrtoife has no Blood ill the Lungs, have grounded this
opuwun ocs. the whitenclsand tranfparency of the Membranes whereof they
are civ.iipiiltd,whicli do make it to appear altogctlier Membranous when it is
{'wclltdi whereas that of other Animals appears flefliy : But the truth is, that
the only ditkrtnce is iliat of more and lefs; The Lungs of Ay.:», after
the fame manner as tlutof otiier Animals, being compolu! i)t nothing ello
but linall riy/i/r/heapc one againil the other, amongil which thcSanj^uinar/
Vuilels are interlaced in lb great a number, that they do form aa appi:;>rjucc
of llcd^ like little Lobes (alined to the Channels of the Ihomi.i ; and \is of
tiicle little Lobes that thi' great Lobes of the Lungs are cumpuicd.
Yet this diflercnu', of more and Icls fiU'd with Blood, ha>. Ictmeci to us to
pals fur cilcntial, and iiiiiicicnt to clUbliHi a vS^a/^ j ol Lungs, whic.'i is one
of three to which we reduce the Lungs of the Animals tliat wc lave dilTc6t-
ed: For we have found Lungs which did appear ablblutly Ikfiiy, others ab-
Iblutly Membranous, and others partly llclny ami partly Mcmbranuus. llie
Lungs of all tour footed Tcrrellnal Anim^^ls, which lay no Hggs, and ibme
of
<»/tfTORTOISE.
261
of the Jtftfhfhicuff as the Sea-Calfj are of the firft Species: And thefe Lungs do
abfolutely appear flefliy, becauie that the Blood is equally difperfed thro* all
their Subilance, into which it Circulates entirely, making all the Blood to
pals thro* the Lungs by its Veffels from one Ventrtclc of the Heart to the o-
ther. The Lungs oiTmoifes, Serpents, Frogs, Salamanders , Came/tons, See.
are of the (econd Species', And they appear abiblutely membranous, having
but very little Blood difperled into their Subftance, viz.. only that which is
neceffary for their particular Nouriihment ; So that there is no other Circu-
lation made in its Veffels but of this Nouriihment. The Lungs of Birds are
of the third Species, and the>' do appear i)artly flefliy, and partly Membra-
nous, by reaion that the part which is faAned to the Ribbs is filled with a
great quantity of Veffels, by which the Circulation is entirely made as in
Terreftrial Animals ; and the other part, which is divided into eight and
ibmtimes into ten great Bladders, has no Veffels, and the Circulation therein
is only for its peculiar Nouriihment.
Tiielc three Species of the Lungs may be reduced to two, if their differen-
ces be taken from the ufe which the Lungs have,in relation to the entire Cir-
culation of the Blood ; And in this cafe the Lungs o^Tortotfes, and other Am-
phihtoits Animals of that kind, will make a particular 6/>m«, their Lungs be-
ing ufelels for the entire Circulation. And the Lungs of Birds, and that of
Terrcftrial Animals will make another Species, which will be common to
thole whole Lungs appear abiblutely flefhy, and thofc that appear only in
one part. For the eliablilhing thele two Species, there may be likewile add-
ed another difference taken from the Motion of the Lungs, which in Terreft-
rial Animals, even as in Birds, is continual, regular, and periodical : And
in the otliers,as in the Tortoife, Camelion &c.it is interrupted,and To feldom and
unequal, that the Camelion is fomtimes half a day without ones being able
to dflcei n in him any Motion for the Relpiration : And fomtimes it is per-
ceived to Ivvell on a liidden, and to remain a quarter of an hour in this con-
dition. The Tortoife does probably ufe the fame manner. We have a
long time obfcrvcd leveral living and entire, and we have taken notice that
indeed they Ibmtimes cart forth a cold Breath thro the Noftrils, but it is by
mtcrvals, and without order. In thofe which were opened alive, we faw
that the Lungs remained continually fwellcd by the exad comprcffun of
the Glottis, and that it Ihrunk entirely and fuddcnly, when entrance was giv-
en to tlic Air by cutting the JJpera Arteria.
When the Brcall of a living Dog is opened, by taking away the Sternum
with the Cartilaginous Appendices of the Ribbs, the Lungs arc oblcrved
iuddenly to fink, and afterwards the Circulation of the Blood and Mo:ion of
the Heart to ccalc in a little time, after that the ri^ht l^cntricle of tlic Heart,
and its Auricle with the renM Cava are rwclled,as if they were ready to burll:
So that to prevent the Animals Death, the end of a pair of Bellows is put into
the J/per.t Arteru,ind pufhingin the Air to make the Lungs lwell,and after-
wards withdrawing them to make them fink, they are Artificially made to
have the Motion that they Naturally ule: and it is oblerved that the l^i'ut ride
and rigiit Auricle of the Heart with the VemCava do unlWell, and the Hcarc
t cl'unies its ordinary Motion again.
Thii
'4
^62
The Atiatomical Defcription
This haprtcs not to tlie Tortoife in which one has laid open the Lungs ; for
whether they continue fwelled, or whetlier they do fhrink, the Circulation
and Motion of the Heart do continue lb well in their Natural manner, that
it was experimented that a Tcrtoife has lived above four days in this Condi-
tion. We have alfb made another Experiment to know more diftindly the
Neceflity of the Motion of the Lungs, for the entire Circulation of the Blood
in Animals whofe Lungs are abfblutely Flefhy,and which are not Amj^hihious.
An Injeftion being made by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Artery of
the Lungs of a dead Dog ; it happens that if one continues to make the Lungs
rife and fink by the means of Bellows put into the Jfpera. ArttrU, the Li-
quor which is pufhed into the Lungs docs eafily paft, and go thro' the Vein
into the left Fr/;/r/V/f : And that when one ceaics to bk)w, it pallcs not but
witli a great deal of difficulty.
After having veiwed the different Strufture of the Ventricles,, and Vefleis
of tlic Heart oftlie Dog and Tortoife^ it is eafy to give lome probable Rcalbns
of the P/>^w»»<'«4 ofthefe Experiments: for it may be laid that tlie Lungs
of tiie Dog being funk after Expiration, the VelTels arecomprelTcd after fuch
a manner, that the Blood cannot pals ; and that it is neccfliiry that thclc
VclFcls are dilated by Infpiration for the receiving the Blood of the rio'Iit
Ventricle of the Heart ; and that they be afterwards compreffcd in the Expi-
ration to prels it out, and make it pals into the left Ventricle. It may be a-
gain Imagined that the Ventricles ot the Heart of the Tortoifey and other An-
imals whole Lungs are abfolutely Membranous, not having their walls Iblid
like thole of the Heart of the Doggy ( wherin the Blood has no freer palTagc
from one Ventricle to the other, but crofs the Lungs ) but that being Porous
in all their Subftance, and alfb open one into thcotlicr by very large liolcs, it
mull not be thought firrange, that altho the Lungs remain Immoveable, whe-
tlier blown up, or funk, the Circulation is not hindred, and that in thefe A-
nimals it is always performed after the lame manner as it is in the Foetus .-
Becaufe that in ihtfoetusy as in thcfc Animals, the Lungs receive the Blood
only for their Nourifhmcnt,and not for the intire Circulation,!© that it fends
to the Heart only the remainder of what it has not confumed : And in fine
as tfie intire Circulation is not performed but by the Antftomofes of the Heart
in tile Voetus ; it is done alfo in the other Animals which we treat of, only by
particular Apertures which the Ventricles of their Heart have one into the
other.
But to be more alTured that the Blood Circulates not intircly thro* the
Lungs in the Tortoife^ the Trunck of the Artery of the Lungs was tyed up :
and it was oblervcd that the Motion of the Heart was in no manner altered,
and that the Circulation was continued always after the fame manner. Now
this is eafier to be feen in this Animal than in others, by realbn that its Heart
being whitifh, and the Walls of the Ventricles thin before, the Blood was
in Ibme fbrt fccn to enter in and go out of the right Ventricle ^Wom which the
AortA procccds,as has been declared iand this was known by a rcdncls which
happens when the point of the Heart approaches its linjis, and wliicl. fl-Cip-
pcars when it is remote from it. For it is eafy to )udg that when the point
approaches the lUju, 'tis ticii t!ut the Hixn utccrM the Blood from its
Ventriclesj bcuiift thai at this very inllant tiieir Walli picfing inwards,
and
oftf TORTOISE.
3<?;
the
up:
tcrcil,
Mow
Icart
d was
li tlic
vhich
irip-
poinc
in its
UllJ
«
and compreffing the Blood did caufe a rednefs to appear in this place. The
Compremon being capable of making tlieBodys, which their Spongious
confilrence has rendered Opake to become diaphanous by the diminution
of the Intervals, which make them Spongious : In fine, this Circulation thus
apparent, & which has continued for four Dayes, the Lungs being opned and
cut in fcveral places, has feem'd to us very clearly to Demonftrate that in
thcTortoffe the Lungs lerve not for the Circulation of the Blood, as in the
Animals which have flefhy Lungs. ^
The true u(e of tlie Lungs in the Tortoife and other Animals of its Centts,
is a tiling which has {eemed to us obfcure enough to excite us to examine
it carefully, and to allow us the boldnefs of promoting thoughts fomewhat
extraordinary, following the liberty that we thought we might take to our
lelves in thefe Mrwwf j,where we do not place things as being compleated,but
only as materials which may be employed or rcjeibed, according as they fhail
be found fitt, or ufelefs or dcfe£tive,.when time by new Experiments or
better Argumentations Ihall better make known their Worth.
We do believe then that there is no appearance that the Lungs of the Toy
toife ferve for the intire Circulation of the Blood, for the Reafons whiclihave
been alledged : neither is it made for the Voice, the Tortoife being ablb-
iutcly Mute. And it is not conducing to the refrefhmcnt of the Internal
Parts, nor for the Evacuation of their Vapours, (eeing that it wants the con-
tinual and regulated Motion which is oblerved in other Animals, and which
is ncceflary for thefe purpofes. So that there remains only the compreflion
of the Internal Parts, whofe ufcs have been explained in the Dcfcription^
that we have made of Birds ; and which are reduced to the preparation and
diftribution of the Nourifhmcnt : But we do (carch after another ufc more
Important, *and wliich being more particular to the Tortoife and the oth,cr A-
nimalsofits5/>rf/«, docs better anfwcr to the particular Conformation of
their Lungs ; and we have found that to this part may be attributed the fa-
culty that the T(?rfo//f has of raifin^, and holding it fclf above the Water,
and ofTmking to the bottom when it plcalcs, in lo much that it fupplys the
place of the Air-Bladdcr, which is found in molt Fijbes.
There are fevcral conjeflurcs on which we found the probability of this O-
pinion, and which do make us to think that this Bladder of Fz/Z^a, and the
Lungs of the 7>/wy"^ being enlarged, do render the Body oftheic Animals
hgfit enough to Swim upon the Water; and that when thele parts are con-
traftcd, and the Air which is capable of compreflion, taking up lefs room by
rcalbn it is ftraitned, and (b the whole lixly being lels extended, it dt-
fcends to the bottom, after the lame manner as the Utile holbw Figures of
Enamel enclofcd in a Pipe of Glafs, do fink to the bottom when by prefling
oil the fiirfaceofthe Water, the Air is comprclTcd which is cncloied in the
Cavity that makes them Swim.
We have frequently obfcrved that as (bon as a Tortoife is put into the W^a-
ter, it cafh forth thro' the Mouth or Noilrils, feveral bubbles, which arc
in all likclyhood formed by the overmuch Air that it has in itsLungs,for the
keeping it icif in a )ull Z'.'^«////'r/«w;which puts it in a condition of being heavy
enough to fink to the bottom, at thelealt compreflion which itsMulclcsdo
make upon its Lungs, )\ii\ as the little Figure of Enamel dclccnds in the
Water
Hi
i
m
264
The Anatomical Defcripion
Warcr,at the fmalleil etfort that is made to coniprels the Air tliat it cncloles >
and it is eafy to comprcliend that if the Tortoije being at the bottom of the
Wat-r, relaxes the Mufcles that did comprefs its Lungs, the Air by tlie
Virtue of its Spring returning into itsfirft State, can give again to its wliole
Bod}', the extent which it had when it did Swim upon the Water.
The probability of tliis Arguing has been confirmed by Experience. A liv-
ing Tortoife was lockt up m a Veflel full of Water, on which there was
with Wax exadly faftned a cover, from the top of whicli tliere went a GlaG
Pipe. The VeHcl being full fb as to make the Water appear at the bottom of
the Giafs pipc,we obferved the Water did fbmtimes alcend into tlie Pipe,and
that Ibmtimes it dcIcended.Now this could be done only by the augmentati-
on and dimunition of the Bulk of the Tor/(?//c;and it is probable that when the
Tortoife endeavoured to fink to the bottom, the Winter fell in the Pipe, be-
G.rjfe that the Animal ieffencd its Bulk by the contradion of its Mulcles ; and
that the Water rofe by the flackning of the Mulcles, which ccafing to comprefs
the Lungs, did permit it to return to its {Iritfizc, and did render the whole
Body of the Tortoife ligliter.
The exaftnefs with which the Ghnis is doled in this Animal, Hems
greatly toaflift the etfe£l: of this compreflion ; even as it is credible that it is
ibrfuchan u(e that the Bladders of Fifhes are fb doled, that what force foevcr
be uFed for the Comprefling them, the Air cannot be got out otherwiic
than by burlling them : For there is no likelyhood that thele Bladders are iix
Fiflies to remain always in one State : They would hurt them as much in
hindering them from defcending in the Water, as they would afTiil: them
Ly making them to rife towards its Surface, and for this purpole it would
have fufficed that their body was of a Subftance thin enough to render their
bulk proportioned to their weight, fiich as is the Siiblhnce of Wood and
other Spongious Bodys which do Sv/im upon the Water. We have lor .1
long time obferved ror/o//fj floating upon the Water without rtirring. Filli-
es do likcwife keep themfdves a long while in one place under Water, fbm-
times near the bottom of the W^ater, fbmtimes near its Surl'ace. Tlie little
Figures of Enamel do thus flop themlelves in dilferent places according to the
diwrcnt Compreffions that are made in the Air \\ liich they do contain.
Arijlvtle and Vliny have remarkt that when Tortcifes have been a lojig
time upon the Water during a Calm, it happens that their fhcU being dryed
in the Sun, they are eafily taken by the Fifhermcn, by realbn that they can-
not plung into the Water nimbly enough, being l)ecome too light. This
fhews what equality there ought to be in their Fquiltitiun/y feeing that fo
littleachangeas this; which may happen by tlie lole drying of the Shell, is
capable of makin" it ufelvfs. For it is probable that tlie Tc-to-fc, which i*
always careful to Keep it fdf in this Iqialihrtumy fb as other Animals are to
keep themfdves on their Leggs, in this cale, by the lame inllind, dares not
let the Air out of its Lungs,to acquire a weight which might niakeit Ijieedily
to fink ; bccaufe it fears that its Shell being wctt, it ihould bccomdb heavy,
diat it being fiink to the bottom of the Water it might neve.- have power
afterwards to rc-alcend.
Now the Oblervation of the unmoveablendi of the Lungs, docs very wdl
agree with the want of the Organs, which might Idve fm its Motion; for
the
gram
took
hellim
Spinilt
parra
Coloui
vity w
Vcrtibt
Tht
hy fevi
Cavity
Nerve:
Were v
of a TORTOISE.
4265
ong
ryal
ca:i-
riiis
u lo
1, i.
ich ii
tic to
s not
xdily
svcU
tllO
the Tortoife has not only its Shell, which iupplysthe place of the Stermm; ab-
folutcly immoveable, but in it we have round neither Dit^hrngme^ nOr 0-
ther parts whicli might fupply this Motion. The Bone of the "Arm called
Himerusy which it has enclofed in the Breaft, has a very \on^Jp(mhyfis at the
place of the Articulation of the C/r^//w, which is joyned with another Bone
atticulated to the Cubitus : So that thefe Bones do joyntly form two produfti-
ons on each (ids, which approaching forward, are like C/^t'/c///* : But thelc
parts are immoveable, and do evidently lerve only for a Rt/// or Origine tO
the Mufcies which do lupply the place of Pe£torals; and which' dr^w
forward the moveable part ot the Arm , viz. thcCukttts, Radius, and Hand.
There were found Mufcies enough that might (erve for the Gompreflion of
the Lungs ; but Mufcies alone are not prop;;r to its dilatation ; there muft
be the Ribbs and a Stcraitm, or Ibmthing Jnalogus tliat may be ijioveable.
So that it is apparently neceffary to fuppole that the Infpiration is made
by the Spring of the hard and firm Ligaments which compafe the Mafh-
es that have been defcribed ; Infomuch that when the Mulcles which may
comprcfithe Lungs begin to flacken, thefe Ligaments are extended, and en-
larging the Apertures of all the Bladders, do encreafe the capacity of the
wiiole Lungs. Altho' our Tortoife was not of thofe that live i.i the Wa-
ter, it did not fail, in regard to this particular formation of the Heart
and Lungs, to have it like that of the Animals of its Apeeiesy as feveral Birds
are obfervcd to have Wings tho* they do not fly.
The Bratft was very finall : For the fize of the Head, which, in pro-
portion to the red of the Body, is very fmall, confided principally in the
Bones oi' the Cranium, and in the Flelh of the Cro^4/'A/V^ Mulcles that covered
it, and which were thick as in the Lyon: The Bone of the Crown of tiie
Head having a creil: after the manner of all Animals that hav6 an extraordi-
nary llrength in the Jaws. The Cerebrum with the Cerebellum were m all
fixtceii Lines long and nine Lines broad. The Sea-Tortoifes which are taken at
the A»i-iles have it three times leffer in proportion : For, according to the
Relations whioli we have ofthofe Countries, the Tortoifes which have there a
Head as bigg as that of a C<i//, have the Brain no bigger than a Bean.
TheMembranesof thefe two parts, their Subftance, the Lucis CI oroides',
the Glin.iul* Pwea/is, the Pituitarius, the InfMndihuium, and generality of the
Nerves were after the fame manner as they are ieen in Birds : The other parts
had lointhing pai ticular. The Olfa^o'y Merves were of an extraordinary
grandure, making near the fourth part of the whole Bram. The Optick Nerves
took their Oiigine from the 0//4(;7ory. The two Tuherofttics that thetere-
belliM has in Bird>, inllcad of being faftnedto the lateral parts of the Mcdntlx
Spin.tliSy were in its upp^r part. Fhe Cerebellum was neither furrowed by
parrallel Lines on the out fide, nor diverfified on tlie infile t>y tlie different
Colours of Its Sujilancc, which reprelent the Branches oF frees, and its Ca-
vity was advanced very farr into the Medulla, spinalis, going even to the firll
Vcrtcbr.t of tlie Neck.
'J'he Med'tlla S^nalis was covered with its vfual Mjmbraius and moifined
by leveral Velfcis winch did accompany it to its Knd ; It filled the whole
Cavity of ihe yertehr^ and lent from one pirt and the otlier feveral pair of
Nerves; Thole which were dillributed to the Arms, leggs, Neck, and fail,
were very large and Numerous.
Kk Thi;
■•:!W^''
166
The AnatomicMl Defcriptim
.The GMf of the Eye was an Inch Diameter. The Internal Eye-lidd
/which w« have feen ftirr in living Tortoi{es, had the &me Muicles which
we have obferved in Birds. The Cornea was very thinn. The Aqueous Hu-
mour had a Connilence id thick, that it did hardly run : Tlie hit was of a
li^t'fooii-CoIour ; There were Iccn feverai Vcffells interlaced. In the lit-
tle Tmc^is that we Iiave here, which are all water Tmoi/es, the Iris
had four yellow rayes on a ground of light foot-Colour. Thefe rayes were
d fpofcd in Crofles round the hole of the lyed. The ChryftMllinm contain'd
but one lin& Diameter. It was flat and lenticular. The Membrane made like
a biack purig which is found in the Eyes of Birds, was not met with in our
Subjct^. The7<0(iS»tf, whole Figure was Pyramidal, had an Inch in length
and four Uqcs ^> Br<)dth. It was tmnn, not exceeding a line, the flefhy (ub-
flance of which made but the half. The TumcU had over it a great number
of little Teats. The Tongue witli the Os Hyoiies had 1 en Mufcles, five on
each fide. The Brft , which drew die Os Hjioides forward, went from the
Symfhyfts of the lower Jaw to the Balis of the Os HyoieUs : The fecond, which
drew it fide ways, went from the Interiour part of the Otmflata to the Balls
of the HjtoieUf : The third which drew it upwards, went from one of its
Homes to its Bafis. The fourth which drew the Tongue forward,went from
theAWi&y/J/ofthe Chin to the fide of the Tongue. The Fifth, which
drew tne Tongue fideways and towards the Bafis, went firom one of the
Homes of the Os Ffycidcs to the fiidis of the Tongue.
The NecefiTity that there was of keeping the Remains of this rare and ex-
traordinary fubje^, for an Ornament dP tl e Ji/isry of VerJailleSf have-
ing hinder'd us from perfuingany farther the Enquiry of the Organs of
fenfe in the Head of ocxTortoifey we have fupplied this defed bythediG-
Icdion of ieveral other Tortfiifts^ where we have oblerved that the Oifadory
Merves terniinated at a delicate Membrane of a black-Colour, which covers
the Inlide of the nolh-ills j This Membrane had neither folds nor Ridges
that did enter into the boles of the Os Ethmoiies : In the Anteriour part of the
palate, there was two holes whkli opened into the Nollriils.
As to the Earsy in our fmall Twfifts as well as the great, there was no Ex-
ternal Aperture, the Bone did appear only funk at the right fide of the 7'em-
ples ; And the skin covering this Sinking was thinner and more delicate than
ellcwhere, and (eemed alio feme what funk in this place. After having
taken away this skin, there was diibovered a round hole of the bignels and
forme of that of the hole of the Eye. It was doled by a kind of C/trttUgimms
thin plate very moveable, being faftaed all about to the edge of the round hole
by a very thin Membrane. At the fide of the hole towards the hinder part of
the head, tlKre was a Cwttltgisimt DidUs, which delcended into tlie palat,
where it had a long Aperture making a little cleft. Under the CartiUgittoMs
plate there wasfound a great Cavity of an Oval figure, very long, contain-
mg twice its breadth. This Cavity was pierced at the fide, to give palfagc
toalittlc<S>//rf/o very fmall, which came obliquely to fulhin the Fistina
by one End, and by the other, having pafled thro a (econd Cavity, which
was a little beneatli and befide the ^reat one, it Hopped a hole by which the
Iccond Cavity was opened into a third, which was Anfraduous, and whicli
received the Auditory Nerve ; The End of the llyletto whkh doled
the
n ■
^«TORTOISE.
16^
the Aperture of this third Cavitie went enlarging it ielf like the end of a
Trumpet, and had a delicate membrane which fanned it to the Circumfe-
rence of the hole.
Thoie who have made the Defcription of the Jnt-Jpt, which <£ all in
the world has the greatell quantity otTorto^es^do iky that they are deaf. We
have reafon to doubt, confldering the Organs that W6 have juft defcribed,
whether thefeHiftorians may have vied sSl the care neceffary for the being
well inllrufted in this Particular, it being probable that they contented them
felves with the conjefture which may be drawn thereupon from the defeft
ofthe Aperture which thefe Animals have in their Ears: Unlefethe Ears
fliould be in Tortoifes the jfitme as the Eyes are in Moles ; that is to (ay they
fliould have Ears withourHejtring, as tlic Moles have Eyes with which they
do not See.
The '>bP- ion which we have made upon the Tortoifes ftirring its Neck
to tur feu 'n it is on its back, b < jn us an opportunity of (earching
out the Mufcica which do bend and extend this part. We have firft found
that this Neck has two kinds of Motion, which are each compoled of flexi-
on and extention. The firft Motion is that by which the Tortoife draws its
Neck and Head inwards, or extends it, and makes it to go outwards. The
fecond is that by which the Neck being thruft out and extended, is turned on
^11 Sides. In the flrft kind of motion the Neck is extended when the Mufcles
which lerve for the different flexions ofthe Neck do a£l together an4
with an Equal force ; And it is drawn in with the head by two different
.flexions and Extentions of tlie Vtrtebra^ one of which is at Top and the
other at bottom : which gives to the Neck a figure like to that which the
Keck of a Smn takes when this bird draws its head towards its back. For
this reafon, befides the Mulcles which do turn the Neck every way when
thcufl forth,and which are common to all the motions of the Neck, there are
flve particular ones on each fide which fpringing from the Jpofhyjis fuml^aris
and from the laft: ribbs, do afbend a long the Vertebra: of the back, andare in-
(etted in five ditforenc places of the oblique Afofhyfis of the Vertebra of
the Neck, the longefl Uing faflncd near the head to the body of the
fo-ft Ferteha. Tlie Mufcks which, when they a£t leparately do ferve
for the flexions of the Neck thrufl outward, do fpring from the Venelfr^i
ofthe Neck, and are likewi^ taferced to its Vertebr/e. Some taking tlieir (>•
riginal at the body^ of a Vertebra, areinferted to the Jpophyfes of otliers ;
Others proceeding from the Jpojhjfes are joyned toother Jpophyfes -^icymxcXi
that when the Mufclesofoneude da a£l: Separately, the flexion is made on
tliat very fide \ and when they do ack joyntly with an Equall force, the
Extenfioii of the whole Neck Enfues, as has been faid.
When the Head is drawn inward, it (tnks into a fold of the Skin which is
Upon the fhoulders, which formesas.it woe a Hood. This is done by the
means of a very lacge and thick Mufcle adhering to the Skin, a.td wliich
being faftaed to cbe Spiiul jpophyfes ofthe P^ertebr/iy from whence it feems to
life, is folded underneatli, covui'ing and enveloping the Asper* ArterU amd
tile Ofophagus. The Different fStuations ofthe Fibres of this Mulcle, which
may make it to pafTc for an unioo of leveral Mulcles, do produce the di-
V crs folds of this Skin made in form of a Hood, when they do ad differently.
FINIS,
. !f :;» 1 O i' K o T ,
:alphabetical table
SSd-::i« ,,.0f the NAMES of thp Several t\Si,
fcrilh
K'NIM ALS
■ •I
Mentioned in this
./ <.i;.>5V1tJ;i
" 'A'
■rMo
- r*
•.V,. .»
■^!.;'
mIT .«b-tv/3auci^t>i Jv."^>Ji:fli bfift:,5J .£,«;...., , _ ;,^{
'Jktipenfer. '^^'-^ ^''' ' ' s-' 69. Chamois. - ii^ icl c
^/(-r. . ':d fe£5H .:; fh 107.
5?
Attimjl Magmmi. ''^'^^ ^-f'y' J . . ! »■ 1 07.
^w. ^ >i.>5>: ■'>■:) in* i^i,
AntUope. ^ sf'i i« «-f^« 53.
^. i^ . .v,.^,^»f!ifti .^ jjiiij 157.
jffo, " • uu cjiiJlu -.^U^vi' . ao6,
JvisT^irda, -^-'li ' ..1 »?i.A^ -l, - 1C9.
:„!t' lO- va>i J B 'i '-' ''-*-
Bcarl '/ \::.i^i. ,-4 .- '..Hi 4:5.
Beavcp:' w!: ato^l jjfu:*.: cb 8^.
Bi/tarda. Saisifci jimof; .*^'»'«.t>s' ,98.
B»**/w. ■\'^">- : "- 1 ifl8.
Buftard. -'''^ ' 197.
Sea-Calfc. ^iia&il::* ui 120.
C4»»r/. • •; -'^'^f ''"'' 37.
Camelion. v-^- ^jli'tot. i sicj? 17.
C-i^rM. 'i*^»l*l' -!-^ii:l 54a.
CsrhgqitMticttf. - 5«'j - •^''^- ijj.
Caftor. ...f/n:<i.i . . • 83.
Caflbwar. H^ -■ , '• i*^ fl+i.
CafHct. -aiUic ^' 241
Caumountrtin* '''
Cefm,
A
.fb
61.
158.
Chamois
Chatparch - i '^'ci I;;; t
ChryjMetof, ^ v . j'ri ji xH :
Civet-Cat. '■•'••»■: ifncr^
Coati. ••■'^1 fn.-''-
Indian Cock, i 5 ibPr-fi .
Cormorant. - - ■ ■ » *■ ^' -•:
CofPc/'Barbary. •" ' f'''^
CynocefhAlm. "r'i ! .
D .:
Demoif^leo/Numidia. -•'
Dore*s. '*"'*;'
■■'• !j-
Dromedary.
Eagle. - -
EchtHm, ■^''
Elk. > '
Eme» •'^<-' >*''■■
Sea-Fox; >•
• » . .* .
157.
14».
61.
184.
9?.
IIS.
191.
"33.
135:
127.
»57.
• ■:,?
20 y.
37-
i8j.
"47-
107.
341.
6g.
GaUms Perjicmy Calita hdiem. 191.'
Gazclla.
GgzMel, '^■'' '"i
Gout oi /Iff Uk.
5?.
241.
147.
53.
Goat
B
l^ilrr-11ll"
The T A B L K
Goat oij^.gypt.
K I ;j (
Hatisetos. ■ ^ ■ 184,
Hedge-hog. 14;. 152.
Heriffon. 152,
Hen of Africa^ Barhryi ^umiMa,
Guinea, Mauritaniiy TuniSf and Pha-
ros. 175.
Hindeo/Sardinia.;^ O 107. 170.
Hy^tna. io\ .
Hyltrix, >i. 147.
^'"'^.■■:.;u^noi^^, .... 55- H2,
tuunantin. ■•■ . u, •■•;, ■ . ,.',.,n -■'■ '25.
Lion. .„;, , .: - 3. ^.
Lionnels.
,«v>V)-5sr. , ' 3'
Lupus Cervarius. ,^. . «,vio h' 75
Manatt. ^ \^ ,j 121.
Meleagris. ""' ;\^' ; ;_, _,.; 175.
Mititfforanga. „, lif ;U '9»-
Mo/rA. , ' . . ; . .' 1*5.
Monkey. '- '57'
Oftrich.
Otis.
Otter.
Otus.
I T
Pintadol -:^
Porcupine, f
Qttefele.
Ruficafra.
A
o.
f^
#
Sapajou.
Scbarbo^ -'- - ;
Scops.
Stag 0/ Canada.
Streffueros.
s:
f
Tprtoife.
Y SereVercken.
T.
W.
Y.
217.
2C6.
130.
147.
175-
157.
2C6.
167 ^
Sh 142.
252.
I23i
152.
> •■•
i X
69.
: fU'
ERRATA.
P. $. 1. 48. r. meafured. p. i ?. 1. 1 2. r. Jptitt at the end. \.i6. v.i Cartilage.p,^
20. 1. 2. xjrefenAled. p. 40. 1.28.r.Urethra. 1. 30. r. heart.l. 37.dele ufuaKy^l
44. 1. 4. v.for. p. 47. 1. ^6. r. each of the Kidneys, p. 48. 1. ult. r. vifu/l. p. 55.
I. 41. r. ditgs. p. 57. 1. 28. r. irreguUr. 1. 3 5. dele^rw/. p. 62. 1. 1 1 . r. in fro-
fortion to its. p. 70. 1. 2}. r. leftfiie. p. 71. 1. 26. add after Ventricle, on the
OMtftde of the Liver, p. 78. 1. j ?. dele as. p. S8. 1. 37. dele caufed. 1, 38. r. U^
rethra. p. 100. 1. i . for cut, r. knarvn. 1. 17. add than. p. ici. 1. 47. r. out of. p.
1 10. 1. 40. r. fetter, p. Ii 1 . 1. }^. r. Inch and hdfe. p. 114. 1. 14. r. left. p. 1 16,
I. 28. for Gula r. Mouth, p. 164. \. 6. r. Offa ilia in. p. 176. 1. 18. r. infenfi-
hly increaftng till they tecame threes &c. 1. 39. r. on. p. 102. 1. 7. r. Toe, p. ib6,
1. 17. r.CVrtir. p. 192. 1.45. r. on. p. 19J. 1. 32. r. happens to the/it Coates. p.
217. 1. 2-). dckfome. p. 231. 1. 8. for Diaphragme right r. r/g/;f Diaphragr"e.
p» 244. I. 5. dele l>y running, p. 2^4. 1. 7. r. y^/z^r.
i£
AN INDEX
OF
.fA
■A
MATTERS
CHIEFLY ANATOMICAL
.; J-^'
7iy Gritttib faftigiij a Difeafe pecu-
xTli liar to Lyons; what it is ac-
cordirtg to Funy. ;^. $
Jir^s ufc ;n rcfpiration. "" 179
Jtr, why retained in the Bladders of
the Lungs in Birds. 24.6
J/ce of the Ancients our Fike. iq-'
Jml;er yellow, thought to be Pinta-
Wo'j tears. 177
Antilopiy Strefftceros and Dorcas the
fame Animals. 34
Aotilopc and //irf, have Bags filled
with a Subttance like Wax in the
Groin. 55
Anits of the Cafiar has no Sphm£ier.
85
Aorti in Birds, how divided at its
comeing forth of the Heart. 210
AortA dclcends on the right fide in
Birds 236
Apesy not fo like Man inwardly as
outwardly. 159
Apesy wherein diflferent from Man. ik.
Apes provided with all the Organs of
Speecli. 163
Aqiteo-ts Humour of the Eye Freezes
not. ^6
AJ^iTA ArtcriA^ In the Lpn confifts of
intire Rings. 6
In the Camelion of intire Rings. 2
In tlic Bear of imperfeft ones, but
Urger than in the Lyon. 48
In the Elke of imperfe£r Rings.
Ill
In the Cormorant of intire Rings.:
M7!
In the Porcupine of imperfcft'
Rings. l$i:
In the Bufiardoi'mtiVQ ones. 202
In the DemoifeUe intire and Boney.
209
In the Ofirtch of intire Rings. 35 1
Enters into the AVfr««w of tlie h-
dtan-Cocky .... j^^
And of the DemoifeUe. 6 tO
Is faftned by rqund Mulcles to the
Sternum in Birds generally. 180
Being blown into, the Bladders of
the Lungs, the Craw, and Oefopha-
gtu are i'welled up. 21c
Auricle left bigger than the right in
the Cajlor. 89
B
Ua/Is in the Ventricles of Animals, how
made. 14 j
Barhary Cow has a finall forehead. 127
thought to be the Babalm of the
Ancients. 128
Beard-lhvcs, common to all Carnivo-
rous Animals. 100
In the Hed-Calfet of a particular Fi-
gure. I9S
Beak of the Cajfowar and Indian-Cock
divided into three at the end. 243
Bear, moft powerful of any Animal in
the faculty of growing. 49
She Hear after Cubbing cats no-
thing for 40 Days. 49
Cubbs of the Hear finalcft in com-
parilbn of all Creatures. ib
Bear very ft rong of digeftion. ih
Beaver^s iiifide very much like a
Dogf^. S.)
Bezoar's in the Maw of the Ch.tmo-
ii. 145
Bellom
The INDEX.
Bffffoips made uleotto blow up the
JLungs and keep the Animal a-
Uve. 261
Birdsy have a Membrane like an Epip-
loon. i«5
• have a flefliy Valve at the Mouth
Of the VeriA Cav i in the Heart. 210
' After what manner the Jorta is di-
, vided. 236
How they trimm their feathers. 2 1 9
■ Bird of Paradffe falfly thought
fbotlefs. 22 f
Bladders, in the lower belly of Birds
blown up by the Lungs. 179
Hovy fiird and emptied cff wirid.s 3 5 1
Bladder Urinary, in tlie Porcupifie has
two Coats. _ 15'
In the Lpft very fmall. "'^ '' 14
Filled with Urine in theOpkh.ii27
■ In fnfiall Water-Tortoifes heat the
Rectum. ^ 257
In the Tortoife fibrous like the in-
fide of the Heart. ib
Bone between the CerebrutH and Cere-
billurn in Carnivorous Animals. 1 25
Bone in the Suggs Heart. i '^ 9
^nnet on the Pintado's Head. 1 77
Brain, in the Ucar 4 times as bigg as
the L)! »s. 46
In the Chatpard dce^\y cut in at the
Fdlx. 65
In the Dromedaryy fix Inches and
a half long. 41
In the Gaz^lla without Anfradlu-
ofities. 59
Of the Lyon 2 inches large. 7. 8
In the Camclion not near ib bigg as
the Globe o^" the Eyc^ 26
In the <!>V4-Foa; vtry little-, foft and
flabby. 72
Not eafily c'ilinguifhablc from the
Cere'elliim in the daft or. 90
Large in the Chamois. 144
In the Lynxy the Cortical part
white and (olid. 79
In the Porcupine like an H)ggs . 1 "J
In /Ipes like a M.tns.
In tlie Ojhtch imall
I
163
in propor-
tion. 236
Brain is ufually finooth without Si-
nuofities in Birds. 23^
In Birds divided in two, as is well
known to Mountebanks. 237
In Birds has the Cortical part ten
times bigger in proportiont han in
Men. ib
Branches of the Emulgents terminate at
the fuperficies of the Kidney. 1 o
Briftles and Quills of the Porcupine
dcfcribed. 147
C
C<ectm wanting in the Bear. 46. 49
In the Gazetlx 7 Inches long . 59
III theC4/or on the left fide under
the Spleen. 88
Wanting in the CoiUi Mondi. 117
Without an Appendix in the Linx. 78
In the Elk 1 3 inches long. n i
In the Barbary-Cow eighteen inches
long. 128
Wanting in the Cormorant and Hf
liaetos. 156
In the Chamois 8 inches long. 144
In the Porcupine very large 150
W anting in the f/f^^-/;og. 153
In the Monkey hd^no Appendix. 160
In the Stag ten Foot long. 169
Twt) in the Pintado. 179
Wanting in the Male Eagle, and
two fmall ones in the Female. 186
Double in the Buftardy being a
Foot long. 20 1
In the Demoifelle 6 inches long. 2c8
In the Ojlrich like the Sea-Fox. 226
Wanting in the Cuffomr. 245
Wanting in the Tortoife. 255
A third Cdtcum in the Baftard at Fabri-
cius^s Furfe. 201
Cattojitfs on the Sternum, and joynts
or the Dromedary^ s Legs. j8
Callofitys on the Sternum of the Ofirich
znaCajfowar. 24?
Cameliony why fo called. 17
has a peculiar manner of breath-
ing. 18
Is exceeding lean. 18. 2J.27
LI
has
The- INDEX.
Iras a very fhort Neck. 2 o
feeds on /*7yw. 28
,. has no Organs of Hearing. 21.27
has Lungs like Birds. 2^7
Its body alraoft all Thorax. 2 2
Cdnwi wanting in the lower Jaw of
of the Hedg-fwg, ^ 152
Carotides of the Ljfon very large.* 6
Carotides^ with leverai tranfverfe cut-
ings. 172
Caruncle ufually in Birds faftned to
the JJpera ArtirUj and to the Ca-
ret ides. 2C2
Cart tildes of the Tlorax contain blood
Veffels. 6
Cafforvarf not known in Eurcpe till the
fear i 597. 241
has but three toes on a foot. 244
hates Women. /^
C^or, goes indifferently into fait or
frefli Water. 9^
wherein different from the Otter Jb
Ca^oreum, and its bags, particularly
delcribed. 8
Cataraff m an EagUs Eye. 18
Catt and Lyon much alike.
Cat-a-mountain lilic the the Common
Catt. 62
Ccreheltum of the Sea-Calfe, contrary to
the nature of Fifh, very large. 1 2 5
very large in the Demoifelle. 2 1 1
Circulation o( the Blood, favoured by
the Valves. 1 7 1
througfi the Lungs in a dead Dog.
262
performed in the Tortoife as in the
f.etus. ib
Cholcr refifts corruption. 8
Civ it-cat male arid female alike exter-
nally. 99
why Civet fwccr, and Cafioreum
ftinking. ih
how made as Muskc. 101
that of the Male better. 102
when long kept troublcromc to tljc
Ctit. 102
Cf't-ca' n'cre of t!ic D'"*, than C t
k.ncl. 104.
fvveet all over. 1 02
Clatrs of the Lj/on dcfcribed. i J
how kept fliarp. 5
In the Buftard lolid, not hollow. 1 9y
Clitorii, and external orifica of the
Vtertts, ia the Otter like a Womans.
In the Civ:t-cat. „ r 101
of the ^^r delcribed. 161
lath&Ojirich. 238
Colony in the Cajlor not to be diftin-
guifln from the reft of tlie Inteft-
mes. 89
In tile Gazella without folds. 3 8
In the Porcupine 40 inches long.
150
Colours of the Camelion. 19. 29. Ji
Copper fwallowed turns to poilbn. 226
Cormorant f the Corax of Arifiotle. 1 3 ?
has no hole for the NoftriUs. 1 34
how uled in fifhing. ih
has the longeft toe on theoutfide./^
Cornea^ in the Eyes of Cotvs oval. 130
very prominept in the Porcupine*
how joyned with the Sclerotica. 79
very prominent in the Eagle. 184.
j88
In Birds has a border round its
Edge. 2J7
Cornea "Cteri in Br«/f/, and the Tuba in
Women have the lame ufe. ' 14
In the Hinde exceeding long. 1 7 1
In the Chamois very long. 144
Craw, or Ventricle of the Oftrich form-
ed after a particullar manner. 224.
CriJlaUine, in the Camelion confounded
with the otiier Humours. 26
more Convex behind in the Civet'
cat. 104
more Convex behind in the Coati
mondi. 1 1 7
more Convex behind in the Indian
Cock. 1 94
more Convex behind in the Ofirich.
2^7
more Convex behind in the B-irbd-
r, C
w.
I JO
more
The INDEX.
jnore Convex beliind in the Hmde.
ui -h-id;; 17:!
. - more CflW^lax behind ih rhi Pintado.
t-inore Convex before in the Lynx.So
Y more Convex before in the Cat-t-
mountain. 66
'rjnore Convex before in tlie Cho'
'x'moisy and the infide of it was cleft
'It^ in three, 145
J more Convex before in tlie Pwr«-
. fine. J : 152
< more Convex before in the Sea-Ctlf.
i . ■■ .' • ' ..-•■.- 125
.;more Convex -before -in Ljmns and
i Cdt4. 15
Crifi4lline oi the Cormorant Spherical.
c lias an hard NucUm in the Porcupine .
.^^1Vv ■.■,., a vJi. n:. , : . -•: •->. - 152
r flls the whole globe of the Hedg-
v%*jEye. 154
In the St»-Fox Spherical. 7 2
Crocodile* s fciles defcribed. 19
D
Defer enti/ty of the DemoifeUe open into
■the pouch. 2c8
proceed out of the Tcfiicle, 209
DemoifeUes, how catcht. 205
reckoned amongft fabulous Ani-
mals. ii>
Demtes-Canini four in the upper Jaw
of the LuPusf Cervarius 7 6
Diaphragmes ufe in refpiration. 252.
five Diaphragmes in the Ofirich.2^,'2
Difference between the Dromedary a ; '
Camel. -i ;
Digeftion, different in different Ani-
mals. 29
how performed. 225
Doronieumy poilbn to mrft Bcafts.144
Doubles in the Gizzard ofaiJ//y?W.
200
and of a n Oftrich. 226
Dom, of what ule to Birds. 184
Dromedary s inwards like an Horfes. 99
Dttcker, goes erctl like Man , and
whv. 2;i
Drtfgs of Monkeys like M'omc/j, 162,
Dncim Hcp.xtictu in liirtls ufually in-
fcrced under the Crfiictts. 1 9c?
pitcim CifiicH'S iiilerted near the Dhc-
denitm in the Calfoivar. -45
Ducfits ^aliv.tres in the Biifiard. 2C2
Dnodinurnxn the Pcrcupine like a fourth
V^entride.^ 149
E^ksy very Voracious. i36
their feveral Species. ' '"' " 184
Barsy of ^xtSta^Calfe internal as in
Birds. Ji:-' '»i tiii -. .iu i-y^.v 12^
■ of the Porcufi^e like a Mans. 1 49
JEg^f, in ti^-Ofrie/j's Ovarium, de-
fcribed. • -'!^ f! ■ ••' ' 229
'liieCUmy good f jr the Epilepfy. no
breaks Trc.'s with its Feet. 108
the Male has Homes only. ib
Elk, has the great Canthus of the Eye
very long. no
has a kind oiEpit „ » encompaffing
tlie Stomach. in
Epididym:, ftparatefrom t'.c Tefticlt;
and niide by the Vafa-praparantia in
the Porcupine. 1 5 k
not (eparated in the Hedg-hogg.x^ j
In th& Indian-Cock black. 195
In the Bit/ard black, and the Tejlis
white. 201
In the OJfrich feparated from the
Teflif. 2?o
In the Cajfoivar larger than the 7V/?-
icle. 2 45
In the Tortoife of a peculiar Figure.
256
■ epiploon of the B^r without fatt. 45
In the Gaze/la incompaffes the Guts
quite round. 56
In tlic Li»x like a net-work of
Cords, the fpaces being filled with
membranes full of holes. 78
In the Civet-Cat double and large,
102
In the E/ke encompalTes the Stor
mach. Ill
In the Coati Mondi very fmall . 117
In the Chamois covers the Ventricles,
but not the Gutts. 1451
Mm In
The INDEX.
In A^ti quite cncumpaffes the
Guts. 159
Eycy of the ^AT no bigger than a C/tf/,
• In tlie Elke has the great CoMtkits
, Jong, 110
' In the. Pcrfupine. has the great
CAMthus highcft. 149
Hxteriour oii\\tOJlrich Uke a MAns.
223
EjeJroiVy in tlie Cdjfptpar* 2^3
. of what ufe the fibres. of the L,ig4r
metttum ciliare are in the Eye, 49
£yrj in the fidl formation of a F^eiw/
larger thf tlic wholp Hf ad* which
alfo is bigger than the reft of the
Body. 5P
liyes of the CAmeliquioiz^ ouraordi-
' liary Stru£f lire and M^tioQ, 3i» }o
A/cjfff4fjQl^//f«J|H0l.f0.. 2?v
i;4< lepar^tt^, froa!i^th^£/f//i!'0ir« on
tjic P^rntrt'cU and Qall-i^Jrfe*- of
the Corm,r4>ff, 137
FfAfkrjt qa th^* £<g/?. afl4. ^)«nor
Rouble. 184
of the 0/r<£y^/iefq:^b^dan(iall ali^e.
217
of the OJiruh^ the Hififoglyphif; of
Juftice. 218
tho^; for Right defcribcd, ilf
Pownoftiie Oftrtc'ie^i Nc^lc.very
peculiar. 28 1
thofc of a CaJfon'Ar hkc Ho^s briftles.
241
Feetf of the CAmelion hkc a PArre -2 3
oftlic Qvet'Cdty fhort before with
a little Toe 011 the infidc. 100
of the CormcrAnt, inadc to fwim
with one P'oot. 135
Ii^ tl)c i \rcHpine four Toes on the
fore Feet and tivc on the hinder. 1 48
of the Ullrich like the ilAmtls. 2 2 ^
/'/<•)/> of the l.y'>H ftincks not when
(lead. 8
Vlijhy Apfxnii/ces iit the bottom of the
CAJjomr^sScdi. 24 J
J'l'Jji of liiids how performed. 2 1 ly
Ftf/<^ in the /r» caufed by the enlarg-
ing of the P«/>/7/4. 10
foramen Ovale not found in thc-Of/rr,
I nor CAftor. S9. 96
; found in the Sea-CMfe, 104
and in the Tortoife. 359
G
GtUoithe. Dromedary y not contaioed
imCyfiit. 39
ofaA>4-/ojc, in the Pdremhyputoi
the Liver, 71
oi z HeA-fuxy more acid tluniuCCer.
7»
BlAdder, not found in the f/zi-r. 1 1 1
noc It^ihcCAmtddrHh^. or //iii^.
170. i]^ I
In fOoae PjiUMdoesj note iB.Qtli(rs^
»79
w^uatw&inithft(Mr/o&. 2??o
(oarce to be found in the DemoifeUe.
aw)7
Id the Cajlor two Incheai.Iof^S^
In the C04t(-mmr^.betw«eaihBCwo
upper lobes ^^ofthsiLiver. 1^7)
large in £4g//j, differently annexed
in tb^ difl^renc , Subie£^». , i %^.
faflned to the left Hde intheiiMU«v
Cfick. 192
GattrAtive partSy in theiCii/ct^M con-
cealed. 10 1
of Male j4j>es different frooai • Men
apdiJ^D^j. i6<i
of Female Apes like ff^MMrji in ibme
particulars. /^
GtzzArd, wanting in tlie Cormorant.
In the Indxatt'cock covered with a
brittle Coat on the infidc. 19?
In the Demot/eSe like an Hens. soS
wanting in the Cajfon'Ar tho' a gra-
nivcrous Animal. 244
portibly fiipplyed by the many Trw-
trtcies in the Cajjowar. 245
07W/, in the fc'jj^/f/ Craw. 186
In the l.tdiAH-cock^t Craw. 19?
In the tiftji Ard* J Oefop/tA^m. 2co
I n the Demoifeiki Craw. : o3
difcharging a LymphA into tiic mouth
The INDEX.
186
ICO
noutli
: :
i
* o^tha Demoifelle. 21 ij
In the PiMcretts of the Oftmh
quite (eparated and diftind. 23 1
In tlie Craw of the Uufiard moft
diftin£i of any. 244
GiaaduU Lacrymaliff in the Elke an
Inch and halfe long. i ic
fwelled by fy ringing into its Duif-
w in the Dtmoijelle. 2 1 1
GImM* Piiiealis, in the Uromedary
compofed of three others. 4 1
Intlie ChatpAid no bigger than a
Yin. 65
In the Lynx very fmall. 79
In tlie Lyott diaphanous and fmall.6
In the CtvitfAt no bigger tiiau a
. Pins he*d. . >oj
Jn the Bike vcr j* big, 1 1 a
In the Sea-eMfe large. 125
In theCi(M«9<'/# a Line diameter. 14^
generally very fitiall in Fierce and
Cruel Creatures, and very large in
Fearful ones. n^
Ghttisy in the C me/ion tranfverfe. 26
In t\K Twtoifa cxadly clofed. 264
H
Hurt oftheB#4v<rr without cavitys.
of two forts in iomc Animals, and
' why. ik
of the Civ*hC4t darker on the Bel-
ly and Thtoat, than clfe where,
contrary to other Aninuls. loo
. of the EiJu fpongy and porous like
Ruilws. J 09
o(thcSc,i-Cjlve*s Skin not altered
by the weather. 123
Htid, of the Jpe has no Afofhyfis Maf-
totdes. 16^
of all Birds proportionably fmall.
222
of a Tortotfe being cutt off ftirred its
Jaws for half an hour. 254
Itirt^ of the Lyom bigger than other
Bcafti. 6
of a Dromidiry large. 40
of the Ctftor has the left Auricle
bigger tlian the right, and the fo-
ramen Ovale not dilcernable. 89
of the Elke leaven Inches long and
five thick. 1 1 1
of the Coati like a Dogs the right
^(fw/r/c/f being larger, X17
of the GazeHa 4i and ai Inches.
59
of the Sea-Fox without Pericardir
urn. but fuch a Membrane encom-
paftthe Jorta.
of the Lynx like a C4//J.
of the Civet-Can like a D<^/.
oi the Chamois \us a Callous
f/j.
7»
79
to?
JfO-
144
ot the Stag and Hinde large. 1 70. 1 7 1
of the M4iti-C(7ci! fmall. 194
of the Tortotfe has dirce Veutrisles
and is largeft irom Ade to fide. 259
Heart and \jmgs<, how formed in Am-
phibious Animals. ih
Heart and \Jver of the Oftmh includ-
ed together in one Cavity. 832
of tlie Pintiio delcribed. 180
Heart's motion in the Tortoife. i62
Heart of the SeorCaifi defcribed. 124
differs much from the Caftors. 121
Infiir(f:() has no Valves in ths yena
Cava. 2^6
In Bruttes more pointed than in
Men. 162
Hedg-hogs Skins ufed Anciently for
BruQies. 15^
Hens, almoll the only Birds that va<
ry their Colours. 175
Hepatici'duifiUf two, as many Pom"
creatici and one Cyjlicus in the b$di'
an-Cock. 192. 19 j
Hole of the Ear, wanting in the Came-
lion. 81
uncovered in Pintados, but final!.
178
Hornes,o?t\iQjntilope znd Sheep de-
icribed. 54
of the Canada-Stag defcribed. 167
of Bruttes how nourifht. 1 68
Horny Cre(i on the Cojfowar*s Head.S49
Hy<tna ofjrijiotle our Ctvet- Cat. 1 00.
104
Mm 2 Hy
The INSDEX.
i>1ypoga{irid% (end Branches to the 1:
ii'"Scdiit-Bags ill the Ctvet-Cxt. loi *
I
^ms of tlie Tmoife ftrongcft of all
^ Animals. • . i _ 254
J:tj]iiHum znd:IUnm fliort in the Por-
(npine. '50
hittfra.ii EyelidSjthdv ftru£turc and
-■.. ulc*- ■•-• ■'^''I'l"''- • •-■' " 243
-?ln all Animals but Men and Apes.
■■■ ■ . ?4>^
towards the Icffer corner in the C/ai-
»iv«r. 142
Intefiines of the Dromedary very long.
40
In tiie £/** 48 foot long. 111
. In the Hug 96 foot long. 1 69
., In the fA*«^ 40 foot long. 171
In the CoAti'Mondi 7 foot long. 1 1 7
In the Btrhry-Cav 78 foot tong. 1 2 8
IntheC7;ii^oM40 foot long. 144
In the Civtt'Cdt Ihort. lo^
. In the CormoYMt 7 foot long all of
afire. " - . 156
of the ImdiM-Cotk f a foot long. 1 9 j
of the BufiAtd 4 foot long. 2 c i
In the DtmoifelU 6 foot long. 2c 8
In the OJlnches of very different
Icngriis. 22'''
longcll in Animals that feed on
i;rals. 1(^9
in the Be/ir all of one fort. 4'^
luteftme of a Sta-fox has a Ipiral mem-
brane in its middle. 7 1
/yy, ajTt to grow where St/tgs-hhrne<
have been burycd. ir<y
K
ly^dme^Sy of the Bwr divided intolcvc-
ral Ci lands. 4''^
of Bi Is commonly laige, i':i-
In tlic (.V/j/:/4-6/,r^ large witliout a
ii:iCCCrttnr$stU!. llo
In the Lnct-C/it the right highti
anJ. Ulincd by a duplicaturcot thc
. i'eritonx'un as m tMw. 10;
ii^ht higher lu the Co.ut-MopJi. 1 1 "
111 the {'.orms %»t tootl'.ed like a
C'pf j-(.t'«'. i>"
In the Ctzf/l.t almort round. 5^
^ In tlie hdi.tn''Cvck of conglomerated
Glands. 194
Tn the Lynx of a longiih figure.
In the Oftrich not cut into three like
other fowle. 23 (
In the Otter leparatcd like the Btrtirs.
. •■,-•'•' ^5
Thofe of the Oviparous Animals
delcribed. 157
In the HeA'Citlfe like the Land-Cdf,
.12?
LachryrH/tCervi^ what ^ "^ " 169
Lachrymalii ductus, goes farther than
the Glands in Birds not in Men.249
Larynx of the Sea-Catfe contrived for
eating under Water. 123
Leggs oi Eagles why feathered, 184
of the Tortoife very fhort. 254
LigMnentum Cttiare its ufc. 49
Ligaments in iilie hfkes Legs very
ftrong. 109
Livery'in the Ape conlifts of ^ivc Lobes
like a Dog not as in Ma// 1 59
and fpotted with hexrigonal (pots,
asm Bruits. 160
In the Harharian-C.ov without lobes.
129
In the Bttjlarr^. very large. 1 99
In tbcL'.u/4ii.i-StAg and Htnde with-
out I.obes. 1 70
In the Caffor of live I ,obes. b'9
In the C..it-ft-mo:t/it.%tn of glands and
has 6 Lobes. 6?
In the C/'rt-t'.u of 5 greit and
one 1 in all Lobe. 10 j
In t'lc I) thoilcHc very large. 207
Jn the (i.McILt made up o{ Imall
pjnuls, 56
h\ tJK' C'\ui-wond.' without any ap-
|KMraiiLL' of glands. 117
In the I /ke without Lobes and
|(n nc'.l to the D/ipliragrw. 1 1 1
In the Lyr/x Icven Lok-s and like a
(V.. -B
7ii the O/l/ich of two Lobes. 3 ;o
111
The INDEX.
125
184
254
49
very
109
Lobes
pots,
160
lobcb.
129
199
hvith-
170
b'9
Is and
6?
and
"mall
yap-
•17
and
III
^ikc a
-3
230
In the Otter of 6 Lobes. 9^
InthePi»/ii<sfooftwoLobes. 179
. In the Porcufine and Hedg-Hog of
ieven Lobes 150. 15^
) In the HearCdfe of 6 Lobes. 1 2 j
In the Sea-Fox of two Lobes. 7 1
In the Tortoife double. 255
LufigSy reduced to three Species. 260
And Hearty how formed in Am-
, phibious Animals. 2 59
In the jife of 7 Lobes, Man but 4.
162
In the BarhaiyCoiv of 7 Lobes. 139
Thofe of the CsffoivMr and (b of
Birds in general described. 246
In the Chat-pard of 7 great and one
fmall Lobe. 67
In theCwr/-Ci«^of6 Lobes. 103
Inthe£/i^of7 Lobes. iii
In the Coati-moftdi of S Lobes. 117
In the Chamoii of 8 Lobes. 1 44
■ IntheG4£«i74of6Lobes. 59
Ir the Lymx of 7 Lobes. 79
In the Ofirieh particularly deicrib-
ed. 3)2
In the Otter and Csfior of 6 and a
fmall one. 9 s
In the Pintado of a fpongy flefh co-
vered with a thin Membrane. 180
hymfhddHSfs in the DemoifelPs mouth.
211
hyon and Cat much alike. 4
M
Mtdes of all Animals have the Heads
rounder than the Females. 54
MamtUar^s proc. ffntyia the Cafior large.
yo
large in the Costimondi. 1 1 7
MeditHa Ipinatu of a peculiar llru£lure
in Birds, witlia Ventricle in the
midltofit. 188
MtUagriiy the Pint Ado. 173
Memhrant AdiPofay not fadncd to the
Kid I icy of tlie Chamois. 1 44
Memhranty proper of t lie T'(r/?/c/^ fall-
ned imediately to the Glandulous
part. 170
Internal, of the Gizzard of the
B'//?.ir/ dcicribed. :od
In the Oefofhagm pervious to tiic
Liquor contained in the Glands, ib
fufpending the Heart, Liver, &c.
347
Men and Afes only want the Internal
Eye-lid. a4c>
Monkeysy only of Bruits have Hair on
both Eye-lids. 157
wherein different from Men. 158,
^c.
the leveral kinds of them. 158
Mouth of the Camelion extraordinary.
21
Mufculus carnofusy how moved. 1 49
reaches in the Hedg-Hogixata the
l^Q2Ld toi\\G Os Innominatttm. 152
Mufc/es of Jpes, moft agree with
Men. 16$
of the Lungs of Birds deicribed. 246
of tlie Icrtcije's neck delcribcd.
267
N
A^«*,of the Lyon very ftifF, and why .4
of the Camelion very Qjort. 20
of the Z'terus in the Camtlion placed
underneath the Re^um as in Birds.
25
Nerves branching from the fpinal
Marrow very vifible in the Came-
lion. 9«
O '
Oefophagus, of the Cormorant 2 Inches
Diameter. 1^5
In moft Birds on the right fide of
tha JJpera Arteria. 178. 186
makes the Crm in the hujlard all
Ghndulous. ib
communicates with the Ajpera Ar-
teria in the Dcmoifelie and Pigeon.
310
In the Cajfoivar inlarged towards
the Craw. 244
the lame in the Oflrich. 325
Omoplat^ and Ifdium diDcrently arti-
culated in the Camelion from otiier
Animals. 7
Optic-Nervey ofthc Camelion pierced
with Blood VciTels according to its
length.
I
U,
■'?*?*■'
The INDEX.
■ In tlie Cat-jftnoimtainy Ims a black-
'. fpeck. . 66
. la the Xr/tr has a reddifli fpeck. 80
. In the Cajlor both joyned together
'. ibr7 Ijnesj.; . . - 90
out of the Axis opticus in the Cha-
.. mots. 14^
\ delcribed together with its black
Purie. ; >9+
Organs of Hearing, wanting in tlie Ca-
c pielton.. .. . _ 21. 27
of Speech, tlie (arae in A^es as hiitn .
163
Orifice internal of the Vterus of the Ci-
I'tt'Cdt very ftrait , t o i
Otu of Art/tak di&rs from the Bufi-
. Mrd. ,. t: .^ ' . »9V
Oitcr wants the Incifores which the
, Cafior has. / 94
£)vtryt of .tlK Lynx made of nuny
' .Glands. 79
of the Civet-Cat no bigger than a
Pea. »oj
of a Porcttpivt without appearance
of Eggs. ^.u - 151
defcribed what it is. ' 229
Cviiidiusy of the DcmoifelUy large at
. tiie top. 209
. of the Otfr«i, defcribed. 228
P
Vnncre.tu in the C*Jlor like a Dogs. 89
coulii^s of conglomerated Gland5.95
In the C/it-a-Moiintain faftned to the
• lUum zd6 DuodemiM/. 62
In the Civct-i'M faihicd to die Dho-
. (iemum. i^^
. tafhicd to tlie Duodemum in tlic Co-
■ Ml. « 1 7
large in tlve Forctipwe. 1 5
. wanting in the /■*//// lit'f/. 17^
perforated by the Ducius-H^paticus
in tlic Ei:lc. 187
clouble in an lndt.ui'0>ck. 1 -M
double in the HtijUrd. 1 99
linali in tltt (-W/wo'-tr. ^-^^^
Pancrc.itici Dnci/ts til IJinli llluallv iil-
• (crfe.l into the 7' /«»"*'• '^'
Into the UuidcHJun in the / 4?A'. /v
. .ml.itcJ j I'vjul I'v^.'A ilie y/;/' Il-
eus in the Ofiriclr. a^r
Parajhta largo in the PcrmpiHe. 1.5 1
; and Profint* large in the H;dg-Mog.
i54
-In ^/'w unlike a Mans.. <" -: -' i!i6i
Porrots, chew the Cud. i ". rioi
Pf*//, of the Set' Fox indolcd in the
Bel/j. 71
of the Ca^Kt^r impu'vipus to the
Deferent i A <r.:ni\ 345
of the OJirith has no pafTagc thro'
it. 223
oftheTcfW/yi-dcfcribctL;! ': * '1158
of the CoAtt boncy . : . ^ 1 7
of the C'iw^CW boney. lu , ::i4oj
ofthePo«w/>r«/br.iey. • • 151
of the CaHtda-Htag bonel«f$. 170
of the PwcHfiue wherein difftrent
' from the Hedg-Hf^gg. 147
PertcMrdium blown up by the JJperx
Arteritis 179
encompaffes the Aoru of the ^>,i-
Yox. .72
Pi>tf4<fe% feathers defcribed. 176
Prefitttx of the ^/"^ unlike a Mans.161
Puniiitm Uch^ymnle opening into the
cleft on tlK hinder part of the Palat
211
WacU Pitrfe, in the Eyes of Birds pro-
ceeding from the optick nerve, dc-
fcribeJ. i83 20:;
• ttl
wanting in tlie Mernoifelle. 1 1 1
in the Tortoifr. 26'^
Purfe of F«hrtcin4, in the Etgle. 188
in the H/^//W. 201
in the I/Mtan'i'ock. 19J
Pylnruf, of the i'./ilfmvur llopt by an
Affiitdix. 344
Re/p/raf/i/i in Birds how jx'rformed.
2^2. 2^6
not altfolurelv nccclTaiy for tli;:
C.iiTul.irion ot t!ic Hlooil.
iildull furaMKudion aiul
tiunof the iioiuilhnient.
Rtfr mirtl'ie w.nitint; in
dillnlni-
Apes brain' .
Rihii
f-'
The INDEX
1.51
-Hog.
«54
161
101
in the
2 23
i5S
117
105
170
ficrent
»47
JfierA
179
le ScA'
.72
176
ns.i6i
ito the
: Palat
211
Is pro-
e, dc-
20:!
211
2jS
SII
2^1
1S8
201
244
)rmcd.
the
lnl)u-
Rib :
RiLbs of the CamelioH not joyned to
the Sternum by cartiljigcs but by
• liooped Bones, 3 2
S
Sfemt-Baggs of the C<«/?5r delcribed. 9 5
of the Cnr/-f4/. 100
&/fror/V4 in Birds and fiihes Cartila-
ginous before. 194. 202
Hcnl/f of the Lyott halfe an Inch thick
at the thinell part. 7
of the Ctmelion has a fmall cavity
. for the Brain but great Orbites for
the Eyes. 32
of the Bur but halfc as thick as
the Lyons. 47
Of the Afe Uke a Mans 162
Sea-Calves why called Apodts. 1 2 1
wherein different from the SearOxe
120
very Sagacious. ' 1 ; . ' 125
Jjgifc^ of the Lynx. , 78
made on the Retina. 125
5iia;Mj in the Dnm i»4/rr of the brain in
xheCafior extraordinary. 90
Skin of the Porcupine adherent Co the
Mufculus carnojus. 149
Of the Cdmelion how granulated.
Smell 0^ the Lyons flelh agreable 8
Of tlie Cjmelton at fii 11 like Stinking
fifh afterwards like Violets. 5 j
Smelling-Organs very large in the Elke.
112
Spermatic yeffels/k{iiQ.iv& in theC4/-4-
mountain. 6 5
In the C4/?<3r like a D(jg. 88
do not penetrate the Pinis.22%. 245
Spiral memhrane in the l^entrtcle of a
B'trbary Co*, Caciim oi an //^f , C&/0«
of Hurt's ^Cclon and C^cum oiOftrich-
es and Jejunum of man. 1 38
In the bitejline of the Sea-fox. 7 1
Spinal mirriW^ot Birds has a I'cntricle
in the middle of the Bick. 1 8 i
In the ()/?>;fA has two linall Emi-
nciicys atitsoriginc. 2^7
Spleen, in the Gazjla joyncd immedi-
ately to the Stotti.ick without tl^c
r.ti vrcvc. 5"
In the Sea-Fox f alined to the v>>o-
m-xck. 7I
In the Otter faftned to the Epiploon.
95
In tlie Lynx faftned to the Stomach.
In the Caftf.r faftned to. the left fide
of the Stomach by eight Veins and
Artcrys, and as many P''as breve's.
87
In the Canada-Stag joyned to the
great yentricle. 170
In the Eitgle immediately joyned to
t\\e Ventricle. 186
In the Sea-Fox double. 7 1
In the Civft-Cat very long. 103
In the Eli-e but (i-nall, 1 1 1
In the Coati two i Inches long.i 17
In the Lynx long and narrow. 78
In the Chamois round and ftatt. 144
In a Porcupine double. 150
In the Bujlard like the Kidney of a
QjtAAruped. 199
In the hemoifetle like the Livcr.acS
Spftrsfin the Heeles of the Coati-mondi.
i\6
at the extremity of the Oftriches
Wings. 2:12
Sftintmg in Children how caufed. 49
Sterility whence in mixt Species. 64
Sternum liipplyed by the ihell in the
Tortoife. 265
Stones and other Subftanccs in the Giz-
zard of tlie Ofirich worn, not cor-
roded. 225
StruClitre of the Hands and Feet de-
icnbed. 4^
Smcenttiriatus very large in the Porcu'
pine. 150
Sweet-Smells unpleafant to Country
Fcople. 104
T
Tail, of the Cajlor like a Filh's. 85. 90
of ii/ra'j, of what ulc. 32©
of th.c7c>rrr//i' very ftrong. 254
Talons of the liiijhnd Iblid. 1 98
Two 'Feats in the Barbary-Coiv. 127
Teeth.oi'thc Sea-Col fixkc a li'o/fs .122
of tlic Sc.t-FoXf two rows on one
N n 2 fidp
;t
v-""-«-»jr-"'"
The INDEX.
fide and but one on the other. 7c
Tefticlesy of the Coati like a D(^. 1 1 7
of the Etgle a$ fmall as a Pea. 187
In a Female DemoifeUe, but with-
out EpidUymk. 209
of the Hedg-Hog'xn the Belly. 155
offbme Monkeys \on% and (lender,
of others round. 1 6 1
Thighs of the Ofirich very large, a 2 j
Tof/, but three in the B«/?4r«t 19S
but two in theO/?r/f/^. aa?
and the little one without Claw, ib
Thorax of a Bear larger than a L;'0;if.45
Tongue t of a C4mr//0» of an extraordi-
nary make, t^t. 27. jo
of a Cdjfoipar likeaCoeic's'eomi. 348
of a Corm&rant double. 137
of a Dromedary has afperitys tliat
turn outwards. 40
of an EmU Cartilaginous. 1 97
of an Oftrieh a little forked. a 3 2
of a Poreufine toothed. 1 49
of a Sf 4-C4^fbrked. 1 2 3
of the Tortoife has ten Muftles. a66
of the Woodfecker how thruft out.30
Tortoifey has no upper Eye-lid. 354
wants the outward Ear-hole, yet
has the Senfe of Hearing. 266
alters his bulk in the Water proved
by an Experiment. 264
Tufty on the top of the Ear of the Lymx
peculiar to that Animal. 76
Tusk of the Costs Iharp like an awl. 116
V
Valveyxn the trunk of the Vena-cava.9<)
In the Porta of the Barhary'Cotp, fa-
vouring Dr. GZ/jft^w Hypoth: 129
Inthc^HguUrs contrary to the mo-
tion or the Blood to the Heart. 1 73
Feint goes to the Papilla of the Gazel-
la without (ending forth any
Branches, but difapcarsat once. 59
yena Cava, has two trunks in the Tor-
toife. 259
Gaftricay Branches over tlie Sto-
mach. 62
Vena Latlea and RfcePtaculumChyli,
vci y wiiitc and vifible in tlic Htdg.
Hog. 153
Ventricle y of jipes differs from Mans
in the Pylorus* i<3o
four in the Barlary-Cm. 1 sS
In the Bear very (mail. 45
In the Caftor like a Dcgs. 88
lour in the Cajfowar. 1 94
In the Cormorant glandulous with-
m
136
19
III
57
171
78
aoi
three in the Chamois,
four in the Dromedary,
four in the Elke like an 0:c.
two in the Gas 7/4.
four inthe/ir/M^.
of the Lynx like a Orrx.
two in the P4rr0^
divided into ^ in the Poreupine.i^^
but two vifible in the Stag. 169
In the Sea-Calfe like an /»/^j?i«f,
Longi(h in the Sea-fox. 7 o
and Liver and bladder very large in
the Twtoife, 25 «
three in the heart of the Tortoi/e
open into one another. 259
Voracious animals hzve (mall Intefiints.
186
Vpper-lipy of the Chamois cleft as in
Www. 142
Of the E/ke very large. 109
Vfper Eye-lid o{ the Tortoife wanting.
254
Vitreous humours of the Indian Cock
hard. 1 04
^/^ri**, ofthcG.»«f//j, has (everal P4-
piSa on the infide. 59
of tlie Lynx like a Bitches. 79
Of the Monkey different fromWV
men. 1 c
L'y^4 covered by a thin tranfpar^ iit
Membrane. i8d
Zvula only in ^/>« or Men. 162
W
W^/ww, of the Bufiardy (hort in compa-
rilbnofits bulk. 197
and Back, darkcft part of the Bird.
OiBnds reckoned a wonder of Na-
ture by jf"t>^. 318
dcluibeJ. 220
FINIS.
■ Stf
r" *.•:•.
^ 1.
*.. ^ \y
^,
-^.ieff^
T II E
:•• orb 7 i :■ j/icifn ')yvX
';i',JVl..E ASUR Ew^'i
I
E
liluo:^;
W' -
^
►jU
^HE attempt to determine the Magaitude of the
Earth is not new. Many ancient Authors luve made
them&lvcs famous by this enquiry, But the moft me-
morable Attempt for tliis purpofe was that of the Ara-
^w*j, thus Recorded by their Geographer. A great Ahulfeda
Circle on the Earth is divided into 360 parts, as we alfo fup.|."^j'*^'"**
pofe thofe in the Heavens. Tiolomy Author of the Almagejl ^
and many other of tlie Ancients have obferyed what fpape upon
the Earth contains, one of thefe 360 Parts or Degrees, and have found
it to contain ^6^ Miles. Thofe which luccceded them, willing to
latisfie tiiemlelves by their own experience , met by tiie order of
AltnamcH in the Plains of Sanjary and having taken the height of
the Pole, they divided into two Troops, the one marching as
diredly as was poflX)lc towards the Nortli, and the other towards
the South, till the one found the Pole one Degree more, and the
other one Degree lefs elevated ; then meeting again at their firll fta-
tion to compare their Ohfcrvations , they found the one had
computed f 6,' Miles, but the other juft 56. but they agreed to ac-
count 56,' for one Degree, fo chat between the Oblervations of the
Ancients, and of tliele Moderns there is a difference of 10 Miles.
Now Ptolomy having cftablifh'd tlie bignefs of a Degree j 00 Sta-
dia, for which the Arais account 66! Miles, it follows that the A-
rabian Mile was equal to 7 ; Stadia ; but we ar? to li^ek what Sta-
dium Ptolomy means ; for if it were the Greek, eight of w inch made ;
one ancient Italian Mile, the proportion of the Arabick Mile,
fo the Italian will be as if to 16, and coiifcqucntiy the 56^ Miles
found in a Degree by the Arah^ will make but 53'. old Italian
Miles. But if more favourably to the Anil/s, we fuppofe (wliich,
B is .
*
The Meafure of the Earth.
\
IS mod likely ) that the 500 Stadia of Ptolumy were the Alex-
> andrian, bigger than the Grecian, according to the proportion
commonly received of 144 to izf , we ihali find that the De-
gree meafured by the Arabs was 61! Italian Miles, which makes
4718S Toyfes of Paris^ fupportng that the old Roman Foot (the
fame which Father Rkciolns after l^llalpandus would have eftab-
lilhed it) was to that of Fans as 667 to 710. though the Roman Foot,
of which the Module is to be feen in tlie Capitol, is to the lame Pa-
rifian Foot, but as 6^3 ro yxo. or thereabouts.
'Tis very remarkable that anciently the meafure of the Earth was
always upon the dinuniihing. For if we will believe Ariftotle^ or
the mofl: part of x^or Mathematicians of his time^ according to his
* report, a Degree was about iiii Stadia, whereas Eratcflhenes
eouiKcd but 700. PopdtMius 666, and in fine Ptolamy 500. In like man-
ner the Arabs follow ing tlie fame example make a Drgree k-fs than
all that preceded them. But without entering ujion the determi-
nation, whether thefe Opinions are fo different as they appear, it
may fuffice in brief jo fay that we are ignorant of the juft quanti-
ties of the ancient Meafures, all the Mealures tljat the Ancients have
left us being altered by time. \v';.n
Amongft the Moderns, Ferkepaf and SiieBiin ard the chie^ who
not contenting themfelves unth uncertain Traditions, were willing
to feftvc us their particular Obfcrvations for the bignefs ot a De-
gree. ■"'■''"■
.j^f-" Fernellus at the beginning of his Cofmothetti* ftys, that leaving
" Paris he went diredWy North , until by the Meridian Altitudes (3"
the Son he found tlic heighth of the Pole one Avhole Degree more
than at Paris. But whether becaufe he wotrW imitate the Arabs,
or for feme other Reafon he has concealed the name of the place
where he flaged, feying only that it was at xy Le^ues firom Paris,
and that for knowing this diftance more prccifely he went in a
Coach» and counted jS the turns of the Wheel till be arrived! at Pa-
ris. And in fine, having rftimatcd how mach the irr^larities and
turnings of tlie way might augment the hmgth, he judged
that a Degree of a great Qrcle of^the Earth contained 68096 Ge-
ometrical Paces, which according to our way of meafore are equal to
i6jj^6 Toyfes and four Feet of Paris.
SneUim took a more certain way, and fomewhat like what will
be found pradliccd in the following account ; for inftead of relating
his eftimation, he fearched by Geometrical ways the Meridional Di-
ilances between the parallels diAlntain^ Lrydn^mA BergopfoM, then
according to the differences of the heights of the Pble in thofe Ph-
ces, he conchided a D^rce was xSyoo Rhinlaiid Perches, which
make 5'50x r Toyfes of farts.
This laft Meafure was commonly followed as the moft exzCt.
But Father Riechii l^r a method which we Ihall anon examine, hath
(fine* highly priied above other) made the Degree (54363 Paces
of BiUgfia, or about 6x900 of our Toyfes.
In
jr».
iDi-
lea
>h.
ich
The Meafure of the Earth.
In this diverfity of Opinions 'twas worth while to try the whole
anew for the folution of this famous Problem, not only for the ufe
of Geography in what concerns the difference of Longitudes, but
more particnlarly for the ufe of Navigation. Arid that ?o r ichtbe
rattier, for that to this time not a Pcrfon lias underftood thv prevt-
Icncy of the great advantage that may be made of Tclofcoi • from
the executing of this Defign, and for that by other means it is eafte
to eftablilh a meafure which cannot ciiangc. 6%'Mh ' . .
ih'-.
•ARTICLE
■(I hiXjr '
TH G Earth and Water make but tlic farlio one Globe which
comprifes both the one and the otlwr umler die name of the
Earth. We fliall not ftay to fhew the proofs Ijcre, but this truth
being fuppofcd for conflant , 'tis demanded what is the bignefs of
the Globe of the Earth j and fince it would be impoflible to mea-
fure the compal's intire, 'tis reduced to the meafure oif one part, from
wh(>nce the bignefs of the whole may be concluded; whidi reduc^o
on is ordinarily to the quantity of one Degree. ' ibc •• 'nd^f^finl *:>"i
For fmce the roundnefs of the Earth is a little varied 1^ tl* in-
equality of the Mountains, like that of a very fine Orange by the
grain of its Peel h thefe inequalities are fo confiderable to our pur-
pde, and {o great in comparifon of common meafures, that for the
obtaining of tlie knowledge of a confiderable dllbiice, though Ids
than that of a Degree, 'tis neceflary to have reccwrfe to Geometry,
to make ufe of a Chain or fucceffion of Triangles united together,
the fides of which are as fo many great meaiiires, which pafling
over the inequalities of the furface of the Earth, give us the mea-
fure of a Diflance, which it would be impofTible to meafure other-
wife. V.\'ii\'. \
For the well forming of thefe Triangles 'twas, ncceffiiry to point
at fardidant Objects uith fuch precifenels, as iio( only to be fure
of direding at the whole ObjeA, but even at a certain point there-
of There has been invented for this divers forts of fights, but all
imperfeA and incapable of giving the precifeneis requifite. 'Twas on
this account SmcS/iu willing to excufe the errour of fome minutes bIJ,*°J,
which he found in his Triangles, had reafon to blame his fights, pag. i^.
through which ( as he fays himfelf ) an Objed of the bigoels of
fome minutes appeared but as a point, and even fo with difficulty.
But for fome Years it has been thought advifeable to put Telefcopes
in the place of the old way of Sights, wliich has been fo happily
performed that there feems to be nothing more to be defirea for
this purpofe, as will appear by the fequel.
' lie b3-ft;1-H
V,i
.U .>»
In
A R-
M^^
t»
**m
<4»
■The Meafure of the Earth,
w*.?
-^
,.%:
.'%*
'.k
4J»
P
.rt3cu
flu ;?fri -joi "y'.;.) 3ofi a r t I c l e .1 1.J,. ^- ■ , - .
IN the defign which was propofed for .performing the mcnfuratij
on of the Earth, it was judged tljaf the fpace contained between
SoHtdoH in Fkcaidie , and MalvorfiMfm the Confines of the Gaflinois^
and of tlie Ifurepois^ would be vtfiy proper for the execution of this
defign, becaufe tligfc two bounds which are diftant one frorti the
otlier about 3 a, Le^i|gl^i' arc fcituated very near in the fame Meri-
dran; and 'tw as.kitoli'n by divers Journeys^jurpofely made, that they
might 1x5 joyned*^y Triangles , with the high-way from Ville-
■SjMrvetoJuviJy j ^<^hich way being paved in a ftrait lirie, Withqij|TMy
^bdnfldcrablci^equality,andoffuch a Jength (as will appear hereafterj
was proper to fcrve for the fundamental Bafe of all the Meafure that
was undertaken.
For anally meafuring the length of this way, four Pike Staves^
each of two Toyfes were made choice of, which being joyned two
and two at the great ends by a Screw, made two Meafures each of
the length of four Toyfes.
Thie minher obfervcd in the meafuring was, tliat after one of the
Meafures was jplaced on the Earth, the other was joyned tO' it end
to c:nd, along by a great Rope, then the firft was taken up,, and fo
fucceflively. And for the more eafy keeping the. account, tjiQ lyiea-
forer who laid the fecond Rod had ten little Qikes given him, one
pf which he left ftanding at the head of his Rod every time he laid
it on the ground," fo that every fuch ftakc i\j)ted eight Toyfcs ;
and-\ȣhen all thc-tfin, wcct taliqn up , Uicy .warjked cij^y Toy-;
III this manner the diftance between the middle of the Mill of
Fillejuhie all along the great or high way to the Pavillion oijuvi-
/y was twice mcalured, which diftance was found to be ^66x Toy-
fcs and four Foot in going, and $66% and one Foot in ret iruing.
< But as a nearer approach to cya£tnds could not be hoped . fo the
difference was divided, and the round number of ^66^ Toyfes W7s
^ agreed on for the length of the line, or fundamental Ball t'poii the
^fl which we have built idl the Calculations hereafter, favc only that
at the condufion of our work we verify'd liie whole by ^ leicond
Bafeot 3901 Toyfes adtualjy meafured as the former. In wliich
without doubt we had very much the advantage of all thofe that
have -preceded us. For Snellm having begun by a diftance meafiii;-
ed of jx(i Verges and 4 Foot of the Rliein Meafure, which make
(J50 di oiir Toyfes ; It was afterward r^ulated by tuic which was
not above 87 Rhein Verges, or 168 Toyles. And bather RiccieUu,
frarned all his Meafure upon a Bafe of io88 Bologna Paces, or about
1064 Toyfes of f^/m.
'7. h
tM
•*
A R-
•* fj,^
The Meafjtre of the Earth.
ARTICLE IV.
! ,' 'I
TH E Toyfe of which we fpcak, and whicli we hive chofen as
the moll certain Meafure, and mofl: ilfed ia France^ is that
of the Grand Chaftelet of Parts , according to the original which
has been lately re-cftabliih'd. It is of fix Foot , the Foot contains
twelve Inches , and the Inch twelve Lines ; but to prevent, that
what has happen'd to all ancient Meafures (of which nought but
the names remain ) might not happen to ours j we have adapted
it to an Original taken from Nature it felf, which ought there*
fore to be invariable and univerfal. To thatefle<a the length of a fingle
Pendulum was by two great Pendulum Clocks txzGAy determined,
each of whofe fingle vibrations or free agitations was one fecond of
time conformable to the mean motion of the Sun, which length was
found to be 36 Inches, 8 Lines and a half, according to the afore-
fatd meafure of the Chaftelet of Paris.
'Tis commonly known, that to make a fimple Pendulum, a little
ball about the bignefs of a Mufquet Bullet,is fufpended by a very flex-
ible thread, and the length of this Pendulum muft be meafured from
the top of the thread to the center of the Ball, fuppofing the Dia-
amcter of the Ball not much to exceed the ^dth part of the length
of the thread, otherwife there muft be an account had of a pro*
portional part which We have here negleAed ; and care muft alfo
be taken that the vibrations be fhort, for if they be beyond a certain
Degree, the}'- are of unequal duration one to another.
The Ball rf our Pendulum was of Copper of an inch in Diame-
ter, and it was turned. The thread with wnich the firft experiments
were made was of flat or raw filk. But becaufe that ftretches ienfibly
by the leaft humidity of the air, it was found that 'twas better to ufe a
fingle filamenr of a fort of long Flax called Pite^ which is brought
out of America. The upper end of the thread was put between a
fmall Vice with a Iquare head, which held it faft fcrewed moft ex-
a<ftly ; by this means the motion of the Pendulum was more free,
and the length more eafily meafured by an Iron Rod cxaftly fitted
between the end of the Vice and the Ball.
The two Clocks made ufe of were of the greater fort, whofe
Pendulums meafured whole feconds , they were exactly regulated
according to the mean motion of the Sun, and went flower by
3 Minutes 56 feconds at every return of the fame fixt Star to die
Meridian, with fuch a regularity that fometimes they differed not
one from another by one fecond during many Days. A finale Pen-
dulum was fet in motion, and made to go and come from the fame
fide as the Pendulums of the Clock did, and being left in this con*
ditbn they were infpcded from time to time to fee how they went.
For how little Ibever the length of this fingle Penduhun either ex-
ceeded or wanted of j6 Inches, 81 Lines, one might perceive fome
difagrcement in Icfs than an hour. 'Tis true that this length was
B * not
fe
J
^^'
J^
The Meafure of the Earth,
not always found fo prccifc, and r!";; ic lecmed that: it ought to
have been regularly a little IhorM, .., n Winter and lengthened in
Summer. But that however was but * < loirj yivt of a Line) fo that
having a refpedl to this variation, it has been Judged bed to ^ke
the ipean between th^m , «nd to tajtt; the length of 36 Inches 8;.
Lines for the certain Meaiiirc. .»rn
If tJjc length of the Pendulum for feconds be once found expreft
according tp the nfual IVlealure of every place, by this means may
be had thq n'pportion of the different Meafurcs ib exajfl as if the
orig^i^als h^fl been compared , and this advantage would thence
Accrue ,,r,tfeatif<)r the tuturc any clwugv therein might be dilco-
.vercd. ^
But beftdes the particular Meafurcs, an agreement might be
found of fi^ch as follow, which will need no other original but the
Heavens.
The length of a Pendulum of a Iccond of the middle time might
be called by the name of an Aftronomical Ray, the third of which
ihall be tlie univerfal Foot. The double of the Aftronomical Ray
jnakes. tji? iwiverfal.Toifc, wliich will be to that of Paris as 881
tQ 864. .
^ .!, ff our times thie Aftronomical Ray may make the univerfal Perch
equal to tlie length of a jPendule of two reconds4 la .
.^Finally the univerfal Mile may contain looo Perches. "^
^-.'I'hcfe univeirfal Meafures fuppofe tjifit the difference of places
cauleth np fenfibje variation to the Pendulums. 'Tis true, there
have been made fome experiments at Lottdon^ Lyofts and Bolignia in
Jtalyy by Mfhich it feenos one might conclude thi^t the Pendulums
ought to )x; Miorter in foqiie proportion, as the /Equinoctial is ,ap-
proacht- (Confornv^ble tq^a conjedhire which has been formerly pro-
poied in thejAftesnbly, ;hat fuppoTing the motion of the Earth,
weights pu^t to defci^d with lefs power under the i£quino(^ial
than uoder ^ Poles.^ But we are not fuificiently informed of the
juftnei^ of thefe Experiments to make any conclufion thence. And
we muft brides notq, that at the Hagne, where the heighth of the
Pole is greater than at Lmdou , tlie length of a Pendulum exadly
determined by means of Clocks, was found the fame as at Paris.
*T]& for this we advife thofe who would make experiment with a
fingle Pendulum, to make ufe of great Pendulum Clocks, for that
otnenVife they will difiicultly meet with the juft Meafure. If it
^uld be found by experience that the Pendulum will be of diffe-
rent It^igths in different places, the fuppofition we have made con-
cerning i^e univen&l Meafure drawn J^pm the Pendulums, cannot
hold, IputVthis hinders not but that in every place there will be a
perpetvnJ and invariab^^rMinfiire.
The, Ingt^ of a Pari^iui Tpyfe, and that of a Pendulum of fe-
conds, fuch j99 we hav^ npw oftablilht, will be careiully preferved in
the Magnificent Obfervatory, which His Majefty has caufed to be
built for the adv^^^tpomeot cj" Aftronomy, .; iAi.* .„....,
,' '"'■ AR-
'r.
ight to
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s
The Meafure of the Earth.
.>'
.i.j
;ii<..'
1 iiVyd-'x:^.
im
SINCE thfi Inftrument wc made ufc of for mcafiinng tfie Eartli,
had fomewhat fingular, it will not be inCgnificant to defcribc
"it before we qdmc to the following Obfervations.
This Inftriiment was a quarter bfrtOJrcIe of 38 Fnches Radius,
the body of it is of h'On, dnd all the pieces arc faihicd together un-
derneath by^ Screws upon tnc Area o'( /r. , The Limb B C and that
part about tjie Center A, are covered with Copper. The Uroach or
Cilinder D is faflncd perpendiettlar to the bdcli of the frtftrumertt =
.to fix it on its Pedcftal. E F is a Tclcfqope wiiich feryes. inflcad
of tile immovable fights, b^ing fartnccf at one end to the Plate of
the Center A , and at the othef end to one of the ejctremities of
the Limb.:' /;^^' ^v'J ' '■"^ "■'.• ' -'""H ^'^■',' ^' .r'*"**-^ •^nisir'
G H is another Telefcope calrried %'ab Alidade or arm of fron
which turns upon tlie Center A, and which may be fixed upon
any part of the Limb defircd, according to the Angle to be ob-
ferved. ' . " :" ' • " ' •";*'.;." • '"^
The Limb B C is cxadtly divided even Ifito Minutes very di-
ftiniSly, much of the bigncls and form reprcft^ed in the adjoining
Figure. ■", ■" -''"'T''- '■''■•'
An Hair iflrctched in the little frame !, V)r a filver Wirt fmaller
than a Hair, fervesfor the fiducial Line of the Alidade, by which
one may very eafily diftinguiih to the fourth part of a Minute, c-
fpecially if a Loupe or Glafs that magnifies the objeift, be ufed. '
But that which we have here principally to defcribc, is the con-
flrudlion of thcTcltfcopes E F and G H, which Ix-'ing in all things
alike the one to the other, it will be fulficient to cfcfcribe one of
them. *-i i
S vS is a Cylinder of I^tton or Tin, made of two pieces running
one within the other, that they may be taken off' or put on at plea-
liire ii|K>n the two Pinnules E. F whicli are fixed.
The Objedb Pinnule E carries in the fore-part of it marked T,
ail Ob'ciil GInfsof a Telefcoix: of a length proportioned to the In-
flrumcnt : And by the fide V it fuftains one of the ends of the Cv-
Under S S. ...,......' £ / '■ ' V •>. '
The eye Pinnule F is of tlirccTieces, the firft F X which is faftncd
to tlie Limb of the Inflrument is a hollow Cylinder about 3 Inches
long, fodttcd to the middle of the (Chaflc) or Frame F F, upon the
dice of which are two fmiillfingle Clews of Black Silk ftifTilrained
at- .right Angles in four imall craved ftrokcs, which keeps them
from breaking, and they are failncd by tlic means of a little melt-
ed VVax. TIjc lecond 7, is a little hollqw Cylinder fod(jred as the
fbrmcr to the middle of a fquarc Piece', w'liich by two Screws is
joined to the frame F F, to (crve as well for the dcfelnCc of the
filets, ^ M) fuMn the gwat Uo||ow Cylmd-'^C ^ S. Tlie thirrf Y is
Xi'jli:v;a ' ' '" ' • ♦■^' ■' ^^ -^ '^' -"'"'' "^ another
Plate (he
firft, •
- .'k li.ijl
iii
1 iii
■-'^T-*^ -f^'^^^fpy^^fP'ZT^'^^v
8
The Meafure of the Earth,
another little hollow Cylinder which is flipped within the firft X,
and which carries the Eyc-Glafs of the Telelcope.
The fixed dirtance between the two Pinnules E. F ought to be
fuch that the anterior fece of the frame FF, where the Fifets of the
Telefcope are fl:rained, do meet each other exadUy in the focus of
the Objedl Glafs h and this neceflity caufes the Objedb Glades to
be made (for the mod part) firfl; before the Inftrument is begun.
All put together does tlie effect of a Telefcope that inverts the Ob-
Aii the jed:, which inconvenience may eafily alfo be reAified , making ufe
}uch"Te. ^'^ ^^^^ Eye-Glafles, and a little ufe will make it infenfible.
lefcope ai ii here defcribed, are yet more fUly reprcrented in the fourth Plate. |
Befide the advantage that the common Telcfcopes give of being
able better to diflinguifh a diftant Objed, they do alio much faci-
litate the fettine it true pointing to the Objed with all tlie pre-
cifenels imaginable ; for after one has througli tliis Telefcope taken
notice of tiie far diftant Objed:, one may at tiic fame time lee very
diftindly the Threads (or Wires) that are in the Tclercope, and
alfo all that which the faid Threads hinder to be fcen of the Ob-
jeOty as if they were indeed ftrctched upon the very objcdt it lelf, and
the Eye upon removing perceives no Patalax at all between the one
or the other , provided the Fillets or Threads, as wc have faid, be
placed exadiy in the focus of the Objcd Glafs, bccaufc 'tis in this
place that the painting of the Objed is made reverfed, which comes
immediately to our E}'e, and whicii is the place of the immediate
ObjcA, as may be cafdy undcrftood by the following Figure.
A B C are three points of an Objcd, every of whicli fill the Ob-
jcd Glafs DE of the Telefcope FDEG witn Rays; all thefe Rays
having pafled, traverfe the Glafs D E, they proceed to reunite by or-
der in three other points a b c, namely, thofe of A in a, of B in b,
nod of C in c ; then thefe fame Rays are feparatcd again, and pro-
ceed to fiUl upon the Eye-GUIs, which in fine turns them towards
the Eye H, the Rtys of C are not continued to the Eye, to the end
that it may appear what mud happen when it meets with an ob-
ftade in feme part of the locus as in c, bccaufe it is evident that
this obAaclc hinders all the Rays of the point C, without permitting
any one of thorn to arrive at the Eye, as if one had indeed covered
the Otned it fclf at the point C ; but this Obftacle, fuch as it may
be, a angle filament of Silk, makes its dlAtna Image in the Eye
precifely
The Meafure of the Earth.
9
-B
■C
■A
precifely in the place where the Obje(ft which it hinders would
have made its own Image, becaufe the Eye is altogether difpofed
for receiving tlic Rays which are come from the focus a be travers
the Eye Glats F G.
It is to I c aclcl jd hereto, tliat Ilnce all the Rays of the fame point of
the Objccfb are rciiiiitcd in another point of the focus of the Objed:
Glafs, It happens here that notu irhftanding all tlie aperture of the
Objedt Glals D E, one has the fame txa/^nefs for pointing as if the
Object Pinniil or fight u cro but one fini^le, fmall, and almod indi-
vifible hole ihrougli v\'hich the point C could trajcdt but one Ray,
which might be intercepted by the leaft obftacle placed in the Line
Cc, l.ecaulc rliat which necellitates the placing the Threads in the
focus is tor tliat il" the) arc placed either nearer to or farther from
the Object Glal's, they cannot hinder all the Rays from the fame
point, which are not ciitvvhere united but only in the focus, and
there will be Ibme Parallax fenfibie if they be placed out of it, up-
on changing the pohrlon of the Eye, which however is mod to be
regartlcd when the aperture of the Objcd: Glafs is large, for if it be
bur fmnll, the place of the Threads docs not require lo very precife
a diflance irom tlie Objedt Glals, becaufe atfome diftafice on either
fide the focus, either nearer to or further from theObjed: Glafs, the
Ra}s are not lo far feparatcd as to become fenfibie. And 'tis alfo
in the ftraitning or Icflcning of the aperture of the Objed Glafs
that an inconvenience may be prevented, which happens to the
Tincacls m hen being well placed for a remote Objcd:, they are not
fb exad: for Objeds that are nearer.
There may remain one difficulty upon the account of. the Obje<ft
Glafs, if it be not of an equal thicknefs, thereby caufing fomc re-
fradion, and bending the principal Ray Cc from a ftraight Line. But
notu ithdanding all the deled* of this Glafs, there is no reaibn to
fear in relpcd of the Angles of jinfition, or of the apparent diftan-
ces u Inch one would obferve, ' ..aufe when the two Telefcopes
are dircded to the fame Objed a^ adiftp.nce, the fiducial Line of the
movable rule (or arnO falls ex; Jly upon the beginning of the firll
Degree. And this is a proof with which we ought always to begin
when one would take An; 'vS. We Iball give in the ninth Article
the means oi" remed} ing lieicds and refradions of Glafles in regard
of hcif'Jits.
The Figurer, x, 5, 4, repdent the pieces which ferve to fet the
Qi^iulrant upon its loot. The piece L M movable upon the Fooc
K, liiffites to fet this Infu-unent to its plumb or perpendicular,
when one would obli.'-ve heiglits, but Uir putting it horizontal, the
feconil Piece O P mull be jdded to L M, in the manner as is reprc-
faited in the fourth Figure, and then one n.ay give the Quadrant
fuch p:)ntion as one will, as with a Knee.
Thus you !\ave the lull defcription of tlie biftrumcnt which gave
the Angle of ixjfuion with lb much exadnefs, that upon the whole
compalb ot" rhc Horrifon taken at 5 or 6 Angles, there w is not
C found
1!^' •'
V
*
rf-" ■
lO
^
The Meafure of the Earth.
foand above a minute more or lefs than it ought to be, and which often
alfo happened within about j- feconds of the juft account, fo that
■it was not iieceflary to carry a bigger Inftrument, of which it was
otherways impolTible to make ufe in icveral occurrences.
i.v:(,
;rtt lasu
ARTICLE VI.
TH E diftanoe which was propofed to be meafurcd from Mahoijitie
to Smrehityxs found as 'twere parted into tlirce Lincs,to wit, from
fijai'voifim to Mareuii, from Mareuil to Clermont^ and irbm CJermont
to Sourdott. Thefe particulM* didances were known by the means of
1 ^ Triangles , reprcifsnted in the firft Figure of the lecond Plate.
There wwe two of them which needed no particular Obfervation,
fo that one may account but ii principal Triangles, the other
which arc reprclented in the fecond Figure of the lame Plate, ha-
ving chiefly (erved for the verification. Here follows the lift of
Stations and precile Places to which Obfervations have been made
for toiming the Triangles. ^
A Is the mi^k of the Mill of Villejuive.
B' The neaitj^ Cftn nf thi PaviBiim of Juvify.
C The puht of the Sieeffle of Brie-ComteRobert.
D The mitffik of the tower of Montlchery.
F, The top tif the Pavil'ipn of Malvoifine.
F A piece of Wood fet up furpoffly on the top of the Ftiiues of tht
Tower of Monjay, ana miide larq^er with Straw tyed ahout it.
G The middle of the Hi Seek of Marcuii, where 'twas ne^ejfary to make
d Fire for a mark. ' '
H The middle of the great ravilion in the Oval of the Qaflle of Dam-
martin,
I the Steeple nf S. Samfon of Clermont.
K The Mill of Tonquiers near Compiegne.
L Tfye Steeple of Coy vrel.
M // little Tree npon the Montrtam of Boul(^nc near Montdidicr.
N The Steeple of Sourdon.
O A lit fie forked Tree upon the But »/Grirfbn, near Villcneuve
S. (kofj^es.
P The Steeple of Montmartrc.
^The Steeple of St. ChriftophcrV, near Senlis.
AB h the firff Bafe itlhally meafnred, of ^663 Parifian Toyfes.
XY Is a fecond Bafe of 3901 Toyfes , aHually meafured as tl?e
former.
ft can*f be imagtn' "haf 'twas poflibic to place a large Qiiadrant
at rli< point ot Steeples, and of fuch other Places as we made choice
of for forming rx.i<^ly the Triangles,
But that .* c might have a remedy for this, wc alw ays had a
Cjrc to obfcrvc the apparent fJuekner, of CM^jc^s towards which
we
OiA
d^
id a
lich
we
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The Meafure of the Earth.
11
we direded. For example, in pointing at a Tower we were not
content to have taken only the middle, but of hpw many minutes
and feconds its thicknefs appeared, which gave means afterwards to
fet the Inftrument on what part one would of the fame Tower, in
cafe the middle were imbarafled or inacceflible.
'Tis true that with all the precaution that could be taken, and
after turning the Inftrument two or three times towards the fame
flatton , 'twas impoHible Ibmetimes to avoid the error of fome fe-
conds upon the fumm of the three Angles of the fame Triangle ^
in which cafe there can be no difficulty of corredling the Triangle
without fear of any confiderable error, becaufe all the Angles were
lai^e, and there was always fome one of which there N^as not fo
much certainty as of the reft, and upon which the fault ought to
be laid. The principal Corredlions that were made are remarked;
In the Lift of the Triangles this Rule is kept, of not giving any
Angle that was not obfervcd by the Quadrant before defcribed, and
to omit thofe which we were obliged to conclude, though in effedt
there was no great difference to be made between the one and the o-
ther, becaufe of the great precifenefs with which they were direded
at, and of the great care that was taken not to err in tiie quantity
of the Angles that were obferved, by reiterating feveral times the
Obfervations of the fame Angle , and the caufing them to be
made by fcvcral Obfervers who kept their Memoirs apart. Be-
fides that, in the firft courfes that were made for the difcovery
of proper ftations, all the Angles generally had been obferved ; and
tho thefe were with leflcr Inftruments, which gave the minutes^
but by fix and fix j yet they were not hindered frdm coming to
fo much exadnefs as was necellary to make it appear that they
did not all fail or err in the Conclufions.
rs ft
The Firft Triangle ABC.
To find the fide A C.
CAB 540 4/ 35/'.
ABC 95" 6 y^. .
ACB 30 48 30.
A B 5663 Toyfes adually
(mcafured
Then AC I loix Toyfes five
(Foot
AndBC 8954 Toyfes.
' 1 J .
■lllr.
'1
The Second Trihngie, ADC
for D C and A D.
DAC 77^" rs' 50".
ADC -^j- o 10. . .
ACil 47 34 o."'-
AC I Id 2 Toyfcs 5 Foot.
Then DC 131x1 Toyfes
(three Foot.
And A p 99ZZ Toyfes two
■. ; 't • ^ V ," )50 orh vr. j'J
V foil: ^ ■■
'n
•' f!t
■^
I
^i
\ II
%
1 II
8
12
The Meafure of the Earth,
■'ii.
h The fourth Triangle
rht third Triangle DEC. "
ForDEandCE.
DEC 740 9' }o'^.
DC E 40 34 o.
CDE 6s 16 30.
DC 1 3 111 Toyfes 3 Foot.
Then D E 8870 Toyfes
(3 Foot.
And C E 11389 Toyfes
(3 Foot.
Note, That in the fourth Triangle, the Angle D F C wax aug-
metited 10" which were wanting to make uf the fitmm of the three
Angles. , .^-' . - . \. , .
For D F.
DCF 1130 47' 40".
D F C 3 } 40 o
FDC 32, 31 lo.
DC 13 III Toyfes three
(Foot.
Tknce DF 11658 Toy-
iiiii:: :.\U;:>') <!'i; ;;j •'!,..; Ji (fcs.
j ■ -.'Vj -iUi i" -JlS,!i,J-jJ ,Tii; :
The V. Triangle DFG
for DG and FG.
DFG 91° s' ^^"'
DGF 57 34 o.
GDF 30 xo 40.
DF 11685 Toyfes.
Thence D G 15643
(Toyfes.
And FG 11963 Toy-
Cfes 3 Foot.
From thefe five
Triangles 'twas
eafie to conclude
the diftance GK
between Malviv-
fine and Mareuil^
without fuppof-
ing any new Ob-
fervation. '■<■'
The VI. Triangle GDE
for G E
GDE iiSo 9' -i^o".
DG 15643 Toyii?s.
DE 8870 Toyfes three
(Foot
Thence GE 31^97
(I'oyles.
^ ,'T I. -,f.
' ,;'7
A f\
By the Calculation of the fame Triangles were found the Angfes
DG E of 11° 18', and DEG of 390 II' 30^^, the fame which they
were found alio by Obfervation, which may fi?rve as a proo^ for
G E And it ought to be confidcrod, tlwt as this Triangle is but
as a confequcnce of the preceding, that it has t* o fides known,
and ail the Ang!cs weM eftablifht, the fnwhicls of tlic Angle DGE,
cant hinder the certainty of the C-onclufion for G R, belides that
hereafter the fame diftance G E ihall be vcrityed by other Triangles.
Upon the occafion of thefe Angles DGE and DFG, it was
that Fires were made at Mareuil^ Montlehere, and Malvoifine. A
large Fire of three Foot made at /Hareuil and Iccn from Malvoifine^
appear'd to the Eye like a Star of the third Magnitude.
Til
ju^ ^_L '_«4^^' • -i.. Hij
T/te Meafur^ of the Earth.
\3
*
'Tis not our dcfign to draw licncc any cnnjedturcs concerning the
fixed Stars, but only to make the follouing remark, That it one
confiders the diftance of ;i8i<>7 Toyies, the Fire which had three
Foot of breadth ought to have been fcen under an Angle of 3^ 14/',
and yet when it was feen with the Tclefcopes of tlie Quadrant, of
which the Objedl GlalTes were excellent, it \i"as not above half hid
or covered by one of the filk Clews which were placed in the focus
of the Telelcope ; now tlic bignefs of this FiUment (which was
prefently mcafurcd with a Microfcapc } was the three hundredth
part of an Inch. It follows then tliat in a T^lefcope of 36 Inches
it takes up the fpace of about 4'^. fo that the Fire which it covered
but half, took up the fpace of eight feconds, though it ought in
effedl have appcar'd but of three leconds.
From this Experiment it may be concluded that even with Te-
lefcopw, Luramous Objwfts do appear bigger than they oughr. It
were well to make trial of this with long Telefcopes, which will
be refcrved for another time.
We have faid above that the diflance E N waks divided into three
Lines, the firfl:, namely G E, has been Calculated, but before we
pafs to the fecond^ 'twill be niuch to the purpofe to veri(is aU jrhat
we liave* hitherto eftablifljcd by feveral other Triangles.. , j^. j • ;
.?l>"ci, }•;.-■ f ■.; A
.:t
Anotlier way for A D by the
Triangle A OB.
iX
A O B <Ji«» zx' o".
ABO 75- 8 xo.
B A O 49 x9 40.
A B f6<>} To}'fes. -
Thence A O 6178 Toyfes
(z Foot.
But by the Triangle A O D.
AOD 760 jo' q".
ADO 37 19 xo.
D A O 65- 50 40.
A O 6178 Toyfes.
Thence A D 99x1 Toyfes
(x Foot.
And D O 9x98 Toyfes.
y.iifYiiiV^
Otherwife fgr D E by tjip Xri-
, angle DOE.
DOE 47° o.' 00".
DEO
EDO
50 X
8x c7
5-0.
lO.
^ D ^
D O 9x98 Toyfts:
Thence DE 8870 T^fo^
( J toot.
Inftcad of 8 8 70 Tgy^s -^ |"99^,
Otherwife for CE by the Tri-
angle ACE
8/
XX
30.
30-
ACE 880
A EC 4x
E A C 47 X4
AC 1 10 IX Toyfes' five Foot.
Thence CE 1x388 Toyfes two
(Foot.
Inftcad of 1x389 Toyfes three
(Foot.
Yet
H
The Meafure of il)e Earth.
mi-:,- znm ',«■■■ ' ' ■•<^ i' -
>:dih<.i' >' Yet otherwifcforCr inTri-' ,
^-^^?^> angle BCE. ;;"
'^ uM,.'--^ EBC 77 44 4^ ^" "
^ BC 8954 Toyles.
"r Thence EC 1x390 Toyfes.
jm . ^ *lv? xhe Angle E B C being di-
(minilht 10".
J . '"ibtj
'•?' h^i Jen !
■' ■■'.} «n;l ..
f , I
...t
Othcrwife yet for C E in Tri-
an^cPpC
tnoi
//
PDC 6s° 31' o
PCD 6i 2 40.
DC 13x21 Toyfes three
— (Foot.
Thence P C 15064 Toyfes
(three Foot.
And DP 146x1 Toyfes three
"'"' (Foot.
But in the Triangle P C L
P G E xoz= zC Ao". - , . .
PEC 43 9 30.
P C .1^064 Toyfes three
!":4^''^.„ (Foot.
TheljCe CE 11389 Toyfes
inftead of 1x389 Toy-
fes three Foot. ^. ,-.
iK>
>ls»ft
>^o ^s "33 ?*::>A
.or
rol Dvfi i:3i vnT XI Oil O A
.2 i-.^-{ol '--...f^tl.
nr) aon^tr t
4ot'.?|)
';3iib ?il-(uT '{■•lii '!'> bfi-^i'-i
-3¥
^)
i^U
r* I
Otherwife for D F in Trkn-
gle A C E
ACF 66° i3'4o'^ °Vr;
A F C <o 33 xo.
F A C 63 13 oa
A C iioiz Toyfes five Foot
Thence A F 13051 Toyfes.
But in the Triangle FAD.
FAD i40<» 38' 50". jT o ;
AF 1 3051 Toyfes. c) H. /.
A D 99XX Toyfes. n ^ h
Thence D F 11657 Toyfes
(three Foot.
For 11658 Toyfes.
X; O h 3lgf!':nT -..U vd ■• kl
.^i c, '. o fn
" ".--ilidX h'-' uq J>n^
Otherwife
•isfe-i
The hhaC/Hp of the £mh.
«5
OtlierwiCe for F <i ia Triangle
G A F.
G A F
G F . v
FG A
5^o
75"
8/
^1/
>l
50
10.
39 ^•
A F 1305-1 'Toy fcs.
Thenn I G liy] Toyfesfor
ii,)i'>-5 Toylcs 3 Foot.
The lumm of the t\\x> Angles
A i" C, G F A excxed bv
that ol" the two Cl- D, '
which is neijlcd-ed ,
nn ; rror 16 little com
d( f'jrvcji not the expoli
fdi a lecotKl time to uaiiger
ia mounting to the top of
the Tower of Mottjay which is
half ruined.
rG,
^ule
( ' t
' j'i'.j. '->'•' f
) .' . • t
••i L •.
■ ir.io:;:!;: <'- ■
n.i^!
i> ■ , ■ .
-• r->f':-,,-; •;■;?'■,;
■I'l'lJl
, ;,: „-
;.M;/
' -1 .. i
■ < ... --iJr.
Otherwife ibr G E in Tirkn-
gle GDC.
GDC 4a° 5:3'' <S/4'it>
D G 151643 Tdyfet' ^ I '^^
D C 131x1 Toyfes thrt*
(Foot,
Thence G C D 86° 14' z^^.
And QC11&69 Toyfes three
(Foot;.
But in 4fte iViangle GCE
having put together .
GGD andDCE. ' J
■,,0
GCE tx&* f8^ ij^ ^i
G C ij,8<>j> to^ tftt^'
C E lijip Toyfis thi^
Thence Q E -jt^-i Tdjiife
Inftead of j*8^7 Toyfe, Wk
parting the difference we make
OE 3i85>j Toyfes.
iv.^
I I I ■ > ' I
rRov
1/ n'Ars
• ... - 1 - ■
.'i:;ut :-.'
iiiiliiniim i>
i
ife
The VIL Triangle FGH. '
For G H.
F G H 390 ji' o". ,
F H G 91 46 30.
H F G 48 XX 30.
F G 129^3 To3^ three
(Foot
Thence GH 969 j- Toyfes. /
In this Triangle the Angle
G F H is dimimihe xo'/:
1 J.'
i -
"'; ■</£:( CI -!;:
-.1 .:f;7/ fliiil.'.
•1 > ;,*
M
-'^ ^ :i!d
. ) .\
.•JCfl'l f
"m
^
^^.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
us
lUIZt
ut Itt 122
2.0
lU
"-'' N^ IJ4
Hiotograite
Sciences
Corporation
33 ¥mT MAIN STHIT
WItSTIR.N.V USM
(71*) t7a-4S03
^o
C^
4
v
i6
■rsef**
The Meafure of the Earth.
The Vin. Triangle G H I.
For G 1 and I H.
G H I f 5® 58' 00''. > C . '
GiH xj 14 00. •>:(?
I G H 96 48 oa V ;
QH 9695- Toyfes.
Thence G I 17^57 Toyfes.
An4 HI H037 Toyfes.
Anotlier way for G I in Tri-
,j ) ,^ angle Q.F a . .
CLFG 3<J<» yo' 0''.
QjGF 104 .j8 30.
GF 1x96} Toyfes three Foot.
Thence 4.0 1 2.^2 3_ Toyfes.
But in the Triangle Q.G i;
QJG 43 39 }o.
Q Q, f i2r5Z3 Toyfes.
xE^nce 61 I7f6x Toyfes.
iW ftl 9f 70 Twfcs.
By the Triangle <^1,GI
is found of 175^7 Toyfes on-
ly, but for a reafon we ftiall af-
ter ihew , the lafl: calculation
]£ ibllawed, wliich nukes G I
of 17^61 Toyfes, and by con-
fequence H I 11043 Xovfes.
The IX Triangle H I K for I K.
HIK 65°
HKI 80
KHI 33
H I ZI043
46' 00
59 40-
14 10.
Toyfes,
//
v;
:>
A.
Thence IK 11678 Toyfes.
The fumm of thefe three An-
gles being too great by lo", by
which the.Angle HK I isdimi-
niihed,upon whicli it fliould be
noted that the point H taken
for the middle of the great Pa-
villion on the oval of theCallle
of Dammartm was difficult to
determine when obferved from
the flation K ; and that it may
happen in a diflanceof 1943^
Toyfes , the Eaft fide of this
Pavillion appeared greatned by
fome other adjoyning ObjeiSts,
which caufcd ♦^he Angle HKI
to be obferved bigger than it
ought.
Otherwife for I K in tlic Tri-
angle Q^I K.
Q.IK 490 10' 30''. •
QKI J3 6 40.
Q.I 9 J 70 To\(cs.
Tlience I K 11683 Toyfes.
After that which has been fpoken concerning the point H, there
is caufe to reft fatisficd rather in this lad Calculation than in tliat
of the Triangle H I K, fb much the more for that wc being alTu-
rcd to have Dointcd moft exadly at the Steq>le of St. Chrijhpher,
which wasKcn on. all fides like a very fine Needle.
Wc were not able to place the Qpadrant in tlie Steeple, nor in
that of Coyvrel for- obfcrving the Angles , which we were there-
fore obliged to conclude. But wc took (o much care in obfcrving
all the other Andes, arid the Inflrumcnt gave the Circuit oi the
Horifon fo cxadny, that there ought to remain no doubt at all
^^that.
Ilic
■-. "W^T'
Thel/kafyffa of ^^j^jgrtk
^
■'■»':■
The 3C Triangle I k L fb*
K L and I L
LIK j8o 31' jo^'.MXY
IKL 58 31 00; .'? ^X
IL 11683 Toyfes. ::-^n-AT
Thence K L ni88 Toyfes
^two Foot.
And IL 1 1 186 Toyfes four
~ _ .^ C^^oot.
The IXI -Tr^ngfci Kli M for
L M.
.ji'f3o''.I
LKM.i,8«
K L Du88 Toyfes two Foot
Thence L M dogdtToyfes two
' '^ (Foot
nor m
there-
ifcrving
oi the
at all
The Xn Triangle LMN for
LN.
.?.o\'
)T
LMN 600 38' bo'<
MNL Z9 x8 ^o. -'
L M 6036 Toyfes two Foot
Thence LN 10691 Toyfes.
t ijVl
01 r
IraiV'51 r.
The Ktn Triangle I L N for
NI.
J ..
Hie furtiin of the Angles I L K
KLM MLN, being taken
from 360, there remains
ILN 1190 pi 40''.
But L N io<^i Toyfes.
And IL XI 186 Toyfes four
(Foot
Thence IN 18905 Toyfes.
So it is that upon the foundation of the firfl; Safe A B, which
was adually meafured. we have concluded the length of the three
Lines EG, GI, IN, trom Mahoijtne to Soun/en.
But bccaufe the four laft Triangles were not accompanied with a
verification, and becaufe we had a great defire to have ;• new clear-
ing of the matter upon tlie VIII and IX Triangles, we judged it
necellary to come to an adual mcafute of a new Bafe.
The Line of dillance L M between Coyyrel and the Mountain of
Boulogne was found the mod proper t«) lerve for this lafl verifica-
tion, not at all for that this Line could be adually meaflired, but
bccaufe it parted a crofs a great plain where we had the conveni-
ence to take the tranfvcrfal Bafe X V from the Mill of Mery^ even
almofl; to the Valley of St. Martin within a pace of Mont-JeJier.
. Which Bafe actually mcafurcd with the fame Pike Staves made
ufe of for the firft meafurinj;, and which had been verified all Je
Ho-j\ uas found oi" 3901 Toyfes. See here the Calculation which
was made thereupon.
The
*•
19
t OF tlkTT^i^ X ¥':i£f! ]
XYL JO" 37' 40'^-
X Y 3901 Iqyfqjiof Idfiali
Thwict YlIi>|a73'T<^fc»tH»d
(Foot.
eat iu *q Tj-iaofijle, X.Y Mt
XY M s^° 46' ly^'-
Y X M . 6f »o 45. ;: j J
X Y 3901 Toy|es. , \ >i j
i Tlicnce M Y 4187 Toyfes.j ;
^■V;M)r tc lii a A . r;fiT
: .loo'! ovn) ,,
1 tijot •■'"'iviT hHii-' ,.T T '\"A
In fine, in the Triangle M Y L
lol Z J I
■jlgri
.1 .
v\
,".1
Of
.c-tI^oT
\.
,.(yiaf>t'jo70 P13/ is'^'
Y L 3171 Toties tliree Foot.
Y M 4187 Tdyfes.
Thcoc^ MX. 6037 Toyfes in- >
.ftetdof 6036 Toyfes z Foot, jt
;: TJKii byf ropottion IN 18907 ; roT «>? ij.>
oo;^ zMj
<jj:
/! M
>_/
■i I
Ji CTPyfcs./roi >r.i w';n;hlt
y.'j
Ansi Q L ^7f<i4 Toyfes
^mjheEO ou^ht to be left be-
caufe it lias been fcvcral w ays
verified, ji I
.v,'5tY0T >.
That final! difference there was found between tiic diftunccwhldi
was concluded from the firft Bafe, and tliat which \\c found by the
lad, made us fee we had reafon to fufpctft the Triangles w hich but-
ted at the point H, and that thofe of the point Q^had better dc-
ferved topafs for the urincipaJ. But mc liad no mind at all to
change the order we Iiave kept. „p. ..' ' ' • '
.,,--,,..,.v-'' u AR T ic L F vii. /t: ■ : 'V'^
v^ nii-wnf; . ■■) ■ ' fl^. '.'T-, '.,.,.,r,r :JhTj t<"! 1-:, 1
*.*r. f'i_
T lough our firft iicijgn were to .linate nil our mcnfurcs at
SourjQH^ytt we found a neccHity as 'twere ofcontimnnj^ them
to -<<»»/Wi, where we refolvcd to go to tala- the hcighth o\ \\\v Pole
for verifying tlic Calculation of Ferueliui. We would wilhi^gly have
Iiad time enougli to have fouglit out in the Plains of S.intcrre feme
pcint proper for finilliing this meafure by two great Triangles. liQt
the Sealbn being already too far advanced, we were fain to con-
tent our ft'lves witli wliat wc met witli in tlie I orilerings iX Sonr-
tloHy where it was nccellary to flay tor taking the licighth of tlic
Pole.
R is
Th Meaftt)-^ of t^)& ^arth.
19
R is the Steeple of St. Peter of Montjidier.
T a Tree upon the Mcuntaiq of Marfii^ :.
V the Steeple of Nolire Dame d' Amicus.
■■i-^:-mK thAL
^vlu;-
Second
Plate 3d
Fig,
In the Triaoglo L M R.
LMR 5^2 *'' 5o'^..v.A.a
MRL 68 51 30. <^j5>i(^
LM 6o37Toyfe!i. " ,"'.1
Thence L R jyio Toyfcs
,ryiii -xi r;. 27 ^ (^^rce Foot.
In tlie Triangle J^I^Jt^^^
NRL nfo 01' 3P". 7
R NL. Z7 50 30- '' a}i|-/i,jt
LR fjiQ Toyfes three Fop^
Thence N ,R 71%% Tqyfes
*}^v>bbT 6ff* I'lM 0! Ctw^ Foot,
■'v'rrrrflr?! i?:!i V ;■;->; ;.,i^ nun?/
-''--"
' ' ' ^ _. ■■■ . . ..Ll — Hi i ■ t
In the Triangle N R T.
NTR 7x«» ty' 40''. ;.»x: NT V 8)0 j8' 40'/.
T N R 67 XI 40.
N R 71x1 Toyfes two Foot.
Thence N T 48ax Toyles four
(Foot.
<. • ■■'• i-'ii.
. ).iiyiji. t>,.
In fine in the Triangle NTV.
TN V 70 • 34 ao.
N T 48xa Toyles four Foot. .
Th?flc$ N V 11161 Toyfes.
•■•7 3:;i2i;/j;M ,;,,:! 0OUI Foo?,
Some have tliooght that we ought to have added to all thi^lb
Gilculations the true nofkion of the Towm of N«^e Dame of
Far/r, and of tiic '», ibfervatory.
Siiz Ijanthora .^ver t!ie ftairs of the South Tower" of If^i^te ^«ond
Dame of Paris. olii.i Ltii i-^ and^'d'
Z is tiie middle of the South Faed or Front of the btajdii^g of Figures.
the Obfervatary.
In the Triangle DOS.
'.iry:i.'i'.j j.
DOS 88» t6' 40'/.
DSO 4^ 35 00.
S D O 4^ 8 fto.
D O 9X9« Toylbs.
Hience DS 1x79^ Toyfes:
And OS 9373 Toyfefc. /ix ■ t
: , I.!.
vd
In the Triangle DO^
;•:;
f' lO".,) ,, it
;.;«•>
DOZ 8x^
DZO yi 34 00. J
ZDO 46 xo fO. V . ']
DO 9*98 Toyfes. ! y,
ThcBce DZ iifV toff^^
And 02 M8 Teyffsthre^
(Foot.,
' ■ rn* .V 'H iJ fc ni .''iH-r -iutj fmiu- vJlO^'A i^ljil T
-I '■;?-■!' ri'ir' ' ut>\^T.{.y\^i't\ ti\\.'.' '
; if." ,'iO •u) j,f lU J, >-r,m!rDvrc:> ori: br.ri AR«
)l^
26
The Meafure of the Earth.
K
ARTICLE VIII. '"I'^
■m\i ¥
Fter having meafured the particolar Diftances between Malvoi-
i, finCy Mareuil and Bourdon^ and having added to thole that of
AmleMSf the pofition of each of thefe Lines in refpeA of the Meri-
dian ought to be examined. , -^ / - ^ ^
For this purpofe in the Month of Seftemiety 16^9, we went up-'
Firft Plate on the HiUock of Mareuil^ at the place marked G, where we could
fee Malvoifine on the one fide and Clermont on the other, and placing
the Quadrant furniflit with two Telefcope fights perpendicular up-
on its foot, fo that the Telefcope JBF remained always in the level,
whilft the plain of the Inftrument was turned vertically, and that
the Telefcope Tight of the Alidade G H pointed at the Polar Star.
This Star was fo followed to its greateft digreflion, where it remain-
ed a very fenfible fpacc of time without parting from the vertical
filament of the Telefcope with wiiich it was oblerved, then leaving
the Inftrument fixed in its pofiticm the remainder of the night, c-
ven until tiie day was come, we could difcover the pdace on the
border of the Horilon , to which the Telefcope E F was found to
point ; and determine by this means the vertical of the greateft di-
grefiTion of the Polar Star. For 'twas known by experience, that
when the Qjiadrant was fet to its plumb, the two Telefcopes always
remained pointed in the fame vertical.
By this Obfervation which was divers times reiterated, we were
afiiired of a diftant point which markt the vertical Circle of the
greateft Oriental Digreflion of the Pbhr Star, which votical made
with the line G I an Angle of 4° 55^ towards the Eaft. The com-
plement of the declination of the Polar Star being; then i» 28',
and the height of the Pole on the Hillock of Mareuily as it was
afterward tound 490 <\ and by confequence the digreflran of the
Polar Star was 3° 46% then there remained yet one Degree and
nine Minutes, by which the line G I declined from the North to-
wards the Weft ; and bccaufc that otlierways the lines GIGE make
an Angle of 1780 if' toward the Weft, which Angle augmented
by the declination of the line G I makes but 1790 34'. it followed
that G E dcclmcd x6' from the South towards the Weft.
The following Year in the Month of OHober^ there was chofcn
by SoMn/oH in the line N V, a place in the open Field, whciKe the
Steeple of Noffre Dame of Amiens could be difcovered, and in the
manner explained, 'twas^ obferved feveral times that this line N V
declined lU" j-f' from the North towards the Weft, whence it was
eafie to conclude that N I declined by i® 9' 10'' from the South
towards the Eaft.
Thefe laft Obfervations were made in a time wherein the Pole Star
was found in its greateft digreflion a little after Sun fct, and there-
by we had the convenience of finilhing the Obfervation all at once,
without being obliged to leave the luftrument in its pofition, bc-
caulc
fi.!\
Jan.
The Meafute of the Earth.
2t
caufe 'tis one of the advantages of the Tellefcope Sights, that by
means of them one may difcovet the fixed Stars of the fecond mag*
nitudeinthc grcateft dearnefs of the Cr<?/«/c«/«»», and that thofe of
the firft Magnitude may be obferved in ftill Sun-fliine, which will be a
great help to Aftronomy ; we have made feveral curious Obfervati-
ons, which we ihall hereafter Publiih.
If we fuppofe then that the Meridian Line of Sourdon be prolong-^ Second
ed toward the North, till it meets the parallel of Amiens at the p'.»«.«'>«''«1
point n for the making the Redtangle Triangle N /! V, the Angle of *"'*"
Declination V N /b, being i 8° 55^ and the hypothenufe N V, being
found in6i Toy ties, 4 Foot, it follows that the Meridian Diftance
N $ between the parallels of SourJonznA Amiens is 10559 Toyfes,
3 Feet, and that the Arch of the Parallel V fi comprifed between
Amiens and the Meridian of Sourdjn is 3617 Toyfes, 4 Foot
1 After the fame manner if wefuppofe that the fame Meridian Line p*!""'^^ o.
of Sour Jon be prolonged towards the South, till it meets with the FiJSe. "^
Parallel of Malvoifine at the point «, and that this Meridian be divi-
ded into three parts by the perpendiculars Qlly which reprefent
the Parallels of Mareuil and Sourdon, that moreover the particular
Meridian Lines of thofe places bo drawn, to wit, G •, from Mareiiil
to Malvoifine, and I e from Clermont to Marekii.
■lurJrjShlQ') • I bCi; ,Vi'.liN>i';ii-J hu'-'c , .^^-c
") •;■> I ;,-
In the Triangle N > I,redang-
led in »■
//
N I 18907 Toyfes.
>NI x° 9' 10
Thence N y 18893 Toyfes,
( 3 Foot.
And>I 7 10 Toyfes.
j In the Triangle G I fl, re&SLng-
led in 9.
IG^ 17564 Toyfes.
G 1 9 1° 09' 00'/.
Thence 1 9 or >/, 17560 Toy-
( (tSy 3 Foot.
AndG9 351 Toyfes.
• ' ' • " "^ f ■■'■ In the Triangle G E • redang- ■ - ' •
led in.. T^:-;-;!!,'
QE 31895 Toyfes. • ' - -'■ ••''' ■'-''^•-^ -:
E G I oqo x6' go'/.
Thence G E or /•, 31894
(Toyfes.
And E « 141 Toyfes, 3 Foot.
Tlie 3 lines N y, I •, G «, make together the w hole Diftance be-
tween the Parallels of Sonrdonzin^ of Malvoifine, of 68347 Toyfes,
3 Foot }
Si
Tbe, ykgfutt ef the Earth.
.J^u■
3 Foot; to tbe which Diftance adding that between the Parallels
of Sourdon^ and of Amkni^ which has been found of 10559 Toy fes»
3 Foot, we have the Diftance between Malvoifine^ and the Parallel of
Amiens of 7S907 Toyfcs : And tho in effed the lour Lines of which
this whole Diftance iscompofed, are as it were the fides of a Poly-
gon, which one would defcribe about the Earth ; and tliat 'tis true in
Qeoitietrical Ftigor, that the compafs of luch a Polygon is bigger than
the circumference of the Earth \ yet is it notwitl^anding ib little
diiTerent in tlii^ cafe, that 'twill be to no purpple to take notico^of it ;
fince this eltcds upon every Degree does not aiiioiint at moft to the
quantity of 3 Feet, fo that we may coniider all thefe particular Lincf:
of which ttvtl total Diftance N « is compofed^ as infenfibly different
from the Cutviture" (Sf a Meridian.
For what remains, as we have above given the pofitionof the
Towers of tJolire Dame Je Paris, and of the Obfervatory, it will be
alfo eafie for us to eftablifli the Diftances of thefe fame places in re^
fpeA of the parallels of MahaifiHgy and of Amiens.
Forfirft, if from GD, which is of 15:643 Toyfes, there be taken
D S, found before of 11795 Toyfes, there will remain 11848 Toy-
fes for GS, wliich is the Diltance between y>/4r<r«//, and the Towers
of IfoftreDame: Thi$ line G^ makes with G E, an Angle of
ix° 34' 30% toward thefVefiy and by confequence alfo it declines
towards the M^</? by 13° 00' 30''. Then having drawn S ». which
let be perpendicular to the Meridian of Mareiii/, and which repre-
fents an Arch of the parallel of the Towers of Noftre Dame, we
118 VC - i . \ J . i j^ J. , . i • < I . 1 .: , ^t ■x, ■ • i '. 1 • '
I
In the Triangle G ■ S reftang-
led at «.
G S 11848 Toyfes.
GS
13° 00'
30
//
Thence G» 11518 Toyfes.
And S ■ 1891 Toyfes.
i .'
\:
I .■•-:',
Second
Plate.
Then if from G •, which is of 31894 Toyfes, be taken G • 11518
Toyfes, there remains ■• of \')'^tS Toyfes, for the Diftance between
the Parallels of J^oflre Dame, and of Malvoifine, which may alfo be
yet further verified by the tbilowing Calculatioa
»l ■!'»
1 'V.
In
In
The Meafure of tf^ Earth.
%3
'-)i;
' >';
rCijf.(Ulj;*-J
■\ ■: . ■■ vol \:t. I^^l.
In the Triangle S P;>B^. ,„ >
iiU
ioob li
ai
(i?-'3n93<J^ni,uI
'-a.;
-,^-,j:.jf;
bn...'. 1 l>Tvli:»3loL'
gmt
SDE ti8« f' 3C)''.A
S D ii79f Toyfes
DE 887X Toyfe* MH.t r,; r
Thence ES 195.^6 iToyfci
And rDES jo" Jtg'
But b E G 39 i^
Thence SEG 8 i^
>l
;/
■jon'jfjpjtnoj
f
?r;„j
30"-: !-lvI -xM 'io
3<^ . v.«A io •. ioT
-r.,'.
But E G declines by if^'. from the l4»fth tgjyards the Eiffi^ the^V3&
E S declines by 7° 47V from the N*«4^ towards t\\Q,V^0\ ,^nd b^
caufe that the length of this fame Line E-S. is ipf^^jToyi^s, it fpjf,
lows, That thediftance between the Parallels of t^tj^ff P^^^t aB?[
of Malvoifitiey is 19376, as by the former Calculat;ipn.jf;iq j.^ft'ofh
.tbi;...! viiJ ncfjn b-j'n'ii^ni
In fine, in the Triangle ZDL ;nl oj sloq iyq
ZDE'.is' 1190 i%^.\ /n'^'- .n 'Jtofnoi!] (ionrn
Z D is x5'75'7Toyfesif bed uisiA ad^ifri 'io Jlu
DE 8871 ToyfesL '-ys^--' l-^w-\ ^M^.ni
Thence E Z i868 f Toyfes. -nv^i'A i! ;'l jilT
And DEZ zpo 08' 30^'. i->t'tbf;i .^^^o J ?,Ji
ButDESis 30 59 20. O --■; 3G •j;-:i'')31
Thence SEZ is 01 fo yo. )tfj^'jil!ji '3! mi
• :> j«_f jijit ' 4ri fj'^-j^jj'i.iJ i.i'i: fli'Ji ;j!u 03 'j-ipi'I
.'I'somf-"!
.i fh;-;
if-j
The lafl: Angle SEZ being added to the Declination >' die Line
ES whicli was above found of 7'* 47' makes the Deciui tion of
E Zof 90 38' ; but the length of this fame Line EZ is of iSdSj-
Toylcs; thence by Reducftion the Diftance between the Parallels of
Mahnfine^ and of the Obfervatory, (hall be of 18411 Toyfes : And
in fine, tliat between the parallels of iJoHre Dame and that of the
Obfervatory, fhall be of 955 Toyfes, 3 Foot.
And tho in all our Obfervations which we made for determining
the Pofitionof divers Lines with refpe<ft to the Meridian, we did
not at all make ufc of the Compafs ( or Magnetical Needle ) yet
this hindred not, but that we obferved the Declination of the Needle
in fcveral places principAl!}- at Mahoifitie and ^t Sour Jon: The Nee-
dle of the Compafs wli;:h we carried, was 5 inclieslong, and its De-
clination dttheletwo places, toward the end of tlie Summer of tfi«
Year 1670, was found to be i° 30', from the North toward
the Well, or thereabout, as we had lome little time before obferved
it at FariSy with the fame Compafs , althougli at Parh the fami
Needle
tflj
V^::t-
h
■•- *" ;1!'
«4
the Meafure of the karth.
■'%
Needle io the Year i666 had no declination fenfible, and in the
Year 1664 it declined 40^ towards the Eaft^ the variation thereof
having been every Year abo^ io'irj '^i^- *• y^ii -•- -^ .. ^
A RT I CI^E K.
FOR concluding in fine *he /Ma^itwde of a Degree, and by
confequence thftt'Of thecEdrth, It iettiAins yet to know what
parts of the Meridional IXftances we ' hkve meafured with the
Toife of Paris , do anfWer to Mintitkand Seconds, confidering
them as parts of a great Circle whiish' ih^rald be defcribed round
about the Earth.
Tis upon th's occafion that we are obliged to fearch in the Hea-
vens the Meaftireof thie Earth, for we muft neceflarily havefecoiirfe
to the difference of the Latitudes of the two places eftabliftied under
one and tihe fiime Meridiln^ and by this means come to the knovv-
le% of the Arch of the Heavens comprifed between the Zeniths of
the £ud Places, the which Arch is alil«: to that which we have
meafured upon the Earth.
But before we pafs to the Celeflial Obfervations, it will be to the
purpofe to fhew after what manner the Inflruments were
verified with which the obfervations were made ; whicli is here fo
much the more neceflary, fok* that the Tellefcopes which we made
ufe of might have had fome latent defedt, which could not be
known, but by a particular Proof.
The firfl Figure of the 3d jjlate reprefents the Qyadrant fitted upon
its Foot in the ordinary manner as for taking of heights, or for di<
ret^ng at an Obje<^ far diftant towards Edges of the Horizon ; but
in the id Figure the fame quadrant is reinverted, turned from tlie
right to the left, and dire<iled at the fame ObjeA as before , in fuch
fort, that the plumb line which in the former pofition wasfufpended
at the Center A, and beat upon the Limb in D, is now hung upon
the Limb in E, and beats precifely upon the Center A, the Initru-
mentisalfo placed upon a {dace more elevated, to tlie end that after
the Reverfing, the Telefcope might lie very near in the fame line as be-
fore, thoinoledlitis fufncient that it remain in a Line parallel to
the former, as it will always happen if the didancc of the Objedl be fo
great, that the alteration caufed by the reinverfion be not at all con-
iiderable, or at lead if two Objects are direded at, one of which is
as much below the other as the Tellefcope is altered by the rein-
verficxi.
Suppofuig then that before the reinverfion, one has marked upon
the Limb of^the Qyadrant, the point D, where the plumb line beats,
and after the reinverfion one has alfo mark'd the point E, v\ here the
f>lumb line is to be hanged, the Point C taken in the middle of the
nterval D£ iliall determine the beginning of the dlvjiiun of the
Quadrant,and if afterthe inftrument be put into its former pofition tlie
plumb line comes to beat upon the point C,the Tellefcope fight mull
Plate the
third.
:-• A-^-wA
Jr/aU tif Uficnl ^ tie tiua/ureof-lhc £ar^ po,. 1a.
■;Vi.' i*y:: -?''
^:<^s^$'
A- •::.■/■:■
i *^'
f. >.
\'> !
' ¥
\
7:
^•?af.-<-ar--rte;i.
,fe-^
■k;?''?
.,«.*7r-^.
L
^
^./•M
?
ij-c^-
.-T *
The Meafure of the Earth.
Ji5
neceflarily be dircdled in the level line; fo that if by chance they
are at firll fight fo pointed, there will be found no other than the
lame point before and after the reinverfion.
The reafon of this method is eafie to be comprehended, becaufe
without confidcring what pafles in the Telefcope, if we fuppofe that
the right line A b (which pafles by the center A) tends towards
tlie Objed: to which the Telefcope is direded, then the two Angles
wliicli the plumb line makes with the line A B, the one under, and
the other above, fliall be either right Angles or equal to two right
Angles ; they Ihall be right Angles when one has diredled in the level,
but if one has direded either too higii or too low, the half of the
difference of the two Angles taken from the greatcfl: Angle, or ad-
ded to the Icaft, fhall rellore or give the level line.
This practice is very ufeful, not only for placing the Degrees up-
on the limb of an Inftrument, following the eiTe£t of the Telefcope
whatever it may be ; but 'tis yet further for verifying from time
to time, whether the Telefcope agree with the Divifion which we
have fuppofed good and well centred. But tb the end this Verifica-
tion may be made with the more eafe, the Degrees ought to be
continued from C towards E, even to the end of the limb, which
for this purpofe ought to be greater than it need to be for 90 De-
grees only, < - /u;/.w.
One may verifie a Sextant very near aft^t the fame manner as
a Qsadrant, as we may eafily fee by confidering, that if before the
reinverfing of the Inflrument there be fufpended from the middle
of the line A B, a plumb line which falls upon che poiut of the 6otb
Degree, counting firom B towards D , and ^ifterwards the Inftru-
ment being reinvcrfed, the lame line hanging on the point of 60
Degrees, tails upon the middle ^of the line A B. In the one and in
the other of rhefe pofitions the line A B Ihiill be in the level, and
by confequence the Telefcope ought to have remained pointed at
the fame diftant Objed which did mark the level line. But if on
the contrary the Telefcope be found to point to two Objed:s, of
Which one is above the other, the middle between the two Ihall be
tbeilcvel line. Now the Angle of difference between the level line
an^ the one and the other of thofe Objeds,' or indeed the half of
riie Angle of the appearing diftance between the two Objeds, fliall
after be eafily meafured with a great Telefcope in the manner as
we meafure the Diameters of the Planets .• And by this means we
know the error of the Inftrument, the which ihall augment tlM
iKeigths, if before the reinverfment, and in theordin)ary pofitioii,
the Inftrument be pointed at that ObjeA' which is loweft, and on
tbia contrary it ihall diminiih the heigths, if th6 Inftrument is found
at firft pointed at that Otgetib which was the higheft.
/ The firft and fecond Figures of the 4^/; Plate reprefent an Inftrument, pute ^tb.
which containing fewer Degrees than a Sextant, cannot be verified to
ihe-Jevel, but only to thei^nith. This Inftrument is pointed in two
diiiering manners to the fame Star near the Zenith. For in the firft
E Figure
)■
i
26
The Meafure of the Earth.
Figure the plumb falls in D upon the Degrees of tlie Linib. And
in the fecond as the Inflrument is counterturned the lame Plumb
falls u ithout, and is approached to the Telcfcope in E. Now it is
eafie to fee that if one draws the line A li from the center A
through the middle between the points D aiul E, marked by the
two jjofitions of the plumb Line, it fliall determine the place of
the Limb where the firrt: Degree of account from the Zmithougl^t
to begin, bccaufe that when the Telefcope fliall be pointed to the
Zenith , the line of the plumb Ihall agree neccfnirily \\ ith the
line AB.
This fecond manner of verif} ing is general for all ioifi of In-
ilruments, but it is difficult and cannot at all times be pradifed,
becaulc it requires a Star which Ihali he fo near the Zenith, that
after the Inftrumcnt is counterturned, and that it is pointed to this
Star, the Plumb may always fall between the jwint B and the Te-
lefco|K\
All thofe Inftrumerts which fcrve to take heights, and which
Iiavc an Alidade which one can takeaway when one will, are eafie
to be verified. The Inflrument ought to be placed in the plain
of the Meridi m, making it pcrtcdly immovable as if it were fixed
againft a Wall in fuch a lc>rt, notwitll.j'iding that the Plumb beat-
ing towards the middle of the Limb, leaves on the one and the o*
ther fide fo many Degrees as are necelTary for the Obfervations
which are to be made with it. Two fixed Stars are to be made
choice of, whereof the one. ought to pafs on tiiis fide, and the
other on that fide of tlie Zenith, and ot which the difference or
the fumm of their Declinations do not furpafs the number of the Dc'
grees marked ujwn tlie [nftrument. This being fuppofed, the two
Stars arc to be obfervcti with the Telefcope upon the Alidailc ac-
cording to the meafure which they pafs the Meridian, the one to-
wards the North, and the other towards the South ; and tlicn pro-
vided the Inftrumcnt remains immovable, the difference between
the two Obfervations will give exa(itly the Arch of the Meridian be*
twcen the |xirallels of the two Stars, inde|iendcnt from all tirat could
happen on the account of the Tele(i:opc of the Alidade. This pre-
paration being made, the Alidade is to be taken off for putting a
plumb Line in its place, and one muff obferve with the Telefcope
which is faftencd to the hiflrument, the apparent diflancc w Iiich is
between the Zenith and each of thefe Stars taken in the Mcridiait
if the Inftrumcnt deprelF-s, the lumm of the two dirtances found
by this laft manner mall l)e too great ; and on the contrai \', if it
Railes, then it ffiall be too litrle in comparifon of the total diftance
found by means the Alidade in fuch manner , that the half of the
difference ftiall be the Error of the Inftrumcnt.
One may make a fecond Verification by obfcrving one Star only,
the dif\ance of which from the Zenith doth not exceed the num-
ber of the Degrees of the Inflrument to be verified, but in lieu that in
the proceeding manner there w as no ncccffity to have compared the
, Telefcope
The Meafure of the Earth.
27
Tclefcope of the loftrument with that of the Alidade. It is nccef-
fary here that they muft be botli vv ell adjafted together at one and
the fame far diftant Obje(5t. This being fuppofol » one obferves
iirft with the Plumb, and with the Tclefcope faftned to the Inftru-
inent, the Meridional diftance between the Zenith and the Star pro-
pofcd, next one fixes this Inilrument in the plain of the Meridian,
as in the p: ccL\!ipg manner, but in fucli fort, that it may be coun-
tcrturntd, and that if the Star be towards the South, it retui"ned as
'twere for obferving towards the North, and one obferves exa(3:ly
tiie Dcgfee and Minute of the Limb where the Plumb beats. After
this the the Plumb being taken offi one applies the Alidad?, with
which one obfcrves the Meridional Di fiance between the Zenith and
the Star, counting for this cfTedl the Degree and Minutes wliich are
found between the fiducial line of the AUdade,and the par^ of the iimb
where the plumb did beat before. The firft diflance that was found
being compared with this lad, (liall be too Utile if the Inftrument ele-
vates; and on the contrary, it ihall be too big if it deprefles in fuch fort
that the half of the diflfercnce Ihallbe the error of the Inftrument.
After one has known the error of the Inftrument, and th^t one
is artured that it comes not but by tlie Tclefcope, the Ihorteft and
eaficft way is to let it alone, and to have regard to it: iii the Ob-
fcrvations j but if one would corred: It , this may be done ei-
ther by difplacing the Filaments of the Telefcppe, or by turning
the Objed Glafs upon its Center j fo far as one knOvi'S by experi-
ence it is ncceflary for; adjufting the Tclefcope to the Degrees of the
Inftrument An Alidade furnilht with its i*elcfcope may be of great .
help to make this,c9rrcdion; for this purpofe one points to one
and il^e fame diftaqt Objed,, as, well the Telcfcope of^the Alidade
as thi^t; of the Inftrument. IsJejct, if the ?rrbr is, foV exan[jple, of
one Miqute iq e|evati^i5, one fets back the Alidade a Miniate j or
on the contrary, one puts it nearer it, as much if ttie error be in de-
prelling ; and having iaftned it in th^ pofition, by rfemoWng tlie
Inftrument all together, one makes the Teleffope ot this Alidade to
ftand pointed at tlie fame Objcd as befor<j j after which you muft
turn tlw? Objcd plals of the Tck|fcope,^ which is faftned to the In-
ftrument upon its Center, till fuch time as it be fonnd, pointed to
the fame Objed ; and by this means pnc n\^ be aflured, that a
riglu hne which flwU;bc drawn Trpm the^ bbjed by the Center of
the Inilrument. comes!.to meet ^hj^ipoiot; B, 'which We ft^ppoie to
have been cftabliflicd for the beginning of the decifion. '
But for avoiding j|^ n^uch asis-Doffi^lgthprefradions of t|ieTeI^
fcopc, gifc. muft be,ffjl^eo thaf jJie^Qjjjcd tjtaft Wdf .iitentred,
which may ]ic dii(c6yerc^ by nwlaqj{.k,re(le<:^ tl^c Hays of/the Siir^,
becaufe if it be we^ centred, the lituO' focus which it majces by re-
flexion 4t a certajn difUnce,. w^ he fpundic^adly ia thc'middfc
lof a much greatqr jTound of light .Or^ el& one may pbpve that
the two Imqgcs whict^ ,ihe G^|$ rvfleds dl^Vi fame Qbjid'i, come
to ynitt; In the miJd|<:;or: it* fu^fii|^^^,:,,i ^;,^^
2^
Thb MedjuVt 6f the EHrik
After this preparation it wif t be la the ptif ftole to faften the Ob-
je(a Glafs apart in a Copper 6ox pierced thf'<atogh its two ends, and
perfCiafy turned round j in whlcli, neverthelefs, it mu(! hat-e a little
play in fuch f6rt that otte may a little thrufli it from orie fide to
t'other by tliree Screws with tliehr heads cut off to hold it fteady j
and this 66^ bdrt^g e)ta<ftly endiafed into the ObjedJive Pirtmile,
6ne may flfi^fee^ it turn upon its Center, mean while the whole body
of the Tefefcope remairis immoveable ; and one may obferve, that
if id rtiakirig the Objeift Glafs fo to turn, the Telcfcope always re-
ttiairis poifttctf to tlie ktnc Objeft, dthefwife the Objedt Gkfs muft
be moved either to the one fide W the other.
Vit ilibught It necelTttfy to give ill thcfe differing ways of \'erf-
ficatioti, to the end that there might remain fto doubt as tb the great
feiiadnefs wiiicli one ought to loOk after in Telefcopes ufed for PW-
nutes or fialits of Iftiiftunients. „ ,^
A R t I C L E
,fv..
i.
X.
.'i.vtftfif.'j n<)vy\
f-
r
(t tfie medfure of the Elartli feijuites precife and exzSt Obftrva-
tioii, it is principally fdr that which conctttns the difl^rtftee of
Latitudes, bdcaiilfc the eri-dr of dne Minute tfcAf attidunts t6 ^j-i
T;*oyfes, wjiicti is mUltfplyed u'f^ri the whole as many times as the
riilldnce measured is codahied Irt the ^)^6\z Cirtfufriferentc of the
Ekrth.
PJ»« 4**; For appf<\aclung a^ iAttCh ii iS polTibte to t\^t exadneft ret^fulfitc,
Jigu!? t^c great Inftfiirfifeht hfdreliWRJd ift the fourth ttate was dftufed to
be nSdejjt is of Ifitfi ftl-ingtherttfd with pieces upon the Ardft of
it, as i\\Q <iiadr^bt, ahd cb^ered wfth Copper at tllfe plitts ntcfrfE-
ry. the Umb,, Which borltiirts n6t above the xQth part of a Cifele
of ten Foot Hladujs, is divided By Dfagonaf Lities eV6n to thirds of
j^lihutes very dinriridtly. , '
A Tel^fcobc of tiiri Foot (ma fot* ftrrrtufcs or Sights to thlifni-
ttriimentl ijrKi b^dailfe that Irt the obfcurrty of the NigJlt onfc
could n<« fc? the FilJl/ntrttithat M^erfe In the Tctefcopc, they were
Qnliglifencd by the ubber tend of thfe Ittefcbpie, ot by a hole rtiadfc
'6h tiiefidc. \^f *''" '•■ 'jj •■'" " ":'■'•:'
the Wuiiib or TPdi^befii^IftPWft fbttlr6d Iff 4 PSpe of tin, flitch
Mq^ it intircty toVeWd frbtti thb Wind, bcfidfe that they always ob-
fcrvi^ itt a '^Ibfe place, 6^ ^^htth die cov^r or f^iof was put^ofcly
^ tttt%xM\iiM ^i^h thist^Htjrtitrtertt thfc differences 6P the La-
titude k mvit^tit, ^ Sint^^Hj abd 6f mh^i, the Star t:alled the
^fttei^'c^^4yffiis made chokje of, <«^Hidt eorhes to rte 'Meridi-
an at 9 tit to ttegft*s of Uifwrttc frcfm the mith towards the
?^6rth, abbtrt xi* 46" of time alt^r the Pofat Star. A Star tfjore
Heir to ihbtcim wb-fttd have litttn more difficult ta be ^efl
6t>ftfvfttr. Ahd If other^ni^it flibirfd hdvtt'fccbri t>!!irtd betVv^en tWo
Z^ths, the error of the InftrUittirtt ^hich might not pbffibiy be
_ T ^^
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i •:
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cti
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of
\it' t V '
}
J^ Meafitte' t)f tfx Martfh
2^
fo f>arft(^ly diiboveredi, wbtild haive been doublfoi in the kppaKtit
diftaOGes of tlvd ttv6 Zbdiths ^ becaufe ycm imift thdn have tal^
t\» futti of the ivm ObtferVitiofls. Wbereas when a Star is always
Ob^rVed tmv^ards one dnd the fiime €k»it 6f Heaven^ ^ere is no^
thiflgiA this cufti ta be t^kenbticthediffoencetf die GHifervatioiis^
which cannot chufe but b< traSt^ becflafe tkt iriftrumdnt is well ^ien-
tered and well divided, though the Pinnules or Sights had been falfe.
The Knee of Caftopea atJgmknte its decllniition every Year about *
xof' J we were defirous to have chofcn a Star which hdd been lefs
chatigiilg , as had been the bright Star of Lj/ta^ or Ibihe one ol"
Cygnus i but \te had caufe to fear, that before We AieidiEl haVie madd
our Obfervations, the Sun would have been too near approached td
thefeStaW.
We etiffMiddly begun the Obfervations of the Heaveni With that :i#
or the hcigtli or the P<b\i with dit Qjiadrtet^ and cve^^ Enreoing
abotlt two or tlifoe hoan 'bbfore, die Knee of.:Cafit(pea was in thS
Meridian, we took with the lame Qyadrant one heigth of thisSiar^
marking the Inftant of Obfervation by means of a Pendulum Clock
which gave half feconds, add #hJtIl ^ks ieAilated according to the
Diurnal motion of the fixt Stars, and then forthwith found byCal-
ctk^tM at wlttt Mdor and what faiftadtof the filrtteClodcdid Kltee
b(Ca0offa d^ltc td be in rtj^ Meridiin : Aofl aftbr thii mann^ in
iWii tif three ^erilngSy the greK Inftrutnenlb Was escldfly point^ in
'iht ^iih of the lifefldian tbwards that |>stit whiire this Star ought
ttipifi, itid theniikefn: it in this |iiOfition^ becaufe it is vei-y difficult
otherw^ys to fifCdettt in obier.vlt^ thbfe forts bf heigthsAvbhrh pafe
Vttry iWiftly.
The !S4«ridion«l diftincts to#ards the North oUenned: between
the Zenith artd" the K>fit of CAfiofee. '\>'M -siIj auti j invniuu iior;i rr,
■ '' r;i-'[ ■ ' ;;■; ^mxiwJW
\ti S^pt. i6f6i At MMvrifimtmi iipioce it a greai:Farm<
Houfe Ulpngingtt) /^///rroyi&ated on
Uu 3ti^ .>ihi) m*«!mitenociidtthePariihofC/M«fire//,^^'^p' j
•iuu A %A .;• ''\ io L! ^it Sbtiihby i>8 ToylStsithaln the fti
iri St^. & 0<Sf. At iSffi<r<AiHrt' the Prtsbybcrart* Houfe,^ i^r^ili
r i K J imort North tbai^ the Ghurch by 65M 4^
At Antitns in the' Monfe o^.'the Hittgvi' <^?^^'^ > i
i>Ji!iuitTM)re Souch/dian the Church b^ 751^8 ^6 i«
iJl'Ifil iljLi III
I
ll
it
no ,■
11;
r.4
In Offifo^r,
8
xo
>,.'
L'UUI O
tTtoyfes.
jij// .
07/ li
^'' 'CVery 6ri« ^thbfe Obferiaatiiihs wei^ ukeDrfrom a gtcat nbnibekr
of* others, of \i4iich we took the middle, of ^ which the u-fanid vadd*
tibrt 6f dift^i<i<)(» ttttteeded fibc f </(: Nor wUlartv one wonder due
#e tit^e Mi^ t6 t»Me (o fo >niuoh< eMAodiv if ne ooqfialer that k
Wa$ h6t ^vithdut ext>eedii|;;, great pt-ekMatk>n^ diot mdrcovel* wii^ a
'iv^Idtope of to Foot, <Mie nMdnot wan«'i</^ of poiatia^exaAhr to
a hxed
A
* »
^0
The Meafure of the Earth.
d fixed Star. And that in fine on die Inftrument that ferv'd for this
piurpofe, the' third part of a Minute was at leafl as big and diftind:
fts a whole Minute of tlie Qyadrant above reprefented. In %h
fort, tliat if upon the Qyadrant one could determine a quarter of a
Minute pretty exadiy, and at the fame time guefs pretty near at
■v.n 3fiT
//
to'', one might do the fame thing here to about 3''.
■■-■ ii- ri>::>U hm .■ !;^^:. v.. .i,...0 i!;t
3oofij; TKsY Yvjv-j r.olDtfferences of Latitude. .^^\\::i \^
"VramMalvoiJtfietoSoiirdoM it:i?. Jilgrtd arj v.rxi uii^o
Vvom MMlvai/ime to Amiens I nM .U'iloi 'Avkjhml ^M.
The time which pafled between thefe Obfervations required that
ureihoukl have taken away i'^ from the firfl of the Differences, and
that in proportion thelaft Ihould have been diminifhed by i',^\ but
-for avoiding>a too mucli aficdted precifenefs, we neglcded this G)r*
57'
■! V!! noi!f:-.-i-
Plate the
Second.
-I:,'3 yd bru/ol i'i J.'ibiot n.vd:* briB ,?ifj<i 3/.i -jiU 'in noiicn icrnffiCT
LL thefe Obfdrvatlbns belfigf fup^Joftd, it will bqeaftetheocc to
conchide the magnitude of :afDegtee upon the Earth. Furthiti
vfie^ie (n^jll be confidered, that at ifff/wz/ire the Obfervations/pf
lieavcn ^ere made at iS/^oifes .^norertDWfljRJs the South than the
l^intifi. chat on thejcontfary atiStfWiW, it wa^ j^t ;<ii^ Toyfcsmpre
^ovvanlsi the. North.tlian die Point N.: .And tint l^f<pon(cquen<:e ^3
Toyfes fhould be added to the diftance of 68347 Tpyfes, 3 FoQt,
■which am^fbund bctweeh the Parattcls oi Mahpifttn and of S»ifrd.M ;
in fuch manner that the difference of i*> if' 57^^,1 obferv'd by the
Heavens, anfwers upon the Earth to a Meridional diftance of 68430
Toyfes, 3 Foot, ohe imy thenciia fine conclude^ That ii\ proporti-
on a Dc^ree^ fluH be Wr5'.7o6k T<^.fes^ i^'Foot. h
^ ;Tl)QCaj^tion Auifeby tfie dtflanocof vlMwrj differs not at all
from the fochicr,iDr the diftance bctwteh the ParaJlel of Nqflre Dame
fT Am/ensy knd that of the Pavilion of Malvvifm is of 78907 Toy-
Ic ; there ought to fae. taken frdm theifiie of Anvf.ns\ for tlie pjaoe
4>f Obfervsion, 7fiT<^fi^;. aodida :the other ilde to add the 18
Toyfes of malvoifine j then all the compenfatiQn made, there will
be788yoToyfeJ,farthedifert!ice;df rifi xtL^^'^i and in propor-
tion the dEftrecfhaUbcior)57«i).5'7Tl9)!fcs» whi«hinumber approaches
in fuch fortto the firrt , that we were furprifed jfo much the more,
that if we had kept account of the Corrcdlions which we have ncc-
io&Bdiof 2tiii differcnaeslcf Latitinifl^/tJteie tu^o K^lfvlations w^ukl
honrv beni .yet rooid «p|9rQachiogi u»{t:9ch pthenjjjt;,i^ ,pQfribl«\tl^t
xhis isbaotnref&dicflthancev rirf^ni0imithftaoii^ng)i^.the cxAciJ^^eis
j«'ec#emiBitpftble o^ vM&oouki ndtrmifvttr 10 i)w<) {»9C4)attls, ao4 aw-
ieqiiindytBtheival^Q^cabout tMirtyfts^'oToyir^;^, upon every, oljlcr-
«.ua^4fliMj\^B may dc*'teah?teft fi>riNti»»:fom.c .q««ifliy, ti^gt ^c iye
b:>f\\ £ ' not
t^
#
m
The Meafure of the Earth.
3^
riot very far from the true meafure of a degree j though one
may come to a yet greater precifenefs, by meafuring with the lame
care and witli like Inftruments a diftance mucli greater than that of
Malvoifine and Amiens. We will fix notwithftanding upon the round
l'W-
'■h
Sum of 5'7o6o Toyfes for a degree of a great Circle of the Earth.
Tis here principally, that the raeamrc taken from Pendulums)
ought to be imployed, wliich we have fuppofed * univerfal, or at * Artie 4.
leall invariable for every place j and which is to the ParifianToyki^
as 881 to 864, becaufc following tJiis proportion, the degree fhall be
°f SS959 univerfal Toyfes, of whichevery one contains two lengths
of a pendulum of Seconds of mean time, fo that there wants but.
41 of thcfe Toyfes upon a whole d^ree to make up the Round
Number of y6ooo. And by confequence the degree to be of zg.
Univerfal Miles, fuch as we have determined them.
To the end that ftrangers may participate of this work, without;
being obliged tohaverecourfe to the length of a Pendulum of Se-
conds, we Ihall give the length of a degree, exprefled according to
the particular Meafures of which we could gain the knowledg.
Suppofing then the Paris Foot , of 1^0 parts. ' "
The Rhein or Ley Jen Foot 1390.
The London Foot -"^ ijS'O* ^€\ '^J^^'.'i f^
The Boulogne Fodt •. i^^6.. a. ' -^
The Brafe of Florence zj8o. ' ' *
.vjbrK/
.liilM
A Degree 6f a Great Circle of the. Earth i accordifig to
the Meafures of divers places will contain
Toyfes of the Caftle of Paris
Pafes of Boulogne
Verges of Rhein of afoot each
Parifian heagncs of XQOO Toyfes
Midling Leagues 0/ France of about xxZx Toyfes
Marine Leagues of 1853 Toyfes
Englifli Miles of jooo Foot each
Florence Miicf of 3000 Braffes
JCC'l
J
« c '"S
<
\~h
I-
>?-:h
?
^Vfif
' -. \ -
•■■"' \
»>
^■Ci^
V
CI^O
Oi
S7o6o]
58481.
zo.
The Circumference <f the
Earth, ; ?
, ', S
OiPari/fan Tojrfes xoj4i(Soo.
Of Leagues 61 xf in a degred
9000. "^
Oi Marine Leagoes 7100/ '^^ ' ^ > <
The diameter of the Earth.
Of f<iri(F«» Toyfes. ($538594.
Of Leagues of Z5 ui a degree
Of iUiriM League^, m^i^ 1
J ,»jriil;Mo-.)f; ,v,l>fio3/{'. Utr. /nionif/ V'r"§ti
••' I!
^«
The Meafure of the Earth.
r It may be faid, that as we have meafuredthe Globe of the Earth
By the top of Mountains, or by places more elevated than the reft, it
will follow that a degree, ftich as we have determined, is bi^er than
that we fhould find in going ftill upon the Sea fliore ,
where it fhould feem that the Meafure ought to be confiderably lefs :
But that we may fee whether this be fo , fuppofe that the line from
;. It.. MahoifiHC to SourJotiy be in all its length, equally removed from the
borders of the Sea about 3; Leagues, and that conformable to the
Experiments that have been made upon the Seine, the declivity of Ri-
vers, which crofs this Line, be about $ Foot to a League; this Ihall
ittake at moft but 30 Toyfes of Declivity, even to the Sea, and put-
ting about 50 Toiyfes for the height that our Line might have above
' ^ the Riversj We fliali find that this Liiie might be elevated about 80
Toyfes above the 4evel of the Sea. Whence it would follow that a
Degree upon the Sn. would be lefs above 8 Foot, than that we have
dieafui'ed upon the Land, which is not at all to be confidered in this
matter.
b-rly/oml 'A'-. ti.K^ biu'P.r;// ib'.fi'// 'io zajuWJv^ -ir.ltnm.' '-It
ff
I v , i . I I ' ^ ■ t ' ' &■ ' '■■itr '
'A Table for the tvahte nf a Jkgtse tf a great Circle of
the Earth I dhided hto' '\ J; ^ • ^ ** <
Minutes and Seconds.
■ 1 \\.
.ptio~-(
1 9fi
'-*., -VV*" ■■ 190*
x8n
3804
f706
7608
9 J 10
190x0
Av.,.,;i||\c.<M/4||^,,n
ro . . 47JJO
\\ \\'\ '^ MliD Off
5
.t--P. ■'■-.
10
XO
3X5 VA>.rvh \«j V^^W'V ^M.'JM
:i
ftO
o
p'
so
60
3«7
9JI
ItlWfflCnot be at all difficult heflce tf^M the #et»Q^ of tlip;
heighten tlttf««fo] fiir^tllbib (Places of which we have calculated
• Micti the * Meridional Diflances, becaufe 'tis but chARgipg *h^. flid Dillan-
cxs into Minutes and Second^ according to the value 01 a Degree.
The
The Meafure of fhie §arth,;
IL
■•>:(
The Differences of the Heights of the Pole
'The Obfervatory of Paris
NoHre Dame »f Paris , ^j.^j
MarcHtl j^v^'s- J.tKi
Clermont ' x\\u\y
Sourdott
^tJoSire Dame of Amiens
between Mal-
. voifine and
.,!
• ')•
aioM
<'zo
Between Ni/Z^rtf Daiwf ofPariSy and Nff7?rtf D^we of Amiens ^z
).?«/
00.
58.
36.
The height of the Pole at Paris in the Garden of the Kings Libra*
ry, by many obfervations of the Pobr ^r made in the Winter Sol-
ftices has always been found 48° 53', you muft fubftra^ 50^/, and
you have the height of the Pole of Paris ^ about the Towers of
IP NoflreDameof 480 ^^' 10'', or if one had rather defign the mid-
dle of Paris between the Gates of St. Martin, and of St famesy
which is a little way from St James of the Butchery or Shambles, the
height of the Poleof Paris will be 480, f-i', zo'^. And we are cer-
tain that if the heights of the Pole be fixed, it will have little change
from this, thointhe Obfervatory one may come to a much great-
er precifenefs: we count not the refradions which the Polar fbar may
have, which will be known in time The height of the Pole of No-
ffre Dame of Paris being fuppofed we eftabliih the following heights
of the Pole conformable to the differences here above eftabliihed.
■ The Latitudes and height of the Pole r n:.; ;::;:> n m \* / '
(JUalvoifine ■ "■ /j"' '• • • -'-i'- ^f' 480 31' 48'A
The oijervatory ^^ ; "^''^ ' : 48 ji 10
Nqfire Dame of Paris "' //.'';•..: 48 51 10.
oiiMareuil ' : • 49 j 20;
K^'ermont -' " '• ; : ^^ ^^ ^g
ur//oH ' '"■ ' 49 4j 40*
jft re Dame of Amiens .... ^^ ^^ ^^
■j:'ti ;,'... Vi, 1;.U.!M,; ■: ,, .■ -i-..' !'!■ ■' ,'. !( ; ;;) 1 •
The difference of the longitudes of thefe places require a .'ittle
more of Calculation than that of the Latitudes, becaufe after we
had found in a parallel the diRance between the Meridians of two
places , we reduced this diftance to that which is in the Equa-
tor between thofe fame Meridians which were changed into Minutes
and Seconds of a great Circle conformable to the Table above. After
this matmer wc found
.
I
SourJi
on
m
"-.- fiM^-^^^^^ff^^
f
-44-
fhe iXeafttre of the Earth.
i
\
SoHrJcH ) '•""^ "jrAmiem
Clermont I \SoareloH
Mareuii > More Eaft than ^Clermnt
Mareail I jMalvoiftne
MareuU ) ^ Paris
■%-mi.
.•^V:> '
o
o
4 37
5^
34.,
• Wlicnce 'tis eafie to conclude that the difference of Longitude be-
tween Sourifon and Milvtifine is only i' 13'', which confirms the
firft thought we had that thefe two places were very near under the
(gmt Aftrid/M.
It fdliows alfo that Paris abwt the Tower of Noftre'Dame^ is
hot alx}ve 3^ more Eaflward than Amicus. And becaufe that in the
Parallei ot Paris 3' amount to 1877 Toyfes, one muft conclude
tliat Cbaliott which may pa6 for one of the Suburbs of /'/im, is
yery near in^ the iame Ciieridian with HoHre Dame of Amiens.
It would be advantageous to Aftronomy if we knew as txadly
the difference of LongitudiB between the Obfervatory of Yaris and
Z'raHiUrf,^ of which one may accourtt more than two Degrees differ
reoee, tiU ivch time as by Obiervation made at the &me time in tlicle
two F^es^aod compared together,we ihall be afccrtain'd of the trutli.
A
XII.
.«.<9*i
ARTICLE
WHereas tlie ordinary mctliod of taking the Level is fubjeft
to a curredion , upon fupppfal that the femidiameter of
the Earth is known, which according to our Calculation is of
1^69195 Toyjes 3 Foot ; We have judged it Tlgnificanc to give
here a Table for the corredtion of the apparent level , and on that
pccafion we (hall fpeak concerning refradiions which intermingle
fhemfelves with thefe kind of Obfervations, and which hinder tjiem
from being ferviccable for the Meafure of the Earth.
'Tis known that the true Level requires an equal Pjflance from
the Center of the Earth , yet neverthelefs we ordinarily feek the
Level in a ftreight Line, w hich goes ofT fro^n the faid Center in the
manner of a Tangent , hepce it is that tjie trqe Level \s J^elovv the
apparent.
If inHead of taking the Level on one fide qnly, the obferv^r be
placed in tlie middle between the two points whicli qrc to be le-
vclld, from each of which he is equally difl^Ht, he will have in this
cafe no correcflion to make, becaufe the rifings will be eqyal both
on the one fide and the other fide : but w itTiout being forcced to
this method fince the length of t!ic Semidiamcter of the Earth
is known, the hciglit of the apparent Level above the true is ca-
fily found, provided 'tis known at what diftance one is from the
Objcd fccn ; in the (amc manner as the bigncfs of the femidiameter
of a Circle Icing known, and tliat of a Tangent the excels of the
fecant without tlic Circle is found.
A Tabic
:*.!
' ■ihrfaif /■
>■• r'^
^•^
..-?■
K
> 34-,
J 37-
ude be-
ns the
der the
t in the
include
'/im, is i
r.
txa<aiy
tm and
es differ
in tiicfe
le trutl).
s fubjedl
neter of
m is of
to give
on that
ermingle
ler ttiem
nee from
feek the
ter in the
)elow th9
fervor be
tobf le-
,ve in this
jval both
;orcced to
[he Eartli
rue is ca-
from the
lidiamcter
els of" the
A Table
M^
::\
t
■?£"
■i ''-
:w
;! 'if
"x--^
-sif
-->«
a-k
■'^k^li
^^.■.itllfiSi'
\'..jJiii,ttt
\* <.w»».i»ntw>r.'iMifcX
J
I
4
' '4 - ,
i.%!»-i
^U
J s...
^h'
m*
••%'■
'.V
S",l •
Vr
■1
- - *T
t-'i," '
■t
-A ••*.■■
'«:•
1.^.
.^
; '»■>»
i^ i
rt
1^
I . 44w-
t**..
iVi
*)
I
.-t.
■^
ilM
««■
The Meafure of the Earth,
3^
"l.l.fuifn '■!,'. . : "iiftLlii/iUi. TvKr' Ij-
I'll't f(!> |<fl<^' !/Vl'T
il Ttf ^/p 0/ /^ Height <i of the appearing Level aboite the
true.
,1..,M.
Vifiances.
Toyfes.
PHI'
tfi'i
Heights of the apparent Level, ^
Kdfc Inches. -. ; {^ '': : Lin4
50
100
", 300
400
500
600
700
Sqq,
1000 . •
1 500
4000
25-00
3000
4000
i-njp>)
^ - ^ • .•)''.["'»lij^?n Old ;;r:r; ; Jft
Of
1^
.7. JVj;ifl •.•i!ll.,fl|^df ?-
■''•■■-v'tmfiv.
1.4;<n r '1-) ?rTrjnitf4-i •• h '.^'io-yH -jb;
3d (CHI !.v,,.-,,! .)ilrfc9rfirj;..'U ?iV!ij{ji!
i'.rri fhi..-i; ;'j.'j f^jhiM^iji^w
1'
o,
J191;
w»
¥ ..
This Table makes it appear that the heights of the apparent
level are not at all confiderable under 1000 Toyfes of Diftance, but
beyond this they may caufe a fenfible error, becaufe they increafe
confiderably, and pretty near, as the fquares of the Diftances.
Thofe who know not by experience what advantage one may
now receive by ufing Telefcope-fights inftead of the common
fights, will not fail to fay that this Table can be of no ufe, becaufe
they have not yet had an Inftrumentwith which they cbuld diftinguifli
the difference that there is between the appardnt level and the true.
We can notwithftanding afliire them, with bur Qjjadraht, which
was not more than of three Foot Radius, or with the ftiftrument of
which we are going to give a defcription, we deterniihed the level
to 18 Inches in a dillance of 3000 Toyfes, for which,' dctferding to
the Table, eiglit Foot and three Inches of corredlion muft be made.
i ' The Defcription of an Inflrument proper for obferving \
ji' the Level, I •_ ;■ ■ s'. v.. y.- _ '>
TH E Body of this Inftrument which is all of Iroit, is conilpofed FifthPiate
of two principal Rules. The Rule A B is three Foot long , ^fft P'g-
and two Inches broad , it is ftrengthned underneath by another
Rule, to the middle of which is fixed the ftem CD, three
,w- ' ' F X Foot
r
'^,
1
i
?
3<
The Meafure of the Earth.
■^Mf-
Foot and an half long, and jierpcndicular to the plain of the Rule
AlBL Tlio ftcm is fkted with two pieces let cdgcwife j^rtUcl to
each other, and wliich being covered with a very thin Plate, make
a fquare Tube, within which the plumb line or perpendicular G H
is inclofed, which is fecn through two Glades which anfwer to the
two extremities thereof It has alfo a third opening at tlic bottom
of the Tube, through wliich, with ones Finger, the motion of tlic
plumb may be flayed.
Article 5- Uix)n the plain of the Rule A B is faftned the Telefcope E F, which
is of the fame make with that w hich we have defcribed for the
^ Quadrant'; and tho all the pieces have been already reprefcntetl in
the Rrd Plate, yet we judged it not impertinent to reprefent it once
more in another order, and a bigger fizc : But tliat we miglit not be
obliged to repeat the Difcoarfe, we have put to it the lame Letters.
A Painters Afell fervcs for a fiipport to this Inftrument, and for
' accommodating it to the inequality of the ground, tiie Rule A B
is arched underneath with two bows whicli bear upon tlie two
pins of the Mdl; that it may beeafie to raifeor fink the dirc(flioa
of the Telefcoix: as there fhall be need, without altering tlie ^.ftll ;
and whentlie ground happens to be unequal, one ma} lengthen this
or that Foot ot it by the means of a rod of Iron which is joyned to it.
With this Inftrument the level may he determined at one glance
to a very great diftance, even much more than is fct down in the
precedent Table. But there is generally one great obftacle upon
the account of refractions, w hich makes the Objc(5ts appear above
the line, they ought to be fcen in For example, in the lecoiid Fi-
gure let A be the center of the Earth, BC its ordinary lurface, and
D I tlie tops of the Mountains, we are to confider that the Earth
is invelopcd with an Atmofphere or vaporous Air compofed of dirfe-
rent Regions, which arc more fubtil tlie further they are removed
from the Earth, but in fucli fort that the change is not made all at
once, but by Degrees, the vifual Ray which comes from a Iiigher
place to a lower, as from D to I, u hich paflcs obliquely iiom a
more fubtil to a more grofs Air, is continually Lent in its way
I in proportion as it clunges the wf^/«Mw , which gives it the po-
fition of a ^urve line, much like that of DFI, but the Eye that is
in I, receives the curve Ray as if it were the Tangent I E, in u hich
it fees the Objcd D. For the fame rcafon it we fuppofe anotlier
eye in D, it fees the CX)jejft I in the ftrait line l> G. tangent to the
fame bended Ray DF B : And fuppofing that tlie two tangents I E
and DG which are in place of the vifual rays cut each other inH,
one may irttogtne tl«t there hapj^cns the ^me thing, as if the two
Objeds D and I were refpcdively fccn witli one only refradtioii
which Ihould be matle in H. and which Ihould l)e equivalent to all
7u^iifP> thofc of the true Ray D F I.
.ji^i/hi) For difcoveririg of rliefc rcfradlions , and alfo for knowing the
total value of them which we fup|x)Je reduced to the Angle D H E
'ii or I H Q. the two Angles A 1 1 and A 1) G ought to have been
} I oblcrved,
Tlx Meafure of the Earth.
37
obferved , and moreover the Angle A known , by means of the
diftance BCor ID. changed into Minutes and Seconds of a great
Circle of the Earth ; becaufe the excels of thefe Three Angles above
1 80 Degrees is the total refradion.
'•" The Third Figure reprefents Two Mountains of equal height, but
fo fardiftaiit, that the vifual Ray cannot pafs from the top of one,
to the top of the other , without fenfibly approaching nearer to the
furface of the Earth, and u'ithout being confcquently broken or rc-
fraded in its way, which 'tis not necelwry farther to explain. You
mufl alv\ ays fct apart all the irregularities which may happen evcrj
moment in the conlVitution of the Air.
It will be enough for pra<5tife, that one can inform ones fclf of tlie
refradtion when there is any , and that otherwife it may be avoided
in the Obfcrvation of the Level, by contenting ones felf with middle
nations.
Divers Authors report a thing which we have often tryed ; which
*tis convenient to note here, that an Objedl which at break of the
Day hasappcar'd in the L^vel, and fometimes a little above it, has
afterwards when the Sun is up, appeared below it, and on the con-
trary after the fctting of the Sun, Objedts far diftant appcar'd to be
railed fo (enfibly, that in lefsthan halfan Hour their apparent height
has been augmented more than Three Minutes.
The caufc of thefe appearances is, that the coolnefs of the Night
condcnfcs the Vapours , which defcend to a lower place , leaving
the Air of the higher Stations mare pure then in the time of the
day , which caulcs a great Refradtion on the contrary when the
motion of the Sun has made a part of the Vapours to mount to the
more elevated ftations, there muft Ix; lefs diifcrence of tiic Medium^
and conlcquently Icfsof Rcfradion.
We Ihall add here one Experiment which makes it appear con-
trary to the Opinion of fomc Authors , that even at Noon day
there remains Ibmcu hat of Refraction when the diftance is great, anil
that the vifual Ray cannot pafs from one place to another without
approaching the Rarth. The lall Summer lieingon the top of the
Tow ers of Nojlre IXme of Paris, we pointed the quadrant towards
the Tower of Mvnt Leher/e, and we found that the loot of this
Tower \s as precifely in the apparent Level : This was alx)ut Noon
in a very Serene time. Some days after at the fame Hour , the
height of the Tower of No/he Djimcy ol)fervcd from the foot of the
Tower of Montleherie , apjx^r'd below the Level line 11'. 30^''.
whereas conformable to the diftance of 11796 Toyfes, which there
are between thefe two places, this Angle ought to have been 13'.
30''. whence it appears that it had Two Minutes of refradtion in the
whole.
This ex\>erimcnt flicws what exadtncfs one may ex|H:<^ from thofe
who alter HLwrnhcHS preteml to have found the Magnitude of the
Farth, by means of the apparent Level ; they fupjx^k; that for this
purpolc, one Ihouldchufe a very high Mountain near the Sea Ihore ;
and
-5<
- »
JS
The Medfure of the Earth.
M :
h-
^
and having mcafured the heigth of this Mountain, one tries upop the
Sea at what diftance the top of it can be feen. But thje refradions
which are yet greater upon the Sea than upon the Land, render this
pradice fallacious , bccaufe they enable us to difcover Obje<3:s at a
mucli greater diftance than the convexity of the Sea ought to permit,
and by confequence make the Earth appear much greater than in
cffedtitis. ,,.,.... -j.,. .?...; , .: . ;;:: :<; ;jt.; ... ,;.j
v.'i .ii./.k'MCJiir- ARTICLE X 11 1. .fwlI^ut\\r:^i^r:i\
IT remains now to Examine the differing Opinions touching th<r
Magnitude of the Earth. And becaufe we can lay nothing Oi
the Ancients but by Conjcdurc ; wc Ihall begin with Fernelius who
•Article I. as we laid at the * beginning has cllimated a Degree to contain 56746
Toyfcs.
It is w ithout doubt furprifing, that by a manner fo g^ofs as his was,
he has approacht fo near to that meafurc which we have concluded ort
from lb many Obfervations, the place which he took to l)e the bound
of the Degree he had undertaken to mcafure, was found (by report
of the People of the place) as he himfelf fays, at twenty five Leagues
of Farts , whence he let forth. And befides, this could not be far
out of the Road from ?am to Amiens ; becaufe thefe two Cities are
very near , under tho fame Merief/a/ty and that he muft have gone
dircdly towards the North ; they commonly account i8 Leagues
dillance between Parrs and Amiens. It was therefore at 3 Leagues on
this fideoi Am/ens, and by consequence in a place lefs advanced North-
wards by 6'. at leaft, but the dincrcnce of the heights of the Pole of
Paris^ and of Amiens^ is 6i' 36'^. whence it follows tlut Fernelius
ought not to account above 56' 36''. when he thougiit lie had
advanced a u hole Degrte ; fo that it mull necellarily be that the Er-
ror was compcnliited by the ellimate which he made of the Length
of the Way.
As ior Snel/iits, who gives not above 55011 Toyfcs, if oneconft-
♦Articie3. ders what we have cUewhere already taken notice of *, that it is
tbunded upon too little a liafe ; if wc add to this , the multitude
of his Triangles, the Imalnels of feveral Angles, the Correction (^'
three, ami (ometimcs ot .\. Minutes, which he was forced to make
in the lame Triangle ; and in fine, 'tis not known by what means he
obli-rvcd the heiglits of the Pole ; we Ihall Icis wonder that notwitli-
llanduig all his care and pains, he did not luccecd lb well as Feme-
tins.
Father Riccioli has erred on the other hand , making a Degree to
amount to 64563 Bolnonian Paces, or to 8 1 Ancient Italian Miles, ac-
conling as he determins tliem; but he niealiired not above a third
part ot a Degree, w hich is too little , and btfidcs it is eafie to Ihew
what might have deceived him.
Let us imagine, that in the xd Figure of the <itb Plate, I is the top
of the Tower of Modenoy D the toji ot the Mouiitaui of Patcrnc ,
! ., near
>
.-i - ^
>rithc
sr this
at a
jrmit,
an itf
■ f .T
. - Ji. !
»
iicnr
Tf)e Meafure of the Earth,
39
near Boulognt^ and A the Center of the Earth. Fatlier Rkcioli in his
Geography (lih.^.chap.}^.y aflures us that by many obfervations made
at the times which were kaft fufpedted for Refractions he always
found the Angle A D lof 890 z6^ 13'' 17^'^ 4nd the Angle A I D
of 90° is' 7'^ fuppofing tliat the two terms I and D were viewed
by one ftrait Ray. the lum of thefc two Angks makes 179° 41-' zo"
7.y'^' and by confequence the Angle A, or the Arch BC, is accord-
ing to this Obfervation of 18^39^^33'^'; but the diftance is of
10016 BoHonian pafles thence by Proportion an intire Degree fhould
be 643^3 BoloHgne pafles, which make about 61900. Toifes of
Paris.
This Method which was propofed by Kepler^ appears fo much the
more fimple, for that there v» as no need of any Cceledial Obferva-
tion, and that it fuppofes only that the Plumb or Perpendicular tends
direitly to tiie Center of the Earth , which we have alfo fuppofed.
But we may demand of Father Rkcioli, how he could be aHIired that
in his Obfervations, he had not any thing of Refradion. It was,
fays he, at Noon, in places very high elevated. But befides, that
one of thofe Places is much higher then the other ; the following-
Experiment joyned to what we have related, before, will make one
fee what Judgment ought to be made of this Method.
In the Month of /tn^ufi of the year 1669. the Top of tlie Hil-
lock of Mareiiil obferveu at Noon, from the foot of the Tower of
MoMtleberie, appear'd below the Level 8' lo''; and fome days after
at the fame hour , t he foot of the Tower of Moutlebery reciprocally
obferv'd from the Top of the Hillock of M^renil, was found below
the Level x j' 40''. If there had been no Refradlion, thefe two lit-
tle Angles together u ould iiave made the Angle at the Center of the
Earth, between Montlebery and AUreitil oi ii', but the djllance i$
104^. Toyfcs: thence in Proportion a Degree fliould be 6993 f.
Toyles, which will exceed very much, not only the greatnefs which
we have determined by tlie Heavens; but even that which Father
fiicciuli has found. Tiic Mealure without doubt will yet come
forth much bigger in refpcd to two Objeds, tliat Ihall be further
dillant then M.ire»il and tM)ntlehery: In liicli fort that 'tis evident
that this method ought to be intirely rejected as fallacious and uncer-
tain.
It may be dud, That Father /?/cf/o//,underftanding well whatRefra-
dijons would do, did not wholy content himfejf with this method;
but that he did verify it by Coileftial Observations. But alter what
manner focvcr it is in /jfj/^, where tlic Refradions po^Fibly are not
fo gre.it as here; We hive not at all found that the Obfervations
made for the Mcalure of tlie Earth , by the means of the Level did
agree with thofc ot the Heavens , which we can confirm by divers
like Examples to tliofe which we have produced .- As one may fee
in the Geography of the faid Author, i^LiL f. cap. 17.) tliat of the
two Obfervations ot the Heavens, one ot which gave him 19' i^'\
and the other xi' 16% of apparent diftancc between the Z'-nithof
terrara
y^-.K't
<^,
^:
■ r
1 i
11 •
40
The Mta jure of the Earth,
5 - 37-
ferrara-^ and that of the Mountain of Pafer»e , he made choice of
the firft, as^of that which agreed heft with kjs Calculation ; whereas,
if he had followed the fecond Obfervation^ we fliould have found
very little difference between us.
6eM.^ The fame Author for the laft proof of his Opinion, fays, That the
Rctbrm. 1. diftance (torn Avignon to Lyons, taken out of the Itineraries^ accords
perte<ftly \\ ith the difTercncc of the heights of the Pole of thofe two
Cities at the rate of 81. ancient Miles tor one Degree conformable to
his Opinion. It were to be wifht that one knew the jufl Diflance
between Lyons and Avignon ; and likewife, that one had to that ad-
cd the diftance from Chajlons on the Saone, for one fliould then have
a line of many Degrees almofl in a Meridian. Neverthelefs one may
anfwer Father Riccioli^ that the diftances reckoned by the Itineraries
which he cites, were not mcafured with exadtnefs enough for the
Meafure of the Earth, and that he will have a confiderablc difference
between one Itinerary diftance, taken in following the great Road,
and that which might be mcafured in the fhorteft line. Of thefe Itine-
raries, that which is attributed to the Emperor Antoninus^ but which
do's often pafs under the Name of Antonius Augu/ius, is full of confi-
derablc faults ; not giving always the fame diftance lietween the fame
two places , as one may lee in comparing the Road from AHl/an to
Ar/esy with that from Millan to Henna. The fecond Itinerary, which
is that of BorJeaux and of Hierufalem , feems to be the work of fome
particular Perfon, who had defcribed his own Travels. And a little
Examination will fhew that 'tis difTerent from the firft in feveral places,
and that the particular diftances of feveral Places between Aries and
Millan, are not at all found to be the fame. So that to conclude 'tis not
in the leaft reafonable to regard fuch kind of Tcflimonies againll a
meafure exadly taken.
^m
1^^
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I.
iKM. ■J
'J u r! r
i... :
ERRATA.
PAge i.l.lvf tbt. I.3i.r. tt. p. 2, 1.41. r, 4lcmv. p 3 1. 6.t.ftr. p.4 I. 30. t.fiv* p.
8. 1. II. t. fifth, p. it.I.i9.ai«)8. p. 13. 1 4. r.3". 14'". I. 34. r. 4i« 27'. 39'/. 1. 35.
r. 49'. 34'. 30'^. p. 16. 1. 35. r. tb». p. 18. 1. 1«. r. G /. p. 19. 1. 3. r. Amiau. I. uli. r. 907 3.
P «^ 1.4 rM7i. I.K. r. 117J7. 9.t^.\.%.t.^t mmi. p. ziA.lyt. Art*, p. 30 1. 8.
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I, /■■
FINIS,
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(
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choiee of
; whereas,
ave found
, That the
J, accords
thofe two
)rmable to
I Diftance
:o that ad-
then have
s one may
Itineraries
gh for the
difference
rcat Road*
thefe Itine-
but which
II of confi-
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Mi/Ian to
try, which
rkof fome
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iide 'tis not
againll a
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Jo. r. fivt. p.
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■* p. So. I. 8.