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 AM) 20I 
 
AN 
 
 BXSTOaZOAL AVD STATISTICAL 
 
 ACCOUNT OP 
 
 NOVA-SCOTIA, 
 
 /.V TfVO VOLUMES, 
 
 %■ 
 
 1' . 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY A MAP OF THE PROVINCE, AND 
 SEVERAL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 !( 
 
 
 BY THOMAS C. HALIBURTON, Esq. 
 
 BARRISTER AT LAW, AND MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF 
 ASSEMBLY OF NOVA-SCOTU, 
 
 " This is my own, my native land." 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 ■ — * 
 
 HALIFAX, 
 
 Fli'BLISHED FOR JOSEPH HOWE, 
 Ahl> SOhU )>T C. II. BELCHRR ; ROBERT SCHOLKY, LONBON ; 
 AND OLIVER & BOVD, KDINCURGH. 
 
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 KXTRACT rnoM THE " NOVASCOIIAN." 
 
 In the House of Assembly on Friday 27th March)1829, 
 
 Mr. Hartshorne rose and said, that he held a Resolution 
 in his hand which he was desirous to submit to the House. — 
 The proposition might in some degree surprise his honorable 
 friends, inasmuch as in this country it was entirely a novel 
 one, but he felt convinced that it was one, which would be as 
 pleasing to them as to himself, and which would meet their 
 hearty concurrence. The hon. gentleman then read the 
 following Resolution : 
 
 " Resolved, That the thanks of this House be communicated 
 to Thomas C. Haliburton, Esquire, for the very laudable and 
 laborious effort which he has made to illustrate the Historv, 
 Topography, andResources of the Province, in the " Historical 
 and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," now issuing from the 
 Press ; and that Mr. Speaker be requested to convey to Mr. 
 Haliburton the substance of this Resolution." 
 
 Mr. LovETT seconded the Resolution, and did so with 
 greater pride that the gentleman was a native of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 Mr.MuRDOCH said, that it was with great pleasure he shnul<l 
 vote for the resolution. He felt proud that the first historical 
 work which had appeared in the province was the production 
 of a gentleman born and educated in this country. He had not 
 obtained, more than a glance at the book, and could not there- 
 fore speak particularly of its raerits,but he was well acquainted 
 with the attention and time that the author had bestowed on 
 his researches into our early records. Tlic hon. member 
 from Annapolis had often delighted that House with his 
 powers of oratory, and it must be with great satisfaction that 
 this Assembly would recognize his literary efforts. He hoped 
 that as this Was the first instance of Ihe kind that it would be 
 a precedent for others ; and that many of the natives of this 
 country, where intellectual improvement was rapidly advan- 
 cing,would be distinguished by similar exertions. He was sure 
 that there could be but-one feeling on this subject with every 
 Hiembor. He commentlcd llic modesty with which the author 
 
ha^ acknowledged the assistance ofvcry many of his friends, 
 particularly as he knew that the aid afforded was very slight 
 in comparison with the years of industry and application which 
 he had consumed on the undertaking ; and he had no doubt 
 that this work would increase the reputation, which the hon. 
 gentleman's abilities had acquired for him,with that House and 
 the public. 
 
 Mr. YooNo said, that he had attentively perused the first 
 volume of the work in question, and could with truth assert 
 that itWBS well worth the compliment intended to be paid to 
 the Author. There was much valuable information in it — in- 
 formation, which but for the labour and talent bestowed in 
 collecting the materials and arranging the matter, must ne- 
 cessarily have been lost to the Public in a short time. In 
 addition, he would add that the composition and style were 
 not only neat but perspicuous. In fact the whole did great 
 credit to the author as a gentleman and scholar, and he gave his 
 hearty and warm support to the resolution. 
 
 Mr. Stbwart said, that he could not allow the Resolution 
 before the House to pass in silence ; that differing in politics 
 occasionally, as his learned friend and himself did, and embat- 
 tled as they frequently were in wordy warfare, it would be 
 especially ungracious in him if he did not avail himself of the 
 occasion to express his admiration of the talents of the member 
 fVom Annapolis, and his approbation of the application of his 
 abilities to so useful a work as the History of Nova Scotia. As 
 the production of a Nova-Scotian ho was proud of it; be had 
 seen one of the volumes, and thought it was calculated to re- 
 flect honor upon the Province. 
 
 Mr. Fairbai^ks cordially approved of the Resolution ; ho 
 had seen parts of the work, and was convinced that it would 
 be found extremely useful to that House and to the country, 
 as it contained much constitutional information respecting the 
 Colonial Government, and would save a great deal of research; 
 it would be both useful and interesting. 
 
 Mr. Umacke and Mr J. R. Dkwolf expressed similar sen- 
 timents, and gave to the Resolution their cordial concurrence. 
 The Resolution was then put and carried, tlicrc being no 
 dissenting voice the u ord " unanimously" was added ; and 
 after some conversation as to the mode of commu'uicating it» 
 
 l< I 
 
the Mouse resolved, that Mr. Hamburton should be called 
 in, and that the general sentiment should be expressed by 
 the Speaker. 
 
 Mr. HALiBunroN being called into the House, and standing 
 in his place, was thus addressed by Mr. Speaker : 
 
 Mr. Hali BURTON, I am directed by this House to Com- 
 municate to you, that they have had under their consideration 
 a work now issuing from the Press, of which you are the 
 author, entitled <' an Historical and Statistical Account of 
 Nova Scotia," which they think alike useful to the Province, 
 and honourable to yourself, and that, to mark their approbation 
 of this first effort to describe the Country and develope its re^ 
 sourcesjthey have unanimously passed a .vote of thanks to you, 
 for this laudable undertaking, which resolution will be read to 
 you by the Clerk. It affords me a great deal of pleasure to 
 add my opinion of the work, to that of the Representatives of 
 the People, who deem it an object of this honourable notice, as 
 the production of a native of the Province. 
 
 The Resolution was then read by the Clerk— and 
 
 Mr, Haliburton replied to Mr. Speaker as follows ;— Mr. 
 Speaker, I beg leave to return yon and the House my most 
 grateful thanks for the honor this day done me. I regret that 
 t find myself unable to express fully the high sense I entertain 
 of this flattering distinction, and nan only say, that I feel the 
 labour Y have performed, more than amply compensated by 
 the notice this Hojise has been pleased to take of it. 
 
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 .|t ..... To Hi$ Excellency Lieut. General .^i,,wg 
 
 ^ SIR JAMES KEMPT, K. G. C. B. * 
 
 Oi ■ ■"■. 
 
 >^i Governor-General of British Jsiorth Amerieat 4re> ife, k\('t\ 
 
 SiRj — In availing myself of the permission you 
 have been pleased to grant me, to dedicate this work 
 to your Excellency, I fear I shall incur your dis- 
 pleasure, if I accompany it with any remarks ; but 
 as your administration of the Government of Nova- 
 Scotia is now terminated, it becomes the right, as 
 well as the business, of the Historian, to express his 
 opinion upon it. In entering upon the duties of your 
 office, you laboured under the disadvantage of not 
 having been previously conversant with Colonial 
 affairs, and if you escaped the difficulties incidental 
 to such a situation, it must be attributed to the dili- 
 gence with which those duties were undertaken, 
 and the i^ectitude and intelligence with which they 
 were discharged. You have had the singular good 
 fortune of never having had, during the eight years 
 you presided over the Country, the slightest misun- 
 derstanding with either of the other branches of the 
 Legislature, but on the contrary, have always expe- 
 
 >.»r.-""r. 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 *»^ 
 
iv 
 
 y 
 
 li ii> 
 
 rienced the most unequivocal marks of their confi- 
 dence and respect. Subjects of popular declama- 
 tion have not been wanting to put your principles 
 and conduct upon trial, in which you observed that 
 happy medium, that neither compromised the digni- 
 ty of your situation, nor militated against the rights 
 of the people. This may happen again to others, 
 because the same uprightness of conduct and the 
 same discretion, will, among a people so well dis- 
 posed as the inhabitants of this Province, produce a 
 similar result. But Sir, it would be unreasonable to 
 hope for a recurrence of the disinterested zeal, the 
 unwearied anxiety, and the paternal interest you 
 manifested on subjects not connected with the mere 
 official routine of your duties. You have ever consi- 
 dered the welfare of the Province ns paramount to 
 your own personal ease and comfort; and the number 
 of public works, promoted and patronised, and in 
 many instances suggested by yourself; the increased 
 panctaality in the collection, and economy in the 
 ex[)enditure of the Revenue ; the total change in the 
 Btate of the great roads, and the activity inspired in- 
 to all the subordinate officers of Government, bespeak 
 the 8oli6itude with which you regarded the prosperi- 
 ty i of the Country committed to your charge. In 
 taking a retrospect of that portion of your life spent 
 in Nova-Scotia, you have the gratification to know 
 that you left it tranquil and prosperous, and,that at 
 the period of your quiting it for a higher station, 
 there was not an individual in it either personally 
 or politically opposed to you. I am aware that de- 
 dications are in general mere adulatory addresses, 
 thjit reflect but little honor either upon the Author or 
 
 
the Patron, but where an administration has termi- 
 nated in the manner I have just described, there is 
 less difficulty in confining approbation within the 
 bounds of strict veracity than in finding terms for 
 its expression. This work is therefore not dedicat- 
 ed to your Excellency so much on the ground of your 
 elevated station, as of the patronage with which you 
 have always honored every undertaking that had 
 for its object the benefit of the Province ; and al- 
 though there is no person better qualified to detect its 
 errors and imperfections, there is also no one more 
 ready to extend to it those indulgent allowances, of 
 which it stands so much in need, as yourself. 
 
 Allow me. Sir, in conclusion to remark, that as 
 your Eceliency's name must necessarily stamp a va- 
 lue upon any thing to which it is attached, I should 
 feel that I was making an ungenerous use of the con- 
 fidence with which you have honored me,in accepting 
 this dedication, If 1 were to allow it to be supposed 
 that this work had received your approbation, and 
 was published under your sanction. > . i/itl» 
 Not having seen the manuscript, your Excellency's 
 condescension in permitting it to appear under your 
 patronage must be considered as a mark of your ap- 
 proval of the effort, but not of the performance, and 
 as an instance of your kindness, but not a recommen- 
 dation of its contents. 
 
 t; In the hope, however, that it may provti not dito- 
 ijether unacceptable to your Excellency, . 
 
 ,*fi'ifimiH ' ha.ve the honor to subscribe myself, n 
 
 of!)ui>??>i; Your Excellency's -j^n^M- ^vi^u-fj^// 
 
 ..." ..,.,. t. ,,<, .i'^ 
 
 Most obedient servant, ^.^ 
 
 lurrn (■ iKilm THOMAS C. HALIBURTDNii 
 
 • .3 
 
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I( 
 
 i 
 
 e$tv|^1^*^-'^- PREFACE. ^u^,>,„>.'} 
 
 The materials for the History of Nova- Scotia are 
 to be found in an infinite variety of old Colonial bookM, 
 in whieh the country has been incidentally mention- 
 ed, and in the public records. To collect these scat- 
 tered notices, and form them into a connected nar* 
 native, ia the object of the fir&t volume oj this work. This 
 employment, though very humble, has been very la- 
 borious. The town of Annapolis, in which I have 
 compiled it, contains neither public nor private libra- 
 liea ; and I have been under the necessity of procur- 
 ing books of reference from London and Boston; and 
 in some inBtances,where they belonged to public in- 
 stitutions, of obtaining copies of those passages I 
 was desirous of consulting. Constantly engaged In 
 business either public or private, I have never been 
 able to devote to it my undivided attention, but 
 have written it amidst repeated interruptions, and 
 at different times, as the occasional occurrence of a 
 favourable opportunity permitted me to resume the 
 pursuit. These difficulties will be sufficiently appre- 
 ciated by those who are accustomed to literarv re- 
 search, and will, it is hoped, constitute an apology, 
 both for the scantiness of the materials, and the irre- 
 gularity in the style. Of the great number of authors 
 I have consulted, Lescarbot and Charlevoix, among 
 the French, and Hutchinson, Minot, Belknapp, 
 Wynne, Douglas, Holmes, and Smollett, among the 
 EnffUsh, have afforded me by far the most assistance. 
 In the first chapter, I have chiefly followed Belknapp's 
 lifd of De Monts, which was compiled from an old 
 
m 
 
 translation of Lescarbot ; but having fortunately pro- 
 cured the perusal of the original, belonging to the 
 library of the College at Windsor, I have been en- 
 abled to add many interesting particulars, which Dr. 
 Belknapp omitted, as too minute for his purpose. 
 In like manner,in the fourth chapter, I have adopted 
 Minot's account of the removal of the French in 
 1755, as far as it goes ; and having obtained access 
 to the source from whence he drew his infcnrmation — 
 " Colonel Winslow's manuscript letter book" — I have 
 not only ascertained its accuracy, but inserted a 
 great deal that has never before been published. 
 S'rom all these authors I have drawn freely, wherever 
 it suited my purpose, and in some instances have 
 copied entire passages — an acknowledment I am par- 
 ticularly desirous of making, both from a proper res- 
 pect to the labours of others, and also from a wish to 
 avoid the pedantry of crowding the notes with re- 
 peated references. The second volume has been 
 compiled from public records, surveys, charts, per- 
 sonal knowledge, and colonial works ; and also from 
 an extensive correspondence with respectable and 
 intelligent people in all parts of Nova-Scotia. To 
 enumerate the various acts of kindness I have re- 
 ceived from my friends, in procuring for me books of 
 reference and original papers, in collecting topc^ra- 
 phical information, and in favouring me with full 
 and copious answers to my queries, would exceed 
 the limits of a preface, and perhaps be not agreeable 
 to the parties themselves ; but I trust, that as it 
 affords me ffreat pleasure to make a public acknow- 
 ledgment of their goodness, they will pardon me for 
 taking the liberty of doing so. To Andrew Dunlap, 
 Esquire, and Dr. Jackson of Boston ; the Honble. 
 Andrew Cochran of Quebec, the Honorable Judge 
 Chipman, Dr. Bayard and Robert Parker, Esq. of 
 New-Bnmswick ; the Honble. Judge Stewart, Hon. 
 Charles Morris, Dr. Almon, Dr. Gregor, Charles R. 
 Fairbanks,* James Uniacke,Beamish Murdoch,*Tho8. 
 Aikins,Joseph Howe,Lawrence Doyle, J. 6ray,Jamefi 
 Francklin, J. Shannon, Titus Smith and J. A. Barry, 
 Esqrs.* the Rev. Dr.Cochran, Rev. Wm.C.King,Rev. 
 W. King, John D. Archibald, Jas. Irving, John Wier* 
 John Crowe,* Alexander Stewart* and Wm. Baker, 
 Esqrs. the Rev. Dr. M'Culloch, Rev. Dr. McGregor, 
 Rev. T. Trotter, George Smith,* Thomas Dickson* 
 and Wentworth Taylor, Esqrs. Judge Marshall, W. 
 
 si 
 
 k I 
 
 1 
 
 
\l 
 
 I li;;! 
 
 Crawley, P. H. Clarke, i^m' M'I4e<en, Alexander 
 M^bugall and John Morton,* Csqrs.. Dr.- Harding, 
 pjf. S. bayard, Judge Wiswall, Rev. |«lr. ^Sigognei 
 I)r. .Farrish, J. Homer,* Alexq^der Robert^pn; J. 
 Newton and W. Rudolf,* £sqrs. Rev. Jame? Shreve, 
 Major M'CuUoch, Major BazUgette, and Captain 
 Jpl^nBtone, of the Rifle Brigade, I am unde.r.great 
 PDlig^tiohs, and request of them to accept my sincsre 
 thanks. From Sir Rupert George, the Secretary Of 
 the Province I have always experienced the, ut- 
 most readiness to facilitate the numerous searches; I 
 have been compelled to make among the public re- 
 cords; and from Richard Smith and Richard Brown, 
 Esqrs. I have received the whole of the informa- 
 tion contained in the geological sketch of the East- 
 ern District of Nova-Scotia,and of .the Island of Cape- 
 Breton, rbeg leave to assure each of those Gentle- 
 men, I shall always entertain a most grateful recol- 
 lebtipn of their kindness. For the correct and beau- 
 tiful view of Halifax, prefixed to the second volume,' 
 I am indebted to a Lady of thut place, whose name 
 I regret I have not permission to mention, but who 
 enhanced the value of the embellishment, by the very 
 friendly manner in which it was communicated to 
 me. The manuscript having been trauscribed for 
 0e press by different persons, several orthographi-. 
 eal, eiTors crept into it, and escaped detection; and 
 as it was found impracticable to forward the proof 
 sheets to Annapolis for inspection, this defect could 
 not be altogether avoided. For this and the other 
 imperfections of the work, I must crave the .indal- 
 gence of the public, for whose benefit it is designed, 
 and to whom I now present it with a sincere desire 
 tliiat it may prove useful. 
 
 THOMAS C. HALIBURTON..' • 
 
 Annapolis, N. S. v 
 
 ■ 1829. ■ -"'J ■/•":^\:'^ 
 
 ,* 
 
 TboM pcraonf to whoM iwnnu tht * is aflfixed, are Membera of 
 (h« HonM of Aaaemblj. 
 
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 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Diicwtry of ^orth Amenca by John Cabot — Vouagtaof 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ^ and Sir John Gilbert — Discove- 
 ries of the French — Marquis De La Roche laruls at the 
 Isle of Sabk — De Monts settles at St. Croix — removes to 
 Port Royal — loses his charter — Jesuits commence an cs- 
 lablishment at St. Saviour — destruction of the French set- 
 ilement in Acadia by Samuel Argall — Sir William Alex- 
 ander obtains a grant oj the Country ^ in which it is called 
 JVWa Scotia — attempts lo colonise it — conveys it to La 
 Tour — conquest of Qttebec — cession of JSTova Scotia^ 
 CapeBreton andCa/nada, to France^ by treaty of St. Ger- 
 
 • matnt, 
 
 t''*oi« H97— TO 1632.] ^'T in'y 
 
 „i t 
 
 TH£ history of every country in Europe commenc- 
 es in the region of fable. At what period they were 
 severally discovered, and by whom .settled, is e- 
 qually uncertain, and the accounts which are given 
 of the early ages of all, are at best but plausible con- 
 jectures. The situation of America is in this respect 
 just the reverse. The discovery of this immense 
 Continent is an event of modern occurrence, and was 
 accompanied by the infant art of printing, which, by 
 multiplying the copies, preserved the Journals of those 
 
 who explored and settled the new world. But if the 
 VOL.1. ' 'V.- v} . ■' ■ 1, :■■ ;,,, ■- , 
 
•>. 
 
 i ■!: 
 
 I I 
 
 I' ii'' 
 I I"' 
 
 It;' 
 
 M 
 
 II Jli:' 
 
 materials of American History are unlike those of 
 Europe, the events are even more different. The 
 progress of man from a state of nature towards civi' 
 lization is always slow, and generally similar ; but 
 the operation of an enlightened people upon uncul- 
 tivated nature, which was first displayed in the set- 
 tlement of America, affords a most interesting subject 
 of contemplation. 
 
 The portion of American History filled by Nova- 
 Scotia, though small, is not altogether unimportant ; 
 and, as one of the minor links in the great chain of 
 events, cannot with propriety be ommitted. 
 
 The claim of the English was founded on discove- 
 ry. During the tranquil reign of Henry the VII. com- 
 merce and manufactures increased to such an extent 
 in England, as to attract thither merchants from all 
 parts of Europe. Among the Venetians residents there 
 at that time, was John Cabot, a scientific and expe- 
 rienced mariner. The possibility of finding a west- 
 em passage to India had long been a subject of 
 literary controversy and mercantile interest, and 
 the probability of such a discovery had been much 
 increased by the recent voyages of Columbus. Ca- 
 bot, from his knowledge of the Globe, supposed that 
 a shorter route to India might be found in the North 
 West ; and communicated to the King his willing- 
 ness to undertake a voyage for that purpose, declar. 
 iog at the same time that he entertained no doubt o^ 
 making discoveries for him, as honourable and advan- 
 tageous as those which Columbus had made for Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella. 
 
 This project being favourably received, His Ma* 
 jesty, on the 5th of March, 1496, granted a commis- 
 
eion to John Cabot, and his three sons, Sebastian, 
 Lewis, and Sacnuis, and their heirs, with full power 
 to sail to all countries of tlie East, West, and North, 
 under English colours, with five ships of such bur- 
 den and force as they should think proper, on their oim 
 cost and charges, to seek and discover all the Isles, re- 
 gions and provinces* of Heathens unknown to CkrU^ 
 tians. He reserved to himself the Dominion of all (f) 
 the towns, castles and lands, they should discover I 
 and least they should incline to visit some foreign 
 port, he expressly required them to return to Bris- 
 tol, and to pay him one fifth of all the gains, after thd 
 expenccs of the voyage were deducted. He exempt- 
 ed, however, their return cargoes from ail duties 
 and customs. Aftergranting the commission, the King 
 gave orders for fitting out two Caravels for the pur- 
 pose of discovery. 
 
 These were victualled at the public expence, and 
 freighted by the merchants of London and Bristol, 
 with coarse cloths and other articles of traffic. The 
 whole company consisted of 300 men. \ . y , , ^, ,,, 
 
 With this equipment, in the beginning of May , 1 497, 
 John Cabot and his son Sebastian sailed from Bris- 
 tol, and while steering in a westwardly direction, not 
 supposing they should meet with any obstruction 
 to their voyage until they reached the coast of Chi- 
 
 * Note — No good narrative of this voyage ia given by any eon« 
 temperaneous author, and the accounts, although all attributing the 
 discovery to John Cabot, differ in many material points, and to re- 
 concile their contradictions requires much trouble ; by some it ia 
 affirmed that Cabot had made a voyage to North America, beforo 
 he made application to the King, that he died ahortly after the com- 
 mission was granted, and that the voyage i>poken of in the text, wai 
 performed by hia son Sebastian— a copy of the commission ia insert- 
 ed in the appendix. 
 - t For the time once was here, to all be it known, 
 
 Wh«n all a man sailad by or saw was bis own.— iPV-etMai*. 
 
 I i '1 
 
 I'ri 
 
r, 
 
 iiifii- 
 
 ; :lt' 
 
 na, they were surprised on the morning of the 24th 
 of June by the sight of the land. 
 
 This being the first they had seen, they called Prima 
 Vista, and is generally Bupposed to have been some- 
 part of Nova Scotia,* or the northern part of Tri- 
 nity Bay, in Newfoundland, which was afterwards 
 known by the name of Bona Vista, A few days af. 
 terwards they discovered an Island which they call- 
 ed Saint John. Here they found inhabitants, clothed 
 with skins, who made use of darts, bows and arrows, 
 and they had the address to persuade, or more pro- 
 bably compelled, three of them to accompany them 
 to England. 
 
 From thence, continuing their course westwardly, 
 they reached the Continent, and then sailed along 
 the coast in a northern direction to the latitude of 
 67 and a half degrees ; finding that the land stretch- 
 ed towards the north, and despairing of making the 
 desired discovery, they altered their course, and 
 cruised along the coast till they came to the southern- 
 most part of that tract of country which has been 
 since called Florida. ^ ' 
 
 Their provisions now failings and a mutiny break- 
 ing out among the mariners, they returned to Eng- 
 land. Thus it appears that Cabot, in the name, and 
 under the commission of Henry the VII. actually dis- 
 covered the Continent of North America, before Co- 
 lumbus had visited any part of the main land — ^his 
 
 * Note— Mr. Prince, in his chronology (citing Galvanus for aa 
 anthority) says that the land discovered by Cabot, was in Latitude 
 46 ; if this were true, the first discovery was made on the Peninsula 
 of Nova Scotia, and as they coaeted the land to the northward, they 
 must have gone into the Gulph of St. Lawrence, in putsuit of their 
 Northern pauage. 
 
' )l 
 
 voyages at that period not having extended beyond 
 the Islands of the Gulph of Mexico. 
 
 Through a singular succession of causes, seventy- 
 two years elapsed from the discovery of the northern 
 division of the Continent by the English, during which 
 their monarchs bestowed little attention upon a coun- 
 try which was destined to be annexed to their Crown, 
 and to be a chief source of British opulence and pow- 
 er ; but the fame of the Fishery on the banks of New- 
 foundland attracted the attention of Merchants, and 
 |t soon became the resort of vessels of different na- 
 tions.^ This remarkable neglect of navigating the 
 coast, and of attempting colonization, is in some mea- 
 sure accounted for by the frugal maxims of Henry 
 VII. the un propitious circumstances of the reigns of 
 Henry the V III. of Edward VI. and the bigotted Ma- 
 ry ; reigns peculiarly adverse to the extension of in- 
 dustry, trade and navigation. — When Elizabeth as- 
 cended the throne of England, her genius and ambi- 
 tion gave a new direction to the public opinion of the 
 country, and inspired her subjects with a spirit of e- 
 mulation and enterprise which they had never before 
 known - , 
 
 4 
 
 *As earl J as 1678, the state of the Fishery is thus described : 
 " There are about 100 sail of Spaniards, who come to take cod ; 
 vrho make it all wet, and dry it when (hey come home, besides 20 
 or 30 more, who come from Biscay, to kill whales for train. These 
 are better appointed for shipping, and furniture of munition, than 
 any other nation save the English, who commonly are lords of the 
 harbours. As touching their tonnage I think it may be 5 or 6000 of 
 Portugals, there are not above 60 or 60 sail, whose tonnage may 
 amount to dDOO, and they make all wet. Of the French nation there 
 arc about 150 sail, the most of their shipping is very email, not past 
 40 tons, among which are some great, and reasonably well appoint- 
 ed, belter than the Portugals, and not so well as the Spaniards. 
 The burthen of them may be about 7000. The English vessels have 
 increased in four years from SO to 50 sail. The trade which our na- 
 tion had to Iceland maketh that the English are not there ia such 
 numberi as otb^r nations."— .JHacA/uyfe, vol. 8, page 132. 
 
 
ijf 
 
 I'll 
 
 I' 
 
 
 i'/'i' 
 
 Her Majesty granted, in 1679, to Sir Humphrey 
 Gilbert, a patent ** for the discovering, or occupying 
 and peopling, such remote, heathen and barbarous 
 countries, as were not actually possessed by any 
 Christain People." In consequence of this grant, many 
 of his friends Joined him, and preparations were made 
 for an expedition which promised to be highly advan- 
 tageous. But before Gilbert sailed, some declined 
 and retracted their engagements, and soon after he 
 had put to sea a storm arose, in which one of his ships 
 foundered and he was under the necessity of imme- 
 diately returniiig. This misfortune involved him in 
 debt, and he had no other means of satisfying his cre- 
 ditors, but by first granting lands in America, and af- 
 terwards selling his estate. 
 
 Having finally surmounted all difficulties, he set sail 
 from Plymouth on the 11th of June, 1683, with five 
 ships, carrying 260 men ; and on the Uth July arriv- 
 ed off the harbor of St. John, on the eastern coast of 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 On Monday, the 6th of August, he proceeded in 
 state to take formal possession of the Island ; there 
 were at tliat time 36 vessels of different nations in the 
 harbor ; and, having required the Masters and Mer- 
 chants to attend him, and pitched his tent in a con- 
 spicuous situation on shore, he ordered his commis- 
 sion to be read, in different languages, and pro- 
 clamation to be made that, by virtue thereof, he took 
 possession for the Crown of England, of the harbor 
 of St. John, and two hundred leagues every way 
 round it. A turf and twig were then delivered to him, 
 which he received with a hazel wand. The prqcla- 
 roation being finished, assent and obedience were sig- 
 
 l< i; ", 
 
I; 
 
 nifiedb^ «:^ad aoclamations— a pillar was also erected, 
 bearing a plate of lead, on which the Queen's arms 
 were engraved; a tax or provision was then levied on 
 all the ships, and three laws promulgated for the go- 
 vernment of the Colony. 
 
 By the first, public worship was established, accord- 
 ing to the mode of the National Church ; by the se- 
 cond, the attempting of any thing prejudicial to Her 
 Majesty's title, was declared treason according to the 
 laws of England. By the third , the uttering of words 
 to the dishonor of Her Majesty, was to be punished 
 with the loss of ears and confiscation of property. 
 
 On the 20th August, he sailed from Newfoundland, 
 with three ships (the Delight, the Hind and the Squir- 
 rel) with the intention of touching at the Isle of Sa- 
 ble, where he had heard that the Portuguese had 
 landed swine and cattle, 30 years before ; having got 
 upon the hidden sand bars of that formidable Island, 
 he lost the Delight, and not being able to procure any 
 cattle from thence, he determined on returning to 
 England, without either exploring or taking posses- 
 sion of any other part of America. The Squirrel, 
 which Sir Humphry commanded in person, was over- 
 loaded, and foundered in a violent storm at midnight, 
 when every soul on board perished. The Hind 
 arrived at Falmouth, on the 22d of September.* 
 
 ^Sir Humphrey Gilbert was half brother to Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 «nd is represented as a person of such prepossensing manners, a« to 
 have commanded esteem and veneration at first sight ; his statura 
 ivas beyond the ordinary size, his complexion sanguine, and his con< 
 ■titution robust ; he was much celebrated for courjge and prudenco, 
 for genius and learning, for eloquence and patriotism, and for the 
 estimable virtues of private life. It appears that Queen Elizabeth 
 was so well pleased with his conduct on the former voyage, that she 
 gave him, as a mark of her peculiar favour, an emblematical jewel, 
 being a small anchor of beaten gold, with a large pearl at the peak, 
 whidi he wore ever after at his breast ; there were about 100 man on 
 
 11! 
 
:i! 
 
 m 
 
 The next attempt towards a settlement in the North- 
 em part of the Continent, by the English, was made 
 in the year 1607. Sir John Gilbert, who was brother 
 to Sir Humprhey, and inherited his title, was persuad- 
 ed, at a very advanced age, to revive his brother's 
 claim. In pursuance of this idea, he engaged with 
 , Sir John Popham, to fit out a fleet for America. He 
 arrived at the mouth of Sagadahook, on Kenebeo 
 River (in the State of Maine), where they spent the 
 winter under very distressing circumstances, on a 
 small island, containing about eight acres, since called 
 Stage Island. Their intention was to commence a 
 Settlement on the West side of the River, but Sir 
 John Gilbert died during the winter ; the spirit of co- 
 lonization, always faint, became now wholly extinct, 
 and the adventurers returned to England the follow- 
 ing year. The discovery of Cabot, the formal pos- 
 session taken by Sir Humphrey, and the actual resi- 
 dence of Sir John Gilbert, are considered, by the Eng- 
 glish, as the foundation of the right and title of the 
 Crown of England, not only to the territory of New- 
 foundland, and the Fishery on its banks, but to the 
 whole of its possessions in North America. 
 
 The French were not inattentive spectators of the 
 enterprises of the other European powers, and at an 
 
 board of the venel in which he perished, and among the passengers 
 was an Hungarian, Stephen Permanius, whose curiosity and friend- 
 ship for the Admiral induced him to undertake the voyage. lo tbo 
 9th volume of Mass. Hist. Coll. first series, there is a very elegant 
 latin poem, addressed by Permanius to Sir Humphrey, en the sub- 
 ject of the voyage, which turned out so disastrously for both of them. 
 In Hackluyte's collection,also, there is a letter of his, descriptive of 
 Newfoundland, ** quid narrem," he says, " mi Hackluyte, quando 
 preter soltudenem nihil video" — the same idea seems to have struck 
 Lesearbot, for he says he knew, before seeing America, that it was 
 a country covered with wood, lakes and rivers, and that it was ne- 
 •essary to cross the sea to meet it. Indeed, there is not much b^- 
 yood this told ui by any of those who diicovered the New World. 
 
 * It U 
 
 1518. t< 
 Cattle 
 is not n 
 
Hi 
 
 early period D. Aubert, the Baron de Lery, Vere- 
 sanie, Cartier and Roberval, respectively visited Ca- 
 nada, for the purpose of annexing it to the Crown of 
 France. Although their first attempts at settlement 
 were equally unfortunate with those of other nations, 
 yet the trade with the Indians, and the fishery on the 
 coast, proved so lucrative, that the number of annual 
 adventurers to that country was very great. Cape 
 Breton, from its contiguity to Newfoundland, and the 
 Gulfof St. Lawrence, was known before Nova Sco- 
 tia, and was visited by the French and English, for 
 
 the morse and whale fishery. - 
 
 The former were the first who were acquainted 
 with it, and it seems to have derived its name from 
 the Bretons of Bretaigne, in France, who resorted 
 to it in great numbers. In one of the earliest voyages 
 of the English to this Island, undertaken in 1 593, the 
 wreck of a French ship, and a quantity of whale fins, 
 with which she had been loaded, were found on the 
 shore. After the discovery of Canada and Cape 
 Breton, it is natural to suppose Nova Scotia could 
 not long remain unknown ; almost all the authorities 
 attribute its actual discovery (after the voyage of 
 Cabot) to the French, but at what time or by whom- 
 it was firstseen is not well established. The harbour 
 of Canseau was distinguished at an early period as a 
 place extremely suitable for the fishery, and Scavalet, 
 an old mariner, who frequented that port, had made 
 no less than forty voyages to it previous to the year 
 1609.* .^^iu:.','iii J }^^^ :.:.'. ; i-.i -<:. .. ; ;....;. 
 
 f 
 
 !i 
 
 iii 
 
 
 * It ia said that the Baron de Lery had undertaken, in the year 
 1518, to form a Settlement here, and that he landed a number of 
 Cattle on the Isle of Sable ; but this fact is very questionable, and 
 is not noticed by Charlevoix in his Fastes Gbronologic[ue. 
 
 VOL. I. H 
 
10 
 
 !i'l 
 
 *'"!|l 
 
 ii 
 
 Th» Marquis Do la Roche was the first who visit- 
 ed Nova Scotia with an intention to colonize. By 
 the orders of Henry IV. he sailed from France, in the 
 year 1598, carrying with him a number of convicts 
 from the prisons. He landed on the Isle of Sable, 
 which is situated about 50 leagues to the south-east 
 of Cupe-Breton, and thirty-five eastward of Can' 
 seau. This Island, which is small, without any port» 
 and producing nothing but briars, the Marquis ab- 
 surdly thought a fit place for a settlement, and 
 having landed forty persons, he proceeded to make 
 researches in Nova Scotia. The island is narrow, 
 about ten leagues in circumference, and has the 
 shape of a bow, it is interspersed with small sand 
 hills, and ponds of fresh water. After cruising for 
 some time on the coast of Nova Scotia, and exploring 
 its harbours, he was compelled by unfavourable wea- 
 ther to return to France, without the miserable out- 
 casts whom he had set on shore. f ;!!>!%/ .!rh/ 
 
 These unfortunate people were reduced to the 
 greatest distress, and must inevitably have perished, 
 had not a French ship been wrecked on the Island 
 about this period, and a few sheep driven on shore ; 
 with the boards of the wreck they constructed huts, 
 to protect themselves against the inclemency of the 
 weather ; the sheep were soon consumed, and they 
 were compelled to subsist wholly upon fish. Their 
 coats wearing out they made clothes of seal skins, 
 and in this miserable condition they spent seven 
 years ; when the King ordered Chetodel, who had 
 been pilot to De la Roche, to bring them to France. 
 Only twelve of them were found alive, andwhen'they 
 returned, His Majesty had the curiosity to see them 
 
 •Th 
 place oi 
 in 1685 
 v)ith Ml 
 w«re til 
 
 '111 
 
in their seal skin dresses, and long beards. Their 
 appearance was so squallid and distressing, that he 
 ordered them a general pardon i'or their oflfences, and 
 gave to each of the survivors a gratuity of 50 crowns. 
 Chetodel, in taking the convicts oil' the i&land, con- 
 cealed the generous intention >f his Sovereign, and 
 took from them, as a recompence fur his trouble, all 
 the furs* they had collected, some of which, being the 
 skins of black foxes, were of great value ; when they 
 discovered the fraud of the Pilot, they instituted a 
 process at Law against him, and recovered large da- 
 mages, by means of which they were enabled to en- 
 ter into a trade with the Indians. 
 » We have no accounts of any further progress being 
 made by the French in Nova Scotia, until the year 
 1603 — at that time Monsieur De Monts, was appoint- 
 ed by Henry lY. Governor General of this coun- 
 try. There can be no doubt but that the French na- 
 tion had, in the time which intervened betwen the 
 voyages of Cartier and De Monts, kept up a constant 
 communication with the northern parts of America ; 
 had extended both the fur trade and fishery, and 
 perhaps insinuated some of their people as settlers. 
 The commission of De Monts extended from the 40th 
 to the 46 th degrees of north latitude,that is from Vir- 
 ginia almost to the head of Hudson's Bay. As the 
 expense of settling this Colony was to be borne by 
 individuals, and not by the public chest, he had a 
 monopoly of the fur trade throughout this extensive 
 region. This territory had the general appellation 
 
 '* This place ii often mentioned in Wenthrop's Journal, as a 
 place of annual retort for the English and French fishermen. It had, 
 in 1686, about 800 head of horned cattle upon it, and abounded 
 vith sea horses, seals, and black foxes— the teeth of the sea horse 
 were then in great repute, and 400 pairof them were valued at £300, 
 
 '■'i 
 
 1' 
 
\2 
 
 I t 
 
 ^li■;' I 
 
 ' il^ 
 
 !|ii|;:;^ 
 
 m 
 
 of new France. De Monts was a Protestant, ond 
 had obtained permission for ttie free exercise of hit 
 religion within his Government, on condition of let- 
 tiing the country, and disseminating the Roman Ca- 
 tholic Religion among the savages. He was a zoa* 
 lous, intelligent and enterprising man, and well quali- 
 fied for establishing a new colony. The French 
 merchants were so much interested in the Canadian 
 trade, that De Monts was soon enabled to form a nu- 
 merous and wealthy association, who resolved to avail' 
 themselves of this exclusive patent. s^v *u. ... j 
 
 With this view they fitted out 4 ships; De Monts in 
 person took the command of two of them, and wat 
 attended by Charnplain, as a Pilot, who had the pre- 
 ceding year, visited the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nud 
 who afterwards became the founder of Quebec. lie 
 was also accompanied by Pontrincourt, a personal 
 friend, and a number of volunteers. Another of the 
 ships was destined to carry on the fur trade at Ta- 
 doussac, and the fourth was ordered to cruise on the 
 Coasts of Cape Breton and St. John's Island, for the 
 purpose of preventing strangers from carrying on on 
 illicit trade with the Indians. ^ 
 
 On the 17th of March, 1604, De Monts sailed i'rom 
 Havre De Grace, and on the 16th of May arrived at 
 a harbour on the South East side of Acadia, where 
 he found one of his countrymen, Rosignol, trading 
 with the savages without a license. He confiscated 
 the vessel and cargo, leaving the unfortunate man 
 the miserable consolation of perpetuating his name, 
 by transferring it to the harbour^ where he was cap- 
 tured.''" -----■••-*-/w -■•■-- 
 
 * This harbour is now called Liverpool, but tho namo hai betn 
 preserved, the great Liverpool lake being still called lake Roiignol. 
 
iB 
 
 The provision found on board this vessel was pro- 
 bably the cause of such severe treatment, for it was 
 so much required by De Monts, in consequence of 
 the length of his voyage, that unless he had received 
 this supply, the object of the expedition would hav^e 
 been defeated. ^\ 
 
 He then steered westwardly to another port, 
 which, from the accidental circumstance of a sheep 
 leaping overboard, received the name of Harbour 
 Mouton, which it still retains. 
 
 Here they disembarked and erected wigwams, ac- 
 cording to the manner of the Indians. It had been 
 arranged between De Monts and Morell, the Master 
 of one of the other vessels which had been freighted 
 by him, that they should meet at Canscau; and that 
 if De Monts should arrive first, he should erect a cross 
 in some conspicuous part of the harbour, and fasten 
 upon it a letter of instruction . Not having been able 
 to make Canscau, he determined to remain at har- 
 bour Mouton, until he should hear some tidings of 
 Morell. Here they remained a month, amusingthem- 
 selves with hunting and fishing, and making excurr 
 aions into the country ; but the reduced state of their 
 provisions, and the continued absence of Morell, filled 
 them with alarm and anxiety. The missing vessel 
 not only contained their supplies for the winter, but 
 their implements and materials for building, and they 
 were now. reduced to that unpleasant dilemma, that 
 they could neither undertake a settlement without 
 them, nor, consistently with the safety of their return 
 voyage, much longer await their arrival. •»<!./; . » 
 •' It was however agreed upon, to send a party of sa- 
 vages along the shore with one of the creW) to search 
 
 n 
 
 I ! 
 
 1 
 
14 
 
 k 
 
 i i.i 
 
 -'I''',!' 
 
 \- 
 
 ilM 
 
 for their comrades. This they readily undertook to 
 perform; on condition of having their families provid- 
 ed for during their absence, and in a few^ days found 
 the object of their search near Canseau. The ex- 
 traordinary delay of this vessel, it appeared, had in 
 part been occasioned by not discovering the precon- 
 certed signal, and partly by the time spent in captur- 
 ing four French vessels, which they found carrying on 
 a contraband trade with the natives. After having 
 read the instructions sent to him by De Monts, Mo- 
 rell discharged his cargo, and sailed for Tadoussac; 
 while the Indians, by the direction of Pontgravc, 
 who had been placed in charge of the Stores in 
 France, conveyed them in safety to Port Mouton. < 
 
 From thence De Monts coasted the Peninsula to 
 the south-west, doubled Cape Sable, and anchored in 
 the Bay of St. Mary — here they remained several 
 days, and while surveying the coast, discovered a 
 vein of iron ore, and also a mineral, containing a small 
 proportion of silver. 
 
 An accident occurred to them here which cast a 
 gloom on the whole party, and gave rise to mutual 
 recrimination between the Protestants and Catholics 
 of the little Colony. A Clergyman of the name of 
 Daubr^, well connected at Paris, had, from an ar- 
 dent desire to see America, embarked in this expedi- 
 tion contrary to the wishes of all his friends, who 
 had even dispatched an express to Honfleur to en- 
 treat him to abandon the voyage. . . . : * 
 
 Desirous of availing himself of every opportunity 
 of examining the productions of the Country, he was 
 ever foremost in those little excursions which they 
 occasionally made onshore. On one of those occa- 
 
 *Now 
 tNow 
 
15 
 
 •ionthe had disencumbered himself of his sword, to 
 lie down and drink at a spring of pure water, and hav- 
 ing overtaken his party discovered that he had left 
 it behind him, and returned to search for it. Dur- 
 ing the remainder of their ramble his absence was 
 not noticed, but when assembled in the boat to 
 return to the vessel, it was first observed that the 
 Priest was missing. By some it was said he must 
 have been lost in the woods, by others that he had 
 fallen a prey to wild animals, while many openly 
 accused a protestant of having murdered him, be- 
 cause they had sometimes had warm disputes on the 
 subject of religion. They waited for him several 
 days, firing guns and sounding trumpets, but in vain ; 
 the noise of the sea was so great that no other sound 
 could be heard. Having abandoned all hope of find- 
 ing him, they quitted the place,and proceeded to ex- 
 amine that extensive Bay on the west of the Peninsu- 
 la, to which they gave the name of La baye Fran- 
 coise, but which is now called the Bay of Fundy. — 
 On the Eastern side of the Bay they discovered a 
 narrow Straight, into which they entered, and soon 
 found themselves in a spacious Basin, environed with 
 hills, from which descended streams of fresh water. 
 To one of these, they gave the name of Laquille.* 
 It was bordered with beautiful meadows, and filled 
 with delicate fish. Pontrincourt was sol charmed 
 with the beauty and safety of the harbour, the ex- 
 tent and fertility of the praries, that he chose it for 
 his residence, and having received a grant of it from 
 De Monts, he called it Port Royal .f 
 
 M 
 
 * Novr Allan*! River 
 t Now Annapolii. 
 
16 
 
 I ' f'^ 
 
 i" :;l;'' 
 
 i From this place De Monts sailed further into the 
 great bay, to visit a copper mine (Cape Dore). It 
 was a high rock between two bays, and the metal was 
 found to be pure, and to resemble Rosette Copper. 
 ;They also riiscovered in the same neighbourhood 
 (Parrsboro), chrystais and blue stones, of a shining 
 colour, similar in their appearance to those known by 
 the name of Turquoise. Champdore, having found a 
 beautiful specimen of the latter kind, broke it into two 
 pieces, and gave one of them to De Monts, and the 
 4>ther to Pontrincourt, who, on their return to Paris, 
 had them handsomely set by a Jeweller, and present- 
 ed them to the King and Queen. On a further exa- 
 mination of the Bay, they came to a great River, 
 jcalled by the natives Ouangondy, but which they af- 
 terwards named Saint John, from having discovered 
 it on the 24th of June, the day of the Festival of St 
 John the Baptist. Imagining that a shorter commu- 
 nication might be found by this river, than by the sea, 
 to the Bay of Chaleur and Tadoussac, they sailed up 
 the stream as far as the depth of water would permit. 
 The extent of this river, the fish with which it was 
 filled, the grapes growing on its banks, and the beau- 
 ty of the scenery, were all objects of wonder and ad- 
 miration. From this river they coasted the Bay 
 Southwestwardly, till they came to an island in the 
 middle of a river, which Charaplain had previously 
 explored. Finding the situation naturally strong, 
 «nd easily fortified, and that the season was already 
 advanced, De Monts resolved to build a fort and 
 spend the winter there. To this Island he gave the 
 name of St. Croix, on account of the singular inter- 
 section of some brooks two leagues up the River, 
 
17 
 
 which suggested the idea of a cross. Wliile the men 
 were employed in cutting down timber for the frames 
 of their buildings, Champdore, accompanied by a 
 mineralogist, sailed for St. Mary's Bay, and entered 
 it by the Petit passage ; his object was to make a 
 more minute examination of the iron ore, and to as- 
 certain whether the indications of silver, which he 
 had discovered on the first visit, were at all connect- 
 ed with any strata of that mineral. During the time 
 they Y>^ere engaged in these researches^ a boat was 
 employed in catching fresh fish ; the attention of the 
 crew was,on one of these occasions, attracted by a sig- 
 nal from the shore. It was the unfortunate Daubre, 
 who, finding his voice too weak to hail, had attached 
 his handkerchief and hat to a stick, and held them 
 up to view,* in hopes that these European artides 
 would be immediately recognized. Pale, feeble and 
 emaciated, his sudden appearance astonished them 
 as much as if he had risen from the grave, for this 
 was the sixteenth day since he had parted from them 
 in the woods. The account which he gave of him- 
 self was, that having found his sword, he proceeded 
 in great haste to rejoin his companions, but that, after 
 having travelled some distance, he found himself most 
 unexpectedly on the very spot from which he had set 
 out ; that the sense of his danger increased his per:* 
 plexity, and that at last, after great fatigue and anxie- 
 ty, he reached the shore, where he continued to 
 watch for the appearance of some of the natives. 
 During the whole of this lime he had subsisted upon 
 berries, and the roots of succulent plants, which 
 
 • -• ■ '•■ ■■ •■ •■, . - ■-,-.1 ,:y 
 
 ""' Candidaque iinposui vclaniina virgas .... ,- r. ^ 
 
 Scilicet oblitos admonilura mei. ..vi --ui 
 
 * ! 
 
 • ')| 
 
 'i1 
 
 I W'l 
 
 ;i 
 
 VOL.~I. 
 
IIH"!! 
 
 had reduced him to such a degree, that it was 
 found necessary to restrict his diet ; he returned 
 with the party to St. Croix, to the inexpressible 
 joy of De Monts, and to the great relief of the poor 
 man who had been so unjustly accused of having as- 
 sassinated him. 
 
 The Island of St. Croix is about half a league in 
 circumference — on the side towards the sea, there 
 is a small hill upon which some cannon were 
 placed, and on the opposite side, which commands 
 the entrance of the river, the fort was built. It con- 
 tained apartments for De Monts, which were neatly 
 fitted up with panel work, and above it floated the 
 royal standard. There was also a magazine erected, 
 covered with shingles, in which were deposited the 
 provisions and stores of the party ; and likewise a 
 small chapel, built in the shape of a bower, the 
 sides and roof of which were supported by living 
 trees. Near the magazine stood the houses of 
 D'Orville, Champlain and Champdore, and the other 
 gentlemen of the party, and also a long covered galle- 
 ry, for exercise in bad weather. — The space between 
 the fort and the battery was laid out for gardens, and 
 although the season had elapsed for raising vegetables, 
 as they wanted both occupation and amusement, they 
 immediately sowed it with seeds, and vied with 
 each other in producing the earliest plants, and in 
 decorating their little enclosures. ^ 
 
 Pontrincourt, who came to the country merely for 
 the purpose of selecting a retreat for himself and f**,- 
 m.ily, and had already made choice of Port Roy- 
 al, embarked on board of one of the vessels which 
 was now ready for sea; and returned to France. 
 
 •)!::- 1 
 
I 
 
 19 
 
 The savages, inhabiting the islands and shores of 
 the bays and rivers, assembled at St. Croix, and vi- 
 sited the French at their encampment, and were 
 charmed with their society and manners. They con- 
 sidered De Monts as a being of superior order, and 
 on several occasions referred their disputes to him as 
 an umpire, and abided by his decision as just and 
 equitable. *-^tvi.,ii, :-•,.•.•..,' M's-fn. ^^u.t.-^tr.ef ' 
 
 The French were not long in discovering that they 
 had made a very injudicious choice for a settlement, 
 for though they had been successful in clearing the 
 ground, and their grain had grown luxuriantly, they 
 found themselves, at the approach of winter, without 
 wood for fuel, with no other provisions than salt 
 meat, and, to crown their misfortunes, without fresh 
 water. Many of the settlers drank melted snow, 
 which rendered the Colony unhealthy, and the scur- 
 vy breaking out among them, thirty-six died during 
 the winter, which, with other casualties, reduced the 
 number of the survivors to forty. The plant called 
 Annedda, which Cartier speaks of as in use among the 
 Savages in Canada, as an antidote to the scurvy, and 
 which has been conjectured to be the Sassafras, was 
 unknown to the natives of St. Croix. These incon- 
 veniences induced De Monts to seek a more favora- 
 ble place for settlement. As soon as the coast was 
 clear of ice in the spring, he proceeded to explore the 
 country on the west side of the island. He succes- 
 sively visited Penopscot, Kenebec, Casco, and Saco, 
 and coasted as far as Malabarre, which had formerly 
 (1602) received from Bartholomew Gosnold, the name 
 of Cape Cod. 
 
 The natives appeared to be both numerous andun- 
 
 ' I'll 
 ■ ■ ■ -I 
 
 i ^'1 
 hi 
 
20 
 
 1 
 
 
 iixn 
 
 friendly on this coast, and his company being tou 
 small to effect a settlement in the face of opposition, 
 he returned to St. Croix. ; m 
 
 The spring having been spent in this voyage, and 
 no succours arriving from Europe, De Monts deter- 
 mined upon going to Newfoundland, and from thence 
 to return to France ; but while he was making pre- 
 parations for the voyage, Pontgrave arrived with 
 supplies, and a reinforcement of forty men. He was 
 received with a salute from the battery, and the 
 drooping spirits of the emigrants were revived by the 
 timely aid of their countrymen. 
 
 At the suggestion of Pontgrave the whole party 
 removed to Port Royal. - . 
 
 Here a point of land, which commands the naviga- 
 tion of the river, was selected as the most suitable 
 glace {(X a settlement ; buildings were erected to re- 
 ceive the stores brought from St. Croix, and such was 
 the despatch with which their labors were executed, 
 that in a short time they found themselves comforta- 
 bly settled. The autumn now approaching, De Monts 
 set sail for France, leaving his lieutenant, Pontgrave, 
 and Champlain and Champdore, to explore the inte- 
 rior. The whole of the country now called Nova- 
 Scotia, New-Brunswick,and part of the state of Maine, 
 acquired the name of Acadia.-^ This appellation,which 
 was first given to it in the commission of De Monts, 
 like many others that accident gave to America, was 
 indefinite and uncertain ; sometimes applied to the 
 extent just mentioned, at others limited to the penin- 
 sula, and occasionally restricted to a still smaller 
 
 * In the CommiMion it is called Cadie, it was afterwardfl called 
 Arcadia, Aec«dia and L'Acadie. 
 
21 
 
 compass. Here, as at St. Croix, tlicy had the good 
 fortune to conciliate the aflections of tlie Indians, who 
 flocked to them in great numbers to exchange their 
 furs for European commodities. . i ' • • ... *3.,,, , 
 During the winter the little Colony was abundant- 
 ly supplied with venison, but there was a great scar- 
 city of bread ; not on account of any deficiency of 
 corn, but from their not having any other means of 
 grinding it than a hand mill, which required hard and 
 continued labour. The Savages were so averse to 
 this exercise, that the preferred hunger to the task of 
 grinding corn,^ although they were offered half of the 
 meal as a remuneration for their toil. De Monts and 
 Pontrincourt were, in the mean time, preparing in 
 France, amidst every discouragement, for another 
 voyage. On the 13th May, 1606, they sailed from 
 Honfleur in a vessel of 150 tons, and after a long 
 and disagreeable passage, arrived at Canseau. Fear- 
 ing that the length of the voyage might have alarm- 
 ed Pontgrave, and induced him to quit Port Royal, 
 a party of savages was dispatched overland to an- 
 nounce their arrival, and a boat was sent coastwise 
 to intercept him if on his way, and communicate the 
 «ame intelligence. Having made these arrangements, 
 and taken on board a quantity of wood and water, 
 they proceeded on their voyage, and visited Port 
 Mouton, where they found the camps still standing 
 which De Monts had built two years before. From 
 thence they sailed to Port Royal where they arrived 
 on the 27th of July. Here their fears were fully real- 
 
 !i 
 
 Til 
 
 * This operation appears in all countries to have been considered 
 as the meanest species of drudgery. *' All the first born shall die, 
 from the first born of Pbaroah who sittethon his throne, even to the 
 first born of the maid servant that is behind the mill.— 'Exod. 
 
 i 
 
m 
 
 ized — Pontgrave had quitted the place twelve days. 
 According to the instructions he had received from De 
 MontSj he had made preparations for exploring the 
 coast south of Cape Cod, but was twice driven back 
 by contrary winds, and the third time wrecked at 
 the mouth of the harbour. The men and stores were 
 saved, but the vessel was incapable of repair. 
 
 He immediately employed his people in building a 
 bark and pinnace, to enable him to reach some of 
 the ports frequented by his countrymen, and in the 
 event of any accident happening to Dc Monts, to re- 
 turn to France. He waited until the 15th of July, 
 when he loaded the vessels with the stores and mer- 
 chandize, but not being able to remove the whole, 
 two men volunteered to remain in charge of them. 
 He then bid adieu to the friendly Indians and quitted 
 the place. It was fortunate that De Monts had taken 
 the precaution of leaving a boat at Canseau to ex- 
 amine the harbours on the coast, for in. one of them 
 they found Pontgrave who immediately returned to 
 Port Royal. " '^''' 
 
 The relief which Pontrincourt and De Monts 
 brought to the infant settlement, came so season- 
 ably, that it soon began to wear a different aspect. 
 But the improvements made there, were in a great 
 measure owing to Lescarbot, a French Lawyer, who, 
 partly from curiosity, and partly from friendship to 
 Pontrincourt, accompanied him in his last voyage. 
 This gentleman pressed upon Pontrincourt the pro- 
 priety of importing domestic animals, and of devot- 
 ing more time to the tillage of the soil, thereby 
 rendering himself independent of the Indians for 
 supplies, and more successful in his trade with a 
 
23 
 
 % 
 
 people who were not slow in perceiving the extent 
 of his distress and embarrassments. Pontrincourt 
 now began to dear a piece of land for winter 
 grain, and sowed several sorts of garden vege- 
 tables, but notwithstanding all the beauty and ferti- 
 lity of Port Royal, De Monts was still desirous of 
 discovering some situation more to the southward, 
 for settlement. 
 
 He therefore prevailed un Pontrincourt to make 
 another voyage to Cape Malabarre, and so earnest 
 was he to have this matter accomplished, that he 
 would not wait till the next spring, but prepared a 
 vessel for him to sail as soon as his own ship was 
 ready for sea. * 
 
 On the 28th of August, the ship and bark both 
 sailed from Port Royal. In the former, De Monts 
 and Pontgrave returned to France, while Pontrin- 
 court, Champlain and Champdore, crossed the bay to 
 St. Croix, and thence sailed along the coast to Cape 
 Malabarre. 
 
 During their absence, Lescarbot crossed the north 
 mountain as far as the Bay of Fundy , and discovered 
 a lake on the highest part of it; he also sailed up the 
 river as far as the depth of water would permit a 
 boat to pass, and found it bordered with extensive 
 meadows, and irrigatedby a number of streams of 
 fresh water. In the mean time the people were em- 
 ployed in making charcoal— in erecting a bake house, 
 in digging a deep trench round the fort, and in other 
 labt^s necessary for their protection and comfort. 
 The voyage of Pontrincourt to the Malabarre or Cape 
 Cod coast, was as unpleasant and unsatisfactory as 
 that of De Monts had been. 
 
 r 
 
 I I I 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 ! if 
 
S4 
 
 Ti. 
 
 I I 
 
 lie found the savoges numerous, unfriendly, and 
 tliievish. 
 
 Having injured the rudder of his vessel, he enter- 
 ed a harbour near the Cape, and remained there fif- 
 teen days, where he erected a forge to repair the iron 
 bolts, and built a temporary oven for baking ; when 
 the bark was ready to sail, Pontrincourt took a walk 
 into the country to examine its natural productions. 
 In his absence some of the natives visited his crew 
 and stole a hatchet. Two guns were fired at them 
 and they fled. 
 
 In returning, he saw several parties of the savages 
 carrying away tlieir children and their corn, and 
 hiding themselves, while he and his companions 
 passed. -jih m^ • 
 
 The next morning a shower of arrows were dis- 
 charged among his people, two of whom were killed 
 and several others wounded. The savages having 
 taken their revenge they fled, and it was in vain to pur- 
 sue them. The dead were buried at the foot of a 
 cross, which he had erected on his landing, and while 
 the funeral service was peri'orming, the savages were 
 dancing and yelling in mock concert, within hear- 
 ing, but at a convenient distance. Wl^en the 
 French embarked, the savages took down the cross, 
 dug up the bodies, and stripped them of their grave 
 clothes, which they carried ofi'in triumph. Pontiin- 
 court, in attempting to pass round the Cape, was 
 driven by contrary winds into thcsamc harbour, where 
 the savages oflering to trade, six or seven of them 
 were seized and put to death for their perfidious con- 
 duct. Having two wounded men on board whose 
 lives were considered in great danger, and the season 
 
25 
 
 being advanced, he determined to return to Port Roy- 
 al, where he arrived on the 14th of November. 
 
 His return was celebrated with general festivity. 
 He wa8 received with great formality by his friends, 
 who united in a procession and escorted him to the 
 fort, reciting verses, composed by Lescarbot for the 
 occasion. Over the gate of the fort were placed the 
 arms of France, surmounted with a crown of wild 
 laurels, with the inscription 
 
 Duo proteget unus . 
 Above the door of the house of Pontrincourt, were 
 suspended wreaths of laurel, and in large letters 
 was written : Invia virtuti nulla est via. 
 
 The apartments of De Monts were graced in the 
 same manner, with the motto : • • 
 
 Dalnt dev3 his quoque fmem . ' ' ^ • 
 
 The manner in which they spent the winter was 
 social and pleasant. At the principal table, to which 
 fifteen persons belonged, an order was established 
 ut the suggestion of Champlain, by the name of Le 
 Bon temps. Every one took his turn to be caterer and 
 steward, for one day, during which he wore the col- 
 lar of the order, and a napkin, and carried a staff. 
 Thus accoutred, when dinner was announced, the 
 President advanced to the head of the table, and 
 was followed by the other members of the club in 
 succession. A f cor supper he resigned his insignia of 
 office, with the ceremony of drinking a cup of wine, 
 to the next in rotation. The advantage of this in- 
 stitution was, that each one was emulous to be pre- 
 pared for his day, by previously hun Jng, or fishing, 
 or purchasing game and provisions of the natives, 
 who constantly resided among them, and were ex- 
 VOL. I. 4 
 
 
2Q 
 
 tremely pleased with their visitors. The wcathor 
 during the early part of the winter was unusually 
 mild ; on a Sunday in the early part of January, 
 they went in an open boat two leagues, to viitit their 
 corn field, recreated themselves with musio, and 
 dined cheerfully in the sun-shine ; early in tho 
 spring they prepared their gardens, the produce of 
 which was exceedingly grateful, as were alio tho 
 numerous fish which came into the river. They 
 also erected a water-mill,* which not only saved 
 them much labour in grinding their corn, but gave 
 them more time for fishing. 
 
 The fish which they caught were herring! and 
 alcwives, several hogsheads of which were pickled 
 and sent to France. In April they began to build 
 two vessels for the purpose of visiting the ports fre- 
 quented by their countrymen, to learn some news 
 from the Mother Country, as well as to get supplies 
 for their subsistence. Having no pitch, to pay the 
 seams, they were obliged to cut pine trees, and burn 
 them in Mm, by which means they obtained a suf- 
 ficiency. At this period there was a war between 
 the Indians of Acadia, and the ArmouchequoiS) or na- 
 tives of the country near Gape Cod ; the warriors of 
 the peninsula were assembled at iPort Royal and 
 encamped in the neighbourhood of the fort, to the 
 number of four hundred fighting men, under Mam- 
 bertou, a celebrated Sachem. Though smaller in 
 stature than the natives of Canada, they were ac- 
 tive well made men, and had not long since return- 
 ed from an incursion into the country of tho Eiqui- 
 
 * This was built on the river Loquillc,now called AlUn'f Rivfli 
 the aite is now occupied by a Mill. 
 
27 
 
 maux. Their camp was laid out with as much re- 
 gularity as a town, and enclosed with a high wicker 
 fence, composed of tall slender treesjsharpcncd at the 
 point and forced into the gro»jnd, and then interwo- 
 ven with others of the same kind, until the whole 
 was united into a strong and impervious wall ; in the 
 centre was a large tent, where the chiefs assembled, 
 and where the banquet was held, and at certain 
 distances were the cabins of each separate district. 
 
 The French were gratified with the sight of their 
 embarkation, each portion of the tribe under its own 
 leader, but the whole combined under one command, 
 and conducted with the greatest regularity and order. 
 
 The river was covered with their canoes, in which 
 they passed the b.iy of Fundy, and joined another 
 force collected on the river St. John, for the same ex- 
 pedition. It was the greatest Indian army they had 
 ever witnessed, and they were not a little concern- 
 ed at their assembling and fortifying themselves in 
 their vicinity. ^- n - * : • ; 
 
 It was therefore with mingled emotions of pleasure 
 and wonder that they stood on the ramparts, and saw 
 this numerous flotilla pass in rapid and noiseless suc- 
 cession over the broad expanse of water which lay 
 between them and the mouth of the harbour. 
 
 Great uneasiness was now manifested among the 
 French, for the arrival of De Monts. Their anxious 
 eyes were constantly turned towards the entrance of 
 the basin, and, as they fondly clung to the hope 
 that every day would bring them joyful intelligence, 
 they were continually creating expectations which 
 ended in disappointment ; every canoe which ap- 
 peared on the bosom of the harbour, was magnified 
 
 i M 
 
 ■ ' : Hi 
 \ ! 
 
 i 
 
 I II 
 
into the barge of a vessel, and every unusual sound 
 waspronounced to be the report of the signal gun, 
 fired by the watch stationed at the Narrows. At 
 last, on the morning of Ascension-day, a sail was 
 discovered, which proved to be a pinnace from Can- 
 seau with the supplies sent from France, a large 
 portion of which had been ungenerously consumed on 
 the voyage by the crew. The letters brought by this 
 vessel informed them that the Dutch had insinuated 
 themselves into the Fur trade on the Eastern shore, 
 having been conducted by a treacherous French- 
 man. The aviu'ice of these people was so great that 
 they had opened the graves of the dead, and taken 
 the beaver skins in which they had been buried. 
 This conduct was so highly resented by the sa- 
 vages at Cans.eau, that they killed the person who 
 had shown the places where the dead were laid. 
 De Monts also informed them that, on his return, hs 
 found public opinion had undergone a change, ex- 
 tremely unfavourable to his interest. The French 
 Court began to think they had adopted a very erro- 
 neous and ruinous policy in granting such exclusive 
 privileges. 
 
 The masters of all the fishing vessels from the 
 several ports in France, complained to the ministry 
 thatDe Monts, on pretence of preventing their trade 
 with the Indians, restricted them from obtaining the 
 neeessary supplies for the fishery, and expressed 
 their fears that they must necessarily abandon the 
 trado, unless these evils were redressed. The 
 Council were fully sensible of the injurious tendency 
 which a failure of the fishery was likely to have on 
 the oommerc^ and navigation of the country, and 
 
therefore the exclusive privileges were revoked, al- 
 though there were ten years of the term yet unex- 
 pired. « ' 
 . Thejealousies which the great privileges and ex- 
 tensive grant of De Monts had created against him, 
 in France, were not appeased by the recal of his mo- 
 nopoly of the fur trade, and his enemies finally pre- 
 vailed in having his commission cancelled. 
 
 The trifling compensation of six thousand livres, 
 was all he was enabled to obtain, to reimburse him 
 for the expense he had incurred in founding the 
 Colony. Pontrincourt, though distressed to find 
 that De Monts had quitted all connection with Aca- 
 dia, was determined to reside at Port Royal, though 
 none but hit own family should accompany him. He 
 was very desirous to see the issue of his first at- 
 tempt at agriculture, and therefore detained the ves- 
 sel, in which he intended to return, as long as he 
 could ; and employed his bark in small voyages 
 about the bay to trade for furs, and gather specimens 
 of iron and copper, to be transported to France. 
 When they were all ready to sail, he tarried eleven 
 days longer than the rest, that he might carry 
 home the first fruits of his harvest. This delay ena- 
 bled him to see his friend Mambertou, previous to 
 his departure, and to bid farewell to one for whom 
 he had conceived a great regard. Mambertou had re- 
 turned victorious from his attack on his enemies, but 
 was inconsolable when he heard that, the French 
 were about abandoning the fort. He wept in a 
 manner unusual with savages, under the greatest 
 diitreif, and exacted a promise from Pontrincourt, 
 that he would return ^he next summer, and teach 
 
 
 i!i 
 
 i ii 
 
 I II 
 
30 
 
 him those arts which made the white man so much 
 his superior. - » ■ 
 
 Leaving the buildings, and part of the provisions, 
 with the standing corn, as a present to the friendly 
 natives, Pontrincourt finally sailed from Port Royal, 
 on the 11th of August, and joined the other vessels 
 at Canseau, from which place they all proceeded to 
 France, where they arrived in the latter end of Sep- 
 tember. Specimens of the wheat, rye, barley, and 
 oats, were shown to the King, which, with the o- 
 ther productions of the country, animal and mineral, 
 were highly acceptable. 
 
 The next spring several families were sent to re- 
 new the plantation, who found that the savages had 
 gathered several barrels of corn, which had been left 
 standing, and had reserved one for their friends 
 whom they expected to return. v^ >^ 
 
 The King, having confirmed to Pontrincourt the 
 grant of Port Royal, which he had received from 
 De Monts, intimated to him that it was now time to 
 think of the con version of the savages, and that he 
 must provide for the reception of two Jesuit Priests, 
 who vvere willing to devote themselves to that ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Pontrincourt, though a zealous Catholic, had con- 
 ceived the prevailing prejudice against the Jesuits, 
 and secretly resolved to disobey the orders he had 
 received for their transportation to America. 
 
 The priests were amused from time to time, by 
 promises which at last they discovered were never 
 intended to be fulfilled, and, at the death of the 
 King of France, found themselves without a protec- 
 tor and without redress. It had, however, become 
 
31 
 
 fashionabk m France to commiserate the condition 
 of the iicaihen inhabitants of the New-world, and 
 Bcart and Masse, two misionaries, were at length 
 conveyed to Port Royal, after much repugnance on 
 the part of the Governor. 
 
 Immediately after their arrival, they zealously 
 employed themselves in cultivating an acquaintance 
 with the natives, and in order to become more 
 thoroughly possessed of a knowledge of their habits, 
 prejudices and characters, they visited their several 
 cantonments. On one of these occasions Father 
 Beart, who was accompanied by an Indian guidO) 
 overcome by fatigue, and affected by the constant 
 change of water, became exceedingly ill. His com- 
 panion considering him in imminent danger, became 
 much perplexed, and fearing, if he should die while 
 alone with him, that the French would accuse him 
 of having murdered him, actually conceived the 
 idea of putting him to death. He acquainted the 
 priest with the difficulty of his situation, and request- 
 ed him to write sl certificate, that, being reduced to 
 the point of death, and desirous of freeing the cha- 
 racter of his guide, from any imputation of crime, he 
 had signed such a paper to be produced in the event 
 of his dissolution. Father Beart, perceiving the 
 design of the savage, refused to give him the certifi- 
 cate, and instantly upbraided him with an intention 
 of assassinating him, upon which he confessed his 
 guilt, and implored forgiveness, not doubting that 
 the detection of this his inmost thought proceeded 
 from a spirit of divination. 
 
 Their intercourse with the natives was naturally 
 unsatisfactory, from the difficulty of conveying their 
 
 ■ 'iiii 
 
32 
 
 i!-! 
 
 instructions to a people with whose language they 
 were unacquainted, and who were equally ignorant of 
 theirs. Mambertou, their chief, and his son, the guide 
 just alluded to, were the only savages who had made 
 any progress in acquiring the French language, and 
 the former was now at the point of death. He had 
 been the earliest friend of the Colony, and the oldest 
 convert, having been baptised on the first visit of De 
 Monts, and named * Henry,' after the King of France. 
 As soon as he found himself in danger, he requested 
 permission to remove into the fort, where he receiv- 
 ed every attention that friendship could suggest. The 
 violence of his disorder was such, that medicines 
 were unavailing, and he died at the advanced age of 
 upwards of a hundred years. Previous to his death 
 he received the last rites of religion, but long and 
 resolutely opposed the earnest request of the Priest 
 to be interred in the burial ground of the fort. The 
 strong natural desire which most men have to re- 
 pose in death near the object of their affections, is 
 developed in the fullest extent among savages. 
 Although he had abandoned the superstition of his na- 
 tion, he could not endure the idea that, as their 
 Chief, he should be separated from the departed war- 
 riors of his people, and it is probable that he still 
 clung to the notion that his spirit would require, even 
 in the grave, the consolation of the annual visits of 
 the tribe at their great cemetry . He, however, at last 
 consented to be disposed of as they thought proper, 
 and was buried at Port Royal ; his funeral was at- 
 tended by an immense concourse of Indians, whose 
 fires illuminated the surrounding woods, for many 
 successive nights, and his remains were interred by 
 
33 
 
 the French, with military honors, suitable to the 
 rank of a commandant, ' . . v 
 
 From the reluctance which Pontrincourt had al- 
 ways manifested to the reception of the Priests at 
 Port Royal, it is natural to suppose that their resi- 
 dence at that place was far from being agreeable 
 to them. Soon after their arrival, he gave them to 
 understand that they were not to intermeddle with 
 th6 affairs of the colony, it being his part to rule them 
 on earth, and theirs merely to guide him to Heaven, Af- 
 ter his departure for France, his son, Biencourt, dis- 
 daining to be controlled by those whose presence was 
 rather the result of intrusion than invitation, threa- 
 tened them with corporal punishment in return for 
 their spiritual anathemas. , -a^ 
 
 The accounts which they sent to France of their 
 treatment, were such, that their patroness. Madam 
 De Gourcherville, determined on their removal to 
 some other place in the vicinity, where they might 
 meet with no interruptions to their pious labours. In 
 the spring of the year, 1613, she dispatched a ves- 
 sel to Acadia under the command of M. Saussaye, 
 with all the stores requisite for founding a new colo- 
 ny. Saussaye sailed from Honfieur on the 13th March, 
 in a vessel of 100 tons, accompanied by two priests, 
 and on the 16th of May arrived at Le Have, where he 
 set up the arms of Madam De Gouchorville in token 
 of possession. Proceeding from thence to Port Royal, 
 he produced his credentials to the Governor, by which 
 he was authorised to take the reverend Fathers into 
 theserviceof the new mission. 
 
 They accordingly left this place and sailed for 
 Mount Desert, where the Jesuits having chosen a si- 
 
 VOL. I. 6 
 
 M 
 
34 
 
 tuation for a settlement, and erected a crosH, they 
 celebrated mass, and called the place St. Saviour. 
 
 The number of the emigrants amounted to twenty- 
 five, who, with the assistance of thirty-five sailors, 
 belonging to the vessels, began to erect suitable build- 
 ings and to clear a piece of ground for cultivation, 
 and in a short time, by their united labors, these ob- 
 jects were effected. 
 
 "While congratulating themselves on the accomoda- 
 tions they had provided for themselves in this retreat, 
 they were surprised by the appearance of an enemy. 
 The early settlements of the English in America 
 proved unsuccessful, and it was not until after repeat- 
 ed miscarriages that a permanent establishment was 
 effected in Virginia. A large and undefined tract of 
 country which had hitherto been known under that 
 general appellation, was, in 1606, granted to two asso- 
 ciations called the London and Plymouth companies, 
 who were authorised to possess the lands in America 
 lying between the 34th and 45th degrees of north la- 
 titude. The southern part, called South Virginia, was 
 conveyed to the former company, and the northern, 
 called North Virginia, to the latter. 
 
 The London company, immediately after the re- 
 ceipt of their patent, sent out 1 05 persons under Capt. 
 Newport, to commence a settlement on the island of 
 Roanoke. Having been driven to the northward of 
 their destination, they entered the Chesapeake, and 
 sailing up the ' Powhaton,' which discharges itself in- 
 to that bay, they named it James' River ; and in May, 
 1607, began a settlement which they called James 
 Town. About 1609 Argall discovered a shorter and 
 more direct passage to Virginia, and left the track of 
 ths ancient navigators^ who had first directed their 
 
Jo 
 
 cotirse southward to the tropic, sailed westward by 
 means of the trade winds, and then turned northwards 
 till they reached the English settlements. The same 
 year, 500 persons under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir 
 George Soniers, were embarked for Virginia. Somers' 
 ship, meeting with a tempest, was driven into the Ber- 
 mudas, and laid the foundation of a colony in those 
 islands. Lord Delaware afterwards undertook the 
 government of the English plantations, but, notwith- 
 standing all his care, seconded by supplies from King 
 James, and by money raised by the first lottery ever 
 known in the kingdom, such difficulties attended the 
 formation of these Provinces, that in 1614, there were 
 not alive more than 400 men of all that had been sent 
 thither.* The English planters at Virginia were for 
 
 il 
 
 'm 
 
 * It may be necessary, in order to ^hew the relative situation of 
 this colony to others, to exhibit the dates of their respective set- 
 tlements. In 1608, or 1609, Henry Hudson discovered the River 
 which now bears his name and in 1614 some Dutch adventurers 
 built a fort on its banks, which was the foundation of Albany. The 
 next year a fort was built on the island of Manhatton, now the Ci- 
 ty of JVew York. In 1614 Captain Smith visited the coast which 
 De Monts and Pontrincourt had explored, from Penobscot to Cape 
 Malabarro, and prepared a chart of it ; on the 22d December, 
 1620, the Puritans, who had fled from England to Holland, to avoid 
 persecution, arrived at Plymouth, which was the first settlement 
 in JVeto England, three or four years after which JVew Jersey 
 was settled by Dutch and Danes. In 1619, a Governor General 
 arrived at Virginia, from England, with instructions to convoke 
 a colonial legislature ; to this assembly 11 towns sent representa- 
 tives, who sat with the Governor and Council— this was the first 
 American Legislature. In 1623, the first settlements were made 
 in JVcto Hampshire. In 1627, Delaware was first settled by a 
 number of Danes and Fins. In 162S, Sa/em was settled by John 
 Endicot and others, which was the commencement of the colony 
 of Massachusetts. In 1632, Maryland was granted to Lord 
 Baltimore, and the next year settled by his brother. In 1633, the 
 first house was wected in Connecticut. In 1663, a Royal Charter 
 was granted by Charles the Second, for Rhode Island. In the 
 same year Carolina was granted to Lord Clarendon, and seven 
 others, and, two years afterwards, was enlarged, to include what 
 now is Georgia, Florida, and two Carolinas. In 1639, the colony of 
 JVet0 Haven was formed, and a charter granted for the Province of 
 Maine. In 1681 , William Ponn obtained a grant of the country of 
 PtnnsylvaniQ. In 1676, the Province of New Jersey was divided 
 
 \\\ 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
36 
 
 1 1 
 
 i I 
 
 some time ignorant of Dc Monts' settlement in Aca- 
 dia, but Captain Argall, who had accompanied an 
 English fleet, consisting of eleven sail, on a trading 
 and fishing voyage to that coast, in the year 1G13, 
 was informed that some white people had settled at 
 Moupt Desert. Having visited several ports, and 
 obtained an accurate account of their force, he con- 
 cluded they were Frenchmen, and though the parent 
 states were both at peace, immediately resolved to 
 attack them, as intruders on the chartered limits of 
 Virginia. The ship which he commanded mounted 
 14 guns, and was manned with a crew suiRciently 
 numerous to ensure success. *: .tuw. 
 
 The wind being fair, he set sail for the island, 
 where he found the people dispersed at their va- 
 rious employments, and altogether unprepared to 
 receive an enemy — a ship and a bark were lying at 
 anchor in the harbour, but were soon overpowered 
 and taken. Gilbert Du Thet, one of the Jesuits, 
 was shot through the head with a musket ball, 
 while animating the people to defence. Argall then 
 landed h'is men to attack the fort, but the French, 
 finding resistence to be unavailing, abandoned it 
 and fled to the woods. The island was then taken 
 possession of in the name of the King of England, 
 and the cross broken to pieces which had been 
 erected by the Jesuits. The King's commission 
 having been discovered, it was concealed by Argall, 
 who upon Saussaye surrendering himself the next 
 day, required him to exhibit the authority under 
 which he had attempted to make the settlement ; 
 
 into Eut and Weat Jersey, and continued divided until 1702, when 
 tliejr w«re agaia united • 
 
37 
 
 not suspecting the fraud which had been practised 
 upon him, he readily undertook to produce it, and 
 tailing in his search, he was informed that it was 
 Impossible to view him in any other light than as 
 a pirate, and the place was immediately pillaged ; 
 the prisoners were then furnished with a bark to 
 return to France, but this vessel being too small 
 for that purpose, A^gall offered all those who could 
 render themselves uneful, a passage to James Town. 
 On their arrival at Virginia, the French were 
 thrown into prison as corsairs, and condemned to 
 be executed. Argail, shocked at the issue of his 
 stratagem, which had been designed merely as a 
 pretext for plundering them of their effects, repre- 
 sented to the Governor that they had capitulated on 
 the express condition of receiving the treatment usual 
 for prisoners of war ; that he had pledged himself for 
 the honorable i ilfilment of this agreement, and that, 
 placing implicit confidence in the good faith of the 
 English, they had voluntarily accompanied them, to 
 enter the service of His Majesty for the space of one 
 year. To this it was observed that he had no power 
 to ofifcr such terms, and that it was no apology for 
 their conduct that he had exceeded his authority — 
 finding every attempt to save their lives unavailing, 
 he frankly confessed the part he had acted, and pro- 
 duced the Royal Commission. 
 
 This document, and the investigation connected 
 with it, induced Sir Thomas Dale, the Governor of 
 Virginia, to fit out an expedition to dislodge the French 
 from Acadia. Captain Argail was appointed to the 
 command of the force destined for this purpose, which 
 consisted of three armed vessels . Father Biart, glad 
 
 I' 
 
 iij 
 
 i\ 
 
of an opportunity to be revenged of Biencourt, offer- 
 ed to pilot the Vessel to the basin of Port Royal ; and 
 ArgalJ, having reached the Bay of Fundy, entered 
 the harbor and landed forty men. A gun was fired 
 from the battery, as a signal to the people who were 
 abroad, but he advanced with such rapidity that he 
 found the fort abandoned, and immediately took pos- 
 session of it. He then sailed up the River Laquille, 
 with his boats, where he viewed their fields, barns 
 and mills. These he spared, but on his return h^ 
 destroyed the fort, and defaced the arms of the King 
 of France. Biencourt was at this time surveying the 
 country at a distance, but being called home, he re- 
 quested a conference with the English Commander. 
 They met in a meadow, with a few of their followers, 
 — after an ineffectual assertion of rights, equally 
 claimed by both, Biencourt proposed, if he could ob- 
 tain protection from the Crown of England, and get 
 the obnoxious Jesuit in his possession, to divide the 
 fur trade, and disclose the Mines of the country. 
 But A-gall refused to make any treaty, alledging that 
 his orders were only to dispossess him, and threaten- 
 ing if he should find him there again to consider him 
 as an enemy. Whilst they were in conference, one 
 of the Savages came up to them, and in broken 
 French, with suitable gestures, endeavored to medi- 
 ate a peace between them, wondering that persons 
 who appeared to him to be of one nation, should 
 make war on each other. This affecting incident 
 served to put both of them in a good humour. After 
 Argall's departure, some of the Frenchmen dispers- 
 ed themselves in the woods, and mixed with the Sa- 
 vages ; others went to the river St. Lawrence, and 
 
 :5 
 
 *Cha 
 But Prin 
 yupposef 
 
39 
 
 Htrengthencd the settlement which Champlain had 
 made there ; the rest were carried to England, and . 
 reclaimed by the French Ambassador. Thus termi- 
 nated the first effective settlement in North America, 
 after an existence of eight years. n 
 
 This French colony was not supported with any 
 degree of energy. Henry IV. was a wise and benevo- 
 lent prince, and delighted in the happiness of his peo- 
 ple, but religious controversies, which at that time 
 agitated France, left him but little leisure to think of 
 his favorite colony of Acadia. The only pretext for 
 this hostile expedition, in a time of profound peace 
 was an encroachment of the French on the rights of 
 the English, founded on the discovery of Cabot. The 
 Virginia charter of 1606, unless considered as derived 
 from this source, was not trespassed upon by the 
 French settlements. That charter cr anted to the 
 Plymouth company as far as the 45th degree of 
 North latitude. De Monts had previously received a 
 patent of the territory from the 40th to the 46th de- 
 gree of north latitude, by virtue of which he foundej 
 Port Royal 1605. - 
 
 Neither England, nor any European power, seems 
 to have asserted or allowed, at so early a period, a 
 right derived from occupancy. Had that right been 
 settled by the law of nations, this act of Argall's 
 would have furnished just cause for complaint. 
 
 It does npt, however, appear that this transaction 
 was either approved of by the court of England or 
 resented by the crown of France.* 
 
 * Chalevoiz ttates this transaction to have taken place in 1018. 
 But Prince, in his chronology (the best authority on the subject) 
 supposes it to have been in 1613, in which Dr. Belknapp, Douglau 
 and Ilulchiiison, agree ; and Charlevoix infurms ua that the author 
 
40 
 
 I' I 
 
 Eight years elapsed after the destruction of theie 
 places, before the English began to think of settling 
 any part of Acadia. In the year 1621, Sir 'William 
 Alexander^ applied to James I. for a grant of the 
 country, which he proposed to colonise upon an 
 extensive scale. He stated, in his memorial, that the 
 whole of that territory bordering upon the eastern 
 part of New England was an uninhabited wilderness 
 
 of the History of Virginia adopted the same opinion u Prinoa. 
 There ia also a discrepency in the accounts of thia afTair. Beid- 
 napp^ who compiled from Purcbas, Stith and otbera, baa made tbo 
 capture of Port Royal to follow immediately after tbo dottrutition 
 of St. Saviour, and not to have been the act of another year, and 
 the object of a subsequent expedition ; he also says the French 
 irere well used, and that they voluntarily surrendered ibeir fiommia- 
 sion. But I have followed Charlevoix, who says he took hia ac- 
 count from the journal of Father Biart himself, and as the dflicrip- 
 tion of the country given by the latter, is corroborated in many par« 
 ticulars by Lescarbot, whose narrative is unquestionably authentiOi 
 I have inclined to adopt the account in the text. 
 
 * William Alexander, a younger sen of Alexander Alexander, pro- 
 prietor of the estate of Monstrie, in Clackrr.ananshire, Sootland, 
 was born in the year 1580. Having received a liberal education, 
 he was selected as travelling companion to the Duke ofArgylo. On 
 his return from foreign parts he lived for some time a retired life in 
 Scotland, and published his Aurora, a poetical complaint on the 
 unsuccessful addresses he bad made to a lady, who declining tho 
 honor of his hand, had, as he expressed it, ' matched her morning 
 to one in the evening of his days ; not long after tbU ho marriea 
 Janet, daughter and heiress of Sir William Erskine, and removed to 
 the Court of James the Sixth, when he published a trag<tdy on Iho 
 story of Darius, and two poems, one congratulating hia Majesty en 
 his entry into England, the other on the innundation of Dover, 
 where the King used to recreate himself with the divereion of hawk- 
 ing. In 1607, his dramatic performances, entitled tho monarohl- 
 cal tragedies were published, containing besides Dariua juit men- 
 tioned, Crossus, tho Alexandraean, and Julius Cosiar ; he wai alio 
 the author of a poem called Doomsday, and several other pieoai, 
 and it is said His Majesty used to call him hie phiiosophioal poet. 
 In 1613, he was appointed one of the gentlemen uihors of tbo pre- 
 sence, to Prince Charles, and master of the requests, and reoeivod 
 the honor of knighthood. In 1621, he obtained the grant of Nova 
 Scotia. In 1626, the King appointed him Secretary of State for 
 Scotland, created him a peer of that kingdom in 1630, by the title 
 of Viscount Sterling, and soon afterwards, by lettera patent, dated 
 14th June, 1633, made him Earl of Sterling. He diiohnrged Iho 
 duties of the office of Secretary of State with great reputation, until 
 the time of his death, which happened in 1640, 
 
 He left two sons and two daughters. The title of the Eirl of 
 Sterling, has been supposed for many years to bo extinvt, but it i> 
 eaid that a claimant has lately appeared for it. 
 
41 
 
 and that unless some active measures were adopted 
 for its settlement, it vras likely to be encroached 
 upon by the French, who had already engrossed the 
 whole of thfe trade with the Indians; that a great 
 number of Scotch families had lately emigrated to 
 Poland, Sweden and Russia, and that it would be 
 equally beneficial to the interests of the Kingdom, 
 and to the individuals themselves, if they were per- 
 mitted to settle this valuable and fertile portion of 
 His Majesty's dominion!?. 
 
 Little solicitation was wanting at that time to ob^ 
 tain the gift of a Province in America, and, accord- 
 ingly. Sir William wasgratificd with a grant of that ex- 
 tensive country lying on the east side of a line drawn 
 in a northern direction from the River St. Croix to 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This country was named 
 in the patent .ATova Scotia. In this manner was intro- 
 duced that confusion which, at a subsequent period^ 
 caused so much difficulty, and gave rise to a tedious and 
 intricate discussion whether Ndva-Scotia arid Acadia 
 were words indifferently expressing the namti of one 
 and the same country, or Whether they were two dis- 
 tinct and neighboring Provinces. His Majesty intend- 
 ed to have established ah order of baronets, for en- 
 (ouraging and supporting the Colony, but died before 
 this was put in execution. One year had scarcely 
 elapsed fl'om the date of his grant, when Sir William 
 despatched a number of emigrants to take possession 
 ^f the country. The delays which at that early pe- 
 riod were incidental to a voyage across the Atlantic^ 
 protracted the departure of the ship until the autumn 
 Was so far advanced that winter overtook her at New-* 
 foundland. In the spring of 1G23 they arrived n,i 
 
 a 
 
 ■'Hi 
 
I lil:!' 
 
 Cape Breton, and coasting along the southern shore 
 of Nova-Scotia, they visited two or three of the har- 
 bors near Ccqie Sable. Here they discovered that, 
 during all the time which had intervened between 
 the destruction of the colony by Argall, and the grant 
 of Sir William Alexander, the country had been occu- 
 pied not only by the survivors of the early emigrants, 
 but by a number of adventurers who increased in pro- 
 portion to the neglect which tlie English manifested 
 towards their encroachments. Under these circum- 
 stances it was thought prudent to return to England, 
 where, upon their arrival, they published an extra- 
 vagant and exaggerated account of their voyage, in 
 which they boasted of the serenity and salubrity of 
 ihe climate, of the fertility of the soil, and of the pro- 
 digality of nature, in filling its harbors with fish, and 
 its woods with various animals of chase. War break- 
 ing out at this time between England and France, an 
 opportunity was offered of crushing the infant and 
 feeble settlements which the French had made in 
 Nova-Scotia. Charles I. warmly patronized Sir WiU 
 Ham, and re-appointing him Governor General, con^ 
 firmed the ^rant of his father, by patent, dated 12th 
 July, 1624. He also founded the order of Knights 
 Baronet of Nova-Scotia, who were to contribute their 
 aid to the settlement, upon the consideration of each 
 having allotted to him a liberal portion of land ; the 
 number of these Baronets was not to exceed one hun- 
 dred and fifty, and they were to be endowed with 
 ample privileges and pre-eminence to all Knights 
 ealled cquites aurati, but none of them were to ho. 
 either Baronets of Nova-Scotia or of Scotland, till 
 fhey had fulfilled the conditions prescribed by Hi* 
 
 i 4 
 
 ■3 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 *Thii 
 Die wiinj 
 wai part] 
 "oj'ii ho,f 
 et«, but 
 AloxundJ 
 *)i' NovttJ 
 ilieroCore 
 'ioni a 
 would iid 
 
4» 
 
 \ 
 
 Mty^^'^^y* *"A^ obtained a certificate of pcrformaivjtie 
 i'roni the Governor of the colony. These patents 
 were ratified in Parliament, but they are now grant- 
 ed in general terms, with all the privileges of former 
 Baronets, and constitute an honorable title, confer- 
 red at tho King's pleasure, without limitation of num- 
 bers.* Countenanced by the Court, and inspired witl^ 
 vinionary hopes of wealth. Sir Willian;i, with the asr 
 HJHtance of one David Kirtck, projected the recovery 
 of the po!<session of Nova^Scotia. 
 
 This extraordinary person was a native of Dieppe, 
 n French Calvinist, who sought refuge in England 
 from religious persecution in France, and was com? 
 monly called Sir David Kirk. They fitted out a small 
 and w^P "ppointed armament, in 1627, and captured 
 cightetu ■ vSh Transports, with 135 pieces of Ord- 
 nance, dt r ...ed for the fortifications of Port Royal and 
 Quebec. Having the next year re-taken Port Royal, 
 which was in no condition to make resistance. Sir 
 David proceeded up the River St. Lawrence, for the 
 purpose of attacking Quebec, but the advanced sea- 
 i^ou of the year induced him to defer the enterprise 
 to the ensuing summer. Among the prisoners taken 
 on board the transport, was Claude de la Tour, a 
 French Protestant, a person of an enterprising spirit 
 
 .ri- 
 
 * Thii entorprige of Sir Williajn Alexander was much ridiculed by 
 the wilf of the day. Sir Thomas Urquhart, his own countryman, 
 wai particularly severe upon him. It did not satisfy his ambition, 
 Doyit ho, to have a laurel from tho Muses, and be a king among po- 
 et*, hut he must be a king of some Newfoundland, and, like another 
 Aloxundur, indeed, searching after new worlds, have the sovereignty 
 of Nova-Scotia. ' He was born a poet and aimed to be a King, 
 therul'oro would he have his royal title from King James, who was 
 horn a King, and aimed to bo a Poet, tiad he stopped there it 
 would have been well, but the flame ofhia honor must have somo 
 oil whorowith to nourish it : like another King Arthur he must have 
 lilt Knighti, though nothing limited to so small a numb«r. 
 
u 
 
 l^f' 
 
 and considerable private fortune. TIues gentlemau» 
 who had but recently obtained an extensive Grant 
 on the River St. John, entered into engagements 
 Avith Sir William Alexander, for settling the country 
 with Scotch emigrants, and for procuring the eubmis- 
 ision of his son, who, at that time commanded a small 
 fort at Cape Sable.* During his residence in England 
 he married a maid of honor of the Queen of England, 
 and was created a Baronet of Nova-Scotia- 
 
 Two ships of war being placed under his command, 
 he set sail with his lady for Nova- Scotia, and having 
 arrived at Cape Sable, he sought a personal inter-i 
 view with his son, to whom he boasted of the recep- 
 tion he had met with in England, of his interest at 
 Court, and the honor of knighthood wh ich had been 
 conferred upon him. He set forth in glowing colors 
 tlie advantages that would result to him from submit- 
 ting to the English Government, and concluded by 
 informing hiiij that he was empowered, in the event 
 of his compliance, to confirm him in his appointment, 
 and to invest him with the same honorary distinction 
 Avhich had been bestowed upon himself. His son, 
 equally surprised and indignant at the offer, replied 
 that he was sensible of the honor designed for him, 
 hut unfortunately the condition on which it was ol- 
 fered was no less than treason, that he was nmch 
 decc, . ed if he thought him capable of such conductj 
 and that he would defend his fort with his life sooner 
 than deliver it up to the enemies of his country. La 
 Tour, having received this unexpected answer, re- 
 turned on board of his ship, and on the following day 
 addressetl a letter to his son, filled with the most 
 
 ■The liarbour wliere this fort efood is still called Port la Ton?. 
 
45 
 
 pressing entreaties, and couched in the most affection^ 
 ate language; but finding this ineffectual he resorted 
 to threats, alluded to tlie respectable force under his 
 comniand, and entreated him as a father not to com- 
 pel him to consider his son a9 an enemy. Persuar 
 uions and threats proving equally unavailing, he 
 made preparations for taking the place by force, and 
 having landed his men, he made a vigorous attack 
 upon the fort. After an ineffectual attempt of two 
 days, in which he lost many men, La Tour abandon- 
 ed the hope of succeeding in his enterprise, and the- 
 English were again enibarke^. . • ? 
 
 He wa^ afraid to return tq France, and ashamed, 
 to appear again in England, and the only alternative 
 left, of accepting an asylum from his son, was equally 
 humilitating. In this situation his son offered him 
 permission to reside In the neighbourhood, on the ex- 
 press condition that neither he nor his wife should 
 enter the fort, and accordingly his servants and ef- 
 fects were landed, and the ships immediately re- 
 turned to England. Notwithstanding the failure of 
 this enterprise, La Tour was not abandoned by his 
 patron. — In the succeeding year he joined a party of 
 Scotch emigrants, who landed at Port Royal and 
 built a fort on the west side of the basin (Granville), 
 nearly opposite to Goat Islai^d, the remains of which 
 are still visible, and retain the traditionary name of 
 the Scotch Fort. 
 
 Here thirty of the emigrants died during the first 
 winter, and the hopeless expense and numerous dif- 
 ficulties of settling this infant colony, induced Sir 
 William Alexander to convey his title to the whole of 
 No^ . Scotia (with the exception of Port Royal) to 
 
Aii 
 
 tl 
 
 his friend Claude de la Tour, to hold of the Crown of 
 Scotland. In the mean time Sir David Kirk had ef- 
 fected the conquest of Canada. 
 
 Before he sailed up the River he visited Cape Bre- 
 ton, which submitted without resistance, and having 
 erected a fort for its protection, he appeared before 
 Quebec early in July. Champlain, who at that time 
 had the supreme command in New France, knowing 
 his means to be inadequate for a defence, surrender- 
 ed the city by capitulation on the 19th July, 1629. 
 The terms were very favourable to the French co- 
 lony, and were so punctually and honourably fulfilled 
 by the Engli&h, that the greater part of the inhabi- 
 tants chose to remain with the captors, in preference 
 to returning to France as had been stipulated in the 
 treaty. Thus was the capital of New France sub- 
 dued by the arms of England, just one hundred and 
 thirty years before its final conquest by the celebra- 
 ted General Wolfe. The importance of this acquisi- 
 tion to the British empire was either not then known 
 or not generally appreciated, for, by the treaty of St. 
 Germains, in 1632, Charles I. resigned the right 
 which he had claimed to New France to Lewis XIII ; 
 and Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and Canada, were 
 immediately taken possession of by the French 
 government. From this unfortunate treaty may be 
 dated the commencement of a long train of calami- 
 ties to the colonies and to England, the subsequent 
 provincial disputes, and in some measure the success 
 of the American Revol *'"on. 
 
■■h: 
 
 CHAPTER II. i 
 
 Ponnation of the Company of Mw France. — Razilhd ap' 
 pointed Governor of Mva Scotia. — Setlksat La Ihrc — 
 Captures the depot at Pemaquid — Dies. — Is siiccee '■■ ' *>?♦ 
 Vaune de Chamise. — Hoitilitics beticeen Ciianas-, ,ui» 
 La Tour. — Treaty between Charnm and the G--cr]i. 
 ment of Massachusetts. — Capture of Let Tour^s Fort.—- 
 Death of Chamise.— 'Conquest of Mva Scotia by Mapr 
 Sedgewick. — Removal of Denys. — Grant by Oliver 
 Cromwell to Im Tow, Sir Thomas Temple and William 
 Crowne. — Treaty of Breda. — Conquest of J^ova Scotia 
 by Sir William Phipps. — Villebon appointed Governor. 
 — ,N*ew Charter of Jnassachusetts, includes j\*ova Scotia. 
 — The JVewport Frigate, and Fort at PemmMd, taken by 
 the French. — Col. Church'' s expedition to Beau Basin. — 
 Peace of Ryswick — Col. Church attacks tMinas — tmsttc- 
 eessful attempt of the English upon Port-Royal — Mwa- 
 Scotia conquered by GenerstlJSTicholson — Skinnislies viUh 
 French and Indians — Peace. 
 
 [From 16&2 to 1713.] 
 
 The distress of the French in North America^ 
 previous to their conquest by the English, had 
 attracted the notice of the ministry, and the 
 Duke de Ventadour, the viceroy, was required to re- 
 s^n his commission, preparatory to the formation of 
 an association, to be styled the company of New 
 France. Richelieu, the Mareschal Defiat, superin- 
 tendant of finances, and many other persons of dis- 
 tinction, were the chief promoters of the scheme; 
 and their number being increased to one hundred 
 and seven, the articles of confederation were signed 
 oa the I9th of April, 1627. The whole of New 
 
 i itl 
 
4B 
 
 Fi'auce was conveyed to them under tlie I'oUowiug 
 regulations. First, that the partnership should, 
 next year, (1628) send over to New France, two 
 or three hundred workiien of all kinds ; and engage 
 to augment before thj year 1643, the French inhabi- 
 tants to the numbei* of sixtefcn thousand ; to lodge, 
 maintain, and find them in all necessaries for three 
 years, and then to make an equal distribution among 
 them ol the lands that should be cleared, according 
 to their respective wants, furnishing each family 
 with seed to sow. Secondly, That no colonist, who 
 was not a native Frenchman, should be admitted in 
 New France ; and that all Hugonots, as well as 
 strangers, should be excluded. Thirdly, that in every 
 district, at least three priests should be maintained, 
 whom the partnership was to supply with all neces- 
 saries, both for their persons and missions, for fif- 
 teen years ; after which time they were to live upon 
 the cleared lands that were to be assigneld thefm. 
 
 On the other hand his Most Christian Majesty* 
 to indemnify the partnership for those expences, 
 gave up to them in perpetuity the fort and dis- 
 trict of Quebec, with all the territory of New^ 
 France, comprehending that part of Florida which 
 had been settled by his predecessors, with all the 
 course of the great river, till it discharges itself into 
 the sea; with all the isles, ports, havens, mines, 
 and fisheries, contained in that vast extent of ter- 
 ritory ; his Majesty reserving to himself only the 
 faith and homage of the inhabitants, and a golden 
 croWn of eight marks weight, to be paid to . himself 
 and his successors, together with thei provisions foi' 
 the officers of justice, who were to be namedj ami 
 
49 
 
 limself 
 Ins ioi 
 
 presented to him by the associates, as soon as 
 it should be requisite to establish a civil govern- 
 ment there. The partnership had likewise power 
 to cast cannon, and to make all sorts of arms, as 
 well as to erect fortifications. The second article 
 conferred upon them a power of granting lands in 
 such proportions as his Majesty should think proper, 
 and of annexing such titles, honors, and rights 
 to them as he should prescribe, according to the 
 merits of the persons, and with certain restrictions 
 and conditions ; but that the erection of duchies, 
 marquisates, earldoms and baronies, should require 
 the royal letters of confirmation, upon the presenta- 
 tion of cardinal Richlieu, great master, head and su- 
 perintendant, of the navigation and commerce of 
 France. The third article repealed all the former 
 grants of the same nature, and gave the partnership, 
 forever, all the fur and peltry, and all other trades, 
 within the before mentioned limits, for fifteen years; 
 except the fisheries, which his Majesty intended should 
 be enjoyed in common by all his subjects. By the 
 fourth article, colonists, not depending upon the com- 
 pany, might trade with the natives for furs, pro- 
 vided they disposed of their beavers to them 
 only, who were obliged to take them at a certain 
 price. The fifth article granted to them two ships 
 of war, of two or three hundred tons each, to be 
 victualled by the associates, who were to replace 
 them if lost, unless they were destroyed or taken 
 by an enemy. By the sixth article, the com- 
 pany was to repay to his Majesty the price of the, 
 ships, if, during the first ten years of their contract, 
 
 they did not transport one thousand five liundred 
 
 7 
 
m 
 
 I • 
 
 • 
 
 French, of both eexes, to New France ; and their 
 patent was to be void, if they did not carry out a 
 similar number during the last five years. By the se- 
 venth and iast article, all military officers tent thither 
 in those two ships, were to be nominated by his Ma- 
 jesty ; but the company had the power of appointing 
 all the officers and soldiers of their own ships ; and 
 his Majesty presented them with four culverins. 
 
 *By another ordonnance, the King of France gave 
 itill greater encouragement to the new colonists, by 
 permitting all tradesmen and mechanics, employed 
 by the company, who should choose to return, after 
 residing six years in New France, to practice their 
 several professions in Paris, or any place in the 
 Mother Country. Merchandizes manufactured there, 
 to pay no duties for fifteen years, upon being im- 
 ported into France; nor was any tax to belaid 
 npon provisions of any kind exported to the new co- 
 lony. Ecclesiastics, noblemen and others, associating 
 in the company, might do so without derogation to 
 their rank or honours; and his Majesty was to cre- 
 ate twelve of the Partners, nobles ; and all the na- 
 tives of the colony were, to all intents and purposes, 
 to be reputed natives of old France. His Majesty 
 reserved to himself the qualification of the bove ar- 
 ticles, in the event of the company meeting with any 
 obstruction from war, either civil or foreign. Had 
 the zeal of this company been it all proportioned to 
 the excellence of the plan upon which it was formed, 
 New France would soon have been in a condition to 
 vie with the English colonies in population and 
 wealth. 
 
 But their fiirst eflforts were unfortunate, and their 
 
61 
 
 subsequent proceedings partook of the indecision and 
 langour which had characterised every former asso- 
 ciation. The transports and stores taken by Sir 
 David Kirk, were the first fruits of their charter, 
 and this loss was soon followed by the capture of 
 the country. Great preparations were immediately 
 made for its recovery, and an armament was ready to 
 sail for that purpose under Razillai, when it was res- 
 tored by the treaty of peace. Razillai having there- 
 fore left behind the forces destined for this expedition, 
 set sail for Nova Scotia, carrying with him a com- 
 mission as commander in chief of Acadia, and a grant 
 of the River and Bay of St. Croix. The other parta 
 of the province were divided between Charles Etieno 
 La Tour, eldest and surviving son of Claude de la 
 Tour, and Monsieur Denys. La Tour (whose fa- 
 ther had, in the year 1627, obtained a grant of the 
 country bordering on the river St. John, and in the 
 year 1630 received a conveyance from Sir "William 
 Alexander, of the whole of Nova Scotia,; was now 
 desirous of procuring a confirmation of his title from 
 the King of France.* He was accordingly f^ratified 
 in 1634, with a grant of the Isle of Sable, also ten 
 leagues upon the sea coast, with a corresponding ex- 
 tent inland at La Have ; and a similar one at at Port 
 Royal and at Minas, with all the adjoining Islands, 
 included in each grant. Monsieur Denys held all 
 that portion of the Province, which lies between 
 Canseauand the Bay of Ga^pe on the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. Razillai, on his arrival at La Have, was so 
 much charmed with the beauty of its situation, that 
 
 * There is much obscurity in this part of the history, connected 
 with Sir William Alexander and the elder La Tour, and what littl^ 
 is (0 be found on the subject, is contradictory and perplexed. 
 
 
 ,1 
 
he made nn niTangenicnt with La Tour, by which 
 he obtained posficssion of it, and having fortified it, 
 he established his residence there. His instructions 
 requiring him to endeavour to maintain possession 
 of the country, as far as the River Kenebec, he sent 
 a man of war thither, and captured the depot at 
 Pemaquid,* where the goods belonging to the English 
 colonists of Plymouth were collected for barter with 
 the Indians. A small garrison was left there to main- 
 tain possession of the place, and the whole of the 
 merchandize was removed to La Have. -^ ^ • 
 
 Such was the situation of the country after the 
 treaty of St. Gerniains. The Anglo American settle- 
 inents were in the raean time, increasing in opidence 
 and population. All the lands, from the river Kene- 
 bec to Narragansit, being granted to a Company, cal- 
 led the Council for the affairs of ' New England,' and 
 being reduced to possession under its grants, assum- 
 ed that name by common consent. The French 
 were prevented by the English colonists, frdm ex- 
 tending their settlements on the western bauks of 
 that river, and being thus restricted in their limits, 
 the territory which they called Acadia, terminated 
 at the eastern side of the Kenebec. Here, by mutual 
 strength and exertion, they established a boundary, 
 not as the line of peace and concord, but as the sub- 
 ject of future controversies. Razillai shortly after 
 the capture of Pemaquid, died, and his government 
 Was claimed by Daubre dc Charnis^, who was con- 
 firmed in the command by a royal commission. 
 
 On receiving his patent, he immediately abandon- 
 
 * This place had previously been plundered by a French piratical 
 vessel in 1632. • 
 
c(l La Have, which in unquestionably one of the best 
 harbors in the province, and removed all the inhabit- 
 ants to PenobBcot. But whether that plaoc belong- 
 ed to La Tour, or whether, as rivals in the fur trade, 
 in which they both had invested large sums of mo- 
 ney, a misunderstanding soon arose between them, 
 which terminated in open and avowed hostilities — 
 accounts of their dissension having reached France, 
 Lewis the 13th personally addressed a letter toChar- 
 nis6, dated 10th, February 1638," in which he pcs- 
 tricted the boundaries of his GSovernment to New 
 England, on the one side, and a line drawn from ihe 
 center of the Bay of Fundy to Canseau on the other. 
 The whole of that part of Acadia, which lay on iiiB 
 west side of the latter boundary, was assigned to La 
 Tour, but permission was granted to Charnis^ to 
 retain La Have and Port Royal, and to La Tour, to 
 occupy the fort on the rive? St. John — with these 
 exceptions they were strictly commanded to confine 
 themselves within their respective limits. This let- 
 ter had not the desired effect. Mutual accusations 
 and complaints were prefered to the King, and Char- 
 nise, in consequence of the unfavor«U)ie representa- 
 tions he had made of the conduct of his cojnpetitor, 
 procured an order from his Majesty, dated l£.:h Feb. 
 1641, to arrest him and send him a prisoner to Finance. 
 As both parties had an equal force, and neither w«s 
 able to dispossess the other, they turned their atten- 
 
 * In May \6S8, an order was given by tho Privy Council, to the 
 Lord Treasurer, " to take speedy and efTectual coiirso for the stay 
 of 8 ships, then in the Thames, prepared to sail for New England.'' 
 In consequence of which Oliver Cromwell, Sir Arthur Haslerig, 
 John Hampden and other Patriots, were prevented from coming to 
 America. By this abitrary measure Charles forcibly detained th« 
 men destined to overturn his throne, and to terminatQ his days by 
 a violent death. Holmes 1. vol. — 303. 
 
 i I* 
 
54 
 
 tion to Massachusetts, and severally stated tho me« 
 rits of the contest, and solicited aid. • ;. ,,, ii.hiM! 
 
 In 1643 La Tour arrived at the harbour of Boiton, 
 in a ship having 140 men on board, the maRter and 
 crew of which were Protestants, of Rochell. He 
 stated to the Governor that his fort on the river St. 
 John, was besieged by his rival, and that he had come 
 for the purpose of seeking aid to remove him. Re- 
 course was had to the Bible, as was usual with tho 
 Puritans, on all doubtful occasions, to discover if pos- 
 sible some case which would by analogy apply to the 
 present, and furnish a rule for their conduct ; on tho 
 one hand it was said that the speech of the Prophet 
 to Jehoshaphat in the 2d. Chron. 1 9th chap. 2d verse, 
 and the portion of Solomon's proverbs, contained tn 
 chap. 26, 17th v. not only discharged them from any 
 obligation, but actually forbid them to assist La 
 Tour — while on the other hand it was agreed, that it 
 was as lawful for them to give him succour as it was 
 for Joshua to aid the Gibeonites, against the rest of 
 the Canaanites, or for Jehoshaphat to aid Johoram, 
 against Moab, in which expedition Elisha was pre- 
 sent, and did not reprove the King of Judah. Those 
 conflicting authorities divided thoir Councils, ond 
 though either course was sanctioned by Scripture, it 
 did not appear that there was any certain rule on tlio 
 subject, while the safest course was to adhere to the 
 old maxim '' in dubia catisa bellum non est suscipiendum,^^ 
 
 The Governor, though he felt favorably inclined to 
 La Tour, on account of his connection with the Protes- 
 tants, and a report that prevailed that he was of the 
 same faith himself, did not think it prudent to tolce uu 
 aclive part in these disputes, but connived at his em- 
 
n 
 
 SB 
 
 ploying such individuals as thought proper to assist 
 him on their own responsibility. Having received au 
 intimation to this effect, La Tour chartered four armed 
 vessels, and took into his service 80 volunteers, with 
 whom he returned to the river St. John, and not only 
 compelled Daubr^ de Charniseto retreat, but pursued 
 him as far as his fort at Penobscot. Charnise, on his 
 part, dreading the interference of the English, sent an 
 agent to Boston, with his commission as Governor-in- 
 Chief of Acadia, and a printed copy of the warrant 
 of arrest against La Tour, and complained of those 
 unauthorised acts of aggression, in favour of a person 
 who was proscribed by his Sovereign. Appearing to 
 have the legal authority, and being considered as a 
 dangerous neighbour, proposals were made in form 
 for a peace, and the following articles finally agreed 
 upon and signed : — 
 
 The agreement between John Endicot, Esq. Govern- 
 or of New England, and the rest of the Magis- 
 trates there, and Monsieur Marie, Commissioner of 
 M. Daubre, Knt. Governor and Lieut.-General 
 of his Majesty the King of France, in Acadia, a 
 Province of New France, made and ratified at Bos- 
 ton, in the Massachusetts, Oct. 8th, 1644. 
 The Governor and all the rest of the Magistrates 
 do promise to M. Marie, that they, and all the rest of 
 the English within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 
 shall observe and keep firm peace with Monsieur 
 Daubre, &c. and all the French under his command in 
 Acadia, and likewise the said M. Marie doth promise, 
 in the behalf of Monsieur Daubre, that he and all 
 his people shall also keep firm peace with the Go- 
 vernor and Magistrates aforesaid, and with all the 
 
66 
 
 inhabitants of the Massachusetts aforesaid, and that 
 
 it shall be lawful for all men, both the English and 
 French, to trade with each other, so that if any occa* 
 sion of offence shall happen, neither party shall at- 
 tempt any thing against the other, in any hostile 
 manner, until the wrong be first declared and com- 
 plained of, and satisfaction not given. Provided al- 
 ways, the Governor and Magistrates aforesaid be not 
 bound io restrain their Merchants from trading, with 
 their ships, with any person whether French or 
 others, wheresoever they dwell. Provided also that 
 the final ratification and conclusion of this agreement, 
 be referred to the next meeting of the Commissioners 
 of the United Colonies of New England, for the con- 
 tinuation or abrogation, and in the mean time to re- 
 main firm and inviolable." ' •' . 
 
 This agreement, as it relieved the people of Mas- 
 sachusetts from the apprehension they constantly en- 
 tertained of having their small vessels captured, and 
 their frontier settlements attacked, was ratified by 
 the Commissioners of the United Colonies.* 
 
 In the mean time Madam La Tour, arrived from 
 England, where she had been engaged in transacting 
 some affairs of her husband's, but the master of the 
 vessel, instead of landing her as he had undertaken 
 to do by his Charter, at the river St. John, had pro- 
 ceeded to 11 le Gulf of St. Laurence, to trade with 
 the Indians, from whence having completed his tra- 
 
 * The dangers lo which the colonies of Now England wore ox- 
 posed from domostio and foreign enemies, first suggested the idea 
 of an alliance for their mutual safety and defence. The terms of 
 the confederation having been agreed upon, were ratified by Mas- 
 nachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth, in 1.643. — 
 These articles have been published by Neale, Dr. Mather and 
 others, and the substance is to be found in let. Hutchinson's 
 hist. 124. 
 
fie, hd steered for Boston, and set her on shore. -^ 
 For the injury sustained by this treatment, she com- 
 menced an action againsi fhe master, and recovered 
 a verdict of £2000, a decision which ultimately proved 
 a great injury to the people of Massachusetts, 
 and involved them in much trouble. Charnis^, hear- 
 ing of her return from Boston, and that La Tour was 
 absent, immediately set sail and attacked his fort» 
 but she defended the place so well, and the artillery 
 was served with such good effect, that his frigate soon 
 became unmanageable; and, having £0 men killed and 
 IS wounded, he was under the necessity of warping 
 his vessel out of the ireach of the cannon, where he 
 ^fitted and returned to Penobscot. Notwithstanding 
 the treaty with Gharnise, La Tour found means to 
 ingratiate himself with the people of Boston, who 
 furnished him with provisions, stores and other ne- 
 cessary supplies, inbarter for his furs. Upon receiv- 
 ing intelligence of this, Gharnise threatened the 
 Qovernor with the"^spleasure of the King of France, 
 and with reprisals on the English shipping. As an 
 earnest of his intentions, he made prize of a vessel 
 belonging to Boston, and having stripped the crew 
 of their clothes, detained them prisoners on an island 
 six days, when he put them into a boat, without a com- 
 pass for their direction, or fire arms for their defence, 
 and permitted them to return. This had the desired 
 effect — it was neither the policy nor the inclination 
 of the Massachusetts' Government to go to war with 
 him— succours were therefore withheld from La 
 Tour, the articles of the treaty confirmed, and, as a 
 peace offering, a valuable Sedan, belonging to the 
 
 Viceroy of Mexico, which had recently been taken 
 
 8 
 
58 
 
 I , 
 
 on board of a Spanish prize, was sent to Chamise 
 f(MP his acceptance. The time had now acrived for 
 the termination of this contest— Charnis^, seizing the 
 opportunity which the absence of La Tour with a 
 number of his men again offered to him, sailed up the 
 Avet St. John, and laid siege to his fort, which he 
 had reason to hope, from the weakness of the garrison, 
 would fall an easy prey. Madam La Tour, though left 
 with only a handfull of men, was resolved to defend 
 the place to the last extremity, a determination which 
 6he maintained with so much spirit, during the three 
 fi^days of the attack, tiiat the besiegers removed 
 to a greater distance; but on the fourth, which was 
 ^Baster Sunday, she was betrayed by a mutinous 
 Swiss, whom the enemy had found means to bribe to ' 
 tiieir interest. This untoward event did not howe- 
 ver intimidate her, and when she found that Char- 
 nisft had mounted the wall, she ascended at the head 
 of her little garrison, to contest the possession of it 
 with him. 
 
 Charms^, who supposed, from their vigorous de- 
 fence, that the number of the soldiers must have 
 been greater than he had been led to believe, dread- 
 ed the idea of being twice repulsed by a female, and 
 piroposed a capitulation, which Madam La T(Mir ac- 
 cepted, to save the lives of the few brave men who 
 had defended the place against such a superior force. 
 He had, however, hardly entered the fort, ere he re- 
 pented having signed a formal treaty with a woman 
 who had no other resources for defending the place 
 than her own courage-— pretending to have been de- 
 ceived in the terms of the capitulation, he held him- 
 self absolved from the observance of them all, and 
 
 ,v 
 
59 
 
 immediately hanged the survirors, with the eieep- 
 tidn of one, to whom he granted an exemption, on con- 
 dition of his becoming the executioner of his com- 
 rades. Not satisfied with this act of barbarity, he 
 compelled Madam La Tour to witness this tiragical 
 and inhuman scene, and in order to degrade a spirit 
 he could not subdue, and to give her the appearance 
 of a reprieved criminal, he forced heir to appear at 
 the gallows with a halter round her neck. 
 
 The fort was found to contain ordnance, stores^ 
 furs, merchandize and plate, to a great amount — all 
 which were immediately removed to Penobscot.*— 
 The violent and unusual exertions which Madam La 
 Tour had made, the dreadful fate of her household 
 and followers, and the total wreck of her fortune, had 
 such a powerful effect upon her health, that she died 
 soon aftel^ this event. 
 
 La Tou]^ poor and dispirited, went to Newfound- 
 land, to solicit aid from Sir David Kirk, who th6n 
 commanded upon that station; but, failing in this ap- 
 plication, he seems to have abandoned, for sometime, 
 all hope of recovering his possessions. 
 
 f His friends at Boston , commiserating his situation, 
 advanced him a sum of money , and provided him Wfth 
 a vessel to trade with the Indians, in the Bay of Fundy ; 
 we are informed by Hubbard, that he made an ungrate- 
 ful return for thid kindness, having taken forcible pos- 
 
 * Douglass says that Madam La Tour shared the same fate with 
 the garruon, but M. Denjs, who was at that time in the province, 
 and who has given an account of the transaction, does not make 
 mention of it. 
 
 f Re borrowed the sum of £2,084 of Sergeant-Major Gibbons, 
 for which he mortgaged Fort La Tour, and all his possessions 
 in Acadia.-— A copy of the Mortgage is preserved in Ist. Hazard's 
 biit. Con. 641. 
 
eo 
 
 4 
 
 •eeeion of the vessel off Cape Sable, and set on shove 
 in the depth of winter, on an uninhabited part of the 
 Country, the English who were in charge of her. — 
 In this miserable condition they wandered along the 
 Coast for fifteen days, when they met a party of Sa- 
 vages, who provided them with a shallop, with provi^ 
 sionsand an Indian Pilot, and in the course of three 
 months they reached Boston—upon which he remarks, 
 in the peculiar phraseology of that period : "That they 
 who trust to an imfaithful friend, do but wade in un- 
 known waters, and lean on a broken reed, which both 
 woundeth as well as deceiveth those that rely there-^ 
 on." From Cape Sable,La Tour proceeded to Hudson's 
 Bay, where he was largely concerned in the fur trade. 
 From this place he was recalled in the year 1651, by 
 the unexpected news of the death of Daubr^ de Char- 
 nise, to whose widow he was soon after married. — 
 A sister of Charnis^'s, a canoness of St. Omers, who 
 died about this period, bequeathed her claiih to her 
 brother's property in Nova Scotia to xuB. Tour, who 
 by these means, and by acts of confirmation, became 
 again invested with the title and possession of the 
 Country. He was not suffered to remain long in 
 tranquillity. La Tour le Borgne, a creditor of Char- 
 nis^, accused him of not only maintaining protestant 
 principles, but giving encouragement in his govern- 
 ment to Foreign Heretics, and obtained a decree in 
 France, by virtue of which he was authorised to en- 
 ter upon the possessions of his deceased debtor. Arm- 
 ed with this power, he determined to render himself 
 master of Acadia, and projected the removal of both 
 La Tour and Monsieur Denys. His arrival being 
 unexpected, he took Monsieur Denys prisoner, de&« 
 
61 
 
 troyed his establishment at Chedabuoto, and sent him 
 in irons to Port Royal. He then proceeded to La 
 Have, where he burned the buildings, not even spar- 
 ing the Chapel, which had cost 100,000 francs — whild 
 making preparations at Fort Royal, for attacking La 
 Tour's fort on the river St. John, he was anticipated 
 by an armed force, under the command of Major 
 Ledgemack, dispatched by Oliver Cromwell, in 1654, 
 for the recovery of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Having surprised and defeated La Tour, the Eng- 
 lish attjicked LeBorgne, at Port Royal, and although 
 he had a numerous garrison, several pieces of artillery, 
 and abundance of provisions, he made so slight a 
 resistance that he was treated with great contempt 
 by the English provincials. Pentagoet, (Penobscot) 
 shared the same fate, and Nova Scotia, for the third 
 time, fell into the hands of the English. 
 
 The Province, though nominally conquered by the 
 capture of these places, was not possessed by the Eng- 
 lish, who did not immediately attempt any settle- 
 ment, and retained no other place than Port Royal, 
 which had ever been the most populous and the best 
 fortified. The effect of this expedition was to render 
 the French incapable of undertaking any enterprise 
 against the people of New England, but it by no means 
 prevented them from prosecuting their trade with 
 the Indians, and extending their settlements in the 
 Country. . > ' , ;. » 
 
 The surrender of Port Royal, therefore, though it 
 virtually transfered the Sovereignty of the Province 
 to New England, was considered by the inhabitants 
 as not likely to be followed by permanent possession; 
 and soon after this event, the son of La Borgne and 
 
 1 : 
 i '1 
 
<ll 
 
 / 
 
 6tt« dUllbftUt, h ih^tchbnt of Rdtihelle, eMr^d at La 
 HaVc, Ahd erected a Wooden ibrt for its defencci-^ 
 TM Eh^ish werd HO i^ooner infbrmed df thi& settle- 
 ment than they proceeded tliither to dislodge theiii. 
 La Borgne, whose habits were asunmilitaiyas those 
 of his father, fled to the woods with his fahiily, but 
 Guilbaut defended himself with much couragcij and 
 repulsdd the party that was sent against hittif who 
 retired with the loss of several soldiers^ and the offi- 
 cer commanditig the detachment. Gilbaut, fiiidihg 
 that the English were about to reheW the attack, ilnd 
 hating ho other interest in La Hare, than th6 pio- 
 perty he brought with him from France, surrfendeired 
 the place, on condition of retaining all th^ ^ffectd be- 
 longing to himself and his people ; biit Le Borgne^ 
 whom hunger h&d driven frotn the wdods, was 
 obliged to submit at discretion^ and was earned ^ 
 prisoner to Boston. 
 
 Monsieur l)enys, who wason^ of the three plroprie- 
 tord among Whom the ProVinee had been divided, 
 was again living in tranquillity at ChedabuctO) a port 
 cm the Eastern shore of Nova Scotia, Where the Eng- 
 lish have subsequently built the town o>f Manchester. 
 Although his remote situation proved a protection 
 against the £rig)ish, it did not shield him from the 
 envy and intrigues of his countrymen. A person 
 by the namedf Girondier^, having, by false represen- 
 tations, procured a grant from the Company (rf New 
 France^ of the port of Canseau, proceeded thither and 
 seisied t vessel which had arrived With supplies for 
 Denys, from Finance. He then invested his fort, but 
 finding it too strong to warrant an attack, he pro- 
 posed U} him to submit their claims to the decision of 
 
6^ 
 
 the CoKnpany. Aiter many delays the Board declared 
 itself to )iaye be^n imposed upon by Giropdjer^, 
 revo|(^4 ^ gn^t, and reinstated Denya in all la^ 
 former rigl^^- The e^pence of propecutipg his claiwi 
 apd tl^e loss occasioned by the si^spension of his fvur 
 tra^^i amounted to 15,pOQ Crowns, and his n4n wail 
 shorty after completed by the destruction Qf his 
 w|)ole esta,blishi]|ient by ^e. 
 
 from this period he was oblige4 to abw|i4o^ ^ 
 fqrther connection with Nova Scotia. 
 
 L&^ Tour, yrhQ had long been t^e sport oC fortune, 
 an4 who fi^U aggrieved at the ungenerous tr^ef^tr 
 m^nt ha l^^d received from his countrymen,^ 
 gladly availed himself of the opportunity which thC; 
 conquest of the Country by the English afforded bun^, 
 of placing himself under their protection^ 
 
 |Ie drew up a statement of his clain^, under th^ 
 transfer of Sir William Alexander to his Father; and>. 
 in conjunction with Thomas Temple and Wi^Uani 
 Crowne, petitioned the ?rotector for a grant of Nova^ 
 ScQti^, 71^is n^emori^ met with a favorable recep^ 
 tion in I?ngland> and Oliver Cromwell, \)y letters pa^- 
 tent un4er th^ grent seal. Dated 8th August, 1656,=* 
 granted to him, by the style of Sir Charlefii l^n Tour, 
 and his two associates, all that extensive Country 
 contained within the following bounds, commencing 
 at Merliguesch, (now Lunenburg) and extending 
 from thence to ?ort La ^ave, thence foUoving the 
 
 * In %h^ y«ar 1668, (Januf^ry 26) a terrible Ei^tbquf^^ yivt felt 
 iq the nqrthe^ par^a of Ao^ripa, but Can^dfi vraa tbe chief e^tqf 
 itq Goneusfiiqq^" the doora opened and shut ol'themselvea, wit^ a 
 fearful clattenna— the hells rang without being touched — the v%Mft 
 split as(|9^,^ — the flcj^ixs^ iseiparated and fell down — the 5eliils put on 
 
 
 Irf. 
 
64 
 
 course of the coast to Cape Sable, from thence i6 
 Port La Tour, ^thence to Cape Fourchu, thence to 
 Cape St. Mary, and following the several indenta- 
 tions of the shore to Port Royal — thence to the head of 
 the Bay of Fundy, and, traversing the other side 
 thereof to the river St. John, and from thence to 
 Pentagoet on the confines of New Kngland, extend- 
 ing one hundred leagues inland, and including all the 
 Islands and Fisheries on the Coast. The only reser- 
 vations were the mines and minerals, and the ap-^ 
 pointment of Governors. Mr. Temple, afterwards Sir 
 Thomas Temple, purchased the share of La Tour, 
 and immediately re-established the different settle^ 
 ments which had been commenced by the French; 
 he also expended the sum of 16,000Z. in repairing the 
 fortifications at the several Ports, and was in the re- 
 ceipt of a lai^e revenue, from the fur trade and fishe- 
 ries, when the Country was again ceded to France 
 by the treaty of Breda, in 1667.* By this treaty 
 France yielded to England, all her share of the Island 
 of St. Christopher, together with the Islands of An- 
 tigua, andMontserrat ; and England ceded Nova Sco" 
 tia, by the title and name of Acadia, but without any 
 specification of bounds. 
 M. Mourillon de Bourg, being commissioned ml- 
 
 the channel in which they ran before was no altered, that it could 
 not be diatinguished ; many trees were torn up and thrown to a 
 considerable distance, and some mountains appeared to be much 
 broken, and moved halfway between Tadousac and Quebec-^two 
 mountains were shaken down, and formed a point of land, which 
 extended half a quarter of a league into the River St. Lawrence.— 
 The island Auz Coudres became larger than it was before, and the 
 channel of the River became much altered. — Memoirs Am. Acd. 
 Arts and Science. 1st. 268 — and 1st. Holmes 889. 
 
 * The only English Colonies on the American Continent, after 
 an emigration of half a century, were Virginia, New England,' and 
 Maryland, which are supposed to have contained, in 1660, no more 
 than eighty thousand inhabitants. 
 
06 
 
 der the great Seal of France, to receive postteesjbn 
 of Nova Scotia, demanded from Sir Thomas Templcjon 
 the 21st Oct. 1668, a restitution of it according to the 
 terms of the Treaty, delivering to him at the same 
 time a letter from Charles II. under his signet, con- 
 taining his Majesty's order for its surrender. Sir 
 Thomas, finding his hopes thus blasted, availed him- 
 self of the indefinite terms of the treaty, and attempt- 
 ed to contract the meaning of Acadia to a part only 
 ofthe Peninsula; and hoped, by that expedient, to 
 save himself iome portion of his possessions. He 
 therefore returned for answer, among other things, 
 that finding several places mentioned in the Order, 
 by name, were in Nova-Scotia and not in Acadia, 
 and that his Majesty had ordered him to conform 
 himself to the Articles of the Treaty, wherein there 
 was no mention made of Nova-Scotia, he held it to be 
 his duty to defer the delivery of the country until his 
 Majesty's pleasure should be further known, as to the 
 bounds and limits both of Nova- Scotia and Acadia. 
 
 That the variance between the instructions and 
 the treaty rendered this step absolutely necessary, 
 for there were no places named in his order which 
 belonged to Acadia but Le Have and Cape Sable — 
 Pentagoet, St. John and Port Royal, being in Nova- 
 Scotia, a country bordering on New-England on the 
 one side, and Acadia on the other. This distinction 
 being deemed frivolous, was overruled, and orders 
 were transmitted to him to obey the 10th and 11th 
 articles of the Treaty of Breda ; and the whole of 
 Nova-Scotia was accordingly delivered to the Che- 
 valier de Grand Fontaine, for France. Nova-Scotia, 
 
 during all this period, was inhabited by the French, 
 
 9 
 
 . ! 
 
Qii 
 
 but they had become so discouraged by tiic repeotfd 
 attacks of the English that they made but littl jTo- 
 gress in scttUng the country, and their estabi.Jii- 
 ments were so detached as to be unable to succour 
 each other in any emergency. A thin population 
 was scattered on the several Rivers emptying into 
 the Bay of Fundy, while Port Royal, La Have, Che- 
 dabucto, St. John and Penobscot, were the only for- 
 tified places within the whole territory. 
 
 Notwithstanding the repeated remonstrances of the 
 several governors, they were permitted to languish, 
 with little support from Canada and still less from 
 France; so that upon every rupture between the two 
 parent countries, they fell an easy prey to their more 
 active and enterprising neighbours of Massachusetts.* 
 
 * To convey an idea of the '.vretched state of these forts, I have 
 extracted the following description of that at the Gemscc, on the 
 River St. John, from the original inventory and certihcate, taken 
 6ht Aug, 1670. 
 
 First, at the entering in of the said Fort, upon the left hand, 
 we found a court of guard of about fifteen paces long, and ten 
 broad, having, upon the right hand, a house of the like length and 
 breadth, built with hewn stone and covered with shingles, and 
 above them there is a chapel of about six paces long and four paces 
 broad; covered with shingles and built with terras, upon which 
 there is a small turret, wh<irein there is a little bell, weighing a- 
 bout eighteen pounds. 
 
 More, upon the left hand as we entered into the Court, there is 
 a magazine, having two Stories built with Stone, and covered with 
 shingles, being in length about 36 paces long, and ten in breadth; 
 which magazine is very old and wanted much reparation; under 
 which there is a little cellar, in which there is a well; and upon 
 the other side of said court, being on the right hand, there is a 
 house of the same length and breadth the magazine is, being 
 half covered with shingles, and the rest uncovered, and wanted 
 much reparation ; upon the ramparts of the said fort are twelve 
 iron guns, weighing in uU twenty one thousand one hundred twen- 
 ty and two pounds. 
 
 More, we do find in the said fort six murtherers, without cham- 
 bers, weighing twelve hundred pounds. 
 
 More, two hundred Iron bullets from three to eight pounds. 
 
 Lastly, about 30 or 40 paces from the said fort, there is a small 
 outhouse, being about 20 paces in length and eight in breadth, 
 built with planks and half covered with shingles, which do not 
 serve for any use but to house cattle. 
 
67 
 
 The original source of all the misfortunes and 
 of all the obstacles to the advancement and 
 prosperity of the Province, was the report that 
 spread itself at a very early period over the pa- 
 rent kingdom, that no mines were to be found in tliis 
 part of America. Little attention was therefore be- 
 stowed on the advantages which might have been 
 derived from the Colony, by encouraging and aug- 
 menting its commerce. Population made but a slow 
 progress, and the inducement presented to the inha- 
 bitants of France, to remove thither, was not very 
 alluring. The sole objects for commercial enterprise 
 which Acadia at that time alTordcd were the Fishe- 
 ries and the Fur trade. 
 
 Had the attention of France been directed to its 
 intrinsic value and importance, the settlements would 
 have advanced with greater rapidity, and reciprocal 
 advantages would have arisen to the parent state, 
 and to the Colony. 
 
 But the splendour of the precious metals, which 
 were imported from Mexico and Peru, were so at- 
 tractive to Europeans, that a territory which did not 
 produce them was considered as undeserving of at- 
 tention. Acadia fell therefore into disrepute, before 
 a knowledge of its soil and of the species of produc- 
 tions of which it was capable, could be ascertained. 
 Much time was allowed to elapse, before the choice 
 of a settlement was made, the land was often clear- 
 ed without a previous examination of its qualities, 
 
 More, about 60 paces from laid out-house there is a square gar- 
 den, enclosed with rails, in which garden there are 50 or 60 trees 
 bearing fruit. 
 
 Signed Le Chevalier de Grand Fontaine, Jean Mail- 
 
 lard, Richard Walker, Isaac Garner. 
 
 Marshall, Secy. 
 
68 
 
 grain sowed and buildings erected, and tho whole 
 frequently abandoned, and a settlement sought olsc- 
 were. 
 
 This spirit of inconstancy contributed to tho loss 
 of the country to France, and operated as an insu- 
 perable barrier to the acquisition of any solid ftdvan* 
 tage from it. It was, as wo have just seen, orlgiimlly 
 shared among diflercnt individuals, no one ofwliom 
 enriched himself, while the English were conducting 
 on the coast an extensive and profitable fishery. — 
 During 20 years succeeding tho treaty of Broda it 
 enjoyed comparative repose, and its popidation re- 
 ceived some small addition, by emigration; but, upon 
 the renewal of hostilities in 168D, it was found as it 
 ever had been, without any adequate means of de- 
 fence. So little attention had been paid to its forti- 
 fications, that a single piratical vessel, having only 
 110 men on board, was able to effect tho reduction 
 of Pentagoet, and the fort of Gemsec, on the lliver 
 St. John, and plunder the inhabitants at both places. 
 
 The government contented itself with ocengionally 
 sending a person of experience to visit tho Province, 
 and report on the measures necessary to bo adopted 
 for its safety. Several of these reports were drawn 
 up with great care, and exhibit a thorough know- 
 ledge of the Country. In one of them, the tottil po- 
 pulation of Nova-Scotia, which had been accurately 
 enumerated, was stated at 900, while that of all New 
 France did not exceed 5815. It was strenuously 
 urged upon the Ministry to abandon Port lloyal, 
 as difficult of access, and too far removed from Capo 
 Breton, Canada and Newfoundland, to receive suc- 
 cour when required. La Have and Canscau were 
 
69 
 
 represented as more suitable places for the main 
 military position, and Pentagoet, as it bordered upon 
 New England, and served to prevent the encroach- 
 ments of the English, was particularly pointed out 
 as a post of great consequence, and recommended tc( 
 be strongly fortified. 
 
 As this place was much exposed, a road between 
 it and Canada, for the convenience of sending troops 
 in time of war, was reported as indispensable to its 
 safety. These projects, though approved, were not 
 executed, and wiiile the government of France was 
 deliberating upon them, Massachusetts was making 
 preparations for wresting the Province out of its pos- 
 session. 
 
 An expedition for that purpose, consisting of a 
 frigate, mounting 40 guns, another ship of 16, and a 
 third of 8 guns, with transports, for the conveyance 
 of 700 men, were entrusted to Sir William Phipps* 
 who appeared before Port Royal on the 20th May, 
 1690. The garrison of this place was composed of 
 
 * Sir William Phippswas born in the year 1650, at Pemaquid in 
 New England. He was the son of a Blacksmith, and the occupa.- 
 tion of his early years was that of a Shepherd. At the age of 18 
 his father placed him as an apprentice with a Carpenter, to learh 
 the art of Ship building, with whom he continued until the expira- 
 tion of his indentures, when he built a vessel which he afterwards 
 navigated himself. Having heard of a Spanish wreck near the 
 Bahamas, he sailed thither, and made an unsuccessful attempt td 
 raise the Cargo, which consisted of Bullion and Coin. In 1683 he 
 was sent out by the English Government, in the Frigate * Alger 
 Rose,' and made a similar attempt on another Spanish wreck, near 
 Port de la Plata, upon Hispaniola, which was equally unfortunate. 
 Five years afterwards, the Duke of Albemarle, who was at that 
 time Governor of Jamaica, provided him with the necessary appa- 
 ratus, and dispatched him a third time, to search for the contents 
 of this valuable wreck, in which he succeeded, and raised up 
 £300,000 sterling. Having for a long time fruitlessly sought the 
 object of his voyage, in the neighbourhood of a reef of rocks, cal- 
 led the Boilers, further search was about being abandoned, when, 
 as one of the boats was returning to the ship, across the reef, a 
 Rea feather was di^-covered growing out of a rock ; whereupon an 
 Indian diver was directed to descend and fetch it up. But what 
 
■i^i' 
 
 no more than 86 men — t!ie works were in a very in- 
 different state of repair, and most of the cannon dis- 
 mounted. Manival, the French Governor, sent 
 Monsieur Petit a priest, to treat with Sir William, 
 who required an unconditional surrender. This was 
 peremptorily refused by the Priest, who proposed the 
 following articles of capitulation : — 1st. That the sol- 
 diers, with their arms and baggage, should be trans- 
 ported to Quebec, in a vessel to be provided by the 
 English. 2d. That the inhabitants should be main- 
 tained in peaceable possession of their properties, 
 and that the honor of the women should be observ- 
 ed. 3d. That they should be permitted to enjoy 
 the free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion, and 
 that the property of the Church should be protected. 
 Sir William agreed to these conditions, but refus- 
 ed to commit them to writing, intimating that his 
 word as a General was a better security than any 
 document whatever. Manival was obliged to rest 
 
 was their surprise and joy, btt his roiuirA, to learn that he had seen 
 several guns lying on the bottom of the deep. On a second descent, 
 the Indian succeeded in raising a mass of Silver, of the value of 
 several hundred pounds sterling. Tidings of the discovery was im- 
 mediately conveyed to Capt. Phipps, who, with his men, repaired 
 to the spot, and upon leaving the place, carried with him thirty 
 two tons of silver bullion, besides a lage quantity of gold, pearh, 
 and Jewels, over which the billows had been rolling for more thnn 
 half a century. He was shortly afterwards Knighted, and appoint- 
 ed by James II. Sheriff of New England ; an office which ha never 
 executed. He was then offered the government of Massachusetts, 
 but the affairs of the King wearing a gloomy aspect at the time, he 
 declined it. In 168S he solicited the expedition against Nova- 
 Scotia, which was successful, and he was soon appointed to the 
 command ofanother against Canada, which proved exceedingly 
 disastrous. When the new charter of Massachusetts Was granted, 
 he was made Governor of that, his native country, but being a man 
 of violent temper, ho committed an assault on the collector, a Mr. 
 Brenton, and another on a captain of a Frigate on that station, on 
 whose complaint he was recalled to England to make his defence ; 
 while engaged in th j unpleasant affair, he died in London on the 
 18th February, 1693, and was buried in the church of St. Mary, 
 Walneatb. 
 
71 
 
 satisfied with this assurance, and the following day- 
 went on board the frigate, where the capitulation 
 was verbally ratified in the presence of Des Gautins, 
 the French Secretary ; and the keys of the fortress 
 formerly surrendered. Upon an examination of the 
 fortifications, the English were surprised at the weak- 
 ness of the place, and regretted, it is said, having 
 granted to the Garrison such favorable terms — ac- 
 cording to the French writers, they soon found an 
 excuse for violating them. While Manival was on 
 board the frigate, a quantity of stores was discovered 
 ia the possession of the inhabitants. Sir William 
 construed this into a breach of the capitulation, and 
 using it as a pretext for annulling the terms, he dia- 
 ormcd the soldiers, and imprisoned them in the 
 Church. He confined Manival to his own house, 
 under the charge of a sentinel, plundered him of his 
 money and clothes, and gave up the place to general 
 pillage, from which neither the Priests nor the 
 Churches were exempted. He then left a person 
 in charge of the fort, and constituted six of the | rin- 
 cipal inhabitants justices of the peace, andh-i'iig 
 compelled the people to take the oath oi ulleiLi;uice 
 to William and Mary, re-embarked his men, carrying 
 with him the Governor, a sergeant, 38 pri tp« and 
 two Priests. From Port Royal he praceede ! to 
 Chcdabucto, where he summoned Montorgieul, the 
 successor of Monseiur Denys, to surrender. Although 
 that officer had but a small detachment in garrison, 
 ho made so brave a defence, that the English were 
 compelled to set fire to the place, before he would 
 listen to a capitulation, which was at last granted 
 to him upon honorable terms, and he and his garri- 
 
 ;l# 
 
72 
 
 notk were conducted to Placentia in safety. From 
 thence he proceeded to Isle Percd, where the unarm- 
 ed inhabitants witnessed the destruction of their pro- 
 perty, and the loss of their Chapel. The English at 
 that time did not garrison Port Royal, but contented 
 « themselves with dismantling the fortifications. 
 
 In this defenceless state, the unfortunate Acadians, 
 in that neighbourhood, were attacked by two Pira- 
 tical vessels, the crews of which set fire to a number 
 of houses, slaughtered their cattle, hanged some of 
 the inhabitants, and deliberately burned one family, 
 whom they had shut up in their dwelling house, to 
 prevent their escape. The Chevalier Villabon, who 
 now arrived from France, to assume the command of 
 Nova-Scotia, found the English flag flying at Port 
 Royal, though not protected by any troops. 
 f< Having substituted that of France, he consulted 
 with Monsieur Perot, who had been formerly Go- 
 vernor of the place, and Des Gautins, the late Secre- 
 tary , upon the best mode of protecting from the attacks 
 of the English the King's stores, which he had brought 
 with him from France. 
 
 Des Gautins took that opportunity of informing 
 him, that when the place was t?>en by Sir William 
 Phipps he had buried a very considerable sum of 
 money, belonging to the King, which was immedi- 
 ately disenterred and applied to the public service — 
 an act of integrity which procured his acquittal with- 
 out trial on a subsequent occasion, when he was ac- 
 cused of malversation in oflice. It was determined 
 at this consultation to proceed without delay, to the 
 fort on the river St. John. On his passage thither, 
 VilUboQ narrowly escaped from the pirates, who cap- 
 
 ture 
 Perc 
 liavi 
 pres( 
 to (lis 
 faithf 
 tives 
 
 • 
 
 imrnc( 
 
 embar 
 
 would 
 
 pices. 
 
 they hj 
 
 eupplie 
 
 satisfiec 
 
 loss of 1 
 
 tlie prej 
 
 tlunnsr 
 
 of the E 
 
 The 
 cently 
 VVilJiamI 
 people 
 tlie forrr 
 
 The 
 
 Maine ai 
 
 the two 
 
 and forr 
 
 hundred! 
 
 the only] 
 
 for masts 
 
 * Thoy 
 —a most se 
 arter. 
 
m 
 
 tiired his vessel, and tortured his companion,Mon8ieu): 
 Perot, to extort a disclosure of his money.* Villibon, 
 having collected the Indians, deplored the loss of the 
 presents which the King of France had ordered him 
 to distribute among them, exhorted them to remain 
 faithful to their treaties, to preserve all English cap- 
 tives to be exchanged for the French, whom the 
 enemy had taken, arid assured them that he would 
 immediately proceed to Quebec, for the purpose of 
 embarking for France, and thut in the Spring he 
 would again visit them, under more favorable aus- 
 pices. To this thoy replied that Onanthio, (the name 
 they had given to the King of France) having already 
 supplied them with ammunition, they were perfectly 
 satisfied, and that they were more grieved for the 
 loss of the vessel and stores on his account, than for 
 the presents destined for them ; and promised that 
 during his absence they would give a good account 
 of the English. jiv t).L>'ux' ''" '■' (if<ji/>as ;, >i Jnui 
 
 The old charter of Massachusetts having been re- 
 cently forfeited, a new one was obtained from 
 William and Mary, which, although it deprived the 
 people of many privileges, they had enjoyed under 
 the former, very materially enlarged i^eir territory. 
 
 The Colony of- New Plymouth, the province of 
 Maine and Nova Scotia, with the lands lying between 
 the two latter, were thus annexed to Massachusetts, 
 and formed an extensive tract cf not less than eight 
 hundred miles in length. Out of this spacious domain, 
 the only new reservations were the timber, suitable 
 for masts for the Royal Navy, and a negative upon 
 
 * They compelled him to undergo what sailors call keel-hawling 
 -a most severe operation, from the eflects of which he died ao9,n 
 
 alter. 
 
 10 
 
74 
 
 the grants of land, between the river Sagadahook and 
 4he Gulf of St. Lawrence, which were notto be vahc 
 without the King's approbation. Sir William Phipps, 
 a native of the country, who had distinguished him- 
 self on several occasions, was the first governor un- 
 der the new charter.* But although Nova Scotia 
 had been treated as a conquered country, and dis- 
 posed of accordingly, yet the Freneh, as usual, were 
 in possession of it, and Villibon^ according to the pro- 
 mise he had made to the Indians, returned to the 
 •River St. John;, where his fort served aa a rallying 
 |KHUt to the French and Savages, vdio were assem- 
 bled tliere in great numbers. In Ue year 16^1, Mr. 
 Nelson, who had been appointed governor of the 
 «dkn\y, was taken prisoner by him and 6ent to Que- 
 bec, from whence he vas removed to France, wher,e 
 he was for some tim a kept in close confinement.— 
 ^his fort was also mode a place of depot for arms 
 and ammunition, with which the Indians were fur- 
 tiished, to make incursions upon New England. It 
 was therefore resolved by the Massachusetts' govern- 
 ment, to send a ship of war to intercept the annual 
 supply, which they were in the habit of receiving 
 from France. 
 
 The Sorrel was accordingly ordered to cruise ofl' 
 the harbor of St. John for that purpose, and having 
 fj^Uen in vvavh the French frigate, a severe engagc- 
 
 * To this r:)n*€9t about the c»ht charter has been ascribed the 
 origiR* in Maesachussetts, of the two parties, patriots and preroga- 
 tive men, between whom controversy scarcely intermitted, and was 
 novtQr ended until the revolution. Such as were for adhering to liie 
 patent naturally, won the feelings of the people, and received their 
 cdtlidence in proportion to their zeal ; while such as adopted the 
 more prudent course, of submitting to the operation of law, were 
 Vibjecttothe reproach of cowardire or self interestod motives.— 
 Minot. 
 
76 
 
 ment ensued, in which she was beaten oft", and the 
 stores afterwards landed in safety. -r- -; huw^i-u.,, 
 
 The next year she was again dispatched upon the 
 same service, with the ' Newport' frigate and the . 
 Province tender. While at anchor in the liarbour of 
 St. John, Iberville arrived from Quebec, with, two 
 men of war, having on board two companies of sol- 
 diers and 50 Micmac Indians to effect, in conjunction - 
 with the force under Villibon, the reduction of the 
 fort at Pemaquid. The ships were immediately en^ 
 gaged, and the Newport having sustained the loss of 
 her topmast and other injuries, surrendered — ^while 
 the other two, under cover of a fog, eflected their 
 escape. * • • ■ /, ; -i rr * 
 
 Reinforced with this prize, Villibon and Iberville 
 proceeded immediately to Penobscot, where they 
 were joined by the Baron Castine,* and two hundred 
 Indians, and invested Pemaquid on the 14th July, 
 1696. The defence of this fort, which was garrison- 
 
 * The Baron of St. Castine, a gentleman of Oboron, in Beam, 
 having lived among the Abenakia, after the savage way, for above. 
 20 years, is so much respected by the savages, that they look upoa 
 him as their tutelar Qod. He was formerly an officer of the Carrig<- 
 nan Regiment, and threw himself among the savages, whose Ian* 
 guage he had learned. He married among them after their faahion^ 
 and preferred the forests of Acadia to the Pyrenian Mountains, 
 that encompass the place of his nativity. For the first year of his 
 abode with the savages, he behaved himself so as to draw an in- 
 expressible esteem from them. They made him their great chief 
 or leader, which is in a manner the Sovereign of the nation, and 
 by degrees he lias worked himself into such a fortune, which any 
 man but he would have made such use of as to draw out of the 
 Country, above two or three hundred thousand Crowns,which he has 
 now in his pocket, in good dry gold. But all the use he makes cf 
 it, is to buy up goods for presents to his fellow savages, who upon 
 their return from hunting, present him with beaver skins, to treble 
 the value. The 'Governor-General of Canada keeps in with him, 
 and the Governor of New England is afraid of him. He has 
 fieveral daughters, who are all of them married very handsomely, 
 to Frenchmen, and had good dowsries. — He has never changed his 
 wife, by which moans he intended to give the savages to understand 
 that God does not lo\ o inconstant folks. La Hontan. 
 
 ::1f^- 
 
1^ 
 
 
 
 cd by New England troops, was by no means pro- 
 portioned to its strength ; but the terror inspired by 
 the 8avag«s was such, that the garrison capitulated, 
 after a feeble resistance, upon assurances of person- 
 al protectioit- from their fury. On entering the 
 fort, the Indians discovered one of their people 
 in irons, and were so exasperated at the ac- 
 count he gave of his sufierings, that they murdered 
 several of the English ; and Iberville was under the 
 necessity of removing the rest of the prisoners to an 
 island, and placing them under a strong guard, to 
 prevent them from falling victims to their ungovern- 
 able resentment. '•:■.. ■. * , - fjv •" , 
 
 On receiving intelligence of this affair, a fleet was 
 immediately ordered out from Boston in pursuit of tlio 
 French, but they had demolished the fort, which had 
 been built at a very great cxpencc, and commenced 
 their retreat before its arrival at Pemaquid. After 
 leaving this place the French vessels separated. 
 
 Iberville proceeded to Newfoundland, touching at 
 Cape Breton on his way thither, to land the Indians 
 who had accompanied him in this expedition ; but 
 Villibon, who had steered for St. John's, was over- 
 taken and captured, with 23 others, and sent to 
 Boston. 
 
 Measures of retaliation were immediately deter- 
 mined upon, and Colonel Church, with 500 men, 
 was ordered to embark at Portsmouth and visit Nova- 
 Scotia. ^ 
 
 He sailed direct to Beau Basin and ravaged thai 
 country, which has subsequently received the name 
 of Cumberland. Upon discovering the Englisli forcet, 
 most of the inhabitants abandoned their houses 
 
77 
 
 and fled to tlic woods. Diirinr^ the pursuit of the 
 fugitives, Burgeois, one rf the most respectable 
 Acadians, surrendered, and demanded protec- 
 tion for himself and family, which was readily- 
 granted. On his examination, it appeared that there 
 were savages mingled with tlic inhabitants in the 
 woods, and orders were therefore issued to renew 
 the pursuit, and to offer quarters to all the French, 
 but to give none to the Indians. Burgeois was de- 
 sired also to give notice to all his cou.'itrymen to re- 
 turn, and that they should be well received. Many 
 of them submitted; and it was proposed to them 
 to join with the English in pursuit of the Indians — an 
 ungenerous request, to which it was impossible to 
 accede, though the restoration of their property, 
 which had been already taken, and the preservation 
 of the rest, was held out to them as an inducement.— 
 On their refusing to comply, their houses were burn- 
 ed — their 'dykes broken down — their cattle and sheep 
 destroyed, and their effects plundered by the soldiers. 
 Charlivoix imforms us, that Burgeois produced a 
 proclamation of Sir William Phipps, in which assu- 
 rances of protection were given to the inhabitants of 
 Chiegnecto, so long as they remained faithful subjects 
 of King William, and that Church being made ac- 
 quainted with it, had ordered their property to be 
 respected, but that while he and his oflicers were en- 
 tertained by Burgeois, the soldiers, who were dispers- 
 ed among the inhabitants, conducted themseves as if 
 they had been in a conquered country. He also adds, 
 that many of the people, distrusting his promises, re- 
 fused to surrender, and that it was fortunate they 
 did so, for an order of Frontinac, the governor of 
 
Canada, for the regulation of trade, having been 
 soon after discovered posted up in the chapel, the 
 English treated them as rebels — set fire to the church, 
 and reduced to ashes the few houses which they 
 had previously spared. The condition of the?'^ Aca- 
 dians was truly deplorable. Their natural attach- 
 mcat was to the French. During more than a centu- 
 ry they were constantly changing masters, and had 
 no sooner acknowledged themselves the subjects of 
 one crown, than they were suffered to pass again 
 under the power of the other. Where protection 
 was thus refused and neglected, it was unreasonable 
 to charge them with being traitors and rebels. 
 
 On his return to Massachusetts, Church was met 
 by a reinforcement, and he received orders to pro- 
 ceed up the River St. John, and attack the fort of 
 Villibon. But thiis place was defended with so much 
 gallantry^ that he soon re-embarked his men and 
 returned, without effecting the object of the expedi- 
 tion. Untii this period, the people of Massachusetts 
 had considered themselves in possession of Nova- 
 Scotia under their charter, and had at different times 
 granted commissions to their officers for its govern- 
 ment ; but feeling their inability to protect it, they 
 now petitioned the crown to be relieved from the ex- 
 pence of its defence, and that it might be garrisoned 
 at the national charge. This act was deemed a re- 
 linquishment of jurisdiction, and it was accordingly 
 at a subsequent period, established as a distinct, and 
 separate province. The English retained possession 
 of Acadia until 1606,* when, by the treaty of Ryswick, 
 it was once more restored to France. ' u». 
 
 * The war firom 1690 to 1C96, is generally known in America, 
 
79 
 
 in America, 
 
 By this treaty, the French and English attempted 
 to establish a boundary line between New England 
 and Acadia. The eastern limits of the British domi- 
 nions were fixed at the River St. Croix, but still it 
 remained a question, which of two rivers this was. 
 When the English first visited the western shore of 
 the Bay of Pundy, they erected a cross on the land, 
 and gave the country the name of the holy cross. — 
 The rivers had no other name at that time, than such 
 as were expressed in the Indian language, and there- 
 lore, among the Europeans, more than • of them 
 acquired that name, and was called l> Oroix.* — 
 This boundary always afterwards continued to be a 
 subject of dispute and negotiation between the two 
 powers, as long as France retained her American 
 possessions. Encroachment and conquest seemed to 
 be the ultimate aim of her policy. 
 
 The Frenoh possessed the two great rivers, the 
 Missisippi and the St. Lawrence, the sources of which 
 were at no very great distance from' each other, and 
 formed a line almost parallel to the sea coast, which 
 was both claimed and inhabited by the English. 
 
 as King William^s war. — Hostilities commenced again in 1702, 
 and contined until 1713, which period is denominated " Queen 
 Jnne^s war," the war from 173C to 1763, ia called the French and 
 Indian war. 
 
 * As the river St. Croix still continues to be a subject of interest, 
 and to aiTord a " vexata questio," I shall subjoin Lescarbot's des- 
 cription of the Island on which the settlement was originally made; 
 for that point once ascertained, it will be a matter of no great 
 difficulty, to determine what river is intitled to the appellation of 
 St. Croix, "il nous faut;dire que I'isle de Sainte Croix est difficile 
 a Irouver a qui n'y a estc. Car il y a tant d'iles et de grandes bayoB 
 a passer devant quon y soit, que je m'etonne comme on avait pe- 
 netre siavant pour Taller trouver. II y atrois on quatre montagnea 
 etnminenteii par dessus les autres aux cotez, mais do la part du nort 
 d'ou descend la ruiere it n'y en a sinon une pointue eloigneo de 
 deux lieues. II y a des ruisseaux d'eau douce tres — agreeables vis- 
 a-vis de I'slo &c. Lescarbot chap. 35, page 496. 
 
 .14 ■*".<'.- 
 
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 oiV&i'^. 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ■2.5 
 
 U£ liii 12.2 
 
 ^ U° 12.0 
 RI^H 
 
 L25 IHU ii.6 
 
 I, 
 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STRKT 
 
 WIBSTM.N.Y. U5M 
 
 (716) •72-4S03 
 
■ii 
 
 I i,f 
 
 :;i:!': 
 
 80 
 
 This territory, therefore, was more than sufficiently 
 ample for all the purposes of colonization, but both 
 parties carried with them to America their herediia- 
 ry animosities, and frequently committed open acts of 
 violence in the new world, when their respective 
 states in Europe were at peace. 
 
 Thus the seeds of a bloody contest were sown with 
 the early settlers of both. The immensity of territo- 
 ry for which they were contending prevented any 
 boundaries from being amicably settled between them 
 at first ; and when national honor and private inte- 
 rest were involved in the contest, it was ever after 
 impracticable. The extravagant and ridiculous 
 grants of land, made by the sovereigns of both king- 
 doms to their subjects, necessarily made them re- 
 gard each other as mutual trespassers. 
 
 The French always exhibited a desire to encroach, 
 and from the whole tendency of their conduct, it ap- 
 pears almost indisputable that they intended to pos- 
 sess themselves of some of the English harbors on 
 the coast, having no other maritime communication 
 for their immense territory than the mouths of two 
 rivers, the navigation in neither of which was con- 
 venient. •? 
 
 The peace of Ryswick was scarcely proclaimed in 
 New England, when the French evinced that they 
 intended to make themselves sole proprietors of the 
 lishery, and to restrain the English from the posses- 
 sion of any part of the country contained in the Mas- 
 sachusetts' charter, to the eastward of Kenebec. — 
 In pursuance of these claims, Villibon wrote to the 
 governor of Massachusetts as follows — " I am ex- 
 pressly ordered by hie Majesty, to maintain the 
 
SI 
 
 bounds between New England and us, which are 
 from Xenebec river to its mouth, leaving the course 
 of the river free unto both nations, and I desire that 
 you will no longer consider the Indians there, your 
 subjects. I am informed you have divers fishermen 
 on the coast, and that you permit your people to trade 
 in the French ports — ^you may rest assiyed Sir^ that 
 I shall seize all the English, who shall be found fish- 
 ing or trading there, for you cannot be ignorant that 
 it is plainly prohibited, by the treaty between the t'vo 
 Crowns, a copy of which you yourself forwarded to^ 
 me. Monsieur de Bonaventure, Commander of the 
 Enviux, has also sent you some of your fishing ves- 
 sels, which he has taken, and acquainted you,, that if 
 they presume to trade on the coast, he shall consider 
 them as lawful prizes." Villibon was not able to 
 put these threats into execution, for want of a few 
 Cruisers, to protect the trade, and his orders on this 
 subject were evaded, even by the Acadians them- 
 selves. A relation of Le Bourgne, in right of his 
 predecessor of that name, claimed the property of all 
 the Peninsula of Acadia ; and in consequence of this 
 claim, the English, notwithstanding the cession of the 
 Country, traded upon its coast, on pretence of being 
 authorised by this person, to whom they paid fifty 
 Crowns for each ship. -^' c/^ w* > <yr,„i ,rt«-„tmi«.*.> 
 
 Villibon continued to make such representMions 
 of the defenceless state of the Colony to the French 
 Court, that an Engineer was sent out, by whose ad- 
 vice the inhabitants of Noaxet, were transported in 
 the year 1700, to Port Royal, but no care being taken 
 to fortify the coast, the English migrossed the fishery 
 
 as heretofore. The peace which followed the treaty 
 
 11 
 
 ■ ii«- 
 
 '•'I 
 

 ,/ 
 
 / 
 
 ;':m,*: 
 
 of Ryswick was c T short continuance, Lewis the 1 4th 
 having acknowledged the pretender as King of Eng- 
 lland, war was declared against him on the 4th of 
 May, 1701.* It was easy to foresee that one of the 
 first acts of hostility would be an attempt to rescue 
 from their hands this disputed territory. 
 
 The French Court therefore, at this period, seems 
 to have seriously projected the effective settlement 
 of the Province, as well as permanent and expensivie 
 Fortifications. The Bishop of Quebec, who was then 
 in France, entered into engagements with ecclesias- 
 tics, to accompany emigrants^ but other and more 
 pressing engagements caused theso designs to be 
 laid aside. 
 
 Bruillon,the Governor of the Country, was ordered 
 to encourage the trade of La Have, to rebuild and 
 enlarge the fortifications there, and to prevent, as far 
 as possible, the English Colonists from participating 
 in the fishery. The condition of Canada did not 
 permit him to hopo for succour from the Commander 
 in Chief, and in the absence of a naval force, he so- 
 licited the assistance of the pirates, who at that time 
 infested the shores of the Atlantic. Upon this invi- 
 tation, they resorted in great numbers to La Have, 
 which was favorably situated for committing depre- 
 dations on the trade of Massachusetts. The money 
 wliich was thus thrown into circulation, and the 
 quantities of merchandize which they disposed 
 of, at very reduced prices, afforded him the means 
 of paying the savages, whom he had instigated to 
 acts of hostility against the people of New-England. 
 
 * The population of (he other English Coloniea, on the Continent* 
 in 1701 WMai fellows :— New England, 120,000. 
 rti^nnl ^Ht xtt^i. Mid. and 9. Coloniee, 142,000 Total 262,000. 
 
88 
 
 In order to retaliate these kijurles, an armament, 
 consisting of three men of war, i4 transports and 36 
 whale boats, having on board 550 soldiers, under the 
 immediate command of Colonel Church, was fitted 
 out in 1704, for the purpose of ravaging the French 
 settlements in Nova-Scotia. Touching at Montinicus, 
 and seizing a few Frenchmen, whom he compelled 
 to serve as pilots, Church sailed up the river Penob- 
 scot, where he took a number of prisoners, among 
 whom was the daughter of the Baron Castine, who 
 was absent on a visit to his paternal Estate in France. 
 — ^From thence the boats proceeded up the western 
 Passamaquoddy, destroying the whole of the settle- 
 ments, as far as the falls of the river, and perpetrat- 
 ing several acts of outrage upon the unoffending in- 
 habitants. At this place the fleet separated, the men 
 of war sailing for Port Royal, and the whale boats for 
 Minas (Horton) . At the latter place, having encoun- 
 tered some resistance, the English totally destroyed 
 three populous villages, plundered the inhabitants, 
 and made several prisoners ; they then rejoined the 
 ships in the harbour of Port Royal. There, after se- 
 veral skirmishes with the inhabitants, the design d" 
 attacking the fort was abandoned, and Church sailed 
 to Chiegnecto, (which he had visited eight years be- 
 fore) and laid waste the Country, plundering the in- 
 habitants of their goods, burning their houses and 
 breaking down the dykes, which protected their 
 valui^ble and extensive marshes from the encroach- 
 ment of the sea. The ease with which these depre- 
 dations were committed, and the earnest desire which 
 Massachusetts had always exhibited that Nova- 
 Scotia should be possessed by the English, facilitat- 
 
 !«-> I! 
 
/ 
 
 ed the means of at last producing the assent of Go- 
 venunent that a force should be sent for its conquest, 
 and the welcome assurance was also given that it 
 should not be again ceded to France. Accordin^y, 
 1000 men were raised in New-Hampshire, Massachu- 
 setts and Rhode Island, and on the Hth of May, 1707, 
 they arrived at Port Royal, under the convoy of two 
 men of war. Brouillard, the Governor of the Colony, 
 having died the preceding year, the command of the 
 place had been conferred on M. Subercase, an active 
 and intelligent officer, who had distinguished himself 
 at Newfoundland. The excellent disposition made 
 by him frustrated every assault of the English, and 
 the cordial co-operation of the Indians and inhabi- 
 tants, who were commanded by the Baron Castine, 
 enabled him to become the assailant, and to compel 
 them to reimbark. 
 
 Mr. Dudley, the Governor of Massachusetts, was 
 unwilling to abandon the enterprise ; and as the forces 
 were but little reduced in number, and had been 
 eoUeoted at a very great expence, he ordered them 
 to return and make another attempt on the fort. — 
 The second attack was equally unsuccessful with the 
 first. The soldiers had become dispirited by defeat, 
 and being chiefly recruits, failed in discipline and 
 subordination. * v ^^ e '^h^,;. * 
 
 They unfortunately fell into several ambuscades, 
 in which they suffered severely, and epidemical dis- 
 orders prevailing among them, it was determined, in 
 a general Council, to make good their retreat be 
 fore they were so far weakened as to render their 
 embarkation a matter of difliculty. The conquest of 
 this place was an object of too much importance to 
 
86 
 
 be thiiB easily abandoned, and accordingly another 
 and more successful expedition was fitted out in 1710, 
 under the command of General Nicholson. 3 
 
 On the 18th of September, a fleet consisting of the 
 Dragon, Leostaff, Feversham and Chester, men of 
 war, and the Starbomb and Massachusetts, provin- 
 cial galley, with 14 transports in the pay of Massa- 
 chusetts, 6 of Connecticut, ^ of New-Hampshire, 3 of 
 Rhode Island, and a tender and 5 English transports, 
 set sail from Nantasket, in Boston bay, and arrived at 
 Port Royal, on the 24th of the same month. ^ 
 
 The troops consisted of one regiment of Marines, 
 from Europe, and four regiments of Provincials, rais- 
 ed in New-England, but commissioned by the Queen, 
 and armed at the Royal expense. At the entrance 
 of the harbour, one of the transports was wrecked, 
 and 26 men, together with all the stores on board, 
 were lost. The forces were landed without opposi- 
 tion. Subercase, the Governor, had only 260 effec- 
 tive men, and the greater part of them he was afraid 
 to employ beyond the limits of the works, from an 
 apprehension that they would desert to the English, 
 — as the army was marching up to the fort, several 
 men were killed by the inhabitants, who fired from 
 behind their houses and fences, and made their es- 
 cape. On the 29th the Governor sent out a flag of 
 truce, praying leave for some of the ladies, who were 
 afraid of the shells, to pass through the English camp. 
 The officer not observing the rules of war, was put 
 under an arrest, and a Subaltern sent to acquaint 
 Subercase with the cause of his detention. On the 
 1st of October, the Engineers had three batteries open, 
 two mortars, and 24 Cohom mortars, mounted within 
 
«l 
 
 an hundred yards of the fort, and commenced a hea^' 
 vy cannonade — the French returning shot and ehells 
 at the same time. In the evening Colonel Taylor 
 and Capt. Abercrombie were sent with a summons 
 to the Governor to surrender, and in consequence 
 thereof a cessation of arms was agreed upon, the 
 terms of capitulation settled, and the next day the 
 following articles signed: ^ '^ 
 
 Articles of capitulation, agreed upon for the sur- 
 render of the fort at Port Royal, &c. between Francis 
 Nicholson, Esq. General and Commander in Chief 
 of all the forces of her Britanio Majesty Anne, Queen 
 of Great Britain, and Monsieur Subercase, Governor 
 &c. for his most Christian Majesty. \ 
 
 1st. That the garrison shall march out with their 
 arms and baggage, drums beating and colours flying. 
 
 2d. That there shall be a sufficient number of ships 
 and provisions to transport the said garrison to Ro- 
 chel or Rochfort, by the shortest passage, when they 
 shall be furnished with passports for their return. 
 
 3d. That I may take out six guns and two mortars, 
 such as I shall think fit. 
 
 4th. That the officers shall carry out all their effects, 
 of what sort soever, except they do agree to the sell- 
 ing them, the payment of which to be upon good 
 
 laitn. . '^^.■iil'':t'<"'' ' ' ^ ,■ \:"-i : •(* ii'.f •r'^.^jr.';; . 
 
 6th. That the inhabitants within cannon shot of 
 Port Royal, shall remain upon their estates, with their 
 com, cattle, and furniture, during two years, in case 
 they are not desirous to go before ; they taking the 
 oath of allegiance and fidelity to her sacred Majesty 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 6th. That a vessel be provided for the privates be- 
 
87 
 
 longing to the Islands of America) for their transpor*'* 
 tation thither. '*• 
 
 7. That those that are desirous to go to Placentia,/H 
 in Newfoundland, shall have leave by the nearest 
 passage. "f 
 
 8th. That the Canadians, or those that are desir- 
 ous to go there, may, during the space of one year. '' 
 
 9th. That the effects, ornaments, and utensils of 
 the Chapel and Hospital, shall bo delivered to the 
 Almoner. ^ 
 
 10th. I promise to deliver the fort of Port Koyal,' 
 into the hands of Francis Nicholson, Esq. for the 
 Queen of Great Britain, within three days after the 
 ratification of this present treaty, with all the effects 
 belonging to the King, as guns, mortars, bombs, ball, 
 powder, and all other small arms. "^ 
 
 11th. I will discover, upon my faith, all the mines, 
 fugasses, and casements. 
 
 12th. All the articles of this present treaty shall 
 be executed upon good faith without difficulty, and 
 signed by each other, at her Majesty of Great Bri- 
 tain's camp, before Port Royal Fort, this second day 
 of October, in the ninth year of her Majesty's Reign. 
 
 — Annoque Domini 1710. 
 
 Francis Nicholson, "" Subercase. ' 
 
 The English lost 14 or 15 men in this expedition, 
 beside the 26 who perished on board of the transport. 
 The cannon and mortars reserved in the capitulation 
 were purchased by Government, for 7499 livers and 
 10 sols, and the prisoners, amounting to 258 soldiers, 
 with their officers and the principal inhabitants, in 
 all 481 persons, were transported to Rochelle. Ge- 
 neral Nicholson, having left a garrison of 200 marines 
 
 U'^ 
 
 i ■ i 
 
 1 
 
 I* , 
 
 i t '^- 
 
and 2Q0 volunteers, under the command of Colonel 
 Vetch, who had been appointed Governor of the 
 Country, returned with the licet and army to Boston, 
 where he arrived on the 26th of October. The ex- 
 pences incurred by New-Englnnd, in the conquest of 
 Port Royal, amounted to £23,000 ^ and was after- 
 wards reimbursed by Parliament. Colonel Vetch 
 immediately dispatched Col. Livingston to Canada, 
 to inform the Governor General that Acadia had 
 fallen into the hands of the English ; that the inha- 
 bitants thereof were prisoners at discretion, (except 
 those within gun-shot of Port Royal) and that if the 
 barbu'ities practised upon the people of New-Eng- 
 land by the savages under his controul were not 
 discontinued, reprisals would be made upon the 
 French of Nova-Scotia. After a perilous and most 
 fatiguing journey (in which ho was accompanied by 
 the Baron Castine,) he orrivcd at Quebec, where he 
 was informed by Vandrieul, that the miseries inci- 
 dental to a Colonial wur, of which he complained, 
 were wholly owing to a refusal on the part of the 
 English of an offer made by him of neutrality, be- 
 tween the Provinces in the new world, when the 
 parent states were at war in Europe ; that he had ever 
 been attentive to the protection of prisoners whom 
 the chance of war had placed in iiis power, and that 
 if these threats were put into execution, nothing 
 would remain for him but to deliver up to the Indi- 
 ans every English prisoner then in his possession. ^ 
 
 The Court of France, aware, from the repeated at- 
 tempts of the English to possess themselves of Nova- 
 Scotia, and their triumph at its conquest, that if not 
 retaken it would never be again ceded, began too 
 
89 
 
 late to awaken to a sense of its importanee. Pbni- 
 chartrain, in a letter to M. de Beauharnois, intendant 
 of Rochelle and Rochfort, says " I could wish you 
 were sufficiently sensible of the necessity of retaking 
 Port Royal, before the English effect a permanent 
 settlement. The preservation of North America, and 
 the fisheries on its coast, equally require it. These 
 are two objects of immense importance, and should 
 be constantly pressed upon the attention of the Go-> 
 vernor General of New France, until he views them 
 in the same Kght." He then requested Beauharnois 
 to organise if possible an association of the merchants 
 of Rochell, sufficiently powerful to expel the English 
 from the Country, and to form two extensive estab- 
 lishments, the one at La Have, and the other at Che- 
 dabucto — at the same time, he made similar appli- 
 eations himself to the most opulent traders at St. 
 Malo, Nantes and Bayonne. • *''^ 
 
 Notwithstanding the promises of great individued 
 profit, which he made then on the part of his Majesty 
 the King of France, he could not find any person 
 willing to take charge of the expedition, or to make 
 the necessary advances of money for an object which, 
 upon the whole, appeared to them to be of more im- 
 portance to the state than to the adventurers. Van- 
 drieuel was not insensible either of the political or in- 
 ternal value of the Country, and if the state of Ca- 
 nacte. had permitted him to have withdrawn any of 
 the troops, he would have made an attempt for its 
 recovery. He appointed the Baron Castinetothe 
 chief command in Nova-Scotia, with instructions to 
 preserve as much as possible the loyalty of the Aca- 
 
 diane during the present trying emergency. He also 
 
 12 
 
 ';<?« 
 

 wrote to the priests to redouble their zeal in retain- 
 ing the aflections of their proselytes the Indians, and 
 desired them to inform the inhabitants that he would 
 visit them during the ensuing spring, and after in- 
 forming himself of their situation, attempt their relief. 
 " These entreaties were so effectual, that he receiv- 
 ed an answer from one of the missionaries, informing 
 him that Castine, with a powerful body of Indians, 
 had attacked a party of the English and defeated 
 them ; and being joined by the inhabitants, had in- 
 vested Port Royal, and was only waiting for succour 
 to complete his conquest. The Marquis D'Alloigniers, 
 with two hundred men and several officers, were or- 
 dered to proceed to their assistance with the utmost 
 dispatch, but the arrival of an English fleet in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, under the command of Sir 
 Hovendon Walker, detained them to defend Quebec. 
 This hostile disposition of the French settlers, indu- 
 ced the officer commanding at Port Royal, to appre- 
 hend the Priest and five of the most respectable inha- 
 bitants of the district, as hostages for the good beha- 
 viour of their countrymen, who were informed that, 
 upon any similar attempt, these prisoners should suf- 
 fer military execution. Finding that no immediate 
 assistance could be received from Quebec, and that 
 their missionary was made prisoner, the inhabitants 
 of the Bdnlieue (three miles round the Fort) who had 
 been included in the capitulation, laid down their 
 arms and made acknowledgment of their faults, but 
 at the same time, privately acquainted Vaudrieul, 
 that his Majesty the King of France had no better 
 subjects, and that necessity alone had induced them 
 to submit. Many of those at a distance had not 
 
91 
 
 yielded to the English, and Capt. Pigeon, an officer 
 of the regulars, was sent up the river with a strong 
 detachment, to reduce them to subjection, and pro- 
 cure timber for the repair of the fort. While in the 
 performance of this duty, they were surprised by a 
 great body of Indians, who killed the Fort Major, the 
 Engineer, and all the boat^s crew, and took between 
 30 and 40 prisoners.* The success of this ambus- 
 cade encouraged the inhabitants to take up arms 
 again — and 600 of them, with as many Indians as 
 they could collect, were in readiness to attack the 
 fort, as soon as an experienced officer should arrive 
 from Placentia to take the command, but the Gover- 
 nor of that place not being able to spare one, they 
 abandoned the enterprise and dispersed. 
 
 In the midst of these troubles peace was conclud- 
 ed between England and France, on the 11th April, 
 1713. By the 12th article of this treaty, all Nova- 
 Scotia, with its ancient boundaries, as also the city 
 of Port Royal, and the inhabitants of the same, were 
 ceded to Great Britain " in such ample manner and 
 " form that the subjects of the most Christian King 
 " shall be hereafter excluded from all kinds of fishing 
 <* in the said seas, bays and other places on the coast 
 " of Nova-Scotia ; that is to say, on those which be 
 " toward the cast, within 30 leagues, beginning from 
 " the island commonly called Sable, inclusively, and 
 " thence stretching along towards the South West." 
 
 The inhabitants of New England had hitherto ex- 
 perienced the mortification of being compelled to re- 
 linquish the possession of Nova-Scotia at every treaty 
 
 * The scene of this disaster, is situated about 12 miles above tho 
 fort, on the road to Halifax, and is still called Bloody Creek. 
 
 jpfp 
 
 1^ 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 '1 i 
 
 
 
 
i 
 
 of peace, and had waited with impatience till Great 
 Britain should acquire such a superiority as would 
 enable her to dispense with this restitution. The end 
 of the war on account of the Spanish succession pre> 
 sented a favorable opportunity, and the Court of Yer- 
 sailles was now for ever deprived oi u Colony of 
 which it had never known the value. 
 
 CIMPTER III. 
 
 i^^k^'.n 
 
 fxi^o.:^ 
 
 The name of Port Royal clumged to that of Annapolis Royal, 
 Mr. JSTicholson appointed Govo'nor of Mva' Scotia — is 
 succeeded by Mr. Phillips — wlw appoints a Council. — 
 State of tlie AcadiaTis. — The French lay the foundation of 
 Louisburg. — Hostilities of tlie Indians. — T/ic English 
 attack the savages at JSTorridgewoacky and kill Vie Mis' 
 nonary Pere RalU. — France declares war against Eng' 
 land^ — A detachment fnm Louisburg captures Canseau— 
 300 Indians, under M. Luttre, invest Annapolis — retire to 
 J\/Rnas — are joined by Du Vivier, who renews the siege. — 
 Surrender of Louisburg. — A French fleet arrives at Che- 
 lucto harbour — sails for Annapolis — is dispersed. — Ram- 
 say attacks Annapolis. — Retires to Cumberland. — De- 
 feats tJie English at Minas. — French fleet destroyed. — 
 Peace. — Restitution of Cape Breton to the French. 
 
 [From 1713 to 1718] 
 
 The English did not display the same zeal in the 
 settlement of the Country which they had manifest* 
 edin its cmiquest. Having strengthened the works 
 at Port Royal, they gave it the name of Annapolis 
 Royal, in honor of Queen Anne, and contented them- 
 selves with placing in it a small body of New-Eng- 
 land troops. At the reduction of this post no capi- 
 tulation was made, but for the garrison and the Aca- 
 dians residing within a league of the fort. These 
 people had the privilege of retiring from the Province 
 with their effects at any time within two years, and 
 
of disposing of such part of their property as they did 
 not think proper to remove. The rest of the Inhabit- 
 ants of the Province made their submission during 
 the ensuing winter to Govcnior Vetch) but at that 
 time no oath of fidelity was required, except from 
 those in the immediate neighbourhood of Annapolis. 
 In the year 1714 Mr. Nicholson arrived, with the com* 
 mission of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of 
 Nova-Scotia, and proposed to the Aoadians either to 
 become subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, and 
 retain their possessions, with the free enjoyment oi 
 their religion as far as was compatible with the Laws 
 of England, or to leave the country within one year. 
 Great inducements having been held out to them by 
 the Governor of Cape Breton to remove thither, they 
 preferred the latter, but these promises not being 
 fulfilled, they remained in the Province. Upon every 
 application that was made to them for that purpose 
 they constantly refused to take the oath of allegiance* 
 In the mean time, the Government was vested solely 
 in the Governor, and in his absence in the Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, or Commander-in-Chief of the garrison 
 at Annapolis. In 1719, Colonel Phillips succeeded 
 Mr. Nicholson, as Governor, and received instruc* 
 tions to choose a Council for the management of the 
 civil affairs of the Province, from the principal Eng* 
 lish inhabitants, and until an Assembly could be 
 formed, to regulate himself by the instructions of the 
 Governor of Virginia. In the month of April the fol- 
 lowing gentlemen were appointed Councillors : — 
 John Doucett, Lawrance Armstrong, Paul Mascarine^ 
 Cyprian Southack, John Harrison, Arthur Savage, 
 John Adams, Hibbert Newton, William Skeen, Wm. 
 
 t ! 
 
94 
 
 Sheriff, Peter Boudrie and Gillam Phillips. Few Eng- 
 lish families having removed to the Province, this 
 Council was composed of the officers of the garrison 
 and public departments, and Mr. Adams was the only 
 inhabitant admitted to the Board. The governor was 
 ordered to vacate the seat of any Councillor who 
 should be absent Irom the Province twelve months, 
 without his leave, or two years without permission 
 from his Majesty. In the absence of the Governor 
 or Lieutenant Governor, the eldest Councellor was di- 
 rected to act as President of the Council, and to ad- 
 minister the Government, " as, whatever rank any 
 person might have out of the Council, he must sub- 
 mit to the laws of seniority, which, in civil govern- 
 ments ought never to be dispensed with, but by his 
 Majesty's order under his sign manuel." It was fur- 
 ther directed that, upon the Governor's absence, one 
 full moiety of his salary, and all perquisites and emolu- 
 ments whatever, should be paid and satisfied unto 
 such Lieutenant Governor, Commander-in-Chief or 
 President of the Council, as should be resident at 
 the place for the time being, for the better support 
 of the dignity of the Government. The Council be- 
 ing duly formed, the Governor* issued a proclamation, 
 summoning the Acadians to take the oath of allegi- 
 ance, on the same terms offered to them by Mr. Ni- 
 cholson, though the time prescribed had long since 
 elapsed. But these people in general declined, al- 
 }edging that they had been detained contrary to their 
 
 * The priest who waited upon the Governor to confer with him 
 on the subject of the oath, was escorted by ISO youni; men, a re- 
 tinue which, as it was more numerous than his garrison, the Go- 
 vernor desired him to dispense with when he next did him the 
 honour of « visit. 
 
95 
 
 desire, that they had been refused leave to depart in 
 English built vessels, and that, upon making applica- 
 tion to embark on board of French ships, they were 
 informed that such vessels could not, consistently with 
 the navigation laws, be allowed to enter a colonial 
 harbour. Under these embarrassing circumstances, 
 with no positive orders, beyond a general instruction 
 not to use any measures of severity towards them, 
 the Governor obtained leave of absence, and sailed for 
 England, with a view of laying before his Majesty's 
 Ministers the actual state of the Province, and obtain- 
 ing their directions upon this difficult 8ubject.)( Dur- 
 ing his absence, Lieutenant-Governor Armstrong 
 found means to prevail upon the inhabitants to take 
 the oath of fidelity to the King. On the return of 
 Mr. Phillips to Annapolis, they complained that this 
 oath had been extorted from them by undue mea- 
 sures, but, upon his persuasion, a great proportion of 
 the male population in that part of the Country ac- 
 cepted it, and it was accordingly administered to 880 
 persons.* Although no express reservation was made 
 in the oath, of not bearing arms against their country- 
 men, the French, there is every reason to believe that 
 a promise to that effect was given to them ; and&om 
 that time they were, in consequence of that exemp-^ 
 tion, known throughout the other colonies under the 
 name of the neutral French . To preserve some form 
 of government over these people who had no Ma- 
 gistrates residing among them, and were wholly un- 
 
 * The following was the form of the oath " Je prometa e( jure 
 sinceremont, en foi de Chretien, que je eerai entirement fidele et 
 obeirai vraiment sa Majeste La Koi George, que je reconnais pour 
 le Souverain seigneur de I'Acadie, ou nouvelle Ecosse— — ainsi Dieu 
 me soit en aide. 
 
96 
 
 acquainted with the Knglish laws, they were requir- 
 ed to choose annually in their several parishes, De* 
 puties to act on their behalf, and to publish the orders 
 of the governor. For this purpose the settlements on 
 the Annapolis river were divided into eight districts, 
 which chose each one Deputy, and the other more 
 extensive divisions of the Province severally elected 
 four. These Deputies, twenty-four in number, were 
 annually chosen on the tenth day of October, the 
 anniversary of the King's Coronation and the taking 
 of the Fort. They were authorised to act as arbitra- 
 tors in small matters of controversy between the in- 
 habitants, and from their decision an appeal was al- 
 lowed to the Governor and Council . For the hearing 
 of these appeals the Council sat three times a year. 
 On these occasions the inhabitants generally pleaded 
 their own causes, assisted by an Interpreter, who re- 
 peated their ailments to the Council in English. — 
 The male population, capable of bearing arms, amount- 
 ed to upwards of four thousand men ; of these there 
 were twelve or thirteen hundred settled in the Capi- 
 tal and its neighbourhood, and the rest were dispers- 
 ed on the several rivers of the Province. They were 
 permitted to enjoy their religion* and no rents or taxes 
 were ever exacted from them, although their former 
 Sovereign had relinquished his claim to them, and 
 their new one was able either to protect or to punish 
 
 * The order with respect to the priests was as follows :— When 
 Any Missionary causes a vacancy by death, or by withdrawing from 
 the Province, the inhabitants of the Parish must apply for leave to 
 Mad for another, and when, upon such permission, a Missionary ar- 
 mee, he is not to settle or exercise his functions till, by repairing to 
 Aonapolie, he has obtained the approbation of the Commander- 
 io-Chief, and is directed to his parish ; and no Missionary, thus ap- 
 pointed, is to remove to another parish without leave. 
 
^1* 
 
 then th^ir natural predilectioa warn to the eouxOsf 
 from which they derived their origin, their language 
 and their customs. The trade of the Province at 
 this time was carried on by adventurers from Oana* 
 dd, Cape Breton and France, to which both the in* 
 habitants and the Indians gave a preference, and also 
 by the traders of New-England. From eighty to 
 one hundred thousand quintals of fish were caught 
 by the latter on the coast, and sold, together with 9 
 great quantity of oil, in Portugal, in the ports on the 
 shores of the Mediteranean, and in the West Indies. 
 -^The trade in furs and feathers they conducted in 
 small sloops, in which they sailed from harbour to 
 harbour, and exchanged West India produce and 
 European goods, at a profit of four or five hundred per- 
 cent, for these articles, of which they collected about 
 ten thousand pounds worth annually. In order to 
 facilitate the settlement of the country, Governor 
 Phillips was empowered to grant lands under th^ 
 usual limitations, and upon the payment of sn^all an- 
 nual quit-rents. To carry these instructions into ef- 
 fect, an ofiicer was sent from Annapolis to Boston, 
 with orders to concert measures with the Governor 
 of Massachusetts, for the conveyance of emigrants, 
 and liberal encouragement was offered to the people 
 of the old Colonies to remove thither. But the hos- 
 tile disposition of the Indians, the number of fweigners 
 resident in the Province, and the prospect of the 
 Country becoming at no distant period the theatre of 
 war, rendered all these attempts abortive. By the 
 cession of Noya-Scotia to the English th^ Frenph 
 had no other place to carry on the fishery but Cape 
 
 Breton, and the attention of Government was now 
 
 13 
 
 '■ m- 
 
98 
 
 i 
 
 drawn to its settlement and fortification. This island, 
 which derives its name from one of its Capes, for- 
 merly frequented by the vessels of Bretaigne, is si- 
 tuated between the 46th and 47th degrees of north 
 latitude, and forms, with Newfoundland, (from the 
 south western extremity of which it is distant about 
 sixteen leagues,) the entrance of the gnlph of Saint 
 Lawrence. It is separated from Nova-Scotia by a 
 narrow streight, seven leagues in length, and about 
 one mile in width, known by the French under the 
 name of the " Passage de Fronsac," and by the Eng- 
 lish the Gut of Canseau. The greatest length of the 
 Island, fron\ North East to South West, is about fifty 
 ^ leagues, its greatest breadth thirty-three, and its cir-i 
 eumference about eighty-eight leagues. Its form is 
 triangular, but it is indented with many deep bays 
 and large rivers. The soil, like that of Nova-Scotia, 
 is various ; in some places strong and sterile, and in 
 others deep and fertile. The winters are long and 
 severe, and as the Island forms an eddy to the cur- 
 rent which sets through theGulph of Saint Lawrence, 
 its harbours are filled with ice, with which its shores 
 are environed until late in the spring. The most 
 valuable productions ar^ Coal and Plaister of Paris, 
 with which it abounds. On the north and west sides 
 the coast is bold and steep-, but the south eastern side 
 is full of fine bays and harbours, capable of receiving 
 and securing ships of any burden. Previous to the 
 peace, the Messieurs Baudot presented a very able 
 and interesting memorial to the Court of France, 
 setting forth the expediency and the mode of settling 
 the Island, which, though then laid aside from the 
 cohtinuance of the war, was now acted upon by Go- 
 
99 
 
 vernment. After drawing ^ contrast between the 
 regular compact settlements of the English, their in- 
 dustrious habits and useful manufactories, and the 
 idleness of the Canadians, their propensity to hunt- 
 ing, to trafic and other pursuits more calculated for 
 immediate profit, than the advancement of the Colony 
 — they represented the indispeneible necessity of es- 
 tablishing a regular system of settlement, in order 
 to prevent the Country from falling into the hands of 
 the enemy. They pointed out the propriety of mak- 
 ing Cape Breton a depot for the trade of France with 
 Canada, between which a most valuable and bene- 
 ficial exchange of commodities could take place. — 
 They demonstrated the advantage of forming an ex- 
 tensive sedentary fishery, the facility with which 
 ship building might be carried on, and the great pro- 
 tection which would be afforded to the trade of the 
 Saint Lawrence. They advised that some of the 
 Government vessels should be employed in trans- 
 porting the Colonists ; and that they should return 
 freighted with masts, spars, planks and fish; an em- 
 ployment, which, while it diminished the expense of 
 founding the Colony, would materially improve the 
 condition of the seamen. The soldiers to be selected 
 for the garrison it was recommended should be 
 chiefly artificers, who, after a certain period of service, 
 should be located as settlers, which would have the 
 double effect of peopling the Island and forming an 
 efficient militia. They concluded by entering into a 
 detail of the plan in all its various parts, equally mi- 
 nute and judicious, which, as the project was revived, 
 formed the basis of the system adopted by Govern- 
 ment. It now only remained to select a harbour and 
 
 icB. 
 
/"' 
 
 100 
 
 «ite ttst a town, and tt^d pfaoei, Port St. Anne and 
 English Harbour, were surFeyed for the purpose, be* 
 tween which it was difiicalt to determine the choice. 
 The former is an excellent spacious harbour, com* 
 pletely protected from the sea, and capable of being 
 fortified at a small expence. It is well situated for 
 j^rosecuting the fishery, and is in the vicinity of the 
 Bras d'Or lake, where the soil is fertile and suitable 
 for settlement ; but as the port is not easy of access, 
 the preference was finally given to English Harbour. 
 This place lies in Latitude 45 55, its entrance is 
 about 400 yards wide, the anchorage is good, and 
 small vessels may run ashore on a soft muddy bottom. 
 The depth of water at the entrance is from nine to 
 twelve fathom. The harbour opens to the South 
 £a»t, between two small islands, which form part of 
 its defences. The cod fishery in the neighbourhood 
 is extensive and valuable, and can be pursued from 
 April to December. But on the other hand the beach 
 wiH not reoeive above forty fishing shallops at a time; 
 the land bordering upon it is poor and stony, and the 
 harbour cannot be fortified without a prodigious ex- 
 l^ense, as most of the materials must be brought from 
 a distance. Upon a neck of land on the south sidd 
 Of the harbour were laid the foundations of a town, 
 two miles and a half in circumference, which was 
 called Lomsburg, in honour of the King of France. — 
 M. de Constable, who commanded at Plaisance, was 
 appointed Governor, and M. de Saint Ovide, Lieut*- 
 GoTemoT. The Indians of Nova-Scotia were solicited 
 to emigrate thither, and many actually removed there. 
 The Acadiani» were also urged to join their country- 
 men, but as no equivalent was offered them for their 
 
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 property) which thej must neceasarily have abandon* 
 ed, they preferred to remain where they were. — 
 From their first fiettlement in North America th« 
 French strengthened their alliance with the Indiana 
 by an assimilation of manners, of families and of wor* 
 ship. During the period they held Nova-Scotia, they 
 gained so efl'ectually the good will of the natives, and 
 inspired them with sach an inveterate hatred of the 
 English,* that the people of the British Colonies ever 
 afterwards found them an implacable enemy. They 
 deemed the affection of the Indians a greater securi- 
 ty than military posts, and wherever they establiirti* 
 ed a garrison they naturalized the place by an inti- 
 mate association with the savages. This gave them 
 a great advantage in every enterprise, and enabled 
 them to Call in to their assistance a numerous and 
 powerful ally. On the present occasion^ though peace 
 was established, the Indians still continued hostile. 
 The English remonstrated that thewhoie country 
 had, by the treaty, become the property of the Crown 
 of England. The savages, amazed at ft transfer the 
 nature of which they oould not comprehend^ very 
 feelingly complained to Vaudrieul, who informed 
 them that no mention was made either of them ot 
 their lands in the treaty of Utrecht. There Could be 
 no doubt with regard to the meaning and sphfit 
 of the treity, but from the moment peace wa» con* 
 eluded the Government of New-France affected to 
 consider the Indians as an independent people, and 
 maintained among them an interest separate from 
 the English. Every exertion was therefore made by 
 
 * They were accused, tbougb probably «ritbout foandatioif, of bat- 
 ing taught the savages to believe that it was the Englisb who cmei- 
 fied the Saviour. 
 
 M .^- i 
 
 ii I 
 
lot 
 
 threat8,by perauasion and presents, to preserve peace, 
 but without avail; and their unfriendly disposition was 
 soon manifested by open acts of hostility. The Eng- 
 lish Provincials had erected a fishing establishment at 
 Canseau, which was favourably situated for that 
 purpose, and was much frequented during the summer 
 months by traders from Massachusetts* On the night 
 Tth August, 1720, it was attacked by a numerous 
 party of Indians, and plundered of fish and merchan- 
 dize to the amount of jC20,000. There were several 
 lives lost upon the occasion, and the injury to the 
 merchants, in the destruction of their fishery for the 
 remainder of the season, was very severe. These 
 attacks were made with great secrecy and address, 
 and as Louisburg offered an asylum for the perpetra- 
 tors, and a market for the plunder, they became 
 more frequent and more daring. In the following 
 year a vessel was captured by the Indians, at 
 Paseamaquoddy, while on her voyage from An- 
 napolis to Boston ; and Mr. fiinney, the Collector 
 of the Province, and several other gentlemen, were 
 made prisoners ; nor were they released until re- 
 prisals were made, and twenty-two Indians seized 
 and put into confinement by the Governor. 
 
 At Cape Sable they boarded several vessels, and 
 either murdered the crew or carried them into the 
 interior as prisoners. At Burrell's Island, near Can- 
 seau, they killed and scalped a Captain Watkins, 
 two men, a woman and a child. In the year 1723, 
 they again surprised Canseau, and captured seven- 
 
 * The Aurora Boreali* Tras first leen in this part of thie world in 
 1719. — It had been noticed in England four years before, and the 
 accounts in both places, notwithstanding the alarm it created, des- 
 cribe the appearances as nearly similar to what they are at present. 
 
103 
 
 teen sail of fishing vetsels, in which they took a great 
 number of priBonera, nine of whom they very deli- 
 berately and cruelly put to death. Seven of these 
 vessels were afterwards retaken with fifteen capti veSf 
 and 1500 quintals offish, but not without a severe con- 
 flict with the Indians, who lost about 30 men on board 
 the several prizes. Twenty prisoners were carried 
 to (M erlequesh) Lunenburg, and were destined as a 
 sacrifice to the manes of those Indians who had fal- 
 len in the engagement. The pow-wowing and other 
 ceremonies had commenced previous to their being 
 put to death, when an English vessel arrived off the 
 harbour with proposals for their ransom, which were 
 happily accepted, though not without much difficulty, 
 the vessels delivered up and the captives set at liberty. 
 Upon complaining to the Governor of Cape Breton of 
 these outrages in a time of profound peace, and of the 
 encouragement given to the perpetrators by the people 
 of Louisburg, he retivned for answer that the Indians 
 were an independent people, without his jurisdiction 
 and beyond hiscontroul ; and that if there were any 
 French agents among them, they were the neutrals 
 of Nova-Scotia, and not his subjects. Thus encourag- 
 ed, they had the temerity to attack the garrison at 
 Annapolis, burned two houses situated at a little dis- 
 tance from the fort, and killed and scalped a Serjeant 
 and private, and took several prisoners. The Indians 
 of the western portion of Nova-Scotia, were a part of 
 the great Abenaqui nation, who were in force at No- 
 vidgewoack (Kenebec) and the whole of these people 
 acknowledged the Baron Casline as their Chief Sa- 
 chem or leader. This person was a son of the old 
 Baron, before named, by an Indian woman, and from 
 
 ^^^ I- 
 
104 
 
 thie circumstance, as well as his pefBOOal qiialifica^ 
 tiont and great wealth, had an unbounded influence 
 over them. Le Pere Rall^, who had been a Mis- 
 sionary among the savages forty years, resided at No- 
 ridge woeck at this time, and had erected a Church 
 there. They loved and idolized him, and were at 
 all times ready to hazard their lives for his preserva- 
 tion. He was conversant with the English and 
 Dutch languages, and master of the several dialects 
 of the Abenaqui nation. His literary attainments, 
 though of little use to him in such a situation, appear 
 to have been very respectable; and his Latin, in which 
 he generally addressed those gentlemen at Boston 
 with whom he had occasionally a controversial cor-i 
 respondence, was pure, classical and elegant. As both 
 these persons were supposed to have instigated the 
 Indians to hostility, as well in Nova-Scotia, as on the 
 confines of New-England, and were in the immediate 
 interest of the Governor of Canada, they became 
 very obnoxious to the English. Measures were 
 therefore concerted to arrest tliem, and carry them 
 to Massachusetts as prisoners. Previous to the 
 last afihir at Annapolis, Castiae had been sur- 
 prised and actually imprisoned at Boston, but 
 partly owing to a dread of exasperating the In- 
 dians, beyond all hopes of reconciliation, and partly 
 from a difficulty of considering him a traitor who 
 had never acknowledged himself a subject, it was 
 deemed prudent to release him. The Indians still 
 continuing hostile, an expedition was fitted out in 
 Massachusetts, consisting of 208 men, with orders to 
 proceed up the Kenebec, and attack their principal 
 village. On the 12th of August, 1724, they arrived 
 
105 
 
 at Norridgewoack, were they surprised the enemy, 
 and defeated them with great slaughter. Having 
 plundered the Church, and hewn down the Crucifix, 
 and whatever else they considered emblems of idola- 
 try, they destroyed the buildings and pillaged the 
 encampment. Charlevoix informs us that the Pere 
 Ralle, though unprepared was not intimidated, and 
 advanced towards the English in order to attract their 
 attention to him, and thus screen his flock by the vo- 
 luntary ofter of his own life. As soon as he was dis- 
 covered, he was saluted by a shout and a shower of 
 bullets, and fell, together with seven Indians, who 
 had rushed out of their tents to shelter him with their 
 bodies, at the foot of a cross which he had erected in 
 the middle of the village. He adds that the savages, 
 when tlie pursuit had ceased, returned to weep over 
 their beloved missionary, and that they found his 
 body perforated with balls, his head scalped, his skull 
 broken with the blows of hatchets, his mouth and 
 eyes filled with mud, the bones of his legs fractured, 
 and his limbs dreadfully mangled. After having 
 bathed his remains with their tears, they buried him 
 on the site of the Chapel, where the preceding even- 
 ing he had celebrated the sacred rites of religion.* — 
 Castine, who had previously gone to France to take 
 possession of the paternal estate, determined on not 
 
 * Hutchinson gives a dilTercnt account of the death of Rall^, he 
 says, " he was found, on the return of the party who pursued thO 
 Indians, in a wigwam, firing upon our men. He had an English boy 
 in the wigwam with him, about 14 years of age, who had bken 
 taken six months before ; this boy he shot through the thigh and 
 then stabbed through the body. Orders were given not to kill the 
 Jesuit, but by his firing one of our men was wounded, and Lieutenant 
 Jaques stove open the door and shot him through the head, Rall^ 
 declaring' that he would neither give nor take quarter." Bat see 
 the 8th vol. of second series of Mass. Hist. Coll. page 250, where 
 his character is vindicated, and a biographical sketch ofhii life jiven. 
 
106 
 
 IB: I ■■)- 
 
 returning^ to the Country, and as tlie destruction of 
 Norridgewoack was followed by other measures of 
 severity, the Indians were for a time terrified and 
 humbled, and did not venture to disturb the general 
 tranquillity.* At this period much dissention was 
 excited in England by inflamatory publications of 
 anti-ministerial writers, who not only exaggerated the 
 real burdens of the people, but drew frightful pictures 
 of the distress and famine which they said impended 
 over the nation. The dissentions in Parliament, and 
 the clamours and dissatisfaction of the people, gave a 
 colour to their misrepresentations, and the Court of 
 Versailles was persuaded the nation was ripe for a re- 
 volt. This belief was corroborated by their emissaries 
 in different parts of Great Britain and Ireland, who 
 gave the French Ministry to understand that if the 
 Chevalier de St. George, or his son Charles Edward, 
 should land with a French army a revolution would 
 instantly follow in his favour. Prince Charles left 
 
 * In the autumn of 1736 Governor Armstrong was informed that 
 an English ship was seen in the harbour of Chebogue, (Yoimouth,) 
 not only deserted by the crew, but bearing evident marUs of murder 
 having been committed onboard of her, both the deck and cabin 
 being co^'ered with blood. Upon receipt of this intelligence ho dis- 
 patched an officer nnd a party of men to bring her to Annapolis, 
 and to make enquiries into the particulars of her arrival and the fate 
 of the crew ; alter some difficulty they succeeded in getting the 
 vessel off, and though she had been plundered of many of her sails 
 and part of her rigging, they finally reached the Annapolis river,— 
 It appeared, from the examination of a Mrs. Buckler, the only sur- 
 vivor, who had sought refuge with one Dontremont, a Frenchman, 
 that the vessel was the Brigantine Baltimore, owned by Andrew 
 Buckler, and commanded by Richard White ; and that she had 
 sailed from Dublin, with 60 or 70 ::onvicts, for Annapolis, in Mary- 
 land. During tho voyage the convicts rose on the crew and put 
 them to death, and, quarrelling among themselves, a constant suc- 
 cession of murder and carnage ensued, until the 7th of October, 
 wheu the survivors put into Chebogue, where they perished in a 
 most miserable manner. The story told by the woman ^yas confuo- 
 edand contradictory, and little doubt was entertained that she had 
 been deeply involved in the guilt ; but it was satisfactorily proved 
 by Mr. Dontremont that n«ither tho French nor the Indians had 
 been concerned in it. 
 
107 
 
 
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 ith,) 
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 dis- 
 olis, 
 fate 
 the 
 Bails 
 
 kman, 
 
 ^drew 
 
 had 
 
 tary- 
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 Id in a 
 lonfiis- 
 lio had 
 
 iroved 
 had 
 
 Rome for Paris about the end of December, and on 
 20th of March, 1744, war was declared by the French 
 against the Enghsh. News of this event did not reach 
 Boston until the 2d of June, but inteUigcnce had 
 been conveyed to Cape Breton much eariier by a 
 fast sailing vessel, despatched for that purpose. M. de 
 Quesnal, who had succeeded M. Constable as Go- 
 vernor of the Island, received instructions, with the 
 declaration of war, not to attempt the capture of any 
 post in Nova-Scotia until further orders ; under the 
 well grounded apprehension that, as liOuisburg was 
 insufficiently garrisoned, such expeditions might alarm 
 the neighbouring Colonies, and induce them to un- 
 dertake the reduction of that important place. Ever 
 ready as the French Colonists had been, even in time 
 of peace, to attack or encroach upon their neighbours, 
 the advantage of a surprise was not to be resisted. 
 De Quesnal was sensible that both the garrisons of 
 Canseau and Annapolis were deficient in numbers,and 
 not at all prepared for a defence, and hoped that one 
 or both might fall an easy and unresisting conquest 
 to the arms of France. He was also induced to as- 
 sume the responsibility of disobeying his orders, on 
 account of the increased strength which he would 
 derive from the disaffected inhabitants of Nova- Scotia, 
 4000 of whom he knew were ready to join him if he 
 should succeed in taking Annapolis. He therefore 
 immediately fitted out a small armament from Louis- 
 burg, consisting of two sloops carrying eight guns, 
 besides swivels and small arms, with ninety-four men 
 each, and several other small vessels, with seventy 
 soldiers on board, under the command of M. I)u Vi- 
 vier. The first destination of these vessels was 
 
108 
 
 against Canseau, where they arrived on the 11th 
 May, and were instantly joined by two hundred In- 
 dians. Captain Heron, who had only one company 
 in garrison, finding that he was deprived of the as- 
 sistance of the man of war belonging to the station, 
 and that the place was incapable of defence against 
 such a superior force, proposed a capitulation, which 
 was granted on the 13th ; upon condition that if he 
 surrendered himself the same day, prisoner of war, 
 with his whole garrison, as well men as women, for 
 one year, with all the arms, artillery and military 
 stores, every thing should be restored. That M. Du 
 Vivier would, on his return to Louisburg, use his best 
 endeavours with the Governor of Cape Breton, to 
 engage him to grant to the Ladies of the oilicers o£ 
 the garrison, liberty to retire, with their eflects, wher- 
 ever they should think proper, and that the garrison 
 should be conveyed to England or Annapolis Royal, 
 at the expiration of a year. Upon these terms the 
 French took possession of the place, destroyed the 
 ibrtiiiGations and demolished the buildings. The for- 
 tifications at Annapolis were, as they always had been 
 at the commencement of every war, in a ruinous and 
 dilapidated state. The ramparts had been suffered 
 to crumble into the fosses, and cattle passed and re- 
 passed them at pleasure. The garrison, v/bich iiad 
 been reduced at the peace, and subsequently weak- 
 ened by furnishing a detachment to Canseau, did not 
 exceed eighty men capable of doing duty. Thus si- 
 tuated, and not at all aware what had taken place in 
 Europe, they were surprised early in June by the 
 appearance of an enemy, and a summons to surren- 
 der. An Indian war was the natural consequence of 
 
 ; !■ 
 
109 
 
 Colonial hostilities, and the savages were generally 
 the first to commence the campaign. The English 
 were therefore not a little astonished at the sight of 
 three hundred Indians, who had assembled from Cape 
 Sable and St. John's. They were under the direc- 
 tion of M. Luttre, a French missionary priest, who 
 informed the Governor that a reinforcement of regu- 
 lar troops was daily expected from Louisburg, but 
 that after blood sliould be spilt, it would be difficult 
 to restrain the fury of the Indians. He advised him 
 therefore to make an immediate surrender, in which 
 case he promised personal protection and humane 
 treatment, and concluded by a threat, if these offers 
 were refused, to storm the place upon the arrival of 
 the soldiers. To triis the officers of the garrison, who 
 suspected the truth of his assertion, replied it would 
 be quite soon enough to summon them to surrender 
 when the armaments of which he spoke in such con- 
 fident terms arrived. In the mean time Governor 
 Mascarine made the most pressing entreaties to 
 Massachusetts for assistance, and as the General 
 Court was too sensible of the necessity of preserving 
 Nova-Scotia to leave it exposed to the enemy. Go- 
 vernor Shirley was authorised to grant permission 
 for the enlistment of four volunteer companies, to be 
 sent to the relief of Annapolis. Luttre, not receiving 
 the assistance he had been promised from Louisburg, 
 whhdrew to Minas (Horton) — having first burned 
 the few English houses in the neighbourhood and 
 destroyed the cattle. Luttre had scarcely quit An- 
 napolis before the division appeared in the Basin 
 from Canseau, under Du Vivicr ; he landed his men 
 on the ^d of June, and as the Indians immediately 
 
 1. 1 
 
i 
 
 110 
 
 flocked to his standard, he invested the fort ; but 
 though the works were in a miserable condition, there 
 were forty pieces of cannon mounted ; and as he was 
 not provided with a proper train of artillery, he made 
 little or no progress in the siege ; for four weeks he 
 kept the place in perpetual alarm, but he did not 
 venture to make a regular attack. On the 3d of July, 
 the four companies from New-England arrived and 
 reinforced the garrison, upon which Du Vivier pro- 
 vided scaling ladders for a general assault, and offered 
 a reward of four hundred livres to every Indian who 
 should mount the rampart ; but not being able to pre- 
 vail upon them to make the attempt, he broke up his 
 camps, retired first to Bay-Verte. then to Canada, 
 and from thence sailed for France, where he was 
 censured for precipitately alarming the English Co- 
 lonies by his ineffectual hostilities before Canada was 
 in a situation to support the consequences of a war. 
 He was also reprimanded for not marching immedi- 
 ately after the reduction of Cansoaa to Annapolis, 
 when that place must inevitably have fallen for want 
 of a sufficient garrison. These attacks being consi- 
 dered byGovernor Mascurine as the prelude to others : 
 the women and children of the garrison were put 
 on board of the vessels that brought the recruits, 
 and removed to Boston for safety ; as the Indians of 
 Cape Sable and St. John's had aided in these attacks 
 on Annapolis, killed many British subjects, and still 
 persisted in their hostilities, the Government of Mas- 
 sachusetts denounced them as enemies and rebels, 
 and declared war against them. 
 
 The savages of Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Pig- 
 wogat, and others, were forbidden to hold any inter- 
 
Ill 
 
 course with them. Premiums were then oflered for 
 capturing or scalping them : one hundred pounds for 
 each male above twelve years of age if scalped, one 
 hundred and five if taken prisoner ; fifty pounds for 
 each woman and child scalped, and fifty pounds when 
 brought in alive. These premiums were afterwards 
 extended, upon the defection ot the Penobscot tribe, 
 for all Indians inhabiting the west side of the Bay of 
 Fundy. These measures did not prevent M. Morin, 
 a subaltern officer of Canada, from assembling nine- 
 hundred Indian rangers, and other troops> and laying 
 siege to Annapolis. This attempt met the same fate 
 as the last, he being recalled to the relief of Louisburg, 
 which was now attacked both by land and by sea. 
 Having reached the eastern shore of the Province 
 with great speed, they embarked on board of two 
 sloops, two schooners and sixty large canoes, at As- 
 macouse harbour, but were prevented from crossing 
 the streight by the English fleet, and compelled to 
 reland and retire to Minas. These attempts of the 
 French were rash and impolitic ; they were not pre- 
 pared for extensive operation, and had been express- 
 ly ordered not to undertake them. They served, as 
 had been foreseen, to irritate and alarm the English 
 Colonists, who being thus made sensible of their own 
 danger, naturally endeavoured to elude attack them- 
 selves by making a bold and vigorous eflfort to crush 
 their eneniy- In the autumn Du Quesnal, the Go- 
 vernor of Cape Breton, died, and was succeeded by 
 Duchambon, an officer of less note and experience. 
 The store ships from France arrived on the coast so 
 late in the autumn that they were driven off by the 
 severity of the weatlier, and compelled to proceed to 
 
 m 
 
112 
 
 j!' 
 
 the West Indies. The captive garrison of Canseau, 
 with other prisoners taken at sea, and carried into 
 Loui8burg,were sent to Boston,and from them, as well 
 as other sources, the Governor of Massachusetts ob- 
 tained such intelligence as induced him to form the 
 project of attacking it. The French had been twen- 
 ty-five years in erecting the fortifications of this 
 place, which, though not yet completed according 
 to the original design, had cost the Crown not less 
 than thirty millions of livres. 
 
 It was environed, two miles and a half in circum- 
 ference, with a rampart of stone from thirty to thirty- 
 six feet high, and a ditch eighty feet wide, with the 
 exception of a space of two-hundred yards near the 
 sea, which was enclosed by a dyke and a line of pic- 
 kets. The water in this place was shallow, and nu- 
 merous reefs rendered it inaccessable to shipping, 
 while it received an additional protection from the 
 side fire of the bastions. There were six bastions 
 and eight batteries, containing embrasures for one- 
 hundred and forty-eight cannon, of which forty-five 
 only were mounted, and sixteen mortars. On an Is- 
 land at the entrance of the harbour was planted a 
 battery of thirty cannon, carrying twenty-eight 
 pound shot ; and at the bottom of the harbour was 
 the grand or royal battery, of twenty-eight cannon, 
 forty-two pounders, and two eighteen pounders. 
 On a high cliff opposite to the Island battery stood a 
 light house, and within this point, at the north east 
 part of the harbour, was a careening wharf, secure 
 from all winds, and a magazine of naval stores. The 
 town was regularly laid out in squares ; the streets 
 were broad and commodious, and the houses, which 
 
113 
 
 were built partly of wood upon etone foundAtioiM^ 
 and partly of more durable materials, corresponded 
 with the general appearance of the place. In th» 
 centre of one of the chief bastions was a stone build* 
 ing, with a mote on the side towards the town, 
 which was called the citadel, though it had neithti 
 artillery nor a structure suitable to receive any .-^ 
 Within this building were the apartments of the g(> 
 vemor, the barracks for the soldiers, and the arsenel; 
 and, under the platform of the redoubt, a magaane 
 well furnished with military stores. The parish 
 church also stood within the citadel, and without 
 was another, belonging to the hospital of St. Jean de 
 DieUy which was an elegant and spacious structure. 
 The entrance to the town was at the west gate over 
 a drawbridge, near which was a circular battery, 
 mounting sixteen guns of fourteen pounds shot. 
 Governor Shirley had conceived the idea of attack- 
 ing this place, as we have seen, soon after the cap- 
 ture of Ganseau, and the same autumn had solicit^ 
 ed the assistance of the British ministry ; supposing 
 that it might be surprised, if an attempt was made 
 early in the spring, before the arrival of succour 
 from France, he communicated his plan, without 
 waiting for answers from England, in his dispatches 
 to the general court, under an oath of secrecy. Wild 
 and impracticable as this scheme appeared to all 
 prudent men, it was natural to suppose that it would 
 meet with much opposition, and it was accordingly 
 rejected — but, upon reconsideration, it was carried 
 by a majority of a single voice . Circulars were im- 
 mediately addressed to the colonies, as far south as 
 Pennsylvania, requesting their assistance, and that 
 
114 
 
 I 
 
 
 an cmbar^ might be laid on all their ports. The 
 New-England colonics were, however, alone con- 
 cerned in the cxpcdilion. The forces employed by 
 Massachusetts coiiHlated of upwards of 3,200 men, 
 aided by 500 from Connecticut, and 300 from New- 
 Hampshire— the contingent from Rhode Island of 300 
 not having arrived until after the surrender of the 
 city. Ten vessels, of which the largest carried only 
 twenty guns each, with the armed sloops of Connec- 
 ticut and Rhode Island, constituted the whole naval 
 force. In two months the army was enlisted, victual- 
 ed and equipped for service. The command of the 
 expedition was given to a Colonel of Militia, at Kittery, 
 William Pepperal, Esq. This Gentleman wios ex- 
 tensively concerned in trade, whereby he had acquir- 
 ed much influence; and as his manners were affable, 
 and his character unblemished, he was very popular 
 both in Massachusetts and New-Hampshire,where he 
 was very generally known. These qualities were ab- 
 solutely necessary in the commander of an n^my of 
 volunteers, his own countrymen, who were to quit 
 their domestic connections and employments, and 
 engage in a hazardous enterprise, which none of 
 them, from the highest to the lowest, knew how to 
 conduct. In waging war against the papists, there 
 can bo little doubt that some thought they^were do- 
 ing God service ; and the military feeling of the peo- 
 ple was excited both by patriotism and religion. The 
 flag was presented to the famous George Whitefield, 
 who was then an itinerant preacher in New-England, 
 and he was pressed by Pepperal to favour him with 
 a motto, suitable for the occasion. The inscription 
 nil dosperandum christo ducc" gave the expedition 
 
 (( 
 
115 
 
 the air of a crasade, and many of his followers enlist- 
 ed. One of them, a Chaplain, carried on his shoul- 
 ders a hatchet, with which lie intended to destroy 
 the images in the French Churches. Previous to the 
 departure of the fleet, a despatch was sent to Com- 
 modore Warren, who was on the West India station, 
 informing him of the contemplated attack on Louis- 
 burg, and soliciting his assistance and co-operation; 
 but he declined the invitation, on the score of having 
 no orders, and that the expedition was wholly a pro- 
 vincial aflair, undertaken without the assent, and 
 perhaps without the knowledge of the ministry.*— 
 This Was a severe disappointment to Governor Shir- 
 ley, but being determined to make the attempt at all 
 hazards, he concealed the information from the troops, 
 and on the 4th of April they embarked for Canseau, 
 where they arrived in safety ; here they were de- 
 tained three weeks, waiting the dissolution of the 
 ice, with which tl\p coast of Cape Breton was envi- 
 
 * I have compiled the above account of this gallant exploit 
 from Belknap, Douglas, Minot, HutchinBon, and the Mass. Hist. 
 Coll. The former has published the best narrative of this &iege of 
 any that is extant, and it has formed the ground work of every 
 other that has been since published; for he was personally acquaint- 
 ed with many of the officers who were upon the expedition, and 
 gathered a number of interesting incidents, which would otherwise 
 have never reached us. He was a laburioHS, patient and accurate 
 compiler, and his historical works are written in a pure, chaste, 
 and classical style, and deserve to be better known in the Province! 
 than they appear to be. In the first volume of the Mass. Hist.. 
 Coll. first series, the instructions of Governor Shirley, and the cor- 
 respondence between Warren and Pepperal, and several valuable 
 documents, are published, to which the reader is referred for fur- 
 ther particulars. It must be confessed that there appeared a de- 
 sire at that time, to attribute the whole credit of this affair to the 
 navy, and that this spontaneous and gallant effort of the Provincials 
 did not meet a correspionding return on the part of Government. 
 The ungenerous manner in which their services were often viewed 
 by those who reaped the advantages and the honors of them, fi- 
 nally estranged their affections, and prepared their minds for the 
 great conflict which subsequently severed the Colonies from Great 
 Britaia. 
 
 
116 
 
 raned. After Oommodore Warren had returned an 
 aoewertoOoremor Shirley, he received instructions 
 from England, founded on the communications which 
 the latter had made on the subject, by which he was 
 ordered to proceed directly to North America, and 
 concert measures for the benefit of his Majesty's ser- 
 vice. Hearing that the fleet had sailed, he steered 
 direct for Ganseau, and after a short consultation 
 with Generel Fepperal, he proceeded to cruise be- 
 fore Louisburg, whither he was soon followed by the 
 fleet and army, which arrived on the 13th of April, in 
 Chaparouge Bay. The sight of the transports gave 
 the first intelligence of the intended attack, for al- 
 though the English had been detained three weeks 
 at Canseau, the French were, until the moment of 
 thcar arrival, ignorant of their being in the neigh- 
 bourhood. Preparations were immediately made for 
 landing the men, which was effected without 
 much opposition, and the enemj^ driven into the 
 tp^n. While the troops were disembarking, the 
 French burned ail the houses in the neighborhood of 
 the works, which might serve as a cover to the Eng- 
 lish) ai^d sunk some vessels in the harbor to obstruct 
 the entrance of the fleet. The first object was to in- 
 vent the city. Lieutenant-Colonel Vaughan conduct- 
 fid the first column through the woods within sight 
 of Louisburg, and saluted the city with three cheers. 
 At the head of a Detachment, composed chiefly of 
 New Hampshire Troops, he marched in the night to 
 the north-east part of the harbor, where he burned 
 the warehouses containing the naval stores, and 
 iBtaved a large quantity of wine and brandy. The 
 mopipke of the fire, driven by the wind into the Grand 
 
in 
 
 Battery, bo terrified the French that they abandoned 
 it, and spiking up their guns they retired to the city. 
 The next morning he took possesion of the deserted 
 Battery, and having dHi led the cannon left by the 
 enemy, which consisted chiefly of 42 pounders, turn- 
 ed them with good effect on the city, within which al- 
 most every shot lodged,w1 tile several fell into the roof 
 of the citadel. The troops were employed for fourteen 
 successive nights in drawing cannon from the landing 
 place to the camps, through a morass. To effect 
 this they were obliged to construct sledges, as the 
 ground was too soft to admit of the use of wheels ; 
 while the men, with straps on their shoulders, and 
 sinking to their knees in mud, performed labor be- 
 yond the power of oxen ; which could only be exe 
 cuted in the night or during a fo^ry day, the place 
 being within view of the town and within reach of ita 
 rfuns. On the 7th of May a summons was sent to 
 Duchambon, who. refused to surrender ; the siege 
 was therefore pressed with great vigor and spirit. 
 By the 38th of the month the Provincials had erect- 
 ed five fascine batteries, mounted with sixteen pieces 
 of cannon and several mortars, which had destroyed 
 the western gate, and made a very evident impres- 
 sion on the circular battery of the enemy. The for- 
 tifications on the Island, however, had been so judi- 
 ciously placed; and the artillery so well served, that 
 they made five unsuccessful attacks upon it, in the 
 lastof which they lost 189 men. In the mean time 
 Commodore Warren captured the Vigilant, a French 
 74, having a complement of 560 men, and gietit quan- 
 tities of military stores. This prize was of the ut- 
 most importance, as it not only added to the naval 
 
If 
 
 Its 
 
 -•■\,h 
 
 -;! 
 
 ! :l.- 
 
 i 
 
 forces of file English, but furnished them with a va- 
 riety of supplies of which they were very deficient. 
 Commodore Warren suggested the propriety of con- 
 veying information of this event to the Governor, un- 
 der the expectation that the intelligence might lead 
 to a capitulation ; and proposed to Pepperal a plan to 
 induce the Commander, the Marquis de la Maison 
 Forte, to certify it himself ; which, being approved, 
 was immediately put into execution. It appeared 
 that some of the English prisoners had been treated 
 with severity by the French, and the Marquis was 
 made acquainted with this fact, and requested to vi- 
 sit the different ships on the station, and if satisfied 
 with their condition, to address a letter to Ducham- 
 bon, expressing his approbation of the conduct of the ; 
 English, and entreating similar usage^ for those whom 
 the fortune of war had thrown into his hands. With 
 this demand he readily complied, and his letter, to- 
 gether with one of a similar nature, written by the 
 General, was sent into Louisburg the next day, by 
 Capt^n McDonald with a flag of truce. This expedi* 
 
 • On board the Vigilant, tnhere I am a priaoner, before Louii- 
 
 burg, June 18, 1745. 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 Reremth I sond you, Sir, the copy of a Iett«r, written me by Mr. 
 WarrtD, commander of a squadron, who informs me that the French 
 faave treated some English prisoners with cruelty and inhumanity. 
 I can scaraely believe it, since it is the intention of the King, our 
 master, that they should be well treated or. every occasion. You are 
 to knew that on the SOth of May, I was taken by the squadron ai 
 I was about to enter your harbour, and it is fitting you should be 
 informed that the Gentlemen, the Captains and Officers, treat us 
 not as prisoners but as their good friends, and take a very particular 
 eara that my officers and equipage should want for nothing. To 
 ■leit leenuijust yoa should treat them in the same manner, and see 
 that they ^e punished who act otherwise, and ofier any insult to 
 tboM wtiom you mty make prisoners. 
 
 Yours, &c. 
 To Db LA Maison Fortc. 
 
 Dnchambon, Governor 
 of Loaiiburg. 
 
119 
 
 » 
 
 ent had the desired effect : the news threw thtim Into ' 
 evident confusion, and the erection of a battery oa 
 Light House Cliff, togethenr with the preparations 
 which were making for a general assault, determined 
 Duchambon to surrender ; and accordingly, on the 
 16th of June, he capitulated. Upon entering the for- 
 tress and viewing its strength, and the plenty and 
 variety of its means of defence, the stoutest hearts 
 were appalled, and the impracticability of carrying 
 it by assault fully demonstrated. The garrison, a* 
 mounting to 650 veteran troops, and 1310 militiSi 
 with the crew of the Vigilant, and the principal inha*^ 
 bitantsof the town, in all 4130, engaged that they 
 would not bear arms for twelve months against Great 
 Britain or her allies ; and being embarked on board 
 of 14 cartel ships, were transported to Rochfort. Thft 
 New England forces lost 101 men, killed by the ene» 
 my and other accidental causes, and about 30, who 
 died from sickness ; while the French were supposed 
 tohave lost 300, ^yho were killed within the walls. 
 The result was more successful than could have been 
 anticipated, considering the nature of the troops, the 
 strength of the place, and the inexperience of all 
 concerned. The plan for the reduction of this regu- 
 larly constructed fortress, was drawn up by a Law* 
 yer, and executed by a body of Husbandmen and 
 Merchants ; animated indeed by a zeal for the service 
 of their country, but wholly destitute of professional 
 skill. In no one instance in History is there to be 
 found such a combination of fortunate occurrences, 
 any one of which, it is said, had it been otherwise, 
 would have defeated the object of the expedition. 
 The garrison of Louisburg had been so mutinous be*- 
 
 i ^ 
 
120 
 
 fore the eiegethat the Governor could not trust them 
 to make a sortie, lest they should desert ; for had 
 they been united the camp might have been repeat- 
 edly surprised, and many of the people destroyed. 
 They were in want both of provisions and stores, 
 and those which had been sent to their relief were 
 Oapturedby the fleet. The ground upon which the 
 Provincials were entrenched was so uneven, and the 
 troops 80 8cattered,that the French could form no es* 
 timate of their number, and the prisoners, as if by 
 mutual agreement, represented it to be infinitely 
 greater than it was. 
 
 During the forty-nine days the seige lasted,the wea- 
 ther Was remarkably fine for the season of the year, 
 but the day after the surrender it became foul, anil 
 the rain fell incessantly for ten days; which, as there 
 
 were fifteen hundred at that time afflicted with a dys- 
 entery, must have proved fatal to a large portion of 
 
 the troops. When the transports sailed for Canseau, 
 there was no reason to expect aid from the navy, 
 but several fortuitous circumstances brought together 
 every Britisn ship of war, from the ports of the Ame- 
 rican continent and Islands,till they made a formidable 
 naval force, consisting of four ships of the line and 
 six frigates, under the command of an active, experi- 
 enced and judicious officer.^ But these circumstances 
 
 * The mao of war that arrived, from time to time, at Louisburg, 
 during the siege, were ; — 
 
 BuperL'e, of 6OguB0 ^ 
 
 Lancaatar, 40 S Under Coraodore Warren. 
 
 Mermaid, * 40 ) 
 
 The Prize Vigilant, 64 , . ' 
 
 ' Princess Mary, 60 "i V .' 
 
 Hector 40 S From En|land. 
 
 ' Chester** 60 j 
 
 CaBterberrv.**<60 ^ ' .' ' 
 
 Sunderland* *«*60 > From Newfoundland. 
 
 Lark********* 40 j 
 
 Elthamf called in from conveying tU9 m$st ships to England. 
 
121 
 
 did not lessen the merit of the man u lo planned, nor 
 of the people who effected the conquest, which ex- 
 hibited a high spirit of enterprize, and a generous 
 participation in the war of the mother Country. 
 Cape Breton was useful to France : in many respects 
 Louisburg had realized the hopes of those who 
 projected its establishment. Its local connexions 
 with the fisheries, whence her naval power began to 
 draw a respectability that threatened to rival that 
 of her enemy, made it a commodious station for their 
 encouragement ; by dividing the principal stations 
 of the English fisheries at Newfoundland and Can- 
 eeau, it gave a check to both. Louisburg* was the 
 French Dunkirk of America, whence privateers were 
 fitted out to infest the coast of the British plantations, 
 and to which prizes were conveyed in safety. The 
 French East and West India fleets found a secure 
 harbour there, and the supplies of fish and lumber 
 were carried with convenience from thence to the 
 sugar Colonies ; besides which Cape Breton com- 
 manded the entrance into the gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 the increasing and favourite Colony of France. If 
 all these local advantages did not accrue, positively, 
 to Great Britain, upon the capture of this Island, yet 
 wresting them from the hands of her enemy was 
 almost equal to it. There was also another of great 
 consequence, arising to her from the existing state of 
 Nova-Scotia. An expedition was projected by the 
 French to recover the Province ; the taking of Cape 
 
 Breton frustrated the execution of this plan, and gave 
 
 * In November preeedin|f the eaptare of this place, the grand 
 French fleet sailed from thence, consisting of three men of war, 
 six East India ships, thirty-one other ships, nine brigantines, five 
 ■news and two schooners. 
 
 16 
 
 r • 
 
122 
 
 t !■ 
 
 ;iif 
 
 I iii: 
 
 the English an additional bridle over this half revolt- 
 ing country. The news of this conquest being trans- 
 i.iitted to England, General Pepperal and Commo- 
 dore Warren were preferred to the dignity of Ba- 
 ronets of Great Britain, and congratulatory addresses 
 were presented to the King, upon the success of his 
 ^ Majesty's arms. Reinforcements of men, stores and 
 
 provisions, having arrived at Louisburg, it was de- 
 termined, in a Council of war, to maintain the place 
 and repair the breaches. As this acquisition was made 
 under the Commission of the Governor of Massachu- 
 setts' Bay, the exercise of the Government, upon the 
 precedent of the conquest of Nova-Scotia, in 1710, 
 was decided to appertain to him until the Royal plea- 
 sure should be known ; Governor Shirley, therefore^ 
 repaired thither, and having taken the command, 
 prevailed upon the garrison,who had been enlisted for 
 a limited period, to remain until they should be re- 
 lieved by r^ular troops, by promising them an in- 
 crease of pay, and an ample provision of clothing and 
 other necessaries. Having adjusted these matters 
 with general satisfaction, he left the Government 
 under the j int administration of Pepperal and War- 
 ren,* and returned to Boston. As the coast was long 
 
 * Anecdote, eommunieatedhy the Hon. Judge Sewall. - 
 
 At the taking of Louisburg,iR 1746, by the New England troops, 
 under the command of General Pepperal, the Rev. Samuel Moody, 
 of York, was chaplain to the Genera) and his particular regiment. 
 After the surrender of the fortress, the General made a dinner, 
 more especially for Commodore Warren and the officers of the 
 Navy, who co-operated in the capture. Mr. Moody, who was 
 « usually very lengthy in craving a blessing, was called upon by the 
 
 General to perform this duty. Moody's friends were very anxious, 
 lest he should disgust the guests by a prolix performance ; but his 
 temper was so irritable, that none of the most intimate of them 
 would venture to suggest to him that brevity would be acceptable- 
 They were very agrfteably disappointed, and highly gratified by his 
 ' M: performing it in the following manner : " Good Lord, we have so 
 
' V 123 
 
 since cleared of ice, and the season had commenced 
 tor the arrival of ships from different parts,the French 
 flag was hoistedjfor the purpose of decoying them into 
 the harbour, and two East India men and a South Sea 
 ship, valued at ^£600,000, were the fruits of this ruse 
 du guerre. 
 
 The Island of St. John's, since called Prince Ed- 
 ward's Island, f^ll into the hands of the English at 
 the same time with Cape Breton, and the inhabitants 
 were also transported to France. In July vessels 
 were sent for the purpose of taking them off from the 
 Island; while engaged in embarking the prisoners, a 
 party of the English incautiously ventured into the 
 Country, where they were attacked by the Indians, 
 and twenty-eight either killed or taken prisoners. 
 Dii Vivier, who had gone to France the preceding 
 winter, to solicit a force to conquer Nova-Scotia, suc- 
 ceeded in his mission, and sailed early in July, 
 with a squadron for that purpose, consisting of seven 
 ships of war, commanded by M. Perrier, which were 
 ordered to rende25vous at Louisburg. This fleet hav- 
 ing captured a vessel bound from Boston to London, 
 on board of which was the Lieutenant-Governor of 
 New York, were informed of the capture of Cape 
 Breton, and of the force of the English squadron 
 stationed there, which probably saved them from fall- 
 ing into the same snare with the East India ships ; 
 upon receipt of this intelligence, four of them return- 
 ed to France, and the Perfait, of 46 guns, the Argo- 
 naut of 46, and the La Tournier, of 32 guns, put into 
 
 many things to thank thee for, that time will be infinitely too short 
 to do it ; we must therefore leave it for the work of eternity. 
 Bless our food and fellowship upon this joyful occasion, for thesaka 
 of Christ our Lord, Amen."— 1st. vol. Hist. Coll. 1st. series. 
 
124 
 
 'IE 
 llll 
 
 the harbour of Carrous, in the northern part of New- 
 foundland, from whence they convoyed the ships 
 which had been engaged in the fisheries. The exer- 
 tions of the New-England troops in this conquest 
 drew the military preparations of the contending 
 powers the ensuing year into America. On the one 
 hand Great Britain viewed it as an important prepa- 
 ratory operation to the conquest of Canada ; and 
 France received an alarm from it, which led her 
 to seek the recovery of Cape Breton, the conquest 
 of Nova-Scotia, and the destruction of the settle- 
 ments on the sea coast from thence to Georgia. — 
 The English plan was to send eight battalions of 
 regular troops, in conjunction with those of New- 
 England, up the river St. Lawrence to Quebec; and 
 the troops to be raised in New- York, Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland and Virginia, after assembling at Albany, 
 were to proceed across the country by land to Mon- 
 treal. The exertions of France, though inefl'ectual 
 beyond all expectations in a general view, were suf- 
 ficient to check the zeal of the British colonies, in 
 attacking her American dommions. Th e vigour with 
 which it was anticipated these operations would be 
 carried on, rendered it necessary that the New- 
 England troops at Louisburg should be relieved, and 
 <»ders were sent to Gibraltar for two regiments of 
 foot, commanded by Colonels Fuller and Warburton, 
 with three companies of Colonel Frampton's regi- 
 ment, to embark for Cape Breton. The season had 
 60 far advanced when they reached the coast that 
 they were unable to land, and were compelled to 
 biear away for Virginia, where they spent the winter. 
 Ih the. ensuing spring of 1746 they arrived at Louis- 
 
125 
 
 burg, which enabled 1500 of the Provincials to retire 
 to their homes. Admiral Warren was appointed 
 Governor, and Colonel Warburton Lieutenant Go- 
 vernor of the Island, but the 'brnier soon after return- 
 ed to England, and was succeeded by Commodore 
 Knowles. The armament from England, designed 
 to co-operate with the New-England troops, having 
 received orders to make an invasion on the coast of 
 Brittany ,the manager of the war in America conclud- 
 ed upon attacking Fort Frederick at Crown Point, 
 which lay in the route from Albany to Montreal. The 
 French, on their part, early in the summer of 1746, 
 sent from Canada a force, consisting of about 1 ,700 
 men, to Nova Scotia, composed of regular troops, 
 militia, coureurs du bois, and Indians, under the 
 command of M. de Ramsay, to act in conjunction 
 with a respectable armament expected from Europe. 
 It was well known in England that great prepara- 
 tions were making in France, and that a fleet was 
 nearly ready for sea, and a squadron, under Admiral 
 Martin, was dispatched to watch their motions. The 
 fleet, however, escaped from Brest, and joined the 
 other ships at Rochelle, and passed the blockading 
 squadron unobserved. As soon as it was descerned 
 they had put to sea, Admiral Lestock received orders 
 to leave Portsmouth in chase of them, which he at- 
 tempted several times, but was as often driven back 
 by contrary winds ; all hopes of overtrking them 
 being now abandoned, and the season advanced, the 
 pursuit was relinquished, and the colonies left to 
 their own defences. This French fleet was the most 
 powerful that had ever been sent to North America. 
 It consisted of 70 sail, of which 11 were ships of the 
 
j ■ )i 
 
 126 
 
 line, 20 frigates, five ships and bombs, and the rest 
 tenders and transports, having on board 31 60 disci- 
 plined troops * They carried out immense quanti- 
 ties of ammunition, provisions, cannon and military 
 ' stores, and were well supplied with pilots acquainted 
 with the coast and harbours of Newfoundland, Nova- 
 Scotia, and New-England. In order to promote 
 unity in their councils, and vigor in their operations, 
 the whole force, both military and naval, was placed 
 under the command of the Duke D'Anville, a noble- 
 man of great experience and ability. The plan of 
 his instructions seems to have been formed upon those 
 of Frontenac and Pontchartraine. He was ordered 
 to retake and dismantle Louisburg, the garrison of 
 which, at that time, was very much reduced by dis^ 
 ease. He was then to proceed against Annapolis 
 Royal, which he was to take and garrison. He was 
 next to destroy Boston, to range along the coast of 
 North America, and finally to pay a visit to the West 
 India Islands. Ai'ter clearing the land he detached 
 three line of battle ships and a frigate, under the 
 command of M. Conflans, to convoy the French trade 
 to Cape Francois, in Hispaniola, with orders to pro- 
 ceed immediately afterwards to Nova-Scotia, and 
 cruize upon the Cape Sable shore for a certain li- 
 mited period, between Cape Negro and Cape Sam- 
 bro,for advice; during which time, if he heard no in- 
 telligence of the fleet, he was to return to France. 
 The passage of the Duke was perilous and protracted 
 beyond example ; he did not reach the Western Is- 
 lands until the 3d of August, and on the 14th he was 
 
 * M. Prince, in his thanks-giving sermon, states the number of 
 transports to have been 100, and the troops 8,000. 
 
 '^ 
 
 r 
 
127 
 
 ! 'I 
 
 three hundred leagues from Nova-Scotia, when he 
 ordered one of his ships, which had been ii^jured by 
 the weather, to be burned. On the first of September 
 he experienced a most severe gale of wind, off the 
 Isle of Sable, where he lost a transport and fireship. 
 The Ardent and the Mars, both of 64 gims, being 
 much injured, put back for Brest, and were captured 
 on the coast of France; and the Alcide, another ship 
 of the line,having received great damage, bore away 
 for the West Indies. After a passage of more than 
 ninety days, he reached Chebucto harbour (Halifax), 
 in the Northumberland, with the Renomme and three 
 transports ; he found in the harbour one of the fleet, 
 and after waiting several days, three transports ar- 
 rived. Agitated beyond measure in thus disappoint- 
 ing the high expectations which this powerful arma- 
 ment had created in France, his health was so much 
 affected that he died suddenly on the fourth day after 
 his arrival; the French say of apoplexy, the English 
 of poison. In the afternoon of the day in which the 
 Duke D'Anville died. Vice Admiral Destournel]e,with 
 three or four ships of the line, rejoined the squadron 
 at Chebucto ; Monsieur de la Jonquiere, Governor 
 of Canada, was on board of the Northumberland, and 
 had been declared a Chef D'Escadre, which con- 
 stituted him second in command to the Vice Admi- 
 ral. M. Conflans, it appeared, had arrived before 
 them, and, after cruising upon the coast, had, pursu- 
 ant to his orders, returned to Brest; four of the ships 
 of the line and a fire ship had either returned caf 
 were so disabled that it was found necessary to des- 
 troy them. In a Council of war, therefore, on the 
 18th, the Vice Admiral proposed returning to France. 
 
128 
 
 / 
 
 This motion was Btrenuously opposed by Jon- 
 quiere, who maintained thot they were in a condition 
 to take Annapolis, before they left America ; after a 
 long debate, the attack upon Annapolis was decided 
 upon by the majority. The Vice-Admiral's spirits 
 were oppressed to such a degree as to throw him 
 into a fever, attended with a delirium, in which, ima- 
 gining himself a prisoner, he ran himself through 
 the body with his sword, and immediately expired. 
 Previous to sailing for the Bny of Fundy, it was 
 found necessary to await the arrival of such part of 
 the fleet as had survived the storm, many of which 
 were daily arriving ; and also to land the men, who 
 were in a drcadfiU situation from the effects of a scor- 
 butic fever, which had broken out among them during 
 the voyage. From the time they left France to their 
 arrival at Chebucto they had lost 1270 men, and the 
 rest were so sickly as to be unable to undergo the 
 least fatigue. They accordingly encamped on the 
 south side of the inner harbour (Bedford Bason), 
 where they were furnished with fresh provisions 
 from the Acadian Districts of Minas, Cobequid, Pesi- 
 quid and Chignecto; the Commissaries had orders to 
 pay not only for their supplies, but also for all the 
 provisions consumed by the Canadians and Indians 
 during the war. The extreme length of the voyage, 
 which had deprived them of the assistance of the 
 squadron from thf> West Indies, prevented also the 
 junction of the levies from Canada ; these troops, 
 having waited until the time had elapsed for the ar- 
 rival of the fleet, oommcnccd their march to Quebec, 
 and though an express was sent in pursuit of them, 
 as soon as the Duke heard of their departure, the 
 
180 
 
 greater part had reached their destination, and only 
 four hundred,who formed the rear, were overtaken in 
 time to admit of their return. A detachment of re- 
 gulars under M. Ramsay, Le Come ^and Couton, 
 three Knights of the Order of St. Louis, was com- 
 manded to proceed to Minas, r;ad hold itself in readi- 
 ness to set out for Annapolis, as soon as the fleet 
 should leave Chebucto. No time was fixed for their 
 departure, for the morti.Uity among the people still 
 continued, and they had buried 1130 since the for- 
 mation of the encampment. The Indians, who flock- 
 ed thither in great numbers for supplies of arms, am- 
 munition and clothing, took the infection, which 
 spread with such rapidity, that it destroyed more 
 than one third of the whole tribe of Micmacs. One 
 of the cruizers belonging to the fleet, having captured 
 a vessel despatched from Boston to Louisburg,the mail 
 was brought into Chebucto, and opened on the 11th 
 of October, in a Council of war — among the, papers 
 was a communication, sent by Governor Shirley to 
 Commodore Knowles, informing him that he had re- 
 ceived advice from England, that Admiral Lestock, 
 with a fleet of eighteen sail, had been ordered to the 
 North American station, and might be hourly expect- 
 ed. Upon receipt of this intelligence, an express was 
 sent to Ramsay, who, it appears, had actually invest- 
 ed Annapolis, that the fleet would immediately sail 
 thither ; the encampment was then broke up, and the 
 men embarked in gi*eat haste, undone of the ships of 
 the line, which had been so much injured as to be 
 unfit for service, together with several fishing vessels, 
 a snow from Carolina, and a vessel from Antigua, 
 were either scuttled or burned. On the 13th the fleet 
 
 , ft ^^ 
 
130 
 
 left Chebucto, consisting in all of forty sail, three of 
 which were sent home with the Indians, and the 
 rest sailed for Annapolis. They were, however, still 
 doomed to experience a continuation of the same 
 misfortunes which had pursued them since they left 
 France; for encountering a dreadful storm off Capo 
 Sable, they were so dispersed and weakened, that 
 they returned to Europe. The news of the first dis- 
 asters of the fleet having reached France by some 
 of the returned vessels, two men of war were imme> 
 diately sent out, with orders to Jonquiere to take 
 Annapolis, at all events; but the fleet had sailed three 
 or four days before they arrived. Ramsay, who had 
 encamped before the fort, with a shew of besieging 
 it, finding that Jonquiere had quitted the coast, and 
 that the Chester, of fifty guns, a frigate and an armed 
 schooner, were in the harbour, retired on the 22d of 
 October to Chebucto ; wUere he placed his troops in 
 winter quarters, that he might be in readiness to act 
 in concert with Jonquiere, who had promised to re- 
 turn in the Spring. The armaments of the Duke 
 D'Anville had created an unusual degree of alarm 
 throughout the American Provinces, and its failure, 
 from fortuitous circumstances, was hailed by the 
 Colonies of New-England as a mark of the peculiar 
 intervention of Providence in their favour. Mad not 
 this fleet met with a series of unparalleled disasters, 
 they would inevitably have retaken Nova-Scotia 
 and Cape Breton, and distressed and desolated the 
 other British possessions. While Ramsay remained 
 iji the Peninsula, he occasioned much alarm and un- 
 easiness, and though the country was relieved from 
 the presence of the fleet, it was not yet considered 
 
out of danger. Governor Mascarine made frequent 
 representations of the state of the Province to the 
 Governor of Massachusetts, and stated that a rein- 
 forcement of one thousand men, in addition to the 
 three companies sent to his relief, the preceding au- 
 tumn, would be sufficient to dislodge the French; that 
 by quartering them among the inhabitants, they 
 would consume all the supplies and provisions, which, 
 in the event of an invasion, would leave the country 
 destitute of the means of supporting an enemy; and 
 that their presence and intercourse with the Acadi- 
 ans, would have a good effect in confirming them in 
 their allegiance. Upon these statements, Massachu- 
 setts voted five hundred, Rhode Island three hundred, 
 and New-Hampshire two hundred men, for this ser- 
 vice. The contingent from Rhode Island was ship- 
 wrecked near Martha's vineyard ; the armed easels 
 of New-Hampshire went to Annapolis, but the com- 
 mander of one of them, instead of landing his men, 
 sailed across the Bay to St. John, where, mistaking 
 a French snow for one of the transports, he sent eight 
 men on board of her, with whom she immediately set 
 sail and escaped. The transport, instead of returning 
 to Annapolis, put back to Portsmouth; the troops from 
 Massachussetts, amounting to four hundred and se- 
 venty men, besides officers, not being able to reach 
 Minasby water, on account of the advanced state of 
 the winter, were landed on the 4th day of December, 
 on the shore of the Bay of Fundy; each man was 
 furnished with fourteen days provisions, which he 
 carried on his back, and with infinite labour and 
 fatigue, they reached Grand Pre in eight days. — 
 Supposing the rigor of the weather would operate as 
 
"'-^ 
 
 132 
 
 / 
 
 anieffbctaal protection against any attack, they were 
 quartered in a scattered and unguarded manner. The 
 French were sufficiently apprized of this, and on the 
 8th (^ Jcuiuary, set out from Chignecto, and arrived 
 at Minas on the 31st of the month. Having distri- 
 buted their force, which, including Indians, amounted 
 to six hundred men, into shall parties, they attacked 
 the English about three o'clock in the morning, un- 
 der cover of a violent snow storm, and routed them 
 with great slaughter. The French were well pro- 
 vided with snow shoes, and thereby enabled to ac- 
 complish forced marches, but the English, having ne- 
 glected to take the same precaution, found it imprac- 
 ticable to escape ; Colonel Noble, who commanded^ 
 and Lieutenants Lechemere, Jones and Pickering, and 
 Ensign Noble, with about seventy privates and non- 
 commissioned officers, were killed ; twenty-seven 
 wounded, and about one hundred taken prisoners. 
 The rest, having formed themselves into a body under 
 Captain Morris,^ made a gallant defence, but finding 
 H impossible to resist with success such a formidable 
 force, cajtttulated upon the following terms : — 1st. 
 they were to march ofFto Annapolis, with arms shoul- 
 dered, drums beating, and colours flying, through a 
 1«ne of the enemy, with rested firelocks. — 2d. they 
 were to be allowed six days provision, with a pound 
 of powder, and a proportion of ball to each man — 3d. 
 tliey were not to ca^ry arms against the French, in 
 the country bordering on the Bason of Minas and 
 ' Chignecto, for six months. This enterprize of the 
 French, if not well authenticated, would .now be 
 
 * the grand father of the present Surveyor-General of the Pro- 
 Tinee;the iceneofthUi disaster wannear the residence of the late 
 Colonel Crane, of Norton. , 
 
1S3 
 
 deemed incredible. The Bason of Minas being fill- 
 ed with loose ice, and the rivers impassable from the 
 same cause, they were obliged to march round the 
 Bason at that inclement season of the year, through 
 a trackless forest,for upwards of forty leagues; when 
 they came to a river they were under the necessity 
 of seeking the head of it, where the ice was firm and 
 sufficient to admit of their passing. 
 
 From Chignecto (Cumberland) to Pesiquid (Wind- 
 sor) there were few settlements, and they were forced 
 to carry their provisions on their backs, and from 
 thence to Grand Pre (Horton), to submit to the same 
 inconvenience ; from the necessity of making forced 
 
 « 
 
 marches they had not time to construct camps, and 
 they bivouacked at night on the snow, without cover- 
 ing ; yet with all these disadvantages — ^borne down 
 with the weight of their arms, ammunition and 
 rations, did these intrepid and zealous people, affect 
 this extraordinary march, in the short space of twen- 
 ty-three days. Jonquiere, having returned to France, 
 with the remnant of the Duke D'Anville's fleet, pro- 
 cured another expedition against Nova-Scotia; a fleet 
 of thirty -eight sail was fitted out, and placed under his 
 command, one part was appointed to convoy six East 
 India ships, and the rest, with the frigates and trans- 
 ports, lull of soldiers and ordnance stores, were des- 
 tined for Canada and Nova-Scotia. The English 
 Admirals Anson and Warren, sailing in pursuit of them, 
 fell in with them on the 3d of May, 1747, when, after 
 a regular and well contested battle, the French 
 struck their colours ; one of their men of war and all 
 of their East India ships were captured, and between 
 four and five thousand men taken prisoners ; it is'^es- 
 
134 
 
 / 
 
 timated that they lost by this battle a million and a 
 half of money. This misfortune totally destroyed all 
 the hopes Ramsay had entertained of reducing Nova- 
 Scotia ; he was aware that the war was drawing to a 
 close, and that Plenipotentaries had actually assem- 
 bled to consider of the terms of a treaty; he therefore 
 returned to Canada, not a little chagrined at the 
 dreadful issue of those two powerful armaments. On 
 the 7th October the treaty of peace was concluded 
 between England and France, at Aix la Chapelie. 
 It was founded on former treaties, which were now 
 expressly confirmed, from that of Westphalia, to the 
 last, concluded at London and Madrid. By the arti- 
 cles of this peace, the Colonies had the mortification; 
 to find their boasted conquest of Cape Breton* taken 
 aw'ay, in a compromise for restoring the French con- 
 quest in the low countries to the Empress Queen of 
 Hungary, and for a general restitution of places taken 
 from the other belligerent powers. On the 12th day 
 of July, 1749 ; it was restored to its former owners. 
 
 * A memoir was sent by the French Court to the Count St. Seve- 
 rin, its minister at Aix la Chapelie, upon the indispensible neces- 
 sity of Cape Breton to France, and upon the fatal consequences of 
 leaving that Island in the hands of the English ; m relation to tho 
 free trade of Canada and Lousiansi, and the general trade of the 
 other powers of Europe. He was desired to shew merely a mode- 
 rate wish to recover the Island, as it was known, that England 
 had it not at heart to retain her conquest. He was also requested 
 to give the Earl of Sandwich to understand, that the loss of Cape- 
 Breton was less important in itself, than on account of the stress 
 laid upon it by the public opinion in France, and that the King did 
 not attach so much consequence to the matter itself, as not to 
 prefer an equivalent in the Low Countries. — See Histoire de la di- 
 plomatique Francoise— B. V. Vol. 6. 
 
 " It is pleasing to behold the European nations, in tho present 
 age, content themselves with the bare parole of their hostages. Tlie 
 English noblemen who were sent to France in that character, in 
 pursuance of the Treaty of Aix la Chapelie, in 1 <48, to stay till the 
 restitution of Cape Breton, were solely bound by their word of ho- 
 nor, and lived at Court, and at Pans, rather as Ministers of their na- 
 tion than as hoBUg9a."—Vattel. B. 12. C 16. 
 
135 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 A Toum built at Chehucto Harbor called Halifax — Forma- 
 tion of a Council — Discussions concerning the limits of 
 ^ova- Scotia — Hostilities of the Indians — Forts built at 
 Minos and Pesiquid — French erect Fort Beau Sejour at 
 Chignecto — Major Lawrence sent thither vrith a body of 
 Troops — defeats the French — builds a Fort there — Go- 
 vernor Hopson succeeds Colonel Cornwallis — Settlement 
 at Lunenburg — Courts of Judicature — Forts Beau Se- 
 jour and Bay Verte taken, and the fortifications on St. 
 John River destroyed, by the English — removal of the 
 JSTevtrals from the Province — who memorial the King — 
 reflections on this transaction. 
 
 [From 1748 to 1755.] 
 
 NEARLY half a century had elapsed since the 
 Treaty of Utrecht, and not the slightest progress had 
 been made 7u -le settlement of Nova-Scotia. A 
 small Garrison i been maintained at Annap&lis 
 Royal, to overa.vo the Acadians, but it by no means 
 answered the purpose for which it was designed. — 
 These people, upon every rupture between the two 
 Crowns, were accused of violating their neutrality, 
 by intriguing with the Indians, communicating in- 
 telligence to their countrymen settled at St. John 
 and Cape Breton, and assisting them in committing 
 hostilities against the English. From the extraor- 
 dinary neglect which the British Government had 
 manifested towards the Colony the French were in- 
 duced to believe that they were ignorant of its value, 
 and to hope that if they could not obtain the posses- 
 sion of it by force of arms they might at least pro- 
 cure its restitution by persuasion. They therefore 
 attempted to draw a distinction between Acadia and 
 Nova-Scotia; and as the country was ceded by the 
 former appellation, they maintained that Acadia was 
 
'U 
 
 (HI 
 
 / 
 
 the name of the Peninsula ; that they had yielded 
 that, and nothing more to England, and that the rest 
 of the country, lying between New England and the 
 Bay of Funday, was a part of New France, which, 
 together with Canada, still belonged to them. The 
 tnagnitude of this claim naturally alarmed the people 
 of Massachusetts, who immediately called the atten- 
 tion of the ministry to a subject which, with whate- 
 ver indifference it might be viewed on the other side 
 of the Atlantic, was of vital importance to the tran- 
 quility and safety of the Colonies. Their remon- 
 strances had the most happy effect, for the in- 
 vestigation of this subject naturally brought to the 
 notice of Government the great commercial advan-i 
 tages which might be derived from Nova-Scotia, if 
 it were properly regulated, supported and improved. 
 The peace, which necessarily left a great number of 
 men without employment, suggested the idea of peo- 
 pling and cultivating this large and fertile country 
 by disbanding the troops. A scheme was therefore 
 formed for confirming and extending the dominion 
 of the Crown of Great Britain in this Province, by 
 constituting Communities, diffusing the benefits of 
 population and agriculture, and improving the fishery 
 on the coast. The particulars of this plan having 
 been duly considered, it was laid before His Majes- 
 ty, who L. ictioned the measure, and referred its ex- 
 ecution to the Board of Trade and Plantations, over 
 which the Earl of Halifax presided. This nobleman 
 approved of the details of the project, and adopting 
 it with his usual zeal and ardour, cherish e4 the in- 
 fant Colony with paternal affection. The Commis- 
 sioners immediately advertised, under the sanction 
 
137 
 
 of his Majesty's authority, that proper encourage- 
 ment would be given to the officers and privates, 
 lately dismissed from the army and navy, to settle in 
 the Province of Nova-Scotia ; that the fee simple, or 
 property, of fifty acres of land, would be granted to 
 every soldier or seaman, free from the payment of 
 any quit rents, for the term often years, together 
 with ten acres additional for every member of which 
 his family should consit^t, and that further grants 
 would be made to them in proportion to the in- 
 crease of their families, and their means of extend' 
 ing the cultivation of their farms. 
 
 They also promised, upon the same conditions, 
 eighty acres to any officer under the rank of Ensign 
 in the army, or Lieutenant in the navy ; that 200 
 acres should be bestowed upon Ensigns, 300 upon 
 Lieutenants, 400 upon Captains, and 600 upon every 
 person above that degree, with proportionable allow- 
 ances for the number and increase of every family ; 
 that they should be put into possession of the land, 
 as soon as possible after their arrival, and that a ci- 
 vil government should be established, by virtue of 
 which they would enjoy all the liberties and privili- 
 ges of British subjects. An offisr was also made to 
 convey the settlers and their families to Nova-Sco- 
 tia, maintain them twelve months after their arrival, 
 at the expence of government, and supply them with 
 arms and ammunition for their defence, and with ma- 
 terials and utensils proper for clearing their land, 
 erecting habitations, and prosecuting the fishery. 
 
 This scheme was so feasible, and the encourage- 
 ment so inviting, that in a short time 3760 adventu- 
 rers, with their families, were entered for embark- 
 
 18 
 
m 
 
 ,;t .:■■ 
 
 :/ 
 
 t 3 
 
 ill 1.?! 
 
 138 
 
 ation, according to the orders of the Board of Trade. 
 Application having been made to Parliament, £40,000 
 urere voted to defray the expences of their removal. 
 The liberality of this grant enabling Government to 
 make ample provision for their comfort and support, 
 they set sail in the beginning of May, 1749, under 
 the command of the Honorable Edward Cornwallis, 
 whom the King had appointed their governor, and 
 towards the latter end of June arrived at Chebucto 
 harbour, the place of their destination. This port, 
 which is situated on the sea coast of the Peninsula, 
 about midway between Cape Canseau and Cape 
 Sable, was preferred to several others, where the 
 soil was better, for the sake of establishing in itst 
 neighbourhood an excellent cod fishery, and fortify- 
 ing one of the best harbours in America. At that 
 time the whole of the country bordering upon Che- 
 bucto was covered with wood to the waters edge ; 
 the cold and sterile soil,onboth sides of the harbour, 
 was clothed with the beautiful verdure of the spruce 
 and fir, whose umbrageous limbs concealed the rocks 
 which were scattered in profusion on its surface, and 
 doomed to disappoint the hopes, and defeat the la- 
 bours of the inexperienced settler. It was altogether 
 a new scene to the emigrants, who had been sudden- 
 ly removed from a highly cultivated and populous 
 country, to a beautiful but remote spot, where the 
 forest was yet unsubdued, and nature appeared in 
 her rudest and wildest form. The only human beings 
 whom they saw, soon con\..^ -^d them, that if they 
 were not viewed with hostili ^ they were [at least 
 regarded with fear anddistr ist. As they passed up 
 the harbour, they noticed several canoes filled with 
 
139 
 
 savages, who approached within a convenient dis- 
 tance, to observe the motions of the strangers, and 
 then fled with inconceivable rapidity. The emigrants 
 were delighted with the extent, beauty, and safety 
 of the harbour, and the variety and abundance of the 
 fish with which it was filled ; but when they looked 
 at the interminable forest before them, and reflected 
 that it was to be removed by their hands, they were 
 appalled at the magnitude of the undertaking. The 
 governor, who knew the necessity that existed for 
 immediate exertion, in order to complete a sufficient 
 number of houses before the commencement of 
 winter, for the shelter of such a body of people, lost 
 no time, after his arrival, in making preparations for 
 disembarking them, and alloting to each man the 
 task that was required of him. But before they were 
 allowed to reside on shore, it was necessary to con- 
 vince them that crimes could not be committed with 
 impunity, and that as much of the Law of England. 
 had followed them to the wilderness of Nova-Scotia, 
 as was necessary for their government and protec- 
 tion. On the 14th of July, he proceeded to organize 
 a civil government for the colony, and having sum- 
 moned Paul Mascarene, Edward Howe, John Gore- 
 ham, Benjamin Green, John Salisberry, and Hugh 
 Davidson, to attend him on board of the Beaufort 
 transport, he appointed them members of his Ma- 
 jesty's council, for the province of Nova-Scotia. 
 He also administered to each of them the oaths men- 
 tioned in an act, passed in the first year of the reign 
 of his Majesty King George the First, entitled an 
 act " for the further security of his Majesty's person 
 and government, and the succession of the crown in 
 
140 
 
 the heirs of the late Princess Sophia, being protest- 
 ants ; and for extinguishing the hopes of the pretended 
 Prince of Wales, and his open and secret abettors/' 
 He also caused them to make rnd subscribe the de- 
 daration mentioned in an act of Parliament, passed 
 in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Kinpr Charles 
 the Second, ** entitled an act for preventing dangers 
 vhich may happen from popish recusants." The 
 Governor and Council, Irom the necessity of the 
 ease, combined both the Legislative and Judicial 
 authority, and were, except so far as they were res- 
 trained by the general principles of law, absolute in 
 all cases : a formidable union of power, but one 
 which was r^equired by the emergency of the case, 1 
 imd does not appear to have been abused in its exer- 
 cise by the Gentlemen to whom it was entrusted.* — 
 The formation of the Board was announced to the 
 people by a general salute from the ships in the har- 
 bour, and the day was devoted to festivity and amuse- 
 ment. Having executed this part of his instructions, 
 and received a reinforcement of two regiments of 
 infantry from Cape Breton, and a company of ran- 
 gers irom Annapolis, the Governor selected a spot 
 for the settlement, and employed his people in clear- 
 ii^ the ground, for laying the foundation of a Town; 
 but some inconveniences being discovered in this situ- 
 ation, he made choice of another to the northward, 
 on an easy ascent, commanding a prospect of the 
 whole Harbour and the adjacent Country, and well 
 supplied with rivulets of fresh and wholesome wa- 
 ter. Here he began to build a Town on a. regular 
 
 * The tabl« in the Gommittee room, adjoining to tho Council 
 Chamber, is said to have been the one around which this 6r8t 
 (Muncit anembled. 
 
141 
 
 plan, to which he gave the Tiame of Halifax, in honor 
 of the Nobleman who had the greatest share in found- 
 ing the Colony. The settlers cleared away the 
 woods in as expeditious a manner as possible, and 
 having erected a large wooden house for the Govern- 
 or, and suitable ware-houses for the reception of the 
 stores and provisions ; the ground was laid out, so as 
 to form a number of straight and handsome streets, 
 crossing each other at equal distances. Planks, 
 doors, window-frames, and other parts of houses, 
 were imported from New-England, and the more 
 laborious portion of the work, which they performed 
 themselves, was executed with umcommon despatch, 
 man emulation which had been created by a judi- 
 cious division of the people into small parties. At 
 the approach of winter, they found themselves com- 
 fortably settled ; having completed a number of 
 houses and huts, and covered others in a manner 
 which served to protect them against the rigour of 
 the weather. There were assembled at Halifax, in- 
 cluding the military and sailors, five thousand people, 
 whose labors were suddenly suspended by the inten- 
 sity of the frost. The riot, turbulence and confusion, 
 which generally accompany idleness and dissipation, 
 compelled the Governor to seek employment of vari- 
 ous kinds, suited to the capacity and ability of the 
 different emigrants. The mechanics were placed at 
 the head of the working parties, to direct their labors, 
 and the greater part of them were engaged in the 
 woods, in cutting and bawling pickets for palisading 
 the Town, in selecting and squaring timber for the 
 frames of buildings, and in making preparations for 
 the erection of a Saw-Mill and a Wharf, while others 
 
 / 
 
14« 
 
 were occupied in finishing the interior of the houses, 
 in cutting down the trees that covered the Hill, on 
 which the Town was built, and in exploring and sur- 
 veying the Country in its immediate vicinity.* 
 
 While the emigrants were thus employed in the 
 formation of the new settlement, the French pro- 
 ceeded with as much despatch as possible, in erecting 
 forts and securing pnssos, which might form lines of 
 communication, between their most distant settle- 
 ments, and confine the provincials on every side. — 
 They aimed in particular at restriiining all the claims 
 of the English, in Novn-Scotia, to the Peninsula of 
 that name, and seemed determined to maintain pos- 
 session of all that Country lying between the Bay of 
 Fundy and the Penobscot. As the limits of the Pro- 
 vince, when ceded at the treaty of Utrecht, were not 
 defined, and still remained unsettled, it was provided 
 by the treaty of Ai.-c la Chapelle, that proper persons 
 should be appointed to meet at Paris, and establish 
 the same. General Shirley, the Governor of Massa- 
 chusetts, whose early education and long practice at 
 the Bar, rendered him well qualified for the situation, 
 was appointed one of the British Commissioners. As 
 this controversy became the subject of a long anr' 
 interesting discussion between these two powers, 
 and finally formed one of the principal grounds of the 
 war, which terminated in the total extinction of the 
 French power in North America, it will not be deem- 
 ed an irrelevant digression to delineate the respec- 
 tive claims of the contending parties. 
 
 * In addition to the £40,000 granted for the embarkation, and 
 other expencea, Parliament continued to make annual grants for 
 the same settlement, which oolleotv'td sums amounted, in 17S5, to 
 the enormous lum of £4 15,584 14 11. 
 
143 
 
 7 
 
 The Commissioners of the King of Great Britain, 
 conformed themselves to the rules laid down by the 
 treaty itself, and assigned those as the ancient limits 
 of the Country, which had always passed as such 
 from the earliest period to the conclusion of the trea- 
 ty, and had frequently been allowed and declared to 
 be the boundaries, by the Governments of both Eng- 
 land and France. These limits were the Atlantic 
 ocean on the south and east, the river St. Lawrence, 
 on the north, and Pentagoet on the west ; on the 
 other hand, the French insisted that the whole terri- 
 tory formerly owned and occupied by them, in the 
 northern parts of America, was called New-France; 
 and that Acadia, which was only a Province of that 
 Country, was contained within that portion of the 
 Peninsula which lies on the south and west of an 
 imaginary line,drawn from Cape Canscau to that part 
 of the Bay of Fundy which receives the waters of 
 the Bason of Minas. Whether the whole of this ter- 
 ritory, in its largest extent, on the Penjnsula, or a 
 part of it only, formed Acadia,was the dispute between 
 France and England. The grounds on which the 
 respective nations founded their claims, were of the 
 following nature : — 
 
 The English conceived themselves to be the first dis- 
 coverers, and the first actual settlers in the Country. 
 They urged against the French, their own Commis- 
 sions to their Governors, and their exertions to ex- 
 tend the same, when they were possessed of it ; the 
 treaty of Breda, by which the forts on the main were 
 surrendered to the French, as part of Acadia, and the 
 conduct of Charles the Second, in disregarding a dis- 
 tinction of Sir T homas Temple, the Governor of Aca 
 
144 
 
 dia, by which these forts were attempted to be held 
 as belonging to Nova-Scotia, as distinguished from 
 Acadia; and in ordering, at the instance of the King 
 of France, the surrender of these places as within 
 the latter Country. The memorial of the French 
 Ambassador, in 1685, setting forth, in order to deny 
 the right of English vessels <to fish on the coasv, that 
 Acadia extended from Isle Percee to George's Island, 
 at the mouth of St. George's river; and various other 
 instances, wherein the Crown of France, and its ser- 
 vants, claimed as Acadia, and possessed as such, the 
 territory from Pentagoet, or Penobscot, to the most 
 extensive limits in dispute ; the grant of Novc-Scotia, 
 by James the First to Sir William Alexander, Septom- 1 
 ber 10th, 1621, which extended to the river St. Croix, 
 on the west, and to the St. Lawrence, on the north, 
 (the space between the St. Croix and Pemaquid, be- 
 ing held by him as one of the Council of Plymouth, 
 under another grant, by an agreement among the 
 Grantees) whence the name of Nova-Scotia was com- 
 municated to all Acadia. The charter of the Pro- 
 vince of Massachusett's Bay,which expressly extends 
 to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Canada rivers ; 
 that France received the same Acadia, by the treaty 
 of Breda, which England at this time demanded back 
 again ; the words of the cession, in the treaty of 
 Utrecht, " Nova-Scotia or Acadia, in its full extent," 
 which, if these names could be supposed to apply to 
 two different boundaries, must include the whole ; 
 that if the cession intended only the Peninsula, it 
 might as well have been ceded by that description — 
 and lastly, the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, which stipu- 
 lates that all things shall be established on the foot- 
 
145 
 
 ing they were or ought to have been before the war. 
 As to the Country between Penobsoot and Kennebec 
 rivers, the English shewed the Commission of the 
 French King's Governors to extend as far as North 
 Virginia, or New-England, whicli must bound Acadia 
 upon the English territories ; and that the French 
 insisted, when Acadia was theirs, that it extended as 
 far westward as the latter river, and concluded by 
 asserting that the English had an indisputable title 
 to this tract, from discovery, actual settlement, and 
 continued possession. The French relied upon the 
 construction of the treaty of Utrecht, which stipulat- 
 ed " the cession of Nova-Scotia, otherwise called 
 " Acadia, in its full extent, according to its ancient 
 " limits; as also of the town of Port Royal, now call- 
 " ed Annapolis Royal, and in general of all that de- 
 " pend on the said countries and if.lands belonging to 
 " them." They urged that ceding Acadia according 
 to its ancient limits, was restrictive, and designated 
 not what had, at any time, been called by that name, 
 but what the ancient name comprehended ; and 
 Port Royal or Annapolis being mentioned particular- 
 ly, showed that that place was not a part of Acadia, 
 otherwise the express mention of it would have been 
 needless ; that the reason why the cession was not 
 by the name of the Peninsula of Acadia, wasbecaustT 
 that country included only a part of the Peni.isnila ; 
 that if any light was to be thrown upon the construc- 
 tion of the treaty of Utrecht, from the principle of 
 the first discovery and settlement of the territory in 
 dispute, it was in favour of the French ; that the 
 voyage of Sebastian Cabot, in 1497, when he dis- 
 
 covesed Newfoundland, was undertaken with the 
 
 19 
 
 » 
 
146 
 
 'i: 
 
 sole design of seeking a passage by the north-west 
 to the East Indies, and not of forming settlements, 
 and was not judged worthy of the attention of Eng- 
 land ; and that the French might, with greater rea- 
 son, arrogate to themselves, the empire of the west- 
 ern coast of Africa ; they having not only discovered 
 it in the fourteenth century, before it was known to 
 any other nation in Europe, but traded thither, and 
 formed settlements. As to actual possession, they 
 contended that the first French project for obtaining 
 a settlement in America, was the attempt by the 
 Baron De Lery in 1518, but the first project of the 
 like nature, formed by the English, was not till 
 sixty-five years after, in 1583, when Sir Humphry 
 Gilbert went to view the island of Newfoundland. 
 That the first embarkation of the inhabitants of 
 France, to attempt an establishment in America, 
 was in 1535, by James Cartier, when he built a fort 
 in Canada, and took possession of the country ; but 
 the first transplantation of the inhabitants, by the 
 English, for settling colonies in North America, was 
 not iill fifty years after, in 1585, when Sir Walter 
 Raleigh landed about one hundred men in the island 
 ofRoanoke. * • ' ; " . t^ ' :,*> - 
 
 That the first solid and durable settlements made 
 by the French, were those on the coast of the 
 £tchemin8, in 1604, who afterwards removed over 
 the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, in 1605 ; but the 
 first of all the settlements made by the English, was 
 that of Virginia, which was not begun till 1607, 
 when it was confined to very narrow limits ; those 
 of New England being much later. That when 
 Smith went to view the country, in 1614, it was 
 
I 't 
 
 147 
 
 only known by French names, and he relates that 
 that of Canada stifled all the others. They insisted 
 that the English did not begin any settlements there 
 till 1620, at New Plymouth, and that those of Mas- 
 sachusetts' Bay, or New England, properly so called, 
 were not undertaken till 1G29, twenty years after 
 the first French settlements were made on the coast 
 of the Etchemines ; and that the foundation of Que- 
 bec, the capital of Canada, which was laid in 1608, 
 was twenty-two years before that of Boston, which 
 was not founded till 1630. • ; . • ; :;: v r^ 
 
 That France did not take the country by the treaty 
 of Breda, as a cession, but as a restitution ; she 
 having been the original owner of it. That the 
 grant to Sir William Alexander, so much relied upon 
 by the English, was on condition that the country 
 was vacant, which was not the fact ; and was also 
 posterior to the grant of the French King to De 
 Monts, in 1603 ; that this grant being void, the 
 bounds of the country described by it, under the 
 name of Nova-Scotia, never known to the French, 
 till the^treaty of Utrecht, became a nullity likewise ; 
 and so the words Nova-Scotia or Acadia, used in 
 that treaty, could imply only the ancient Acadia, or 
 part of the Peninsula, and its being mentioned by 
 its ancient limits, was to guard against the false 
 boundaries assigned to it by the modern name ; that 
 the reason of the country of the Etchemines being 
 included under the name of Acadia, was owing to a 
 controversy between two French governors, after 
 which, the successful one took this method to extend 
 his dominion, and that this country had been granted 
 by the French crown, as a part of Canada or New 
 
 .^ 
 
 I 
 
148 
 
 ( ! 
 
 France, and several other places, included by the 
 English in their Acadia, had been granted only as 
 neighbouring countries with it. That as to the west- 
 ern bounds of Acadia, the Board of Trade and Plan- 
 tations had declared, that the limits of New England 
 ought of right to extend to St. Croix River, by 
 which they would reserve to themselves Kennebec 
 and the river Penobscot, within those limits ; and 
 now Acadia was to be brought up to Penobscot, 
 that by the charter of 1606, the two Virginias ought 
 to extend no further than to the distance of fifty 
 miles along the coast, from the place of their first 
 establishment ; wherefore, the most northerly settle- 
 ment of them. New Plymouth, is so far from reach- 
 ing to the St. Croix, that the charter would not even 
 bring it to Boston ; that, by the Charter of William 
 and Mary, the river Sagadahoock bounds New Eng- 
 land, to which was added all that country called by 
 the English Nova-Scotia, and all the territory situated 
 between that ideal province and New England, which 
 was to extend from the River St. Croix to that of 
 Sagadahoock. That in regard to the country west 
 of Sagadahoock, the provincial government was vest- 
 ed with full power to make,definitively, all the grants 
 they should think proper therein ; but with respect 
 to the country eabi of Sagadahoock, the King reserv- 
 ed to himself the right of confirming them ; and 
 whence, they asked, arose this difference, but from 
 its being known in England, that they had no legal 
 right to this country, and as a conlirmatioa of this, 
 they had not even given it a name. From a careful 
 perusal of the pretensions of both parties, the most 
 unprejudiced person must come to the conclusion, 
 
149 
 
 that the justice and merit of the case were on the side 
 of the English, and that Ih*^ claim of the French 
 was little else than a plauRibie and ingenious evasion 
 of the words of the treaty ; which, if admitting of a 
 doubt, it is to be feared were introduced on their 
 part, for the very purpose of raising an ambiguity, 
 not glaring enough to be detected at the time, and 
 yet sufficient to bear a different construction from its> 
 obvious meaning. Such being the unsettled limits 
 of these rival nations in Nova-Scotia, it necessarily 
 became the victim of their efforts to gain possession 
 of it. The town of Halifax was no sooner built, than 
 the French colonists began to be alarmed, and though 
 they did not think proper to make an open avowal of 
 their jealousy and disgust, ihey employed their emis- 
 saries clandestinely, in exciting the Indians to harass 
 the inhabitants with hostilities, in such a manner as 
 should effectually hinder them from extending their 
 plantations, and perhaps induce them to abandon the 
 settlement. Soon after the landing of the English, 
 one hundred head of horned cattle and some sheep 
 were brought to them by land, from a French settle- 
 ment at Pesiquid, (Windsor) a town about forty-five 
 miles from Halifax ; Deputies also came from the 
 Acadians in that neighbourhood, to make their sub- 
 mission, and, at the request of the Governor, under- 
 took to Contribute fifty men, to assist in the formation 
 of a road between that place and the capital. The 
 English also received the assurance of friend- 
 ship and assistance from the Indians ; their Chiefs 
 waiting upon the Governor, and acknowledging them- 
 selves to be subjects of the Crown of England. The 
 French Court disapproving of these friendly proceed- 
 
 ' 
 
V 
 
 R;fi 
 
 150 
 
 ings, resolved to harass the English as much as pos- 
 sible. Instructions to that effect having been sent 
 from France, to be communicated to the Acadians, 
 the scene was immediately changed. They engag- 
 ed the Indians to use their utmost endeavours to pre- 
 vent the growth of the New Colony, and the year 
 succeeding the peace and the restoration of Cape 
 Breton, was not expired, when the town began to be 
 frequently attacked in the night, and the English, in 
 a country secured by treaty to the British Crown in 
 the strongest terms, could not stir into the adjoining 
 woods without the danger of being shot, scalped or 
 taken prisoners. It was impossible to clear woods 
 and plough lands, without separating into small par- 
 ties, and this work was rendered extremely dange- 
 rous ; for though the French and Indians did not 
 venture to attack any considerable body of the Eng- 
 lish, yet they frequently fell upon small parties, some 
 of whom they murdered, and others they carried to 
 Louisburg, where they sold them for arms and am- 
 munition. The French pretended that they main- 
 tained this traffic, from motives of pure compassion, 
 in order to prevent the massacre of the captives ; 
 but this feeling, so creditable to human nature, did 
 not, however, induce them to set their prisoners at 
 liberty, without exacting an exorbitant ransom. As 
 these skulking parties of Indians were generally 
 directed and headed by French Commanders, repeat- 
 ed complaints were made to the Governor of Louis- 
 burg, who still answered that his jurisdiction did not 
 extend over the Indians, and that their conductors 
 were chosen from the Acadians, who thought proper 
 to remain in that country, after it was ceded to the 
 
151 
 
 English, and not from the subjects of his most Chris- 
 tian Majesty. The French possessed great influence 
 in Nova-Scotia, by means of their Priests ; by the 
 third article of the capitulation, in the year 1710, the 
 inhabitants of Acadia were allowed to retain their 
 religion, and by virtue of it the Bishop of Quebec 
 claimed the right of appointing Priests, and consider- 
 ed the country as within his DiocesL. This autho- 
 rity, among a people devoted to the Roman Catholic 
 religion, was a greater engine of power than military 
 forts ; and without doubt, it was effectually used to 
 subserve the interest of France. Lieutenant-Go- 
 vernor Mascarene, previous to the arrival of Colonel 
 Cornwallis, had ordered the Parish Priest of Minas 
 to leave the Province, on account of his treasonable 
 practices, exacted new submission from the people 
 of Beau Bason and Bay Vert, whence the French had 
 withdrawn a detachment of their men, and adopted 
 measures for procuring a similar acknowledgement 
 from the inhabitants of St. John's river, on the north 
 side of the Bay of Fundy. But these people had now 
 relapsed into a sullen neutrality, which, together with 
 the hostilities of the Indians, interposed such formid- 
 able obstacles to the settlement of the Country, that 
 Governor Cornwallis, by the advice of his Council, 
 issued a Proclamation, ordering all the French inha- 
 bitants to appear within three months and take the 
 oath of allegiance in the same unreserved and un- 
 qualified manner as British subjects ; and held out 
 promises to those who should think proper to ac- 
 cept the same, engage to obey all future orders of the 
 Government, and render assistance to English set- 
 tlers, that he would confinn them in the peaceable 
 
 .^ 
 
 4 
 
153 
 
 I .:i 
 
 possession of all their cultivated lands, and in the en- 
 joyment of their religion. He also forbad the ex- 
 portation of corn, cattle and provisions, to Foreign 
 settlements. The central situation of Minas having 
 always made it a rendezvous for the Canadians and 
 Indians, he resolved to remove one of the wooden 
 block houses from Annapolis, and erect it on a con- 
 venient place, amongst a cluster of houses, which 
 might serve as Barracks, and to enclose the whole 
 with a trench and pallisade. This place (now lower 
 Horton) which received its name from the Bason, 
 near which it is situated, was composed of a number 
 of farm houses and villages, extending eight miles in 
 length, and contained about one thousand familes, or 
 seven thousand souls. It was so situated as to afford 
 a short and easy communication with the other parts 
 of the Province, being within sixty miles of Halifax, 
 seventy of Annapolis, three leagues by water from 
 Chignecto, (Cumberland) and thirty leagues from 
 St. John's. In order to protect the Couriers and 
 parties of soldiers, which would be frequently under 
 the necessity of passing from thence to Halifax, a 
 fort was built at Pesiquid (Windsor) and a detach- 
 ment of troops stationed there to overawe the inha- 
 bitants and Indians. Pursuant to the Proclamation, 
 Deputies arrived at Halifax, from several of the 
 French settlements, and were informed by the Go- 
 vernor that the oath of fidelity, formerly accepted of 
 them, would no longer be received as a satisfactory 
 guarantee for their good conduct ; that no exemption 
 from bearing arms in time of war could be allowed ; 
 that his Majesty would permit none to possess lands 
 whose allegiance and assistance couM not be depend- 
 
153 
 
 ed upon, and that Commissioners would be sent to 
 the country to tender to them the oath expressed in 
 the same form as that used by English subjects. 
 To this they replied, that if they should undertake 
 to aid the English in suppressing the Indians, the 
 savages would pursue them with unrelenting hostili- 
 ty; that neither they nor their property would be se- 
 cure from their vengeance, and that to bear arms 
 against their countrymen, was a condition repugnant 
 to the feelings of human nature *, they therefore re- 
 quested to be informed, if they chose the alternative 
 of quitting the country, whether they would be per- 
 mitted to sell their lands and personal effects. They 
 were told in reply, that by the Treaty of Utrecht 
 one year was allowed to them for disposing of their 
 property, which period having elapsed, they could 
 now neither part with their effects, nor remove from 
 the Province. Upon hearing this determination, which 
 required unconditional allegiance, or reduced them 
 to the most abject poverty, they solicited leave to 
 consult the governors of Canada or Cape Breton, as 
 to the course they ought to adopt in this trying emer- 
 gency, but were instantly threatened with the con- 
 fiscation of their real estate and effects, if they pre- 
 sumed to leave the Province until they had first taken 
 the oath of allegiance. They therefore returned 
 without coming to any conclusion upon this subject. 
 In the mean time the savages seized every favourable 
 opportunity of committing hostility. Several tribes 
 of those dwelling on the borders of St. John's River 
 attacked Minas, and after a severe conflict with the 
 troops, in which they defeated them, with the loss of 
 
 eighteen men killed and captured, they invested the 
 
 20 
 
154 
 
 
 fort and besieged it fur a month. At Canso they took 
 twenty prisoners, and a vessel belonging to Boston. 
 At Dartmouth they attacked a party of the English, 
 and killed and scalped four men, and carried off one 
 ofthe principal settlers captive.* They also attempt- 
 ed to murder the crows of two English ships in the 
 harbour of Halifax, and though they did not succeed 
 in exterminating the whole, they killed and wounded 
 more than half of them. Strangers can form no esti- 
 mate at all, and the present generation of Americans 
 
 • The following deposition, extracted from the records of Council, 
 will convey some idea of the manner in which the trad* of Ha- 
 lifax was infubted by the savages : 
 
 " Council Chamber, 16th Jlpril, 175S." ' I 
 
 John Connor and James Grace, who arrived yesterday in the har- 
 bour, in an Indian caiioc, and brought w>Ih them 6 Indian scalps, 
 appeared before the council, and gave the following account of 
 themselves. That they, the eaid Connor and Grace, with Michael 
 Haggerty and John Poor, sailed on the 6th February from this 
 port, in the schooner Dunk, bound along shore to the eastward, 
 and on the 21st of the month arrived at a place between Country 
 Harbor and Torbay. That next morning, a cunoe with four Indians 
 came ofl'and hnilcd them — that they answered them, and the Indi- 
 ans then fired several balls at them — that being near the coast, and 
 the wind southerly, the vessel could not get off, but run ashore, and 
 two canoes with six Indians came on board — that they,the said Con- 
 nor and his companions, submitted themselves, and that there was 
 ^another canoe with three Indians ashore — that they gave the Indians 
 victuals and drink — that they ordered them to hoist the sails, and 
 the Indians steered and rim the vessel into a creek, where they all 
 came ashore — that the Indians then sent them into the forest to cut 
 wood, and upon their return, they sent two of them in company 
 with three Indians towards the water — that the said Connor and 
 Grace saw the Indians knock Michael Haggerty and John Poor on 
 the head with their axes, and kill and scalp them— that the next 
 morning they carried the said Connor and Grace ten miles into the 
 country, where they continued prisoners until the 8fh day of this 
 month— that about the 6th day ofthe month, some of the Indians 
 separated from the rest, and left Connor and Grace with four Indi- 
 ans, a woman and a boy — that on the 8tb day of this month, being 
 Sunday, they came down to the shore, where the vessel lay oif 
 upon an island about a mile distant — that the four Indians went to 
 the vessel fur a keg of beer — that two ofthe Indians told them the 
 others designed to kill them, and being almost famished Tor want of 
 provisions, and in danger of starving, they took the opportunity to 
 destroy the Indians, and make their escape; that, accordingly, they 
 first killed the woman and boy, and then secured their arms and 
 ammunition, and waited for the return of the Indians, when they 
 rushed upon them and killed them, with their guns and axes; and 
 having taken one of their canoss, arrived at Halifax yesterday. 
 
?65 
 
 but a very inadequate one of the nature of a war 
 with the savages, and the horrors of an Indian cap- 
 tivity. Their mode of making war was altogether 
 different from that of Europeans ; it was a desultory, 
 murderous, and predatory excursion, conducted by 
 detached parties ; who killed, scalped, and plunder- 
 ed their enemy, rfnd retreated with such expedition 
 that they were generally out of reach before an 
 alarm could be given, or secreted themselves in 
 swamps and thickets, where they could not be pur- 
 sued. Forts yielded no protection to the inhabitants 
 they intended to attack, for they easily passed them 
 under the shade of the forest, or the cover of night, 
 and lay in wait for solitary settlers or detached fami- 
 lies, whom they dispatched in secret and in silence; 
 and returned by paths, which, though obvious to 
 themselves, were altogether imperceptible to others. 
 If time and opportunity permitted, they carried off 
 their prisoners, to glut their appetite for vengeance 
 by inflicting a Ungering and cruel death, or to extort 
 an exorbitant ransom from their friends and relations. 
 Instant execution was often preferable to protracted 
 captivity. Accustomed to expeditious travelling they 
 could brook no delay, and the impediments of a 
 trackless forest, deep brooks and luggid precipices, 
 constituted no apology for not keeping pace with 
 the merciless victors. Fed with nauseous food, 
 which their stomachs rejected — goaded on all day by 
 the application of blows, w,hich frequently lacerated 
 the flesh ; and tortured all night by the myriads of 
 insects which swarm in the thickets of the forest, 
 the prisoners not unfrequently sunk under trials too 
 severe for human nature to support. If the wretched 
 
 U 
 
 :/ 
 
 ^ 
 
captive was unfortunately doomed to a winter jour- 
 rey, his miseries wore not less severe than in sum- 
 mer ; compelled to use the racquet, which requires 
 long and continued practice to render familiar, hi» 
 awkward gait and repeated plunges in the snow be- 
 came subjects of merriment and mirth to the savages; 
 or if the absence of snow relieved him from this ex- 
 pedient, his naked and bleeding feet frequently pro- 
 longed his suHl'rings, by rendering him unfit to be 
 removed when his ransom had been agreed upon. 
 These outrages determined the Governor, as soon as 
 the season would permit, not only to chastise the 
 savages, but to punish with death any French emi- 
 saries, who should be taken in open hostility, or 
 proved to have been concerned in instigating the In- 
 dians, or supplying them with arms and ammunition. 
 He thought himself justified in these measures, from 
 the conduct of the Priests in countenancing the ^ate 
 attack on Minas, in causing the inhabitants of Chieg- 
 necto to swear allegiance to the French King, in ex- 
 citing others to rebellion, and in using promises and 
 threats, to make the Neutrals retire from the country 
 under his government. But, as it was supposed a 
 declaration of war ngainit the Indians would imply 
 that they were a free and independent people, it was 
 determined to treat them as rebels, and denounce 
 them as traitors. Directions were accordingly issued 
 to the officers conmianding at Annapolis, Minas, 
 Pesiquid, and other places, to distress and destroy 
 them as much as possible. To give effect to these 
 orders, an independant company, and a body of vo- 
 lunteers, were raised, for the purpose of scouring the 
 interior of the country, who were allowed the same 
 
157 
 
 pay and rations as regular troops, and were promised 
 a reward of ten guineas for every Indian scalp. The 
 inhabitants of Halifax were also formed into a batta- 
 lion of militia, each division of the town forming a 
 company of sixty or seventy men, between the ages 
 of 16 and 60, from which a draft was made for 
 a nightly guard, to assemble every evening at sun- 
 set, and do duty with the soldiers. The mode of 
 attacking Indians with success was now well un- 
 derstood, and the rangers, who were composed of 
 
 people from New England, were much better ac- 
 quainted with the duty, and, from their hardihood, 
 
 more suited to undergo the fatigue than British troops. 
 By dividing them into small parties, and distribut- 
 ing them in different directions ; they pursued the 
 savages with such effect to all their various retreats, 
 that for a time they relieved the country of their pre- 
 datory incursions. In the mean time the French 
 testified by their conduct that the negociations on the 
 subject of the boundary line were intended merely 
 for the purpose of amusing the English Ministry, and 
 that they had no serious intentions of either bringing 
 them to a conclusion, or of abiding by a decision, 
 should it be made adverse to their pretensions. The 
 Governor received information from Lieutenant-Go- 
 vernor Phipps, of Massachusetts, and from Major Ly- 
 dius, of Albany, that the Commander-in-Chief of Ca- 
 nada had sent two vessels to Bay- Vert, with six hun- 
 dred men, under the command of M. La Come, with 
 ammunition and stores of all kinds suitable for a win- 
 ter expedition ; and that it was evident, from the 
 marching of Indians and Coureurs du Bois to the 
 same place, that it was their intention either to take 
 
168 
 
 posseesion of that pass, or to make an attempt upon 
 Halifax. Although he could scarcely suppose that 
 such an attack would be made in a time of profound 
 peace, the intelligence was of a nature not to be dis- 
 regarded, and orders were immediately given to cut 
 down a number of trees, and construct a wooden 
 breastwork round the town, for its defence. These 
 measures were scarcely effected before he heard that 
 La Corne had arrived at Bay-Vert, and commenced 
 a fortification there, on pretence that it was part of 
 the Government of Canada. 
 
 The possession of this post, situated on the narrow 
 isthmus which connects Nova- Scotia with New 
 Brunswick, not only secured to the Indians of the 
 ~ Continent a free entrance into the Peninsula, and 
 a safe retreat in case of pursuit, but also encouraged 
 the French inhabitants of Annapolis, to rise in open 
 rebellion against the English Government. 
 
 In the Spring of the year 1750 the Governor de- 
 tached Major Lawrence, with a few men, to reduce 
 the inhabitants of Chiegnecto to obedience. At his 
 approach they burned their town to ashes, forsook 
 their possessions, and placed themselves under the 
 protection of M. la Corne ; who, thus reinforced, 
 found himself at the head of 1,500 men, well provided 
 with arms and ammunition. Major Lawrence, being 
 unable to cope with him in the field, demanded an 
 interview, at which he desired to know for what 
 cause the French inhabitants of Nova-Scotia had 
 shaken off their allegiance to the Crown of Great 
 Britain, and violated the neutrality which they had 
 hitherto affected to profess. The French officer, 
 without pretending to account for their behaviour, 
 
159 
 
 gave him to understand,!]! general terms, that he had 
 orders to defend his post, and these orders he was 
 determined to obey. Finding himself too weak to 
 attack their united force, and having no orders to 
 commit hostilities ogainst any but the Indians and 
 their open abettors. Major Lawrence returned to 
 Halifax, without having been able to fulfil the pur- 
 pose of his expedition. Immediately after his re- 
 treat, the French Neutrals returned to their respec- 
 tive farms, and, in conjunction with the Indians, re- 
 newed their depredations upon the inhabitants of 
 Halifax, and its dependent settlements, llie Go- 
 vernor, justly incensed at these outrages, and con- 
 vinced that they would neither submit to the English 
 Government themselves, nor allow others to enjoy it 
 with tranquility, resolved to expell them effectually 
 from the country. Major Lawrence was again de- 
 tached with 1,000 men, transported by sea to Chieg- 
 necto, where he found the French and Indians in- 
 trenched, in order to dispute his landing. Notwith- 
 standing this opposition, he made a descent with a 
 few companies, received and returned a smart fire, 
 and rushing into their intrenchments, obliged them 
 to fly with the utmost precipitation, leaving a consi- 
 derable number killed and wounded on the spot. — 
 The fugitives saved themselves by crossing a river, 
 on the further bank of which La Come stood, at the 
 head of his troops, drawn up in order to receive them 
 as friends and dependants. He had by this time 
 erected a fort which he denominated Beau Sejour ; 
 and now the English built another on the opposite 
 side of the river, which was called after its founder 
 Fort Lawrence. This being provided with a good 
 
160 
 
 •III ; I ', 
 
 gfurrieon, served as a check upon the French, and In 
 scMne measure restrained the incursions of their bar- 
 barians. Not that it effectually answered the pur- 
 pose, for the Indians and Neutrals still seized every 
 opportunity of attacking the English in the interior 
 parts of the Peninsula. In the course of the suc- 
 ceeding year they surprised the little town of Dart- 
 mouth, on the other side of Halifax harbour, where 
 they killed and scalped a great number of people, 
 and carried off some others. For these expeditions 
 the French always supplied them with boats, canoes, 
 arms and ammunition, and indeed they were con- 
 ducted with such care and secrecy that it was almost 
 impossible to prevent their success. The French 
 Government now strengthened their lodgment on the 
 neck of the Peninsula at Cumberland, with an ad- 
 ditional fort, distinguished by the name of Barje 
 Verte, and built a third at the mouth of St. John's 
 river, on the north side of the Bay of Fundy. Re- 
 presentations of these outrages and encroachments 
 being transmitted to England, the Earl of Alber- 
 marle, the British Ambassador, presented a memorial 
 to the French Court, complaining of them as open 
 violations of the treaty, and demanding immediate 
 reparation. He also required that the subjects of 
 Great Britain, who had been made prisoners, should 
 be set at liberty; that satisfaction should be made for 
 the loss they had sustained ; that capital punishment 
 should be inflicted on the persons who had commit- 
 ted these outrages, and that positive orders should be 
 transmitted to De la Jonquiere, the Commander-in- 
 Chief of New-France, to desist from further violence 
 against the British subjects in the American Colo- 
 
16i 
 
 nies. The French Court, not being yet sufficiently 
 prepared for an open rupture, thought proper to re- 
 turn an answer which might serve to procrastinate 
 a formal declaration of wsu*. They therefore imme- 
 diately set at liberty six Englishmen, who had been 
 sent prisoners from America to France, and promised 
 to transmit the most positive orders to the Governor 
 General of Canada, to prevent all causes of complaint 
 for the future. There is, however, too much reason 
 to suppose, if any such orders were ever given, that 
 they were contradicted by private instructions ; for 
 De la Jonquiere, regardless of consequences, continu- 
 ed to encourage the Indians to aid the French in 
 harrassing the English, both in Nova-Scotia and on 
 the Ohio, and persisted in completing a chain of 
 forts, to unite the two French Colonies of the St. 
 Lawrence and Missisippi, and to confine the English 
 within the narrow space lying between their en- 
 croachments mid the sea. At the same time a num- 
 ber of men of war were dispatched singly to Canada 
 and to Cape Breton, with troops and military stores, 
 until the force at both places became a source of 
 great alarm to the English. The situation of the 
 two Kingdoms was very peculiar ; each seemed de- 
 sirous of throwing the odium of first declaring war 
 upon the other, in order that they might severally 
 avail themselves of the defensive alliances they had 
 formed with the continental powers. On the 27th 
 of April, 1755, Admiral Boscawen, with eleven ships 
 of the line and a frigate, sailed from Plymouth, for 
 the Banks of Newfoundland ; and shortly after his 
 arrival captured, off Cape Race, the Alcyde, of 
 forty-five guns, and the Lys, pierced for fifty-four, but 
 
 21 
 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
162 
 
 mounting only twenty-two guns, having on board 
 several engineers and officers of rank, eight compa- 
 nies of soldiers, and about JE8,000 in money. War, 
 though not formally declared,* was, by this event, 
 actually commenced; but, by not complying with the 
 usual ceremonies, the administration exposed them- 
 selves to the censures of several neutral powers of 
 Europe, and fixed the imputation of fraud and free- 
 booting on the beginning of the war. During this 
 period the English had attempted but one settlement 
 beside that of Halifax ; Governor Cornwallis, hav- 
 ing executed the trust reposed in him, returned to 
 England, and was succeeded in the command of the 
 Province by Peregrine Thomas Hopson, Esq. who 
 was sworn into office on the 3d day of August, 1 762. 
 The most memorable act during his administration 
 was the settlement of Lunenburg. A number of 
 Germans having arrived at Chebucto, in consequence 
 of the flattering promises made them by his Majesty 
 King George IF. 1453 persons were embarked at 
 Halifax, and landed at Merliguesh on the 7th June, 
 1763, where they laid the foundation of the flourish- 
 ing town of Lunenburg. Here they were doomed to 
 experience the same resistance from the natives 
 which the Colonists at Halifax had met with, in set- 
 tling the Peoinsula; and the early history of the place 
 contains little else than a constant succession of 
 struggles with the savages, in which, notwithstand- 
 ing the powerful protection they received from Go- 
 vernment, they lost many lives. Their attempts at 
 agriculture were therefore restricted within a very 
 narrow compass, and the settlement of the adjoining 
 
 * Th« English declaration of war did not iaiuo until May, 1756^ 
 that of Franca in June following. 
 
163 
 
 country was retarded until the French power nnd 
 influence in Nova-Scotia was subdued.* The Go- 
 vernment of the Province waSjin the mean time, vest- 
 ed in the Governor and Council ; the Colony not 
 being in a situation to admit of the formation of a 
 house of Representatives. As there was something 
 repugnant to the feelings of Englishmen in such a 
 Government, they were required to make as few laws 
 and ordinances as possible; and to pass merely such 
 acts as were necessary for the preservation of the 
 peace and the good order of the Colony, until the in- 
 habitants should be sufficiently numerous to elect 
 their own representatives. Until the settlement of 
 the country under Governor Cornwallis, in 1749, 
 there never had been any Common Law establish- 
 ments in the Province, and,as one of his instructions 
 required him to erect and commission Courts of Jus- 
 tice, after consulting with his Council, he erected 
 three Courts. The first was a Court of General Ses- 
 sions, similar in its nature, and conformable in its 
 practice, to the courts of the same same in England. 
 The second was a County Court, having jurisdiction 
 over the whole Province, (which was at that [^titae 
 but one County) and held by those persons who were 
 in the Commission of the Peace at Halifax. This 
 Court sat monthly, and, except in criminal matters, 
 was invested with all the powers of the Court of 
 King's Bench, Common Pleas and Exclicquer ; with- 
 out limitation of sums, or restriction as to the nature 
 of the action ; but cither of the litigating parties had 
 a right, after judgment, to carry the cause by appeal 
 into the Supreme Court ; and there obtain a trial de 
 
 * Seo tho statistical account of Lunenburg, in the 2(1 volume. 
 
 
 I 
 
164 
 
 novo. Although, by an ordinance of the Governor 
 and Council, at the institution of this court, all writs 
 and process were to be conformable to those of Eng- 
 land ; so little of the English practice was known by 
 the Judges and Attorneys, that the proceedings were 
 peculiar to the court, full of absurdity and defect, 
 and not at all resembling any system adopted in any 
 other parts of the British dominions. 
 
 The third was the General Court. This was a Court 
 of Assize and general jail delivery, in which the Go- 
 vernor and the Council, for the time being, sat as 
 Judges. It assembled twice a year, in April and in 
 October, and tried, with the assistance of a jury, all 
 criminal offences, and appeals from the County Court, 
 when the sum in dispute exceeded five pounds. Ex- 
 cept in cases where a member of the court was a 
 party, it had no original jurisdiction, in personal or 
 real actions. In the year 1752, in consequence of 
 many difficulties having arisen from the practice of 
 the County Court, it was abolished, and a Court 
 of Common Pleas erected in its place, upon the plan 
 of the Inferior Courts of Common Pleas in New- 
 England. This court sat four times a year, and the 
 Judges were selected from among those who had 
 presided in the County Court. Similar inconveniences 
 having arisen from the peculiar construction of tha 
 General Court, His Majesty, in the year 1754, ap- 
 pointed Jonathan Belcher, Esquire, Chief Justice of 
 Nova Scotia ; and a new Judicatory was erected in 
 the place of the General Court, styled the Supreme 
 Court, Court of Assize and general jail delivery, in 
 which the Chief Justice was the sole Judge ; but the 
 new court assumed no other powers or jurisdiction 
 
165 
 
 than* what had, till then, been exercised by the 
 General Court. The fees payable to the Judge, the 
 Attorneys, and other oiTicers of the Court, were regu- 
 lated by the Governor and Council; who, by ordinan- 
 ces, occasionally remedied any defect in their prac- 
 tice. Among the laws which the good sense of the 
 legitilature afterwai'ds repealed, and which for some 
 years remained a disgrace to the country, was one 
 by which it was enacted that no debts, contracted in 
 England or in any of the colonies, prior to the set- 
 tlement of Halifax, or to the arrival of the debtor, 
 should be recoverable in any Court of Judicature in 
 the Province. As an asylum for insolvent debtors, 
 it is natural to suppose, Halifax attracted thither the 
 guilty as well as the unfortunate ; and we may form 
 some opinion of the state of public morals at that 
 time, from an extraordinary order of Governor Corn- 
 wallis, which, after reciting that the dead were at- 
 tended to the grave by neither relatives, friends, or 
 neighbours, and that it was difncult even to procure 
 the assistance of " carriers," directed the Justices of 
 
 * The practice in the Supremo and Inferior Courts, coufinucd the 
 
 same, until iha convf;i.!.on of a House of Assembly iii JT'IS, vvheii 
 
 the practice of the Common Pleas was changed by a temporary 
 
 act of the Legislature, and a new mode prescribed, compounded 
 
 partly from tlie practice of Massachnscits, and partly from the 
 
 practice of England. Upon the expulsion of the Neutral French, 
 
 and the introduction of new inhabitants as settlers, new Counties 
 
 were erected, and the Courts of Common Pleas became multiplied. 
 
 Thus cor)stituted, the courts continued and practised until i764, 
 
 when a change took place in the Supreme Court. Upon an address 
 
 of the House, Governor VViimot added two assistant Judges, and 
 
 appointed two members of the Council to fill tiiosc situations. The 
 
 Legislature provided them with a salary of £100 per annum, which 
 
 was subsequently reduced to £50. The powers granted to the 
 
 assistant Judges by the. commissions (wl«ich were drafted by the 
 
 Chief Justice) were so qualified and limited, that the intent of the 
 
 Assembly was altogether frustr&ted ; not havn j power to try a 
 
 cause, but in conjunction with the Chief Juiiicc, or even to open or 
 
 adjourn tho Court without his presence and concurrence. For the 
 
 present state of the Supreme Court and Common Pleas, see the 
 
 second volumo of this work. 
 
166 
 
 the Peace, upon the death of a settler, to summon 
 twelve persons from the vicinity of the deceased's last 
 place of abode, to attend his funeral, and carry his 
 corpse to the grave; and, as a penalty for not comply- 
 ing with the orders, directions were given to strike 
 out the name of every delinquent, from the mess 
 books of the place, and to withdraw from him the 
 allowance and support of government. 
 
 The year 1755 commenced with preparations foi* 
 dislodging the French from tlieir encroachments. This 
 expedition was undertaken and conducted at *!)e ex- 
 pense of the crown. The troops, howc/ar, were 
 raised in Massachusetts' Bay, and acted as a distinct 
 b .>dy, under their own officers, with a promise of the 
 same pay, and being treated in every respect as 
 others in the same service. The command of the ex- 
 pedition was given to Lieutenant Colonel Monckton; 
 but the Massachusetts' forces being formed into a 
 regiment of two battalions, of which Governor Shir- 
 ley was the colonel, the command of them was con- 
 ferred on Lieutenant-Colonel John Win slow, of 
 Marshfield, a gentleman of one of the most ancient 
 and hono'irable families in the Province; who held a 
 commi'-sion of Major General in the Militia, and 
 whose influence was so great as to effect the raising 
 of two thousand men in about two months, to serve 
 for the term of one year, if so long iequired. They 
 embarked at Boston on the 20th of May, and arrived 
 at the Basin of Annapolis Royal on the 25th, whence 
 they sailed on the first of June, in a fleet of forty-one 
 vessels, to Chiegnecto, and anchored about five miles 
 from Fort Lawrence. On the 4th, being joined by 
 about three hundred regulars, witli a small train of 
 
167 
 
 artillerj', they marched for the French Fort Beau 
 JSejour. Three frigates and a sloop were dispatched 
 up the Bay of Fundy, under the command of Captain 
 Rous, to give them assistance by sea. The troops, 
 upon their arrival at the River Massaguash, found 
 the passage stopped by a large number of regular 
 forces, rebel Acadians and Indians, 450 of whom oc- 
 cupied a block-house, with cannon mounted on the 
 side of the river ; and the rest were posted within a 
 strong breastwork of timber, thrown up by way of 
 outwork to the block-house. The English Provin- 
 cials attacked this place with such spirit that the 
 enemy were obliged to fly and leave them in posses- 
 sion of the breastwork. Then the garrison in the 
 block-house deserted it, and left the passage of the 
 river free. From thence Colonel Monkton advanced 
 to the French Fort of Beau Sejour, which he invest- 
 ed, (as far at least as the small number of his troops 
 would permit,) on the 12th of June, and after four 
 days bombardment, obliged it to surrender ; though 
 the French had twenty-six pieces of cannon mount- 
 ed, and plenty of ammunition, and the English had 
 not placed a single cannon upon their batteries. The 
 garrison was sent to Louisburg, on condition of not 
 bearing arms in America for the space of six months; 
 and the Acadians, who had joined the French, were 
 pardoned, in consideration of their having been forced 
 into that service. Colonel Monkton, after putting a 
 garrison into this place, and changing its name to 
 that of Cumberland, the next day attacked and re- 
 duced the other French Fort, upon the river Gaspe- 
 reaux, which runs into Bay-Vert, where he likewise 
 found a large quantity of provisions and stores of all 
 
 
 :f - I 
 
; 
 
 168 
 
 kinds ; that being the chief magazine fur supplying 
 the French, Indians andAcadians, with arms, ammu- 
 nition, and other necessaries. He then disarmed 
 these last, to the number of fifteen hundred, and in 
 the meantime Captain Rous, with his ships, sailed to 
 the mouth of the river St. John's, to attack the new 
 fort the French had erected there ; Ijut they saved 
 him that trouble by abandoning it upon his appear- 
 ance, after having burst their cannon, blown up their 
 magazine, and destroyed, as far as they had time, all 
 the works they had lately raised. The English had 
 but twenty men killed and about the same number 
 wounded, in the whole of this expedition, the success 
 of which secured the tranquility of Nova-Scotia. 
 The peculiar situation of the Acadians embarrassed 
 the local Government of the Province, who were 
 for a long time wholly at a loss to know what course 
 to adopt towards them. They were not British sub- 
 jects, inasmuch as they had refused to take the oath 
 of allegiance, and therefore could scarcely be consi- 
 dered rebels. They were not prisoners of war, be- 
 cause they had been suffered for nearly half a cen- 
 tury to retain their possessions ; and their neutrality 
 had been accepted in lieu of their allegiance, they 
 could not,therefore,with propriety ,be sent to France. 
 The defection of the inhabitants of Chiegnccto had 
 alarmed and irritated the Council, and it was imme- 
 diately ordered, that the whole French population 
 should be disarmed, and that their boats should be 
 seized, in order to prevent them I'rom aiding the ene- 
 my with provisions and intelligence. These orders 
 were complied with in a manner which might cer- 
 tainly have cor.vinced the Government, that they 
 
169 
 
 had no serious intention of any insurrection. But, ai 
 Papists and Frenchmen, their submissions never 
 gained much credit with their Protestant and Eng- 
 lish masters, by whom they were both hated and 
 feared. The requisitions which were occasionally 
 made of them were conveyed in a manner not much 
 calculated to conciliate affection, and when they 
 were informed by Captain Murray, at Pesiquid, that 
 unless they supplied his detachment with fu«l, their 
 houses would be used for that purpose, or that if they 
 failed to furnish the Engineer with timber for the re^ 
 pairs of Fort Edward, they should suffer immediate 
 military execution, they were not slow to notice the 
 difference between the contracts of Government with 
 the English and the comi)ulsory method adopted to- 
 wards them.* They had long since been refused ad- 
 judication upon their disputes, in the local Courts ; 
 their boundariesj and the titles to their lands, were 
 consequently in great confusion; and they plainly fore- 
 saw that they must take the oath in the most unqua- 
 lified manner, and co-operate with the English against 
 their ancient Allies the Indians, and their country- 
 
 * Extract ofa letter written by M. Cotterell, (for Governor Law- 
 rence) to Copfain Murray, dated 5th August, 1754 : " You are 
 therefore directed to issue an order lo the French inhabitants of 
 yonr District, at their peril, to bring on, forth with, for the service 
 of his Majesty's fort at Posiqiiid, such a number of posta and 
 pickets, of such dimensions as Mr. Tonge, the Engineer, shall have 
 occasion for — they ate not lo be bargained with for the payment, 
 but as tii^y bring in what is wanted, you will furnish them with 
 certificates, which will entitle them to euch payments at HalifaZt 
 as shall bethought reasonable. — If they should not immediately 
 comply, you will assure thein that the next Courier will bring an 
 order for miiiiary execution upon the delinquents. Remonstrating 
 with them, that where his Majesty's service shall require their aa- 
 eistance, they are immediately to comply wilhont makinj; any tcrniBt 
 thouijii in their own private transactions they may lay such pricaa 
 on their labour as they think proper." Extract of another letter 
 from the same, to the same, dated 1st. September, 1754 : " No ex- 
 cuse will be taken for not fetching in firewood, and if they dojiot 
 do it in proper time, the soldiers shall absolutely take their houMi 
 for fuel. — Council Records at Halifax. 
 < 22 
 
 i 
 
170 
 
 men in Cape Breton and Canada, or quit the Pro- 
 vince. Many pcruons in diflcrent parts of the C oun- 
 tiy disposed of their property, and rem6ved to the 
 French Islands, to Canada and other places. Their 
 feors were soon justified by the event. The cam- 
 paign of the year 1755, which liad opened in Nova* 
 Scotia with so much success, and which promised a 
 glorious termination, disappointed the expectations 
 and awakened the fours of the Colonists. The me- 
 lancholy and total defeiit of tlic army under General 
 Braddock, while on his march against Fort du Ques- 
 ne, thicvv a gloom over the 13ritish Provinces. Nia- 
 gara and Crown-poitit were not only unsubdued, but 
 it was evident that Governor Shirley would have to 
 abandon, for this ycur at least, the attempt ; while 
 Louisburg was reinfoivcd, the savages let loose upon 
 the defenceless s(;tllomentf! of the English, and the 
 tide 0. war s^^cincd ready to roll back upon the in- 
 vaders. Amidst this gcncnil panic, Governor Law- 
 rence and his Council, aided by Admirals Boscawen 
 and Moystyn, assembled to consider the necessary 
 measures that were to be adopted towards the Aca- 
 dians, whose character and situation were so peculiar 
 as to distinguish them from every other people who 
 had suffered under the scourge of war. 
 
 Hunting and fishing, which had formerly been the 
 delight of the Colony, and might have still supplied 
 it with subsistence, had no further attraction for a 
 simple and quiet people, and gave way to agriculture, 
 which had been established in the marshes and low 
 lands, by repelling with dikes the sea and rivers which 
 covered these plains. These grounds yielded fifty 
 for one at first, and afterwards fifteen or twenty for 
 
171 
 
 one at least *, wheat and oats succeeded best in them, 
 but they likewise produced rye, barley and maize. — 
 There were also potatoes in great plenty, the use of 
 which was become common. At the same time these 
 immense meadows were covered with numerous 
 flocks. They computed as many as sixty thousand 
 head of horned cattle ; and most families had seve- 
 ral horses, though the tillage was carried on by oxen. 
 Their habitations, which were constructed of wood, 
 were extremely convenient, and furnished as nc My 
 as substantial farmer's liouses in Europe. 7 y 
 reared a great deal of poultry of all kinds, which 
 made a variety in their food, at once wholesome and 
 plentiful. Their ordinary drink was beer and cyder, 
 to which they sometimes added rum. Their usual 
 clothing was in general the produce of their own 
 flax, or the fleeces of their own sheep ; with these 
 they made common linens and coarse cloths. If any 
 of them had a desire for articles of greater luxury, 
 they procured them from Annapolis or Louisburg, 
 and gave in exchange corn, cattle or furs. The neu- 
 tral French had nothing else to give their neighbours, 
 and made still fewer exchanges among themselves ; 
 because each seperate far.tily was able, and had 
 been accustomed, to provide for its own wants. They 
 therefore knew nothing of paper currency, which 
 was so common throughout the rest of North Ameri- 
 ca. Even the small quantity of gold and silver which 
 had been introduced into the Colony, did not inspire 
 that activity in which consists its real value. Their 
 manners were of course extremely simple. There 
 was seldom a cause, either civil or criminal, of impor- 
 tance enough to be carried before the Court of Judi- 
 
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 •ation, eitablished at Annapolis. Whatever little 
 differences arose from time to time among them, 
 were amicably adjusted by theur eiders. All their 
 public acts were drawn by their Pastors, who had 
 likewise the keeping of their Wills ; for which, and 
 their religious services, the inhabitants paid u twenty- 
 seventh pwrt of their harvest j which was always suf- 
 ficient to afford more means than there were objects 
 of generosity. r;^..'** 
 
 Real misery was wholly unknoAvn, and benevolence 
 anticipated the demands of poverty.* Every misfor- 
 tune was relieved as it were before it could be felt, 
 without ostentation on the one hand, and without 
 meanness on the other. It was, in short, a society of 
 brethren ; every individual of which was equally 
 ready to give, and to receive, what he thought the 
 common right of mankind. So perfect a harmony 
 naturally prevented all those connexions of gallan- 
 try which are so often fatal to the peace of families. 
 Tliis evU was prevented by early marriages, for no 
 one passed his youth in a state of celibacy. As soon 
 as a young man arrived to the proper age, the com- 
 munity built him a house, broke up the lands about 
 it, and supplied him with all the necessaries of life 
 for a twelve-month. There he received the partner 
 whom he had chosen, and who brought him her por- 
 tion in flocks. This new family grew and prospered 
 like the others. In 1755, all together made a popu- 
 lation of eighteen thousand souls. Such is the picture 
 of these people, as drawn by the Abbe Reynal. By 
 
 * At the present moment, the poor in the Township of Clare 
 are maintained by the inbabiiants at large ; and, being members of 
 one great family, spend the remainder uf their days in visits from 
 bouM to houM. An illegitimate ohild is almost unknown in the 
 Nttlenente. 
 
173 
 
 many, it is thought to represent a state of social hap- 
 piness, totally inconsistent with the frailties and pas- 
 sions of human nature ; and that it is worthy rather 
 of the poet than the historian. In describing a scen^ 
 of rural felicity like this, it is not improbable that his 
 narrative has partaken of the warmth of feeling for 
 which he was remarkable ; but it comes much nearer 
 the truth than is generally imagined. Tradition is 
 fresh and positive in the various parts of the United 
 States, where they were located respecting their 
 -guileless, peaceable, and scrupulous character ; end 
 the descendants of those, whose long cherished and 
 endearing local attachment induced them to return 
 to the land of their nativity, still deserve the name of 
 a mild, frugal, and pious people. The allegations 
 against them collectively, and which were undoubt- 
 edly just against many of them as individuals, were 
 these : that, being permitted to hold their lands after 
 the treaty of Utrecht, by which the Province was 
 ceded to Great Britain, upon condition of their tak- 
 ing the oath of allegiance, they refused to comply, 
 except with the qualification that they should not be 
 compelled to bear arms in defence of the Province ; 
 which qualification, though acceded to by General 
 Philipps, was disapproved of by the King. That, 
 from this circumstance, they affected the character 
 of Neutrals j yet furnished the French and Indians 
 with intelligence, quarter, provisions and assistance, 
 in annoying the Government of the Province ; and 
 that three hundred of them were actually found in 
 arms at the taking of Fort Beau Sejour. That, not- 
 withstanding an offer was made to such of them as 
 had not been openly in arms, to be allowed to conti- 
 
 i yl 
 
 $ 
 
174 
 
 I 
 
 nue in possesion of their land, if they would take the 
 oath of allegiance without any qualification, they 
 unanimously refused. A scrupulous sense of the in- 
 dissdiiable nature oftheir ancient obligation to their 
 King, was a great cause of their misfortunes. To 
 this we may add an unalterable attachment to their 
 religion, a distrust of the right of the English to the 
 territory which they inhabited, and the indemnity 
 promised them at the surrender of Fort Beau Sejour. 
 Notwithstanding which, there could be no apology 
 for such of them, as, after they had obtained the ad- 
 vantages of neutrality, violated the conditions on 
 which they were granted, and without which, from 
 the nature of the case, there was no just foundation 
 to expect they would be continued. It was finally 
 determined, at this consultation, to remove and dis- 
 perse this whole people among the British Colonies ; 
 where they could not unite in any offensive measures, 
 and where they might be naturalized to tlie Govern- 
 ment and Country. .4 . - . 
 
 The execution of this unusual and general sentence, 
 was allotted chiefly to the New-England Forces, the 
 Commander of which, from the humanity and firm- 
 ness of his character, was well qualified to carry it 
 into effect. It was, without doubt, as he himself de- 
 dared, disagreeable to his natural make and temper; 
 and his principles of implicit obedience as a soldier 
 were put to a severe test by this ungrateful kind of 
 duty ; which required an ungenerous, cunning, and 
 subtle severity, calculated to render the Acadians 
 subservient to the English interests to the latest 
 hour. They were kept entirely ignorant of their 
 destiny, until the moment of their captivity, and were 
 
175 
 
 % 
 
 overawed, or allured, to labour at the gathering in of 
 their harvest, which was secretly allotted to the use 
 of their conquerors. 
 
 The orders from Lieutenant-Governor Lawrence 
 to Captain Murray, who was first on the station, with 
 a plagiarism of the language, without the spirit of 
 Scripture, directed that if these people behaved 
 amiss, they should be punished at his discretion, and 
 if any attempts were made to destroy or molest the 
 troops, he should take an eye for an eye, and a tooth 
 for a tooth, and in short life for life, from the nearest 
 neighbour where the mischief should be performed. 
 To hunt these people into captivity was a measure 
 as impracticable as cruel ; and as it was not to be sup* 
 posed they would voluntarily surrender themselves 
 as prisoners, their subjugation became a matter of 
 great difficulty. At a consultation, held between 
 Colonel Winslow and Captain Murray, it was agreed 
 that a proclaiiation should be issued at the different 
 settlements, requiring the attendance of the people, 
 at the respective posts on the same day ; which pro- 
 clamation should be so ambiguous in its nature, that 
 the object for which they were to assemble could not 
 be discerned ; and so peremptory in its terms, as to 
 ensure implicit obedience. This instrument having 
 been drafted and approved, was distributed according 
 to the original plan. That which was addressed to 
 the people inhabiting the Country, now comprised 
 within the limits of King^s County, was as follows : — 
 " To the inhabitants of the District of Grand Pr6, 
 Minas, River Canard, &c ; as well ancient, as young 
 men and lads : 
 Whereas, his Excellency the Governor, has in- 
 
 ,.** 
 
 I ii 
 
 'li 
 
^' 
 
 176 
 
 
 itructed us of his late resolution, respecting the mat- 
 ter proposed to the inhabitants, and has ordered us 
 to communicate the same in person, his Excellency, 
 being desirous that each of them should be fully sa- 
 tisfied of his Majesty's intentions, which he has also 
 ordered us to communicate to you, such as they have 
 been given, to him ; We therefore order and strictly 
 enjoin, by these presents, all of the inhabitants, as 
 well of the above named District,.as of all the other 
 Districts, both old men and young men, as well as ail 
 the lads often years of age, to attend at the Church 
 at Grand Pre, on Friday, the fifth instant, at three of 
 the clock in the afternoon, that we may impart to 
 them what we are ordered to communicate to them ; 
 declaring that no excuse will be admitted on any 
 pretence whatever, on pain of forfeiting goods and 
 chattels, in default of real estate. — Given at Grand 
 Pr6, 2d September, 1755, and 29th year of his Majes- 
 ty's Reign. " John Winslow." 
 
 In obedience to this summons, four hundred and 
 eighteen able bodied men assembled. These being 
 shut into the Church (for that too had become an 
 arsenal,) Colonel Winslow placed himself, with his 
 officers, in the centre, and addressed them thus : 
 
 Gentlemen, — •'.»■- ;--.i' -.'j'-j ii ';'>^ -i -".•:•/,-/ 
 
 " I have received from his Excellency Governor 
 Lawrence, the King's Commission, which I have in 
 my hand ; and by his orders you'are convened toge- 
 ther to manifest to you, his Majesty's final resolution 
 to the French inhabitants of this his Province of 
 Nova- Scotia ; who, for almost half a centUry, have 
 had more indulgence granted them than any of his 
 Milgects in any part of his dominions ; what us« you 
 
ITl : 
 
 have made of it you yourselves best know. Th« 
 part of duty I am now upon, though necessary, is very 
 disagreeable to my natural make and temper, as I 
 know it must be grievous to you, who are of the 
 same species; but it is not my business to animadvert 
 but to obey such orders as I receive, and therefore, 
 without hesitation, shall deliver you his Majesty'd 
 orders and instructions,namely — that your lands and 
 tenements, cattle of all kinds and live stock of all 
 sorts, are forfeited to the Crown; with all other your 
 efr3cts, saving your money and household goods, and 
 you yourselves to be removed from this his Province. 
 Thus it is peremptorily his Majesty's orders, that 
 the whole French inhabitants of these Districts be 
 removed; and I am, through his Majesty's goodness, 
 directed to allow you liberty to carry off your money 
 and household goods, as many as you can without 
 discommoding the vessels you go in. I shall do every 
 thing in my pow«r that all those goods be secured to 
 you, and that you are not molested in carrying them 
 off ; also, that whole families shall go in the same 
 vessel, and make this remove, which I am sensible 
 must give you a great deal of trouble, as easy as his 
 Majesty's service will admit; and hope that, in what- 
 ever part of the world you may fall, you may be faith- 
 ful subjects, a peaceable and happy people. I must 
 also inform you, that it is his Majesty's pleasure that 
 you remain in security under the inspection and direc- 
 tion of the troops that I have the honour to command. '' 
 And he then declared them the King's prisoners. 
 The whole number of persons collected at Grand Fr^, 
 finally amounted to four hundred and eighty-three 
 men, and three hundred and thirty-seven women, 
 
 23 
 
 
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 f 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
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 ( 
 
 .# 
 
 4ii 
 
ii 
 
 / 
 
 14 
 
 178 
 
 heads oi families ; and their sons and daughters, to 
 five hundred and twenty-seven of the former, and 
 five hundred and seventy-six of the latter ; making 
 in the whole one thousand nine hundred and twenty- 
 three souls. Their stock consisted of one thousand 
 two hundred and sixty-nine oxen, one thousand five 
 hundred and fifty-seven cows, five thousand and 
 seven young cattle, four hundred and ninety -three 
 horses, eight thousand six hundred and ninety sheep, 
 and four thousand one hundred and ninety-seven 
 hogs. As some of these wretched inhabitants escap- 
 ed to the woods, all poasible measures were adopted 
 to force them back to captivity. The Country was 
 laid waste to prevent their subsistence. In the Di^ 
 trict of Minas alone, there were destroyed tfvo hun- 
 dred and fifty-five houses,two hundred and seventy-six 
 barns, one hundred and fifty-five out houses, eleven 
 mills, and one church; and the friends of those who 
 refused to surrender, were threatened as the victims 
 01 tneiroDsxmacy. •■»•.« jix^i.* .(vi* ^ «.« »^«.< t^ *f%it •*"*«»» {»"' 
 c In short, so operative were the terrors that sur- 
 rounded them, that of twenty-four young men, who 
 deserted from a transport, twenty-two were glad to 
 return of themselves, the others being shot by senti- 
 nels ; and one of their friends, who was supposed to 
 have been accessary to their escape, was carried on 
 shwe to behold the destruction of his house and ef- 
 fects, which were burned in his presence,as a punish- 
 ment for his temerity and perfidious aid to his com- 
 rades. The prisoners expressed the greatest con- 
 cern at having incurred his Majesty's displeasure, 
 and in a petition addressed to Colonel Winslow, in- 
 treated him to detain a part of them as sureties for 
 
179 
 
 the appearance of the rest, who were desirous of vi- 
 siting their families, and consoling them in their dis- 
 tress and misfortunes. To comply with this request 
 of holding a few as hostages for the surrender of the 
 whole body, was deemed inconsistent with his in- 
 structions; but,as there could be no objection to allow 
 a small number of them to return to their homes, 
 permission was given to them to choose ten for the 
 District of Minas, (Horton) and ten for the District of 
 Canard (Cornwallis) to whom leave of absence was 
 given for one day; and on whose retum,a similar num- 
 ber were indulged in the same manner. They bore their 
 confinement, and received their sentence with a forti- 
 tude and resignation altogether unexpected; but when 
 the hour of embarkation arrived,in which they were to 
 leave the land of their nativity for ever — to part with 
 their friends and relatives, without the hope of ever 
 seeing them again, and to be dispersed among stran- 
 gers, whose language, customs and religion, were op- 
 posed to their own, the weakness of human nature 
 prevailed, and they were overpowered with the sense 
 of their miseries. The preparations having been all 
 completed, the 10th of September was hj^t i upon 
 as the day of departure. The prisoners were drawn 
 up six deep, ana the young men, one hundred and 
 sixty -one in number, were ordered to go first on board 
 of the vessels. This they instantly and peremptorily 
 refused to do, declaring that they would not leave 
 their parents ; but expressed a willingness to comply 
 with the order, provided they were permitted to em- 
 bark with their families. This request was imme- 
 diately rejected, and the troops were ordered to fix 
 bayonets and advance towards the prisoners, a mo- 
 
 
 ! 1 I 
 
 \i 
 
 ■/■ 
 
 ti 
 
180 
 
 4»l 
 
 tion which had the effect of producing obedience on 
 the part of the young men, who forthwith commenc- 
 ed their march. The road from the chapel to the 
 shore, just one mile in length, was crowded with wo- 
 men and children; who, on their kneeB,greeted them 
 as they passed with their tears and their blessings ; 
 while the prisoners advanced with slow and reluc- 
 tant steps, weeping, praying and singing hymns. — 
 This detachment was followed by the seniors, who 
 passed through the same scene of sorrow and dis- 
 tress. In this manner was the whole male part of 
 the population of the District of Minas put on board 
 the five transports, stationed in the river Gaspereaux; 
 each vessel heing guarded by six non-commissioned 
 officers, and eighty privates. As soon as the other 
 vessels arrived, their wives and children followed, 
 and the whole were transported from Nova-Scotia. 
 The haste with which these measures were carried 
 into execution did not admit of those preparations for 
 their comfort, which, if unmerited by their disloy- 
 alty, were at least due in pity to the severity of their 
 punishment. The hurry, confusion and excite- 
 ment, connected with the embarkation, had scarcely 
 subsided, when the Provincials were apalled at the 
 work of their own hands. The novelty and peculi- 
 arity of their situation could not but force itself upon/ 
 the attention of even the unreflecting soldiery: sta- 
 tioned in the midst of a beautiful and fertile Country, 
 they suddenly found themselves without a foe to 
 subdue, and without a population to protect. The 
 volumes of smoke which the half expiring embers 
 emitted, while they marked the site of the peasant's 
 humble cottage, bore testimony to the extent of the 
 
181 
 
 work of destruction. For sevepal successive even- 
 ings the cattle assembled round the smouldering 
 ruins, as if in anxious expectation of the return of 
 their masters; while all night long the faithful watch 
 dogs of the Neutrals howled over the scene of deso- 
 lation, and mourned alike the hand that had fed, and 
 the house that had sheltered them. .^ ; 
 
 At Annapolis and Cumberland the proclamation 
 was disobeyed by the French, in consequence of an 
 apprehension, that they were to be imprisoned, or 
 sent captives to Halifax. At the former place, when 
 the ships arrived to convey them from their country, 
 a party of soldiers was dispatched up the river to 
 bring them in by force ; but they found the houses 
 deserted, and learned that the people had fled to the 
 woods, carrying with them their wives and children. 
 Hunger, fatigue and distress, finally compelled many 
 of them to return and surrender themselves as pri- 
 soners ; while some retired to the depths of the forest, 
 where they encamped with the Indians ; and others 
 wandered through the woods to Chiegnecto, from 
 whence they escaped to Canada.* In Cumberland 
 it was found necessary to resort to the most severe 
 measures, and the country presented for several 
 days a dreadful scene of conflagration. Two hun- 
 dred and fifty -three houses were on fire at one time, 
 in which a great quantity of wheat and flax were con- 
 sumed. The miserable inhabitants beheld, from the 
 
 * There is a woman now living in Clare, (the mother of Major 
 Como) who accompaniod her parents to Miramichi, from whence 
 they returned and delivered themselves up to the Commandant at 
 Annapolis. She retains a distant recollection of this flight, and 
 gives a most affecting narrative of the danger and sufferings to 
 M'hich they were exposed. I am informed by Mr. Barteauz, an old 
 inhabitant, who recollects the fact, that the houses and barns on the 
 Annapolis river were burned. 
 
 A 
 
182 
 
 :^' 
 
 adjoining woods, the destruction of their biiildiuga 
 and household goods, with horror and dismay ; nor 
 did they venture to offer any resistance, until the 
 wanton attempt was made to burn their Chapel. — 
 This they considered as adding insult to injury, and 
 rushing upon the party, who were too intent on 
 the execution of their orders to observe the neces- 
 sary precautions to prevent a surprise, they killed 
 and wounded twenty-nine rank and file, and then 
 retreated again to the cover of the forest. As the 
 different Acadian settlements were too widely dispers- 
 ed, to admit of the plan of subjugation to be carried 
 into effect at once ; and as it had but partially succeed- 
 ed at two of the most populous Districts, only seven 
 thousand of the inhabitants were collected at this 
 time, and dispersed among the several British Colo- 
 nies. One thousand arrived in Massachusetts' Bay, 
 and became a public expense, owing in a great de- 
 gree to an unchangeable antipathy to their situa- 
 tion; which prompted them to reject the usual bene- 
 ficiary, but humiliating establishment of paupers, for 
 their children. The quota destined for Pensylva- 
 nia was four hundred and fifteen, men women and 
 children. They landed in a most deplorable condi- 
 tion at Philadelphia. The Government of the Co- 
 lony, to relieve itself of the charge such a com- 
 pany of miserable wretches would require to maintain 
 them, proposed to sell them with their own consent ; 
 but when this expedient for their support was offered 
 for their consideration, the Neutrals refused it with 
 indignation, all edging that they were prisoners, and 
 expected to be maintained as such, and not forced to 
 labour. But, notwithstanding the severity of the 
 
183 
 
 treatment the Aoadians had experienced, they sighed 
 in exile to revisit their native land. That portion of 
 them which had been sent to Georgia, actually set out 
 on their return, and by a circuitous, hazardous, and 
 labourious coasting voyage, had reached New York 
 and even Boston, when they were met by orders 
 from Governor Lawrence, for their detention, and 
 were compelled to relinquish their design. The 
 others, denying the charges which had been made 
 against them, petitioned his Majesty for a legal hear- 
 ing ; and, as this pathetic address contains their de- 
 fence as drawn up by themselves, we shall allow 
 them to be heard in their own behalf, by inserting it 
 entire; not doubting that the interest oi the subject 
 will suffice as an apology for the prolixity of the de- 
 tail.* ....•: . r- - ' T .-.. u : ; -:;•. .:: = .;: 
 
 *< To his most Excellent Majesty, King of Great 
 Britain, &c. &c. ' ^ 
 
 '* The hHmble petition of his subjects, the late 
 French inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, formerly settled 
 on the Bay of Minas, and rivers thereunto belonging; 
 now residing in the Province of Pennsylvania, on be- 
 half of themselves and the rest of the late inhabitants 
 
 * The removal of the French Neutrals forcibly reminds us of 
 the path<)tic lament of the Mantuan Shepherd, when driven from 
 his patrimony by the victorious soldiers of Augustus. 
 
 O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri 
 (Quod nunquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli 
 Diceret : Hasc mea sunt ; veteres migrate coloni. 
 En unquam palrioa longo post tempore 6nes, 
 Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen, 
 Post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas ? 
 Impius ha,s tam culta novalia miles habebit i 
 Barbaras has segetes ? 
 Ite mesB, felix quondam pecus, ite c&pellce, 
 Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro, 
 r DumoMd, pendere procul de rape videbo, 
 
 Carmina nulla canam. 
 
 lst&9thEcI. Virg. 
 
184 
 
 n 
 
 of the said bay, and also of those formerly settled on 
 the river of Annapolis Royal, wheresoever dispersed. 
 " May it please your Majesty, 
 
 " It is not in our power sufficiently to trace back 
 the conditions upon which our ancestors first settled 
 in Nova-Scotia, under the protection of your Majes- 
 ty's predecessors, as the greatest part of our elders 
 who were acquainted with these transactions are 
 dead; but more especially because our papers, which 
 contained our contracts, records, &c. were, by vio- 
 lence, taken from us some time before the unhappy 
 catastrophe which has been the occasion of the cala- 
 mities we are now under; but we always understood 
 the foundation thereof to be from an agreement made 
 between your Majesty's Commanders in Nova-Scotia, 
 and our forefathers, about the year 1713, whereby 
 they were permitted to remain in the possession of 
 their lands, under an oath of fidelity to the British Go- 
 vernment, with an exemption from bearing arms, and 
 the allowance of the free exercise of their religion. 
 
 " It is a matter of certainty, (and within the com- 
 pass of some of our memories,) that in the year 1730, 
 General Philips, the Governor of Nova-Scotiajdid, in 
 your Majesty's name, confirm unto us, and all the in- 
 habitants of the whole extent of the Bay of Minas 
 and rivers thereunto belonging, the free and entire 
 possession of those lands we were then possessed of; 
 which, by grants from the former French Govern- 
 ment, we held to us and our heirs for ever,on paying 
 the customary quit-rents, &c. And on condition that 
 we should behave with due submission and' fidelity 
 to your Majesty, agreeable to the oath which was 
 then administered to us, which is as follows, viz. 
 
185 
 
 '** We sincerely promise and swear, by the fMth of 
 '* a Christian, that we shall be entirely faithful, and 
 *'^vill truly submit ourselves to His Majesty Kin^ 
 '* George, whom we acknowledge as Sovereign Lord 
 <* of New Scotland, or Acadia ; so God help us." 
 
 " And at the same time, the said General Philips 
 did, in like manner, promise the said French inhabi- 
 tants, in your Majesty's name, * That they should 
 have the true exercise of their religion, and be ex- 
 empted from bearing arms, and from being employed 
 in war, either against the French or Indians.' Un- 
 der the sanction of this solemn engagement we held 
 our lands, made further purchases, annually paying 
 our quit-rents, &c.; and we had the greatest reason 
 to conclude, that your Majesty did not disapprove of 
 the above i^eement : and that our conduct continu- 
 ed, during a long course of years, to be such as re- 
 commended us to your gracious protection, and to 
 the regardof the Governor of New England, appears 
 from a printed declaration, made seventeen years af- 
 ter this time, by his Excellency William Shirley, 
 Governor of New England, which waB published 
 md dispersed in our country, some originals of which 
 have escaped from the general destruction of most of 
 ©ur papers, part of which is as follows : 
 " By His Majesty's command, 
 
 " A declaration of William Shirley, Esq. Captain- 
 (Jeneral and Governor-in-Chief, in and over His 
 Majesty's Province of Massachusetts' Bay, &c. 
 
 " To His Majesty's subjects, the French inhabi- 
 tants of his province of Nova-Scotia : Whereas, upon 
 being informed that a report had been propagated 
 among His Majesty's subjects, the French inhabi- 
 
 24 
 
 r' 
 
186 
 
 / 
 
 tants of his Province of Nova*Scotia, that there was 
 aa intention to remove them from their settlements 
 in that Province, I did, by my declaration, dated 
 16th September, 1746, signify to them that the same 
 was groundless, and that I was, on the contrary, per- 
 suaded that His Majesty would be graciously pleas- 
 ed to extend his royal protection, to all such of them 
 as should continue in their fidelity and allegiance to 
 him, and in no wise abet or hold correspondence with 
 the enemies of his crown; and therein assured them, 
 that I would make a favourable representation of 
 their state and circumstances to His Majesty, and 
 did accordingly transmit a representation thereof to 
 be laid before him, and have thereupon received his 
 royal pleasure, touching his aforesaid subjects in 
 Nova-Scotia, with his express commands to signify 
 the same to them in his name : Now, by virtue 
 thereof, and in obedience to His Majesty's said or- 
 ders, I do hereby declare, in his Majesty's name, 
 that there is not the least foundation for any appre- 
 hensions of his Majesty's intending to remove them, 
 the said inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, from their said 
 settlements and habitations within the said Province; 
 but that, on the contrary, it is his Majesty's reso- 
 lution to protect and maintain all such of them as 
 have adhered to and shall continue in their duty 
 and fJlegiance to him, in the quiet and peaceable 
 possession of their respective habitations and settle- 
 ments, and in the enjoyment of their rij. ts and pri- 
 vileges as his subjects, &c. &c. / ■■ ^' ■ 
 
 « Dated at Boston, the 21st of October, 1747. 
 
 *< And this is farther confirmed by a lettdr, dated 
 29th June) in the same year, wrote to our deputies 
 
i 
 
 187 
 
 by Mr. Mascarine, then your Majesty's chief com- 
 mander in Nova-Scotia, which refers to Governor 
 Shirley's first declaration, of which we have a copy, 
 legally authenticated, part of which is as follows,viz. 
 " * As to the fear you say you labour under, on 
 
 * account of being threatened to be made to evacu- 
 ' ate the country, you have in possession his Excel- 
 
 * lency William Shirley's printed letter, whereby you 
 
 * may be made easy in that respect : you are sensi- 
 < ble of the promise I have made to you, the effects 
 
 * of which you have already felt, that I would pro- 
 
 * tect you so long as,by your good conduct and fidelity 
 
 * to the crown of Great Britain, you would enable me 
 
 * so to do, which promise I do again repeat to you.* 
 
 " Near the time of the publication of the before- 
 mentioned declaration, it was required that our de- 
 puties should, on behalf of all the people, renew the 
 oath formerly taken to General Philips, which was 
 done without any mention of bearing arms — and we 
 can with truth say, that we are not sensible of any 
 alteration in our disposition or conduct, since that 
 time, but that we always continued to retain a 
 grateful regard to your Majesty and your Govern- 
 ment, notwithstanding which, we have found our- 
 selves surrounded with difficulties unknown to us be- 
 fore. Your Majesty determined to fortify our Pro- 
 vince and settle Halifax ; which the French looking 
 upon with je-alousy, they made frequent incursions 
 through our country, in order to annoy that settle- 
 ment, whereby we came exposed to many straits 
 and hardships ; yet, from the obligations we were 
 under, from the oath we had taken, we were never 
 under any doubt, but that it was our indispensable 
 
 // 
 
 ,.f 
 
 ,' I 
 
188 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 duty and interest, to remain true to your goverment 
 and our oath of fidelity, hoping that in time those 
 difficulties would be removed, and we should see 
 peace and tranquillity restored : and if, from the 
 change of affairs in Nova-Scotia, your Majesty had 
 thought it not consistent with the safety of your said 
 Province, to let us remain there upon the terms pro- 
 mised us by your Governors, in your Majesty's name, 
 we should doubtless have acquiesced with any other 
 reasonable proposal which might have been made to 
 us, consistent with the safety of our aged parents, 
 and tender wives and children ; and we are per- 
 suaded, if that had been the case, wherever we had 
 retired, we should have held ourselves under the 
 strongest obligations of gratitude, from a thankful 
 remembrance of the happiness we had enjoyed, un- 
 der your Majesty's administration and gracious pro- 
 tection. About the time of the settlement of Hali> 
 fax. General Cornwallis, Governor of Nova-Scotia, 
 did require that we should take the oath of allegiance 
 without the exemption before allowed us, of not 
 bearing arms ; but this we absolutely refused, as 
 being an infringement of the principal condition upon 
 which our forefathers agreed to settle under the 
 British government. r ^ 
 
 . " And we acquainted G»)vernor Cornwallis, that if 
 your Majesty was not willing to continue that ex- 
 emption to us, we desired liberty to evacuate the 
 country, proposing to settle on the Island of St. 
 John's, where the French Government was willing 
 to let us have land ; which proposal he at that time 
 I efused to consent to, but told us he would acquaint 
 your Majesty therewith, and return us an answer. 
 
 I 
 
189 
 
 But we never received an answer, nor was any pro- 
 posal of that made to us until we were made prison- 
 ers. 
 
 " After the settlement of Halifax, we suffered ma- 
 ny abuses and insults from your Majesty's enemies, 
 more especially from the Indians in the interest of 
 the French, by whom our cattle was killed, our 
 houses pillaged, and many of us personally abused 
 and put in fear of our lives, and some even carried 
 away prisoners towards Canada, solely on account 
 of our resolution steadily to maintain our oath of fi- 
 delity to the English Government: particularly R^ne 
 Leblanc (our public notary,) was taken prisoner by 
 the Indians when actually travelling in your Majes- 
 ty's service, his house pillaged, and himself carried 
 to the French fort, from whence he did not recover 
 his liberty, but with great difficulty, after four years 
 captivity. 
 
 " We were likewise obliged to comply with the de- 
 mand of the enemy, made for provision, cattle, &c. 
 upon pain of military execution, which we had rea- 
 son to believe the Government was made sensible 
 was not an act of choice on our part, but of necessity, 
 as those in authority appeared to take in good part 
 the representations we always made to them after 
 any thing of that nature had happened. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the many difficulties we thus 
 laboured under, yet we dare appeal to the several 
 Governors, both at Halifax and Annapolis-Royal, for 
 testimonies of our being always ready and willing to 
 obey their orders, and give all the assistance in our 
 power, either in furnishing provisions and materials, 
 or making roads, building forts, &c. agreeable to your 
 
 n 
 It 
 
190 
 
 / 
 
 til 
 
 Majesty's orders, and our oath oi fidelity, whenso- 
 ever called upon, or required thereunto. 
 
 " It was also our constant care to give notice to 
 your Majesty's commanders, of the danger they from 
 time to time have been exposed to by the enemy's 
 troops, and had the intelligence we gave been always 
 attended to, many lives might have been spared, 
 particularly in the unhappy affair which befel Major 
 Noble and his brother at Grand-Pre; when they, with 
 great numbers of their men, were cut off by the ene- 
 my, notwithstanding the frequent advices we had 
 given them of the danger they were in ; and yet we 
 have been very unjustly accused, as parties in that 
 massacre. "j.^^i- ;• r-'j'.^-^ ^ -a^i 
 
 " And although we have been thus anxiously con>- 
 cerned, to manifest our fidelity in these several res- 
 pects, yet it has been falsely insinuated, that it had 
 been our general practice to abet and support your 
 Majesty's enemies ; but we trust that your Majesty 
 will not suffer suspicions and accusations to be receiv- 
 ed as proofs sufficient to reduce some thousands of 
 innocent people, from the .most happy situation to a 
 state of the greatest distress and misery ! No, this 
 was far from our thoughts ; we esteemed our situa- 
 tion so happy as by no means to desire a change. — 
 We have always desired, and again desire that we 
 may be permitted to answer our accusers in a judi- 
 cial way. In the meantime permit us, Sir, here so- 
 lemnly to declare, that these accusations are utterly 
 false and groundless,so far as they concern us as a col- 
 lective body of people. It hath been always our de- 
 sire to live as our fathers have done, as faithful sub- 
 jects under your Majesty's royal protection, with an 
 
tit 
 
 unfeigned resolution to maintain our oath of fidelity 
 to the utmost of our power. Yet it cannot be ex- 
 pected, but that amongst us, as well as amongst other 
 people, there have been some weak and false-heart- 
 ed persons, susceptible of being bribed by the enemy 
 60 as to break the oath of fidelity. Twelve of these 
 were outlawed in Governor Shirley's proclamation 
 before mentioned ; but it will be found that the num- 
 ber of such false-hearted men amongst us were very 
 few, considering our situation, the number of our in- 
 habitants, and how we stood circumstanced in seve- 
 ral respects ; and it may easily be made appear, that 
 it was the constant care of our Deputies, to prevent 
 and put a stop to such wicked conduct, when it came 
 to their knowledge. i < , 
 
 " We understood that the aid granted to the French 
 by the inhabitants of Chignecto, has been used as an 
 argument to accelerate our ruin ; but we trust that 
 your Majesty will not permit the irmocent to be in- 
 volved with the guilty ; no consequence can be just- 
 ly drawn, that, because those people yielded to the 
 threats and persuasions of the enemy, we should do 
 the same. They were situated so far from Halifax, 
 as to be in a great measure out of the protection of 
 the English Government, which was not our case ; 
 we were separated from them by sixty miles of un» 
 cultivated land, and had no other connexion with 
 them, than what is usual with neighbours at such a 
 distance ; and we can truly say, we looked on their 
 defection from your Majesty's interest with great 
 pain and anxiety. Nevertheless, not long before our 
 being made prisoners, the house in which we kept 
 our contracts, records, deeds, &c. was invested with 
 
192 
 
 an armed force, and all our papers violently carried 
 away, none of which have to this day been returned 
 us, whereby we are in a g^eat measure deprived of 
 means of making our innocency and the justness of 
 our complaints appear in their true light. 
 
 " Upon our sending a remonstrance to the Qoveni' 
 or and Council, of the violence that had been offered 
 us by the seizure of our papers, and the groundless 
 fears the Government appeared to be under on our 
 account, by their taking away our arms, no answer 
 was returned us ; but those who had signed the re- 
 monstrance, and some time after sixty more, in all 
 about eighty of our elders, were summoned to appear 
 before the Governor and Council, which they imme- 
 diately complied with; and it was required of them 
 that they should take the oath of allegiance, without 
 the exemption, which, during a course of near fifty 
 years, had been granted to us and to our fathers, of 
 not being obliged to bear arms, and which was the 
 principtd condition upon which our ancestors agreed 
 to remain in Nova-Scotia, when the rest of the 
 French inhabitants evacuated the country; which, as 
 it was contrary to our inclination and judgment, we 
 thought ourselves engaged in duty absolutely to re- 
 fuse. Nevertheless, we freely offered, and would 
 gladly have renewed, our oath of fidelity, but this 
 was not accepted of, and we were all immediately 
 made prisoners, and were told by the Governor, that 
 our estates, both real and personal, were forfeited 
 for your Majesty^s use. As to those who remained 
 at home, they were summoned to appear before the 
 Commanders in the forts, which, we showing some 
 fear to comply with, on the account of the seizure of 
 
193 
 
 ottr papers, and imprisonment of so many of our el- 
 ders, wc had the greatest assurance given us, that 
 there was no other design, but to make us renew 
 our former oath of fidelity ; yet as soon as we were 
 within the fort, the same judgment was passed oa 
 us, as had been passed on our brethren at HalifaXj 
 and we were also made prisoners. ^ 
 
 " Thus, notwithstanding the solemn grants made 
 to our fathers by General Philips, and the declara- 
 tion made by Governor Shirley and Mr. Mascarine, in 
 your Majesty's name, that it was your Majesty's re- 
 solution to protect and maintain all such of us as 
 should continue in their duty and allegiance to your 
 Majesty, in the quiet and peaceable possession of their 
 settlements, and the enjoyment of all their rights 
 and privileges, as your Majesty's subjects ; we found 
 ourselves at once deprived of our estates and liber- 
 ties, without any judicial process, or even without 
 any accusers appearing against us, and this solely 
 grounded on mistaken jealousies and false suspicions 
 that we are inclinable to take part with your Majes- 
 ty's enemies. But we again declare that that accu- 
 sation is groundless ; it was always our fixed reso- 
 lution to maintain, to the utmost of our power, the 
 oath of fidelity which we had taken, not only from a 
 sense of indispensable duty, but also because we 
 were well satisfied with our situation under your 
 Majesty^s Government and protection, and did not 
 think it could be bettered by any change which could 
 be proposed to us. It has also been falsely insinuated 
 that we held the opinion that we might be absolved 
 from our oath so as to break it with impunity ; but 
 
 this we likewise solemnly declare to be a false accu- 
 
 25 
 
 ,/ 
 
194 
 
 HatioD) and which we plainly evinced, by our expos- 
 ing ourselves to so great losses and sufferings, rather 
 than take the oath proposed to the Governor and 
 Council, because we apprehended we could not in 
 conscience comply therewith. 
 
 *' Thus we, our ancient parents and grand parents, 
 (men of great integrity and approved fidelity to your 
 Migesty,) and our innocent wives and children, be- 
 came the unhappy victims to those groundless fears : 
 we were transported into the English Colonies, and 
 this was done in so much haste, and with so little 
 regard to our necessities and the tenderest ties of 
 nature, that from the most social enjoyments and 
 affluent circumstances, many found themselves des- 
 titute of the necessaries of life : Parents were sepa- 
 rated from children, and husbands from wives, some 
 of whom have not to this day met again ; and we 
 were so crowded in the transport vessels, that we 
 had not room even for all our bodies to lay down at 
 once, and consequently were prevented from carry- 
 ing with us proper necessaries, especially for the sup- 
 port and comfort of the aged and weak, many of 
 whom quickly ended their misery with their lives. 
 And even those amongst us who had suffered deeply 
 from your Majesty's enemies, on account of their 
 attachment to your Majesty's Government, were 
 equally involved in the common calamity, of which 
 R^n^ Leblanc, the notary public before mentioned^ 
 is a remarkable instance. He was seized, confined, 
 and brought away among the rest of the people, and 
 his family, coruisting of twenty children, and about one hm' 
 dred and fifty grand children, were scattered in different Co- 
 lonies, so that he was put on shore at JV*eto York, with only 
 
195 
 
 his wfe and two youngest children, in an infirm state of 
 health, from whence he joined three more of his 
 children at Philadelphia, where he died without any 
 more notice being taken of him than any of us, not- 
 withstanding his many years labour and deep suffer- 
 ings for your Majesty's service. 
 
 ** The miseries we have since endured are scarce 
 sufficiently to be expressed, being reduced for a live- 
 lihood to toil and hard labour in a southern clime, so 
 disagreeable to our constitutions, that most of us have 
 been prevented, by sickness, from procuring the ne- 
 cessary subsistance for our families ; and therefore 
 are threatened with that which we esteem the great- 
 est aggravation of all our sufferings, even of having 
 our children forced from us, and bound out to stran- 
 gers, and exposed to contagious distempers unknown 
 in our native country. 
 
 " This, compared with the affluence and ease we 
 enjoyed, shows our condition to be extremely wretch- 
 ed. We have already seen in this Province of Penn- 
 sylvania two hundred and fifty of our people, which 
 is more than half the number that were landed here, 
 perish through misery and various diseases. In this 
 great distress and misery, we have, under God, none 
 but your Majesty to look to with hopes of relief and 
 redress : We therefore hereby implore your gracious 
 protection, and request you may be pleased to let the 
 justice of our complaints be truly and impartially en- 
 quired into, and that your Majesty would please to 
 grant us such relief, as in your justice and clemency 
 you will think our case requires, and we shall hold 
 ourselves bound to pray," &c. 
 
 This memorial had not the effect of procuring them 
 
196 
 
 m 
 
 redresa, and they were left to undergo their punish- 
 ment in exile, and to mingle with the population 
 among whom they were distributed, with the hope^ 
 that in time their language, predilections, and even 
 the recollection of tlicir origin, would be lost amidst 
 the mass of English people, with whom they were 
 incorporated.* Such was the fate of these unfortu- 
 nate and deluded people. Upon an itnpartial review 
 of the transactions of this period, it must be admitted, 
 that the transportation of the Acadians to distant co- 
 lonies, with all the marks of ignominy and guilt pe- 
 culiar to convicts, was cruel ; and although such a 
 conclusion could not then be drawn, yet subsequent 
 events have disclosed that their expulsion was un- 
 necessary. It seems totally irreconcil cable with the 
 idea, as at this day entertained of justice, that those 
 who are not involved in the guilt shall participate in 
 the punishment ; or that a whole community shall 
 suffer for the misconduct of a part. It is, doubtless^ 
 a stain on the Provincial Councils, and we shall not 
 
 * It is very remarkable that there are no traces ofthis important 
 event, to be found ainonf the records in the Secretary's OlFice at 
 Halifax. I could not discover, that the correspondence h&d been 
 preserved, or that the orders, returns, and memorials, had ever 
 lieen filed there. In the letter-booli of Governor Lawrence, which 
 is still extant, no communication to tho Board of Trade is enter- 
 ed, from the 2^th December, 1754, to tho 5th August, 1756, if we 
 except a common Victualling return. The particulars of this aiTair 
 seem to have been carefully concealed, although it is not now 
 easy to assign tho reason, unless the parties were, as in truth they 
 well might be, ashamed of the transaction. I have, therefore, had 
 much dfficulty in compiling this account. The murginul note in 
 llinot'fl history of Massachusetts having referred to the Manu- 
 script Journal of Colonel Winslow, I traced that book to the Libra- 
 ry of the Mass. Hist. Society in Boston. By the kindness of An- 
 drew Dunlap, Esquire, a member of the U. S. Bar, I have been 
 favored with a copy of such papers as refer to this interesting 
 event, many of which I haVe inserted in the Appendix. I avail 
 myself with much pleasure ofthis opportunity to acknowledge, 
 with many thanks, the very obliging manner in which these trans- 
 cripts were communicated to me. . , . • 
 
197 
 
 ition 
 
 lOpCi 
 
 even 
 nidst 
 were 
 brtu- 
 iview 
 itted, 
 nt co- 
 ilt pe- 
 uch a 
 quent 
 as un- 
 th the 
 t those 
 pate in 
 y shall 
 btless^ 
 all not 
 
 mpoTtant 
 Omce at 
 had been 
 had ever 
 :e, which 
 is enter- 
 r56, if we 
 this affair 
 not now 
 ruth they 
 jfore, had 
 il note in 
 le Manu- 
 the Libra- 
 BS8 of An- 
 lave been 
 ntercsting 
 I avail 
 nowledge, 
 
 lese trans- 
 
 attempt to justify that which all good men have 
 agreed to condemn. But we must not loose sight of 
 the offence in pity for the culprits, nor, in the indul- 
 gence of our indignation, forget that although nothing 
 can be offered in deleiice, mach may be produced in 
 palliation of thi. transactit^n. Had the milder sen- 
 tence of unrestricted oxilc been passed upon them, 
 it was obvious that it would have had the effect of 
 recruiting the strength of Canada, and that they 
 would naturally have engaged in those attempts 
 which the French were constantly making for the 
 recovery of the Province. : ;•;) •. .1 
 
 Three hundred of them had been found in arms 
 at one time ; and no doubt existed, of others having 
 advised and assisted the Indians in those numerous 
 acts of hostility, which, at that time, totally inter- 
 rupted the settlement of the country. When all 
 were thus suspected of being disaffected, and many 
 were detected in open rebellion, what confidence 
 could be placed in their future loyalty ? It was also 
 deemed impracticable in those days of religious ran- 
 cour, for the English colonists to mingle in the same 
 community with Frenchmen and Catholics. Those 
 persons who are acquainted with the early history 
 of the neighbouring colonies of New-England, will 
 easily perceive of what magnitude this objection 
 must have appeared at that period. Amidst all these 
 difficulties, surrounded by a vigilant and poweriul 
 enemy, and burthened with a population, whose 
 attachment was more than doubtful, what course 
 could the Governor adopt, which, while it ensured 
 the tranquility of the Colony, should temper justice 
 with mercy to those misguided people ? With the 
 
 / 
 
 .k-V*,V*. ....«.: 
 
198 
 
 knowledge we now possess of the issue of a contest 
 which was then extremely uncertain, it might not 
 be difficult to point to the measures which should 
 have been adopted; but we must admit, that the 
 choice was attended With circumstances of peculiar 
 embarrassment. If the Acadians, therefore, had to 
 lament that they were condemned unheard, that 
 their accusers were also their judges, and that their 
 sentence was disproportioned to their offence ; they 
 had also much reason to attribute their misfortunes 
 to the intrigues of their countrymen in Canada, who 
 seduced them from their allegiance to a Government 
 which was disposed to extend to them its protection 
 and regard, and instigated them to a rebellion, which 
 it was easy to foresee would end in their niin. 
 
'¥ V 
 
 Sifii* 
 
 «•?-/; 
 
 199 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 .y.-i.' %'■ 
 
 » 
 
 JirrivalofLord Loudon and Admiral £foZ5orne, at Halifax, 
 Preparations for attacking Louisburg. — Attack deferred, 
 Admiral Holbome's fleets disabled by a violent storm, re- 
 turns to England. — Generals Amherst and Wolfe arrive 
 ai Halifax^ with a body of troops. — Capture of Louisburg 
 and St. John's Island. — Resolviions of the Council, on 
 the subject of forming a house of Representatives. — Con- 
 ventiun of the first house of Assembly of JSTova- Scotia.-— 
 Their proceedings. — The Governor issues a proclamaiiont 
 inviting people to settle in the Pr wince. — Capitulation of 
 Quebec. — Second Session of Ass mbly, and dissolviion.— 
 Conquest of Canada. — Foitifications of Louisburg dis' 
 mantled. — Death of Governor Lawrence. — An&w scaU of 
 representation adopted. — Treaty with the Indians. — JEJs- 
 tablishment of truck houses. — Arrival of Emigrants. — 
 State of J^ew Toumships. — Alarm occasioned by the arri» 
 val of the French at JSTewfoundlarul. — Removal of remai/H' 
 ing Acadians to Boston. — Their return. — Peace. 
 
 [rROM 1755 TO 1763.] 
 
 THE military campaign in America, in 1756, did 
 not materially change the appearance of public affairs. 
 General Shirley, the enterprising Governor of Mas. 
 sachusetts, was recalled, and the chief command of 
 the army having, for a short time, devolved upon 
 General Abercrombie,was finally conferred upon Lord 
 Loudon. But the whole of that officer's plans for the 
 remaining part of the season, were disconcerted by 
 the disastrous and unexpected fall of Oswego ; and lit- 
 tle more could be accomplished than affording protec- 
 tion to the exposed frontiers of the old Colonies,which, 
 by this event, were laid open to the incursions of the 
 enemy, in the month of January, in the succeeding 
 year, his Lordship arrived at Boston, where he 
 held the xVnnual Military Council, which was attend- 
 ed by Governor Lawrence, of Nova- Scotia. Instead 
 of the complete operations hitherto pursued, it was 
 
200 
 
 proposed to limit the plan to a single object. Leav- 
 ing the posts on the great lakes strongly garrisoned, 
 his Lordship determined to direct his whole disposea- 
 ble force against Louisburg; and Halifax was, for this 
 reason, fixed upon as the place of rendezvous for 
 the fleet and army destined for this expedition, i ;.. 
 
 Pursuant to this plan. Admiral Holborne arrived 
 at Chebucto harbour in the beginning of July, with a 
 powerful squadron, and five thousand British troops, 
 under the command of Viscount Howe, when he was 
 soon after joined by Lord Loudon, with a body of 
 six thousand men from New-York. Some small ves- 
 sels were immediately sent from Halifax, to examine 
 and reconnoitre the enemy, and the intermediate 
 time was employed in embarking the troops as soon 
 as the transports arrived. The return of the scouts 
 totally altered the face of affairs. They brought the 
 unwelcome news that M. de Bois de la Motle, who 
 sailed in the month of May, from Brest, with a largo 
 fleet of ships of war and transports, was now safe at 
 anchor in the harbour of Louisburg. Their intelli- 
 gence was supported by the testimony of several de- 
 serters, yet still it wanted confirmation, and many 
 persons believed their account of the enemy's 
 strength greatly overrated. Such advices, however, 
 could not but occasion extraordinary fluctuations in 
 the Council of War. Some were for setting aside all 
 thoughts of the expedition for the season, while 
 others, more sanguine in their hopes, were for prose- 
 cuting it with vigour, notwithstanding the difiiculties 
 and dangers with which it was environed. Their 
 disputes were still carried on with great vehemence, 
 when a packet, bound from Louisburg to France, was 
 
H 
 
 201 
 
 taken by one of the English cruizers, stationed at 
 Newfoundland. It clearly appeared, by letters found 
 on board of this vessel, that there were at that time 
 in Loaisburg six thousand regular troops, three thou- 
 sand natives, and one thousand three hundred Indi- 
 ans, with seventeen ships of the line and three fri- 
 gates, moored in the harbour ; that the place was 
 well supplied with ammunition, provision and every 
 kind of military stores, and that the enemy wished 
 for nothing more than an attack, which it was pro- 
 bable would terminate in the disgrace of the assail- 
 ants, and ruin the affairs of the British in America. 
 The commanders at Halifax were fully apprised of 
 the consequences of an unsuccessful attempt, and as 
 the season was now so far advanced as to endanger 
 the safety of the enterprise, it was resolved to post- 
 pone the expedition to some more convenient oppor- 
 tunity ; a resolution, which, whatever construction 
 was put upon it, was the most elegible under all the 
 circumstances. Admiral Holborne, no longer embar- 
 rassed with the care of transports, sailed for Louis- 
 burg, with fifteen ships of the line, four frigates and 
 a fire ship, for the purpose of reconnoiting the enemy. 
 On the 20th of August he appeared before the har- 
 bour, and saw the French Admiral make the signal 
 to unmoor, but being greatly inferior in strength to 
 the enemy, he did not choose to risk an engagement, 
 and therefore returned to Halifax.* About the mid- 
 
 * Before the arrival of the reinforcement, the fleet at Halifax 
 consisted of the fallowing ships : 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Newark, 
 
 700 
 
 80 
 
 Success, 
 
 150 
 
 22 
 
 Invincible, 
 
 700 
 
 74 
 
 Port Mahon, 
 
 150 
 
 22 
 
 Orafton, 
 
 590 
 
 ()8 
 
 Nightingale, 
 
 160 
 
 22 
 
 Terrible, 
 
 630 
 
 74 
 
 Kennington, 
 
 160 
 
 20 
 
 Northumberiand,620 
 
 68 
 
 Elpbinghain, 
 
 150 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
202 
 
 die of September, having received a reinforcement 
 of four ships of the line, he again sailed to Louisburg, 
 with an intention to draw the enemy to a battle. La 
 Motle, however, was too prudent to hazard an en- 
 gagement, the loss of which must have exposed all 
 the French Colonies to the attempts of the English. 
 The squadron continued cruizing before the harbour 
 of Louisburg until the 25th, when they were over- 
 taken by a terrible storm ; in twelve hours they were 
 driven within two miles of the breakers, on the coast 
 of Cape Breton, when the wind providentially shift- 
 ed, and saved the whole squadron from inevitable 
 destruction, except one which was lost on the rocks, 
 and about half of whose crew perished. Eleven ships 
 were dismasted, others threw their guns overboard, 
 and the whole returned to England, in a shattered 
 condition. 
 
 The success of the French this year, in conse- 
 quence of the absence of Lord Loudon, at Halifax, 
 left the Colonies in a gloomy state. They had ob- 
 tained full possession of lakes Champlain and George, 
 acquired the dominion of those other Lakes 
 which connect the St. Lawrence with the waters of 
 the Missisippi, and also the undisturbed possession 
 of all the country west of the Alleghany mountains. 
 But the appointment of Mr. Pitt, during the autumn, 
 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 
 1,350 
 
 Captain, 
 
 580 
 
 68 
 
 Furnace bomb, 100 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 480 
 
 64 
 
 do. 100 
 
 Orford, 
 
 520 
 
 6S 
 
 Vulture sloop, 100 
 
 Nassau, 
 
 480 
 
 64 
 
 Hunter, 100 
 
 Sunderland, 
 
 400 
 
 64 
 
 Speedwell, 90 
 
 Defiance, 
 
 4U0 
 
 64 
 
 Hawke, 100 
 
 Tilbury, 
 
 400 
 
 64 
 
 Gibralter'fl Prize 80 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 400 
 
 60 
 
 Jamaica, 100 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 850 
 
 54 
 
 Lightening, Fire- 
 
 Sutherland, 
 
 306 
 
 60 
 
 Bhip, 50 
 
 Winchelsea, 
 
 160 
 
 24 
 
 
 r«rril Sloop, 
 
 120 
 
 16 
 
 10,2( 
 
203 
 
 ent 
 
 irg, 
 La 
 
 len- 
 dall 
 jlish. 
 •bour 
 over- 
 wei'e 
 coast 
 shift- 
 ritable 
 rocks, 
 n ships 
 [•board, 
 attered 
 
 conse- 
 lalifas, 
 had ob- 
 Qeorge, 
 Lakes 
 aters of 
 >ssessioa 
 mntains. 
 
 autumn, 
 
 100 1,350 
 
 to the Premiership of the new administration, inspired 
 new hopes into all parties both at home and in Ame- 
 rica. Immediately after taking office he wrote a cir- 
 cular letter to all the Colonies, and assured them of 
 his determination to send out a large force to co-ope- 
 rate, by sea and land, against the French, and calK J 
 upon them to raise as large bodies of men as the num- 
 ber of inhabitants in their respective governments 
 would permit. The Provincials were ready to take 
 the field early in May ; previously to which Admiral 
 Boscawen arrived at Halifax with a formidable fleet, 
 and a powerful army under General Amherst. The 
 whole armament, consisting of one hundred and fifty 
 one sail, and fourteen thousand men, took their de- 
 parture from Nova-Scotia on the 28th of May, and 
 on the 2d of June, 1758, anchored in the Bay of Ga- 
 barus, about seven miles to the westward of Louis- 
 burg. The garrison of this place, commanded by 
 the Chevalier Drucor, consisted of 2,500 regular 
 troops, 300 militia, formed of the Inhabitants ; and 
 towards the end of the siege they were reinforced by 
 350 Canadians and Indians. The harbor was se- 
 cured by six ships of the line and five frigates ;* three 
 of which they sunk across the entrance, in order to 
 render it inaccessible to the English Shipping. Six 
 days elapsed before the troops could be disembark- 
 ed, on account of the heavy surf which broke with 
 prodigious violence on the whole shore ; but on the 
 seventh, the agitation of the water having partly 
 subsided, the troops were distributed in three divi- 
 sions and ordered to effect a landing. The right and 
 
 * The Prudent, Entreprenant, each 74 ; the Capricieux, Cele- 
 bre and Bienfaisant, of 64 guns ; the Apollo, of 50 ; the Chevre, 
 Biche, Fidele. Diana and Echo, frigates. 
 
t04 
 
 centre, under the command of Governor Lawrence 
 and General Whitmore, received instructions to make 
 a shew of landing to distract the attention of the ene- 
 my, while the real attempt was made in another 
 quarter by General Wolfe. The French reserved 
 their fire until the boats had nearly reached the 
 shore, when they made a tremendous discharge of 
 cannon and musquetry, which, aided by the surf, 
 overset and sunk many of the boats. The men, en- 
 couraged in all their difficulties by the example, spi- 
 rit and conduct of their gallant commander, gained 
 the beach at the Creek of Cormoran, and compelled 
 the enemy to retire to the Town. As soon as the 
 stores and artillery were landed, which was not ef- 
 fected without great difficulty. General Wolfe wa» 
 detached, with two thousand men, to sieze a post, oc- 
 cupied by the enemy, at the Light House Point, from 
 which the ships in the harbor and the fortifications in 
 the Town might be greatly annoyed. On his ap- 
 proach it was abandoned, and several very strong 
 batteries were erected there. The fire from this 
 place, by the 25th, completely silenced the Island 
 battery, which was immediately opposed to it. In 
 the interim, the besieged made several sallies, Avith 
 very little effect, while the approaches to the Town 
 were conducted with resolute but cautious vigor. The 
 Bizarre and the Comet escaped the vigilance of the 
 squadron before the commencement of the siege, and 
 the Echo attempted to follow their example, but was 
 captured soon after she left the h.'v:'}0. . On the 21st 
 of July one of the largest of the French ships blew 
 up with an awful explosion, which accident having 
 communicated the fire to two others, they were both 
 
205 
 
 eonsumed in a short time to the water's ed^e. Ad* 
 miral Boscawen now sent 600 men in boats into tho 
 harbor to make an attempt on two ships of the line, 
 which still remained in the Basin — the Prudent, a 
 74 gun ship, and the Bienfaisant, of 64 guns. The 
 former, having been run aground, was destroyed, 
 and the latter was towed past the batteries in tri- 
 umph, with the inconsiderable loss oi seven men 
 killed and nine wounded. This gallant exploit put- 
 ting the English in complete possession of the harbor, 
 and several breaches being made practicable in the 
 works, the place was no longer deemed defensible, 
 and the Governor offered to capitulate. The terms 
 proposed by him were refused, and it was required 
 that the garrison should surrender prisoners of war, 
 or sustain an assault by sea and land. These humi- 
 liating conditions, though at first rejected were after-" 
 wards agreed to ; and on the 26 th of July, 1758, tho 
 Chevalier Drucor signed the articles of capitulation.* 
 
 * Articles of capitulation between their Excellencies Adm. Bos- 
 cawen and Major General Amherst, and his Excellency the Che- 
 valier Drucor, Governor of the Island of Cape Breton, of Louis- 
 burg, the Island of St. John and their appurtenances. 
 
 1. The Garrison of Louisburg shall be prisoners of war, and 
 shall be carried to England, in the ships of his Britannic Majesty. 
 
 2. Alt the artillery, ammunition, provisions, as well as the arms, 
 of what kind soever, which are at present in the town of Louis- 
 burg, the Islands ofCnpe Breton and St. John, and their appurte- 
 ances, shall be delivered, witiiout the least damage, to such Com- 
 missaries as i-hall be appointed to receive them, lor the use of his 
 Britannic Majesty. 
 
 3. The Governor shall give his orders, that the troops which 
 are in the Island oi St. John and its appurtenances, shall go on board 
 such ships of war, as the Admiral shall send to receive them. 
 
 4. The gate called port Dauphine, shall be given up to the 
 troops of his Britannic Majesty to-morrow, at eight o'clock in the 
 morning, and the garrison, including all those that carried arms, 
 drawn up at noon on the esplanade, where they shall lay down their 
 arms, colours, implements and ornaments of «var, and the garrison 
 shall go on board in order to be carried to England, in a convenient 
 time. 
 
 5. The Same care shall be taken of the sick and wounded, that 
 are in the hospital, as of those belonging to his Britannic Majesty. 
 
 \ 
 
206 
 
 wi' 
 
 The following day three companies of Grenadiers, 
 eommanded by Major Farquahar, took possession of 
 the Western Gate, and Brigadier Whitmore was de- 
 tached into the town to see the garrison lay down 
 their arms, and deliver up their colours on the espla- 
 nade, and to post the necessary guards on the stores, 
 magazines and ramparts. Thus, at the expense of 
 about 400 men, killed and wounded, the English ob- 
 tained possession ef the important Island of Cape- 
 Breton, and the strong town of Louisburg, in which 
 the victors found 231 pieces of cannon, with eigh- 
 teen mortars and a considerable quantity of stores 
 and ammunition. The merchants and Inhabitants 
 were sent to France in English bottoms, but the gar- 
 tison, together with the sea officers, marines and ma- 
 riners, amounting in all to 5,637 men, were trans] 
 ported to England. The loss of Louisburg was the 
 more severely felt by the French King as it had been 
 attended with the destruction of so many line of bat- 
 tle ships and frigates. The particulars of this trans- 
 action were immediately carried to England by a 
 vessel despatched for that purpose, by -Captain Am- 
 herst, brother to the Commander, who was also en- 
 trusted with eleven pair of colours. These were, by 
 His Majesty's orders, carried in pompous parade, es- 
 corted by detachments of Horse and Foot Guards, with 
 kettle drums and trumpets/rom thePalace of Kensing- 
 ton, to St. Paul's Cathedral, where they were deposit- 
 ed as trophies, under a discharge of cannon and other 
 noisy expressions of triumph and exultation. Indeed 
 the public rejoicings for the conquest of Louisburg 
 
 6. The merchants and their clerks that have not carried arras, 
 ■hall be sent to France, in such manner as the Admiral shall think 
 proper. (Signed) Ds Chevalier Drucor. 
 
 Louiiburg, 26th July, 1768. 
 
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 were difTused through every part of the Britisi . domi- 
 nions,and addresses of congratulation were presented 
 to the King by a great number of flourishing towns and 
 corporations. After the reduction of Cape Breton 
 some ships were detached with a body of troops under 
 the command ofLieutenant-Colonel LordRollo, to take 
 possession of the Island of St. John, which also lies 
 in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and, by its fertility in 
 corn and cattle, had, since the beginning of the war, 
 supplied Quebec with considerable quantities of pro- 
 vision. It was likewise the asylum to which the 
 French Neutrals of Annapolis fled, for shelter from 
 the English Government ; and the retreat from 
 whence they and the Indians used to make their sud- 
 den irruptions into Nova-Scotia, where they perpe- 
 trated the most inhuman barbarities on the defence- 
 less subjects of Great Britian.* 
 
 The number of inhabitants amounted to 4,100, who 
 submitted, and brought in their arms ; then Lord 
 Rollo took possesion of the Governor's quarters, 
 
 1 
 
 .« 
 
 * References to the Plan of the Harbour and Fortifications of 
 
 Louis bur^. 
 
 A. The Town of Louisburg; 
 
 B. The til add, 
 
 C. A I a lie, where the fishing- 
 barks winter. 
 
 D. Stajjes for drying fish. 
 
 E. A battery of 20 guns. 
 
 F. The D;r.!p!iin battery of 30 
 guns, which defeiidd the West 
 Gate, being that which was 
 first'delivfared to the English. 
 
 G. The Island-battery of 40 guns, 
 
 silenced the 24th of June, by 
 the Liglit-house battery at I, 
 under the direction of Major- 
 General Wolfe. 
 
 H. A small battery of 8 guns. 
 
 I. The Light-house battery, ta- 
 ken by Major-General Wolfe, 
 June 12tb, from whence the 
 
 ships in the harbour were des- 
 
 ** troyed. 
 
 K. A battery of 15 guns,used for 
 the destruction of the shipping 
 
 L. The grand battery of 40 guns, 
 destroyed by the French, the 
 12th, when all the out parties 
 were ordered into the works 
 of the town. 
 
 M. A battery of 15 guns, destroy- 
 ed the same time. 
 
 N. Houses inhabited by fisher- 
 men. 
 
 0. Rivers, from whence the in- 
 habitants have their fresh 
 water. 
 
 P. A pond, which defends part 
 of the works, and makes this 
 part very difficult of access. 
 
806 
 
 where he found several sealps of Englishmen, whom 
 the savages had assassinated, in consequence of the 
 encouragement they received from their patrons and 
 allies, who gratified them with a certain premium 
 for every scalp they produced. The island was well 
 stocked with horned cattle, and some of the farmers 
 raised each 1 ,200 bushels of corn annually for the 
 market of Quebec. " •. -^ 
 
 Although the campaign in Canada this year was 
 attended with some reverses, it concluded by depriv- 
 ing the French of two important posts. After an ill 
 judged but gallant assault upon Ticonderoga, in 
 which General Abcrcrombie was defeated, with the 
 loss of nearly two thousand men, he despatched Colo« 
 nel Bradstreet with a respectable force, chiefly com- 
 posed of Provincials, against Frontenac, which sur- 
 rendered on the 24th August. The capture of this 
 place, in which were found sixty pieces of cannon 
 andanimmensequantity of military stores, facilita- 
 ted the reduction of Fort du Quesne, by the army 
 under the command of General Forbes, who, in com- 
 pliment to the Minister under whose auspices these 
 operations were conducted, gave it the name of Pitts- 
 burg. Previous to the sailing of the expedition 
 against Louisburg Governor Lawrence had made the 
 necessary arrangements for calling a House of As- 
 sembly. An order had long since been transmitted 
 to him to issue Writs for the election of Representa- 
 tives, but he had hitherto delayed to comply with it, 
 in consequence of the posture of public affairs and the 
 small population of the country. In the month of 
 May his Excellency laid before the Council his Ma- 
 jesty^s instructions on the subject, and required their 
 
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 tioitt 
 [the 
 and 
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 well 
 mers 
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 ' was 
 epriv- 
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 ga, in 
 ththe 
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 cannon 
 acilita- 
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 in com- 
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 Pitts- 
 )edition 
 lade the 
 of As- 
 ismitted 
 resenta* 
 with it, 
 and the 
 lonth of 
 his Ma. 
 •ed their 
 
 advice and assistancei as to the manner of carrying 
 them into effect. 
 
 After a good deal of deliberation, they came to 
 the following resolutions : — 
 
 " That a House of Representatives of the Inhabi- 
 tants of this Province be the Civil Legislature thereof, 
 in conjunction with his Majesty's Governor, or Com- 
 mander-in-Chief for the time being, and his Majesty's 
 Council for the said Province : the first House to be 
 elected and convened in the following manner, and 
 to be styled the General Assembly, viz. 
 
 " That there shall be elected for the Province at 
 lai^e, until the same shall be divided into Counties, 
 sixteen members, and for the township of Lunenburg 
 two, and for the. township of Halifax four. That 
 when fifty qualified Electors shall be settled at Pesi- 
 quid, Minas, Cobequid, or any other places which 
 may hereafter be erected into townships, each of the 
 said townships shall be entitled to send two Repre- 
 sentatives to the General Assembly, and shall also 
 have a right to vote at the Election of Representa- 
 tives for the Province at large — that the house shall 
 always consist of at least eleven members, present, 
 besides the Speaker, before they enter upon busi- 
 ness. 
 
 " That no person shall be chosen a member of the 
 sal J House, or shall have a right of voting, who shall 
 be a Popish Recusant, or shall be under the age of 
 twenty-one years ; or who shall not, at the time of 
 such Election, be posseFsed, in his own right, of a free- 
 hold estate, within the district for which he shall be 
 
 elected or shall so vote. Nor shall each elector have 
 
 more than one vote for each member, to be chosen 
 
 37 
 
210 
 
 1^' 
 
 for the Province at large, or for any township, and 
 that each freeholder, present at such election, and 
 giving his vote for one member of the Province at 
 large, shall be obliged to vote also for the other fif- 
 teen. 
 
 " That the precept for convening the first Assembly 
 be made returnable on the 2d day of October next. 
 
 *' That the list of votes shall be sealed up by the re- 
 turning officer of each township, and transmitted to 
 the Provost Marshall, for the Province, by the first 
 opportunity ; that reasonable notice may be given to 
 the persons who shall appear to be chosen by the 
 greatest number of the votes; provided, nevertheless, 
 that if the votes in the townships of Annapolis- 
 Royal and Cumberland, for the first members of the 
 Province at large, shall not be returned eight days 
 before the time limited for returning the precept, the 
 Provost Marshall shall, in such cases, proceed to de- 
 clare who are the persons elected from the other 
 votes in his hands. 
 
 " That in the case of the absence of any of the mem- 
 bers from the Province for two months, it shall and 
 may be lawful for the Governor, Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor,or Commander-in-Chief (if he shall judge it neces- 
 sary) to issue his precept for others in his stead." 
 
 These resolutions, together with others of less im- 
 portance, for the guidance of the returning officer, 
 having been transmitted to England, and approved 
 of by his Majesty, were published as the law of the 
 Province, and writs were accordingly issued to the 
 Provost Marshall, for the Election of Representatives 
 in the manner there prescribed. 
 
 On the 2d of October, 1758, the members having 
 
211 
 
 , and 
 , and 
 ice at 
 er fif- 
 
 embly 
 lext. 
 he re- 
 tted to 
 lie first 
 ;iven to 
 by the 
 theless, 
 napolis- 
 cs of the 
 rht days 
 icpt, the 
 ed to de- 
 le other 
 
 he mem- 
 shall and 
 iit-Gover- 
 3 it neces- 
 tead." 
 »f less im- 
 115 officer, 
 approved 
 law of the 
 s\ied to the 
 jsentativcs 
 
 )ers having 
 
 assembled at Halifax, and chosen Robert Sanderson, 
 Esq. as their Speaker, his Excellency Governor 
 Lawrence opened the Sessions with the following 
 Speech : — 
 
 " Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives^ 
 " His Majesty having been most graciously pleased, 
 by his Royal instructions to his Governors of this 
 Province, to direct the calling sm Assembly of the 
 freeholders, to act in conjunction with his Governors 
 and Council, as the Legislative authority, when such 
 a measure should be found essential to his service ; 
 I am to assure you, that it is with particular pleasure 
 I now meet you, convened in that capacity, in con- 
 sequence of a plan some time since formed here for 
 that purpose, with the advice and assistance of his 
 Majesty's Council, and by me transmitted to the 
 Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, to 
 be laid before his Majesty for his approbation. 
 " Gentlemen of the House of Representatives^ 
 " I entertain the most sanguine hopes that you are 
 come together, unanimously disposed to promote the 
 service of the Crown, or in other words the real wel- 
 fare and prosperity of the People whom you have 
 the honor to represent, in every point, to the utmost 
 of your authority and capacity. This I presume you 
 will conceive is justly to be expected, not only from 
 the immediate regard due to the civil rights and in- 
 terests of your Constituents, but likewise from the 
 unspeakable obligations you are under, to demon- 
 strate in their behalf, your dutiful sense of his Ma- 
 jesty's paternal concern for the prosperity and secu- 
 rity of these his subjects, in those distinguished 
 marks of his Royal favor and protection, which we 
 
212 
 
 ijM^^W, 
 
 i^ 
 
 have) from time to time, so happily experienced, in 
 the fleets and armies sent out for our immediate pre- 
 servation, when we were under the most imminent 
 danger of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy. 
 Also, in the ample supplies of money, for so many 
 years granted for the support and encouragement of 
 this infant Colony ; and moreover still, in the conti- 
 nuance of his Majesty's Royal bounty, for that pur- 
 pose, when, from the seeming inclination of the in- 
 habitants to have an Assembly convened some time 
 since, it might have been presumed, and indeed by 
 an article of his Majesty's instructions (which I shall 
 order to be laid before you) it has been judged, that 
 the Colony was become capable of providing for the 
 necessary support of Government here, as has been 
 usual in all his Majesty's other American Dominions. 
 ** Gentkmen of both Hotises, 
 " As my military occupation requires my attendance 
 as early as possible, upon the Commander-in-Chief 
 of the Forces, to the westward, and as theLieutenant- 
 Govemor is now necessarily employed, and will be 
 for some time to come, upon an enterprise of import- 
 ance in a distant part of the Province, there is not 
 at present an opportunity of entering upon such par- 
 tieulars as might otherwise call for your attention. 
 I am, therefore, earnestly to recommend to your 
 serious consideration, the expediency, or rather ne- 
 cessity of unanimity and despatch, in the confirmation 
 of such acts or resolutions, of a legislative nature, as 
 the Governor and Council, under his Majesty's royal 
 instructions, have found expedient before the form- 
 ing an Asseii'^bly, and indispensibly necessary for 
 promoting the welfare and peaceable government of 
 
213 
 
 this people. Yjou may depend upon it, Gentlemen, 
 that upon my return to the Government, you will 
 find me perfectly disposed to concur with you, in 
 enacting such further Laws, making such amend- 
 ments to the present ones, and establishing such 
 other regulations, as shall appear, upon more mature 
 deliberation, to be consistent with the honor and dig- 
 nity of the Crown, and conducive to the lasting hap- 
 piness of his Majesty's subjects, over whom I have 
 the honor to preside." 
 
 To this address the House replied in the usual 
 manner, by embodying the sentiments of the speech 
 in their answer, but avoided giving any direct pledge 
 to confirm all the past proceedings of the Council; and 
 altogether omitted making any observations on the 
 passage which implied, that it was expected of them 
 to make provision for the support of the local go- 
 vernment, in the manner adopted by some of the 
 other colonies. At the very commencement of their 
 business, they experienced the difficulty of their situ- 
 ation, in having no settled forms of procedure. The 
 first opportunity which offered, was immediately em- 
 braced by the House, to express their opinion as to 
 the sources from which they intended, in doubtful 
 cases, to derive their precedents. The Council hav- 
 ing transmitted to them a bill * for quieting posses- 
 sions of land,' endorsed" Soit Bailie aux Communes," 
 they immediately returned it, saying that they nei- 
 ther agreed or disagreed to the subject matter there- 
 in contained, but requested that they would be 
 pleased to inform them, for what purpose they had 
 sent that paper to tkem. The Council replied, that 
 what they had thought proper to term a paper was in 
 
 
214 
 
 fact a bill, which they had prepared and sent to 
 them for their concurrence in passing into a Law, 
 and that the indorsement upon it was made in strict 
 accordance with the usage of Parliament; it being 
 customary with that august body, when a bill was 
 sent from the Lords, to indorse it " Bailie aux Com- 
 munes;" and in like manner, when one was sent from 
 the House of Commons to inscribe upon it " Bailie 
 aux Seigneurs." The House rejoined, that it was 
 their intention to pursue the course adopted by the 
 other Colonial Legislatures, as more suited to their 
 situation and circumstances ; that they saw no neces- 
 sity for making use of the French language, in any 
 of their proceedings ; and that they were by no means 
 certain, that either a Provincial Council or House of 
 Assembly could claim the privileges, or conform to 
 the practice, of the Lords and Commons. To adjust 
 these difficulties, a conference took place, at which 
 the forms of communication with each other, the 
 manner of expressing their assent or dissent to bills, 
 and other matters of a similar nature, were finally 
 settled. 
 
 ,. In examining the * ways and means' of the Pro- 
 vince, they found that a small revenue had been 
 raised from time to time, by the imposition of certain 
 duties on the importation of merchandize, and the 
 retail of spirituous liquors, by virtue of ordinances of 
 the Governor and Council, and that there was now 
 a balance in the hands of the collector, of £2,204 ITs. 
 lid. They therefore requested the Governor to 
 appoint a suitable person as Treasurer, and suggested 
 the propriety of requiring him to give goo^ security, 
 for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, 
 
216 
 
 and also in filling the situation, of not conferring it 
 upon any person already amply provided for by 
 other profitable situations under Government. But 
 one of the most important measures of the session, 
 was a resolution requesting the Governor to order 
 the Justices of the Peace, the Registrars of the Court 
 of Chancery and Vice Admiralty, the Clerks of the 
 Supreme Court, Inferior Court, and Sessions, and 
 all Civil Officers within the Province, respectively, to 
 lay before them an exact list of all fees, poundage, 
 commission, and other perquisites, severally demand- 
 ed and received by them in their various offices. 
 Upon this application, all the officers of the several 
 Courts returned a table of their fees, with the ex- 
 •eption of the Registrar of the Court of Vice Admiral- 
 ty, respecting whom, the Governor informed the 
 House, that their message had been laid before the 
 Councily who had inquired into the propriety of the 
 application, and had advised him, that the officers 
 of the Court of Vice Admiralty had a table of fees for 
 thfsir gaidance,which fees were taken in all the plan- 
 tations, and had been exacted in this country from its 
 first settlement ; that the accounts of the officers had 
 been frequently transmitted to England, but were 
 never disapproved of; and that, as the constitution of 
 the Court of Vice Admiralty was unlike that of any 
 other Court, and even Parliament had never inter- 
 fered to establish its fees, it was beyond all doubt 
 that the General Assembly could not undertake to 
 do so. His Excellency, however, assured them, that 
 if proper complaint were made to him of exhorbitant 
 fees being taken in the Court, he would represent 
 the same to his Majesty and the Board of Trade, and 
 
 • i^ 
 
216 
 
 that he made no doubt, but that he should receive 
 satisfactory instructions upon this subject. Upon 
 the receipt of this answer, the House came to thQ 
 following resolutions : — 
 
 1st. — Resolved, that it is the unquestionable right 
 of this House, to order all Civil Officers to lay before 
 them an account of ail fees and perquisites demand-^ 
 ed and received by them, and to prepare bills for re* 
 gulating their fees for the future. 
 
 3d. — Resolved, that the refusal of the Judge of the 
 Court of Vice Admiralty, to lay before them an ac- 
 count of fees and perquisites, is a high contempt of 
 the authority of this House, and of a dangerous na- 
 ture, i 
 
 Sd. — Resolved, that on searching precedents of 
 cases, in the said Court of Admiralty, it appears, that 
 in all oases where money passes through the said 
 Court, excessive sums of money have been extorted 
 from the Suitors, under pretence of 5 per cent, com- 
 missions of condemnation fees, 5 per cent, pound- 
 age, and 2i per cent, commissions on sales, over 
 and|above the great fees of the Judge, Registrar and 
 Marshall of said Court, frequently amounting toge- 
 ther to more than a quarter part of the value of the 
 matter on demand, which is very grievous, a great 
 detriment to trade, and without color of law. 
 
 These resolutions were sent to his Excellency, with 
 a request that he would tak^ the same into consi- 
 deration, and do what was necessary to redress the 
 evils of which they complained. The Governor re- 
 plied that he had communicated their address to the 
 Council, who assured him that as the words of the 
 Royal Commission to the Judge of the Court of Ad- 
 
«17 
 
 Bive 
 
 fpon 
 
 the 
 
 right 
 efore 
 land- 
 apre- 
 
 ofthe 
 inac- 
 (ipt of 
 as na- 
 
 ;nts of 
 "s, that 
 le said 
 storted 
 t. com- 
 pound- 
 s, over 
 ;rar and 
 ng toge- 
 e of the 
 a great 
 
 kr. 
 
 cy, with 
 ;o consi- 
 Iress the 
 ernor re- 
 iss to the 
 dsofthe 
 irt of Ad- 
 
 miralty — ^were " we grant you the power of taking 
 and receiving all and every the wages, fees, pro- 
 fits, advantages, &c. in any manner due and an- 
 ciently belonging to the said office, according to the 
 custom of the high Court of Admiralty in England," 
 he could not,consistently with his instructions, inter- 
 fere in the business. - In this contest there was 
 doubtless some personality mingled with a sense of 
 a real grievance ; for in their answer the Hiuse ob- 
 serve " The Council at present consists of only four 
 members present, one of whom has been, and ano- 
 ther now is a Judge of that Court, while a third holds 
 the office of Registrar, we cannot therefore doubt, 
 that their advice will have as little weight with your 
 Excellency as it has with us." 
 
 Convinced that these difficulties would continue, 80 
 long as public officers were members of his Majesty's 
 Council, the House passed a bill, disqualifying anj 
 person filling a situation of profit or emolument under 
 Government, from holding a seat at the Council 
 Board, or being returned as a member of the Assem- 
 bly ; but this bill, as it was considered a direct attack 
 upon them, was rejected by the Council. These un- 
 pleasant altercations did not, however, prevent the 
 two branches from uniting, in enacting several laws, 
 which were required by the unsettled state of public 
 r.ffairs, and the uncertainty respecting the validity of 
 the ordinances which had been promulgated by the 
 Governor and Council. They therefore concurred 
 in passing bills for confirming the past proceedings 
 of the Courts of Judicature, for establishing the litur- 
 gy of the Church of England as the form of worship 
 
 in Nova-Scotia, for giving effect to several resolutions 
 
 28 
 
 ..'* 
 
218 
 
 of the Governor and Council, for confirming the titles 
 of land, for rendering real estate liable to the pay- 
 ment of debts, and for punishing criminal offenders, 
 with several others no less useful and important. ' 
 This House of Assembly appears to have been ac- 
 tuated by a feeling of importance, which power, when 
 recently acquired, is too apt to engender ; and the 
 Council, who had hitherto engrossed the whole legis- 
 lative powers, and were, to a certain extent, indepen- 
 dent of public opinion, naturally received with jea- 
 lousy the formation of a third branch, which dimi- 
 nished both their authority and influence. 
 
 From the action of these opposite feelings, each 
 party regarded the conduct of the other with the dis- 
 trust of a rival, and the Governor had no easy task 
 to reconcile their jarring pretensions. 
 
 The close of the Session was embittered by one 
 of those petty struggles, in which, as the House were 
 at the mercy of the Council, who were disposed to 
 make them sensible of their dependance, the Gover- 
 nor interfered in a manner which proved that though 
 neither Branch would yield one tittle in accomodation 
 to the other, they would concede to him what could 
 alone proceed from the united act of them all. The 
 contingent expences of the Assembly having amount- 
 ed to JE250, the House prepared a Bill to authorize 
 tne payment of them, but the Council declined giving 
 their assent to it, unless the sum were increased so 
 as to include the contingent expences of Govern- 
 ment. His Excellency, finding that they were not 
 likely to come to any understanding upon the subject, 
 interfered between them, and undertook to issue an 
 order to the Treasurer, to discharge the several items, 
 
S19 
 
 itles 
 pay- 
 derSy 
 
 snac- 
 when 
 d the 
 legis- 
 iepen- 
 h jea- 
 dimi- 
 
 3, each 
 the dis- 
 isy task 
 
 by one 
 se were 
 posed to 
 ! Gover- 
 ,t though 
 modation 
 lat could 
 ill. The 
 r amount- 
 authorize 
 led giving 
 creased so 
 ,f Govern- 
 r were not 
 he subject, 
 to issue an 
 veral items. 
 
 when presented to him for payment. Having ap- 
 pointed, then, several town officers, and finished the 
 other business of the Session, they were prorogued 
 on the 17th of April, 1759, to the great relief of the 
 Governor.* 
 
 At the same time that his Excellency convened 
 the Legislature, he invited people from the old Colo- 
 nies to settle upon the lands which had become va- 
 cant by the removal of the Acadians. In addition to 
 the instructions which he gave to the Agent, in Bos- 
 ton, he issued a proclamation in which he declared, 
 that he was ready to receive any proposals that 
 might be made to him for settling this valuable tract 
 of Country, " one hundred thousand acres of which 
 had produced wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, &c. 
 without failure for the last century ; and another one 
 hundred thousand had been cleared and stocked with 
 English grass, planted with orchards and embellish- 
 ed with gardens, the whole so intermixed that every 
 individual farmer might have a proportionable quan- 
 tity of ploughed land, grass land and wood land." In 
 consequence of this flattering but faithful description, 
 there were several emigrations of agriculturists from 
 New-England, and Agents were sent to the Province 
 to make terms with the Governor, and report to their 
 
 ii»; 
 
 * Notitioe — Town Officers are overseers of the poor, clerks of 
 the market, surveyors of highways, &c. who are now appointed ia 
 a different manner. This House was not in session from October 
 to April, there was a recess ; the members received no pay — they 
 were assembled by the ringing of a bell — the latter part of the tima 
 they assembled in the Court House. By a standing order, four 
 members had leave of absence at a time, in the order in which they 
 stood on the clerk's book. All messages of importance were sent 
 to the Council by a member, and not by the clerk. The rule of 
 vacating the seat of an absent member, was acted upon. Leave 
 was refused to a candidate petitioning against the seat of a mem- 
 ber, to be present at the debates. . ^ 
 
82a 
 
 employers the encouragement likely to be given to 
 persons desirous of removing thither. 
 
 As this proclamation was silent upon every subject, 
 but that of the quality of the land, his Excellency 
 was required to state, in explicit terms, the nature of 
 the constitution, the protection to be alTorded to the 
 civil and religious liberties of the subject, ai^ the 
 extent of the Elective Franchise of the people. He 
 therefore issued another, explanatory of the terms 
 upon which the Province was to be settled, which, 
 as it contains the solemn assurances of Government 
 upon these subjects, is justly regarded as a most im- 
 portant state paper, and has not inaptly been styled 
 the Charter of Nova-Scotia: 
 
 *< By his Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esq. Cap- 
 tain General, and Governor-in-Chief. in and over his 
 Majesty's Province of Nova-Scotia or Acadia, in Ame- 
 rica, Vice Admiral of the same, &c. &c. 
 
 " Whereas, since the issuing of the proclamation 
 dated the 12th day of Oct., 1758, relative to settling 
 the vacant lands in this Province, I have been in- 
 formed by Thomas Hancock, Esq. Agent for the af- 
 fairs of Nova-Scotia, at Boston, that sundry applica- 
 tions have been made to him in consequence thereof, 
 by persons who are desirous of settling the said lands, 
 and of knowing what particular encouragement the 
 Government will give them, whether any allowance 
 of Provisions will be given at their first settlemant, 
 what quantity of land will be given to each person, 
 what quit rents they are to pay, what the constitu- 
 tion of the Government is, whether any, and what 
 taxes are to be paid, and whether they will be allow- 
 ed the free exercise of their religion ? I have there- 
 
221 
 
 jnto 
 
 )ject, 
 
 ency 
 
 ire of 
 
 ;othe 
 
 ^the 
 
 . He 
 
 terms 
 
 vhicb, 
 
 nnient 
 
 38t im- 
 
 , styled 
 
 q. Cap- 
 )ver his 
 a Ame- 
 
 imation 
 settling 
 been in- 
 p the af- 
 applica- 
 thereof, 
 id lands, 
 nent the 
 lowance 
 tlemant, 
 person, 
 constitu- 
 md what 
 be allow- 
 ve there- 
 
 fore thought fit, with the advice of his Majesty's 
 Council,to issue this proclamation, hereby declaring, 
 in answer to the said enquiries, that, by his Majesty's 
 Royal instructions, I am empowered to make grants 
 on the following proportions : — That townships are to 
 consist of one hundred thousand acres of land, that 
 they do include the best and most profitable land, 
 and aico that they do comprehend such rivers as may 
 be at or near such settlement, and do extend as far 
 up into the Country as conveniently may be, taking 
 in a necessary part of the sea coast. That the quan- 
 tities of land granted will be in proportion to the 
 abilities of the planter to settle, cultivate and en- 
 close the same. That one hundred acres of wild 
 wood land will be allowed to every person being 
 master or mistress of a family, for himself or herself, 
 akd fifty acres for every white or black man, woman 
 or childjof which such person's family shall consist at 
 the actual time of making the grant, subject to the 
 payment of a quit rent of one shilling sterling per an- 
 num, for every fifty acres ; such quit rent to com- 
 mence at the expiration of ten years from the date 
 of each grant, and to be paid for his Majesty's use to 
 his Receiver General, at Halifax, or to his Deputy 
 on the spot. ' 
 
 *' That the grantees will be obliged by their said 
 grants to plant, cultivate, improve or enclose, one 
 third part of their lands within the space often years, 
 another third part within the space of twenty years, 
 and the remaining third part within the space of 
 thirty years, from the date of their grants. That no 
 one person can possess more than one thousand acres 
 by grant, on his or their own name. ' '' 
 
 ]\^ 
 
22Z 
 
 *< That every grantee, upon giving proof that he or 
 she has fulfilied the terms and conditions of his or 
 her grant, shall be entitled to another grant, in the 
 proportion and upon the conditions above mentioned. 
 That the Government of Nova-Scotia is conf>tituted 
 Jike those of the neighbouring Colonies ; tlic Legisla- 
 ture consisting of a Governor, Council, and House of 
 Assembly, and every township, as soon as it shall con- 
 sist of fifty families, will be entitled to send two Re- 
 presentatives to the General Assembly. The Courts 
 of Justice are also constituted in like manner with 
 those of the Massachusetts, Connecticut and the 
 other Northern Colonies. That as to the article of 
 religion, full liberty of conscience, both ol'hisMnjesty 's 
 Royal instructions and a late act of the General As- 
 sembly of this Province, is secured to persons of all 
 persuasions, Papists excepted, as may more fully ap- 
 pear by the following abstract of the said act, viz : 
 — " Protestants dissenting from the Church of Eng- 
 land, whether they be Calvinists, Lutherans, Quakers, 
 or under what denomination soever, shall have free 
 liberty of conscience, and may erect and build Meet- 
 ing Houses, for public worship, and may chose and 
 elect Ministers for the carrying on divine service, 
 and administration of the Sacrament, according to 
 their several opinions, and all contracts.made between 
 their Ministers and congregations, for the support of 
 their Ministry, and hereby declared valid, and shall 
 have their full force and effect according to the tenoi* 
 and conditions thereof, and all such Dissenters shall 
 be excused from any rates or taxes, to be made or 
 levied for the support of the Established Church of 
 England. 
 
22i 
 
 he or 
 his or 
 in the 
 ioned. 
 ituted 
 pgisla- 
 »use of 
 ill coii- 
 vo Re- 
 Courts 
 jr with 
 ind the 
 rticle of 
 njesty's 
 eral As- 
 ia of all 
 fully ap- 
 ,ct, viz : 
 ofEng- 
 iiiakers, 
 ave free 
 ild Meet- 
 hose and 
 } service, 
 iording to 
 between 
 jupport of 
 and shall 
 the tenor 
 iters shall 
 5 made or 
 Church of 
 
 <( That no taxes have hitherto been laid upon his 
 Majesty's subjects within this Province, nor are there 
 any fees of ufliice taken upon issuing the grants of 
 land. 
 
 " That I am not authorized to offer any bounty of 
 provisions : and I do hereby declare that I am ready 
 to lay out the lands and make grants immediately, 
 under the conditions above described, and to receive 
 and transmit to the Lords Commissioners for Trade 
 and Plantations, in order that the same may be laid be- 
 fore his Majesty for his approbation, such further 
 proposals as may be offered by any body of people, 
 for settling an entire township, under other condi- 
 tions that they may conceive more advantages to the 
 undertakers. 
 
 *' That forts are establishf d in the neighbourhood 
 of the lands proposed to be settled, and are garrisoned 
 by his Majesty's troops, with a view of giving all 
 manner of aid and protection to the settlers, if here- 
 after there should be need. — Given in the Council- 
 Chamber at Halifax, this lltli day of January, 1769, 
 in the 32d year of His Majesty's reign. 
 
 (Signed) CHARLES LAWRENCE. 
 
 While the settlement of the Province was advanc- 
 ed by these liberal and judicious proposals, its tran- 
 quillity was secured by the operations of the army. 
 The success of the expedition against Louisburg in- 
 duced Major-General Amherst, who had succeeded 
 to the command of the forces in North America, to 
 undertake the bold and arduous project of attempt- 
 ing the entire conquest of Canada. At a Military 
 Council, where this design was approved and adopt- 
 ed, the plan finally agreed upon was, that three 
 
 ,J^ 
 
J384 
 
 powerful armies should enter the country by different 
 iroutes, and make a simultaneous attack upon all the 
 strong holds of the French in the Province. The 
 capture of Quebec was assigned to an army of nine 
 thousand men, under General Wolfe, and a fleet un- 
 der Admiral Saunders. The reduction of Niagara, 
 the most important post in all North America, was 
 to be undertaken by General Prideaux, with a pow- 
 erful body of Provincials and friendly Indians; while 
 the main body of the army, consisting of twelve 
 thousand men, under the Commander-in-Chief, was 
 to invest Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then 
 form a junction with General Wolfe. This project, 
 though condemned by many military men, as subject 
 to a variety of casualties, which might have frus- 
 trated its execution, and endangered the safety of 
 each division of the army, was com])letely success- 
 ful in all its parts, and the Campaign terminated for 
 the year, (1759) by the capitulation of Quebec on 
 the 18th day of September. On this occasion the 
 people of Halifax indulged in the most extravagant 
 expressions of joy. Bon-fires, illuminations, fire- 
 works, public and private entertainments, were all 
 80 many convincing proofs of their generous partici- 
 pation in the success of his Majesty's arms, and of 
 the importance they attached to this event, as it re- 
 gar^led the interest and welfare of the colonies. The 
 conquest of Cape Breton had a powerful effect in 
 promoting the settlement of the Province, and the 
 reduction of Quebec gave the well grounded assur- 
 ance, that the toils of war would soon cease through- 
 out the land. 
 The Governor, in his address to the Assembly, 
 
225 
 
 jrent 
 
 I the 
 The 
 
 ["nine 
 
 Btun- 
 
 igara, 
 
 ,, was 
 pow- 
 while 
 
 twelve 
 
 f, was 
 
 a then 
 
 jroject, 
 
 subject 
 
 e frus- 
 
 ifety of 
 
 succees- 
 
 ited for 
 
 tebec on 
 
 3ion the 
 avagant 
 ns, fire- 
 were all 
 3 partici- 
 and of 
 as it re- 
 iB. The 
 effect in 
 and the 
 ed assur- 
 through- 
 
 ^ssemblyi 
 
 which was convened on the first of August, after 
 complimenting them on the zeal they had manifested 
 during the last session, congratulated them on the 
 pleasing and flattering prospect before them. " This,'* 
 said he, " appears to be the very crisis for putting the 
 Province into a flourishing and happy state. The 
 town of Halifax, surprisingly improved of late, in- 
 creases daily in wealth and numbers. Very exten- 
 sive tracts of the vacated land on the Bay of Fundy 
 have been granted to industrious and substantial 
 farmers. Applications for more are crowding in upon 
 me faster than I can prepare the grants ; and I make 
 no doubt, but that the well peopling the whole, will 
 keep pace with our warmest and most rapid wishes. 
 The establishment of a Yard in this excellent harbour 
 is a matter of the highest importance and advantage 
 to us ; and if his Majesty's arms in America, be bless- 
 ed with that success,this summer, which all appear- 
 ances are big with at present, the progress made in 
 Nova Scotia in one year will exceed the growth of 
 half a century in the most boasted of His Majesty's 
 American dominions." In proceeding to the business 
 of the session, he informed them that they had ef- 
 fected last year almost every thing essentially neces- 
 sary of a legislative nature, and that there now re- 
 mained but little for them to do beyond the passing 
 of a few local acts. As the most important of these, 
 on account of its effect upon public morals, he par- 
 ticularly recommended them to impose a duty on all 
 spirituous liquors, retailed in a smaller quantity than 
 fifteen gallons ; he also requested that provision 
 should be made for the support of the Light-house, 
 lately erected at Sambro Island; and that regulations 
 
 )29 
 
 1:1 ; , 
 
22Q 
 
 should be framed, for the management of the Work 
 house at Halifax. In addition to these suggestions, 
 which were adopted and provided for by bills, the 
 only laws of a general nature, passed during this 
 short session, was one for establishing the qualifica- 
 tions of Jurors, and another for quieting the posses- 
 sions of Protestant grantees of lands, formerly occu- 
 pied by the French inhabitants, and for preventing 
 actions relating to the same, by any persons claiming 
 under them. This was the last session of the first 
 House of Assembly of Nova-Scotia; a dissolution hav- 
 ing taken place immediately after its prorogation, 
 when writs were issued for a new general election.* 
 The fall of Quebec did not, according to the expec- 
 tation of the public, produce the submission of Cana- 
 da. The main body of the French army, which still 
 consisted of ten battalions of regulars, six thousand 
 Canadians, and a body of Indians, retired to Mon- 
 treal, after the battle on the plains of Abraham. 
 General Murray was left in possession of Quebec 
 with six thousand men, and Lord Colville was sta- 
 tioned at Halifax with a strong squadron, so as to be 
 in readiness to proceed up the St. Lawrence as soon 
 as the state of the weather would permit. His Lord- 
 ship, pursuant to his instructions, left Chebucto har- 
 bour on the 23d of April, with the fleet under his 
 command, but was retarded in his passage by thick 
 fogs, contrary winds, and large bodies of ice floating 
 down the river. The arrival of a small naval force 
 
 • Astliero is nothing of importance contained in (he jiroccedings 
 of the Assembly, between this time and 17G3, at wiiich period 
 this history terminates, I have not given a detailed account of thet-e 
 transactions. Enough lias been suid to gratify curiosity as to tho 
 first movements of the machinery of Government, and also enough 
 toibow Low unint«r«iting a continuation of it would be. 
 
227 
 
 Vork 
 tions, 
 3, the 
 J this 
 ilifica- 
 losses- 
 ' occu- 
 enting 
 aiming 
 le first 
 m hav- 
 igation, 
 jction.* 
 3 expec- 
 >f Cana- 
 lich still 
 lousand 
 to Mon- 
 braham. 
 Quebec 
 vas sta- 
 » as to be 
 3 as soon 
 [lis Lord- 
 ucto har- 
 inder his 
 ; by thick 
 pe floating 
 val force 
 
 i jiroccedings 
 vhich period 
 ount of theise 
 iity as to tho 
 1 also enough 
 )e. 
 
 from England, with the news that the fleet from Ha- 
 lifax was already in the St. Lawrence, completely 
 disconcerted the French, who had defeated General 
 Murray at Silleri, and invested Quebec, but were, by 
 this event, compelled to retire again to Montreal. 
 Here the Marquis de Vaudrieul, Governor-General 
 of Canada, had fixed his head-quarters, and deter- 
 mined to make his last stand. For this purpose, he 
 called in all his detachments, and collected around 
 him the whole force of the colony. General Murray, 
 Sir William Johnston, Colonel Warilland, and Gene- 
 ral Amherst, having formed a junction of their forces 
 at this place, Vaudrieul perceived that it was in vain 
 to make any further resistance, and capitulated. On 
 the 8th day of-. September, Montreal, Detroit, 
 ?(echelemachinach, and all other places within the 
 Government of Canada, were surrendered to his Bri- 
 tannic Majesty. The destruction of an armament 
 ordered out from France in aid of Canada, completed 
 the annihilation of the French power in North 
 America. This fleet, which consisted of one frigate 
 of thirty guns, two large store-ships, and nineteen 
 sail of smaller vessels, learning before its arrival on 
 the coast, that a British squadron had sailed up the 
 St. Lawrence, thought proper to take shelter in the 
 Bay of Chaleur. Captain Byron, the senior officer at 
 Louisburg, receiving intelligence of it, sailed imme- 
 diately in pursuit of them with five ships, and des- 
 troyed the whole armament, together with two bat- 
 teries erected for their defence, and two hundred 
 houses of the inhabitants. All the French subjects, 
 inhabiting the Territory from the Bay of Verte to Isle 
 Perco, and all the Indians through that tract of 
 
 ,,.'*■ 
 
228 
 
 eountry, were now subdued and subjected to the 
 English Government. They had already sent depu- 
 ties to acknowledge their submission to Colonel Frye, 
 who commanded in Cumberland, but they now re- 
 newed it in the most formal manner, by subscribing 
 articles, by which they undertook to repair in the 
 spring to Bay Verte, with all their effects, and ship- 
 ping, to be disposed of at the pleasure of the Governor. 
 They were accompanied by two Indian Chiefs of the 
 Micmac nation, a powerful and numerous people, now 
 become wholly dei)endent upon the English. The 
 French interest among the savages of the northern 
 part of America was totally extinguished, and their 
 transatlantic possessions shrunk within the limits of 
 Louisiana, an infant colony on the south of the Mis- 
 sisippi. 
 
 The conquest of Canada being now atchieved, 
 nothing remained to be done in North America ex- 
 cept the demolition of the fortifications of Louisburg; 
 for which purpose some able engineers had been sent 
 from England, with the squadron under Captain 
 Byron. The expense of maintaining an adequate 
 garrison at this place was deemed disproportion ed 
 to its value; and as its capture at any future period 
 by the French, might endanger the safety of Nova- 
 Scotia or Canada, its destruction was reluctantly 
 agreed upon. By means of mines, judiciously dispos- 
 ed and well constructed, the fortifications were re- 
 duced to a heap of rubbish, their glacis were levelled 
 and the ditches filled up. All the artillery, ammu- 
 nition, and implements of war, were removed to 
 Halifax, but the barracks were repaired, so as to 
 accommodate three hundred men occasionally. The 
 
229 
 
 hospital, with such of the private houses as remain- 
 ed after the siege, were left standing. This place, 
 erected at so great an expence, so formidable for its 
 strength, and so celebrated for the two sieges it sus- 
 tained, is now an inconsiderable fishing place, not 
 otherwise distinguished from the other harbours in 
 its neighbourhood, than from the name it has obtain- 
 ed in history. 
 
 From this view of the affairs of the war, our at- 
 tention is recalled to the domestic concerns of Nova- 
 Scotia, by the death of its gallant Governor; an in- 
 cident which, amidst all those brilliant successes, cast 
 a gloom over the whole of this infant Colony. His 
 Excellency was seized, on the 11th of October, with 
 an inflammatory affection of the lungs, of which he 
 died on the 19th, deeply regretted by every indivi- 
 dual in the Province. Few men ever gave so much 
 satisfaction to the Government by whom he was em- 
 ployed, or to the people over whom he presided, as 
 Governor Lawrence. There are still extant various 
 communications from the Ministry, acknowledging 
 his prudence, ability and zeal ; and the House of 
 Assembly caused a monument to be erected to his 
 memory, in the Parish Church of St. Paul's, at Hali- 
 fax, " from a grateful ?"3nse of the many important 
 services which the Province had received from him 
 during a continued course of zealous and indefatiga- 
 ble endeavours for the public good, and a wise, up- 
 right and disinterested administration." By this 
 event the Government devolved, for the time being, 
 on Jonathan Belcher, Esq. the Chief Justice of the 
 Province. 
 
 The New House of Assembly, which like the for- 
 
230 
 
 mer, had sat but twice, was now dissolved by the 
 death of the King, which happened on the 24th Oc- 
 tober,* and as several Counties had been formed, and 
 the population of the Province was greatly increased, 
 the President and the Council took upon themselves 
 to change the whole representation of the Country. — 
 They therefore abolished the election of members 
 for the Province at large, and issued writs conforma- 
 ble to the following scale: 
 
 For Halifax County 2 members. 
 Lunenburg, do. 2 do. 
 ._■[ Annapolis, do. 2 do. 
 Kings, do. 2 do. 
 
 Halifax Township 4 members. 
 
 Lunenburg, do. 2 do. 
 
 Annapoiia, do. 2 do. 
 
 Horton, do. 2 do. 
 
 Cornwaliis, do. 2 do. 
 
 Falmouth, do. 2 do. 
 
 Liverpool, do. 2 do. 
 
 16 
 
 Counties, 8 
 Total. •••24 
 
 The Assembly was convened at Halifax, on the 1st 
 day of July, 1761, and during the Session a formal 
 treaty was executed with Joseph Argimault, Chief of 
 the Monguash tribe of Indians. At the time, it was 
 considered a matter of great moment to the Province, 
 and the members of his Majesty's Council ,the Repre- 
 sentatives, the Magistracy and public Officers, were 
 required to attend at the Great Talk. 
 
 * The procession for the Proclamation of George III. was as fol- 
 lows : — 1st. A company of Grenadiers ; 2d, Constables ; 3d, Ma- 
 gistrates ; 4th, Civil Oflicers ; 5t!i, Constables; 6th, Provost 
 Marshall, with his two deputies on horseback ; 7th, Band ofMu- 
 eic ; 8th, Constables ; 9th, Commandur-in-Chief of the Province, 
 attended by the Commandant of the Garrison, Admiral Lord Col- 
 ville and the Members of the Council; 10th, Speaker and Members 
 of the Assembly; lllh. Principal inhabitants of the town. His Ma- 
 jesty was proc' -Tied amidst loud acclamations, in five places — 
 1st, at the Cour- 'ouse door ; 2d, north gate of the town ; 3d, 
 before Governme House ; 4(h, at the south gate of the town ; 
 5th, on the Par- ie, n-here the troops were drawn up, and a saluto 
 of 21 guns fire by the artillery, and 3 vollies by the soldiery.— 
 During the Pr( .'ession, the Northumberland, Lord Colville's ship, 
 fired a royal s. lute, in which she was followed by every ship in the 
 barbour, acc^ >ding to the seniority of the Captains. 
 
y the 
 1 Oc- 
 
 i, and 
 iased, 
 selves 
 try.— 
 mbers 
 forma- 
 
 (lombers* 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 the 1st 
 . formal 
 hief of 
 it was 
 :ovince, 
 ; Repre- 
 PS, were 
 
 was as fol- 
 3d, Ma- 
 Provost 
 
 ind of Mu- 
 Province, 
 Lord Col- 
 
 d Members 
 His Ma- 
 
 e placoi — 
 town ; 3(], 
 tlie town ; 
 nd a saliito 
 soldiery.— 
 
 ville'e ship, 
 ship in the 
 
 231 
 
 After the preliminary ceremony of introduction had 
 taken place, the Preeidcnt made an address to the 
 Chief, to the following* effect : — 
 
 " That, as his Majesty the King of Great Britain, 
 had treated the Indians with the greatest lenity, he 
 expected the utmost fidelity and submission from 
 them. 
 
 " That if they should presume to break the present 
 peace, his Majesty would never make u,- >ther treaty 
 with them, and that they never would be forgiven. 
 
 *' That, as the hatchet was now to be buried in 
 token of their submission to, and amity with his Ma- 
 jesty, it was also expected that they should, upon all 
 occasions, exert themselves in opposing the designs 
 of his Majesty's enemies. 
 
 " That he, the Commander-in-Chief,now took him 
 by the hand, in token that his Majesty received him 
 into his favor and protection." 
 
 The treaty was then reciprocally signed by the 
 President and the Indian Chief, and witnessed by the 
 Council and Assembly. 
 
 After the execution of this instrument, they march- 
 'ed in formal procession to the place where the hatch- 
 et was to be buried, when the Indian Chief spoke as 
 follows : — 
 
 " That he had formerly paid obedience to another 
 King, but that now he acknowledged King George 
 the third as his only lawful Sovereign, and vowed 
 eternal submission and fidelity to him. 
 
 " That this submission was not made by compul- 
 sion, but that it was free and voluntary, and with his 
 whole heart, and that he should always esteem King 
 George the Third as his great father and friend. 
 
 .*• 
 
232 
 
 it 
 
 f ;. 
 
 " That he now buried the hatchet in behalf of him- 
 f elf and his whole tri^e, in token of their submission, 
 and of their hr-^'ing made peace, which should never 
 be broken upcn any condition whatever." He then 
 laid the hatchet in the grave, which had been pre- 
 viously prepared for :*- and when the same was in- 
 terred with the usual formalities, his Majesty's health 
 was drank by all present, and the whole ceremony 
 concluded by three cheers from the surrounding mul- 
 titude. 
 
 The number and ferocity of the Indians, and the 
 predatory habits in which they had indulged during 
 the late war, rendered them objects of great atten- 
 tion and concern to the local Government, n^ or- 
 der to prevent the frauds which were daily practised 
 upon them, and the vindictive measures to which 
 they usually resorted for redress, Truck-Houses had 
 been lately established to supply them with goods, on 
 the account and under the direction of the British 
 Government. A Conmiissary General was now ap- 
 pointed (Benjamin Gerrish) for the Indian trade, 
 throughout the Province, who was allowed five per 
 cent, on the amount of goods sold, and two and a half 
 per cent, on the furs taken in exchange. Subordi- 
 nate officers were also commissioned at the several 
 Truck-Houses, who received an annual stipend for 
 their services. The merchandize sold to the Indians 
 was set at a price which was calculated to reim- 
 burse to Government the salary of the Commissary, 
 the wages of the officers, and the charges of transpor- 
 tation, while it incurred the hazard of profit or loss 
 on the sale of the Furs received in barter from the 
 savages. At a conference held between the Agents 
 
233 
 
 rhim- 
 ssion, 
 never 
 8 then 
 n pre- 
 ^aB in- 
 health 
 emony 
 ig mul- 
 
 md the 
 during 
 t att«n- 
 iu or- 
 ractiaed 
 ) which 
 ses had 
 oods, on 
 1 British 
 now ap- 
 1 trade, 
 five per 
 nd a half 
 Subordi- 
 ! several 
 pend for 
 e Indians 
 to reim- 
 imissary, 
 transpor- 
 fi't or loss 
 from the 
 le Agents 
 
 of Government and some of the most intelligent In- 
 dians, a tabic of prices was agreed upon* for all the 
 different kinds of Furs to be found in the Country, 
 but the value, instead of being reduced to pounds, shil- 
 
 * As it is a relict of a people now fast disappearing from the face 
 of the earth, a regiiliition ol'a trade no longer existing in this Pro- 
 vince, and in otlier respects interesting, it is deemed worthy of 
 preservation by being inserted at largo : 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 That a pound of the best Spring Beaver, be valued at iivo shil- 
 lings, and that two pounds of Spring Beaver be equal to three 
 pounds of Full Beaver. 
 
 That a Loutro or Otter Skin, be esteemed equal to a pound of 
 Spring Beaver. 
 
 That three Murtin, Martro or Sable skins, be esteemed equal to a 
 pound of Spring Beaver. 
 
 That a Pequon or Fisher's skin, be equal to a pound of Spring 
 beaver. 
 
 That six Foins or Vizons, or Mink skins, be equal to a pound of 
 Spring beaver. 
 
 That one Ours or Eear skin, large and in good season, be equal to 
 a pound and one third of Spring beaver, and others in proportion. 
 
 That a Renard Rouge or Red Fox skin, be equal to half a pound 
 of Spring beaver. 
 
 That a Renard Noir or black Fox skin, be equal to two pounds 
 of Spring beaver. 
 
 That a Renard Orpente, or silvered Fox skin, be equal to two 
 pounds ond a half of Spring beaver. 
 
 That ton Rats Musque, or Musquash Skins, be equal to a pound 
 of Spring Beaver. 
 
 That Loup Marines or Seal Skins, from three feet each and a half 
 long to twelve feet long, be valued from 8d. to 3s. 4d. 
 
 That a large original or Moose skin, be equal to a pound and a 
 kalf of Spring beaver. 
 
 That a large Loup>Cervier or Cat skin, be equal to two pounds of 
 Spring beaver. 
 
 That ten Blette« or ermine skins, be equal to a pound of Spring 
 beaver. 
 
 That six pounds of plumes or feathers be equal to a pound of 
 Spring beaver. 
 
 That u large blanket, be sold for two pounds of Spring beaver. 
 That two gallons of rum, be sold for one pound ofSpring bea- 
 ver. 
 
 That two and a half gallons of molasses, be sold for one pound 
 ofSpring beaver. 
 
 That thirty pounds of flour, be sold for one pound ofSpring bea- 
 ver. 
 
 That fourteen pounds of pork, be sold for one pound of Spring 
 beaver. 
 
 That two yards of stroud, be sold for three pounds ofSpring bea- 
 ver, and that the prices of all other kinds of merchandize, not men- 
 tioned herein, be regulated according to the rates of the foregoing 
 articles. 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 . !..'*■ 
 
234 
 
 lingi and pence) as the current medium of exchange, 
 was altogether regulated by the skin of a beaver, in- 
 trapped in the Spring, which, as it was sold at five 
 shillings a pound, formed a standard, by which all 
 others were estimated. 
 
 While the local Government was thus employed 
 in adopting measures to insure the tranquillity of the 
 Province, emigration began to flow in a steady and 
 constant stream, from the Colonies on the Continent. 
 From Boston there arrived six vessels, carrying two 
 hundred settlers, and from Rhode Island four schoo- 
 ners, with one hundred passengers. New London fur- 
 nished one hundred, and Plymouth one hundred and 
 eighty emigrants, making in all five hundred and 
 eighty souls. From the North of Ireland there ar- 
 rived, at the same time, two hundred persons, who, 
 with a constant succession of adventurers, laid the 
 foundations of those beautiful townships which now 
 lie extended on the borders of the Bay of Fundy and 
 the Basin of Minas. 
 
 For the selection of these substantial farmers of 
 New-England, the Province was indebted to the dis- 
 cernment of Governor Lawrence. His Majesty's 
 Ministers, soon after the removal of the French, ex- 
 pressed a wish that their cultivo.ed lands should be 
 reserved formilitary settlers, but his Excellency, who 
 had been bred to the profession of arms, and was 
 well acquainted with the habits of soldiers, prevailed 
 upon Government to relinquish the design. It is to 
 be regretted that the opinion of this experienced and 
 valuable officer, on this subject, as expressed in an 
 official communication to the Lords of Trade and 
 Plantations, has not been considered by their succes- 
 
235 
 
 Bors. " I beg leave to observe to your Lordships," 
 he said, " that besides their transportation, such set- 
 tlers must be furnished with provisions for one year 
 at least, with materials and tools for building, imple- 
 ments for husbandry, and cattle to stock their lands; 
 for soldiers, who have nothing of their own to set out 
 with, will necessarily be in want of every thing in 
 the beginning. I fear that the difficulty of forming 
 them into societies will be great, that the undertak- 
 ing will be excessively expensive to the Crown, and 
 that it will prove abortive. According to my ideas of 
 the military, which I offer with all possible deference 
 and submission, they are the least qualified, from 
 their occupation as soldiers, of any men living to es- 
 tablish a new Country, where they must encounter 
 difficulties with which they are altogether unac- 
 quainted. I am the rather convinced of it, as every 
 soldier that has come into the Province, since the 
 establishment of Halifax, has either quitted it or be- 
 come a dramseller. If my opinion were to have any 
 weight in a matter of such importance, I would hum- 
 bly offer it to your Lordships' consideration ; whethcFi 
 in the event of the disbanded military being left in 
 America, it would not be more adviseable to estab- 
 lish them in the neighbourhood of the old ColonieBf 
 where, if they cannot thrive and do well in one way, 
 they may find means of supporting themselves in 
 another." 
 
 In consequence of this remonstrance, these exten- 
 sive reserves were thrown open to respectable and 
 industrious people, whose occupation had always been 
 the cultivation of the soil, who were inured to la- 
 bour, aware of the difficulties they had to encounteff 
 
 ■»»»« 
 
238 
 
 and fully prepared to overcome them. But although 
 the Country was inviting, and the inducements held 
 out by Government such as had never been olVered 
 in the old Colonies, the expense of removal, the op- 
 position of their friends, and the hostility of the In- 
 dians, had a strong* tendency to check and restrict 
 the emigration. Besides the common artifices of 
 pepreeenting the soil in Nova-Scotia stony and ste- 
 rile, many of the principal proprietors of real estate 
 endeavoured to retard and prevent tlic departure of 
 people,by contriving to force them into the levies that 
 were making for the public service. 'J hose who lived 
 at a distance from the coast incurred a great expense 
 in procuring a passage for their families and eflccts, 
 while oil experienced the unavoidable inconvenience 
 and loss of disposing of their real estate, at a long 
 credit. Those difficulties would have proved an in- 
 superable barrier to the introduction of such a res- 
 pectable class of people, had not the undeviating tes- 
 timony of all whom they had sent to explore the Pro- 
 Tince, convinced them of its decided superiority to 
 ^ew-£ngiand, in almost every essential point. — 
 Jn a report, which his Honor President Belcher made 
 to the Board of Trade, dated the 12th December, 
 1760, these infant settlements are thus described: 
 " I have the satisfaction to acquaint your Lordships 
 that the townships of Horton, Cornwallis and Fal- 
 mouth, are so well established that every thing bears 
 a most hopeful appearance ; as soon as these town- 
 Bhi])s were laid out by the Surveyor, palesaded forts 
 were erected in each of them by order of the late 
 Governor, with room to secure all the inhabitants, 
 who were formed into a militia, to join what troops 
 
tiough 
 8 held 
 jlVered 
 he op- 
 Lhe In- 
 •cstrict 
 CCS of 
 nil stc- 
 l estate 
 plure of 
 ies that 
 ho lived 
 expense 
 . ellccts, 
 enience 
 t a long 
 ;d an in- 
 ;h a res- 
 iting tes- 
 the Pro- 
 riority to 
 point. — 
 ner made 
 ecember, 
 lescribed: 
 Lordships 
 and Fal- 
 ling bears 
 lese town- 
 ided forts 
 )f the late 
 [habitants, 
 rhat troops 
 
 237 
 
 could be spared to oppose any attempts that might bo 
 formed against them by Indian tribes, which had 
 not then surrendered, and bodies of French inhabi- 
 tants who were hovering about the Country. After 
 the necessary business, the proper season coming on, 
 they were employed in gathering hay for winter. — 
 One thousand tons were provided for Ilorton, five 
 hundred for Cornwaliia, and six hundred for Fal- 
 mouth, and about this time they put some corn and 
 roots into the ground, and began to build their houses. 
 — In the month of August, the late Governor hav- 
 ing returned from Liverpool, made a progress into 
 these settlements, where, after having regulated se- 
 veral matters, the great objects of his atteni"an vvre 
 the dykes, of which the breach made in that ^f the 
 river Canard, in the township of Cornwallis, as it 
 was the greatest, was his first care. For this j rnose 
 the inhabitants, with their cattle and carriage s, toge- 
 ther with those hired from Horton, at their own ex- 
 pense, were joined with some of the provincial troops 
 andAcadians,who were best acquainted with works of 
 this kind, to make a collection of the necessary ma- 
 terials to repair the breach. A considerable quantity 
 was accordingly got ready, when the inundation usual 
 at this time of the year, put a stop to the work for 
 this season. However, the matcrio!-; are all secured 
 against tho next undertaking, and care was immedi- 
 ately taken to protect asmuc'softhe dykes in this 
 and the neighbouring tov/n&hips, as would inclose 
 land sufficient to raise bread oorn for them the next 
 year, except in Falmouth, where the upland is in 
 very good condition for that purpose, 
 "The late Governor having observed how necessary 
 
 i ■ 
 
 ! U" 
 
238 
 
 it was, that a good road should be made from HaUfax 
 into these settlements, immediately on his return or- 
 dered all the troops, that could be spared from duty, 
 to be employed on this work, beginning at Fort Sack- 
 ville. It was at this time very difficult to be passed 
 in many places, on account of swamps and broken 
 bridges, but it has since been finished so as to be- 
 come a good horse road, by which it will be an easy 
 day's journey in the summer time thence into the set- 
 tlements. The greatest part of the expense attend- 
 ing this, well be defrayed out of a sum of money 
 appropriated from a seizure of Molasses. 
 
 " Many of the Inhabitants are rich and in good cir- 
 cumstances. About one hundred have transported 
 themselves and their eflects, at their own expense, 
 and are very well able to provide for their own sup- 
 port. As to the poorer sort, there is provision made 
 for them, until the month of next August. In the 
 township of Liverpool, they are now employed in 
 building three vessels for the fishery, and have laid 
 in hay for the winter fodder of their cattle, and have 
 raised a considerable quantity of roots, and erected a 
 grist and saw mill. They have sixteen sail of fish- 
 ing schooners, and although several of them came 
 late in the season, they have cured near five hun- 
 dred quintal offish ; the principal Owners of which 
 are gone back to the Continent, to dispose of it, and 
 will return in the Spring for a further supply of stock 
 for their lands. From these circumstances I flatter 
 myself, your Lordships will entertain a favourable 
 opinion of this settlement. In regard to the town- 
 ehips of Annapolis and Granville, about thirty pro- 
 prietors are settled in each ; as they came late in the 
 
alifux 
 rnor- 
 duty, 
 Sack- 
 massed 
 )roken 
 to be- 
 ll easy 
 he set- 
 attend- 
 money 
 
 ood cir- 
 sported 
 xpense, 
 wn sup- 
 m made 
 In the 
 iloyed in 
 lave laid 
 md liave 
 jrected a 
 il of fish- 
 em came 
 ive hun- 
 )f which 
 of it, and 
 y of stock 
 js I flatter 
 avourable 
 the town- 
 thirty pro- 
 late in the 
 
 S39 
 
 year, they did not bring all their families, but are 
 preparing against their arrival in the Spring, at which 
 time the rest of the proprietors are expect ed—of the 
 townships of Chester and Dublin, as they did not 
 contract early in the year, but a few proprietors are 
 yet come to each of them ; however, persons of con- 
 siderable substance are engaged in them, who are 
 making preparations to come to their lands, as early 
 in the next year as the season will permit. In the 
 engagements entered into for carrying on the settle- 
 ments, no promises were made of transportation op 
 corn, to any but the grantees of Horton, Cornwallis 
 and Falmouth, and although the latter grantees have 
 readily and cheerfully engaged themselves, yet they 
 pleaded much for such encouragements, and have 
 found themselves greatly obstructed for want of 
 these advantages. As the perfect establishment of 
 the settlements depends, in a very great degree, on 
 the repairs of the dykes, for the security of the marsh 
 lands, from whence the support of the inhabitants 
 will become easy and plentiful, necessary measures 
 for effecting this great point have been fully consi- 
 dered, and I humbly conceive that the dykes may be 
 put into very good condition, if, with your Lordships' 
 approbation, one hundred of the French inhabitants 
 may be employed in different parts of the Province, 
 to assist and instruct in their repairs, the new settlers 
 having come from a Country in which no such works 
 are wanting. I must not omit to mention to your 
 Lordships, that the settlement of Lunenburg, is in a 
 very thriving condition, and that none are in want 
 there except the sickly and infirm." 
 In the midst of this happy state of things, the peo- 
 
 » 
 
 i i-'' 
 
240 
 
 pie were seized with a panic on hearing of the arri- 
 val and success of the French fleet at Newfoundland, 
 which at this distance of time seems not only dispro- 
 portioned to its importance, but altogether unaccount- 
 able. M. de Tourney, having escaped from Brest, 
 with four ships of the line and a bomb Ketch, with a 
 small body of land forces, arrived, on the 24thofJune, 
 
 at the Bay of Bulls, in Newfoundland, where he land- 
 ed some troops without opposition, and finding the 
 Island unprepared to make a resistance, took pos- 
 session of two small English settlements, (Trinity and 
 Carbonear) which he razed to the ground. He also 
 captured several English vessels, and destroyed the 
 stages ond implements of fishery, of the inhabitants 
 on the Coast. The town of St. John, being in no 
 condition for a defence, capitulated; and the Garrison, 
 consisting of one company of soldiers, were made 
 prisoners ol war, together with the officers and crew 
 of his Majesty's ship Gramont, which was in the har- 
 bour. 
 
 The moment that intelligence was received in 
 Nova-Scotia of this petty triumph, the inhabitants 
 were in the utmost alarm, and dreaded every moment 
 a similar visitation. A general insurrection of the 
 savages, and of the few Acadians still remaining in 
 the Province, was confidently expected as auxiliary 
 to the arrival of the French, and the President so 
 far partook of the alarm, as to lay an embargo for 
 ten days on all the shipping, and to issue a procla- 
 mation, declaring the existence of Marshal Law. — 
 The militia of King's County was ordered to collect 
 the Acadians resident there, and convey them imme- 
 diately to Halifax ; in consequence of which Lieut.- 
 
■^ 
 
 l^ill 
 
 arri- 
 
 land, 
 
 ispro- 
 
 !ount- 
 
 Jrest, 
 
 vith a 
 
 fJune, 
 
 land- 
 ngthe 
 ok pos- 
 ity and 
 He also 
 yed the 
 ibitants 
 \g in no 
 larrison, 
 jre made 
 md crew 
 the har- 
 
 3eived in 
 habitants 
 y moment 
 jn of the 
 naining in 
 J auxiliary 
 •esident so 
 nbargo for 
 ; a procla- 
 lal Law. — 
 i to collect 
 hem imme- 
 lich Lieut.- 
 
 **\ 
 
 Colonel DennisoH, with a strong detachment, escort- 
 ed one hundred and thirty of them thither, and deli- 
 vered them into the custody of the troops. At a 
 Council, hold Oil the 25th of July, it was unanimously 
 resolved to transport them, together with a number 
 of others, still held in custody, to Massachusetts ; and 
 request Governor Barnard to make arrangements fop 
 their settlement within that Province. On the arri- 
 val of these unfortunate people the transports were 
 ordered to anchor under the guns of Castle Wil- 
 liam, for safety, and remain there until the General 
 Court should authorize their being received into the 
 country. The despatches from the President of No- 
 va-Scotia were laid before the Assembly, who, instead 
 of making provision for their reception, forbad them 
 to land, and requested the Governor, on no account 
 whatever, to permit them to become, as their prede- 
 cessors had been, a burden to the public. A report 
 of these proceedings was transmitted to General Am- 
 herst, but before his Excellency's reply was received 
 the Assembly was prorogued, and nothing remained 
 for the Agent of the transports but to return to Hali- 
 fax, where he arrived, with his prisoners, about the 
 middle of October. In the mean time Lord Colville 
 set sail from Halifax, with the Squadron under his 
 command, for Newfoundland, and in a short time the 
 town and port of St. John's, with all the o.her incon- 
 siderable places which the French had taken on the 
 coast, were recovered, with the trifling loss of about 
 twenty men. The further progress of hostilities was 
 arrested by the preliminary Articles of Peace, which 
 were signed on the 3d of November, and on the 10th 
 
 day of February, 1762, the definitive treaty was exc- 
 
 31 
 
 li 
 
 ii-.»«' 
 

 %, 
 
 it4Z 
 
 cuted at Paris. By the second article of this treaty 
 France renounced and guaranteed to Great Britain 
 all Nova< Scotia or Acadia, and likewise Canada, Cape 
 Breton, and all the Islands in the River and Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. Thus terminated the power of the 
 French in North America, and with it the hostilities 
 which had retarded the improvement and cultivation 
 of the Colonies in that quarter. 
 
 The uniform tranquility and repose which Nova- 
 Scotia has since enjoyed, afforda us no materials for 
 an historical narrative, hut it supplies us with just 
 cause of gratitude to that parent State, which has pro- 
 ' cured for us the blessings of peace and prosperity, at 
 a time when it was experiencing more national cala- 
 mity than at any other period of its history. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 ■H. '''^ i 
 
 A Chronological Table of events connected with and illmtrth 
 Hve oftJie History of JSPova- Scotia, 
 
 M:i^c,^ f i 
 
 '%W- 
 
 [From 1763 to 1828.] 
 Suum quaque in annum refetre. 
 
 1763 .1 J 
 
 i^-n 
 
 'iiiS^' 
 
 Feb. 10. A definitive Treaty of Peace between 
 Great Britain and France, signed at Paris ; by the se- 
 cond article of which France renounced, and guaran- 
 teed to Great Britain, all Nova-Scotia, Canada, Cape 
 Breton, and the Islands in the River and Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Aug. 16. Frederick, Duke of York, born. > ' 
 
 Londonderry first settled by Irish emigrants. 
 
 Township of Horton founded, containing 100,000 
 
 acres. 
 
00,000 
 
 1 243 
 
 -> Sept. 26. Montague Wilmot appointed Lt. Go- 
 vernor of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 Dec. 28. Appointed as a day of general Thanks- 
 giving on account of the Peace. 
 
 Imports into Nova-Scotia for this year — £4,312 
 9 10 : Exports from £16,303 3 4. 
 
 1764 
 
 The Spanish Potatoe first introduced into North 
 America, and found to be more prolific than the Irish- 
 Population of Nova-Scotia 1 3,000. 
 .^, A general Survey of the British Empire in North 
 America begun by order of government. 
 . A settlement made at Port Rose way, by Alexan- 
 der M'Nutt and his associates, who call it New Jem 
 salcm, since known by the name of Shelburne. - v 
 ( , Township of Granville, granted to 1 58 proprietors. 
 
 Income of the Houses of Louisburg, applied to the 
 repair of roads. 
 
 Governor and Council order the quit rents to be 
 collected. 
 
 Jan. 28. Governor Wilmot recommends to the Earl 
 of Halifax, that the remaining Acadians be settled in 
 some of the conquered Islands in the West Indies. 
 . April 6. The north suburbs of Halifax, upon ap- 
 plication of the people, called Gottingen. -,. ..*>-; v 
 
 April 24. All Captains of his Majesty's ships, in the 
 harbour of Halifax, appointed Justices of the Peace. 
 
 May 23. Orders received from his Majesty, that 
 in future the Chief Justice shall not take upon him- 
 self the administration of the Government of the 
 Province, in the event of the death or the absence 
 of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or Comman- 
 der-in-Chief^ . . , , < ., u 
 
 h,i* 
 
 : !l 
 
uu 
 
 ' Licutentant-Governor Wilmot appointed Gover- 
 nor of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 Sept. 28. Instructions received to permit the Aca- 
 dians to settle in the Province, and hold lands upon 
 taking the customary oaths. 
 
 Oct. 9. Governor Wilmot informs the Earl of Ha- 
 lifax that 150Acadians, at Canseau, having been re- 
 fused leave to remove to the Island of St. Peter's, 
 immediately departed from the Province, without iur- 
 ther application, and that many of the Neutrals, who 
 had been sent to Philadelphia, had gone to St. Fran- 
 cois, where they had perished from the climate. 
 
 Nov. 10. Jonathan Binney sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Dec. 20. A large tract of Country upon the south 
 east side of the Pesiquid river, commonly called Pe- 
 siquid, erected into a Township, and called 
 Windsor^ and included tcithin the County of HalU 
 fax ; a public Market established there, to be held 
 every Tuesday, and Fairs to Lo held annually, on 
 the 3d Tuesday of May and 3d Tuesday of October. 
 
 * Stamp Act passed, to which Nova-Scotia and Ca- 
 nada submit. ^ ' - 
 
 - Jan. 30. House of Assembly of Nova-Scotia dis- 
 solved, when the Governor and Council alter the 
 Representation as follows : — County of Halifax to 
 elect four members, Town of Halifax two ; every 
 other County two, and the Townships of Horton, 
 Cornwallis, Falmouth, Cumberland, Granville, Anna- 
 polis, Lunenburg, Liverpool, Onslow and Truro, one 
 Member each. 
 
 " April 2L A spot or macula of the sun, more than 
 thrice the bigness of ourcarth,pa&sed the sun's centre. 
 
"'*<. 
 
 245 
 
 April 30. The country bordering on the River 
 St. John erected into a county called Sunbury. 
 
 May 28. The fourth General Assembly convened 
 at Halifax, William Nesbet, Speaker. 
 . June 1. The House of Assembly request the Go- 
 vernor either to restore the representation as it stood 
 before the 30th January last, or to concur in a bill 
 for its permanent Establishment, to the latter of 
 which he promises to accede. ' ? ^ r!.k 
 
 Aug. 21. William Henry, Duke of Clarence, born. 
 
 Aug. 23. The Governor receives information from 
 the Lords of Trade, that a new Board has been estab- 
 lished, of which Lord Dartmouth is President. 
 
 Aug. 26. In consequence of an application of Mr. 
 Murray, the Governor of Canada, contributions are 
 made at Halifax, for the relief of the people of Mon- 
 treal, who had suffered a loss by fire of £87,580. 
 
 Oct. 15. Governor Wilmot takes the oath pre- 
 scribed by the Stamp Act. - ' • i-'- 
 
 Dec. 10. Cape Breton, and all Islands within 
 three leagues of it, erected into a County by the 
 name of the County of Breton, and entitled to send 
 two members to the assembly ,and ako to choose absentees, 
 
 1766. 
 
 Parliamentary Estimates for Nova-Scotia, £4,866. 
 
 Parliament repeals the Stamp Act. 
 
 May 23. Governor Wilmot dies at Halifax, and 
 Mr. Green administers the Government as senior 
 Councillor. 
 
 Aug. 23. Michael Franklin sworn in as Lieut. -Gov. 
 
 Sept. 9. An edition of the Province Laws order- 
 to be prepared by John Duport. . . /: .i .. ^^ 
 
 i ■! 
 
 ^1. 
 
246 
 
 " • Nov. 27. Right Hon. Lord William Campbell 
 Bworn in as Governor. .!'..»> ?- i 
 
 Joseph Goreham, sworn in as Councillor. ' 
 
 1767. 
 H5 Parliamentary estimates for Nova-Scotia, £4,866. 
 !rr Parliament passes an act for the establishment of 
 a Custom- House, and a board of Commissioners in 
 America, duties to take place after the 20th Nov. 
 
 An Act of Parliament passed, imposing a duty, to 
 be paid by the Colonists on tea, printed glass and 
 colours, imported into the Colonies, i' 
 , : Township of Yarmouth granted in 153 shares. 
 • Feb. 9. Governor and Council first take the 
 oath of office as Judges in the Court of Appeals. The 
 power of Legislation of the Assembly of New- York 
 suspended by Act of Parliament, until they com- 
 ply with an act of Parliament for supplying his 
 Majesty's troops. 
 
 August. Mandamus, under his Majesty's sign ma- 
 nual and signet, issued to the several individuals 
 by whom the townships in the Island of St. John 
 were drawn, directed to the Governor of Nova-Scotia, 
 commanding him to pass grants of the several town- 
 ships to them, their heirs and assigns ; thus was the 
 whole Island, except the small reservations for three 
 intended County Towns, given away in one day. , 
 
 Nov. 2. Edward Duke of Kent born. 
 
 Dec. 2. A new Seal of the Province, received 
 from Lord Shelburne, representing on one side 
 the Country of Nova- Scotia, and a British Mer- 
 chant trading with an Indian for Furs, and al- 
 so a fishing vessel, boat and net, with this in- 
 scription round it " Sigillum Prov. Nostra) Novae 
 
247 
 
 Scotiffi sivc AcadisD in America/* and in the exerque 
 this mot^:o " terrro marisque opes," and on the other 
 side the Royal Arms, Garter Supporters, and motto, 
 with this inscription round the circumference : — 
 " Georgius III. D. G Mag. Bri. Fr. et Hib. Rex. P. 
 D. Brun. et Lun. Dux. S. R. J. R. Mess it L. when 
 the old Seal was immediately returned to the Coun- 
 cil at White Hall to be defaced. 
 
 1768 •^ 
 
 The Salary of the Province Gardener £32 lOpran. 
 
 April. Lord Hillsboro requires the Governor to 
 use his utmost influence to prevail upon the Assem- 
 bly to take no notice of the Circular Letter of the As- 
 sembly of Massachusetts, requesting their co-opera- 
 tion, and to treat it with the contempt it deserves. 
 
 April 15. Orders sent from England to disconti- 
 nue the plan heretofore followed, of supplying the In- 
 dians with Goods at the Truck Houses. '' 
 
 June 27. Benjamin Gerrish sworn in a Councillor. 
 
 June 30. Lord Hillsboro authorizes the Governor 
 to expend £500 out of the contingent Fund, for the 
 repair of roads, and £100 for presents to the Indians. 
 
 July 1. Warrants of Survey issue for lands lying 
 between Sissaboo and Cape St. Mary, to be laid out 
 as a Township, which, it is ordered by Michael 
 Franklin, shall be called Clare. ^,; s 
 
 July 1 1 . General Gage withdraws the troops from 
 Annapolis, Cumberland, Amherst, ana St. John River. 
 
 Sept. Two British Regiments, escorted by seven 
 armed vessels, sailed from Halifax to Boston. 
 
 Oct. Joseph Woodmess appointed Receiver Gene- 
 ral of Quit Rents by His Majesty, giving Bonds, him- 
 self in £1000, and two Sureties in £500 each. 
 
 rl 
 
 I in 
 
 ! '1 
 
 ! 
 
|l ! 
 
 24S 
 
 ' Nov. 15. Lord Hillsboro requires, when an Agent 
 of the Province is appointed, that he shall be chosen 
 '%,■ by the whole Legislature, and that a joint committee 
 
 be appointed, consisting of Members of the Council 
 and df the House, to instruct him and carry on the 
 correspondence. 
 
 1769 
 
 Parliamentary Estimate for Nova-Scotia ^,375. 
 
 John Wesley sends two Methodist Preachers to 
 America. 
 
 ( Feb. 21. The harbor of Halifax, from the inten- 
 sity of the cold, so full of ice that vessels can neither 
 enter nor leave it ; a circumstance which has not oc- 
 curred for ten years. In the woods the snow is on a 
 level, between four and five feet deep. 
 
 During this year Captain Cook makes his first dis- 
 coveries in the South Seas. 
 
 The Surveyor-General, Charles Morris, sent to 
 New York, to solicit Emigration to Nova- Scotia, to 
 make known the terms of Government, and give in- 
 formation to all applicants. 
 
 The Dock Yard at Halifax extended and improved. 
 
 The Trade of Great Britain with her Colonies, on 
 an average of three years, employed 1078 ships, and 
 28,010 seamen ; value of Imports to the Colonies, 
 JCd,370,900, and exports from Colonies to Great Bri- 
 tain and elsewhere £3,924,606. 
 
 1770. 
 i The Governor and public officers arrive at St. 
 John Island to organize the Government, at which 
 time there are 150 families on the Island. 
 
 Feb. 28. Govemorof Nova- Scotia sends to Pierre 
 Thomas, Chief of the Mareachite Indians on the Ri- 
 
S49 
 
 ^4. 
 
 Ter St. John, in consideration of the good behaviour 
 of his Tnbe, a Medal of Silver with the picture of the 
 King and Queen, also a gorget and medals to 5 others. 
 
 April 2. House of Assembly dissolved, and writs 
 issued for the election of Members as heretofore, with 
 the exception of Cape Breton, which, on account of 
 its not having a sufficient number of Freeholders to 
 make an Election, is annexed to the County of Hali- 
 fax, and deemed to be represented by it members. 
 • April 14. Resolved by the Governor and Council, 
 that the proceedings of the people, in calling town 
 meetings, for discussing questions relating to law and 
 Government, and such other purposes, are contrary 
 to law, and if persisted in, it is ordered that the par- 
 ties be prosecuted by the Attorney-General. 
 
 May 24. Isaac Deschamps appointed Assistant 
 Judge of the Supreme Court, vice John Duport, dp- 
 pointed Chief Justice of the Island of St. John. 
 
 June 5. The rate of interest on money fixed by 
 the Legislature, at six percent. • ' 'tij* 
 
 ■ June 6. The General Assembly convened at Ha- 
 lifax, William Nesbet, Speaker. This House con- 
 tinued until 1784 — 14 years, and had 17 Sessions. 
 
 June 29. A temporary law of the Legislature pass- 
 ed, to enable the several Counties and Towns to 
 pay their own Representatives. 
 
 July 6. Lord Hillsboro expresses a hope that the 
 house will make an adequate and permanent provi- 
 sion for the Civil Establishment. 
 
 1771. 
 
 June 5. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, 
 born. --J , . 
 
 .# 
 
 
 .f f- 
 
 S2 
 
250 
 
 i 
 
 Jul J 3. The Assembly petitions the - i-mor to 
 appoint SherifTs in each County. 
 
 July 6. Township of Argyle granted, containine^ 
 187 square miles. 
 
 July 7. The house of Assembly addresses the Go- 
 vernor on the subject of the quit rents, and prays 
 that their proceeds may be applied to the use of the 
 Colony. ' : 
 
 A Lottery established to raise JCIOOO to repair roads. 
 
 Sept. 20. Lord William Campbell, by proclama- 
 tion, forbids horse racing at Halifax, as tending to 
 gambling, idleness and immorality. 
 
 Oct. SO. Benjamin Green, in the absence of Lord 
 William Campbell, Governor, and Michael Franklin, 
 Lieutenant-Governor, administers the government. 
 
 1772. 
 
 The imports this year into Nova-Scotia, from Great 
 Britain, the southern part of Europe, and the seve> 
 ral Colonies, were made in 138 vessels, of 6656 tons, 
 carrying 698 men; value of cargoes, £63,000; exports 
 165 vessels of 7722 tons, carrying 804 men, valued 
 cargoes £53,375. 
 
 The population of Nova- Scotia, in a report to the 
 Board of Trade, is stated at 17,000, exclusive of 130O 
 Acadians in Nova-Scotia, 800 in Cape Breton and 20 
 blacks. The militia returned at 3000. The small 
 population of Indians at 865. The income of Regis > 
 trar of Deeds at Halifax, for fees,is returned at £25;of 
 Provost Marshall at £80, and of Judge of Probates 
 and his Registrar at £10 each. 
 
 June 6. A great fire in the woods, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Chester and Lunenburg, which destroys 
 60 houses and bams — the Governor orders Mr. Wood, 
 
S51 
 
 the Missionary at Halifax, to recommend flrom 
 the pulpit the suiTerers to the charity of the peo- 
 ple. 
 
 June SO. Michael Franklin, Lieutenant-Governor, 
 assumes the government. 
 
 July 13. Lord William Campbell returns and re- 
 sumes the government. 
 . Aug. 12. Arthur Goold sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Aug."^ 14. Lord Dartmouth announces to the Go- 
 vernor his appointment as Secretary of State for the 
 Colonial Department. < . >. 
 
 Nov. 20. John Butler sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 1773. •• .') '-M 
 
 Parliamentary Estimate for Nova-Scotia, £5,146. 
 
 Sept. 5. Deputies from the several American 
 Colonies meet at Philadelphia, at the first General 
 Congress. 
 
 Oct. 8. Francis Leggc sworn in as Governor and 
 Michael Franklin, Lieutenant Governor. 
 , Oct. 23. The house of Assembly present an ad- 
 dress to Lord William Campbell, on his promotion to 
 the Government of South Carolina, i ' . 'i?> - ; nx . 
 . Nov. Tea destroyed at Boston. .OS '.Tr/i 
 
 Oct. 12. Henry Dennis Denson chosen tempo- 
 rary Speaker, during the illness of William Nesbet. 
 
 An Act of Parliament passed for making more ef- 
 fectual provision for the Government of the Pro- 
 vince of Quebec, commonly called the Quebec Act. 
 
 Doctor Franklin, Deputy Post-Master General in 
 North America, dismissed from his ofRce. 
 
 Parliamentary Estimates for Nova-Scotia, £4,346. 
 
 Feb. 3. The wilderness land in Nova-Scotia, or- 
 
 y^" 
 
 : H 
 
 " !, 
 
isai 
 
 der«d to be sold to persons desirous of settling in the 
 
 CountrV.'^"^ ■■'^ **''■*"''""* ^'"'^f^f 'if ^tiU Hfii^tn fvr'j 
 
 March 13. The Bureau of Governor Legge open- 
 ed by false keys, and all his papers stolen, upon 
 which he offers fifty gnmeas reward from his own 
 purse, and f 100 from the Treasury. 
 
 March 29. James Burrow, sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Sept. 7. Lord Dartmouth orders the Governor of 
 Nova-Scotia not to make a grant of land to a Roman 
 Catholic, until the case be specially reported to his 
 
 Majesty. .j^iy. ;; .iis^ j-.^ .i. :;. iv .< 
 
 Sept. 8. James Monk appointed Solicitor-General. 
 Oct. 6. William Nesbet electee^ Speaker. 
 Nov. 18. A day of thanksgiving. i^ii^J^ :?tiicM 
 H Port of Boston closed by Act of Parliament. ■ ' 
 
 The revolted Colonies adopt the stylo of " the 
 twelve confederated colonies." 
 
 Feb- 10. Circulars sent by the Governor to the 
 collectors of Impost and Excise, informing them that 
 he had appointed James Burrow, inspector and 
 comptroller of the revenue and public accounts. 
 
 April 19. The Battle of Lexington commences the 
 American War. • ;: ;j' • -v i . i .-? 
 
 • May 5. John Creighton sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 May 6. A commission granted to the Chief Justice 
 and his two assistants, to hold a Court of Exchequer. 
 
 June 16. George Washington appointed by Con- 
 gress, Commander-in-Chief of the American Army. 
 
 June 17. Battle of Bunker's Hill near Boston. 
 
 June 28. The Governor, having stated to the 
 House, that he had been advised by the Council 
 to propose, in consequence of the frequent absence 
 
25S 
 
 of members of the Assembly, that their quorum 
 should be reduced from twelve to nine, and that four 
 new members should be added ; two for the Town, 
 and two for the County of Halifax, the house replies 
 in the following language : " The method proposed 
 by the Councillors is replete with mischief, subver- 
 sive of real representation, and in its consequences, 
 must render the Governor of the Province absolute — 
 the quorum of the council at present consists of five, 
 the majority therefore would be three. The pro- 
 posed quorum of the house being nine, the majority 
 would be five. Those eight, with the Governor, 
 would fill up all the legislative as well as the execu- 
 tive departments of Government ; and when we 
 consider that four additional membersare proposed 
 for the town and county of Halifax, in order to com- 
 mand a quorum at all times on the spot, we own we 
 are alarmed at seeing a plan proposed so subsersive 
 of our freedom. With a dependant council, and a 
 majority of such a quorum of Assembly, what might 
 not an ambitious Governor efl'ect. Dictatorial powers 
 may be necessary to quell rebellions, or to rule a 
 disaffected people, but where no such principles 
 exist, the exertion of such power will create them." 
 
 July 18. The Assembly asserts, that there is not 
 more than £1,200 of circulating medium in the Pro- 
 vince, and that only £200 of that sum is to be found 
 among the Farmers. 
 
 Aug. 17. All Ordnance Stores, small arms and 
 gunpowder, at Halifax, were removed on board of a 
 receiving ship, for safety. 
 
 Axig. 26. All the inhabitants of Nova-Scotia re- 
 quired to appear at the next quarter sessions, in the 
 
 \ ,!' 
 
254 
 
 several counties to which they respectively belong, 
 and take the oath of allegiance ; and the Magistrates 
 are required to return to the Governor lists of those 
 who comply and those who do not. "; ■: ; ' -"* I" 
 •■ Companies of Light Infantry ordered to be raised 
 from the Militia, and be in readiness to march on the 
 shortest notice : At Halifax and places adjacent, 100. 
 County of Lunenburg, 200. At Argyle and places 
 adjacent, 50. At Clare, 100. County of Annapolis, 
 50. At Horton and Cornwallis, 100. At Windsor, 
 Newport and Falmouth, 50. In Cumberland and 
 parts adjacent, 100. At Cape Breton, 100. Isle 
 Madame and places adjacent, 60. , ; . , » ,. .. i / 
 •4 Sept. 4. The Governor is informed by express, 
 that the rebels from Machias had landed at St. John, 
 burned the fort and barracks, and captured a brig, 
 loaded with oxen, sheep, &c. for the army at Boston. 
 A declaration of association drawn up by the Chief 
 Justice, expressive of attachment to Government, 
 and a determination to defend the same, circulated 
 extensively for the subscription of the inhabitants. 
 
 Sept. 28. 400 Militia from Lunenburg, two com- 
 panies from King's County, and 100 Acadians from 
 Clare and Yarmouth, ordered to march to Halifax 
 for its protection. ' ' - • 
 
 « Oct. 16. Lord Suffolk orders the Governor to raise 
 in Nova-Scotia and Newfoundland, a Regiment of 
 1000 men, (afterwards reduced to 500) with the pro- 
 mise of the same pay and allowances as regulars, 
 but no half pay, the Governor to be colonel of the 
 same. 
 
 Orders received from England to make out gratui- 
 tous granti9 of land to Loyalist refugees, and to sup- 
 
255 
 
 port the indigent part of them, at an expence not 
 exceeding six pence sterling each per diem. '*^ ^^'^^ 
 
 Oct. 25. The Council and House of Assembly pe- 
 tition for leave to be granted to the people of Halifax 
 and Lunenburg, to dig coals at Cape Breton. 
 
 Resolved, by the Governor and Council, that all 
 couriers to carry dispatches be selected from the 
 French Acadians,to be paid at the rate of £5 sterling 
 
 per diem. :•.;:.?■>. j .■;■;•, {'•.•\\\..-i »(,-« u-Vif,.'. 
 
 Towards the close of this year, two American arm* 
 ed vessels, which had been sent by Congress to 
 cruize in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, for the purpose 
 of intercepting some Ordnance Store Ships, suppos- 
 ed to be on their voyage to Quebec, visited Charlotte- 
 town, the capital of the Island of St. John, and 
 plundered the place. They carried off the President 
 administering the Government, and the Surveyor 
 General ; when these gentlemen arrived at the head 
 quarters of the American army, at Cambridge, New- 
 England, the rebel officers who had acted without 
 orders, were dismissed from their comn and. The 
 prisoners were released by General V/ashiir'jton, 
 with many polite expressions of regret ior thek'=;uf- 
 ferings, and the whole of the plunds/cti properly was 
 restored. 
 
 Nov. The Legislature imposes a tax upon the 
 people of Nova-Scotia, for the maintenance of the 
 embodied militia. 
 
 Nov. 12. Montreal taken by American General 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Nov. 30. Martial Law proclaimedin the Pro vii) re. 
 
 Dec. U. A bill passed Parliament, prohibiting all 
 intercourse with the rev^olted American Colonioe. 
 
 W 
 
 ' l\ 
 
 % 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 i ■ .:■( 
 
 i ■ ■ I. : 
 
^ 
 
 90S 
 
 M 
 
 
 .■^' 
 
 ^ Dec. 31. Quebec attacked by the Americans, 
 and General Montgomery killed. 
 i^ 1776. 
 
 The Vulture, sloop of war, is stationed in the Bay of 
 Fundy, between Annapolis and St. John, for the 
 protection of these places ; and to prevent the ene- 
 my from plundering Horton, Cornwallis, afnd other 
 settlements. ioor,Trr:3r.-'- ;•: ;*',"; " . ♦ 
 
 March 16. 50 men sent to Cumberland, in conse- 
 quence of disturbances in that district, and Michael 
 Francklin ordered to proceed thither and enquire into 
 the same. '.••<.;■/:■,■..• ,r ■■'!■, '.'_•■ 
 
 . March 17. British evacuate Boston and sail for 
 Halifax; whole number of Military Sailors, and Loy- 
 alists— 10,000. ' ' 
 
 April 22. Mr. Justice Morris appointed Chief- 
 Justice, until King's pleasure be known. 
 
 April 27. Maviot Arbuthnot sworn in as Lieut. 
 Governor. 
 
 - June. An Act of the General Assembly passed, 
 requiring all persons having any claim or demand 
 upon the Province, to present the same within the 
 first week of the next session of the Legislature after 
 the same accrues, or to be barred from the recovery 
 thereof. 
 
 June 15. Governor Legge informs the Assembly, 
 that a recent loyal address,which they had presented 
 to his Majesty, had been most graciously received; 
 that copies of it had been dispersed throughout the 
 realm, and had met with universal approbation. 
 
 June 24. The House of Assembly, having repre- 
 sented that the office of Inspector General of the 
 Revenues of the Province, was altogether unneces- 
 
257 
 
 -r^. 
 
 1 ^*t 
 
 sary, and that the duties ought to beperformei hj 
 the Treasurer, the Governor abolishes the same. 
 
 July 4. Americans declare themselves independent. 
 
 Mr. Michael l^'rancklin makes a treaty of peace 
 with the Savages on the River St. John, who deliver 
 up to him an agreement, which they had entered 
 into with the rebels, to furnish them with 600 fight- 
 ing men. 
 
 Oct. 11, 30 men sent to Liverpool, and 60 to 
 Yarmouth, to protect those places from the depreda- 
 tions of privateers, and two cutters taken into the 
 Provincial service. i 
 
 Nov. 17. Certain disaffected people,appearing be- 
 fore the fort at Cumberland, with a number of rebels 
 from New-England, rewards are offered for their ap- 
 prehension. ' . , 'i viit v If 
 
 50 Militia and 50 Regulars sent to Onslow, Truro 
 and Londonderry, for their protection. 
 
 1777. 
 
 March 6. B. Fenukane appointed Chief Justice 
 of Nova-Scotia. - 
 
 April 11. A general Fast. r • 
 
 May 1. Two magistrates having been sent to 
 Trura, Onslow and Londonderry, to require the in- 
 habitants to take the oath of allegiance, they all re- 
 fuse but five, upon which the Attorney General is 
 ordered to prosecute them in the same manner as 
 popish recusants. t. ; .».; 
 
 May 14. The Provost-Marshall suspended from 
 his office, in consequence of repeated escapes of 
 Prisoners from the Jail at Halifax. 
 
 June 11. The House of Assembly come to the 
 
 following resolution : "It appearing to this House, 
 
 33 
 
 \A^]l 
 
 i I 
 
^. 
 
 '-'■% 
 
 25Q 
 
 that a writ for the election of a member for the 
 Township of Onslow, has been returned, and it ap- 
 pearing also, that the inhabitants of that township 
 have refused to take the oath of allegiance to his 
 Majesty — Resolved unanimously, that this House 
 cannoi, consistently with its honor and dignity, admit 
 the return of said writ, as the inhabitants of that 
 township have, in the opinion of this House, by their 
 ingratitude and disaffection, forfeited all title to the 
 privilege of representation. 
 
 ? June 13. The member of the Township of Truro, 
 having presented himself to tak „ iiis scat, the House 
 resolved unanimously, that the inhabitants, having 
 refused to take the oath of allegiance, are not en- 
 titled to the privilege of rcprescntalion, and there- 
 fore their member cannot be admitted, 
 r Aug. 9. Lord George Germain acquaints the Go- 
 vernor, that lus Majesty approves of the conduct of 
 the House of Assembly, in refusing to receive the 
 member from Onslow, on account of his constituents 
 having refused to take the oath of allegiance, and 
 hopes to hear of the disfranchisement of that township. 
 
 Oct 17. Burgoyne's Army surrenders to the 
 Americans. -: 
 
 . Nov. 6. A cartel having arrived at Windsor with 
 several prisoners, and others, who aj:)peared not to 
 have bef.u prisoners in order to efPcct an exchange 
 for the wives and chila;en of those persons who had 
 jQed from Cumberland, she was ordered back, and 
 directions given, that the families of those who had 
 joined the Americans should be removed 1o Halifax. 
 
 Nov. The Rebels, who had arrived from Machias 
 •t Cumberland, in two whale-boats, having failed in 
 
2dd 
 
 their attempts upon the fort, visited the harbour of 
 Fictou, where they seized a valuable armed mer- 
 chant ship, which was loading for Scotland, and 
 made preparations for plundering St. John's Island. 
 Lieutenant Keppel, having been sent in pursuit of 
 them, recaptured the vessel, and carried her into 
 Charlotte-town. , ^ , ._ 
 
 1778. 
 
 An Act of Parliament passed, renouncing the right 
 of taxing the Colonies, except for the regulation of 
 commerce, the proceeds of which taxes are directed 
 to be applied for the use of the colony in which they 
 are raised. , • . ,' .' ? > 
 
 Michael Francklin renews the treaty with the In- 
 dians of the River St. John. 
 
 Aug. 17, Richard Hughes sworn in Lieut.Governor. 
 
 Oct. 30. League between the revolted Colonies 
 and the French, in which their independance is ac- 
 knowledged by the Court of France. 
 
 Nov. 18. The barns, out-houses and public houses, 
 in the north-suburbs of Halifax, allotted as quarters 
 for a battalion of Hussars. , . 
 
 1779. 
 
 The Indians of St. John river assemble in great 
 numbers, and th eaten to make war against the Eng- 
 lish, but are appeased by promises of presents from 
 Government: this was the last threat of an Indian war. 
 
 £5000 granted by tlic Assembly for fitting out arm- 
 ed vessels, to protect the Trade of the Province. 
 
 1780. 
 
 May 19. An uncommon dark day, partly occa- 
 sioned by numerous large fires in the woods of New- 
 England. 
 
 is 
 
 
 n V 
 
260 
 
 '**■ June 17. Ordered that Lunenburg, Windsor, Fal- 
 mouth, Newport, Horton, Comwallis, Cumberland, 
 Truro, Onslow and Londonderry, furnish one sixth 
 part of the militia, to be employed three weeks at 
 the public works at Halifax. 
 
 Sept. 11. The Governor informs Lord Sydney 
 that there are two Distilleries in Halifax, one only of 
 which is now in operation, making from 15 to 20 
 thousand gallons of Rum yearly, but that during the 
 early part of the war, both made from 80 to 90 thou- 
 sand gallons; the liquor, though inferior, is preferred 
 by labourers andlndians. ' ' ■■'[ri 
 
 ' Oct. The Assembly request the Governor to sell 
 the Barracks recently erected at Cornwallis, at an 
 expense of JE701, in order to raise funds for paying 
 for the same. 
 
 Oct. 2. Major Andre executed by order of Ameri- 
 can Court-Martial. 
 
 Oct. 9. £1500 granted for the erection of a 
 School-House at Halifax, and £100 per annum for 
 the Master, and JE50 for an Usher, when the number 
 of scholars shall exceed 40. 
 
 Oct. 21. A pension of £100 a year, granted to 
 Mr. Fenton for life, as a compensation for resigning 
 the office of Provost-Marshall, that Sheriffs might be 
 appointed for the several Counties. 
 
 Dec. 18. The Lords of Trade inform the Gover- 
 nor, that a new Board has been formed, of which 
 Lord Grantham is President. 
 
 Dec. 20. War between Great Britain and Holland. 
 
 1781. 
 
 An unsolicited pension of £50 a year, granted by 
 House of Assembly to Elizabeth Belcher, onlydaugh- 
 
2C1 
 
 .I't 
 
 terof the late Chief Justice Belcher, in testimony of 
 his many important services. 
 
 May 9. Lord George Germain communicates to 
 the Governor, an order, signed by the King, for dis- 
 solving the Assembly. 
 
 June 17. ■y^indsor, Newport, Falmouth, and parts 
 adjacent, erected into a County called Hants County. 
 
 July 31. Sir Andrew Snape Hammond sworn in 
 as Lieutenant-Governor. ' ' */* '"'■' * 
 
 Oct. 1 9. Lord Cornwallis and army,at York town, 
 surrender as prisoners of war. ' ' ' • - * 
 
 Dec. 8. Mr. Brenton, the Attorney General, ap- 
 pointed Assistant Judge, vice C. Morris, deceased. 
 
 A scarcity of flour at Halifax, and 60 tons are or- 
 dered from Norton, Cornwallis and Windsor, 
 
 In consequence of the failure of many land jobbing 
 speculations, the population much reduced by the re- 
 moval of inhabitants ; the number remaining is esti- 
 mated by Judge Deschamps, at 12,000. 
 
 1782. 
 
 An Act passed in the British Parliament, autho- 
 rizing the King to conclude a peace and truce with 
 the American Colonies, as independant states. 
 
 Feb. 1 1 . Mr. Ellis notifies the Governor of his 
 appointment as Secretary of the Colonial Department. 
 
 March 23. Alexander Brymer sworn in as Coun- 
 cillor. 
 
 March 30. Lord Shelburne notifies the Governor 
 of his appointment as Secretary of the Colonial De- 
 partment. 
 
 June 22. Resolved, by the House of Assembly, 
 that Judges are eligible to sit as members, and that 
 person who are appointed Sheriffs, after their election. 
 
 m 
 
 S I 
 
 I ! 
 
262 
 
 may retain their seats, but that SheriiTs, while filling 
 the office, cannot be elected for any part of the Coun- 
 ty of which they had the charge. 
 
 July 14. Mr. Townshend acquaints the Governor, 
 that he is appointed Secretary of the C olonial De- 
 partment. ' T 
 
 Oct. 3. John Parr sworn in as Governor, and Sir 
 Andrew S. Hammond, Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Oct. 9. Orders received that if any Councillor be 
 absent from the Province twelve months, without 
 leave of the Governor, or two years, without permis- 
 sion from his Majesty, his seat shall be vacated, or if 
 a Councillor be summoned to attend a meeting of the 
 Board, and persists in his absence, to be suspended. 
 
 Nov. 30. Provisional articles of peace between 
 the United States and Great Britain, signed at Paris. 
 
 Dec. 16. The Secretary of the Province, Trea- 
 surer, and th(! Surveyor General, and their successors 
 in office, appointed Trustees for all public buildings. 
 
 1783. 
 
 Jan. 21. Treaty of peace between Great Britain, 
 France and Spain. 
 
 New Edinburgh, in the County of Annapolis, settled 
 by Anthony Stewart, Esq. and others. 
 
 Governor Patterson, and the Council of St. John's 
 Island, refuse to receive Mr. Fanning, who had been 
 appointed to succeed him. Mr. Fanning is therefore 
 compelled to remain as a private individual, until 
 peremptory orders are received from England, to 
 swear him into office. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Several families remove from Lunenburg and set- 
 tle at Margaret's Bay. 
 
2QS 
 
 Sept. 23. Edniond Fanning sworn in as Council- 
 lor and Lieutenant-Governor. -- ' ' 
 
 Sept. 30. Governor Parr estimates, in his dis- 
 patch of this date, the number of refugees who had 
 arrived in Nova-Scotia, at 18,000. 
 
 Oct. 6. Isaac Deschamps sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Oct. An Act of Legislature passed, for pardoning 
 all persons in Nova-Scotia guilty of treason, or trea- 
 sonable correspondence with the enemy, during the 
 rebellion of the 13 Colonies. 
 
 Oct. 15. The House of Assem' V request the 
 Governor to erect a New County, t .e westward of 
 Queen's County, to comprehend the townships of 
 Shelburne and parts adjacent. ' • ,; . 
 
 Oct. 21. Two thousand and more refugees arriv- 
 ed in the Province. 
 
 Nov. 1. Governer Parr appoints John Cunning- 
 ham (.'oUector of quit rents, and informs Lord North 
 that no quit rents had been collected since 1772. 
 
 Nov. 7. By an unanimous vote of the whole 
 House, a pension of JEIOO per annum, clear of all 
 deductions, was made to Mr. Nesbet, the Speaker,on 
 his retirement. 
 
 Nov. 22. The Assembly vote JE500 to Governor 
 Parr, towards the support of his table. 
 
 Nov. 25. New-York evacuted by the English. 
 
 Population of Canada 11,300 English and French, 
 exclusive of 10,000 refugees. 
 
 Information received from Lord North, that, as the 
 Province is increasing in importance, application will 
 be made to the Post-Office, that packets may be ap- 
 pointed to sail regularly from Falmouth to Halifax, 
 and that, as Lord Charles Montague's corps, reduced 
 
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 l^l 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Hi 
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 IL25 iU 
 
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 (716)t73-4S03 
 
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 at Jamaica, are desirous of settling in Nova-Scotia, 
 the same indulgencies must be shewn them as other 
 corps. 
 
 1784. i ,|n,->|vj. 
 
 New Brunswick and Gape Breton setoff as two 
 distinct Governments. 
 
 Thirty families remove from Nantucket to Dart- 
 mouth, to carry on the whale fishery. ..^,^ .j^. 
 ^^ Township of Preston laid out and settled. 
 
 Township of Clements settled by Hessians and 
 Loyalists. 
 
 Township of Aylesford settled. 
 
 The House of Assembly represent to the Gover- 
 nor, that the disturbances and discontent which had 
 been recently manifested in Cumberland, arose from 
 the mal-administration of Justice, by certain persons 
 entrusted with Commissions of the Peace, and soli- 
 cit their removal from office. 
 
 Nov. 23. Mr. Bulkely, the Secretary, informs the 
 House by written message, that the Governor re- 
 quires the Speaker, in future, to make a daily report 
 to him of the business before the House ; whereupon 
 it was determined, 17 to 8, that it should not be com- 
 plied with, and the reply sent to the Governor 
 concludes as follows : " We humbly beg, that when 
 in future it may be necessary lor your Excellency, by 
 message, to communicate your desire to this House, 
 that you will be pleased to send it under your own 
 signature, and not that of the Secretary, as we think 
 a mode of that kind will in future prevent mistakes. 
 
 March 1. The Assembly of Nova-Scotia .con- 
 sists of 36 members, and the Province of eight Coun- 
 
 ties. 
 
 «WT*-;Sf.-':-r *j' 
 
 . ISU. 
 
 J .. 
 
ses 
 
 3\i\f 7. Lord Sydney aoqunhits the GovtRMftr, 
 that Colonel Carleton is appointed Qovernor of N«iw 
 Brunswick, and Major Desbarres Goremor of St. 
 John's Island. 
 
 Nov. 1. Thomas Cochrane chosen Speaker, tio* 
 William Nesbet. 
 
 Dec. 6. Governor Parr informs Lord Sydney, 
 that Digby, and the Counties of Shelburne ana Syd- 
 ney, are privileged to send members to the Assembly; 
 that the pay of the Legislative Council is Ids. pet 
 diem, and that of the representatives lOs. but that 
 no member of the House, residing at Halifax, partici- 
 pates in the pay of members. 
 
 Dec. 27. Governor Parrinforms Lord Sydney that 
 
 the population of the undermentioned Districts of 
 
 Nova-Scotia is as follows :— 
 
 In and about Halifax, ... 1,300 
 Eastwardof Halifax, to Chedabuoto, 2,000 / 
 
 From'^hence to the isthmus of Cumberland, 900 f 
 
 At Cumberland, Patridge Island, 
 In and about Windsor, - - - 
 In the County of Annapolis, - 
 On the coast westward of Halifax, - 
 M' District of Shelburne, - - - 
 
 700 
 800 
 
 I 
 
 4,000 
 800 
 10,000» 
 
 1^0,400' 
 
 . The remaining part of the people having been in- 
 eluded within the limits of New Brunswick. n- 
 
 1786. 
 Jan. 3. Grovemor Parr informs Lord Sydney, that 
 he had appointed S. S. Blowers, Attorney-General, 
 vice Gibbons, appointed Chief Justice of Cape Breton. 
 
 * I have copied this from an original doflitneAt in niaiMairi|lt, 
 
 setiog 
 
 34 
 
 but it appears evident, that there must be some mistake reipeetiog 
 the popaiatioB of Halifkt.— Lunenburg a«d Lilr«irp«ol tra dinii 
 
 M 
 
Mm 
 
 
 
 
 , If area 11. Lord Sydney desires the Governor to 
 ifMRiQ free grants of land to the 84th Regiment, with 
 an exemption of quit rents for 20 years. 
 
 April 9. One hundred and ninety-four Negroes, 
 inen,women and children, arrive at Halifax, from St. 
 Augustine, naked and destitute of every necessary 
 of life. 
 
 -May 1. Lord Sydney directs that, at the close of 
 every Session of the Legislature, a bill of appropria- 
 tion be passed, including every sum voted during the 
 Session* . i e^vi 
 . Parliamentary estimates for Nova-Scotia, jE3,976. 
 
 June 29. Thomas Cochrane and Charles Morris, 
 sworn in as Councillors. 
 
 1 Aug. 8. Isaac Deschamps appointed Chief Jus< 
 tice, vice S. Fenukane, deceased. 
 
 Aug* 18. Mr. Cumberland, the Agent of the Pro- 
 vince, informs the Governor that a line of Govern- 
 ment Packets is established between Halifax and 
 Falmouth — and that an alien duty of JE18 per ton is 
 laid on Oil imported from the United States. 
 
 Sept. 3. The turnpike gate, erected at Sackville, 
 having been- pulled down, a reward of fifty pounds is 
 offered for the apprehension of the perpetrators. 
 
 Sept. 20. The Governor acquaints Lord Sydney, 
 that there had arrived three Brigantines and one 
 schooner at Halifax, from Nantucket, with full crews, 
 and every requisite apparatus to carry on the whale 
 fishery, and that he expected one sloop and three 
 brigantines yet, from the same place. 
 • Dec. 1. S. S. Blowers, Attorney-General, and-R. 
 J. Uniaoke, Solicitor General, appointed Justices of 
 the Peace throughout the Province. 
 
267 
 
 j^Dec. 6. Sixth General Assembly convened at-Ha- 
 lifax, S. S. Blowers, Cpeakep.'>«-'«3s?.A io mvoU oiil 
 
 Dec. 7. The House resolves that Christopftiep 
 Harper, member for the County of Cumberland, not 
 being an inhabitant of the Province, is not elegible 
 to a seat. 
 
 Dec. 16. The boundaries of the several Counties 
 in Nova-Scotia defined, described and published, by 
 
 order of the Governor and Council. ■ ' ' - 
 
 "Dec. 31. Governor Parr informs Lord Sydney, 
 there are ninety Saw Mills in the Province, twenty- 
 five of which have been erected since 1783. 
 
 1786. ... 
 
 Lord Dorchester appointed Governor-General of 
 the British Provinces of North America. . y/iffinozi 
 
 20 Masters of vessels, in conjunction with a few 
 merchants of Halifax, form themselves into a soci- 
 ety, called the Halifax Marine Association, to raise 
 a fund for mutual assistance ; to collect observations 
 for the improvement of navigation, &c. -' r -' '■- 'r ' ) 
 
 April 20. Lord Sydney informs the Governor, 
 that he disapproves of the encouragement given to 
 the people of Nantucket to remove to Dartmouth, 
 and bring with them their vessels, i^^^ « .-<* «y4*iwi 
 -^(^^ ;>n; 1787. n 'i'i ^m^mH^ $ndf 
 
 b April 6. Governor Desbarres recalled from Cape- 
 Breton. ■ sr^itH vw/ (>KJ ' rtfQ'it tfl^t^Jl 
 
 June 7. John Halliburton sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Aug. 11. His Majesty, by letters patent, erects 
 the Province of Nova-Scotia into a Bishop's see, and 
 appoints Charles Inglis Bishop. 
 
 Oct. 29. The Council send the following message 
 
 i< 
 
 ,im 
 
 
 I i 
 
U9 
 
 to the Aisembly : " Hi9 M^jesty'a Council request 
 the House of Assembly to join them in a committee 
 to wait upon Governor Parr, to pray his Excellency 
 to ask the honor of his Royal Highness Prince William 
 Henry, to accept a ball and entertainment at the 
 public expense." 
 
 Nov. 6. Governor Parr sends the following mes- 
 sage to the House : " Gentlemen, I am commanded 
 by his Royal Highness Prince William Henry, to sig- 
 nify to his Majesty's Council and House of Assembly, 
 his thorough approbation of the manner in which 
 the entertainment was conducted and managed yes- 
 terday, as well at the dinner as at the ball." 
 , Nov. 13. The Governor communicates to the 
 Assembly the following order from his Majesty : " It 
 Ss our will and pleasure, that you recommend to the 
 Assembly within your Government, to make due 
 provision for the erecting and maintaining Schools, 
 where youths may be educated in competent learn- 
 ing, and in the knowledge of the principles of the 
 christian religion. 
 
 Nov. 22. The House resolve to establish an Aca- 
 demy at Windsor, and recommend the erection of a 
 College there. >■ .>f».-"iy ^•••n.^> .«■> ^.o^jv**; vi:.' 
 
 Deo. 18. The Governor informs Lord Sydney, 
 that the House of Assembly requests, that the Par- 
 liamentary bounty, on the exportation of timber and 
 hemp from the colonies, may be renewed. / u ri^i 
 
 1788. --' ^■^ " —■■' ■ 
 
 Lord Sydney informs the Governor of his determi- 
 nation to establish a monthly communication by 
 post with America, and requesting him to confine, aa 
 nuoh aa possiblei correspondence to that channel. 
 
26a 
 
 Jaiw 3. Henry Puncan and Sampson Salter 
 Blower9 sworn in as Councillors. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate, ^£5^845 6s. x o^jiurtipvi 
 
 George Washington chosen first president of tho 
 United States. aim.- 
 
 Aug. 18. A mandamus received> to swear iu 
 Jeremiah Pemberton as Chief Justice. mitno? 
 
 Sept. 26. The House of Assembly vote the sum 
 of JC400, for the maintenance of an Academy at 
 Windsor during the year. Tuition in the upper 
 school, £4; in the English school J£3. Price of board 
 £16. 
 
 Oct. The first symptoms appear of the severe 
 disorder which afterwards afflicts his Majesty the 
 
 Doc. 21. The Governor lays before the Council 
 an address of the House, stating that complaints 
 were made to them, against the Judges of the Su- 
 preme Court, and requesting that they may be en* 
 quired into. Tho Council vote them altogether 
 
 groun4Ies8. 
 
 .*|l'i ■ x^rmiih. 
 
 1789. 
 
 i.-_ti 
 
 The Influenza prevailed in North America, from 
 the 15th to the 45th degree of latitude. 
 
 The House of Assembly grant JE444 8s. lOid cur- 
 rency, per annum, to King's College, Windsor, and 
 JE500 for the purchase of a piece of ground. i 
 
 Congress of the United States, under the new con- 
 stitution, first assemble at New-York. r. , 0^^: 
 
 The Governor and Council address his Majesty on 
 the subject of his recovery. '*i4 
 
 March 5. R. J. Uniacke chosen Speaker, vice S. 
 S. Blowers, -i m ..i.-; ,;> s^--i;i'f^ u^--., „ . .i^v-m-m^M 
 
 ,iM 
 
 !' ':j 
 
 ' r. 
 
 :i 
 
 \ \ 
 
270 
 
 III 
 
 f i 
 
 > March 14. A motion made in the House of Aseem- 
 biy, to present an address to the Governor, request- 
 ing hini to remove, until his Majesty's pleasure be 
 known, his Privy Council, on account of the evil and 
 pernicious advice they had given him, on the sub- 
 ject of the complaints against the Judges ; but the 
 
 motion was lost. 
 
 
 s June 5. Mr. Granville announces his appointment 
 * as Secretary of the colonial department. 
 
 July 9. On the application of Lord Dorchester, 
 all surplus provisions exported for the relief of the 
 people of Quebec. '-*- 
 
 Oct. 20. Mr. Granville acquaints the Governor, 
 that Thomas Strange would be appointed Chief- 
 Justice vice Pemberton. 
 
 '^adJra'i^ii's^fcj?^ 1790. ^i)i:^«iiT ■ .l^SujJ^^- 
 
 The House of Assembly, having sent up to the 
 Council articles of impeachment against the Judges, 
 the Council advise the Governor not to suspend them 
 until his Majesty's pleasure be known — 5 to 1. 
 
 June 5. Mr. Granville acquaints the Governor, 
 that Parliament had granted £1000 to King's College. 
 
 June 8. Mr. Dundas announces to the Governor 
 his appointment to the Colonial Office. i«>' *«»*?«« «». 
 
 Population of Halifax— Males, above 16 — 1301 ; 
 under do. 935. Females— 2209 ; Blacks— 422. To- 
 tal 4,897. iiA:-'iMl: iii ,;lw <.;50lK^iJ^k^ 
 
 The Agent of the Province informs the Assembly, 
 that his Majesty had ordered, that the articles of 
 impeachment against the Judges, should be heard 
 before his Majesty in Council. 
 
 Insurrection of the Blacks in St. Domingo. - - 
 
Governor 
 
 271 
 
 • Nov. 26. Qovemor Parr diet at Holifax, aged 
 sixty-six, and Richard Bulkely adminigters the Qo- 
 vernment as senior councillor. 
 P 1792. 
 
 - Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne, who had serv- 
 ed in the late American War, died in England. 
 5 Great Pictou road opened. 
 ' Jan. A number of free Blacks sent from Nova- 
 Scotia to Sierra Leone. 
 
 May 14. John Wcntworth sworn in as Lieut* 
 Governor. 
 June 1. Thomas Strange first Bits m Councillor. 
 July 7. £300 voted, to relieve persons who had 
 suffered by fires in the different new settlements. 
 
 1793. 
 March 1. A general fast. , , , 
 
 March 20. Seventh General Assembly convened 
 at Halifax, Thomas Barclay, Speaker. 
 
 April 18. Governor Wentworth receives instruc- 
 tions from Mr. Dundas, that Fronce had declared 
 war against England, on the 1st February last, and 
 that he was authorized to raise a provincial corps, of 
 which he was to be Colonel. 
 
 April 27. Governor issues a press warrant to Capt. 
 George, R. N. to complete his ship's crew. 
 
 April 29. Mr. Dundas acquaints the Governor, 
 that the office of Judge Advocate of Annapolis was 
 revived in the person of Mr. Brcnton. '^ Vj"- " 
 
 ■ ^£n¥i ham 'far 1794, 'i-' - • 'i ,'•.='*''/!' 
 
 April 25. A general fast. ' ' '•' 
 May 28. A warrant granted to Commodore George, 
 to complete the crews of the Hussar and Blanch. 
 A wolf, having made its appearance in Nova-Scotia, 
 
 li 
 
 J*' 
 
 
 Mi 
 
[ 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 rii I 
 
 f73 
 
 and committed dq)redation8 in difTerent places, a re- 
 port prevailed that the Country was infested with 
 wolves — ^whereupon the Legislature informed the 
 Grand Jury, in the several Counties, to offer rewards 
 for killing wolves, and to assess the township for pay- 
 ment thereof; the obnoxious wolf was afterwards 
 shot in the County of Hants. 
 
 A Nisi Prius Court, established in the Counties of 
 Shelburne, Lunenburg, Sydney and Queen's, by a 
 temporary aot of the Legislature. 
 . ^ June 6. James Delancey sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Sept. 23. Warrant of impress granted to Captain 
 Murray, to last seven days. 
 
 Nov. 19. A treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Na- 
 vigation, between the United States and Great- 
 Britain, signed at London by the Earl of Granville 
 and John Jay. 
 
 Dec. 8. Marine Society of Halifax extended and 
 enlarged. 
 
 1795. 
 
 "^" The Rev. Mr. Lloyd, Missionary at Chester, loses 
 
 his way in a snow storm, while on his route through 
 
 the woods to Windsor, and is frozen to death. 
 
 An Act passed, authorizing the Governor to appoint 
 laymen to solemnize marriage in places where no 
 licensed Clergyman resides. p^ . '. r 
 
 ..April 8. The Prince of Wales married Caroline, 
 second daughter of the Duke of Brunswick. 
 
 May 8. Arrived at Halifax, his Majesty's ship 
 Thetis, Hon. Captain Cochrane, and Hussar, Capt. 
 Beresford, with La Raison and La Pervoiante, two 
 Frenchmen of war, armed en flutte, which theyhad 
 captured, being part of a squadron of five sail, bound 
 from Guadaloilpe to Virginia. .,..,,.. 
 
27S 
 
 B, are- 
 id with 
 led the 
 'ewards 
 forpay- 
 erwards 
 
 Intiei of 
 s, by a 
 
 tuncillor. 
 I Captain 
 
 and Na- 
 d Great- 
 Granville 
 
 nded and 
 
 ter, loses 
 
 through 
 
 ,n. >» «i - 
 
 to appoint 
 
 where no 
 
 Caroline, 
 
 • 
 
 sty's (ship 
 jsar, Capt. 
 iante, two 
 theyhad 
 sail, bound 
 
 James Miller appointed Inspector-Gieneral of 
 Mines, in Nova-Scotia. 
 
 - Mr. Wentworlh, the Governor, is preferred to the 
 dignity of a Baronet of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 Sept. 8. Duke of Portland acquaints the Gover- 
 nor, that a further sum of £500 had been granted 
 towards completing of King's College at Windsor. 
 
 Nov. 6. Benning Wcntworth sworn in as Coun- 
 cillor. 
 
 Nov. 16. A warrant of impress granted to Capt. 
 Murray, for forty-eight hours. 
 
 1796. 
 Jan. 7. The Princess of V/ales delivered of a 
 daughter. i j r 
 
 March 4. John Adams elected President of the 
 United States. " 
 
 July 23. The Dover, Mary, and Ann, transports, ar- 
 rive at Halifax from Jamaica,with about 600 Maroons. 
 Oct. 17. Lieutenant-Governor receives a letter 
 from Duke of Portland, informing him that hostilities 
 were commenced against the Spaniards, upon which 
 he issues his Proclamation. 
 
 Nov. 12, Mr. Benning Wentworth appointed 
 Secretary of the Province, vice Mr. Bulkely, deceased. 
 Dec. 16. Press warrant granted to Captain H. 
 Mo wate, for four days. 
 
 ,,.^ ■^., 1797. ,,.i.,,Mr*'-' 
 
 Jan. 31. Warrant to press seamen, granted for 
 one day to Captain Murray. 
 
 March 21. A fire at Halifax, by which thepro)- 
 perty of Dr. Greaves, and the adjoining|buildings, are 
 destroyed. 
 
 May 4. His Excellency Robert Prescott officially 
 
 35 
 
 '>-*i 
 
 IM^*' 
 
 I h 
 
 
 !! ' 
 
 ill 
 
 um 
 
i14 
 
 notifiei the Governor that his Majesty has been 
 pleased to appoint him Go vernor-G eneral . 
 
 June 15. A very severe thunder storm experi- 
 enced at Annapolis — the woods are set on fire by the 
 lightening in many places, and several buildings des- 
 troyed. 
 
 June 21 . A general fast. 
 
 July 10. The Governor assents to an Act of ♦he 
 Legislature, for appointing Commissioners to deter^ 
 mine upon a proper site, in the town of Halifax, and 
 to purchase lots of ground, if necessary, whereon to 
 erect a public building for the accommodation of the 
 General Assembly, Courts of Chancery, King's 
 Bench, and Admiralty, and public offices ; and also to 
 procure plans and estimates for a building, hereafter 
 to be erected, for the residence of the Lieut.-Governor. 
 
 Sept. 9. S. S. Blowers, Attorney-General, ap- 
 pointed Chief Justice, vice Strange, promoted to 
 Bombay; R. J. Uniacke, appointed Attorney-General, 
 vice Blowers; and Jonathan Sterns, Solicitor-General, 
 vice Uniacke. 
 
 Oct. 3. Benning Wentworth resigns the office of 
 Treasurer, and Michael Wallace is appointed in his 
 Btead. . >. ■, 
 
 Oct. 17. A warrant to impress seamen, not inha- 
 bitants of Nova-Scotia, granted to Admiral Vandiput, 
 for two months. , , 
 
 Nov. 23. His Majesty's ship La Tribune wreck- 
 ed at the entrance of the Halifax harbour ; she had 
 on board at the time a crew of 340 men, and 16 non- 
 commissioned officers and privates, and one Lieute- 
 nant, of N. S. Regiment ; of the whole of whom only 
 twelve were saved. 
 
t75 
 
 1708. 
 
 Jcflery, Lord Amherst, the British Commander-in- 
 Chief, at the conquest of Cope-Breton and Canada, 
 died in England, oged 81 years. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate ibr the year jC5,91 5. ' '*'"'' 
 
 ■Feb. 24. The roud from Halifax to Windsor, hav- 
 ing become impassible from immense qtiantitics of 
 snow, fallen within a few days past, ond the cattlo 
 and supplies detained thereby, to the great detriment 
 of the public, a meeting of the inhabitants of Halifax 
 is convened to consider the subject; the Governor, at 
 the request of the inhobitnnt<», issues a writ to the 
 surveyors of highways, to call out the people to open 
 the road ; his Royal Highness Prince Edward orders 
 the militia to co-operate. ; 
 
 The inhabitants of Windsor, adopt similar mea- 
 sures. 
 
 May 26. James Stewart oppointcd Solicitor-Go- 
 neral, vice Sterns, deceased. 
 
 June 26. The Governor receives information from 
 the Duke of Portland, that George Leonard had been 
 appointed supcrintendani of the Trade and Fishery 
 of the Province. 
 
 June 30. The House of Assembly vote 600 gui- 
 neas for the purchase of a star, to be presented to 
 Prince Edward. 
 
 May 29. In imitation of the general contributions 
 made throughout Great Britain, for the support of 
 the present war with France, subscriptions are en- 
 tered into in different parts of Nova- Scotia. The 
 inhabitants of the town of Halifax raise the sum of 
 £4,183 2s. 9id. many of whom subscribed annually. 
 The boys at the grammer school, Halifax, subscribed 
 
 .i^i* 
 
 
27S 
 
 !' I 
 
 t ! 
 
 out of their pocket inoney,£23 18s. Od. sterling. Re- 
 giments and public departments at Halifax, £2,079 
 128. Sid. Inhabitants of Digby, £266 2s. lOd.— 
 Cornwallis and Aylesford, JE342, and in the same 
 ratio in most of the other districts in Nova-Scotia. 
 
 May 31. A general fast. 
 
 Sept. 25. A drenrll'ul storm and gale of wind at 
 Halifax, by which shii)ping, wharves and other pro- 
 perty, is destroyed, amounting by estimation to nearly 
 £100,000 — most of the roads are rendered impassible 
 from the falling of the forest trees across them. ' * 
 
 The Cobequid road is cleared out at the public ex- 
 pense. 
 
 Oct. 16. The Governor and Council addressed 
 Prince Edward, on his departure from the Province. 
 
 Dec. 24, James Stewart, Solicitor-General, ap- 
 pointed Justice of the Peace throughout the Province. 
 • 1799. 
 
 Great inconvenience having been experienced by 
 the inhabitants of St. John's Island, from the name 
 of the Province being the same with several other 
 places at no great distance, to which letters and 
 other articles were frequently sent by mistake, an 
 Act was passed in their Legislature, which subse- 
 quently received the Royal Assent, to change the 
 name from St. John's to Prince Edward's Island. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £5,415. ^ 
 
 Jan. 31. Prices at Halifax market, beef by the 
 
 quarter 4d. to 5d. ; pork 6d. ; mutton 7d. to 8d. ; 
 
 veal 8d. to 9d. ; fowls 3s. to 4s. ; Oats 2s. 6d. to,3s. ; 
 
 butter Is. 3d. to Is. 6d. , ,. v^.< ; 
 
 ; May 18. The appointment of his Royal Highness 
 
'f 
 
 277 
 
 the Duke of Kent, announced as Commander-in-Chief 
 of the Forces in British North America. J> 
 
 June 7. Richard John Uniacke chosen Speaker^ 
 ▼ice Thomas Barclay. ' ,: 
 June 28. A general fast. -. -• 
 
 Aug. 19. Several attempts having been made to 
 set fire to the Dock- Yard, a reward of JE300 is offered 
 for the discovery of the perpetrators, and pardon to 
 the informer, if an accomplice. ^ . :, i. 
 
 ,., Sept. 10. James Brcnton sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Sept. 12. The Governor and Council address 
 his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, on his return 
 to the Province. v'.-.-x 
 
 Dec. 4. A press warrant granted to Admiral Van- 
 deput, to be dated 27th November, and to last seven 
 days from the date thereof ; this must have been in- 
 tended to cover impressments already made. 
 
 Dec. 25. Napoleon Bonaparte declared first Con- 
 sul of France. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Union between Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 The seat of Government of the United States re- 
 moved to Washington. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £5,540. 
 
 Population of the United States about 5,320,000. 
 
 The Duke of Portland informs the Governor, that 
 in future all acts of the Provincial Legislature, re- 
 quiring the King's assent, are to be considered as dis- 
 allowed if the confirmation thereof be not communi- 
 cated within three years. 
 
 Feb. 20. Eighth general Assembly convened at 
 Halifax, R. J. Uniacke, Speaker. .. ,- ; , , . 
 
 Feb. 23. The Duke of Portland orders that in future 
 
 in 
 
 \H. 
 
 I 1 
 

 £78 
 
 all licences to solemnize marriages in the Parish of 
 Halifax, be addressed to the Rector, Vicar and Cu- 
 rate only. 
 
 June 5. The foundation stone of Mason's Nail, at 
 Halifax, laid by his Royal Highness the Duke of 
 Kent. - ' 
 
 June 23. A warrant to impress 30 men granted to 
 Captain Murray. 
 
 June 27. A general fast. 
 
 July 8. Mr. Bulkely, master of the Rolls, and Re- 
 gistrar in Chancery, resigns, and Benning Went- 
 worth is appointed in his stead. 
 
 July 23. The Governor and Council address the 
 King, on his providential escape from the horrid at- 
 tempt on his life at the play house. 
 
 July 31. The Governor and Council address his" 
 Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, on his leaving the 
 Province. 
 
 Dec. 8. James Brenton is appointed Judge of the 
 
 Vice Admiralty, in the room of Richard Bulkely, de- 
 ceased. --■..-..... ^ .-'v ,...-„.,,-..-..-„..- 
 
 1801. 
 
 j\ 
 
 \^- 
 
 Jan. 1. Meeting of the Imperial Parliament of 
 Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Feb. 9. Mr. Pitt, after his having been Prime 
 Minister eighteen years, resigns. 
 
 March 3. The Duke of Portland transmits to the 
 Governor, the Royal titles and style appertaining to 
 the Crown, which are in latin *< Georgius tertius, dei 
 gratia Brittaniarum Rex Fidei defensor, Ecclesicd 
 AnglicancB et HibernisB Suprenium Caput. 
 
 In English, George the Third, by the Grace of God, 
 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 
£79 
 
 King, Defender of the Faith, and of the United Church 
 
 of England and Ireland, on earth the supreme head. 
 
 March 4. Thomas Jefferson chosen third presi- 
 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 April 6. The Governor receives orders from the Duke 
 of Portland, to encourage the growth of hemp. Pub- 
 lic meetings are in consequence held at Halifax, at 
 which the general opinion is that the climate and soil 
 of the Country are favourable to its culture. The 
 Governor appoints a Committee to make proper en- 
 quiries and institute experiments. 
 
 June 16. Andrew Belcher, William Forsyth and 
 Charles M. Wentworth, sworn in as Councillors. 
 
 June 19. A general fast. 
 
 Aug. 6 . Lord Hobart announces to the Governor, 
 his appointment as Secretary of the Colonial Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Aug. 15. George Henry Monk appointed one of 
 the Assistant Judges of the Supreme Court, vice M. 
 Deschamps, deceased. 
 
 Lawrance Hartshorne resigns his scat at the Coun- 
 cil Board. ' 
 * Nov. 18. Dr. Alexander Croko sworn in as Judge 
 of the Vice Admiralty Court. 
 
 Nov. 19. Lord Hobart informs the Governor of 
 the ratification of a general peace between the Great 
 Belligerent powers, upon receipt of which despatch, 
 the town of Halifax is brilliantly illuminated. 
 
 - 1802. • '-> /» 
 
 Harch 27. The definitive treaty of peace signed 
 at Amiens, between Great Britain, France, Spain 
 and Holland. .. . _ . _ „., 
 
 i# 
 
 
 ■■» 
 
 1 
 
 
 I' V. 
 
 I 
 
^" 
 
 !'^ 
 
 ,280 
 
 Feb. 1. Charles Morris appointed Suryeyor-Ge* 
 neral, vice Charles Morris, deceased. ■■■■■' 
 
 ' Parliamentary estimate £7,51 5. 
 
 May 21 . A Royal Charter granted to King's Col« 
 lege* at Windsor. 
 
 June. On the 18th, 20th and 2l8t June, alarming 
 fires at Halifax, which are supposed to be the work 
 of incendiaries, £100 reward is accordingly offered by 
 proclamation, for the discovery of the parties con- 
 cerned. 
 
 July 8. A day of thanksgiving. , 
 
 Ship Princess Amelia, having on board the furni- 
 ture of his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, lost on 
 the Isle of Sable ; every soul on board, 200 in num* 
 ber, perished. 
 
 Nov. 25. Alexander Croke sworn in as Councillor; 
 
 1803. 
 
 The peace between England and France dissolved. 
 
 This year an establishment, for the relief of ship- 
 wrecked mariners, founded at the Isle of Sable, and 
 £400 granted towards its support, an allowance 
 which has been continued annually by theLegislature. 
 
 April 23. Michael Wallace sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 April 30. A warrant of impress granted to Capt. 
 Bradly, for ten days. 
 
 Sept. The University of King's College opened at 
 Windsor, pursuant to Royal Charter. 
 
 Dec. 15. A general fast. 
 
 Dec. 20. Louisianna surrendered by French Pre- 
 fect to American General Claiborne. 
 
 1804. ^ ^ 
 
 Feb. 23. The harbour of Halifax crowded with 
 an immense quantity of young pollock, manyhun- 
 
If 
 
 dred barrels of which are distributed among the 
 poor. "ii 
 
 May 10. Mr. Pitt replaced as Prime Minister of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 - May 16. Lord Cambden announces his appoint- 
 ment as Secretary of the Colonial Department. 
 
 A road opened between the upper part of the town- 
 ship of Annapolis and Liverpool. 
 
 May 19. John Butler Butler sworn in as Coun- 
 cillor. 
 
 July 27. No appropriation bill passed this year, 
 in consequence of a disagreement between the House 
 and Council — the Governor inibrnis the House that 
 €uch votes as had been agreed to by the House and 
 Council shall be paid, and that he shall feel justified 
 in paying the usual salaries to the public oiticers. 
 
 Aug. 10. A general fast. , - ,< 
 
 Dec. 2. Bonaparte crowned Emperor of France. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Feb. 10. Lord Castlereagh announces to the Go- 
 vernor, his appointment as Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies. 
 
 March 20. The Governor receives an order to 
 seize all Spanish vessels putting into tlie harbour of 
 
 Halilax. ;^^ .,,:■• > ■ -'./ r ■,-: r? ;f 
 
 May. Press warrant granted for fourteen days. 
 June 21 . A general fast. ' i .r : i 
 
 July. Lieut.-Governor Fanning, having served 
 nearly 19 years with great credit, retires from tho 
 Government of Prince iildward's Island, and is suc- 
 ceeded by Mr. Desbarrcs. 
 Oct. 24. Pierre Paulii>, a prisoner of war, executed 
 
 for the murder of a fellow prisoner. 
 
 36 
 
 » 
 
 M' 
 
 I i! 
 
 
ts% 
 
 
 W\ 
 
 Nov. 2S. The Speaker, having left the Provinea 
 for a short time, W. Cottnam Tonge, Esq. is chosen 
 in his place. 
 
 1806. r 
 
 Jan. 23. Death of William Pitt, first Lord of the 
 Treasury. ""^^^ 
 
 Feb. 5. Mr. Wyndham announces to the Gover- 
 nor, his appointment as Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies. 
 
 Revenue of the Province £20,577 5s. 5d. 
 
 May 3. His Majesty's ships Leander, Driver, &c. 
 interdicted from entering the harbour of the United 
 Slates. ' -• ' -•-'■>•■• •--,;-. -v. ..,.. .„,,. r.. ..w. , 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £7,166. ^ r ^ < >f 
 Sept. 13. Death of Charles James Fox. • ^ 
 
 Nov. 18. Ninth General Assembly convened at 
 Halifax. '^ ' * : ^^ 
 
 William Cottnam Tonge, Esq. having been elected 
 Speaker of the House of Assembly, was presented to 
 the Governor, who disallowed of the choice, where- 
 up<m Lewis M. Wilkins, Esq. was elected in his place, 
 and approved of. 
 
 Dec. 11. The Speaker, having been summoned to 
 attend a meeting of the Governors at King's College, 
 at a time which would prevent him from attending 
 at the hours to which the House had adjourned, 
 the House resolved, that it is highly disrespectful to 
 summon the Speaker in that manner, and that he is 
 liot bound to attend. ' ''^ '' trv ..<.'»•» ' 
 
 Dec. 19. The House address his Excellency, to 
 give a representation to the townships of Chester and 
 Wilmot, pursuant to a clause of Provincial Act 6th 
 Geo. 3d. 
 
:-'h 
 
 li 'I 
 
 'rovinea 
 chosen 
 
 d of the 
 
 5 Gover- 
 for the 
 
 iver, &c. 
 e United 
 
 irened at 
 
 a elected 
 sented to 
 , whepe- 
 lis place, 
 
 noned to 
 College, 
 ttending 
 joiirned, 
 ectful to 
 lat he is 
 
 ency, to 
 
 isterand 
 
 Act 5th 
 
 28S 
 
 1807. * 
 
 British ship Leopard fires upon the American fri- 
 gate Chesapeake, which surrenders ; several English 
 deserters are taken out of her. . k. . -> '. 
 
 Jan. 10. Brenton Halliburton sworn in as assis- 
 tant Judge, vice James Brenton, deceased. 
 
 Jan. 14. Charles Hill sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 Feb. 21. The naval officer suspended, and John 
 Beckwith appointed in his place. ' J ' ^ 
 
 June 13. A general fast. ' 
 
 June 14. The Governor recalls Lawrence Harts- 
 home to the Council Board. 
 
 Aug. 24. All export of provision from the Province 
 prohibited, in anticipation of a rupture with the Uni- 
 ted States. 
 
 Aug. 26. A Court Martial held at Halifax, on 
 board his Majesty's ship Beleisle, Rear Admiral Sir 
 A. Cockran, for the trial of John Wilson, alias Jenkin 
 Ratford, lately taken from American frigate Chesa- 
 peake, on charges of mutiny, desertion and con- 
 tempt, when sentence of death was passed upon him; 
 he was executed on the 3lst. ' ' '' 
 
 Oct. 7. Five hundred militia called into Halifax, 
 to do duty, and during the ensuing month two other 
 battalions. 
 
 Oct. 16. Two seamen executed on board of his 
 Majesty's ship Jason. Captain Cockran, having been 
 condemned to death on the 29th ult. with four 
 others (subsequently reprieved) by a Court Martial 
 for mutiny. • >^ ^^ - ' 
 
 Militia of the town of Halifax armed. It is affirm- 
 ed that the town could raise 900 effective men on an 
 alarm. - ■'—>""' •'-■•' •'.a. 
 
 i« 
 
 H\ 
 
 f ! 
 ; i 
 
 ¥ ' i 
 
 :; : 
 
 ; •!■ 
 
 1 ' 
 
 < - !■ 
 
 1 
 
 ■ ! 
 
284 
 
 Not. 17. British orders in Council passed, by 
 which all Neutrals are prohibited from going to 
 France, without first touching at a British port. ' > 
 
 Nov. 30. The Governor is informed that Sir Jas. 
 Henry Craig is appointed Governor-General. 
 
 Two battalions of embodied militia called in to do 
 duty at Halifax. 
 
 rtr, AA »v#.v-y-,rii , fcA(n-ir-*\s»*»*-;r*-ftA*8-«-N*" 
 
 Dec. 3. House of Assembly opened by the Chief 
 Justice, by virtue of a Special Commission from the 
 Governor, L. M. Wilkins, chosen Speaker. 
 
 Dec. 11. One hundred guineas voted by the 
 House of Assembly, for the purchase of a sword or 
 piece of plate, to be presented to Vice Admiral Berke- 
 ley, as a testimony of the esteem of the Province ; 
 which resolution is presented with an address of the 
 House. Z^*^ * 
 
 Dec. 22. An embargo laid by the Americans of 
 an unlimited duration. 
 
 Dec. 24. Eight hundred militia ordered to be in 
 readiness to march on receipt of orders, and two 
 hundred called in for the defence of Annapolis, i-^i 
 
 Dec. 31. District of Pictou divided into three 
 townships, Pictou, Egerton and Maxwelton. . 
 
 All British ships of war prohibited from entering 
 American ports. ,5^ 
 
 Milan decree. • »-*-•> v* ->.•!• .«' ,./ijt 
 
 A Court Martial assembles at Halifax, onboard of 
 his Majesty's ship Acasta, for the trial of forty-four 
 teamen and one marine, charged with mutiny, ten 
 of whom are found guilty and one executed. 
 
 1808. :- 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £10,105. ^^5 cuii fmtrhi' 
 
 April IS. Sir Geo. Provost sworn in as Lieut.-Gov. 
 
) S85 
 
 AprU !8. Richard John Uniocke, fworn in at 
 Councillor. ^ 
 
 June 2. Charles Morris iworn in ai Councillor.. 
 
 June 10. A general faflt. 
 
 June. A pension of £500 per annum granted to 
 Sir John Went worth, the late Lieutcnnnt-Governor. 
 
 Oct. 3. Samuel Flood George iworn in as Secre- 
 tary, Clerk of the Council, and Reglstror. 
 
 Nov. 23. Lord Castlereagh transmits to the Go* 
 vernor, an order in Council, appointing certain ports 
 in Nova-Scotia and New Brunswick, fur the impor- 
 tation from and exportation to the United StatcSi of 
 certain enumerated articles. 
 
 Dec. 6. Alexander CVoko administers the Govern- 
 ment, in the absence of his Excellency the Lieut.- 
 Governor Sir George Provost, who leaves Halifax 
 to assist at the reduction of Martinique. Fort Bour- 
 bon surrenders on the 24th February following, and 
 with it the whole island. 
 
 Dec. 8. Edward M'Crae and Matthew Allen, two 
 landsmen, having been impressed and forcibly carried 
 off from their labour on shore at Fiotou, and put on 
 board of one of his Majesty's ships and sent to the 
 West Indies, the House vote the same oppressive and 
 illegal, and request the Governor to interfere in their 
 behalf, which he promises to do ; before the order ar- 
 rived in the West Indies for their relief, they had 
 effected their escape by desertion. **" 
 
 1809. '^ *-•-' .^'fe- ^^.iitii-- . 
 
 Jan. 26. Alexander Croke, Esq. the administra- 
 tor of the Government, refuses his assent to the ap- 
 propriation bill, on the ground that the House had 
 voted money for the payment of an Agent, in whose 
 
 I 
 
 ill^ 
 
 .jiii<' 
 
 U. 
 
 r |i 
 
 \ k 
 
 '! i 
 
 :.'* I 
 
) i 
 
 11 
 
 .3 
 
 'I 
 .5 
 
 appointment he had not ooncurred, and on the score 
 of their grants of money being apparently greater 
 than the revenue, by means of which the Province 
 was in danger of having entailed upon it an empty 
 treasury and an incipient debt. 
 
 March 4. James Maddison chosen fourth Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Embargo law repealed by the United States and 
 non intercourse established. 
 
 Estimate ^,165. - J v? 
 
 ~ '''' April. A partial intercourse opened between (jlreat 
 Britain and the United States. 
 
 Order in Council passed, limiting the operation of 
 the order of 17th Nov. 1817, to a blockade of France. 
 '•' April 12. Sir George Provost returns in the Pe- 
 nelope frigate, from Martinique. 
 
 May 26. The Right Rev. Charles Inglis, Bishop 
 of Nova-Scotia, sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 June. Both Houses of Legislature concur in a 
 vote of 200 guineas for the purchase of a sword, to 
 be presented to Sir George Provost, as a mark of 
 their approbation of his conduct at Martinique. 
 
 June 18. Governor notifies the public, that a new 
 Commission of Sewers will issue for the Province. 
 
 Sept. 16. Piracy and murder committed by Ed- 
 ward Jordon and others, on board of the schooner 
 three Sisters, within two days sail of Halifax. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Oct. 26. Kept with every demonstration of joy 
 and loyalty, as the Jubilee, being the 50th year of the 
 reign of his Majesty King George the Third. 
 
 Nov. 23. Edward Jordon hanged and gibbeted 
 for piracy and murder. 
 
t8T 
 
 'itf 
 
 ' An Act of Parliament passed, for establishing Courti 
 of Judicature in the Island of Newfoundland and 
 places adjacent, and for re-annexing part of theCoast 
 of Labrador and the Islands lying on said coast, to 
 the Government of Newfoundland. 
 
 Arisaig Pier commenced. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £10,165. 
 
 Jan. Sir John Wentworth and Lady Wentworth 
 return to reside in Nova-Scotia, and receive an af- 
 fectionate address from the people of Halifax. 
 
 Jan. 10. Foster Hutchinson appointed assistant 
 Judge. 
 
 Jan. 25. Edward Brenton sworn in as Surrogate 
 to Judge Croke, on leave of absence. 
 
 Feb. 23. Ageneral fast. . ' ' , 
 
 Berlin and Milan decrees revoked. 
 
 The mail from Prince Edward's Island brought to 
 Pictou on the ice, with the exception of half a mile. - 
 
 May 28. The Parrsborough packet upsets in a 
 squall, in the Basin of Minas, and twenty-one head 
 of horned cattle lost — passengers and crew saved. 
 
 Sept. 12. Lord Liverpool informs the Governor, 
 that an addition of £1000 will be made to his salary ; 
 thereby putting him on a footing with the Governor 
 of Upper-Canada. -; .i/ ./ ^ u vvina ;': 3=1 l". 
 
 Nov. 9. The Governor receives permission to ap- 
 propriate the amount of the value of arms and accou- 
 trements of Militia, ^lowards the maintenance of the 
 established religion. ^ -■ ^ ; ■ 
 
 1811. ; 
 
 Estimate £12,966. ; . . : : ' j 
 
 1 
 
 ^ -i 
 
 if 
 
 r-i 
 
 !:i 
 
 ii!: 
 
M 
 
 I 
 
 -5 I 
 
 288 
 
 Non-intercourse established between the United 
 States and Great Britain. ..; 
 
 Feb. 4. The Prince of Wales, in consequence of 
 the long and confirmed indisposition of his Royal fa- 
 ther, appointed Prince Regent of the British Domini- 
 ons. « - •< •'"•' ' ' >.. 
 
 April 3. The House of Assembly pass several re- 
 solutions condemning the practice of prosecuting 
 breaches of the Imperial Revenue Laws in the Court 
 of Vice-Admiralty, as a great grievance, and betray- 
 ing a want of confidence in the people of the Pro- 
 vince, and appoint a commitec to correspond with 
 the Agent on the subject. 
 
 Foster Hutchinson, a member of the House of As- 
 sembly, having been appointed one of the assistant 
 Judges of the Supreme Court, and an Act having 
 been passed last year, that an assistant Judge of the 
 Court should not hold any other office, post, place, 
 appointment or situation, except that of Master in 
 Chancery or member of Council, it was considered 
 by the House that he was incapacitated from at- 
 tending in his place, and his scat was accordingly 
 declared vacant. 
 
 The House of Assembly, in an address to the Go- 
 vernor, requested to solicit from his Majesty a sus- 
 pension of the quit rents, the prayer of which ad- 
 dress, he promises them to transmit to his Majesty. 
 
 May 9. James Stewart sworn in as Councillor. 
 
 May 16 His Majesty's ship Little Belt is fired 
 into by the American frigate the President — 16 killed 
 and 21 wounded on board of her. 
 
 June 22. Lord Liverpool informs the Governor, 
 that in future £100 per annum will be proposed in all 
 
United 
 
 enee of 
 jyal fa- 
 Domini- 
 
 /cral re- 
 secating 
 ic Court 
 L betray- 
 the Pro- 
 jnd with 
 
 ise of As- 
 asslstant 
 5t having 
 Ige of the 
 ist, place, 
 faster in 
 onsidered 
 from at- 
 cordingly 
 
 o the Go* 
 
 ity a SU8- 
 ^hich ad- 
 dajesty. 
 ncillor. 
 It is fired 
 .16 killed 
 
 lovernor, 
 »sedin n\\ 
 
 180 
 
 .J future annual estim tee, for every Misiionary eent 
 • from England, who,upon rotiioving from the Colony, 
 fhali produce to the Society for the propogation of 
 the Gospel in foreign parts, a ccrtlftoat4 of the due 
 performance of his duty in do Colony for ten yearn. 
 Aug. 10. Thos. N. Jeflbry sworn In as Counsellor. 
 Aug. 26. Alexander Croko administers the Go- 
 vemmcnt ; Sir George Provost having been appoint- 
 ed to the Government of Canada. 
 
 Sept. 4. A Comet visible, first seen on the 4th; 
 its declination was 45o 40 north) and its right ascen- 
 sion 15o. It traversed nearly one degree in twenty- 
 four hours, in a north-eastern direction. 
 
 Sept. 30. A very severe golo of wind, by which 
 great damage was done to the shipping on the coast . 
 Oct. 16. Sir John Sherbrooko arrived at Halifax, 
 and is sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Dec. 2. DiedatFredcrlcton, Major-General Wil- 
 liam Balfour, late Conunandcr-ih-Chief of the Pro- 
 vince of New-Brunswick. , 
 
 Dec. 24. The Governor, by proclamation, opens 
 the Port ef Halifax to the vessels of Neutrals. 
 
 1812. ^ 
 
 '^'Feb. 6.* Tenth General Assembly convened at 
 Halifax— L.M.-^WilkinB, Speaker. 
 'Feb. 10. The Governor communicates to the 
 House, that his Majesty will suspend the collection 
 ofthe quit rents, if the House will make a suitable 
 provision for the Clergy of the Church of England. - 
 Feb. 27. The House resolve, that a man born 
 deaf and dumb* if sane and capable of expressing his 
 ideas by signs, is capable of voting at an election — 
 19 to 14. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 ■ .' :, 
 
 i, ■ 
 
 l-sl 
 
 * ■• 
 
 1; V 
 
 ''^.'' I ■ ■ 
 
 i\ :■, 
 
 li - 1 
 
 ■_!■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 i ■ 1 
 
 ■} ' I '■' 
 
 ' '■ J- 
 
 - ' '■• 
 > 1 !■: 
 
290 
 
 March 4. The Receiver ot Quit Rents reports, 
 that from 3d January, 1809, to 4tli March, 1812, he 
 had received the sum of £559 19s. Id. The Secre- 
 tary reports that the annual amount of quit rents, if 
 collected, would be J£3,500. ,£..;;,.• 
 
 . 'Ihe Secretary informs the House of Assembly, 
 that the sum due to the Crown for quit rents, is 
 JE40,000 ; that from 1731 to 1750, few grants of land 
 passed, except town lots or fish lots, at which time 
 the quit rents were generally Id per acre. From 
 22d September, 1760 to 3d March, 1812, 1,816 
 grants were issued, conveying 5,991,961 acres, of 
 which 1,600,000 are escheated — the number not es- 
 cheated is 1786 — conveying 4,391,961. ' 
 
 April 7. The House informs the Governor that 
 they decline to make a provision for the clergy, and 
 request him to suspend the collection of the quit ren ts. 
 
 June. America declares war against Great-Britain. 
 
 June 11. Lord'Bathurst notifies the Governor, of 
 his appointment as Secretary to the Colonial De- 
 partment. 
 
 July 1. His Majesty's ship Belvidera .arrived at 
 Halifax, and reports that she was chased on the 23d 
 ultimo by an American squadron, consisting of three 
 large frigates, a sloop of war, and a brig, and fired 
 into by the leading ship. The captain and eighteen 
 seamen wounded, and two killed. ,; • 
 
 Press- warrant granted to Admiral Sawyer for forty- 
 eight hours. . ■ 
 
 July 3. The Governor issues a proclamation, 
 forbidding all persons from molesting the inhabitants 
 of the frontiers of the United States, bordering on 
 l^ew-Brunswick ; they having manifested a dispo- 
 
:;: i 
 
 291 
 
 •ition, not to injure the people of these Colonies. 
 
 July 9. The first class of Militia, from eighteen to 
 fifty years of age, ordered to hold themselves in 
 readiness to march at a moment's warning. 
 
 July 18. Orders received from England, that in 
 case of the death or absence of the Governor or 
 Lieut. Governor, the senior military officer shall 
 administer the Government, instead of the senior 
 counsellor as heretofore • - '-• 
 
 July 21. Council advise the Governor to issue 
 letters of marque against the Americans, and to pro- 
 hibit the sailing of all vessels without special license, 
 for one month. 
 
 July 31. Lord Bathurst acquaints the Governor, 
 that all salaries under one hundred and fifty pounds 
 per annum are exempted from the income tax. 
 
 An American privateer comes into Broad Cove 
 near Digby, and is driven off by the militia ; the 
 captain and a prize master, who were on shore, are 
 taken prisoners. , „ = r,. « , >. .- 
 
 Aug. 2. His Majesty's brig Emulous lost on the 
 Ragged Islands near Shelburne. 
 
 Aug. 14. Embargo on all vessels continued to 
 21st September. 
 
 Aug. 16. General Hill and his army surrender to 
 the English in Upper-Canada. 
 
 Augi 29. British frigate Guerriere, taken by the 
 American frigate Constitution. . .u 
 
 Nov. 21 . Letters received by the Governor from; 
 Mr. Monroe, dated Washington, 30th October, 1812, 
 informing him, that the American Government had 
 given orders that vessels going to or from the 
 
 ' 1 !i 
 
 >v !; 
 
 
3d8 
 
 .6 
 
 Mlad of Sable, should not be molested bj United 
 States cruisers or privateers. 
 
 Dec. 31 . Prince Regent's order received for issu- 
 ing letters of marque, and making reprisals on the 
 Americans. 
 
 His Majesty's frigate Barbadoes lost on the east 
 end of Sable Island. , ^ . , = 
 
 n:-..:.: ., : r 1813. ' "' " ■'.■-., 
 
 Jan. 4. The Governor informs Admiral Warren, 
 that he had received an order of his Royal Highness 
 the Prince Regent in council, dated 13th Oct. I8I2, 
 authorizing him to grant export and import licences 
 for carrying on trade with the United States, and 
 desires him to respect those licences. 
 
 Jan. 13. New National school opened at Halifax. 
 
 Feb. 8. Foster Hutchison and John Black, sworn 
 in as Counsellors. .' ' 
 
 Feb. 17. Afast. ' ' "' " 
 
 March 20. Examination taken of the crew of the 
 Spanish brig Seraphina, who had killed six of the 
 men and subsisted on their flesh. 
 
 May 8. The Governor receives the opinion of the 
 Grown Officers, Christopher Robinson, Thos. Plumer 
 and H. Garrow, that in a Court ol marriage and di- 
 vorce, constituted by the Governor and Council, a 
 judgment pronounced by the majority, in which the 
 Governor does not concur, is valid. >,{ ^ ; .; n i - 
 
 May 12. 20,000 Acres of Land granted to King's 
 College. " ■'■-■': '^v 1 
 
 June I. Comodore Perry captures the British 
 sqiiadron on Lake Erie. 
 
 June 6. His Majesty's frigate Shannon arrives at 
 Halifajy with her prize, the American frigate Chesa- 
 
S9S 
 
 peake, which she had captured after a short but se- 
 vere engagement of eleven minutes. 
 
 June 27. The American privateer Young Teazer, 
 having been chased into Mahone Bay, one of the crew 
 blew her up, six only out of thirty-six saved ; another 
 account says six out of one hundred. 
 
 Sept. The remains of Capt. Lawrence and Lieut. 
 Ludlow, of the Chesapeake frigate, disinterred at 
 Halifax, and conveyed to Salem, and finally buried 
 at New- York with great solemnity. 
 
 Sept. 7. Governor issues a Proclamation, requir- 
 ing all vessels arriving from Malta, where the plaguo 
 is raging, to conform to Quarantine Laws. 
 
 Nov. 12. A dreadful gale of wind experienced at 
 Halifax. It commenced in the aHernoon at 5 o'clock, 
 from the South East, and blew with extraordinary 
 violence until 7. Upwards of 70 vessels were driven 
 on shore, sunk, or materially injured, and many lives 
 
 lost. '•* ^ :;/''''^ •!*' • !- :^•:^. *'■: -■■:::■':•'' :h-y;.:i-'' - 
 
 Jan. 22. The crew of the Spanish brig Seraphina 
 ordered to be carried to Cadiz, for trial. 
 
 Jan. 29. Lord Bathurst orders all j9menean prtfon- 
 en to be removed to Louisburg^ as a place of safety. 
 
 Feb. 26. A fast. — This fast day, which was on© 
 of the last in Nova-Scotia, was not well observed in 
 one of the Counties, the Court of Common Pleas sat 
 throughout the day. , , 
 
 Feb. 28. A preoa warrant granted to Admiral 
 Griffiths. . > I ' ft 
 
 March 2 . The sum of X3000 having been granted 
 by Parliament, for the erection of a house at Halifax 
 for the Naval Commander-in-Chief, which proved 
 
 ((« 
 
 ! I 
 
 • 
 
294 
 
 inadequate, the Assembly vote £1,500 towards iti 
 completion. . t t q .« j 3^.»/ 
 
 March 24. JE2,600 granted by the Legislature, to 
 aid the sufferers by the late war in Canada, as a tes- 
 timony of its approbation of their loyalty. • 
 
 An increase of £100 per annum made to the sala- 
 ries of the assistant Judges of Supreme Court, and of 
 the Treasurer. X. ./ 
 
 April 2. Buonaparte resigns the Throne of France 
 and Italy. ' 
 
 April 25. Blockade of the whole American Coast, 
 prodaimedby Admiral Cochran. 
 
 May. Definitive treaty of peace signed between 
 Great Britain and France. ...r ..,..,. p., r , , 
 
 June 13j Rupert D. George sworn in as Secretary » 
 Clerk of the Council and Registrar. , i.^n-j '.mv iivtv 
 
 July. Eastport, in the State of Maine, taken by a 
 squadron under the command of Sir Thomas -Hardy, 
 and garrisoned by the 102d Regiment, and a detach- 
 ment of Artillery. ,— -'*»-. .--.-^^ "f: -..i 
 
 July 13. Arrived at Halifax, the United States 
 brig Rattlesnake, pierced for 18 guns with a crew of 
 131 men, prize to his Majesty's sloop Lcander. 
 
 July 15. LordBathurst orders the license trade 
 with the United States to be discontinued. . ... 
 
 July 23. The Prince Regent issues his Proclama- 
 tion, announcing thatBritish subjects, although adopt- 
 ed.citizcns, would be considered guilty of high trea- 
 son if found in the land or sea service of the United 
 States. f! ro-uit^.-w -, :n-^-., \, -■ ■ .: ; .,r,^.'-v.^n 
 
 Aug. 24. The City of Washington taken by the 
 British. > ■'^^■- ^•■" -'-'t-mmr'^'-^rO -^ri^V'- ^;r; 'iiA 
 
295 
 
 August 26. An expedition sailed from Halifax, 
 consisting of the first company of Royal ArtiU. 
 lery, and detachments of the 29th, 60th, 62d and 98th, 
 regiments; the whole divided into two brigades, com- 
 manded by Major General Goyelin and Colonel Doug- 
 las, and all under the immediate orders of Sir John 
 Sherbrooke. The fleet consisted of the Bulwark, 
 Dragon- and Spencer, of 74 guns, two frigates, two 
 brigs, a schooner and ten transports, commanded by 
 Rear Admiral Griffiths. On the first of September 
 they arrived at Castine, on the Penobscot river, 
 which was taken possession of without resistance ; 
 the enemy having blown up the fort, and effected 
 their escape. Immediate preparations were made to 
 capture the American Corvette, John Adams, of 24 
 guns, which had entered the Penobscot in distress, a 
 few days before the arrival of the English. The ex- 
 pedition for this purpose consisted of two gun brigs, 
 a tender, a transport, and nine launches, with 700 
 men, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John, of the 
 60th Regiment. The enemy made some show of re- 
 sistance, but finding themselves unable to cope with 
 the force sent against them, set fire to the Corvette, 
 and fled in all directions. Three stand of colours and 
 several pieces of ordnance fell into the hands of the 
 English, whose loss amounted to only one man killed 
 and one officer, and seven men wounded. After 
 the capture of Castine, Colonel Pilkington was dis- 
 patched against Machias, which was taken possession 
 of on the 11th of September. The militia and the 
 civil officers of the Country, having made an offer 
 not to serve against his Brittanic Majesty, during the 
 war, which was acceded to, all further hostili- 
 
 I ' 
 
 1' I 
 
 ■ 
 
 i ' li 
 
 .1'. i : 
 
 u 11 
 
«9« 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 ties ceased. Thus an extensive territory, stretching 
 along the sea coast 100 miles, including a valuable 
 tract of Country, partly separating New-Brunswick 
 from Canada, passed under the Dominion of the Bri- 
 tish, writhout the effusion of blood, or the least waste 
 of treasure. 
 
 Aug. 26. Major-General Darroch administers the 
 Government as Commander-in-Chief, in the absence 
 of the Governor. 
 
 Sept. II. The British squadron on Lake Cham- 
 plain captured by Comodore M'Donnough. 
 
 Sept. 21. Sir John Sherbroke resumes the Go- 
 vernment. • - 
 
 Sept. 29. The body of Major-General Ross, who 
 fell before Baltimore, landed at Halifax, and interred 
 at St. Paul's Church yard. '"" - '*- ^ -" ' 
 
 Oct. 27. A day of General thanksgiving. ^^- ' 
 
 Npv. 20. Hie naked bodies of 20 men came on 
 shore at the entrance of Sydney harbour, supposed 
 to have been wrecked near the Island of St. Pierre. 
 
 Dec. 24. Treaty of Ghent signed between Great 
 Britain and the United States. 
 
 1815. '''-''■'' -■-'•—«. 
 
 A Police Court established at Halifax, of which 
 John Pyke, John Howe and John Liddel, are appoint- 
 ed Justices. 
 
 During the autum of I8I4 and winter of I8I5, many 
 persons died of tne small-pox about Halifax. . 
 
 Bridewell established at Halifax. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £13,440. 
 
 Buonaparte landed at Trijus from Elba. 
 
 Feb. 24. Peace ratified between Great Brit&in 
 and America. ; ^ 
 
 V 
 
J97 
 
 April 25. Brcnton Halliburton sworn in as Covn- 
 sellor. 
 
 April 26. British troops evacuate Castine. ^ 
 
 May 6. A number of black refugees from the Uni^ 
 ted States placed at Melville Island, where they are 
 ordered to be vaccinated and victualled until further 
 •orders. 
 
 May 10. Lord Bathurst grants permission to Sir 
 J. Sherbrooke, to accept the sum of £1000, voted by 
 the Legislature to him, for the purchase of a sword. 
 
 June 1. A considerable quantity of ice discovered 
 dn the harbour of Halifax, which had collected the 
 preceding evening; owing to the coldness of the sea- 
 ■son, planting had not commenced in many parts of 
 the Province. 
 
 June 18. Battle of Waterloo. 
 
 June 22. A very severe thunder squall experi- 
 enced at Onslow — one man killed and another much 
 injured by lightning, and three drowned. 
 
 July 22. Buonaparte resigns himself to the Eng- 
 Hsh, and is deported to St. Helena. 
 
 July 26. Earl Bathurst grants permission to the 
 Governor, to make licences of the coal mines. Dur- 
 ing this year, 631 chaldrons of coals are exported 
 from the coal mines at Pictou. 
 
 Dec. Doctor Croke, Judge of Vice Admiralty 
 Court, resigns. 
 
 Dec. 7. James Stewart, Solicitor General, ap- 
 pointed assistant Judge, vice Foster Hutchinson, de- 
 ceased, and S. B. Robie, Solicitor, vice J. Stewart. 
 
 Hon. Philip Woodhouse sworn in as Counsellor. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Parliamentary estimate £13,440. 
 
 38 
 
 ■h 
 
 , i 
 
298 
 
 Light-Houso on Coffin's Island near Liverpool first 
 lighted. ' ^ .'u.tl,'^^.. 
 
 Population of Upper-Canada — 164,127. 
 
 Trustees of Pictou Academy incorporated. 
 
 J£3>000 granted by the Assembly, for the purchase 
 of seed grain for the poor. 
 
 An Act passed, for granting a pension of =£400 per 
 annum to Judge Monk. 
 
 A Stage-Coach set up, to run between Halifax and 
 Windsor. 
 
 Jan. 5. Death of Sir George Prevost, Bart, for- 
 merly Lieutenant-Governor of Nova-Scotia, and late 
 Governor-General of Canada. ji 
 
 Feb. 18. St. John's, Newfoundland nearly des- 
 troyed by fire. ^ t > ? 
 
 March 30. Lewis Morris Wilkins appointed an 
 assistant Judge of Supreme Court, vice Monk, retired; 
 and Peleg Wiswall, an associate Judge of the same 
 Court, for which appointment a provision of £400 
 per annum was made during the last session. 
 
 April. 17. Two soldiers armed, and having stolen 
 goods in their possession, assault Capt. Westmacott 
 ofR. S. Corps, while going his round at night, and 
 leave him mortally wounded ; JEIOO ofTcred for their 
 apprehension. Capt. W. died on the 4th May. ] 
 
 April. 20. The House of Assembly, by address to 
 his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, request that 
 their Chaplain, Robert Stanser, may be appointed 
 Bishop, vice Charles Inglis, deceased. 
 
 April 27. £100 granted by the Governor, out of 
 the casual revenue, to relieve poor settlers at St. 
 Mary's River and Musquodoboit. 
 
 April 29. Micliael Wallace appointed Judge of the 
 
209 
 
 Court of Vice Admiralty, vice Dr. Croko, resigned. 
 
 May 2. Princess Cliarlottc nmi'rUul to tlio Prince 
 Leopold of Saxe Cobourg. * 
 
 May 6. Mr. Harrison infornm tl)0 Governor, that 
 his Majesty had been plonHod to appoint Robert 
 Stanser Bishop of Nova-Scotia, pursuant to the 
 prayer of tlie House of Assembly. w > 
 
 June 22. Lord Bathurst authori/cs the expendi- 
 ture of amount of duties levied at CiiHtino, on such 
 local improvements as the Governor shotdd suggest. 
 
 June 27. Major-General George Trnoy Smith ad- 
 ministers the Government, Sir John Shcrbrooke hav- 
 ing embarked for Canada. 
 
 Oct. 8. The Right Rev. Robert, Lord Bishop of 
 Nova-Scotia, sworn in as Counsellor. '. - \ , •jfn 
 
 Oct. 9. A severe fire at Halifax, in Sackville- 
 etreet, extending into HolUs-street and Bedford-row, 
 by which several buildings are destroyed. .,..,) 
 
 Oct. 24. Lieut. General the Right Hon. George, 
 Earl of Dalhousie, sworn in as Lieut. Governor. 
 
 Nov. 9. The Team-Boat makes its first trip from 
 Halifax to Dartmouth. 
 
 Commitments to Bridewell this year — 169. 
 
 Dec. 17. A most destructive Arc occurs at Hali- 
 fax, in the premises owned by George Grassie & Co. 
 in water-street — consuming a number of houses and 
 stores — Loss estimated at Je40,000. 
 • .-.■ .-■ 1817. 
 
 Feb. 13. S. B. Robie, Esq. choBon Speaker of 
 the House of Assembly, vice L. M. Wilkins, appoint- 
 ed Judge. 
 
 Feb. 28. Major-General George Stracey Smyth 
 appointed Governor of New-Brunswick. 
 
 1:1 
 |:' 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 J!. 
 
 'in 
 
 
 ,1 :!' 
 
 ■il 
 
300 
 
 III I 
 
 U I 
 
 kforoh 4. James Munroe chosen President of the 
 United States, •nur-.-'-ir-r. ' ; '^-tat^ " 
 
 May 21. W. H. O. Halliburton, and S. G. W. 
 Archibald, Es^aires, appointed King's Council. 
 
 May 22. A little before sunrise, three shocks of 
 an Earthquake felt at Granville, Annapolis, Wilmot, 
 and Digby; they all took place within fifteen minutes, 
 and were accompanied by a rumbling noise like 
 thunder. The houses were shaken, furniture moved, 
 and the inhabitants alarmed. At Dip^by and Annapo- 
 lis they were the most severe. A shock at the same 
 time was experienced at Lunenburg, N. S. Frede- 
 ricton, N. B. and Boston, Mass. ' • ■ ■> - '- 
 
 Sept. 30. Crofton Uniackc sworn in as Judge if 
 the Vice Admirahy Court. '^ '-^ i - >: > ■< . 
 
 Oct. t. Decided in Council, six to four, that the 
 Judge of Vice Admiralty has no right to a seat at the 
 Council Board, agreeably to the rank assigned to his 
 predecessor, without a mandamus to the Governor 
 to that effect. 
 
 Nov. 6. Death of the Princess Charlotte, aged 22. 
 
 Number of commitments to Bridewell this year, 1 24. 
 
 Dec. 11. £1000 granted by the Governor, out of 
 the Castine fund, to aid the military library at Hali- 
 fax ; and JE9,750 towards the establishment of a Col- 
 lege at Halifax, f , > 
 
 • 1818. ' -^ 
 
 Halifax and St. John appointed free ports, pursuant 
 to an order in Council of his Royal Highness the 
 Prince Regent, of the 27th May last. 
 
 A number of emigrants arrive from Wales in great 
 distress, and are sent by the Governor to Shelburne, 
 where lands are given to them ; the expense of their 
 
301 
 
 of the 
 
 G. W, 
 
 il. 
 
 )cks of 
 Vilmot, 
 tinutes, 
 Lse like 
 moved, 
 Lnnapo- 
 i\e same 
 Frede- 
 
 fudge of 
 
 that the 
 at at the 
 ed to his 
 Jovernor 
 
 aged 22. 
 ear,124. 
 r, out of 
 at Hali- 
 of a Col- 
 
 pursuant 
 mess the 
 
 3 in great 
 helburne, 
 e of their 
 
 removal from Halifax voted by the House XI 90 
 16s. lid. 
 
 Feb. 11. The harbour of Halifax closed above the 
 Island, and the ingress and egress of vessels precluded 
 by the ice until the 24th. 
 
 March 28. A township, called the township of St. 
 Mary's, formed on the borders of Halifax and Sydney 
 Counties. .. -> » .. •,.• ... • .. ■.-:> — , 
 
 ' April 3. Michael Wallace administers the Go- 
 vernment in absence of Lord Dalhousie, who visits 
 Bermuda, and returns on 1st May following. 
 
 May 15. James Fraser sworn in as Counsellor. '^ 
 
 June 30. Mr. N . Atcheson acknowledges the re- 
 ceipt of his appointment as Agent of the Province, 
 vice Mr. Morcland. 
 
 July 6. The Rev. Dr. Burke installed at Quebec, 
 Catholic Bishop of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 Census of Nova-Scotia proper 78,345 — the popula- 
 tion of Halifax returned at 11,156. 
 
 Aug. 18. A grant passes the great Seal of the 
 Province, of a part of the old ])arade at Halifax, for a 
 College. 
 
 Dec. The Central Agricultural Society estab- 
 lished at Halifax. 
 
 1819. 
 
 House of Assembly vote X2000 towards the erec- 
 tion of a College on the old Parade, at Halifax, to be 
 called Dalhousie College. 
 
 Jan. 23. Death of his Royal Highness the Duke 
 of Kent. 
 
 Jan. 29. Death of His Majesty King George the 
 Third. , . ,,. 
 
 !iii' 
 
 Hi -'' 
 
 ■II ' 
 
203 
 
 ' '• 
 
 Feb. n. The eleventh General Assembly con- 
 vened at Halifax, S. }]. Robic, chosen Speaker. '^^ 
 
 March 18. A lottery bill passed for raising the 
 sum of £9000, lor the purpose of erecting a bridge 
 over the river Avon, at Windsor. 
 
 May 17. A new General Commission of the Peace 
 issues. - , , 
 
 Aug. 28. The Governor receives from England, 
 anew great Seal of the Province, and returns the old 
 one to White Hall, to be defaced. ,,; . : ,,,, . 
 
 Sept. 14. Lord Dalhousic officially communicates 
 the death of the Duke of Richmond, which took place 
 at Ottawa, in Upper Canada, on the 23d Aug. last. 
 
 Hibbert Binney first sits as Counsellor. • * • 
 
 The Governor, by Proclamation, orders the Qua- 
 rantine Laws to be enforced, on account of the pre- 
 valence of yellow fever m the United States. 
 
 Oct. 23. The Governor receives an Act of Parlia- 
 ment, entitled an Act for enabling the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury and York, for the time being, to admit 
 persons into Holy Orders, especially for the Colonies. 
 
 Nov. 11. The Naval Hospital, near the Dock- 
 Yard at Halifax, destroyed by fire. . , 
 
 Nov. 17. Death ofQueen Charlotte, aged 75 years. 
 
 Nov. 22. Lord Dalhousie sworn in as Governor- 
 General. 
 ' ■■ "■■ ' 1820. " 
 
 " Poor man's friend Society" established at Hali- 
 fax, the operation of which is confined to the winter 
 season. 
 
 April 2. The House of Assembly grant the sum 
 of £1000 for the purchase of a sword and star, to be 
 presented to Lord Dalhousie. 
 
"ii 
 
 y COQ- 
 r. 
 
 ling the 
 bridge 
 
 e Peace 
 
 England, 
 J the old 
 
 . ■ ft f 
 
 lunicatcs 
 ;)ok place 
 ig. last. 
 
 the Qua- 
 f the pre- 
 
 of Parlia- 
 
 bishop of 
 
 to admit 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 le Dock- 
 
 75 years. 
 Governor- 
 
 (1 at Hali- 
 the winter 
 
 at the sum 
 star, to be 
 
 SOS 
 
 April 7. Lord Dulhouitio ini'ornis tho Council, that 
 he has received uUiclal iiii'urnintion of tho death of 
 his Majesty Kiiii^ Cloonj^c tlio Third — and requires 
 their attenda "„c, and that of the Assembly, who, hav- 
 ing appointed 1). S. Clarke iiorald, ho proceeds, ac- 
 companied by Council and Assembly, Stall', principal 
 inhabitants and Ollicers of Army and Navy, to the 
 front of the Province UuiJdinfjr, and bin Mujesty King 
 George the Fourth is proclaimed in the usual form, 
 the oath of allegiance taken, the rolls subscribed, &c. 
 
 May 31. Lord Dalhousio presents to the Province 
 two Portraits, which ho hud just received from hig 
 Castle, in Scotland, of King George the Second and 
 his Queen, to be set up in the Council Chamber. 
 
 June 2. Sir James Kempt sworn in as Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 July 13. Sir James Kempt comnmnicates to the 
 Council, an Act of Congress, passed 1 5th May last, 
 imposing further restrictions on tho Commercial in- 
 tercourse between tho United States and his Majes- 
 ty's North American Colonics. 
 
 Aug. 4. Pursuant to a notice from the Secretary of 
 the Province,of this date, subscriptions are opened in 
 Nova-Scotia, for the purpose of erecting a monumen- 
 tal statue of his Uoyul lliglincs'S the Duke of Kent, 
 in some elegible part of Loiulon. In order to per- 
 mit the numerous friends of his Royal Highness in 
 Nova-Scctia to contribute to tho same, the amount 
 of subscriptions are limited to one guinea. 
 
 Sept. 17. A very extensive and destructive fire 
 having occurred on the borders of Annapolis and 
 Shelburne counties, Sir James 'Ccmpt draws upon 
 the Treasury of the Province for .t300, for the re- 
 lief of the inhabitants; ho also sends to them a quan- 
 
 :,:n 
 
 / 
 
 \'\ 
 
 iM 
 
i.f 
 
 S04 
 
 tity of Barrack blankets, rugs, shirts, frocks, beds, 
 coats, worsted stockings, nails, and window glass. 
 Liberal subscriptions raised in Nova-Scotia, New- 
 Brunswick, and United States, for their relief. 
 
 Oct. 9. The Island of Cape Breton re-annexed to 
 Nova-Scotia, and constituted a county thereof. 
 ■ A writ issued for the election of two members, to 
 represent the County of Cape Breton in General 
 Assembly ; the form of which writ, on account of 
 many persons holding their lands under crown leases, 
 is altered to meet the exigency. 
 ' '■ Dec. The law and ordinance of Nova-Scotia ex- 
 tended to the Island of Cape Breton, by Act of the 
 Legislature. 
 
 Dec. 12. Twelfth General Assembly convened at 
 Halifax — S. B. Robie chosen Speaker. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Sir James Kempt lays before the Council, a return 
 
 of the titles of land registered in the Island of Cape 
 
 Breton : 
 
 541 grants, containing 229,220 Acres. 
 
 490 Crown Leases, 98,600 
 
 -*-* 47 Licenses, - - 15,000 
 
 342,820 
 
 Under warrants of Survey,Petitions, \ o^o Q«n 
 and without either, about J ^^^,o^^ 
 
 Amount claimed under gooddefec-? caxcAn 
 tive and without title \ ^^^'^^^ 
 
 Jan. 20. The harbour of Halifax frozen over al- 
 most to the Light- House, the ice of sufficient solidity 
 to bear sleighs, skaters, &c. and continued so for se- 
 veral days. 
 
305 
 
 ■!1: 
 
 March. Boards of Land Commissionens established 
 for the several Counties. - *'' ■ 
 
 May 5. Napoleon Buonaparte dies, aged 51 years.. 
 
 July 19. Coronation of George the Fourth. ' 
 
 Aug. 7. Death of Queen Caroline. 
 
 Sept. 22. A very destructive fire at Halifax in 
 Sackville-street, by which 23 houses are consumed. 
 
 Nov. 3. The northern district of Cape-Breton di- 
 vided into 3 townships, Sydney, St. Andrews, and 
 St. Patrick. , -, . ,t . 
 
 Dec. JEIGS remitted to London, the amount of 
 subscriptions in Nova-Scotia, to the monument of 
 the Duke of Kent. .-. 
 
 £1000 voted by Assembly to Dalhousie College. 
 
 1822. ' ■ . 
 
 March 20. A thunder-storm of unusual violence 
 at Halifax, attended with hail. 
 
 May 16. The French frigate L'Africane, of 44 
 guns, bound from Martinique to St. Pierre, wrecked 
 on the Isle of Sable ; six only were lost out of a 
 crew of 250 men ; the officers and men were brought 
 to Halifax, where they received the most hospitable 
 treatment. ^, . . 
 
 Aug. Death of Lord Londonderry. , 
 
 Oct. 18. Arrived at Halifax the French corvette 
 Egerie, with the cordon of a commander of a legion 
 of honour for Sir James Kempt, and also gold medals 
 for the superintcndant ot the Island, and the master 
 of a small vessel, who had been active in rescuing 
 the crew of L'Africane. 
 
 Oct. 24. Enos Collms sworn in as Counsellor. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce established at Halifax. 
 
 A census taken of the Township of Parrsborough, 
 
 39 
 
 
 m 
 
 •i u 
 
 ■ ]•< 
 ti 
 
306 
 
 in 
 
 It < 
 
 ' I 
 
 by which it appears there are 223 families, and 1,278 
 
 souls. 
 
 :■-,. ^ :, .. 1823. 
 
 Imports into Halifax (exclusive of the coasting- 
 trade) from 5th January, 1819, to 5th January, 1823: 
 
 Imports je2,271,889 14s. 6d. 
 
 ^XroTcSn'^/"- \ '^''^' »- ^- 
 
 Feb. 20. At 7 o'clock in the morning, in an ele- 
 vated situation, the Q. S. at Halifax 13 below zero ; 
 the harbour frozen over below George's Island. 
 
 April 2. The Governor informs the House, that 
 he had received a letter from Lord Bathurst, autho- 
 rizing the admission of Lawrence Kavanah to a seat 
 in the Assembly, without subscribing the oath 
 against popery, &c. 
 
 April 29. The Governor informs the Council, that 
 he has appointed John G. Marshall, Esquire, Chief- 
 Justice of the Common Pleas for the Island of Cape- 
 Breton. 
 
 May. Ward Chipman, Esq. a Counsellor of New- 
 Brunswick, having been sworn in as administrator 
 of the Government, on the death of General Smyth ; 
 Christopher Billop, senior counsellor, who had not 
 attended at Fredericton, to be sworn in, claims the 
 
 Government, and issues his proclamation accordingly. 
 Oct. 10. A public subscription library established 
 
 at Halifax — shares £5 each — annual subscriptions 
 
 30s. His Excellency offers to the committee of 
 
 management an apartment in the Province Building, 
 
 for the Library. 
 
 1824. 
 
 The Province of Nova-Scotia is divided into thrfee 
 
 districts, pursuant to an act of the Province, making 
 
307 
 
 provision for three professional gentlemen, to preside 
 in the Courts of Common Pleas and Quarter Sessions 
 in each district. 
 
 The value of Imports of New-Brunswick exceeds 
 those of Nova-Scotia this year, in consequence of 
 the great advance in the timber trade, JE75,978; and 
 the Exports exceed those of Nova-Scotia, £54,665. 
 
 An act passed, authorizing the incorporation of a 
 company, for making a canal by the river and lakes 
 of the Shubenaccadie, so as to connect the waters of 
 the Bay of Fundy with the harbor of Halifax. 
 
 S. G. W. Archibald, Esquire, appointed Chief- 
 Justice of Prince Edward's Island. 
 
 Population of New-Brunswick — 74,176. 
 
 Feb. 2. Lord Bathurst requires the Governor to 
 make a return of all fines and forfeitures in Nova- 
 Scotia. 
 
 March 1. House of Assembly address Sir James 
 Kempt on his intended visit to England, and request 
 him to accept 500 guineas for the purchase of a 
 Bword, as a mark of their respect—he declines to ac- 
 cept the same. 
 
 March 17. W. H. 0. Halliburton appointed 
 ChiefJustice of the Common Pleas of the middle 
 division ; Jared I. Chipman of the eastern, and T. 
 Ritchie of the western division of Nova- Scotia. 
 
 March 24. The Township of Kempt founded in 
 the County of Hants. v 
 
 April 2. Cape Breton divided into three districts. 
 First, or north eastern district — second, or southern 
 district — third, or north western district. 
 
 Simon B. Robie sworn in as Counsellor. 
 
 May 19. Sir James Kempt visits England on 
 
 ?'M' 
 
 ■J 
 
 m 
 
 ' Ml 
 
 Ik 
 
 '.! 
 
 
 iiii 
 
 pi I 
 
II 
 
 308 
 
 leaVe of absence, and Michael Wallace administers 
 the Government. 
 
 There are this year 128 commitments made to 
 Bridewell. - 
 
 May 25. Colonel John Ready succeeds Charles 
 Douglas Smith, Esquire, as Governor of Prince 
 Edward's Island. 
 
 Aug. 28. Jiajor-General Sir Howard Douglas, 
 Bart, sworn in at Fredericton, as Lieut. Governor 
 of the Province of New-Brunswick.' 
 
 Sept. 30. The Lords Commissioners of the Cus- 
 toms, order sugar and coffee, the produce of South 
 America, to be admitted to entry in the North Ame- 
 rican colonies, duty free, to be warehoused for ex- 
 portation. 
 
 Nov. 20. LordBathurst communicates an order 
 from his Majesty, prescribing the uniform to be worn 
 by the Governors and superior civil officers in tlie 
 colonies. - '. 
 
 1825. 
 
 A forgery of Province notes to a considerable ex- 
 tent discovered, and John Puttum, one of the parties 
 concerned, apprehended and lodged in jail at Halifax. 
 
 An association formed at Halifax (capital of which 
 is divided into 150 shares of £100 each) for the pur- 
 pose of sending a vessel to the East-Indies on an ex- 
 perimental voyage, to try the markets, and ascertain 
 the nature of the trade. ,,;;.,' i^fff 
 
 An association formed at Halifax, called Halifax 
 and Liverpool Trading Company, with a capital of 
 between six and seven thousand pounds, divided into 
 sixty-four shares^ to run a vessel between Halifax 
 and Liverpool, for freight and passengers. , -^- 
 
[listers 
 
 ade to 
 
 Charles 
 Prince 
 
 ouglas, 
 jvernor 
 
 he Cus- 
 .f South 
 th Ame- 
 i for ex- 
 
 in order 
 be worn 
 i in tlie 
 
 able ex- 
 e parties 
 Halifax, 
 of which 
 the pur- 
 jn an ex- 
 ascertain 
 
 d Halifax 
 capital of 
 ided into 
 n Halifax 
 
 309 
 
 A Turf Club established at Halifax. ' - u*n*>! m 
 A furnace for the melting of Iron Ore, erected at 
 Clements, in the County of Annapolis, by a joint 
 Stock Company, with a capital of £10,000. 
 
 Sir James Kempt returns to Nova-Scotia. 
 The Rev. Dr. Inglis, having been appointed (third) 
 Bishop of Nova-Scotia, arrives at Halifax. 
 
 Fr i at Miramichi, by which a great extent of fo- 
 rest is consumed, the town of Newcastle burned- and 
 anumber of lives lost. f^ 
 
 Fire at Fredericton, by which a great part of the 
 town is destroyed. 
 
 S. B. Robie, Esq. Speaker of the Assembly, ap- 
 pointed Master of the Rolls. 
 
 Feb. 15. S. G. W. Archibald chosen Speaker, vice 
 Robie promoted. 
 
 March 4. John Quincey Adams elected Sixth 
 Presidentofthe United States. 
 
 Amount of duties secured this year f 49,113 I9s. Sd. 
 
 April 13. A number of clerical members of the 
 synod of Glasgow and Ayre, meet at the synod house 
 Glasgow, to consider of the necessity of forming a 
 Society for promoting the religious interests of the 
 Scottish emigrants to North America ; on the 8th of 
 May the Society was formed. 
 
 July 11. Lord Balhurst communicates an order of 
 his Majesty in Council, establishing the British me- 
 tallic currency as the circulating medium of the 
 Colonial possessions. . , , , 
 
 July 29. A large fish, of the species Glaucus Maxi- 
 mus or Basking Shark, caught entangled in a fisher- 
 man's net at Portugue»e-cove, near Halifax — length 
 
 ( ". 
 
 ' .V. 
 
 
 1. ;) 
 
 M 
 
! I 
 
 310 
 
 I 
 
 32 feet, circuniicrence 18, length of the fin dorsal 
 four feet. 
 Aug. Sir James Kempt resumes the Government. 
 
 Aug. 22. Sir James Kempt lays before the Coun- 
 cil, a communication which had taken place between 
 the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and the 
 Law Officers of the Crown, on the subject of a grant 
 to his Royal Highness the Duke of York, of the re- 
 served mines in Nova-Scotia. He also states to the 
 Board, that a joint stock Company in England, pos- 
 sessing a large capital, had taken a lease of the mines 
 and sent an Agent to the Country, and that he was 
 authorized to state that the reserved profits of the 
 mines would be applied to the benefit of the Country. 
 
 Aug. 30. Charles Ramage Prescott sworn in as 
 Counsellor. 
 Aug. 31. A private Bank established at Halifax. 
 
 Sept. 18. A Comet visible a little to the south- 
 ward of the seven stars. 
 
 Nov. 11. The Right Rev. John, Lord Bishop of 
 Nova-Scotia, sworn in as Counsellor. 
 
 1826. 
 
 A very severe drought in the western part of Nova- 
 Scotia, during this summer. 
 
 Two American seamen apprehended at Cape-Bre- 
 ton, for piracy and murder, committed on board of 
 an American vessel, and transmitted to the United 
 States. The promptness of his Excellency the Lieut. 
 Governor acknowledged by Mr. Clay, with an offer 
 to reimburse the expenses, which was declined on the 
 part of Sir James Kempt, as the arrest of these'peo- 
 ple and transmission to their Government, amounted 
 
311 
 
 h 
 
 n dorsal 
 
 jrnment. 
 
 le Coun- 
 between 
 
 and the 
 ►fa grant 
 f the re- 
 tes to the 
 land, pos- 
 ;he mines 
 at he was 
 fits of the 
 
 Country. 
 
 v^orn in as 
 
 HaUfax. 
 the south- 
 Bishop of 
 
 •t of Nova- 
 
 Cape-Brc- 
 board of 
 the United 
 the Lieut, 
 th an offer 
 inedonthe 
 these'peo- 
 amounted 
 
 to nothing more than an act of courtesy to a friendly 
 Foreign power. ,•..=:.- r 
 
 One hundred and thirty-one vessels built in Nova- 
 Scotia during the i ear 1826, whose tonnage amounted 
 to 15,535 tons. Number of vessels registered this 
 year 456 — total number of vessels belonging to the 
 Province (exclusive of Cape-Breton) on 3lst Decem- 
 ber, 1031, tonnage 52,779, number ofmen and boys 
 employed 3407. 
 
 The Bishop of Nova-Scotia, in the course of this 
 year, confirms within his Diocese 4367 persons, and 
 consecrates forty-four Churches. 
 
 Jan. The principal officers and Clerks of the Cus- 
 toms at Halifax, take the oath prescribed by Act 
 of Parliament, to receive no fee or perquisites 
 while in the discharge of their official duties. 
 
 Feb. 16. The House of Assembly vote the sum of 
 £1000 towards the relief of the distressed people at 
 Miramichi, &c. 
 
 April 11. S. G.W.Archibald appointed Solicitor- 
 General, vice Robie, promoted. 
 
 April. The influenza extends throughout North 
 America. 
 
 June. Lord Bathurst informs Sir James Kempt, 
 that his Majesty's Government will allow the sum of 
 £400 sterling for the establishment at Sable Island, 
 BO long as the Legislature will grant the same amount, 
 f June 24. The Commissioners appointed by Sir 
 Howard Douglas, the Lieut.-Governor of New-Bruns- 
 wick, to enquire into the losses by fire at Miramichi, 
 Fredericton, &c. report that the loss sustained 
 amounts to £227,713 19s. 8d. 
 
 July 19. The first Regatta at Halifax. 
 
 . n 
 
 !■■■ 
 
 i j 
 
 ^ ill I 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 \A 
 
!fi 
 
 III. i 
 
 lis i 
 
 1:1 
 il 
 
 If 
 
 f! 
 
 £13,232 1 
 
 .,j- 
 
 9 
 
 3X2 
 
 July 88. The upper Dictriot of the County of 
 Sydney is divided into four townships, Arisaig, Dor- 
 cheater, St. Andrews, Tracadie. 
 
 k •,-.!: 1827. 
 
 Subscriptions for Miramichi suf- 
 A.if f.» . fercra in Great Britain, 
 
 United States, - - _ 
 
 Nova- Scotia, - _ - 
 
 Bermuda, - _ - 
 
 Lower Canada, _ - - 
 
 Upper Canada, - - - 
 
 St. John, New-Brunswick, 
 
 St. Andrews and other parts of ^ 
 
 the Colony of New- / 
 
 '30A ', Bnmswick, ' ''-'-^ • > 
 
 5,325 12 11 
 4,508 8 9 
 61 15 9 
 6,308 18 U 
 1,584 9 IJ 
 6,157 18 2 
 
 8,427 18 9i 
 
 .!: :,. .. jy :^ ;. - 
 
 £43,607 4 2 
 
 The Halifax Insurance Company insures property 
 this year to the amount of £48,688. a> .» 
 
 The account current of the New Academy atWind- 
 fior, exhibits the coat of that building at £6,689 3s. 3d. 
 
 Feb. 1. Thirteenth General Assembly convened 
 at Halifax, S. G. W. Archibald, Speaker. 
 
 March 1. Lord Bathurst encloses to the Lieut .- 
 Governor, an order for the disposal of the (^own 
 Lands, by the sale of the same, for the remission of 
 all arrearages of quit rents due to his Majesty prior 
 to the 1st of January last, and for the collection of the 
 tents to accue from that period, with permission to 
 apply the proceeds to such purposes of local improve- 
 ment as his Majesty shall approve. : ■ '" - • > *^'' 
 
 March 9. A committee of the House report, that 
 the Assembly, having last year placed £1,000 At the 
 disposal of his Excellency, for the importation of two 
 
'^P '-IV 
 
 I 
 
 iinty of 
 ig, Dor- 
 
 1 
 
 ► 12 U 
 
 i 8 9 
 I 15 9 
 8 18 11 
 14 9 U 
 n 18 2 
 
 87 18 9i 
 
 07 4 3 
 s property 
 
 y atWind- 
 689 38. 3d. 
 convened 
 
 the Lieut .- 
 he Grown 
 emission of 
 ijesty prior 
 ctionofthe 
 rmission to 
 al iraprove- 
 
 report, that 
 ,000 &t the 
 ationoftwo 
 
 813 
 
 blood horses from England, to improve the breed in 
 Nova-Scotia, his Excellency had imported three en* 
 tire horses of the purest blood and Brst character, all 
 thorough bred. — Stag, RaridoI|)h and Clcaveland» 
 and two mares, Acadia and Atlantic. ■ "' '* ' 
 March 15. The amount of salnricB provisionally 
 allowed to the officers of his Mnjcsty'B Customs, in 
 Nova-Scotia, returned at JC8,104 Oa. 64d. sterling. 
 Amount of Chief Collector's income at Halifax, in fees 
 in 1823, £2,103 5s. 9id. in 1834, £2,408 10s. 3d. 
 in 1825, JE2,603 16s. 104d. Comptroller's income in 
 1823, £889 15s. lid. in 18!;>4is £1005 148. 6 id. in 
 1825, dE1091 9s. Uid. • i 
 
 March 29. Two hundred pourids voted by the 
 House as an annual vote to Academy at Annapolis, 
 24 to 4. ' ' . .•• 
 
 March 31. The whole Houne of Assembly wait 
 upon his Excellency the Governor, with an address 
 on the subject of the salaries of the Custom House 
 Officers, and also with an addrcis to his Majesty (the 
 latter of ivhich was an unanimous vote of the Assem- 
 bly) praying for a dispensation of the declaration 
 against popery and transubstanliation. 
 
 May. First attempt mado this Spring to carry on 
 the seal fishing from Halifax. A schooner of 70 tons 
 and eighteen men having been out forty-five days, 
 returns with 1640 seals. w .- 
 
 May 4.. .lohn S. Morris appointed Commissioner 
 of Crown Lands and Collector of Quit Rents. ' " - • " 
 
 June 5. His Excellency the Lieut. -Governor in- 
 forms the Conncii, that Messrs. Rundell, Bridges and 
 Rundell, of London, had obtained a lease of the 
 
 Royal Reserved Mines in Nova-Scotia, for 60 years. 
 
 40 
 
 !' 
 
 „ r 
 ! i 
 
314 
 
 July. A number of poor emigrants having arrived 
 at Halifax from Ireland, with the small pox and a 
 malignant fever, contracted on ship board, from tho 
 crowded state of the vessels ; the Governor appoints 
 a Committee to provide for and relieve them, who 
 erect an hospital for their reception near Halifax, 
 where a number of them perish before the diseases 
 are subdued. 
 
 July 11. Henry Morfit, Esq. having arrived at 
 Halifax, as Commercial Agent of the United States, 
 produces his credentials, and requires the usual offi- 
 cial notice of recognition to be given. The Governor 
 replies that the appointment is novel, and that he 
 cannot receive him in that capacity, without instruc- 
 tions from his Majesty's Government. • 
 
 Aug. 8. Deathof Right Hon. George Canning. 
 
 Sept. 16. A severe thunder storm experienced at 
 Halifax and places adjacent, one man killed and se- 
 veral injured by the lightning, at the Canal. 
 
 Sept. 30. New Baptist Church at Halifax, con- 
 stituted. 
 
 Nov. 16. Information received that Falmouth 
 Packets will in future proceed to Halifax direct, with 
 the mails. ......r' . 
 
 Dec. First steam engine ever erected in Nova- 
 Scotia in full operation at the Albion Coal Mines, in 
 Pictou. f i 
 
 The Roman Catholics of the Parish of St. Peter's, 
 at Halifax, vote a golden Chalice and Cup, of the 
 value of one hundred guineas, to the Rev. Mr Carrol, 
 as a mark of their respect and attachment. 
 
 Since 1st Jan., 1837, to 31st October, following, 
 there were, in consequence of the small pox and fever 
 
arrived 
 !c and a 
 om tho 
 ppointa 
 n, who 
 'lalifax, 
 iiseases 
 
 rived at 
 States> 
 sual offi- 
 tovernop 
 , that he 
 instruc- 
 
 nning. 
 enced at 
 and se- 
 
 ax, con- 
 
 al mouth 
 ect, with 
 
 in Nova- 
 Vlines, in 
 
 r, 
 
 . Peter's, 
 ap, of the 
 r Carrol, 
 
 following, 
 and fever 
 
 315 
 
 introduced by the emigrants, eight hundred and 
 eleven deaths at Halifax. 
 
 A stone found in Granville, in the County of Anna- 
 polis, opposite to Goat Island, with the figures 1606 
 engraved upon it, supposed to have been placed 
 there by the French, in commemoration of the first 
 settlement in Acadia. 
 
 1828. ».'^'I 
 
 Pictou and Sydney made free ports. • ^ *> 
 
 Jan. 4. An extensive lire in Duke-street, Halifax, 
 by which several buildings are destroyed. ' >'" r''^^> 
 
 March 2. The House address his Majesty, pray- 
 ing him to suspend or relinquish the collection of quit 
 rents. ■" ^''^.z-.-.tf-.y, 
 
 March 17. The sum of one hundred and fifty 
 pounds voted by the Assembly, as a bounty to a 
 Bteam boat plying between Annapolis and St. John. 
 
 Marci 18. £300 per annum granted for five years, 
 for the encouragement of a line of stage coaches, to 
 run between Halifax and Annapolis, three times a 
 week. 
 
 March 31. Abstract of Census of the Province 
 fient to the House of Assembly, by which it appears 
 the population of Nova-Scotia, exclusive of Cape 
 Breton, is 123,848, increase in 10 years 41,795. 
 
 April 1. The lanthorn on the tower of Maugher's 
 beach first lighted. 
 
 April. 7. The north western District of the Island 
 of Cape Breton divided into four townships, Canso, 
 Port Hood, Ainslie and Margaree. 
 
 May 26. Sir James Kempt visits Canada, and 
 Michael Wallace administers the Government, dur- 
 ing his absence. 
 
 .-. f,,i 
 
 I I 
 
 ini'rl 
 
 
 «j 
 
 f i^^ 
 
 \:n 
 
 I- ' ' 
 
 ! ! 
 
I' 
 r I 
 
 316 
 
 June. A stage coach commcncee to run between 
 Halifax and Annapolis, three time a week. '- 
 
 July 18. Sir James Kempt returns from his visit 
 to Canada. 
 
 24th and 25th July, the highest tides ever known 
 in the rivers cmpting into the Bay of Fundy, the 
 dykes are broken at Annapolis, Morton, Cornwnllis, 
 Falmouth, &c. 
 
 Aug. 83. His Excellency Sir James Kempt, hav- 
 ing been appointed Governor-General, sails for Que- 
 bec, on board of H. M. ship the Challenger, the Hon. 
 Michael Wallace administers the Government. , 
 
 Sept. 13. Died in England, Sir Andrew Snape 
 Hammond, aged 89, formerly Governor of Nova- 
 Scotia. 
 
 Oct. 10. C. R. Fairbanks and William Hill, ap- 
 pointed King's Council. . v: 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 / -• 
 
 lAst oftht Governors of J^ova-Scoiia^ 
 
 AT ANNAPOLIS ROYAL. 
 
 Oct. 22 j 17 10. Colonel Vetch, Governor. 
 - i7 • i7i4. Francis Nicholson, Governor. 
 . ».. I7l9. Richard Philips, Governor, (arriv- 
 ed at Annapolis 28th April, 1720) 
 
 1772. John Doucett administers the Go- 
 vernment, as senior Counsellor, in absence of Gover- 
 nor Phillips. 
 
 1725. Lawrence Armstrong, Lieut.-Gov- 
 
 Dec. 8. 1739. Lieutenant Governor Armstrong, 
 in a fit of despondency, having committed suicide, 
 John Adams administers the Government as senior 
 Counsellor. 
 
317 
 
 etwcen 
 
 - ■ 
 
 lis visit 
 
 known 
 idy, the 
 nwallis, 
 
 pt, hav- 
 I'or Que- 
 lle Hon. 
 snt. 
 
 V Snape 
 )f Nova- 
 Hill, ap« 
 
 nor. 
 
 )r, (arriv- 
 
 s the Go- 
 of Gover- 
 
 ieut.-Gov. 
 
 nnstrong, 
 i suicide, 
 as senior 
 
 May 27, 1740. Paul Maacarcne (his signature as 
 Lieutenant Governor, iiri t nppean in Council Books, 
 on this date.) 
 
 AT HALIFAX. ^ 
 
 July 14,1749. Edward Cornwallis, Governor. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1752. Peregrine Thos. Hopson, Governor. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1763. Mr. Hopson having sailed for Eng- 
 land, in his Majesty's ship Torringtun, Charles Law- 
 rence administers the (jlovernmcnt. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1754. Charles Lawrence, Lieqt.-Gov. 
 
 July 23, 175G. Charles Lawrence Governor, and 
 Robert Monkton, Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Oct. 19, 17C0. Charles Lawrence, having died, 
 Jonathan Belcher administers the Government. — 
 Mr. Ellis, late Governor of Georgia, is appointed Go- 
 vernor of Nova-Scotia, but never leaves England. 
 
 Nov. 21, 17CI. Jonathan Belcher, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1763. Montague Wilmot, Lieut. -Gov. 
 
 May 31, 1764. Montague Wilmot, Governor. 
 
 May 23, 1766. Montague W Imot having died, 
 Mr. Green administers the Government as senior 
 Counsellor. 
 
 Aug. 23, 1766. Michael Francklin, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1766. Right Hon. Lord William Camp- 
 bell, Governor. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1771. Benjamin Green, in the absence 
 of Lord William Campbell and Michael Francklin, 
 Lieutenant-Governor, administers the Government. 
 
 June 30, 1773. Michael Francklin, Lieutenant-Go- 
 vernor, assumes the Government. 
 
 July 13, 1772. Lord William Campbell resumes 
 the Government. ^* 
 
 Oct. 8, 1773. Francis Leggc, Governor, Michael 
 Franklin, Lieutenant Governor. 
 
 April 27. 1776. Mariot Arbuthnot, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 Aug. 17. 1778. Richard Hughes, Lieut.-Gov. 
 
 July 31, 1781. Sir Andrew Snape Hammond 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 !i S' 
 
 !!|j 
 
 
 "■"W 
 
318 
 
 Oct. 9. 1782. John Parr, Governor, and Sir An- 
 drew S. Hammond, Lieutenant Governor. 
 
 Sept. 23y 1783. Edward Fanning Lieutenant Go- 
 vernor. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1791. Governor Parr, having died (aged 
 66) Richard Bulkley, as senior Counsellor, adminis- 
 ters the Government. 
 
 May 14, 1792. John Wentworth, Lieutenant Go- 
 vernor. ; , . ^, ^ . 
 
 April 13, 1808. Sir George Prevost, Lieut. -Gov. 
 
 Dec. 17, 1808. Alexander Croke administers the 
 Government, in the absence of Sir George Prevost. 
 
 April 11, 1809. Sir George Prevost resumes the 
 Government. 
 
 August 26, 1811. Alexander Croke administers 
 the Government, Sir George Prevost having been 
 appointed to the Government of Canada. 
 
 Oct. 16,1811. Sir John Sherbrooke Lieutenant- 
 Governor. • . . 
 
 August 26, 1814. Major General Darrock adminis- 
 ters the Government, as Commander in Chief, in ab- 
 sence of the Governor. . , 
 
 Sept. 21, 1814. Sir John Sherbrooke resumes the 
 Government. 
 
 June 27, 1816. Major General George Tracey 
 Smith administers the Government, Sir John Sher- 
 brooke having embarked for Canada 
 
 Oct. 24, 1816. Lieutenant-General the Right 
 Honorable George, Earl of Dalhousie, Lieutenant- 
 Governor. 
 
 April 3, 1818. Michael Wallace, administers the 
 Government, in the absence of Lord Dalhousie, who 
 sailed for Bermuda 29th March. 
 
 May 1, 1819. Lord Dalhousie resumes the Go- 
 vernment. • , 
 
 June 2, 1820. Sir James Kempt, Lieutenant-Go- 
 vernor. 
 
 May 19, 1824. Michael Wallace (first date in 
 

 319 
 
 Council Books) administers the Government, in 
 absence of Sir James Kempt, who visits England. 
 
 Aug. 22, 1825. Sir James Kempt holds first 
 Council after his return. 
 
 May 26. Sir James Kempt visits Canada, and 
 Michael Wallace administers the Government. 
 
 July 18, 1828. Sir James Kempt resumes the Go- 
 vernment. ''•• 
 
 Aug. 23, 1828. Sir James Kempt, having been 
 appointed Governor General, sails for Quebec, and 
 Michael Wallace administers the Government, until 
 the arrival of Sir Peregrine Maitland, who is appoint- 
 ed Lieutenant Governor. ^ ,^n,m @m^ 
 
 lAst of the Members of his Majesty's Council^ since tho 
 first establishment of the Board inJSTova-Scotiay in 1720. 
 
 AT ANNAPOLIS ROYAL. 
 
 April 1720. 
 
 (« 
 
 i- 
 
 «» 
 
 John Doucett, 
 Lawr. Armstrong, 
 Paul Mascarene, 
 Cyprian Southack, 
 John Harrison, 
 Arthur Savage, <> 
 John Adnms, 
 Hibbert Newton, 
 William Si^eene, 
 
 April 1720. "1 
 
 " William Sherriff, 
 
 " Peler Boudrie, 
 
 " Gillam Phillips, 
 
 " Mr. Winniett, 
 
 " John Handfield, • 
 
 i •* Edward Amherst, 
 
 " Erasmus S. Phillips 
 
 " Otho Hamilton, 
 Isaiah Slater. 
 
 • There were other Counsellors at Annapolis, but 
 there is no record to be found of their names or ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 !L,:r 
 
 I ^1 
 
 AT HALIFAX. 
 
 July 14, 1749. 
 
 .ft. 
 
 f 
 ;'i :'- ! , . i 
 July 27, 1749. 
 July 23, 1749. 
 
 July 31, 1749. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1752. 
 
 P. MaFcarenc. 
 Edw. Howe, 
 J. Goreham, 
 Benj. Green, 
 J. Salisberry, 
 H. Davidson, 
 Wm. Steele, 
 Per. Hopson, 
 Hobt. Ellison, 
 Jas. Mercer, 
 J. Horseman, 
 C. Lawrence, 
 John Collier, 
 G. Fothringham, 
 
 Aug. 29, 1752. 
 
 Oct. 23, 1752. 
 Aug. 28, 1753. 
 Oct. 1, 1754. 
 Oct. 15, 1754. 
 Doc. 30, 1755. 
 
 June 15, 1756. 
 Aug. 16, 1759. 
 
 Feb. 13, 1761. 
 Oct. 24, 1761. 
 
 Sir D. Os- 
 borne, Bart. 
 W. Cotterell,, 
 R. Moncton, 
 John Rous, ' 
 Jont. Belcher* 
 Mont. Wilmot, 
 Chas. Morris, 
 Robert Granf,' 
 Rich. Bulkely, 
 Thomas Saul, 
 Jos. Gerrish, 
 Alex. Grant,' ' 
 Edm. Crawley, 
 
 'i : 
 i ■ 
 
 IN 
 
 r ' 
 
 I i',i 
 
320 
 
 Henry Newtott 
 May B, 1762. M. Francklio, 
 Oct. 19, 1763. William Nesbit, 
 (who prefers 
 the Speaker's Chair, and de- 
 clines the honor.) 
 
 S. Zoaberbeehpler, 
 Nov. 10, 1764. Jont. Binney, 
 Nor. 27, 1766. Jos. Goreham, 
 June 27, 176S. Benj. Gerrish, 
 Aug. 12, 1772. Arlhur Goold, 
 Nov. 20, 1772. John Butler, 
 March 29, 1774. J. Barrow, 
 May 6, 1775. J. Creighton, 
 May 1, 1778. B. Fenukane, 
 March 23. 17S2. Alz. Urymer, 
 Sfpt. 23, 1783. Edm. Fanning, 
 Oct. 6, 1783. Isaac Deschamps, 
 June 29, 1785. Thos. Cochran, 
 
 Chas. Morris, 
 June 7, 1787. J. Halliburton, 
 Jan. 8,1788. H.Duncan, vice 
 Creighton who could not 
 ' attend, in consequence of 
 the distance he lived from 
 Halifax. 
 
 Sampson Salter 
 Blowers, (vice Bruce, ap- 
 ,< pointed but could not at- 
 . tend on ancoant of the dis- 
 tance of his residence from 
 Halifax.) 
 June 1, 1792. Thomas Strange, 
 (thefe is no minute of his 
 I , being sworn in, I have 
 , therefore taken his first 
 appearance at the Board 
 < - as the date.) 
 June 6, 1794. James Delancey, 
 
 Nov. 6. 1795. Ben. Wentwortb, 
 Sept. 10, 1799. James Brentoa, 
 June 16, 1801. Andr. Belcher, 
 Wm. Forsyth, 
 C. M. Wentworth. 
 Aug. 15, ISOI. L. Hartshorne, 
 
 (resigns 6th June, 1804.) 
 Oct. 25, 1802. Alex. Croke, 
 April 23, 1803. Michl. Wallace, 
 May 19,1804. J. Butler Butler, 
 Jan. 14, 1807. Charles Hill, 
 June 14, 1807. L. Hartshorne, 
 (re-called to the Board by 
 the Governor.) 
 April IS, 1808. R. J. Uniacke, 
 June 2, 1808. Charles Morris, 
 May 26. 1S09.* The Right Hon. 
 Charles Inglis, Bishop of 
 Nova-Scotia. 
 May 9, 1811. James Stewart, 
 Aug. 10, 1811. Thos. N. Jeffery, 
 Feb. 8, 1813. F. Hutchinson, 
 
 John Black, 
 April 25, IS15. B. Halliburton, 
 Dec. 7, 1816. Hon. P. Wood- 
 house. 
 Oct. 8, 1SI6. The Right Rev. 
 Robert Lord Bishop of 
 Nova-Scotia. 
 May 15, 1818. James Fraser, 
 Sept. 14, 1819. H. Binney (first 
 appearance at the Board 
 taken as date.) 
 Oct. 24, 1822. Enos Collins, 
 April 2, 1824. Simoa B. Robie, 
 Aug. 80, 1825. C. R. Prcscott, 
 Nov. 11, 1825. The Right Rev. 
 John, Lord Bishop of Nova- 
 Scotia. , , .,- ; , „. f, 
 
 u,*):i 
 
 List of Counsellors on the 1st August, 1828, as they res- 
 pectively rank in CounciL ^ ? ■ 
 
 Jan. t, 1788. Sampson Salter 
 
 Blowers, President. 
 Nov. 11, 1825 The Lord Bishop 
 April 28^ 1808 Michl. Wallace, 
 April 18, 1808 R. J. Uniacke, 
 June 2, 180S Charles Morris, 
 May 9, 1811 James Stewart, 
 
 Aug. 10, 1811 
 April 25, 1815 
 Sept. 14,1819 
 Oct. 24, 1822 
 April 2, 1824 
 Aug. 80, 1825 
 
 T. N. Jeffery, 
 B. Halliburton, 
 H. Binney, 
 Enos Collins, 
 Simon B. Robie, 
 Charles Ramag* 
 Preacott, 
 
 * The date of their several mandamuses from fingiand, it poBie> 
 rior to the date inserted in this table — I have taken, when I tculA 
 obtain it, the day of the appointment by the Governor, when that 
 doei not appear, the time the oath of office was administered. 
 
■•"TV 
 
 List of the Speakers of the Houseof Jhstffihhj'i »mct thefint 
 formation of that body in JV^wa-iScofia, inihcyearlt^t 
 .with the dates of their respective elections. . / ' 
 
 March 20, 1793 fhOyi JBi^rcIajr, 
 Jane 7, 1799 R. JT. tThia'ckek 
 Nov 28, 1806 W. C'Tongei 
 Nov 18, 1S06 L. M WiltuM, 
 (vice W C.Tonge^ c^otejn biai 
 rejected by the Governor) 
 Feb. 13, 1817 S. B. Robie, 
 Feb. 15, 1326 SQ WArdiibald 
 
 ; Ott. 2, 1758 Robert Sanderson 
 * Aug. 1, 1759 William Nesbit, 
 ■ Oct. 11,1773 Henry D. Denson 
 (pro tern during illness of 
 r ,' Mr. Nesbit.) 
 Odt. 6, 1774 William Nesbit, 
 Nov. 1, 1784 Thomas Cochran, 
 Dec. 5, 1785 S. S. Blowers, 
 Mar«b5,17S» R. J. Uniacke, 
 
 .") 
 
 CHAPTER Vm. o« ijfitjiiilo )ak 
 
 APPENDIX. -^*^^'^^^'^^*^^'^'-^^ 
 
 X''Ss,i;;;M ■".:■;'.:■,'■ ^{ k^ . \. No. 1. .,t /iial»i>i>f> 
 
 . u iy/jg Commission of John Cabol and sons. 
 Pro Johnnnc Caboto, et fillis snis, super teWa in- 
 ixjv-aita investiganda. , ^ . . ; , '.: . , uwmn<>- 
 ^ f : imnibus ad Quos &c. Saliitem. *>?i im^Df^a 
 
 .^.•' lusit ct laanifestiini, quod dedimus ^t cdii- 
 cessimus ac per prccsentcs damus et concedimus, 
 pro nobis et liBeredibus nostris, dilectis nobis Johanni 
 Caboto, civi Vcnctiarum, ac Ludovico, Sebastiano et 
 fiancto, filiis dicti Jobannis, et eorum et cujuslibet 
 eoniiTi hroredibus et deputatis plenarn et liberam auc* 
 toritatem, facultatem et potestatem navigandi ad 
 omnes partes, regiones, ct sinus maris orientaiis,oc- 
 cidentalis et septentrionalis, sub banneris, vexillis et 
 insignibus nostris, cujuscunqueportiturffi et qualitatis 
 existant, et cum tot et tantis nautis et homiuibiis 
 quot et quantis indietis navibus secum ducerc voiu- 
 erint, suis eorum propriis smnptibus et expensis. ^ \,^,^ 
 
 Ad inveniendum, discooperiendum et investig^n- 
 denn quasciumque insulas, patrias, regiones, sive 
 provincias gentiiium ct infidelium, in quacumque 
 parte mundi positas, qua christianis omnibus aute 
 h (EC tempora fuenuit incognita). ; l.i^: JuU irlt.*:'j*i 
 
 Concessimus etiam eisdem et eorum cuilibet, 
 eorumque et cujuslibet eorum hceredibus et deputao 
 lis, ac licentiam dedimiis affigcndis prmdictas Canneras 
 nostras et insignia in quacumqtie villay oppidoy castrOy insuld 
 seutertdjirmu, a se noviter inventis. 
 
 41 
 
 'i; 
 
 I'; 
 
 :1, 
 
 l.i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 i; ■' 
 
 > r, 
 
iH 
 
 R !l 
 
 I 
 
 'I 
 
 322 
 
 Et quod prcBnominati Johannis, et filii ejusdem, 
 Btu hcBredes et eoruni deputati quascumquc hujus- 
 modi villas, castra, oppida et insulas a sc inventns, 
 qusB subjugari, occupari, et possideri possint eiibju- 
 garc, occupare et possidere valcant tanquatn vnssalli 
 nostri, et gubernatores, locatcnentes et deputati eor- 
 umdem, dominium, titulum et jurisdictionem eorum- 
 ' dem villarum, castrorum oppidorum, insuiarum, ac 
 terrsfirmee eicinventarum, nobis acquirendo. 
 
 Ita tamen at ex omnibus fructubus, proficuis emo- 
 lumentis, commodis, lucriset obventionibus, ex hujus 
 modi navigatione provenientibus, prajfati Johannes 
 et filii ac hBeredes et eornm deputati teneantur et 
 sint obligati nobis, pro omni vingio suo, totiens quo- 
 tiens ad portum nostrum Bristoliise applicucrint, ad 
 quern omnino applicare teneantur et sint astricti de- 
 ductis omnibus sumptibusetimpensis necessariis per 
 eosdem factis, quintam partem totius capitalis hicri sui 
 facti sive inmercibus sive in pecuniis pcrsolvcrc. 
 
 Dantes nos et concedentes eisdcm suisque Iioeredi- 
 bus et deputatis, ut ab omni suhitionc ciistunmt*um 
 omnium et singulorum bonoruni ac niircsium, quns 
 Becum reportarint ab illis lucis sic noviter inventis, 
 Uberi sint et immunes. 
 
 Et insuper dedimus et concessimus eisdem ac suis 
 heeredibus et deputatis, quod terra) omnes firmae, in- 
 sula, villiB, oppida, castra et ioca qucccumque, a sc 
 inventa, quotquot ab eis inveniri contigerit non pos- 
 
 ;8int abaliis quibusvis nostris subditis, f'requentari seu 
 ▼isitari absque licentia pro^dictorum Johanni$i ct ejus 
 filiorum suorumque deputatorum sub ptena amissionis 
 tarn navium 8ivenavigiorum,quambonorum omnium 
 
 ■ quonimcumque ad ca loca sic inventa navigare pr(B- 
 tfumentium. 
 
 Volentes et strictissime mandantes omnibus et sin- 
 gulis nostris subditis tarn in terra quam in marc con- 
 "ititutis, ut prcefato Johaimi et ejus iiliis ac deputatis, 
 boaam assistentiam faciant, et tarn in armandis navi- 
 ' bus seu navigiis, quam in provisione comnieatus et 
 ' victualmm pro sua pecunia emendorum atque aliarum 
 rerum sibi providendarum suos omnes favores et aux- 
 ilia irapartiantur. :^ 
 
 In cujus &c. "* . 
 
 Tette rege Westmonasterium quinto die Martii, 
 
 >' PER IPSUM REGEM. . 
 
sss 
 
 WSWnsTTT^ 
 
 ^^:. .. ,,. No. 2. ■• "- -^ _;-■•■• 
 
 Extract of tht Commission of IhMonU, '^- 
 
 Henry par la grace de dieu Roi de France ct d« 
 Navarre, a notre chcr et bien am6 le sieur de Monts 
 Centil — liomme ordinaire de notrc chambre, Saiut. 
 Conime notre plus grand soin et travail soit et ait 
 toujours este, depnis notre evenetnent i cette cou- 
 ronne, de la maiutenir et conservir en sonancienne 
 dignite, grandeur et splendeur d' etendre et emplifier 
 autant que legitimement se peut faire, les bornes et 
 limites d'icelle. Nous estans dcs long temps in- 
 lormcz de la situation et condition des pais et terri- 
 toires de la Cadie^ Menx sur toutes choses d' un zele 
 singulier, et d' une devote et ferme resolution que 
 mous avons prise, avec 1' aide et assistance de dieu, 
 autlicur, destributeuretprotecteurde tous Royauines 
 et etats, de fairc convertir, amenir et instruire les 
 peuples qui habitent en cette contree, de present 
 gens Carbarcs, alhees sans foi ne religion, avi chre- 
 teanisme, et en la creance et profession de notre foy, 
 et religion, et les retirer de 1' ignorance et infidelita 
 ou ilssont vous avons cxprcssement, commis et etabli, 
 et par ccs presentes signees de notre main, vous 
 commetons ordonnons, faisons, constetuons et eta- 
 blissons, notre Lieutenant-General, pour representer 
 notre persone, aux pais, territoires, cotes et confins 
 de la Cadie. A commencer des le quarantieme degr^, 
 jueques au quarante-sixieme. Et en celle etedue, 
 ou partic d' iceile, tartt et si avant, que fairre se 
 pourra, etablir, etendre, et faire connoitre n6tre nom, 
 puissance et authorite. Et a iceile assujetter, sub- 
 mettre et faire obeir tous les peuples de la ladete 
 terre, et les arcanvoisins. Nous reservans seulement 
 le dixieme denier de ce qui proviendra de cclles d* 
 or d' argent et cuivre, vans affectans ce que nous 
 pourrions prendre ausdets autre» metaux et mineraux, 
 pour vans aider, et soulager aux grandes d^penses 
 que la charge sus dete vous pourra aporter. 
 
 Donne a Fontaine-bleau lehuitierae jourdeNovem- 
 bre : Ian de grace mil sin cens trois. Et de notre 
 regne le quinzieme. Sign^ Henry et plus bas. Par 
 le Roi, Potier, etseelle sur simple queae de cire iaune. 
 See Lescarbot page 452, when the commission is 
 expired at large, the charter for monopoly of the fur 
 trade, and also the commission granted by the Lord 
 High Admiral of France. 
 
 vi 
 
 
 !,»^ 
 
} , 
 
 df4 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 •Ji 
 
 Extract of the Grant of JVbva- Scotia, to Sir Wm. Alexander. 
 ^;' James, by the Grace of God, King, &c. &c. 
 
 • To all the Clergy and Lxiity of His Dominions^ 
 Greeting. 
 
 Be it known, That we have ever been careful to 
 embrace every opportunity that oflered for the honor 
 and advantage of our Kingdom of Scotland, and that 
 we think there is no acquisition more easy and more 
 innocent, than those that can be made, by carrying 
 new Colonies into foreisrn and uncultivated Countries, 
 where are the necessaries of life ; especially if such 
 Lands are either inhabited, or occupied by uiibelievt 
 ers, whom to convert to the Christian Fuiih,is a duty 
 of great importance to the Glory of God, &.c. &c. 
 
 For these causes, as well as in consideration of tl»e 
 good, faithful and acceptable services, which have 
 been already and hereafter to be performed to us, 
 by our trusty and well beloved ( ounsellor, Sir Wm. 
 Alexander, Knight, who is the first of our subjects of 
 Scotland, that undertook to carry over this foreign 
 Colony at his own expense, and has desired leave to 
 cultivate the Lands and Countries included within 
 the limits undermentioned : We, therefore, from 
 our royal attention to extend the Christian Religion, 
 and to promote the wealth, prosperity and peace, ol 
 the natural subjects of our said Kingdom of Scotland, 
 have, by the advice and consent of our Cousin and 
 Counsellor, John Earl of Marr, &c. and of the other 
 Lords Cojnmissioners of the said Kingdom, given, 
 granted and transferred, and by virtue of this present 
 Act, issuing from us. We do give, grant and translcr, 
 to the said Sir William Alexander, his heirs, or all 
 claimants by right of iidieritancc from him, all and 
 singular, the lands of the Continent and Islands si- 
 tuate and lying in America, reckoning from the Cape 
 or Promontory called Cape Sable, at 43 degrees, or 
 thereabouts of the Equator, towards the ncrth ; — 
 that is to say, from tb'^ said Promontory along the 
 sea shore, that runs jj ^ the west, as far as St. 
 Mary's Bay, and stretch »• from thence to the north, 
 in u strait line to th enirance or mouth of that 
 Great Bay, which •« ishes the Eastern Coast, be- 
 tween the Countries of the Souriquois and the Et- 
 
 i 
 
325 
 
 /• 
 
 tander. 
 
 c. 
 
 refnl to 
 ! lionor 
 rul that 
 d more 
 [irrying 
 iiutrics, 
 if such 
 ibeliev- 
 5 a duty 
 &.C. &c. 
 
 n of the 
 ch have 
 ;d to us, 
 Sir Wm. 
 bjccts of 
 J foreign 
 leave to 
 whhin 
 re, from 
 leligion, 
 leace, ot 
 Gotland, 
 usin and 
 iie other 
 li, given, 
 present 
 ranslcr, 
 Irs, or ail 
 , all and 
 (lands si- 
 he Cape 
 trees, or 
 fcrth ; — 
 long the 
 w as St. 
 |ie north, 
 of that 
 |oast, ba- 
 the Et- 
 
 cheniins, as far as to the river of St. Croix, and to 
 the farthest source or spring, which first comes from 
 the vrest, to mingle its waters with those of that ri- 
 ver ; from thence by a strait imaginary line, cross- 
 ing the Lands, or running towards the north as far 
 as the first bay, river or spring, which runs into the 
 great river of Canada ; and from thence, continuing 
 eastward to the sea, along the shores of the river of 
 Canada, to tJie river, bay, port, or latitude, com- 
 monly known by the name of Gachepe, or Gaspie, 
 and afterwards from the south east side, as far as the 
 Isles called Bacalaos or Cape Breton, ^'::-''yg the 
 said Isle on the right, and thegulph of the ^mu great 
 river of Canada, or the great Bay and the Lauds of 
 Newfoundland, or Terra Nova, with the Isles thereto 
 appertaining, on the left ; and then passing to the 
 said Cape, or Promontory of Cape-Breton, turnnig to 
 the south and west, as far as the above mentioned 
 Cape Sable, where begins the tract that is to be in- 
 cluded and comprehended between the said sea coasts 
 and their circumferences, from the sea to all the 
 lands of the Continent, with the Ixivers, Bays, Tor- 
 rents, Roads, or Lakes, situate about six leagues from 
 any of the Parts, both of the said coasts and their 
 circumferences, either from the west, north, or south, 
 and from the south-east, (in which situation is Cape 
 Breton) and from the southern part, where lies Cape 
 Sable, all the Seas and Islands, to 40 leagues of the 
 said Coasts, therein including the great Island com- 
 monly called the Isle of Sable, or Sablons, situate to- 
 wards Carban, or South South East, to about 30 
 leagues from the said Cape-Breton, in the ocean, and 
 at the 44th Degr. of Lat., or thereabouts ; all which 
 said Lands shall for the future bear the name of New-. 
 Scotland, (Nova-Scotia,) and be also divided into such 
 parts and portions, and be called by such names as. 
 Sir William Alexander shall think fit. Together with 
 all the mines, as well the Royal ones of gold and sil- 
 ver, as the other mines of iron, lead, copper, pewter, 
 brass, &c. 
 
 In witness whereof we have, to these our Patents 
 affixed our Great Seal, in the presence of our said 
 Cousins and Counsellors, Sir James, Marquis of 
 Hamilton ; George, Earl of Keith ; Alexander, Earl 
 of Dutnfermling, our Counsellor ; Thomas, Earl of 
 Melros, &c. Secretary ; our beloved, the Privy 
 
 . II 
 
 
326 
 
 ii 
 
 Coimscllors ; Mr. Richard Cockburne/the keeper* 
 of the Privy Seal, &c. 
 
 Given At our Castle of Windsor, the 10th of Sept. 
 in the year of our Lord 1621, &ad of our Reigns the 
 5dth and 19th. ui 
 
 Copy of a Grant to Erlvvard Widdrington, Esquire, of 
 Cnrlington, Couniy of Northumberland, ;f Lands, 
 &c. &c. adjoining to the Ian ' ' of Sir James Hay, 
 Knight and Baronet, of Smithfield, in Nova-Scotia, 
 boaringdate the 26th of September, 1635, in 11th 
 of Charics tlic first. 
 
 pRECKPT of a Charter made and granted by our 
 Sovereign Lord the King, to Edward Widdrington, 
 of Carlington, in the County of Northumberland, 
 Esquire, his heirs male, and assigns, whomsoever 
 hereditarily, of all and the whole of that part and 
 portion of lands, of the region and lordship of Nova- 
 Scotia, as follows, particularly bounded and limited, 
 that is to say : beginning from the west side of the 
 Lands and Barony of Smithfield, hereditarily belong- 
 ing to Sir James Hay of Smithfield, Knight and Ba- 
 ronet, and lying on the north side of the river named 
 The Great Shiboin Capricon, bearing towards the 
 west from the said Barony, for the space of three 
 miles ascending the river, keeping always the river 
 for the botmds thereof towards the south, and from 
 thence, bearing towards the north for the space of 
 six miles, keeping always two miles in breadth and 
 six in length, to the said Barony, for the limits 
 thereof, towards the east, with the castles, towers, 
 fortresses, &c. which same lands were resigned by 
 him into the hands of our Sovereign Lord the King, 
 for this new Charter and Infeodation to be made 
 
 * Note. Those who are desirous of consulting the original, which 
 U in Latin, will find it in (he Appendix to the printed ir.emorials of 
 the CommisMoner» for vetlling the Boundary line of Acadia. And ia 
 Hazard's ntate papers I have connpared theie two copies, and find soma 
 little variance between ihenr, but it is rather verbal than material. — 
 The above written extract in English, I have taken from " Palairet," 
 thinking the original too large for incertion in this work. In Hazard's 
 collection is also the Bond and Mortgage which La Tour executed to 
 Sergeant-Major Gibbon;*, and the patent of Knighthood which Sir 
 William Alexander conferred upon I.a Tour. Sometime after Gover- 
 nor Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts was printed, a third* vo- 
 lume appeared, containing original papers. In this collection is a very 
 curious and interesting correspondence, on the subject of the contro- 
 versy between La Tour snd Daulney de Charnise, which ia very 
 characteristic of the early settlers of Newȣngland> 
 
■»• ' " >■ 
 
 $21 
 
 per* 
 
 Sept. 
 s tlie 
 
 re, of 
 
 ,nndfl, 
 
 Hay, 
 
 icotia, 
 
 1 nth 
 
 )y our 
 ngton, 
 jrland, 
 soever 
 iTt and 
 ' Nova- 
 imited, 
 » of the 
 belong- 
 and Ba- 
 ■ named 
 rds the 
 )f three 
 
 e river 
 a\ from 
 ipace of 
 idth and 
 limits 
 
 towers, 
 
 •ncd by 
 \\e King, 
 
 le made 
 
 nal, which 
 moriaU of 
 And ia 
 Id find BOino 
 Imtterial. — 
 Palairet," 
 In Hazard'* 
 bxecuted to 
 [which Sir 
 Ifter G over- 
 third- vo- 
 pn i» « very 
 [tlie contro- 
 Ich ii very 
 
 thereof to the aforesaid Edwurd >Viddrington here- 
 ditarily « 
 
 Moreover, with a olauHO of Union, and ns one en- 
 tire and free Barony and lloyalty, at all times here- 
 after to be named. The Barony ol' Carliiigton, and to 
 be held of our said Soverelprit Lord the King and his 
 successors of his Crown oi the Kingdom of Scotland, 
 in free and true Blanche Farm, for the yearly pay- 
 ment of one penny ot the nsiiul money of the said 
 Kingdom of Scotland, upaii tho snlo and ground of 
 the said lands, in the name of Blanche Farm, if it 
 should be demanded or any part thereof, only on the 
 feast day of the nativity of our Saviour, and the 
 eeizen taken at tho Castle c»f Edinburgh, only shall 
 be sufficient for all and lingular the lands, and other 
 things particularly and generally above written. And 
 that the E:aid Edward Widdrington, and his heirs 
 male, shall have arms proceeding from a hand armed 
 and naked, joined with this motto (MunithsBcet 
 altera vincit) and other things granted in the com- 
 mon forms of Charts of Baronets. Dated at Edin- 
 burgh, the twenty-sixth day of the month of Septem- 
 ber, in the year of our Lord, 16^5, and in the 11th 
 year of our reign. 
 
 {By$ign6t.) 
 
 N. B. The said Chnrter was ordered to be regis- 
 tered by King Charles tho First, In tho books of the 
 Lyon's Kuig of Arms, Herald's Office, Edinburgh. 
 
 jliJU'i 
 
 iW 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 Extracts from original orders and corr&spondmcei, relative 
 to the removal of the JSHutral Pirmchjrom JSTova-Scotiay 
 copied from the letter Book of Colonel Winsloiv, at the 
 Library of JUass, Hist, l^omty at Boston : 
 
 Halifax, 11th August, 1755, 
 Instructions for LieutennntCulonel Winslow, com- 
 manding his Majesty's Troops at Minns, in his ab- 
 sence, for Capt. Alexander Murray, commanding his 
 Majesty's Troops at I'esiquid, in relation to the trans- 
 portation of the inhabitants of tho District of Minas 
 and Pefiquid River, of Canard, Cobiquid, &c. in 
 Nova- Scotia : ..?;,,,( ;; .i; - , i' i r^^i'-ntr! wrl 
 Sir, 
 Having, in my Letter ofSlit Jul v Inst, acquainted 
 Capt. Murray what induced his Majesty's Council 
 to come to the resolution of sending away the French 
 
 Hi 
 
395 
 
 inhabitants, and clearing the whole eountry, to rid 
 them of such bad subjects ; which lettep he will 
 communicate to you, together with the instructions 
 for putting in practice what has been so long dctet- 
 mined upon. 
 
 That the inhabitants may not have it in their 
 power to return to this Province, nor to join in 
 strengthening the French in Canada or of Louisburg, 
 it is resolved that they shall be dispersed among his 
 Majesty's colonies upon the continent of America^ 
 
 For this purpose Transports are sent up the B&f^ 
 to ship off those at Chiegnecto ; and Col. Moncton 
 will order those he cannot fill there to Minas Bason, 
 to carry off «ome parts of these Districts; you will 
 liavc vessels also from Boston, to transport one 
 thousand persons, reckoning two persons to a ton. 
 Upon the arrival of these vessels from Boston and 
 Chiegnecto in the Basin of Minas, Pesiquid and Cobi- 
 quid, the river of Canard, &c. as many as can be 
 collected by any means, particularly the heads of 
 families and young men, are to be shipped on board 
 of them, at the same rate of two persons to a ton, 
 or as near it as possible, the tonnage to be ascertain- 
 ed by charter parties, of the several transports which 
 you will be furnished with an account of from the 
 masters. 
 
 And to give you all the case possible respecting the 
 victualling of these transports, I have appointed Mr. 
 George Saul, to act as Agent Victualler, upon this 
 occasion, and have given him particular instructions 
 to that effect, which he has directions to communicate 
 to you, and to furnish you with a copy of, upon his 
 arrival from Chiegnecto, with the provisions ordered 
 for victualling the whole transports. 
 
 Destination of the vessels ordered to rendezvous 
 in the Bason of Minas : 
 
 To be sent to North Carolina, ** such a number as 
 will transport five hundred persons or thereabouts." 
 
 To be sent to Virginia, " such a number as will 
 transport one thousand persons or thereabouts." 
 
 0'' To Maryland, " such a number as will transport 
 five hundred persons or thereabouts,or in proportion, 
 if the number shall exceed two thousand persons.'-' 
 
 And you will in these orders make it a particular 
 injunction to said masters, to be as careful as possible 
 
 'during the whole course of the passage, to prevent 
 
329 
 
 the passengers fVom making any attempt to seize up- 
 on the vessel, by allowing only a small number to be 
 upon the decks at a time, and using all other neces- 
 sary precautions to prevent the bad consequences of 
 such attempts, and that they be particularly careful 
 that the inhabitants have carried no arms, or other 
 odensive weapons on board with them at their em- 
 barkation, as also, that they see the provisions re- 
 gularly issued to the people, agreeable to the allow- 
 ance proportioned in Mr. Saul's instructions. < 
 
 As Captain Murray is well acquainted with the 
 people and with the Country, I would have you con- 
 sult with him upon all occasions, and particularly with 
 relation to the means necessary ibr collecting the 
 people together, eo as to get them on board ; and if 
 you find that fair means will not do with them, you 
 must proceed bythe most vigourous measures possible, 
 not only in compelling them to embark, but in de- 
 priving those who shall escape of all means of shel- 
 ter or support, by burning their houses, and destroy- 
 ing every thing that may aflbrd them the means of 
 subsistance in the Country. You will receive here- 
 with a copy of the Charter Party, which the masters of 
 the transport vessels Imve taken here and entered into 
 with the Government, for your iufornmtion as to the 
 terms ; those from Boston will be nearly the same, 
 and as yousee tliey are hired by tl c month, you will 
 use all possible despatch to save expense to the pub- 
 lic. 
 
 When you have executed the business of shipping 
 off all that can be collected of the inlmbitants in the 
 District of Minas-Bason, you will march yourself or 
 send a strong detachment to Annapolis Royal, to as- 
 sist Major Handheld, in shipping off those of that 
 river, and you will so order it., that all the stragglers 
 that may be met with may be taken up, and carried 
 to Annapolis, in order to their being shipped with 
 the rest. 
 
 (Signed) ' 
 
 CHARLES LAWRENCE. 
 
 i) 
 
 li ' 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Halifax, Nova-Scotia, 11th Aug. 1755. 
 
 The success that has attended his Majesty's arms 
 in driving the French out, from the encroachments 
 they had made in the Province, furnished me with 
 
 42 
 
350 
 
 III 
 
 a favourable opportilnity of reducing the French inha- 
 bitants of this Colony to a proper obedience to his 
 Majesty's Government, or oi forcing them to quit the 
 Country. These inhabitants were permitted in quiet 
 possession of their lands, upon condition they should 
 take the oath of allegiance to the King, within one 
 year after the treaty of Utrecht, by which this Pro- 
 vince was ceded to Great Britain; with this condition 
 they have ever refuged to comply, without having 
 from the Governor an assurance ii> writing, that 
 they should not be culled upon to bear arms in the 
 defence of the Province, and with this General Phi- 
 lips did comply, of which steps his Mojctity has dis- 
 approved, and the inhabitants therefrom pretending 
 to be in a state of neutrality, between his Majesty 
 and his enemies, have continually furnished the 
 French and Indians with intelligence, quarters, 
 provisions and assistance, in annoying the Govern- 
 ment; and while one part have abetted the French 
 encroachments by their treachery, the other have 
 countenanced them by open rebellion ; and three 
 hundred of them were actually found in arms, in the 
 French fort at Beau Sejour, when it surrendered. 
 
 Notwithstanding all their former bad behaviour, 
 as his Majesty was pleased to allow me to extend 
 still further his Royal Grace to such as would return 
 to their dut^, I offered such of them as had not 
 been openly m arms against us, a continuance of the 
 possession of their lands, if they would take the oath 
 of allegiance, unqualified with any reservation what- 
 ever. But this they have audaciously as well as 
 unanimously refused, and if they would presume to 
 do this, when there was a large fleet of ships of war 
 in the harbour, and considerable land forces in the 
 Province, what might not we expect from them when 
 the approaching winter deprives us of the former, 
 and when the troops which are only hired from New- 
 England occasionally, and for a short time, have re- 
 turned home. \ 
 
 As by this behaviour the inhabitants have forfeited 
 all title to their lands, and any further favour from 
 the Government. I called together his Majesty's 
 Council, at which the Hon. Vice Admiral Boscawin, 
 and Rear Admiral Moystyn assisted, to consider by 
 what means we could, with the greatest security and 
 effect, rid ourselves of a set of people, who would for- 
 
331 
 
 I inha- 
 to his 
 uit the 
 n quiet 
 should 
 lin one 
 lis Ppo- 
 ndition 
 having 
 ^, that 
 8 in the 
 ral Phi- 
 has dis- 
 tending 
 Vlajesty 
 led the 
 iiarters, 
 jovem- 
 French 
 er have 
 kd three 
 3, in the 
 pred. '' 
 
 aviour, 
 extend 
 return 
 ad not 
 
 of the 
 le oath 
 
 what- 
 well as 
 suine to 
 
 of war 
 
 in the 
 n when 
 
 brmer, 
 m New- 
 Wave re- 
 
 brfeited 
 UP from 
 ajesty's 
 scawiji, 
 }idep by 
 rity and 
 »uld for- 
 
 ever have boon an obstruotion to the intention of 
 settling this Colony, and that it was now from their 
 refusal of the oath abHolutcly incumbent to remove. 
 
 As their numbers amount to near seven thounand 
 persons, the drivingr tlicm off, with leave to go whi- 
 thersoever they |)lcaso(i, would have doubtless 
 strengthened Cnnndn, witli so considerable a number 
 of French inhnbituntH, and as they have no cleared 
 lands to givethotu at |)rcHcnt,such as are able to bear 
 arms, must have boon itmncdiutcly employed in an- 
 noying this, and the nciglibouring Colonies. To pre- 
 vent such an inconvenioncy, it was judged a neces- 
 sary, and the only practicable measure, to divide them 
 among the Colonics, where they may be of some use, 
 as most of them are healthy strong people, ad as they 
 cannot easily collect themselves together again, it 
 will be out of their power to do any mischief, and 
 they may become prontablo, and it is possible in timo 
 faithful subjects. 
 
 As this step was indcspensibly necessary to the 
 security of the Colony, upon whose preservation from 
 French encroachmcntN, the prosperity of North Am*> 
 rica is esteemed iu a great measure dependent, I 
 have not the leost rcuHon to do\ibt of your Excellen- 
 cy's concurrence, and that you will receive the inha- 
 bitants I now send, and dispose of them in such a 
 manner as may best answer in preventing their re- 
 union. 
 
 As the vessels employed in this service are upon 
 monthly hire. I beg the favour of you to expedite 
 as much as possible their discharge, and that they 
 maybe furnished with u certificate of the timetliere- 
 of, agreable to the form enclosed. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 .::«{": j«*... ■ Your most obedieu;. ud humble 
 , '^^ny,, Servant, 
 
 ,::/,. ^X (signed) CHARLES LAWRENCE. . 
 
 * FOR HIS majesty's KSF E< lAL SERVICE. * 
 
 : To the Hon. Arthur Dobbs, Esq. Captain General 
 and Governor in Chief of his Majesty's Province of 
 North Carolina, in America, or to the Commander-ia- 
 Chief of the said Province, for the time being. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 Similar letters were written to the Governor of 
 every Colony, to which they were sent. tr 
 
3S3 
 
 Grand Pre, 30th August, 1755. 
 I am faroured with your Excellency's letters of the 
 1 1th and 26th of this instant, which Capt. Murray- 
 was so good as to be the bearer of, and with whom 
 I have consulted as to the duty proposed; and as the 
 corn is now all down, the weather being such, has 
 prevented the inhabitants from housing it, it is his 
 opinion and mine, that your Excellency's orders 
 ahould not be made public till next Friday ; on which 
 day we propose to put them in execution. We had 
 picquetted in the* camp before the receipt of your 
 Excellency's letter, and I imagine it is so far from 
 giving surprise to the inhabitants, as to their being 
 detained, that they look upon it a settled point, that 
 we are to remain with them all winter ; and as this 
 duty is of no expense to Government, I cannot but 
 flatter myself your Excellency will approve of the 
 matter, as fifty men to remain will be better in our 
 present circumstances, than one hundred without 
 this protection, and the other part of the troops put 
 on duty abroad. As to the supplying of ammunition, 
 &c. I shall apprise Colonel Moncton as directed, 
 and in every material point shall counsel Captain 
 Murray; and although it is a disagreeable part of 
 duty we are put upon, I am sensible it is a necessary 
 one, and shall ende^avour strictly to obey your Ex- 
 cellency's orders, to do every thing in me to remove 
 the neighbours about me to a better country ; as to 
 poor father Le Blanc, I shall, with your Excellency's 
 permission, send him to my own place. I am, with 
 the greatest regard, your Excellency's most dutiful 
 and obedient servant, 
 
 (Signed) JOHN WINSLOW. • 
 
 " Halifax, 11th August, 1755. 
 
 As I have already pointed out to you as particular 
 as possible, what is necessary to be done in the in- 
 structions that were sent, I have nothing further to 
 add, but that you must collect the inhabitants toge- 
 ther, in order to their being transported in the best 
 manner in your power, either by stratagem or force, 
 as circumstances may require ; but above all, I de- 
 sire you would not pay the least attention to any' re- 
 monstrances or memorial from any of the inhabitants 
 whatever, who may be desirous of staying behind, 
 but embark every person if possible, according to the 
 
333 
 
 instructions herewith sent, without any further ap- 
 plication to me. If you should find there are more 
 people than there are vessels provided, reckoning 
 two persons to each ton, you are immediately to 
 send an express to acquaint me therewith, but make 
 no delay in the embarkation upon that account. 
 
 Though the inhabitants, by your instructions, are 
 allowed to carry with them their household furni- 
 ture, yet they must not put on board quantities of 
 useless rubbish to incumber the vessel. The inha- 
 bitants and their bedding must at all events be em- 
 barked ; and if afterwards there is room for other ar- 
 ticles, suffer them to carry what they conveniently 
 can. You must order the masters of the transports 
 to take care at the time of sailing, that they have 
 their proper quantity of water — that is, that all their 
 water casks be full. ' i ^'. 
 
 I send you the form of an address to the Governor 
 on your continent. 
 
 I am. Sir, mU 
 
 Your most obedient servant, / 
 
 (Signed) CHAS. LAWRENCE. 
 
 23d September. 
 This morning Capt. Adams and party returned 
 from their march to the river Canard, and reported 
 it was a fine country and full of inhabitants, a beau- 
 tiful church, abundance of the good of this world, 
 provisions of all kinds in great plenty. Capt. Holby 
 ordered with one subaltern, two sergeants, two 
 corporals, and fifty private men, to visit the village 
 Molanson on the river Gaspereau, and Capt. Osgood, 
 with the like number of officers and men, to recon- 
 noitre the county in the front, or to the southward 
 of our encampment, both of which parties returned 
 in the evening, and gave each account that it was a 
 fine country. This day held a consultation with the 
 different Captains — the result was, that I should giv6 
 out my citation to-morrow morning. 
 
 JOHN WINSLOW, 
 Lieut. Col. Commanding. 
 
 Fort Edward, 1755. 
 - I was out yesterday at the villages, all the people 
 were quiet and busy at the harvest ; if this day keeps 
 fair, all will be in here into their barns. I hope to- 
 
334 
 
 morrow will crown all our wishes. I am most truly, 
 with great esteem, your most obedient and humble 
 servant, 
 
 -a.,a^ .. -■•:- -= .;; .d,; A. MURRAY. 
 
 Grand Pre, 6th September, 1755. 
 All officers, soldiers and seamen, employed in his 
 Majesty's service, as well as all his subjects, of what 
 denomination soever, are hereby notified, that all 
 cattle, viz. horses, horned cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, 
 and poultry of every kind; that was this day suppos- 
 ed to be vested in the French inhabitants of this 
 Province, are become forfeited to his Majesty,whose 
 property they now are ; and every person, of what 
 denomination soever, is to take care not to hurt, 
 destroy or kill, any of any kind, nor to rob orchards or 
 gardens, or to make waste of any thing dead or alive, 
 in these districts, without special order given at my 
 camp, the day and place above to be published 
 throughout the camp, and at the village where the 
 vessels lie. 
 
 JOHN WINSLOW. 
 
 ' ■ ' Annapolis Royal, 31st August, 1755. 
 One of the transports having arrived irom Messrs. 
 Apthorp and Hancock, hired to carry off the French 
 inhabitants of this River, immediately ordered out a 
 party to bring in about one hundred of the heads of 
 families who had retired into the woods, having 
 taken their bedding with them ; therefore I am to 
 desire you to send me a reinforcement of men, so 
 soon as you can spare them, that niay enable me to 
 bring tliem to reason. 
 
 :> , I am, Sir, ; 
 
 Your most humble servant, 
 
 J. HANFIELD. 
 
 On his M. jesty's service. 
 To Ool. John Winslow, Commanding ^ 
 
 the troops at Grand Pre, Minas. '^^ 
 
 Fort Edward, 5th September, 1755. 
 
 Dear Sir. — 1 have succeeded finely, and have got 
 183 men into my possession. I believe there dre 
 but very few left, excepting their sick. I am hope- 
 ful you have had equally as good luck, should be 
 glad you would send me transports as soon as possi- 
 
335 
 
 truly, 
 imble 
 
 A.Y. 
 
 m. 
 
 in his 
 [what 
 hat all 
 , hogs, 
 uppos- 
 oi' this 
 whose 
 what 
 ► hurt, 
 ards or 
 r alive, 
 at my 
 blished 
 3re the 
 
 ,0W. 
 
 1755. 
 
 ilessrs. 
 [French 
 ;d out a 
 
 sads of 
 [having 
 |l am to 
 
 len, so 
 me to 
 
 It, 
 
 :ld. 
 
 [755. 
 ive got 
 jre dre 
 hope- 
 mid be 
 Ls possi- 
 
 ble, for you know our fort is bat small; I should also 
 esteem it a favour, if you could also send me an offi- 
 cer and thirty,' nu n more, as I shall be obliged to send 
 to some distai^t rivers, where they are not all come 
 yet. Your answer as soon as possible, will greatly 
 oblige your most obedient humble servant, 
 
 A. MURRAY. 
 
 P. S. — I have sent father Le Blanc's son to you, 
 to go with his father, as you have taken him under 
 your protection. At the nearest computation, it will 
 require 360 tons of shipping, which I think at the 
 least computation too small ; therefore I believe 400 
 tons will be better, — since writing the above, two of 
 the transports have arrived. 
 
 A. MURRAY. 
 
 To Col. Winslow, Commanding 
 His Majesty's forces at Grand Pre. 
 
 Grand Pre, 5th September, 1 755. 
 The order of the day parole being Prince of Wales, 
 the French inh?-bitants to repair to their quarters, in 
 the church at Tattoo, and in the day time not to ex- 
 tend their walks beyond the Commandant's quarters 
 on the east, without leave from the officer of the 
 guard, and that one half the guard take shelter under 
 my Marque, as patrole, a sergeant, and twelve men, 
 .to walk constantly round the church— the centries 
 every where doubled. 
 
 JOHN WINSLOW. 
 
 P. S. — Sept. 5. — The French people not having 
 with them any provisions, and many of them plead- 
 ing hunger, begged for bread, on which I gave them, 
 and ordered that for the future, they be supplied from 
 their respective families. Thus ended the memora- 
 ble fifth day of September, a day of great fatigue 
 and trouble. J. W. 
 
 Fort Cumberland, 24th August, 1755. 
 Dear Sir. — I embrace this opportunity with plea- 
 sure, to let you know that these leave me and all 
 friends, as I hope they will find you in good health, 
 and we rejoice to hear of your safe arrival at Minas, 
 and am well pleased that you are provided with so 
 ffood quarters for yourself and soldiers, and as you 
 have taken possession of the friar's house, hope you 
 will execute the office of priest. I am tired of your 
 
 I M 
 
 ! I 
 
 11 
 
33G 
 
 ii 
 
 absence, and long for nothing more than to be with 
 you ; here is Capt. Proby and eight transports, ar- 
 rived last Wednesday ; Capt. Tuggart arrived this 
 morning, and a sloop from New- York with provisions 
 for the troops, the news has not yet come on shore, 
 our troops remain in good heahh, and long to follow 
 you ; Yours, &c. 
 
 PREBBLE. 
 To Colonel Winslow, com- 
 manding at Minas. ,' 
 
 Camp at Cumberland, 6th Sept. 1755. 
 
 Dear Sir. — I received your favour from Captain 
 Nichols, of the 23d Aug. rejoice to hear that the lines 
 are fallen to you in pleasant hands, and that you have 
 a goodly heritage. I understand you are surrounded 
 by good things of this world, and having a sanctified 
 place for your habitation, hope you will be prepar- 
 ed for the enjoyments of another ; we are moul- 
 dering away our time in your absence, which 
 has rendered this place to me worse than a 
 prison, we have only this to comfort us, that we are 
 as nigh to heaven as you are at Minas, and since we 
 are denied our good things in this world, doubt not 
 we shall be happy in the next. It is with grief I 
 inform you, that on the second instant. Major Frye, 
 being at Shepoudie, where he was ordered to burn 
 the buildings and bring ofl'the women and children, 
 the number of which was only twentji'-three, which 
 he had sent on board, and burned 253 buildings, and 
 had sent fifty men on shore to burn the Mess House 
 and some other buildings which was the last they had 
 to do, when about three hundred French and Indians 
 came suddenly upon them, and killed Doctor Marsh, 
 shot Lieut. Billing through the body, and through 
 the arm, killed and wounded 22, and wounded six 
 more ; they retreated to the dykes, and Major Frye 
 landed with what men we got on shore and made a 
 stand, but their numbers being superior to ours ; we 
 were forced to retreat. — Your sincere friend, 
 
 JEDEDIAIl PREBBLE. 
 To Col. Winslow, Command- 
 ing the troops at Minas. 
 
 Camp Cumberland, 5th Sept. 1755. 
 Sir, — I am sorry my first letter should be the 
 
3S7 
 
 with 
 3, ar- 
 l tins 
 isions 
 shore, 
 follow 
 
 LE. 
 
 755. 
 
 laptain 
 te lines 
 u have 
 ounded 
 nctified 
 prepar- 
 I moul- 
 which 
 than a 
 , we are 
 lince we 
 >vibt not 
 1 grief I 
 )r Frye, 
 to burn 
 hildren, 
 , which 
 igs, and 
 i House 
 ey had 
 Indians 
 Marsh, 
 hrough 
 ed six 
 or Frye 
 made a 
 rs ; we 
 
 Ible. 
 
 1 1755. 
 be the 
 
 bearer of such melancholy news, as the defeat of pari 
 of a detachment sent out under Major Frye, who 
 sailed from this place with Captain Brentnal, mysell 
 and Air. Endicott, Doctor March and Lieut. Billings, 
 and 200 men, to burn the buildings at Shepoudie, 
 Peslquid and Memramcook, and after having burned 
 I8l buildingsat Shepoudie, we sailed the 3d instant. 
 After sailing up Petito Condac river, and burned on 
 both sides the river all the morning, about one 
 o'clock Colonel Frye ordered Captain Adams to come 
 to anchor, and land his men opposite the Mess- 
 House, in order to burn a small village below it, and 
 join Mr. Endicott and Lieut. Billings, with 60 men ; 
 accordingly I and Doctor March, went on shore with 
 a party, but by reason of the difficulty of landing, was 
 obliged to march with 20 men, 10 of which Doctor 
 March took with him, though contrary to orders, and 
 went to the village in order to burn the Mess-house. 
 When Mr. Endicott's party joined him, and before 
 they could get the Mess-house on fire, they were 
 beset by a party of above 300 French and Indians, 
 and our men, being straggling about, were soon defeat- 
 ed. Dr. March and five or six privates certainly kill 
 ed; there are missing, in the whole,twenty-three men 
 beside Doctor March ; we had eleven more wounded, 
 among whom is Lieut. Billings, who is badly wound- 
 ed, having received a shot through his left arm, and 
 another through his body, which is looked upon dan- 
 gerous ; the rest are in a fair way of doing well. I 
 was in a small village adjoining, and had set fire to 
 the houses just as I heard the attack, and repaired to 
 the marsh and joined them, but before I got there the 
 most of the men had left their officers, and with diffi- 
 culty it was we got Mr. Billings away ; our powder 
 was wet, and little of it ; no water, and but two days 
 provisions, obliged us to return without proceeding 
 any farther, after burning 253 buildings with a large 
 quantity of wheat and flax. 
 
 The people here are much concerned for fear of 
 your party meeting the same fate, bein^in the heart 
 of a numerous and devilish crew, which I pray God 
 avert. My compliments to Mr. Bradford Gay, Adams 
 and Hobbs, and all friends, not forgetting Doctor 
 Whitworth, I long to be with you and hope it will 
 
 43 
 
336 
 
 t'.i 
 
 
 «ot be long first, till when, I remain your most obedi- 
 ent friend and humble servant. 
 
 (Signed) THOMAS SPEAKMAN. ^ 
 
 To the Hon.John Winslow, ^ 
 
 Commanding at Minas. ^^ '- 
 
 ' Fort Edward, 8th Sept. 1755. 
 Bear Sir, — I received your favour, and am ex- 
 tremely pleased that things are so clever at Grand 
 Pr^, and that the poor devils are so resigned, hero 
 they are more patient than I could have expected for 
 persons so circumstanced,and what still surprises me, 
 quite unconcerned. When I think of those at Anna- 
 polis, I appear over thoughtful of summoning them 
 in, I am afraid there will be some difficulty in getting 
 them together, you know our soldiers hate them, and 
 if they can but find a pretext to kill them they will. 
 lam really glad to thinkyour camp is so well secured 
 (as the French said at least a good prison for inhabi- 
 tants.) I long much to see the poor wretches em- 
 barked and our aflairs a little settled, and then I will 
 do myself the pleasure of meeting you and drinking 
 their good voyage, &c. &c. 
 
 Tour's &c. «' ' 
 
 A. MURRAY J ^♦^^ 
 
 To Colonel John Winslow. 
 
 |VS ; ■.>^, 
 
 K*! 
 
 
 '^- No. 6. ■' '■'"''^' 
 Proceedings of his Majesty* s Council on the subject of the 
 removal of the Acadians in 1 762 — extracted from Coun- 
 cil Boolcs. 
 
 Council, 26th July, 1762.— Council are of opinion, 
 that so long a continuance of so great a number of 
 the Acadians as prisoners of war, in the town of Ha- 
 lifax, and in other parts of this Province, had much 
 endangered the safety thereof, and had caused great 
 uneasiness to, and had distressed the minds of his 
 Majesty's subjects, and retarded the progress of the 
 new settlements ; That from a continued series ()f 
 experience, they were fully convinced of the strict 
 attachment of the said Acadians to, and readiness at 
 all times to take part and assist his Majesty's ene- 
 mies, the French King and his subjects, to the Ut- 
 most of their power, they having been more than 
 once actually in arms against his Majesty and his 
 
339 
 
 ibcdi- 
 
 LN. ■ 
 
 m. 
 
 m ex- 
 Srand 
 , hero 
 ed for 
 es me, 
 Anna- 
 r them 
 retting 
 m, and 
 y will- 
 ecnred 
 inhabi- 
 es em- 
 n I will 
 rinking 
 
 LY. 
 
 ■ i .' i-ii 
 
 \ct of the 
 II Coun- 
 
 Lpinion , 
 nber of 
 lofHa- 
 _ much 
 td great 
 of his 
 IS of the 
 [eries of 
 \e strict 
 iness at 
 's cnc- 
 the lU- 
 jre than 
 land his - 
 
 subjects. That, on reflection on the circumstances of 
 this Province at this juncture, when, for the safety 
 and security of the settlers of King's County, it is 
 found indispensably necessary to march one hundred 
 and thirty of the Acadians, under a guard of the mi- 
 litia of that County, into this town, not only revives 
 in their minds these considerations with regard to 
 the said Acadians,but impresses it with double weight, 
 and they apprehend calls on them for an exertion of 
 the most effectual means to prevent any ill-effects that 
 might arise from them, more especially when they 
 consider the behaviour of the said Acadians, upon the 
 » present occasion, which is remarkably insolent iand 
 exulting, in so much, that it is absolutely necessary to 
 cause them to be close confined under a strong guard 
 of the militia of the town of Halifax, to the great in- 
 convenience and distress of the said inhabitants, near 
 a fourth part of them being called on for that duty 
 daily. That there is sufficient reason to believe some 
 late threats and insults of numerous bodies of the 
 Indians assembled in various parts of the Province, 
 to the terror of his Majesty's subjects in the new set- 
 tlements, have been occasioned by the stimulations 
 and artful insinuations of the said Acadians. That 
 they apprehend there cannot be any hopes of a sin- 
 cere submission of the said Indians to his Majesty's 
 Government, while the said Acadians are suftered to 
 continue in this Province, they being connected by 
 intermarriages with them, and thereby maintain a 
 considerable influence over them at all times. " That 
 it has lately been discovered, that the said Acadians 
 had collected and concealed in secret places in King's 
 County, in this Province, a considerable quantity of 
 ammunitioii for small arms. That at this time the 
 necessity of drawing all the troops together at Hali- 
 fiix, had stripped the new settlements so effectually 
 of protection, that except the very small Garrisons at 
 Annapolis, St. John's River, and Fort Cumberland,not 
 amounting in the whole to one hundred men, there 
 was no protection to any of the settlements ; the in- 
 terior parts of the Country being entirely destitute 
 of any, and the Garrison at Fort Edward wholly oc- 
 cupied by the militia of that Country, to the greal; 
 detriment of the inhabitants, who are forced to neglect 
 their husbandry, and so much to their terror, that not 
 
/^ 
 
 340 
 
 V 
 
 only one hundred and fifty of the settlers have, on 
 thk alarm, quitted one of the new towns in the Coun- 
 try, but others are preparing from other part»to fol- 
 low them. For all which reasons, the Council are 
 of opinion, that in this time of danger it is absolutely 
 necessary, immediately to transport the said Acadians 
 out of this Province, as their continuing longer in it^ 
 may be attended with the worst coilsequences to the 
 projected new settlements, in particular as well as to 
 the general safety of the Provinces. ■" 
 
 Tne Council do hkewise observe, that in case of 
 an attack on the town of Halifax by the enemy, the 
 lacing a sufficient g^uard on the said Acadians, would 
 become very inconvenient and weaken the forces, 
 more especially as there is no strong hold or place to 
 secure them in, and that during any attack they 
 might take the opportunity of setting fire to the town 
 and joining the enemy, and therefore the Council do 
 unanimously.advise and recommend, in the most ear- 
 nest manher,' for the safety and security of this Pro- 
 vince and its new settlements, that the Lieutenant- 
 Governor would be pleased to take the speediest me- 
 thod to epilect and transport the said Acadians out of 
 this Province, and do further advise, that as the Pro- 
 vince of Massachusetts is nearest adjacent to this 
 Province, that the Lieut.-Governor would be pleased 
 to cause them to be transported to that Province* 
 with all convenient despatch, wd*-. 
 
 (Signed) JOHN DUPORT, i 
 
 Sec. Council. 
 
 A -tr 
 
 
 ififi.^xiftj: 
 
 
 ■J;i^«; 
 
 iy*4) 
 
^ r ■•> 
 
 r I 1 '■'r.T. 
 ! 
 
 t.! 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 * This Index doe$ not refer to the Chronological Taffh. 
 
 Aeadia, discovery of 4— Tl)»i named in eommission of Do Monti 
 20— Various orthograpliy of, do.— I^tato of 68^Bound»rJefl «f 
 65 81 136 143— Trade of 07. 
 
 ■Acudians refuse to take the oath of an«/gianoe 08>^ake the oath 
 «ffidelity 95— elect delegatei Od'-orderod to take oath of 
 Allegiance 151 — refuie, do.— aceount of their manners and 
 habits 170 — ^measures adopted for rarprising them 176-^the 
 expulsion of the greater part of them ISO^they memorial the 
 King IS'i— stragglers of King*i County sent to Halifax 240— 
 correspondence roapeoting their removal 829. 
 
 Admiralty, resolutions of the Houia of Aiiembly concerning the 
 fees of the Court of "Jltl. 
 
 Jlltxander, Sir William brographieaiakeloh of 40 — obtains (^ grant 
 of Nova-Scotia 41— attempti tG sotlle the country, do. — dis- 
 poses of it to Claude de la Tour 40. 
 
 Amherst f Hen. his attack on Louiiburg 208— his Conquest of 
 Canada 227. 
 
 Annapolis, a name given to Port Royal DS-^attackod by Indians 
 103-by Da Vivier llO—by M. Morin 111— by Ramsay 129- • 
 removal of Acadians (Vom l81-'-=ieo Port Royal. 
 
 Anson, Admiral defeats Jon<}uiorrc li)3i -' 
 
ii 
 
 Jrgalt difcovers a new route to America 84— destroyi the lettle- 
 ment at Mount Deaert 87— captures Port Royal 88> 
 
 Jrm$irongt Lieut. Governor prevails upon Acadiana to take the 
 oath of neutrality 95. 
 
 ni$temhly, Houae of— resolutions of Council concerning 210 theif 
 
 proceedings 213. " 
 
 BaronetB of Nova-Scotia 42. 
 
 Bay Verte fortified by La Corne 157— Major Lawrence dispatch- 
 ed thither 158 do. 169. 
 
 Beau Sejour taken 167 — its name changed to Cumberland, do. 
 
 Belcher^ Jonathan succeeds Governor Lawrence 229 — concludes 
 a treaty with the Indians 232 — lays an embargo on the ship- 
 ping, and proclaims martial law 240— his representation of 
 state of Province 237. 
 
 Le Borgne takes M. Denys prisoner 60 — destroys La Have 61— 
 surrenders Port Royal to Engliali, do. 
 
 Le Borgne, Junr. taken prisoner at Lo Have 62. 
 
 Boscawen, Admiral takes two French frigates IGl — ;is present at 
 deliberations of council respecting the removal of the French 
 170. • "^ 
 
 Boundary 79 — discussions concerning 142. ^ . 
 
 Bruillon, Governor encourages the pirates 82. 
 
 Surgeois, his treatment by Colonel Church 77. 
 
 Byron Capt. captures a French squadron 227 — dismantles Louis- 
 burg 228. 
 
 Cabot, claim of English founded on his discovery 2 — his commis- 
 sion 32i. 
 
 Canada, Conquest of by General Amherst 227— great earthquake 
 in 63. 
 
 Canseau 9 — Dutch trade with Savages at 28— attacked by Indiana 
 102— taken by French 107. 
 
 Cape Breton, diacovary and origin of its name 9 — description of 98, 
 
 ';. French Colonies 99 — M.Constable appointed Governor of 100, 
 Louisburg built, do. — conquered by N. E. Troops 120 — res- 
 tored to France 134-^taken by Gen. Amherst 2P3. 
 Cartier, his voyages 9. 
 
 Caiiine the Baron — biographical sketch of 75 — appointed Gover- 
 nor of Acadia 90, see Villibon. 
 

 HI 
 
 Ca$Hne the young«r lOS^carried prisoner to Boston 104— rfetiima 
 to France 105 
 
 Champlain 4* Champdore accompany Do Monta 16 — latter ex- 
 amines iron ore at St. Mary's Bay 17 — the former ea'ablisbes 
 the order of Le bon Temps 25 — surrenders Quebec 46 
 
 Charnise, Daulnede succeeds Razillai 52— his dissentions with 
 La Tour 53— enters into a treaty with Massachusetts 66 — 
 attacks La Tour's fort, and is beaten off by Madam La ToUr 
 |>7 — appeased by presents from Massachusetts, do. — attacks 
 L& Tour's fort again, and captures it, and hangs the garrir 
 ■on 6S — his death, do, 
 
 Chedabueto, see Montorguei and Dennis. 
 
 Chebogue, piracy at 106 ■ . 
 
 Chetodel sent to tako convicts oiTof Sablo Jbland 10 
 
 Chronological Tahlo 242 •' ' -'tV',i'\ 
 
 Church, Culonel ravages Cumberland 77 — defeated on the River 
 St. John 78 — ravages Minas 82 . * , ,, 
 
 Chester, state of 239 '. , . , 
 
 Colonies, date of respective settlements S5 
 
 Colville, Lord recaptures St. John's, N. F. 241 
 
 Cornwallis, Edward appointed Governor of Nova-Scotia 188, 
 appoints a council 189 — orders Acadians to take the oath of 
 allegiance 151 — oifers a reward for Indian scalps 157— dis- 
 patches Major Lawrence against the Acadians at Bay Vert* 
 
 Corntoa//t4, state of the township 237 
 
 Council appointed at Annapolis 93 — at Halifax 139 — resolutions 
 respecting calling a House of Assemb'y 203 — alter represen- 
 tation 230 , , - , • „ , ,.- . i, 
 
 Counsellors of N. S. list of 319 
 
 Courfff of common law established 163 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver order in council to prevent his emigration to 
 America 53 — sends an expedition to take Port Royal 61— 
 makes a grant to La Tour, do. 
 
 Cumberlandt name given to Beau Sejour 167 — removal of French 
 
 D^Anville, Duke—an account of his expedition to Nova-Scotia and 
 death 126 
 
I • 
 
 it 
 
 D'Jubert 9 
 
 Haubre M. lost in the woods at St. Mary's Bay 15— found «.. '.u "i"! 
 JDm/ne, de Cl)ainn6 see Ciiarnii6 / 
 
 J>eMont$, an account of his vo^af^sa from 11 to 20 
 2>enyt M. limits of his portion of Nova Scotia 61 — taken pri«oncr 
 
 by Le Borgne fiO—attackod by GeronJioro 62— his ostabiish-^ 
 
 ment destroyed by firo, do. 
 JDenitMi. Col. escorts the Acadians of Icing's County to Halifax 
 
 241 
 Des Oautin$, ?iis integrity 72 
 
 HeitourntUe, Vice Admiral— bis death at Bedford Basiu 12S> 
 jDmt*, Cape of discovered 16 
 
 UnuoTt, th«qhevaJier— hiedcfeno of Louisbiirg 205 
 JhMiti^ elate of 28» 
 JBmrthquaAf 63. 
 JEmbargo- 240. 
 
 Falmouth, •*abe of 237 
 
 Por/e Marqoia de la Maison, taken prisoner 117~liis letter US- 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Hump&rey his voyoge 6 ■ i ; 
 
 Gilbert, Sir John bis dieath 8 
 
 Gitneee, description of 6S— taken by a piratical vossol 6& 
 
 Governors of Nova-Scotia, list of 317 
 
 Ooueherville, Madam eends priests to Nova-Scotia 33' 
 
 Halifax built 130 — attacked by Indiana 150 and 164 — breaetnork 
 erected round it 168 " '• •■''*'•• > 
 
 Bolborne, Admiral arrives at Halifax 200— his fleet disabled by a 
 atorm 202 . . j^> 
 
 Mopion, Peregrine succeeds Col. Cotnwallis oa Covernor 163' ;' 
 
 Ibberville arrives at St. John 75 — takes tlic Newport frigate, do. 
 captures Pemaquid, do. — returns to Newfoundland 76 ■ ^ 
 
 Je$uH$ arrive at Port Royal, their reception and conduct 31 — 
 
 treatment received from Biencuiirt 3.1— retire to Mount Do- 
 
 sart, and are taken prisoners 36— Gilburt du Thct shot, do. 
 
 Itldians, Encampment of at Port Boyal 27— take the infection at 
 
 r Bedford Bason 129 — attack Mines 153— Indian captivity 155 
 
 tr«at/with 232— trade with 233 , v' :;_ 
 
Jonquire, hit expeditiuii to Nova-Scotia 137— defaated by Anion 
 and Warron 183 
 
 JTtng't County Militia ordorod lo escort Aoadiani to Halifax 240 
 
 Kirk, Sir David lakoN Port Huynl 13— takes La Tour prisoner, do. 
 
 captures Qiiohoo 40 ^ ^^ .,»(.:, 
 
 Le IJaive, i)3 31 52 (it (12 (l.i 82 ^ 
 
 JjOguille, Rivor of diicuvoicit liy Poatroncoiut, and thus named 
 by liiin 18 • ■^'*' 
 
 La Tour, Cluudo carriud prinoncr to England 43, owns land at 
 St. John rivor 41, bcHJcscM iiii son at Cape Sable. Do. 
 joins a party of Scoltli wlio l.uilJ a Fort opposite to Port 
 Royal 48, obtains n convoyunco uf N. S. from Sir William 
 Alexander, Do. 
 
 La Tour, Charlos I'ltoinno besieged by hla father 44, obtains exten- 
 sive gronts from the Frencli Government 53, dlssentions with 
 Chorniio Do. souks aid at HuhIuii &4, his fort defended by his 
 Lady against Cliurniko 87, furt captured by Charnise, and his 
 garrison put to death r>8, death of Madam La Tour 69, 
 He quits Nova-Suotia, I)u. roturna and marries the widow 
 cfCharniso (iO, ronoivoi a grunt from Oliver Cromwell 68, 
 sells to Mr. Toinplo (14. 
 
 Lawranee Deipatchod agulnet French at Bay Vorte 159, assists at 
 taking of Louinburg 204, opens the assembly 210, his procla- 
 mation 221, his doulh 220 
 
 Law Martial, 240' 
 
 Lesearbot arrives at Port Uoyal 22, visits north mountain 23 
 
 Le Come arrives nt Uiiy Vorlo, ond erects Fortifications 157 "' '' 
 
 Livingston, his journey to tjuobcc 8S 
 
 Liverpool, state of 2:18 
 
 Loudon, Lord appointed to tlio comtnand of the army 199, arrives 
 at Halifox 200 
 
 Xunmbur/r settled 102, stale of 289 
 
 Louiaburg, seo C(tpo Uroton 
 
 Mambertou 27 29 32 
 Manival surrenders Port Royal 70 
 
 Maaearine, Oovernor opplios to Massachusetts for aid 109 111 
 orders the Prioat at Minaa to leavo the Province 151 
 
 ■o'.^i. 
 
^ 
 
 VI 
 
 MasMarhusetts , treaty with Charnise 66, new Charter of 73, Bee 
 
 Annapolis, Port Royal, Louisburg, &c. 
 Minas ravaged by Colonel Church 82, fortified 152, Col. Noble 
 
 defeated at 132, expulsion of French from 180 ' ' ' 
 
 Mill, the first ever built in Nova-Scotia 26 ' ' ' 
 
 Moneton, Colonel commands expedition against French at Bay 
 
 Vertel67 
 Jlfonforgm'e/, his defence of Chcdabucto 71 
 Mouton, harbour of 13 
 JHfoystyn, advises the removal of the French 170 
 
 »Yelaon, Mr. taken prisoner 74 
 
 JVeto France, Company of 47 
 
 Newfoundland, 6 .' 
 
 JVeto Charter of Massachusetts 73 
 
 JVetcport, Frigate captured 75 
 
 JVicholson, General conquers Nova-Scotia 86, appointed Gov. 92 
 
 JVob/e, Colonel attacked and killed at Minas 133 . 
 
 JVoaxet, 81 
 
 jy/oredgewoack, Indians of attacked, oud Pero Ralli killed 105 
 
 JVova-Scotia, Name of first appears in grant of Sir WilHam Alex- 
 ander 41, ceded to France 46, captured by Major Sedgwick 
 61,' ceded to France 64, captured by Sir William Phipps 70, 
 ceded to France 78, captured by General Nicholson 83, in- 
 cluded in New Charter of Massachusetts 73, discussions rela- 
 tive to the boundaries 143, see Acadia, Port Royal, Annapolis, 
 Minaa, Halifax. 
 
 Order, Le Bon Temps established by champlain 23 
 
 Peace, see treaty 
 
 Pemaquid taken by Razillai 62, taken by Villebon 75 
 
 Pentagoet 69 
 
 Pepeperal, General his attack on Louisburg 114 
 
 Perot ill used by pirates 73 '^ 
 
 Phillip$, appointed Governor of Nova-Scotia 93, appoints a Coun- 
 cil Do. goes to England 95 
 
 Phipps, Sir William biographical sketch of 69, conquers Port 
 Royal Do. captures Fort at Chedabucto 70 
 
 Pirates, 68 73 82 
 
Vll 
 
 * 
 
 : 4 
 
 
 PigMH, Captain killed with his boats crdw 91 '- ' 
 
 Pitt, eflfect of hia appointment to the Ministry 203 
 
 Pon<gra»fi left at Port Royal 21 * .;.■''- 1 .>•;;? t >•• V 
 
 Pontrincourt accompanies Demonta 12, selects a residence and 
 calls it Port Royal 15, returns to Franco 18, revisits Nova- 
 Scotia 21, voyage to Cape Cod, and affray with the Indians 23, 
 his return 2S, King confirms liis grant 30 
 
 Proe/amatton of Governor Lawrence 220 , J, < . . -sx 
 
 Quobec taken by Sir David Kirk 46, ceded to France Do. captured 
 by General Wolfe - , .^ 
 
 Ralli killed at Norridgwoah IOC 
 
 Samsai/ encamps before Annapolis 129 
 
 Razillai arrives at Le Have 51, captures Pemaquid and dies 62 
 
 Roche, Marqnis de la lands convicts on Isle of Sable 10 
 
 Rossignol, Port of 12 
 
 Rous, Capt. sails up the River St. John to attack French Forts 168 
 
 Sable Island, description of, convicts landed on 10 
 
 Scotch emigrants to Port Royal, fate of 42 
 
 Sedgewich, Major attacks Port Royal and La Have 61 62 
 
 Shirley, Governor proposes capture of Louisburg 112, repairs 
 thither 122 
 
 St. Croix discovered and settled 16, description of 16 do. 79 
 
 St. Mary 14 
 
 St. John Island, reduction of 123 
 
 Subercase, Governor his able defence of Port Royal 84, capitu- 
 lates 86 
 
 Temple, Sir Thomas obtains a grant of lands in Nova>Scotia 64, 
 declines yielding up Nova-Scotia to French 65, ordered to 
 obey, do. 
 
 Tourney takes St. John's, Newfoundland 240 
 
 Treaty of Peace at St. Germains 46, Breda 64, Ryswick 73, 
 • Utrecht 91, Aix la Chapelle 134, Paris 242 
 
 Vaudrieuel appoints Castine Governor of Nova Scotia 89, his ex- 
 planation of treaty to Indians 101 
 Vatighan, Col. distinguishes himself at the taking of Louisburg 116 
 Villibon arrives at Port Royal 72, proceeds to St. John,do., invests 
 
vm 
 
 it tgain 74, takea Jt^: uaquid 76, captured 76, bis letter to 
 
 Governor of Maasachusetts 8U 
 Vet€h appointed Governor of Novft.>Scotia 88 
 Verasanii bia voyage 9 ' 
 rfigi/«nf, a Frencb 74, taken 17 
 Virginia» boundaries of 34 
 Vivier attacks Canseau 108, Annapolis 110, retires to Mlnas, do. 
 
 n^arren," Admiral his attack on Louisburg 120— bis force do., ap- 
 pointed Joint Governor with Pepperal 122 > . . ' . ^ 
 WintlotD Col. commands the Now England troops in etpedition 
 '> against Bay Verte 166, removes the French from Minas 176, 
 correspondence of 329 
 
 Wolfet Gen. bis landing at Louisburg 205, takes (Quebec 224. 
 
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 expedition 
 Minas 176, 
 
 ic 224. 
 
 
 
 

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