^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 ■i£12.8 lU m u u 1^ ■ 22 2.0 1^ ilJ4 Ul — 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation '^ m o 33 WfST MAIN STRUT WIBSTM.N.Y. I4SM (716)872-4503 :\ 4. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHJVl/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquas Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. 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Un das symbolas sulvants apparattra sur la darnlAra image da chaque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbole ^»> signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Mapa, piatas, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmto A des taux da reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul cllchA, il est filmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessalre. Les diagrammes sulvants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 thWi B4BR] AM) 20I AN BXSTOaZOAL AVD STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OP NOVA-SCOTIA, /.V TfVO VOLUMES, %■ 1' . ILLUSTRATED BY A MAP OF THE PROVINCE, AND SEVERAL ENGRAVINGS. !( BY THOMAS C. HALIBURTON, Esq. BARRISTER AT LAW, AND MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF NOVA-SCOTU, " This is my own, my native land." VOL. I. ■ — * HALIFAX, Fli'BLISHED FOR JOSEPH HOWE, Ahl> SOhU )>T C. II. BELCHRR ; ROBERT SCHOLKY, LONBON ; AND OLIVER & BOVD, KDINCURGH. 's* ^, 'ii AsSe V •s crm Ji.. .$A»2^«**S3[;^ rif;?a:^;)». 'J ?0K^ ? iVt'M" U « •4'* V >--''''ii' "<5li^ ■*", » I ,* ' - ,->;r ^ ' '>.r-j\4T^njJ"f tf,fl>«5 'C s /•,-: ' !, -«rv Y*f. t. c ^^.s'jC.ftAiMJt^' • «*•« ,' A »'• 'iVS»: ' - (.- P KXTRACT rnoM THE " NOVASCOIIAN." In the House of Assembly on Friday 27th March)1829, Mr. Hartshorne rose and said, that he held a Resolution in his hand which he was desirous to submit to the House. — The proposition might in some degree surprise his honorable friends, inasmuch as in this country it was entirely a novel one, but he felt convinced that it was one, which would be as pleasing to them as to himself, and which would meet their hearty concurrence. The hon. gentleman then read the following Resolution : " Resolved, That the thanks of this House be communicated to Thomas C. Haliburton, Esquire, for the very laudable and laborious effort which he has made to illustrate the Historv, Topography, andResources of the Province, in the " Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," now issuing from the Press ; and that Mr. Speaker be requested to convey to Mr. Haliburton the substance of this Resolution." Mr. LovETT seconded the Resolution, and did so with greater pride that the gentleman was a native of Nova-Scotia. Mr.MuRDOCH said, that it was with great pleasure he shnul<l vote for the resolution. He felt proud that the first historical work which had appeared in the province was the production of a gentleman born and educated in this country. He had not obtained, more than a glance at the book, and could not there- fore speak particularly of its raerits,but he was well acquainted with the attention and time that the author had bestowed on his researches into our early records. Tlic hon. member from Annapolis had often delighted that House with his powers of oratory, and it must be with great satisfaction that this Assembly would recognize his literary efforts. He hoped that as this Was the first instance of Ihe kind that it would be a precedent for others ; and that many of the natives of this country, where intellectual improvement was rapidly advan- cing,would be distinguished by similar exertions. He was sure that there could be but-one feeling on this subject with every Hiembor. He commentlcd llic modesty with which the author ha^ acknowledged the assistance ofvcry many of his friends, particularly as he knew that the aid afforded was very slight in comparison with the years of industry and application which he had consumed on the undertaking ; and he had no doubt that this work would increase the reputation, which the hon. gentleman's abilities had acquired for him,with that House and the public. Mr. YooNo said, that he had attentively perused the first volume of the work in question, and could with truth assert that itWBS well worth the compliment intended to be paid to the Author. There was much valuable information in it — in- formation, which but for the labour and talent bestowed in collecting the materials and arranging the matter, must ne- cessarily have been lost to the Public in a short time. In addition, he would add that the composition and style were not only neat but perspicuous. In fact the whole did great credit to the author as a gentleman and scholar, and he gave his hearty and warm support to the resolution. Mr. Stbwart said, that he could not allow the Resolution before the House to pass in silence ; that differing in politics occasionally, as his learned friend and himself did, and embat- tled as they frequently were in wordy warfare, it would be especially ungracious in him if he did not avail himself of the occasion to express his admiration of the talents of the member fVom Annapolis, and his approbation of the application of his abilities to so useful a work as the History of Nova Scotia. As the production of a Nova-Scotian ho was proud of it; be had seen one of the volumes, and thought it was calculated to re- flect honor upon the Province. Mr. Fairbai^ks cordially approved of the Resolution ; ho had seen parts of the work, and was convinced that it would be found extremely useful to that House and to the country, as it contained much constitutional information respecting the Colonial Government, and would save a great deal of research; it would be both useful and interesting. Mr. Umacke and Mr J. R. Dkwolf expressed similar sen- timents, and gave to the Resolution their cordial concurrence. The Resolution was then put and carried, tlicrc being no dissenting voice the u ord " unanimously" was added ; and after some conversation as to the mode of commu'uicating it» l< I the Mouse resolved, that Mr. Hamburton should be called in, and that the general sentiment should be expressed by the Speaker. Mr. HALiBunroN being called into the House, and standing in his place, was thus addressed by Mr. Speaker : Mr. Hali BURTON, I am directed by this House to Com- municate to you, that they have had under their consideration a work now issuing from the Press, of which you are the author, entitled <' an Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," which they think alike useful to the Province, and honourable to yourself, and that, to mark their approbation of this first effort to describe the Country and develope its re^ sourcesjthey have unanimously passed a .vote of thanks to you, for this laudable undertaking, which resolution will be read to you by the Clerk. It affords me a great deal of pleasure to add my opinion of the work, to that of the Representatives of the People, who deem it an object of this honourable notice, as the production of a native of the Province. The Resolution was then read by the Clerk— and Mr, Haliburton replied to Mr. Speaker as follows ;— Mr. Speaker, I beg leave to return yon and the House my most grateful thanks for the honor this day done me. I regret that t find myself unable to express fully the high sense I entertain of this flattering distinction, and nan only say, that I feel the labour Y have performed, more than amply compensated by the notice this Hojise has been pleased to take of it. ? d t» -p£: ■*; ndt »?'l. .|t ..... To Hi$ Excellency Lieut. General .^i,,wg ^ SIR JAMES KEMPT, K. G. C. B. * Oi ■ ■"■. >^i Governor-General of British Jsiorth Amerieat 4re> ife, k\('t\ SiRj — In availing myself of the permission you have been pleased to grant me, to dedicate this work to your Excellency, I fear I shall incur your dis- pleasure, if I accompany it with any remarks ; but as your administration of the Government of Nova- Scotia is now terminated, it becomes the right, as well as the business, of the Historian, to express his opinion upon it. In entering upon the duties of your office, you laboured under the disadvantage of not having been previously conversant with Colonial affairs, and if you escaped the difficulties incidental to such a situation, it must be attributed to the dili- gence with which those duties were undertaken, and the i^ectitude and intelligence with which they were discharged. You have had the singular good fortune of never having had, during the eight years you presided over the Country, the slightest misun- derstanding with either of the other branches of the Legislature, but on the contrary, have always expe- >.»r.-""r. 1 1 *»^ iv y li ii> rienced the most unequivocal marks of their confi- dence and respect. Subjects of popular declama- tion have not been wanting to put your principles and conduct upon trial, in which you observed that happy medium, that neither compromised the digni- ty of your situation, nor militated against the rights of the people. This may happen again to others, because the same uprightness of conduct and the same discretion, will, among a people so well dis- posed as the inhabitants of this Province, produce a similar result. But Sir, it would be unreasonable to hope for a recurrence of the disinterested zeal, the unwearied anxiety, and the paternal interest you manifested on subjects not connected with the mere official routine of your duties. You have ever consi- dered the welfare of the Province ns paramount to your own personal ease and comfort; and the number of public works, promoted and patronised, and in many instances suggested by yourself; the increased panctaality in the collection, and economy in the ex[)enditure of the Revenue ; the total change in the Btate of the great roads, and the activity inspired in- to all the subordinate officers of Government, bespeak the 8oli6itude with which you regarded the prosperi- ty i of the Country committed to your charge. In taking a retrospect of that portion of your life spent in Nova-Scotia, you have the gratification to know that you left it tranquil and prosperous, and,that at the period of your quiting it for a higher station, there was not an individual in it either personally or politically opposed to you. I am aware that de- dications are in general mere adulatory addresses, thjit reflect but little honor either upon the Author or the Patron, but where an administration has termi- nated in the manner I have just described, there is less difficulty in confining approbation within the bounds of strict veracity than in finding terms for its expression. This work is therefore not dedicat- ed to your Excellency so much on the ground of your elevated station, as of the patronage with which you have always honored every undertaking that had for its object the benefit of the Province ; and al- though there is no person better qualified to detect its errors and imperfections, there is also no one more ready to extend to it those indulgent allowances, of which it stands so much in need, as yourself. Allow me. Sir, in conclusion to remark, that as your Eceliency's name must necessarily stamp a va- lue upon any thing to which it is attached, I should feel that I was making an ungenerous use of the con- fidence with which you have honored me,in accepting this dedication, If 1 were to allow it to be supposed that this work had received your approbation, and was published under your sanction. > . i/itl» Not having seen the manuscript, your Excellency's condescension in permitting it to appear under your patronage must be considered as a mark of your ap- proval of the effort, but not of the performance, and as an instance of your kindness, but not a recommen- dation of its contents. t; In the hope, however, that it may provti not dito- ijether unacceptable to your Excellency, . ,*fi'ifimiH ' ha.ve the honor to subscribe myself, n of!)ui>??>i; Your Excellency's -j^n^M- ^vi^u-fj^// ..." ..,.,. t. ,,<, .i'^ Most obedient servant, ^.^ lurrn (■ iKilm THOMAS C. HALIBURTDNii • .3 ^f I( i e$tv|^1^*^-'^- PREFACE. ^u^,>,„>.'} The materials for the History of Nova- Scotia are to be found in an infinite variety of old Colonial bookM, in whieh the country has been incidentally mention- ed, and in the public records. To collect these scat- tered notices, and form them into a connected nar* native, ia the object of the fir&t volume oj this work. This employment, though very humble, has been very la- borious. The town of Annapolis, in which I have compiled it, contains neither public nor private libra- liea ; and I have been under the necessity of procur- ing books of reference from London and Boston; and in some inBtances,where they belonged to public in- stitutions, of obtaining copies of those passages I was desirous of consulting. Constantly engaged In business either public or private, I have never been able to devote to it my undivided attention, but have written it amidst repeated interruptions, and at different times, as the occasional occurrence of a favourable opportunity permitted me to resume the pursuit. These difficulties will be sufficiently appre- ciated by those who are accustomed to literarv re- search, and will, it is hoped, constitute an apology, both for the scantiness of the materials, and the irre- gularity in the style. Of the great number of authors I have consulted, Lescarbot and Charlevoix, among the French, and Hutchinson, Minot, Belknapp, Wynne, Douglas, Holmes, and Smollett, among the EnffUsh, have afforded me by far the most assistance. In the first chapter, I have chiefly followed Belknapp's lifd of De Monts, which was compiled from an old m translation of Lescarbot ; but having fortunately pro- cured the perusal of the original, belonging to the library of the College at Windsor, I have been en- abled to add many interesting particulars, which Dr. Belknapp omitted, as too minute for his purpose. In like manner,in the fourth chapter, I have adopted Minot's account of the removal of the French in 1755, as far as it goes ; and having obtained access to the source from whence he drew his infcnrmation — " Colonel Winslow's manuscript letter book" — I have not only ascertained its accuracy, but inserted a great deal that has never before been published. S'rom all these authors I have drawn freely, wherever it suited my purpose, and in some instances have copied entire passages — an acknowledment I am par- ticularly desirous of making, both from a proper res- pect to the labours of others, and also from a wish to avoid the pedantry of crowding the notes with re- peated references. The second volume has been compiled from public records, surveys, charts, per- sonal knowledge, and colonial works ; and also from an extensive correspondence with respectable and intelligent people in all parts of Nova-Scotia. To enumerate the various acts of kindness I have re- ceived from my friends, in procuring for me books of reference and original papers, in collecting topc^ra- phical information, and in favouring me with full and copious answers to my queries, would exceed the limits of a preface, and perhaps be not agreeable to the parties themselves ; but I trust, that as it affords me ffreat pleasure to make a public acknow- ledgment of their goodness, they will pardon me for taking the liberty of doing so. To Andrew Dunlap, Esquire, and Dr. Jackson of Boston ; the Honble. Andrew Cochran of Quebec, the Honorable Judge Chipman, Dr. Bayard and Robert Parker, Esq. of New-Bnmswick ; the Honble. Judge Stewart, Hon. Charles Morris, Dr. Almon, Dr. Gregor, Charles R. Fairbanks,* James Uniacke,Beamish Murdoch,*Tho8. Aikins,Joseph Howe,Lawrence Doyle, J. 6ray,Jamefi Francklin, J. Shannon, Titus Smith and J. A. Barry, Esqrs.* the Rev. Dr.Cochran, Rev. Wm.C.King,Rev. W. King, John D. Archibald, Jas. Irving, John Wier* John Crowe,* Alexander Stewart* and Wm. Baker, Esqrs. the Rev. Dr. M'Culloch, Rev. Dr. McGregor, Rev. T. Trotter, George Smith,* Thomas Dickson* and Wentworth Taylor, Esqrs. Judge Marshall, W. si k I 1 \l I li;;! Crawley, P. H. Clarke, i^m' M'I4e<en, Alexander M^bugall and John Morton,* Csqrs.. Dr.- Harding, pjf. S. bayard, Judge Wiswall, Rev. |«lr. ^Sigognei I)r. .Farrish, J. Homer,* Alexq^der Robert^pn; J. Newton and W. Rudolf,* £sqrs. Rev. Jame? Shreve, Major M'CuUoch, Major BazUgette, and Captain Jpl^nBtone, of the Rifle Brigade, I am unde.r.great PDlig^tiohs, and request of them to accept my sincsre thanks. From Sir Rupert George, the Secretary Of the Province I have always experienced the, ut- most readiness to facilitate the numerous searches; I have been compelled to make among the public re- cords; and from Richard Smith and Richard Brown, Esqrs. I have received the whole of the informa- tion contained in the geological sketch of the East- ern District of Nova-Scotia,and of .the Island of Cape- Breton, rbeg leave to assure each of those Gentle- men, I shall always entertain a most grateful recol- lebtipn of their kindness. For the correct and beau- tiful view of Halifax, prefixed to the second volume,' I am indebted to a Lady of thut place, whose name I regret I have not permission to mention, but who enhanced the value of the embellishment, by the very friendly manner in which it was communicated to me. The manuscript having been trauscribed for 0e press by different persons, several orthographi-. eal, eiTors crept into it, and escaped detection; and as it was found impracticable to forward the proof sheets to Annapolis for inspection, this defect could not be altogether avoided. For this and the other imperfections of the work, I must crave the .indal- gence of the public, for whose benefit it is designed, and to whom I now present it with a sincere desire tliiat it may prove useful. THOMAS C. HALIBURTON..' • Annapolis, N. S. v ■ 1829. ■ -"'J ■/•":^\:'^ ,* TboM pcraonf to whoM iwnnu tht * is aflfixed, are Membera of (h« HonM of Aaaemblj. ■ / ,tj-iriirH- ■■:« . f» >"i» i , ,.'.^u y . V - • . . .,.-x • . . .'. ^nlrA .■ , ,A>*. ;^^*!>'^ , -i ' ^ ./nVf }iUfX *V '^'yh *.'^'ivv^ •f''-' ^nCfHA~>:l ',. i -)'v t ^ t ' ■ * :■ - ■ . . ! 1 '.« ' ,i: i c •: ; ■: ^ rU . , ) * M './■ •'[■?■ 'f]r":-;0'v:s;v''v.', ■] :>-: '■ ' J ' ...t .' '.• : . .. -'t I. <■■: ;r. WfitQviSi ot Aoba^H^rotfa. N/>J:- ^,^r-,' ..) CHAPTER I. Diicwtry of ^orth Amenca by John Cabot — Vouagtaof Sir Humphrey Gilbert ^ and Sir John Gilbert — Discove- ries of the French — Marquis De La Roche laruls at the Isle of Sabk — De Monts settles at St. Croix — removes to Port Royal — loses his charter — Jesuits commence an cs- lablishment at St. Saviour — destruction of the French set- ilement in Acadia by Samuel Argall — Sir William Alex- ander obtains a grant oj the Country ^ in which it is called JVWa Scotia — attempts lo colonise it — conveys it to La Tour — conquest of Qttebec — cession of JSTova Scotia^ CapeBreton andCa/nada, to France^ by treaty of St. Ger- • matnt, t''*oi« H97— TO 1632.] ^'T in'y „i t TH£ history of every country in Europe commenc- es in the region of fable. At what period they were severally discovered, and by whom .settled, is e- qually uncertain, and the accounts which are given of the early ages of all, are at best but plausible con- jectures. The situation of America is in this respect just the reverse. The discovery of this immense Continent is an event of modern occurrence, and was accompanied by the infant art of printing, which, by multiplying the copies, preserved the Journals of those who explored and settled the new world. But if the VOL.1. ' 'V.- v} . ■' ■ 1, :■■ ;,,, ■- , •>. i ■!: I I I' ii'' I I"' It;' M II Jli:' materials of American History are unlike those of Europe, the events are even more different. The progress of man from a state of nature towards civi' lization is always slow, and generally similar ; but the operation of an enlightened people upon uncul- tivated nature, which was first displayed in the set- tlement of America, affords a most interesting subject of contemplation. The portion of American History filled by Nova- Scotia, though small, is not altogether unimportant ; and, as one of the minor links in the great chain of events, cannot with propriety be ommitted. The claim of the English was founded on discove- ry. During the tranquil reign of Henry the VII. com- merce and manufactures increased to such an extent in England, as to attract thither merchants from all parts of Europe. Among the Venetians residents there at that time, was John Cabot, a scientific and expe- rienced mariner. The possibility of finding a west- em passage to India had long been a subject of literary controversy and mercantile interest, and the probability of such a discovery had been much increased by the recent voyages of Columbus. Ca- bot, from his knowledge of the Globe, supposed that a shorter route to India might be found in the North West ; and communicated to the King his willing- ness to undertake a voyage for that purpose, declar. iog at the same time that he entertained no doubt o^ making discoveries for him, as honourable and advan- tageous as those which Columbus had made for Fer- dinand and Isabella. This project being favourably received, His Ma* jesty, on the 5th of March, 1496, granted a commis- eion to John Cabot, and his three sons, Sebastian, Lewis, and Sacnuis, and their heirs, with full power to sail to all countries of tlie East, West, and North, under English colours, with five ships of such bur- den and force as they should think proper, on their oim cost and charges, to seek and discover all the Isles, re- gions and provinces* of Heathens unknown to CkrU^ tians. He reserved to himself the Dominion of all (f) the towns, castles and lands, they should discover I and least they should incline to visit some foreign port, he expressly required them to return to Bris- tol, and to pay him one fifth of all the gains, after thd expenccs of the voyage were deducted. He exempt- ed, however, their return cargoes from ail duties and customs. Aftergranting the commission, the King gave orders for fitting out two Caravels for the pur- pose of discovery. These were victualled at the public expence, and freighted by the merchants of London and Bristol, with coarse cloths and other articles of traffic. The whole company consisted of 300 men. \ . y , , ^, ,,, With this equipment, in the beginning of May , 1 497, John Cabot and his son Sebastian sailed from Bris- tol, and while steering in a westwardly direction, not supposing they should meet with any obstruction to their voyage until they reached the coast of Chi- * Note — No good narrative of this voyage ia given by any eon« temperaneous author, and the accounts, although all attributing the discovery to John Cabot, differ in many material points, and to re- concile their contradictions requires much trouble ; by some it ia affirmed that Cabot had made a voyage to North America, beforo he made application to the King, that he died ahortly after the com- mission was granted, and that the voyage i>poken of in the text, wai performed by hia son Sebastian— a copy of the commission ia insert- ed in the appendix. - t For the time once was here, to all be it known, Wh«n all a man sailad by or saw was bis own.— iPV-etMai*. I i '1 I'ri r, iiifii- ; :lt' na, they were surprised on the morning of the 24th of June by the sight of the land. This being the first they had seen, they called Prima Vista, and is generally Bupposed to have been some- part of Nova Scotia,* or the northern part of Tri- nity Bay, in Newfoundland, which was afterwards known by the name of Bona Vista, A few days af. terwards they discovered an Island which they call- ed Saint John. Here they found inhabitants, clothed with skins, who made use of darts, bows and arrows, and they had the address to persuade, or more pro- bably compelled, three of them to accompany them to England. From thence, continuing their course westwardly, they reached the Continent, and then sailed along the coast in a northern direction to the latitude of 67 and a half degrees ; finding that the land stretch- ed towards the north, and despairing of making the desired discovery, they altered their course, and cruised along the coast till they came to the southern- most part of that tract of country which has been since called Florida. ^ ' Their provisions now failings and a mutiny break- ing out among the mariners, they returned to Eng- land. Thus it appears that Cabot, in the name, and under the commission of Henry the VII. actually dis- covered the Continent of North America, before Co- lumbus had visited any part of the main land — ^his * Note— Mr. Prince, in his chronology (citing Galvanus for aa anthority) says that the land discovered by Cabot, was in Latitude 46 ; if this were true, the first discovery was made on the Peninsula of Nova Scotia, and as they coaeted the land to the northward, they must have gone into the Gulph of St. Lawrence, in putsuit of their Northern pauage. ' )l voyages at that period not having extended beyond the Islands of the Gulph of Mexico. Through a singular succession of causes, seventy- two years elapsed from the discovery of the northern division of the Continent by the English, during which their monarchs bestowed little attention upon a coun- try which was destined to be annexed to their Crown, and to be a chief source of British opulence and pow- er ; but the fame of the Fishery on the banks of New- foundland attracted the attention of Merchants, and |t soon became the resort of vessels of different na- tions.^ This remarkable neglect of navigating the coast, and of attempting colonization, is in some mea- sure accounted for by the frugal maxims of Henry VII. the un propitious circumstances of the reigns of Henry the V III. of Edward VI. and the bigotted Ma- ry ; reigns peculiarly adverse to the extension of in- dustry, trade and navigation. — When Elizabeth as- cended the throne of England, her genius and ambi- tion gave a new direction to the public opinion of the country, and inspired her subjects with a spirit of e- mulation and enterprise which they had never before known - , 4 *As earl J as 1678, the state of the Fishery is thus described : " There are about 100 sail of Spaniards, who come to take cod ; vrho make it all wet, and dry it when (hey come home, besides 20 or 30 more, who come from Biscay, to kill whales for train. These are better appointed for shipping, and furniture of munition, than any other nation save the English, who commonly are lords of the harbours. As touching their tonnage I think it may be 5 or 6000 of Portugals, there are not above 60 or 60 sail, whose tonnage may amount to dDOO, and they make all wet. Of the French nation there arc about 150 sail, the most of their shipping is very email, not past 40 tons, among which are some great, and reasonably well appoint- ed, belter than the Portugals, and not so well as the Spaniards. The burthen of them may be about 7000. The English vessels have increased in four years from SO to 50 sail. The trade which our na- tion had to Iceland maketh that the English are not there ia such numberi as otb^r nations."— .JHacA/uyfe, vol. 8, page 132. ijf I'll I' i'/'i' Her Majesty granted, in 1679, to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a patent ** for the discovering, or occupying and peopling, such remote, heathen and barbarous countries, as were not actually possessed by any Christain People." In consequence of this grant, many of his friends Joined him, and preparations were made for an expedition which promised to be highly advan- tageous. But before Gilbert sailed, some declined and retracted their engagements, and soon after he had put to sea a storm arose, in which one of his ships foundered and he was under the necessity of imme- diately returniiig. This misfortune involved him in debt, and he had no other means of satisfying his cre- ditors, but by first granting lands in America, and af- terwards selling his estate. Having finally surmounted all difficulties, he set sail from Plymouth on the 11th of June, 1683, with five ships, carrying 260 men ; and on the Uth July arriv- ed off the harbor of St. John, on the eastern coast of Newfoundland. On Monday, the 6th of August, he proceeded in state to take formal possession of the Island ; there were at tliat time 36 vessels of different nations in the harbor ; and, having required the Masters and Mer- chants to attend him, and pitched his tent in a con- spicuous situation on shore, he ordered his commis- sion to be read, in different languages, and pro- clamation to be made that, by virtue thereof, he took possession for the Crown of England, of the harbor of St. John, and two hundred leagues every way round it. A turf and twig were then delivered to him, which he received with a hazel wand. The prqcla- roation being finished, assent and obedience were sig- l< i; ", I; nifiedb^ «:^ad aoclamations— a pillar was also erected, bearing a plate of lead, on which the Queen's arms were engraved; a tax or provision was then levied on all the ships, and three laws promulgated for the go- vernment of the Colony. By the first, public worship was established, accord- ing to the mode of the National Church ; by the se- cond, the attempting of any thing prejudicial to Her Majesty's title, was declared treason according to the laws of England. By the third , the uttering of words to the dishonor of Her Majesty, was to be punished with the loss of ears and confiscation of property. On the 20th August, he sailed from Newfoundland, with three ships (the Delight, the Hind and the Squir- rel) with the intention of touching at the Isle of Sa- ble, where he had heard that the Portuguese had landed swine and cattle, 30 years before ; having got upon the hidden sand bars of that formidable Island, he lost the Delight, and not being able to procure any cattle from thence, he determined on returning to England, without either exploring or taking posses- sion of any other part of America. The Squirrel, which Sir Humphry commanded in person, was over- loaded, and foundered in a violent storm at midnight, when every soul on board perished. The Hind arrived at Falmouth, on the 22d of September.* ^Sir Humphrey Gilbert was half brother to Sir Walter Raleigh, «nd is represented as a person of such prepossensing manners, a« to have commanded esteem and veneration at first sight ; his statura ivas beyond the ordinary size, his complexion sanguine, and his con< ■titution robust ; he was much celebrated for courjge and prudenco, for genius and learning, for eloquence and patriotism, and for the estimable virtues of private life. It appears that Queen Elizabeth was so well pleased with his conduct on the former voyage, that she gave him, as a mark of her peculiar favour, an emblematical jewel, being a small anchor of beaten gold, with a large pearl at the peak, whidi he wore ever after at his breast ; there were about 100 man on 11! :i! m The next attempt towards a settlement in the North- em part of the Continent, by the English, was made in the year 1607. Sir John Gilbert, who was brother to Sir Humprhey, and inherited his title, was persuad- ed, at a very advanced age, to revive his brother's claim. In pursuance of this idea, he engaged with , Sir John Popham, to fit out a fleet for America. He arrived at the mouth of Sagadahook, on Kenebeo River (in the State of Maine), where they spent the winter under very distressing circumstances, on a small island, containing about eight acres, since called Stage Island. Their intention was to commence a Settlement on the West side of the River, but Sir John Gilbert died during the winter ; the spirit of co- lonization, always faint, became now wholly extinct, and the adventurers returned to England the follow- ing year. The discovery of Cabot, the formal pos- session taken by Sir Humphrey, and the actual resi- dence of Sir John Gilbert, are considered, by the Eng- glish, as the foundation of the right and title of the Crown of England, not only to the territory of New- foundland, and the Fishery on its banks, but to the whole of its possessions in North America. The French were not inattentive spectators of the enterprises of the other European powers, and at an board of the venel in which he perished, and among the passengers was an Hungarian, Stephen Permanius, whose curiosity and friend- ship for the Admiral induced him to undertake the voyage. lo tbo 9th volume of Mass. Hist. Coll. first series, there is a very elegant latin poem, addressed by Permanius to Sir Humphrey, en the sub- ject of the voyage, which turned out so disastrously for both of them. In Hackluyte's collection,also, there is a letter of his, descriptive of Newfoundland, ** quid narrem," he says, " mi Hackluyte, quando preter soltudenem nihil video" — the same idea seems to have struck Lesearbot, for he says he knew, before seeing America, that it was a country covered with wood, lakes and rivers, and that it was ne- •essary to cross the sea to meet it. Indeed, there is not much b^- yood this told ui by any of those who diicovered the New World. * It U 1518. t< Cattle is not n Hi early period D. Aubert, the Baron de Lery, Vere- sanie, Cartier and Roberval, respectively visited Ca- nada, for the purpose of annexing it to the Crown of France. Although their first attempts at settlement were equally unfortunate with those of other nations, yet the trade with the Indians, and the fishery on the coast, proved so lucrative, that the number of annual adventurers to that country was very great. Cape Breton, from its contiguity to Newfoundland, and the Gulfof St. Lawrence, was known before Nova Sco- tia, and was visited by the French and English, for the morse and whale fishery. - The former were the first who were acquainted with it, and it seems to have derived its name from the Bretons of Bretaigne, in France, who resorted to it in great numbers. In one of the earliest voyages of the English to this Island, undertaken in 1 593, the wreck of a French ship, and a quantity of whale fins, with which she had been loaded, were found on the shore. After the discovery of Canada and Cape Breton, it is natural to suppose Nova Scotia could not long remain unknown ; almost all the authorities attribute its actual discovery (after the voyage of Cabot) to the French, but at what time or by whom- it was firstseen is not well established. The harbour of Canseau was distinguished at an early period as a place extremely suitable for the fishery, and Scavalet, an old mariner, who frequented that port, had made no less than forty voyages to it previous to the year 1609.* .^^iu:.','iii J }^^^ :.:.'. ; i-.i -<:. .. ; ;....;. f !i iii * It ia said that the Baron de Lery had undertaken, in the year 1518, to form a Settlement here, and that he landed a number of Cattle on the Isle of Sable ; but this fact is very questionable, and is not noticed by Charlevoix in his Fastes Gbronologic[ue. VOL. I. H 10 !i'l *'"!|l ii Th» Marquis Do la Roche was the first who visit- ed Nova Scotia with an intention to colonize. By the orders of Henry IV. he sailed from France, in the year 1598, carrying with him a number of convicts from the prisons. He landed on the Isle of Sable, which is situated about 50 leagues to the south-east of Cupe-Breton, and thirty-five eastward of Can' seau. This Island, which is small, without any port» and producing nothing but briars, the Marquis ab- surdly thought a fit place for a settlement, and having landed forty persons, he proceeded to make researches in Nova Scotia. The island is narrow, about ten leagues in circumference, and has the shape of a bow, it is interspersed with small sand hills, and ponds of fresh water. After cruising for some time on the coast of Nova Scotia, and exploring its harbours, he was compelled by unfavourable wea- ther to return to France, without the miserable out- casts whom he had set on shore. f ;!!>!%/ .!rh/ These unfortunate people were reduced to the greatest distress, and must inevitably have perished, had not a French ship been wrecked on the Island about this period, and a few sheep driven on shore ; with the boards of the wreck they constructed huts, to protect themselves against the inclemency of the weather ; the sheep were soon consumed, and they were compelled to subsist wholly upon fish. Their coats wearing out they made clothes of seal skins, and in this miserable condition they spent seven years ; when the King ordered Chetodel, who had been pilot to De la Roche, to bring them to France. Only twelve of them were found alive, andwhen'they returned, His Majesty had the curiosity to see them •Th place oi in 1685 v)ith Ml w«re til '111 in their seal skin dresses, and long beards. Their appearance was so squallid and distressing, that he ordered them a general pardon i'or their oflfences, and gave to each of the survivors a gratuity of 50 crowns. Chetodel, in taking the convicts oil' the i&land, con- cealed the generous intention >f his Sovereign, and took from them, as a recompence fur his trouble, all the furs* they had collected, some of which, being the skins of black foxes, were of great value ; when they discovered the fraud of the Pilot, they instituted a process at Law against him, and recovered large da- mages, by means of which they were enabled to en- ter into a trade with the Indians. » We have no accounts of any further progress being made by the French in Nova Scotia, until the year 1603 — at that time Monsieur De Monts, was appoint- ed by Henry lY. Governor General of this coun- try. There can be no doubt but that the French na- tion had, in the time which intervened betwen the voyages of Cartier and De Monts, kept up a constant communication with the northern parts of America ; had extended both the fur trade and fishery, and perhaps insinuated some of their people as settlers. The commission of De Monts extended from the 40th to the 46 th degrees of north latitude,that is from Vir- ginia almost to the head of Hudson's Bay. As the expense of settling this Colony was to be borne by individuals, and not by the public chest, he had a monopoly of the fur trade throughout this extensive region. This territory had the general appellation '* This place ii often mentioned in Wenthrop's Journal, as a place of annual retort for the English and French fishermen. It had, in 1686, about 800 head of horned cattle upon it, and abounded vith sea horses, seals, and black foxes— the teeth of the sea horse were then in great repute, and 400 pairof them were valued at £300, '■'i 1' \2 I t ^li■;' I ' il^ !|ii|;:;^ m of new France. De Monts was a Protestant, ond had obtained permission for ttie free exercise of hit religion within his Government, on condition of let- tiing the country, and disseminating the Roman Ca- tholic Religion among the savages. He was a zoa* lous, intelligent and enterprising man, and well quali- fied for establishing a new colony. The French merchants were so much interested in the Canadian trade, that De Monts was soon enabled to form a nu- merous and wealthy association, who resolved to avail' themselves of this exclusive patent. s^v *u. ... j With this view they fitted out 4 ships; De Monts in person took the command of two of them, and wat attended by Charnplain, as a Pilot, who had the pre- ceding year, visited the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nud who afterwards became the founder of Quebec. lie was also accompanied by Pontrincourt, a personal friend, and a number of volunteers. Another of the ships was destined to carry on the fur trade at Ta- doussac, and the fourth was ordered to cruise on the Coasts of Cape Breton and St. John's Island, for the purpose of preventing strangers from carrying on on illicit trade with the Indians. ^ On the 17th of March, 1604, De Monts sailed i'rom Havre De Grace, and on the 16th of May arrived at a harbour on the South East side of Acadia, where he found one of his countrymen, Rosignol, trading with the savages without a license. He confiscated the vessel and cargo, leaving the unfortunate man the miserable consolation of perpetuating his name, by transferring it to the harbour^ where he was cap- tured.''" -----■••-*-/w -■•■-- * This harbour is now called Liverpool, but tho namo hai betn preserved, the great Liverpool lake being still called lake Roiignol. iB The provision found on board this vessel was pro- bably the cause of such severe treatment, for it was so much required by De Monts, in consequence of the length of his voyage, that unless he had received this supply, the object of the expedition would hav^e been defeated. ^\ He then steered westwardly to another port, which, from the accidental circumstance of a sheep leaping overboard, received the name of Harbour Mouton, which it still retains. Here they disembarked and erected wigwams, ac- cording to the manner of the Indians. It had been arranged between De Monts and Morell, the Master of one of the other vessels which had been freighted by him, that they should meet at Canscau; and that if De Monts should arrive first, he should erect a cross in some conspicuous part of the harbour, and fasten upon it a letter of instruction . Not having been able to make Canscau, he determined to remain at har- bour Mouton, until he should hear some tidings of Morell. Here they remained a month, amusingthem- selves with hunting and fishing, and making excurr aions into the country ; but the reduced state of their provisions, and the continued absence of Morell, filled them with alarm and anxiety. The missing vessel not only contained their supplies for the winter, but their implements and materials for building, and they were now. reduced to that unpleasant dilemma, that they could neither undertake a settlement without them, nor, consistently with the safety of their return voyage, much longer await their arrival. •»<!./; . » •' It was however agreed upon, to send a party of sa- vages along the shore with one of the creW) to search n I ! 1 14 k i i.i -'I''',!' \- ilM for their comrades. This they readily undertook to perform; on condition of having their families provid- ed for during their absence, and in a few^ days found the object of their search near Canseau. The ex- traordinary delay of this vessel, it appeared, had in part been occasioned by not discovering the precon- certed signal, and partly by the time spent in captur- ing four French vessels, which they found carrying on a contraband trade with the natives. After having read the instructions sent to him by De Monts, Mo- rell discharged his cargo, and sailed for Tadoussac; while the Indians, by the direction of Pontgravc, who had been placed in charge of the Stores in France, conveyed them in safety to Port Mouton. < From thence De Monts coasted the Peninsula to the south-west, doubled Cape Sable, and anchored in the Bay of St. Mary — here they remained several days, and while surveying the coast, discovered a vein of iron ore, and also a mineral, containing a small proportion of silver. An accident occurred to them here which cast a gloom on the whole party, and gave rise to mutual recrimination between the Protestants and Catholics of the little Colony. A Clergyman of the name of Daubr^, well connected at Paris, had, from an ar- dent desire to see America, embarked in this expedi- tion contrary to the wishes of all his friends, who had even dispatched an express to Honfleur to en- treat him to abandon the voyage. . . . : * Desirous of availing himself of every opportunity of examining the productions of the Country, he was ever foremost in those little excursions which they occasionally made onshore. On one of those occa- *Now tNow 15 •ionthe had disencumbered himself of his sword, to lie down and drink at a spring of pure water, and hav- ing overtaken his party discovered that he had left it behind him, and returned to search for it. Dur- ing the remainder of their ramble his absence was not noticed, but when assembled in the boat to return to the vessel, it was first observed that the Priest was missing. By some it was said he must have been lost in the woods, by others that he had fallen a prey to wild animals, while many openly accused a protestant of having murdered him, be- cause they had sometimes had warm disputes on the subject of religion. They waited for him several days, firing guns and sounding trumpets, but in vain ; the noise of the sea was so great that no other sound could be heard. Having abandoned all hope of find- ing him, they quitted the place,and proceeded to ex- amine that extensive Bay on the west of the Peninsu- la, to which they gave the name of La baye Fran- coise, but which is now called the Bay of Fundy. — On the Eastern side of the Bay they discovered a narrow Straight, into which they entered, and soon found themselves in a spacious Basin, environed with hills, from which descended streams of fresh water. To one of these, they gave the name of Laquille.* It was bordered with beautiful meadows, and filled with delicate fish. Pontrincourt was sol charmed with the beauty and safety of the harbour, the ex- tent and fertility of the praries, that he chose it for his residence, and having received a grant of it from De Monts, he called it Port Royal .f M * Novr Allan*! River t Now Annapolii. 16 I ' f'^ i" :;l;'' i From this place De Monts sailed further into the great bay, to visit a copper mine (Cape Dore). It was a high rock between two bays, and the metal was found to be pure, and to resemble Rosette Copper. ;They also riiscovered in the same neighbourhood (Parrsboro), chrystais and blue stones, of a shining colour, similar in their appearance to those known by the name of Turquoise. Champdore, having found a beautiful specimen of the latter kind, broke it into two pieces, and gave one of them to De Monts, and the 4>ther to Pontrincourt, who, on their return to Paris, had them handsomely set by a Jeweller, and present- ed them to the King and Queen. On a further exa- mination of the Bay, they came to a great River, jcalled by the natives Ouangondy, but which they af- terwards named Saint John, from having discovered it on the 24th of June, the day of the Festival of St John the Baptist. Imagining that a shorter commu- nication might be found by this river, than by the sea, to the Bay of Chaleur and Tadoussac, they sailed up the stream as far as the depth of water would permit. The extent of this river, the fish with which it was filled, the grapes growing on its banks, and the beau- ty of the scenery, were all objects of wonder and ad- miration. From this river they coasted the Bay Southwestwardly, till they came to an island in the middle of a river, which Charaplain had previously explored. Finding the situation naturally strong, «nd easily fortified, and that the season was already advanced, De Monts resolved to build a fort and spend the winter there. To this Island he gave the name of St. Croix, on account of the singular inter- section of some brooks two leagues up the River, 17 which suggested the idea of a cross. Wliile the men were employed in cutting down timber for the frames of their buildings, Champdore, accompanied by a mineralogist, sailed for St. Mary's Bay, and entered it by the Petit passage ; his object was to make a more minute examination of the iron ore, and to as- certain whether the indications of silver, which he had discovered on the first visit, were at all connect- ed with any strata of that mineral. During the time they Y>^ere engaged in these researches^ a boat was employed in catching fresh fish ; the attention of the crew was,on one of these occasions, attracted by a sig- nal from the shore. It was the unfortunate Daubre, who, finding his voice too weak to hail, had attached his handkerchief and hat to a stick, and held them up to view,* in hopes that these European artides would be immediately recognized. Pale, feeble and emaciated, his sudden appearance astonished them as much as if he had risen from the grave, for this was the sixteenth day since he had parted from them in the woods. The account which he gave of him- self was, that having found his sword, he proceeded in great haste to rejoin his companions, but that, after having travelled some distance, he found himself most unexpectedly on the very spot from which he had set out ; that the sense of his danger increased his per:* plexity, and that at last, after great fatigue and anxie- ty, he reached the shore, where he continued to watch for the appearance of some of the natives. During the whole of this lime he had subsisted upon berries, and the roots of succulent plants, which • -• ■ '•■ ■■ •■ •■, . - ■-,-.1 ,:y ""' Candidaque iinposui vclaniina virgas .... ,- r. ^ Scilicet oblitos admonilura mei. ..vi --ui * ! • ')| 'i1 I W'l ;i VOL.~I. IIH"!! had reduced him to such a degree, that it was found necessary to restrict his diet ; he returned with the party to St. Croix, to the inexpressible joy of De Monts, and to the great relief of the poor man who had been so unjustly accused of having as- sassinated him. The Island of St. Croix is about half a league in circumference — on the side towards the sea, there is a small hill upon which some cannon were placed, and on the opposite side, which commands the entrance of the river, the fort was built. It con- tained apartments for De Monts, which were neatly fitted up with panel work, and above it floated the royal standard. There was also a magazine erected, covered with shingles, in which were deposited the provisions and stores of the party ; and likewise a small chapel, built in the shape of a bower, the sides and roof of which were supported by living trees. Near the magazine stood the houses of D'Orville, Champlain and Champdore, and the other gentlemen of the party, and also a long covered galle- ry, for exercise in bad weather. — The space between the fort and the battery was laid out for gardens, and although the season had elapsed for raising vegetables, as they wanted both occupation and amusement, they immediately sowed it with seeds, and vied with each other in producing the earliest plants, and in decorating their little enclosures. ^ Pontrincourt, who came to the country merely for the purpose of selecting a retreat for himself and f**,- m.ily, and had already made choice of Port Roy- al, embarked on board of one of the vessels which was now ready for sea; and returned to France. •)!::- 1 I 19 The savages, inhabiting the islands and shores of the bays and rivers, assembled at St. Croix, and vi- sited the French at their encampment, and were charmed with their society and manners. They con- sidered De Monts as a being of superior order, and on several occasions referred their disputes to him as an umpire, and abided by his decision as just and equitable. *-^tvi.,ii, :-•,.•.•..,' M's-fn. ^^u.t.-^tr.ef ' The French were not long in discovering that they had made a very injudicious choice for a settlement, for though they had been successful in clearing the ground, and their grain had grown luxuriantly, they found themselves, at the approach of winter, without wood for fuel, with no other provisions than salt meat, and, to crown their misfortunes, without fresh water. Many of the settlers drank melted snow, which rendered the Colony unhealthy, and the scur- vy breaking out among them, thirty-six died during the winter, which, with other casualties, reduced the number of the survivors to forty. The plant called Annedda, which Cartier speaks of as in use among the Savages in Canada, as an antidote to the scurvy, and which has been conjectured to be the Sassafras, was unknown to the natives of St. Croix. These incon- veniences induced De Monts to seek a more favora- ble place for settlement. As soon as the coast was clear of ice in the spring, he proceeded to explore the country on the west side of the island. He succes- sively visited Penopscot, Kenebec, Casco, and Saco, and coasted as far as Malabarre, which had formerly (1602) received from Bartholomew Gosnold, the name of Cape Cod. The natives appeared to be both numerous andun- ' I'll ■ ■ ■ -I i ^'1 hi 20 1 iixn friendly on this coast, and his company being tou small to effect a settlement in the face of opposition, he returned to St. Croix. ; m The spring having been spent in this voyage, and no succours arriving from Europe, De Monts deter- mined upon going to Newfoundland, and from thence to return to France ; but while he was making pre- parations for the voyage, Pontgrave arrived with supplies, and a reinforcement of forty men. He was received with a salute from the battery, and the drooping spirits of the emigrants were revived by the timely aid of their countrymen. At the suggestion of Pontgrave the whole party removed to Port Royal. - . Here a point of land, which commands the naviga- tion of the river, was selected as the most suitable glace {(X a settlement ; buildings were erected to re- ceive the stores brought from St. Croix, and such was the despatch with which their labors were executed, that in a short time they found themselves comforta- bly settled. The autumn now approaching, De Monts set sail for France, leaving his lieutenant, Pontgrave, and Champlain and Champdore, to explore the inte- rior. The whole of the country now called Nova- Scotia, New-Brunswick,and part of the state of Maine, acquired the name of Acadia.-^ This appellation,which was first given to it in the commission of De Monts, like many others that accident gave to America, was indefinite and uncertain ; sometimes applied to the extent just mentioned, at others limited to the penin- sula, and occasionally restricted to a still smaller * In the CommiMion it is called Cadie, it was afterwardfl called Arcadia, Aec«dia and L'Acadie. 21 compass. Here, as at St. Croix, tlicy had the good fortune to conciliate the aflections of tlie Indians, who flocked to them in great numbers to exchange their furs for European commodities. . i ' • • ... *3.,,, , During the winter the little Colony was abundant- ly supplied with venison, but there was a great scar- city of bread ; not on account of any deficiency of corn, but from their not having any other means of grinding it than a hand mill, which required hard and continued labour. The Savages were so averse to this exercise, that the preferred hunger to the task of grinding corn,^ although they were offered half of the meal as a remuneration for their toil. De Monts and Pontrincourt were, in the mean time, preparing in France, amidst every discouragement, for another voyage. On the 13th May, 1606, they sailed from Honfleur in a vessel of 150 tons, and after a long and disagreeable passage, arrived at Canseau. Fear- ing that the length of the voyage might have alarm- ed Pontgrave, and induced him to quit Port Royal, a party of savages was dispatched overland to an- nounce their arrival, and a boat was sent coastwise to intercept him if on his way, and communicate the «ame intelligence. Having made these arrangements, and taken on board a quantity of wood and water, they proceeded on their voyage, and visited Port Mouton, where they found the camps still standing which De Monts had built two years before. From thence they sailed to Port Royal where they arrived on the 27th of July. Here their fears were fully real- !i Til * This operation appears in all countries to have been considered as the meanest species of drudgery. *' All the first born shall die, from the first born of Pbaroah who sittethon his throne, even to the first born of the maid servant that is behind the mill.— 'Exod. i m ized — Pontgrave had quitted the place twelve days. According to the instructions he had received from De MontSj he had made preparations for exploring the coast south of Cape Cod, but was twice driven back by contrary winds, and the third time wrecked at the mouth of the harbour. The men and stores were saved, but the vessel was incapable of repair. He immediately employed his people in building a bark and pinnace, to enable him to reach some of the ports frequented by his countrymen, and in the event of any accident happening to Dc Monts, to re- turn to France. He waited until the 15th of July, when he loaded the vessels with the stores and mer- chandize, but not being able to remove the whole, two men volunteered to remain in charge of them. He then bid adieu to the friendly Indians and quitted the place. It was fortunate that De Monts had taken the precaution of leaving a boat at Canseau to ex- amine the harbours on the coast, for in. one of them they found Pontgrave who immediately returned to Port Royal. " '^''' The relief which Pontrincourt and De Monts brought to the infant settlement, came so season- ably, that it soon began to wear a different aspect. But the improvements made there, were in a great measure owing to Lescarbot, a French Lawyer, who, partly from curiosity, and partly from friendship to Pontrincourt, accompanied him in his last voyage. This gentleman pressed upon Pontrincourt the pro- priety of importing domestic animals, and of devot- ing more time to the tillage of the soil, thereby rendering himself independent of the Indians for supplies, and more successful in his trade with a 23 % people who were not slow in perceiving the extent of his distress and embarrassments. Pontrincourt now began to dear a piece of land for winter grain, and sowed several sorts of garden vege- tables, but notwithstanding all the beauty and ferti- lity of Port Royal, De Monts was still desirous of discovering some situation more to the southward, for settlement. He therefore prevailed un Pontrincourt to make another voyage to Cape Malabarre, and so earnest was he to have this matter accomplished, that he would not wait till the next spring, but prepared a vessel for him to sail as soon as his own ship was ready for sea. * On the 28th of August, the ship and bark both sailed from Port Royal. In the former, De Monts and Pontgrave returned to France, while Pontrin- court, Champlain and Champdore, crossed the bay to St. Croix, and thence sailed along the coast to Cape Malabarre. During their absence, Lescarbot crossed the north mountain as far as the Bay of Fundy , and discovered a lake on the highest part of it; he also sailed up the river as far as the depth of water would permit a boat to pass, and found it bordered with extensive meadows, and irrigatedby a number of streams of fresh water. In the mean time the people were em- ployed in making charcoal— in erecting a bake house, in digging a deep trench round the fort, and in other labt^s necessary for their protection and comfort. The voyage of Pontrincourt to the Malabarre or Cape Cod coast, was as unpleasant and unsatisfactory as that of De Monts had been. r I I I ( I ! if S4 Ti. I I lie found the savoges numerous, unfriendly, and tliievish. Having injured the rudder of his vessel, he enter- ed a harbour near the Cape, and remained there fif- teen days, where he erected a forge to repair the iron bolts, and built a temporary oven for baking ; when the bark was ready to sail, Pontrincourt took a walk into the country to examine its natural productions. In his absence some of the natives visited his crew and stole a hatchet. Two guns were fired at them and they fled. In returning, he saw several parties of the savages carrying away tlieir children and their corn, and hiding themselves, while he and his companions passed. -jih m^ • The next morning a shower of arrows were dis- charged among his people, two of whom were killed and several others wounded. The savages having taken their revenge they fled, and it was in vain to pur- sue them. The dead were buried at the foot of a cross, which he had erected on his landing, and while the funeral service was peri'orming, the savages were dancing and yelling in mock concert, within hear- ing, but at a convenient distance. Wl^en the French embarked, the savages took down the cross, dug up the bodies, and stripped them of their grave clothes, which they carried ofi'in triumph. Pontiin- court, in attempting to pass round the Cape, was driven by contrary winds into thcsamc harbour, where the savages oflering to trade, six or seven of them were seized and put to death for their perfidious con- duct. Having two wounded men on board whose lives were considered in great danger, and the season 25 being advanced, he determined to return to Port Roy- al, where he arrived on the 14th of November. His return was celebrated with general festivity. He wa8 received with great formality by his friends, who united in a procession and escorted him to the fort, reciting verses, composed by Lescarbot for the occasion. Over the gate of the fort were placed the arms of France, surmounted with a crown of wild laurels, with the inscription Duo proteget unus . Above the door of the house of Pontrincourt, were suspended wreaths of laurel, and in large letters was written : Invia virtuti nulla est via. The apartments of De Monts were graced in the same manner, with the motto : • • Dalnt dev3 his quoque fmem . ' ' ^ • The manner in which they spent the winter was social and pleasant. At the principal table, to which fifteen persons belonged, an order was established ut the suggestion of Champlain, by the name of Le Bon temps. Every one took his turn to be caterer and steward, for one day, during which he wore the col- lar of the order, and a napkin, and carried a staff. Thus accoutred, when dinner was announced, the President advanced to the head of the table, and was followed by the other members of the club in succession. A f cor supper he resigned his insignia of office, with the ceremony of drinking a cup of wine, to the next in rotation. The advantage of this in- stitution was, that each one was emulous to be pre- pared for his day, by previously hun Jng, or fishing, or purchasing game and provisions of the natives, who constantly resided among them, and were ex- VOL. I. 4 2Q tremely pleased with their visitors. The wcathor during the early part of the winter was unusually mild ; on a Sunday in the early part of January, they went in an open boat two leagues, to viitit their corn field, recreated themselves with musio, and dined cheerfully in the sun-shine ; early in tho spring they prepared their gardens, the produce of which was exceedingly grateful, as were alio tho numerous fish which came into the river. They also erected a water-mill,* which not only saved them much labour in grinding their corn, but gave them more time for fishing. The fish which they caught were herring! and alcwives, several hogsheads of which were pickled and sent to France. In April they began to build two vessels for the purpose of visiting the ports fre- quented by their countrymen, to learn some news from the Mother Country, as well as to get supplies for their subsistence. Having no pitch, to pay the seams, they were obliged to cut pine trees, and burn them in Mm, by which means they obtained a suf- ficiency. At this period there was a war between the Indians of Acadia, and the ArmouchequoiS) or na- tives of the country near Gape Cod ; the warriors of the peninsula were assembled at iPort Royal and encamped in the neighbourhood of the fort, to the number of four hundred fighting men, under Mam- bertou, a celebrated Sachem. Though smaller in stature than the natives of Canada, they were ac- tive well made men, and had not long since return- ed from an incursion into the country of tho Eiqui- * This was built on the river Loquillc,now called AlUn'f Rivfli the aite is now occupied by a Mill. 27 maux. Their camp was laid out with as much re- gularity as a town, and enclosed with a high wicker fence, composed of tall slender treesjsharpcncd at the point and forced into the gro»jnd, and then interwo- ven with others of the same kind, until the whole was united into a strong and impervious wall ; in the centre was a large tent, where the chiefs assembled, and where the banquet was held, and at certain distances were the cabins of each separate district. The French were gratified with the sight of their embarkation, each portion of the tribe under its own leader, but the whole combined under one command, and conducted with the greatest regularity and order. The river was covered with their canoes, in which they passed the b.iy of Fundy, and joined another force collected on the river St. John, for the same ex- pedition. It was the greatest Indian army they had ever witnessed, and they were not a little concern- ed at their assembling and fortifying themselves in their vicinity. ^- n - * : • ; It was therefore with mingled emotions of pleasure and wonder that they stood on the ramparts, and saw this numerous flotilla pass in rapid and noiseless suc- cession over the broad expanse of water which lay between them and the mouth of the harbour. Great uneasiness was now manifested among the French, for the arrival of De Monts. Their anxious eyes were constantly turned towards the entrance of the basin, and, as they fondly clung to the hope that every day would bring them joyful intelligence, they were continually creating expectations which ended in disappointment ; every canoe which ap- peared on the bosom of the harbour, was magnified i M ■ ' : Hi \ ! i I II into the barge of a vessel, and every unusual sound waspronounced to be the report of the signal gun, fired by the watch stationed at the Narrows. At last, on the morning of Ascension-day, a sail was discovered, which proved to be a pinnace from Can- seau with the supplies sent from France, a large portion of which had been ungenerously consumed on the voyage by the crew. The letters brought by this vessel informed them that the Dutch had insinuated themselves into the Fur trade on the Eastern shore, having been conducted by a treacherous French- man. The aviu'ice of these people was so great that they had opened the graves of the dead, and taken the beaver skins in which they had been buried. This conduct was so highly resented by the sa- vages at Cans.eau, that they killed the person who had shown the places where the dead were laid. De Monts also informed them that, on his return, hs found public opinion had undergone a change, ex- tremely unfavourable to his interest. The French Court began to think they had adopted a very erro- neous and ruinous policy in granting such exclusive privileges. The masters of all the fishing vessels from the several ports in France, complained to the ministry thatDe Monts, on pretence of preventing their trade with the Indians, restricted them from obtaining the neeessary supplies for the fishery, and expressed their fears that they must necessarily abandon the trado, unless these evils were redressed. The Council were fully sensible of the injurious tendency which a failure of the fishery was likely to have on the oommerc^ and navigation of the country, and therefore the exclusive privileges were revoked, al- though there were ten years of the term yet unex- pired. « ' . Thejealousies which the great privileges and ex- tensive grant of De Monts had created against him, in France, were not appeased by the recal of his mo- nopoly of the fur trade, and his enemies finally pre- vailed in having his commission cancelled. The trifling compensation of six thousand livres, was all he was enabled to obtain, to reimburse him for the expense he had incurred in founding the Colony. Pontrincourt, though distressed to find that De Monts had quitted all connection with Aca- dia, was determined to reside at Port Royal, though none but hit own family should accompany him. He was very desirous to see the issue of his first at- tempt at agriculture, and therefore detained the ves- sel, in which he intended to return, as long as he could ; and employed his bark in small voyages about the bay to trade for furs, and gather specimens of iron and copper, to be transported to France. When they were all ready to sail, he tarried eleven days longer than the rest, that he might carry home the first fruits of his harvest. This delay ena- bled him to see his friend Mambertou, previous to his departure, and to bid farewell to one for whom he had conceived a great regard. Mambertou had re- turned victorious from his attack on his enemies, but was inconsolable when he heard that, the French were about abandoning the fort. He wept in a manner unusual with savages, under the greatest diitreif, and exacted a promise from Pontrincourt, that he would return ^he next summer, and teach i!i i ii I II 30 him those arts which made the white man so much his superior. - » ■ Leaving the buildings, and part of the provisions, with the standing corn, as a present to the friendly natives, Pontrincourt finally sailed from Port Royal, on the 11th of August, and joined the other vessels at Canseau, from which place they all proceeded to France, where they arrived in the latter end of Sep- tember. Specimens of the wheat, rye, barley, and oats, were shown to the King, which, with the o- ther productions of the country, animal and mineral, were highly acceptable. The next spring several families were sent to re- new the plantation, who found that the savages had gathered several barrels of corn, which had been left standing, and had reserved one for their friends whom they expected to return. v^ >^ The King, having confirmed to Pontrincourt the grant of Port Royal, which he had received from De Monts, intimated to him that it was now time to think of the con version of the savages, and that he must provide for the reception of two Jesuit Priests, who vvere willing to devote themselves to that ser- vice. Pontrincourt, though a zealous Catholic, had con- ceived the prevailing prejudice against the Jesuits, and secretly resolved to disobey the orders he had received for their transportation to America. The priests were amused from time to time, by promises which at last they discovered were never intended to be fulfilled, and, at the death of the King of France, found themselves without a protec- tor and without redress. It had, however, become 31 fashionabk m France to commiserate the condition of the iicaihen inhabitants of the New-world, and Bcart and Masse, two misionaries, were at length conveyed to Port Royal, after much repugnance on the part of the Governor. Immediately after their arrival, they zealously employed themselves in cultivating an acquaintance with the natives, and in order to become more thoroughly possessed of a knowledge of their habits, prejudices and characters, they visited their several cantonments. On one of these occasions Father Beart, who was accompanied by an Indian guidO) overcome by fatigue, and affected by the constant change of water, became exceedingly ill. His com- panion considering him in imminent danger, became much perplexed, and fearing, if he should die while alone with him, that the French would accuse him of having murdered him, actually conceived the idea of putting him to death. He acquainted the priest with the difficulty of his situation, and request- ed him to write sl certificate, that, being reduced to the point of death, and desirous of freeing the cha- racter of his guide, from any imputation of crime, he had signed such a paper to be produced in the event of his dissolution. Father Beart, perceiving the design of the savage, refused to give him the certifi- cate, and instantly upbraided him with an intention of assassinating him, upon which he confessed his guilt, and implored forgiveness, not doubting that the detection of this his inmost thought proceeded from a spirit of divination. Their intercourse with the natives was naturally unsatisfactory, from the difficulty of conveying their ■ 'iiii 32 i!-! instructions to a people with whose language they were unacquainted, and who were equally ignorant of theirs. Mambertou, their chief, and his son, the guide just alluded to, were the only savages who had made any progress in acquiring the French language, and the former was now at the point of death. He had been the earliest friend of the Colony, and the oldest convert, having been baptised on the first visit of De Monts, and named * Henry,' after the King of France. As soon as he found himself in danger, he requested permission to remove into the fort, where he receiv- ed every attention that friendship could suggest. The violence of his disorder was such, that medicines were unavailing, and he died at the advanced age of upwards of a hundred years. Previous to his death he received the last rites of religion, but long and resolutely opposed the earnest request of the Priest to be interred in the burial ground of the fort. The strong natural desire which most men have to re- pose in death near the object of their affections, is developed in the fullest extent among savages. Although he had abandoned the superstition of his na- tion, he could not endure the idea that, as their Chief, he should be separated from the departed war- riors of his people, and it is probable that he still clung to the notion that his spirit would require, even in the grave, the consolation of the annual visits of the tribe at their great cemetry . He, however, at last consented to be disposed of as they thought proper, and was buried at Port Royal ; his funeral was at- tended by an immense concourse of Indians, whose fires illuminated the surrounding woods, for many successive nights, and his remains were interred by 33 the French, with military honors, suitable to the rank of a commandant, ' . . v From the reluctance which Pontrincourt had al- ways manifested to the reception of the Priests at Port Royal, it is natural to suppose that their resi- dence at that place was far from being agreeable to them. Soon after their arrival, he gave them to understand that they were not to intermeddle with th6 affairs of the colony, it being his part to rule them on earth, and theirs merely to guide him to Heaven, Af- ter his departure for France, his son, Biencourt, dis- daining to be controlled by those whose presence was rather the result of intrusion than invitation, threa- tened them with corporal punishment in return for their spiritual anathemas. , -a^ The accounts which they sent to France of their treatment, were such, that their patroness. Madam De Gourcherville, determined on their removal to some other place in the vicinity, where they might meet with no interruptions to their pious labours. In the spring of the year, 1613, she dispatched a ves- sel to Acadia under the command of M. Saussaye, with all the stores requisite for founding a new colo- ny. Saussaye sailed from Honfieur on the 13th March, in a vessel of 100 tons, accompanied by two priests, and on the 16th of May arrived at Le Have, where he set up the arms of Madam De Gouchorville in token of possession. Proceeding from thence to Port Royal, he produced his credentials to the Governor, by which he was authorised to take the reverend Fathers into theserviceof the new mission. They accordingly left this place and sailed for Mount Desert, where the Jesuits having chosen a si- VOL. I. 6 M 34 tuation for a settlement, and erected a crosH, they celebrated mass, and called the place St. Saviour. The number of the emigrants amounted to twenty- five, who, with the assistance of thirty-five sailors, belonging to the vessels, began to erect suitable build- ings and to clear a piece of ground for cultivation, and in a short time, by their united labors, these ob- jects were effected. "While congratulating themselves on the accomoda- tions they had provided for themselves in this retreat, they were surprised by the appearance of an enemy. The early settlements of the English in America proved unsuccessful, and it was not until after repeat- ed miscarriages that a permanent establishment was effected in Virginia. A large and undefined tract of country which had hitherto been known under that general appellation, was, in 1606, granted to two asso- ciations called the London and Plymouth companies, who were authorised to possess the lands in America lying between the 34th and 45th degrees of north la- titude. The southern part, called South Virginia, was conveyed to the former company, and the northern, called North Virginia, to the latter. The London company, immediately after the re- ceipt of their patent, sent out 1 05 persons under Capt. Newport, to commence a settlement on the island of Roanoke. Having been driven to the northward of their destination, they entered the Chesapeake, and sailing up the ' Powhaton,' which discharges itself in- to that bay, they named it James' River ; and in May, 1607, began a settlement which they called James Town. About 1609 Argall discovered a shorter and more direct passage to Virginia, and left the track of ths ancient navigators^ who had first directed their Jo cotirse southward to the tropic, sailed westward by means of the trade winds, and then turned northwards till they reached the English settlements. The same year, 500 persons under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Soniers, were embarked for Virginia. Somers' ship, meeting with a tempest, was driven into the Ber- mudas, and laid the foundation of a colony in those islands. Lord Delaware afterwards undertook the government of the English plantations, but, notwith- standing all his care, seconded by supplies from King James, and by money raised by the first lottery ever known in the kingdom, such difficulties attended the formation of these Provinces, that in 1614, there were not alive more than 400 men of all that had been sent thither.* The English planters at Virginia were for il 'm * It may be necessary, in order to ^hew the relative situation of this colony to others, to exhibit the dates of their respective set- tlements. In 1608, or 1609, Henry Hudson discovered the River which now bears his name and in 1614 some Dutch adventurers built a fort on its banks, which was the foundation of Albany. The next year a fort was built on the island of Manhatton, now the Ci- ty of JVew York. In 1614 Captain Smith visited the coast which De Monts and Pontrincourt had explored, from Penobscot to Cape Malabarro, and prepared a chart of it ; on the 22d December, 1620, the Puritans, who had fled from England to Holland, to avoid persecution, arrived at Plymouth, which was the first settlement in JVeto England, three or four years after which JVew Jersey was settled by Dutch and Danes. In 1619, a Governor General arrived at Virginia, from England, with instructions to convoke a colonial legislature ; to this assembly 11 towns sent representa- tives, who sat with the Governor and Council— this was the first American Legislature. In 1623, the first settlements were made in JVcto Hampshire. In 1627, Delaware was first settled by a number of Danes and Fins. In 162S, Sa/em was settled by John Endicot and others, which was the commencement of the colony of Massachusetts. In 1632, Maryland was granted to Lord Baltimore, and the next year settled by his brother. In 1633, the first house was wected in Connecticut. In 1663, a Royal Charter was granted by Charles the Second, for Rhode Island. In the same year Carolina was granted to Lord Clarendon, and seven others, and, two years afterwards, was enlarged, to include what now is Georgia, Florida, and two Carolinas. In 1639, the colony of JVet0 Haven was formed, and a charter granted for the Province of Maine. In 1681 , William Ponn obtained a grant of the country of PtnnsylvaniQ. In 1676, the Province of New Jersey was divided \\\ m i 36 1 1 i I some time ignorant of Dc Monts' settlement in Aca- dia, but Captain Argall, who had accompanied an English fleet, consisting of eleven sail, on a trading and fishing voyage to that coast, in the year 1G13, was informed that some white people had settled at Moupt Desert. Having visited several ports, and obtained an accurate account of their force, he con- cluded they were Frenchmen, and though the parent states were both at peace, immediately resolved to attack them, as intruders on the chartered limits of Virginia. The ship which he commanded mounted 14 guns, and was manned with a crew suiRciently numerous to ensure success. *: .tuw. The wind being fair, he set sail for the island, where he found the people dispersed at their va- rious employments, and altogether unprepared to receive an enemy — a ship and a bark were lying at anchor in the harbour, but were soon overpowered and taken. Gilbert Du Thet, one of the Jesuits, was shot through the head with a musket ball, while animating the people to defence. Argall then landed h'is men to attack the fort, but the French, finding resistence to be unavailing, abandoned it and fled to the woods. The island was then taken possession of in the name of the King of England, and the cross broken to pieces which had been erected by the Jesuits. The King's commission having been discovered, it was concealed by Argall, who upon Saussaye surrendering himself the next day, required him to exhibit the authority under which he had attempted to make the settlement ; into Eut and Weat Jersey, and continued divided until 1702, when tliejr w«re agaia united • 37 not suspecting the fraud which had been practised upon him, he readily undertook to produce it, and tailing in his search, he was informed that it was Impossible to view him in any other light than as a pirate, and the place was immediately pillaged ; the prisoners were then furnished with a bark to return to France, but this vessel being too small for that purpose, A^gall offered all those who could render themselves uneful, a passage to James Town. On their arrival at Virginia, the French were thrown into prison as corsairs, and condemned to be executed. Argail, shocked at the issue of his stratagem, which had been designed merely as a pretext for plundering them of their effects, repre- sented to the Governor that they had capitulated on the express condition of receiving the treatment usual for prisoners of war ; that he had pledged himself for the honorable i ilfilment of this agreement, and that, placing implicit confidence in the good faith of the English, they had voluntarily accompanied them, to enter the service of His Majesty for the space of one year. To this it was observed that he had no power to ofifcr such terms, and that it was no apology for their conduct that he had exceeded his authority — finding every attempt to save their lives unavailing, he frankly confessed the part he had acted, and pro- duced the Royal Commission. This document, and the investigation connected with it, induced Sir Thomas Dale, the Governor of Virginia, to fit out an expedition to dislodge the French from Acadia. Captain Argail was appointed to the command of the force destined for this purpose, which consisted of three armed vessels . Father Biart, glad I' iij i\ of an opportunity to be revenged of Biencourt, offer- ed to pilot the Vessel to the basin of Port Royal ; and ArgalJ, having reached the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor and landed forty men. A gun was fired from the battery, as a signal to the people who were abroad, but he advanced with such rapidity that he found the fort abandoned, and immediately took pos- session of it. He then sailed up the River Laquille, with his boats, where he viewed their fields, barns and mills. These he spared, but on his return h^ destroyed the fort, and defaced the arms of the King of France. Biencourt was at this time surveying the country at a distance, but being called home, he re- quested a conference with the English Commander. They met in a meadow, with a few of their followers, — after an ineffectual assertion of rights, equally claimed by both, Biencourt proposed, if he could ob- tain protection from the Crown of England, and get the obnoxious Jesuit in his possession, to divide the fur trade, and disclose the Mines of the country. But A-gall refused to make any treaty, alledging that his orders were only to dispossess him, and threaten- ing if he should find him there again to consider him as an enemy. Whilst they were in conference, one of the Savages came up to them, and in broken French, with suitable gestures, endeavored to medi- ate a peace between them, wondering that persons who appeared to him to be of one nation, should make war on each other. This affecting incident served to put both of them in a good humour. After Argall's departure, some of the Frenchmen dispers- ed themselves in the woods, and mixed with the Sa- vages ; others went to the river St. Lawrence, and :5 *Cha But Prin yupposef 39 Htrengthencd the settlement which Champlain had made there ; the rest were carried to England, and . reclaimed by the French Ambassador. Thus termi- nated the first effective settlement in North America, after an existence of eight years. n This French colony was not supported with any degree of energy. Henry IV. was a wise and benevo- lent prince, and delighted in the happiness of his peo- ple, but religious controversies, which at that time agitated France, left him but little leisure to think of his favorite colony of Acadia. The only pretext for this hostile expedition, in a time of profound peace was an encroachment of the French on the rights of the English, founded on the discovery of Cabot. The Virginia charter of 1606, unless considered as derived from this source, was not trespassed upon by the French settlements. That charter cr anted to the Plymouth company as far as the 45th degree of North latitude. De Monts had previously received a patent of the territory from the 40th to the 46th de- gree of north latitude, by virtue of which he foundej Port Royal 1605. - Neither England, nor any European power, seems to have asserted or allowed, at so early a period, a right derived from occupancy. Had that right been settled by the law of nations, this act of Argall's would have furnished just cause for complaint. It does npt, however, appear that this transaction was either approved of by the court of England or resented by the crown of France.* * Chalevoiz ttates this transaction to have taken place in 1018. But Prince, in his chronology (the best authority on the subject) supposes it to have been in 1613, in which Dr. Belknapp, Douglau and Ilulchiiison, agree ; and Charlevoix infurms ua that the author 40 I' I Eight years elapsed after the destruction of theie places, before the English began to think of settling any part of Acadia. In the year 1621, Sir 'William Alexander^ applied to James I. for a grant of the country, which he proposed to colonise upon an extensive scale. He stated, in his memorial, that the whole of that territory bordering upon the eastern part of New England was an uninhabited wilderness of the History of Virginia adopted the same opinion u Prinoa. There ia also a discrepency in the accounts of thia afTair. Beid- napp^ who compiled from Purcbas, Stith and otbera, baa made tbo capture of Port Royal to follow immediately after tbo dottrutition of St. Saviour, and not to have been the act of another year, and the object of a subsequent expedition ; he also says the French irere well used, and that they voluntarily surrendered ibeir fiommia- sion. But I have followed Charlevoix, who says he took hia ac- count from the journal of Father Biart himself, and as the dflicrip- tion of the country given by the latter, is corroborated in many par« ticulars by Lescarbot, whose narrative is unquestionably authentiOi I have inclined to adopt the account in the text. * William Alexander, a younger sen of Alexander Alexander, pro- prietor of the estate of Monstrie, in Clackrr.ananshire, Sootland, was born in the year 1580. Having received a liberal education, he was selected as travelling companion to the Duke ofArgylo. On his return from foreign parts he lived for some time a retired life in Scotland, and published his Aurora, a poetical complaint on the unsuccessful addresses he bad made to a lady, who declining tho honor of his hand, had, as he expressed it, ' matched her morning to one in the evening of his days ; not long after tbU ho marriea Janet, daughter and heiress of Sir William Erskine, and removed to the Court of James the Sixth, when he published a trag<tdy on Iho story of Darius, and two poems, one congratulating hia Majesty en his entry into England, the other on the innundation of Dover, where the King used to recreate himself with the divereion of hawk- ing. In 1607, his dramatic performances, entitled tho monarohl- cal tragedies were published, containing besides Dariua juit men- tioned, Crossus, tho Alexandraean, and Julius Cosiar ; he wai alio the author of a poem called Doomsday, and several other pieoai, and it is said His Majesty used to call him hie phiiosophioal poet. In 1613, he was appointed one of the gentlemen uihors of tbo pre- sence, to Prince Charles, and master of the requests, and reoeivod the honor of knighthood. In 1621, he obtained the grant of Nova Scotia. In 1626, the King appointed him Secretary of State for Scotland, created him a peer of that kingdom in 1630, by the title of Viscount Sterling, and soon afterwards, by lettera patent, dated 14th June, 1633, made him Earl of Sterling. He diiohnrged Iho duties of the office of Secretary of State with great reputation, until the time of his death, which happened in 1640, He left two sons and two daughters. The title of the Eirl of Sterling, has been supposed for many years to bo extinvt, but it i> eaid that a claimant has lately appeared for it. 41 and that unless some active measures were adopted for its settlement, it vras likely to be encroached upon by the French, who had already engrossed the whole of thfe trade with the Indians; that a great number of Scotch families had lately emigrated to Poland, Sweden and Russia, and that it would be equally beneficial to the interests of the Kingdom, and to the individuals themselves, if they were per- mitted to settle this valuable and fertile portion of His Majesty's dominion!?. Little solicitation was wanting at that time to ob^ tain the gift of a Province in America, and, accord- ingly. Sir William wasgratificd with a grant of that ex- tensive country lying on the east side of a line drawn in a northern direction from the River St. Croix to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This country was named in the patent .ATova Scotia. In this manner was intro- duced that confusion which, at a subsequent period^ caused so much difficulty, and gave rise to a tedious and intricate discussion whether Ndva-Scotia arid Acadia were words indifferently expressing the namti of one and the same country, or Whether they were two dis- tinct and neighboring Provinces. His Majesty intend- ed to have established ah order of baronets, for en- (ouraging and supporting the Colony, but died before this was put in execution. One year had scarcely elapsed fl'om the date of his grant, when Sir William despatched a number of emigrants to take possession ^f the country. The delays which at that early pe- riod were incidental to a voyage across the Atlantic^ protracted the departure of the ship until the autumn Was so far advanced that winter overtook her at New-* foundland. In the spring of 1G23 they arrived n,i a ■'Hi I lil:!' Cape Breton, and coasting along the southern shore of Nova-Scotia, they visited two or three of the har- bors near Ccqie Sable. Here they discovered that, during all the time which had intervened between the destruction of the colony by Argall, and the grant of Sir William Alexander, the country had been occu- pied not only by the survivors of the early emigrants, but by a number of adventurers who increased in pro- portion to the neglect which tlie English manifested towards their encroachments. Under these circum- stances it was thought prudent to return to England, where, upon their arrival, they published an extra- vagant and exaggerated account of their voyage, in which they boasted of the serenity and salubrity of ihe climate, of the fertility of the soil, and of the pro- digality of nature, in filling its harbors with fish, and its woods with various animals of chase. War break- ing out at this time between England and France, an opportunity was offered of crushing the infant and feeble settlements which the French had made in Nova-Scotia. Charles I. warmly patronized Sir WiU Ham, and re-appointing him Governor General, con^ firmed the ^rant of his father, by patent, dated 12th July, 1624. He also founded the order of Knights Baronet of Nova-Scotia, who were to contribute their aid to the settlement, upon the consideration of each having allotted to him a liberal portion of land ; the number of these Baronets was not to exceed one hun- dred and fifty, and they were to be endowed with ample privileges and pre-eminence to all Knights ealled cquites aurati, but none of them were to ho. either Baronets of Nova-Scotia or of Scotland, till fhey had fulfilled the conditions prescribed by Hi* i 4 ■3 i i 'i *Thii Die wiinj wai part] "oj'ii ho,f et«, but AloxundJ *)i' NovttJ ilieroCore 'ioni a would iid 4» \ Mty^^'^^y* *"A^ obtained a certificate of pcrformaivjtie i'roni the Governor of the colony. These patents were ratified in Parliament, but they are now grant- ed in general terms, with all the privileges of former Baronets, and constitute an honorable title, confer- red at tho King's pleasure, without limitation of num- bers.* Countenanced by the Court, and inspired witl^ vinionary hopes of wealth. Sir Willian;i, with the asr HJHtance of one David Kirtck, projected the recovery of the po!<session of Nova^Scotia. This extraordinary person was a native of Dieppe, n French Calvinist, who sought refuge in England from religious persecution in France, and was com? monly called Sir David Kirk. They fitted out a small and w^P "ppointed armament, in 1627, and captured cightetu ■ vSh Transports, with 135 pieces of Ord- nance, dt r ...ed for the fortifications of Port Royal and Quebec. Having the next year re-taken Port Royal, which was in no condition to make resistance. Sir David proceeded up the River St. Lawrence, for the purpose of attacking Quebec, but the advanced sea- i^ou of the year induced him to defer the enterprise to the ensuing summer. Among the prisoners taken on board the transport, was Claude de la Tour, a French Protestant, a person of an enterprising spirit .ri- * Thii entorprige of Sir Williajn Alexander was much ridiculed by the wilf of the day. Sir Thomas Urquhart, his own countryman, wai particularly severe upon him. It did not satisfy his ambition, Doyit ho, to have a laurel from tho Muses, and be a king among po- et*, hut he must be a king of some Newfoundland, and, like another Aloxundur, indeed, searching after new worlds, have the sovereignty of Nova-Scotia. ' He was born a poet and aimed to be a King, therul'oro would he have his royal title from King James, who was horn a King, and aimed to bo a Poet, tiad he stopped there it would have been well, but the flame ofhia honor must have somo oil whorowith to nourish it : like another King Arthur he must have lilt Knighti, though nothing limited to so small a numb«r. u l^f' and considerable private fortune. TIues gentlemau» who had but recently obtained an extensive Grant on the River St. John, entered into engagements Avith Sir William Alexander, for settling the country with Scotch emigrants, and for procuring the eubmis- ision of his son, who, at that time commanded a small fort at Cape Sable.* During his residence in England he married a maid of honor of the Queen of England, and was created a Baronet of Nova-Scotia- Two ships of war being placed under his command, he set sail with his lady for Nova- Scotia, and having arrived at Cape Sable, he sought a personal inter-i view with his son, to whom he boasted of the recep- tion he had met with in England, of his interest at Court, and the honor of knighthood wh ich had been conferred upon him. He set forth in glowing colors tlie advantages that would result to him from submit- ting to the English Government, and concluded by informing hiiij that he was empowered, in the event of his compliance, to confirm him in his appointment, and to invest him with the same honorary distinction Avhich had been bestowed upon himself. His son, equally surprised and indignant at the offer, replied that he was sensible of the honor designed for him, hut unfortunately the condition on which it was ol- fered was no less than treason, that he was nmch decc, . ed if he thought him capable of such conductj and that he would defend his fort with his life sooner than deliver it up to the enemies of his country. La Tour, having received this unexpected answer, re- turned on board of his ship, and on the following day addressetl a letter to his son, filled with the most ■The liarbour wliere this fort efood is still called Port la Ton?. 45 pressing entreaties, and couched in the most affection^ ate language; but finding this ineffectual he resorted to threats, alluded to tlie respectable force under his comniand, and entreated him as a father not to com- pel him to consider his son a9 an enemy. Persuar uions and threats proving equally unavailing, he made preparations for taking the place by force, and having landed his men, he made a vigorous attack upon the fort. After an ineffectual attempt of two days, in which he lost many men, La Tour abandon- ed the hope of succeeding in his enterprise, and the- English were again enibarke^. . • ? He wa^ afraid to return tq France, and ashamed, to appear again in England, and the only alternative left, of accepting an asylum from his son, was equally humilitating. In this situation his son offered him permission to reside In the neighbourhood, on the ex- press condition that neither he nor his wife should enter the fort, and accordingly his servants and ef- fects were landed, and the ships immediately re- turned to England. Notwithstanding the failure of this enterprise, La Tour was not abandoned by his patron. — In the succeeding year he joined a party of Scotch emigrants, who landed at Port Royal and built a fort on the west side of the basin (Granville), nearly opposite to Goat Islai^d, the remains of which are still visible, and retain the traditionary name of the Scotch Fort. Here thirty of the emigrants died during the first winter, and the hopeless expense and numerous dif- ficulties of settling this infant colony, induced Sir William Alexander to convey his title to the whole of No^ . Scotia (with the exception of Port Royal) to Aii tl his friend Claude de la Tour, to hold of the Crown of Scotland. In the mean time Sir David Kirk had ef- fected the conquest of Canada. Before he sailed up the River he visited Cape Bre- ton, which submitted without resistance, and having erected a fort for its protection, he appeared before Quebec early in July. Champlain, who at that time had the supreme command in New France, knowing his means to be inadequate for a defence, surrender- ed the city by capitulation on the 19th July, 1629. The terms were very favourable to the French co- lony, and were so punctually and honourably fulfilled by the Engli&h, that the greater part of the inhabi- tants chose to remain with the captors, in preference to returning to France as had been stipulated in the treaty. Thus was the capital of New France sub- dued by the arms of England, just one hundred and thirty years before its final conquest by the celebra- ted General Wolfe. The importance of this acquisi- tion to the British empire was either not then known or not generally appreciated, for, by the treaty of St. Germains, in 1632, Charles I. resigned the right which he had claimed to New France to Lewis XIII ; and Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and Canada, were immediately taken possession of by the French government. From this unfortunate treaty may be dated the commencement of a long train of calami- ties to the colonies and to England, the subsequent provincial disputes, and in some measure the success of the American Revol *'"on. ■■h: CHAPTER II. i Ponnation of the Company of Mw France. — Razilhd ap' pointed Governor of Mva Scotia. — Setlksat La Ihrc — Captures the depot at Pemaquid — Dies. — Is siiccee '■■ ' *>?♦ Vaune de Chamise. — Hoitilitics beticeen Ciianas-, ,ui» La Tour. — Treaty between Charnm and the G--cr]i. ment of Massachusetts. — Capture of Let Tour^s Fort.—- Death of Chamise.— 'Conquest of Mva Scotia by Mapr Sedgewick. — Removal of Denys. — Grant by Oliver Cromwell to Im Tow, Sir Thomas Temple and William Crowne. — Treaty of Breda. — Conquest of J^ova Scotia by Sir William Phipps. — Villebon appointed Governor. — ,N*ew Charter of Jnassachusetts, includes j\*ova Scotia. — The JVewport Frigate, and Fort at PemmMd, taken by the French. — Col. Church'' s expedition to Beau Basin. — Peace of Ryswick — Col. Church attacks tMinas — tmsttc- eessful attempt of the English upon Port-Royal — Mwa- Scotia conquered by GenerstlJSTicholson — Skinnislies viUh French and Indians — Peace. [From 16&2 to 1713.] The distress of the French in North America^ previous to their conquest by the English, had attracted the notice of the ministry, and the Duke de Ventadour, the viceroy, was required to re- s^n his commission, preparatory to the formation of an association, to be styled the company of New France. Richelieu, the Mareschal Defiat, superin- tendant of finances, and many other persons of dis- tinction, were the chief promoters of the scheme; and their number being increased to one hundred and seven, the articles of confederation were signed oa the I9th of April, 1627. The whole of New i itl 4B Fi'auce was conveyed to them under tlie I'oUowiug regulations. First, that the partnership should, next year, (1628) send over to New France, two or three hundred workiien of all kinds ; and engage to augment before thj year 1643, the French inhabi- tants to the numbei* of sixtefcn thousand ; to lodge, maintain, and find them in all necessaries for three years, and then to make an equal distribution among them ol the lands that should be cleared, according to their respective wants, furnishing each family with seed to sow. Secondly, That no colonist, who was not a native Frenchman, should be admitted in New France ; and that all Hugonots, as well as strangers, should be excluded. Thirdly, that in every district, at least three priests should be maintained, whom the partnership was to supply with all neces- saries, both for their persons and missions, for fif- teen years ; after which time they were to live upon the cleared lands that were to be assigneld thefm. On the other hand his Most Christian Majesty* to indemnify the partnership for those expences, gave up to them in perpetuity the fort and dis- trict of Quebec, with all the territory of New^ France, comprehending that part of Florida which had been settled by his predecessors, with all the course of the great river, till it discharges itself into the sea; with all the isles, ports, havens, mines, and fisheries, contained in that vast extent of ter- ritory ; his Majesty reserving to himself only the faith and homage of the inhabitants, and a golden croWn of eight marks weight, to be paid to . himself and his successors, together with thei provisions foi' the officers of justice, who were to be namedj ami 49 limself Ins ioi presented to him by the associates, as soon as it should be requisite to establish a civil govern- ment there. The partnership had likewise power to cast cannon, and to make all sorts of arms, as well as to erect fortifications. The second article conferred upon them a power of granting lands in such proportions as his Majesty should think proper, and of annexing such titles, honors, and rights to them as he should prescribe, according to the merits of the persons, and with certain restrictions and conditions ; but that the erection of duchies, marquisates, earldoms and baronies, should require the royal letters of confirmation, upon the presenta- tion of cardinal Richlieu, great master, head and su- perintendant, of the navigation and commerce of France. The third article repealed all the former grants of the same nature, and gave the partnership, forever, all the fur and peltry, and all other trades, within the before mentioned limits, for fifteen years; except the fisheries, which his Majesty intended should be enjoyed in common by all his subjects. By the fourth article, colonists, not depending upon the com- pany, might trade with the natives for furs, pro- vided they disposed of their beavers to them only, who were obliged to take them at a certain price. The fifth article granted to them two ships of war, of two or three hundred tons each, to be victualled by the associates, who were to replace them if lost, unless they were destroyed or taken by an enemy. By the sixth article, the com- pany was to repay to his Majesty the price of the, ships, if, during the first ten years of their contract, they did not transport one thousand five liundred 7 m I • • French, of both eexes, to New France ; and their patent was to be void, if they did not carry out a similar number during the last five years. By the se- venth and iast article, all military officers tent thither in those two ships, were to be nominated by his Ma- jesty ; but the company had the power of appointing all the officers and soldiers of their own ships ; and his Majesty presented them with four culverins. *By another ordonnance, the King of France gave itill greater encouragement to the new colonists, by permitting all tradesmen and mechanics, employed by the company, who should choose to return, after residing six years in New France, to practice their several professions in Paris, or any place in the Mother Country. Merchandizes manufactured there, to pay no duties for fifteen years, upon being im- ported into France; nor was any tax to belaid npon provisions of any kind exported to the new co- lony. Ecclesiastics, noblemen and others, associating in the company, might do so without derogation to their rank or honours; and his Majesty was to cre- ate twelve of the Partners, nobles ; and all the na- tives of the colony were, to all intents and purposes, to be reputed natives of old France. His Majesty reserved to himself the qualification of the bove ar- ticles, in the event of the company meeting with any obstruction from war, either civil or foreign. Had the zeal of this company been it all proportioned to the excellence of the plan upon which it was formed, New France would soon have been in a condition to vie with the English colonies in population and wealth. But their fiirst eflforts were unfortunate, and their 61 subsequent proceedings partook of the indecision and langour which had characterised every former asso- ciation. The transports and stores taken by Sir David Kirk, were the first fruits of their charter, and this loss was soon followed by the capture of the country. Great preparations were immediately made for its recovery, and an armament was ready to sail for that purpose under Razillai, when it was res- tored by the treaty of peace. Razillai having there- fore left behind the forces destined for this expedition, set sail for Nova Scotia, carrying with him a com- mission as commander in chief of Acadia, and a grant of the River and Bay of St. Croix. The other parta of the province were divided between Charles Etieno La Tour, eldest and surviving son of Claude de la Tour, and Monsieur Denys. La Tour (whose fa- ther had, in the year 1627, obtained a grant of the country bordering on the river St. John, and in the year 1630 received a conveyance from Sir "William Alexander, of the whole of Nova Scotia,; was now desirous of procuring a confirmation of his title from the King of France.* He was accordingly f^ratified in 1634, with a grant of the Isle of Sable, also ten leagues upon the sea coast, with a corresponding ex- tent inland at La Have ; and a similar one at at Port Royal and at Minas, with all the adjoining Islands, included in each grant. Monsieur Denys held all that portion of the Province, which lies between Canseauand the Bay of Ga^pe on the Gulf of St. Law- rence. Razillai, on his arrival at La Have, was so much charmed with the beauty of its situation, that * There is much obscurity in this part of the history, connected with Sir William Alexander and the elder La Tour, and what littl^ is (0 be found on the subject, is contradictory and perplexed. ,1 he made nn niTangenicnt with La Tour, by which he obtained posficssion of it, and having fortified it, he established his residence there. His instructions requiring him to endeavour to maintain possession of the country, as far as the River Kenebec, he sent a man of war thither, and captured the depot at Pemaquid,* where the goods belonging to the English colonists of Plymouth were collected for barter with the Indians. A small garrison was left there to main- tain possession of the place, and the whole of the merchandize was removed to La Have. -^ ^ • Such was the situation of the country after the treaty of St. Gerniains. The Anglo American settle- inents were in the raean time, increasing in opidence and population. All the lands, from the river Kene- bec to Narragansit, being granted to a Company, cal- led the Council for the affairs of ' New England,' and being reduced to possession under its grants, assum- ed that name by common consent. The French were prevented by the English colonists, frdm ex- tending their settlements on the western bauks of that river, and being thus restricted in their limits, the territory which they called Acadia, terminated at the eastern side of the Kenebec. Here, by mutual strength and exertion, they established a boundary, not as the line of peace and concord, but as the sub- ject of future controversies. Razillai shortly after the capture of Pemaquid, died, and his government Was claimed by Daubre dc Charnis^, who was con- firmed in the command by a royal commission. On receiving his patent, he immediately abandon- * This place had previously been plundered by a French piratical vessel in 1632. • c(l La Have, which in unquestionably one of the best harbors in the province, and removed all the inhabit- ants to PenobBcot. But whether that plaoc belong- ed to La Tour, or whether, as rivals in the fur trade, in which they both had invested large sums of mo- ney, a misunderstanding soon arose between them, which terminated in open and avowed hostilities — accounts of their dissension having reached France, Lewis the 13th personally addressed a letter toChar- nis6, dated 10th, February 1638," in which he pcs- tricted the boundaries of his GSovernment to New England, on the one side, and a line drawn from ihe center of the Bay of Fundy to Canseau on the other. The whole of that part of Acadia, which lay on iiiB west side of the latter boundary, was assigned to La Tour, but permission was granted to Charnis^ to retain La Have and Port Royal, and to La Tour, to occupy the fort on the rive? St. John — with these exceptions they were strictly commanded to confine themselves within their respective limits. This let- ter had not the desired effect. Mutual accusations and complaints were prefered to the King, and Char- nise, in consequence of the unfavor«U)ie representa- tions he had made of the conduct of his cojnpetitor, procured an order from his Majesty, dated l£.:h Feb. 1641, to arrest him and send him a prisoner to Finance. As both parties had an equal force, and neither w«s able to dispossess the other, they turned their atten- * In May \6S8, an order was given by tho Privy Council, to the Lord Treasurer, " to take speedy and efTectual coiirso for the stay of 8 ships, then in the Thames, prepared to sail for New England.'' In consequence of which Oliver Cromwell, Sir Arthur Haslerig, John Hampden and other Patriots, were prevented from coming to America. By this abitrary measure Charles forcibly detained th« men destined to overturn his throne, and to terminatQ his days by a violent death. Holmes 1. vol. — 303. i I* 54 tion to Massachusetts, and severally stated tho me« rits of the contest, and solicited aid. • ;. ,,, ii.hiM! In 1643 La Tour arrived at the harbour of Boiton, in a ship having 140 men on board, the maRter and crew of which were Protestants, of Rochell. He stated to the Governor that his fort on the river St. John, was besieged by his rival, and that he had come for the purpose of seeking aid to remove him. Re- course was had to the Bible, as was usual with tho Puritans, on all doubtful occasions, to discover if pos- sible some case which would by analogy apply to the present, and furnish a rule for their conduct ; on tho one hand it was said that the speech of the Prophet to Jehoshaphat in the 2d. Chron. 1 9th chap. 2d verse, and the portion of Solomon's proverbs, contained tn chap. 26, 17th v. not only discharged them from any obligation, but actually forbid them to assist La Tour — while on the other hand it was agreed, that it was as lawful for them to give him succour as it was for Joshua to aid the Gibeonites, against the rest of the Canaanites, or for Jehoshaphat to aid Johoram, against Moab, in which expedition Elisha was pre- sent, and did not reprove the King of Judah. Those conflicting authorities divided thoir Councils, ond though either course was sanctioned by Scripture, it did not appear that there was any certain rule on tlio subject, while the safest course was to adhere to the old maxim '' in dubia catisa bellum non est suscipiendum,^^ The Governor, though he felt favorably inclined to La Tour, on account of his connection with the Protes- tants, and a report that prevailed that he was of the same faith himself, did not think it prudent to tolce uu aclive part in these disputes, but connived at his em- n SB ploying such individuals as thought proper to assist him on their own responsibility. Having received au intimation to this effect, La Tour chartered four armed vessels, and took into his service 80 volunteers, with whom he returned to the river St. John, and not only compelled Daubr^ de Charniseto retreat, but pursued him as far as his fort at Penobscot. Charnise, on his part, dreading the interference of the English, sent an agent to Boston, with his commission as Governor-in- Chief of Acadia, and a printed copy of the warrant of arrest against La Tour, and complained of those unauthorised acts of aggression, in favour of a person who was proscribed by his Sovereign. Appearing to have the legal authority, and being considered as a dangerous neighbour, proposals were made in form for a peace, and the following articles finally agreed upon and signed : — The agreement between John Endicot, Esq. Govern- or of New England, and the rest of the Magis- trates there, and Monsieur Marie, Commissioner of M. Daubre, Knt. Governor and Lieut.-General of his Majesty the King of France, in Acadia, a Province of New France, made and ratified at Bos- ton, in the Massachusetts, Oct. 8th, 1644. The Governor and all the rest of the Magistrates do promise to M. Marie, that they, and all the rest of the English within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, shall observe and keep firm peace with Monsieur Daubre, &c. and all the French under his command in Acadia, and likewise the said M. Marie doth promise, in the behalf of Monsieur Daubre, that he and all his people shall also keep firm peace with the Go- vernor and Magistrates aforesaid, and with all the 66 inhabitants of the Massachusetts aforesaid, and that it shall be lawful for all men, both the English and French, to trade with each other, so that if any occa* sion of offence shall happen, neither party shall at- tempt any thing against the other, in any hostile manner, until the wrong be first declared and com- plained of, and satisfaction not given. Provided al- ways, the Governor and Magistrates aforesaid be not bound io restrain their Merchants from trading, with their ships, with any person whether French or others, wheresoever they dwell. Provided also that the final ratification and conclusion of this agreement, be referred to the next meeting of the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, for the con- tinuation or abrogation, and in the mean time to re- main firm and inviolable." ' •' . This agreement, as it relieved the people of Mas- sachusetts from the apprehension they constantly en- tertained of having their small vessels captured, and their frontier settlements attacked, was ratified by the Commissioners of the United Colonies.* In the mean time Madam La Tour, arrived from England, where she had been engaged in transacting some affairs of her husband's, but the master of the vessel, instead of landing her as he had undertaken to do by his Charter, at the river St. John, had pro- ceeded to 11 le Gulf of St. Laurence, to trade with the Indians, from whence having completed his tra- * The dangers lo which the colonies of Now England wore ox- posed from domostio and foreign enemies, first suggested the idea of an alliance for their mutual safety and defence. The terms of the confederation having been agreed upon, were ratified by Mas- nachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth, in 1.643. — These articles have been published by Neale, Dr. Mather and others, and the substance is to be found in let. Hutchinson's hist. 124. fie, hd steered for Boston, and set her on shore. -^ For the injury sustained by this treatment, she com- menced an action againsi fhe master, and recovered a verdict of £2000, a decision which ultimately proved a great injury to the people of Massachusetts, and involved them in much trouble. Charnis^, hear- ing of her return from Boston, and that La Tour was absent, immediately set sail and attacked his fort» but she defended the place so well, and the artillery was served with such good effect, that his frigate soon became unmanageable; and, having £0 men killed and IS wounded, he was under the necessity of warping his vessel out of the ireach of the cannon, where he ^fitted and returned to Penobscot. Notwithstanding the treaty with Gharnise, La Tour found means to ingratiate himself with the people of Boston, who furnished him with provisions, stores and other ne- cessary supplies, inbarter for his furs. Upon receiv- ing intelligence of this, Gharnise threatened the Qovernor with the"^spleasure of the King of France, and with reprisals on the English shipping. As an earnest of his intentions, he made prize of a vessel belonging to Boston, and having stripped the crew of their clothes, detained them prisoners on an island six days, when he put them into a boat, without a com- pass for their direction, or fire arms for their defence, and permitted them to return. This had the desired effect — it was neither the policy nor the inclination of the Massachusetts' Government to go to war with him— succours were therefore withheld from La Tour, the articles of the treaty confirmed, and, as a peace offering, a valuable Sedan, belonging to the Viceroy of Mexico, which had recently been taken 8 58 I , on board of a Spanish prize, was sent to Chamise f(MP his acceptance. The time had now acrived for the termination of this contest— Charnis^, seizing the opportunity which the absence of La Tour with a number of his men again offered to him, sailed up the Avet St. John, and laid siege to his fort, which he had reason to hope, from the weakness of the garrison, would fall an easy prey. Madam La Tour, though left with only a handfull of men, was resolved to defend the place to the last extremity, a determination which 6he maintained with so much spirit, during the three fi^days of the attack, tiiat the besiegers removed to a greater distance; but on the fourth, which was ^Baster Sunday, she was betrayed by a mutinous Swiss, whom the enemy had found means to bribe to ' tiieir interest. This untoward event did not howe- ver intimidate her, and when she found that Char- nisft had mounted the wall, she ascended at the head of her little garrison, to contest the possession of it with him. Charms^, who supposed, from their vigorous de- fence, that the number of the soldiers must have been greater than he had been led to believe, dread- ed the idea of being twice repulsed by a female, and piroposed a capitulation, which Madam La T(Mir ac- cepted, to save the lives of the few brave men who had defended the place against such a superior force. He had, however, hardly entered the fort, ere he re- pented having signed a formal treaty with a woman who had no other resources for defending the place than her own courage-— pretending to have been de- ceived in the terms of the capitulation, he held him- self absolved from the observance of them all, and ,v 59 immediately hanged the survirors, with the eieep- tidn of one, to whom he granted an exemption, on con- dition of his becoming the executioner of his com- rades. Not satisfied with this act of barbarity, he compelled Madam La Tour to witness this tiragical and inhuman scene, and in order to degrade a spirit he could not subdue, and to give her the appearance of a reprieved criminal, he forced heir to appear at the gallows with a halter round her neck. The fort was found to contain ordnance, stores^ furs, merchandize and plate, to a great amount — all which were immediately removed to Penobscot.*— The violent and unusual exertions which Madam La Tour had made, the dreadful fate of her household and followers, and the total wreck of her fortune, had such a powerful effect upon her health, that she died soon aftel^ this event. La Tou]^ poor and dispirited, went to Newfound- land, to solicit aid from Sir David Kirk, who th6n commanded upon that station; but, failing in this ap- plication, he seems to have abandoned, for sometime, all hope of recovering his possessions. f His friends at Boston , commiserating his situation, advanced him a sum of money , and provided him Wfth a vessel to trade with the Indians, in the Bay of Fundy ; we are informed by Hubbard, that he made an ungrate- ful return for thid kindness, having taken forcible pos- * Douglass says that Madam La Tour shared the same fate with the garruon, but M. Denjs, who was at that time in the province, and who has given an account of the transaction, does not make mention of it. f Re borrowed the sum of £2,084 of Sergeant-Major Gibbons, for which he mortgaged Fort La Tour, and all his possessions in Acadia.-— A copy of the Mortgage is preserved in Ist. Hazard's biit. Con. 641. eo 4 •eeeion of the vessel off Cape Sable, and set on shove in the depth of winter, on an uninhabited part of the Country, the English who were in charge of her. — In this miserable condition they wandered along the Coast for fifteen days, when they met a party of Sa- vages, who provided them with a shallop, with provi^ sionsand an Indian Pilot, and in the course of three months they reached Boston—upon which he remarks, in the peculiar phraseology of that period : "That they who trust to an imfaithful friend, do but wade in un- known waters, and lean on a broken reed, which both woundeth as well as deceiveth those that rely there-^ on." From Cape Sable,La Tour proceeded to Hudson's Bay, where he was largely concerned in the fur trade. From this place he was recalled in the year 1651, by the unexpected news of the death of Daubr^ de Char- nise, to whose widow he was soon after married. — A sister of Charnis^'s, a canoness of St. Omers, who died about this period, bequeathed her claiih to her brother's property in Nova Scotia to xuB. Tour, who by these means, and by acts of confirmation, became again invested with the title and possession of the Country. He was not suffered to remain long in tranquillity. La Tour le Borgne, a creditor of Char- nis^, accused him of not only maintaining protestant principles, but giving encouragement in his govern- ment to Foreign Heretics, and obtained a decree in France, by virtue of which he was authorised to en- ter upon the possessions of his deceased debtor. Arm- ed with this power, he determined to render himself master of Acadia, and projected the removal of both La Tour and Monsieur Denys. His arrival being unexpected, he took Monsieur Denys prisoner, de&« 61 troyed his establishment at Chedabuoto, and sent him in irons to Port Royal. He then proceeded to La Have, where he burned the buildings, not even spar- ing the Chapel, which had cost 100,000 francs — whild making preparations at Fort Royal, for attacking La Tour's fort on the river St. John, he was anticipated by an armed force, under the command of Major Ledgemack, dispatched by Oliver Cromwell, in 1654, for the recovery of Nova Scotia. Having surprised and defeated La Tour, the Eng- lish attjicked LeBorgne, at Port Royal, and although he had a numerous garrison, several pieces of artillery, and abundance of provisions, he made so slight a resistance that he was treated with great contempt by the English provincials. Pentagoet, (Penobscot) shared the same fate, and Nova Scotia, for the third time, fell into the hands of the English. The Province, though nominally conquered by the capture of these places, was not possessed by the Eng- lish, who did not immediately attempt any settle- ment, and retained no other place than Port Royal, which had ever been the most populous and the best fortified. The effect of this expedition was to render the French incapable of undertaking any enterprise against the people of New England, but it by no means prevented them from prosecuting their trade with the Indians, and extending their settlements in the Country. . > ' , ;. » The surrender of Port Royal, therefore, though it virtually transfered the Sovereignty of the Province to New England, was considered by the inhabitants as not likely to be followed by permanent possession; and soon after this event, the son of La Borgne and 1 : i '1 <ll / 6tt« dUllbftUt, h ih^tchbnt of Rdtihelle, eMr^d at La HaVc, Ahd erected a Wooden ibrt for its defencci-^ TM Eh^ish werd HO i^ooner infbrmed df thi& settle- ment than they proceeded tliither to dislodge theiii. La Borgne, whose habits were asunmilitaiyas those of his father, fled to the woods with his fahiily, but Guilbaut defended himself with much couragcij and repulsdd the party that was sent against hittif who retired with the loss of several soldiers^ and the offi- cer commanditig the detachment. Gilbaut, fiiidihg that the English were about to reheW the attack, ilnd hating ho other interest in La Hare, than th6 pio- perty he brought with him from France, surrfendeired the place, on condition of retaining all th^ ^ffectd be- longing to himself and his people ; biit Le Borgne^ whom hunger h&d driven frotn the wdods, was obliged to submit at discretion^ and was earned ^ prisoner to Boston. Monsieur l)enys, who wason^ of the three plroprie- tord among Whom the ProVinee had been divided, was again living in tranquillity at ChedabuctO) a port cm the Eastern shore of Nova Scotia, Where the Eng- lish have subsequently built the town o>f Manchester. Although his remote situation proved a protection against the £rig)ish, it did not shield him from the envy and intrigues of his countrymen. A person by the namedf Girondier^, having, by false represen- tations, procured a grant from the Company (rf New France^ of the port of Canseau, proceeded thither and seisied t vessel which had arrived With supplies for Denys, from Finance. He then invested his fort, but finding it too strong to warrant an attack, he pro- posed U} him to submit their claims to the decision of 6^ the CoKnpany. Aiter many delays the Board declared itself to )iaye be^n imposed upon by Giropdjer^, revo|(^4 ^ gn^t, and reinstated Denya in all la^ former rigl^^- The e^pence of propecutipg his claiwi apd tl^e loss occasioned by the si^spension of his fvur tra^^i amounted to 15,pOQ Crowns, and his n4n wail shorty after completed by the destruction Qf his w|)ole esta,blishi]|ient by ^e. from this period he was oblige4 to abw|i4o^ ^ fqrther connection with Nova Scotia. L&^ Tour, yrhQ had long been t^e sport oC fortune, an4 who fi^U aggrieved at the ungenerous tr^ef^tr m^nt ha l^^d received from his countrymen,^ gladly availed himself of the opportunity which thC; conquest of the Country by the English afforded bun^, of placing himself under their protection^ |Ie drew up a statement of his clain^, under th^ transfer of Sir William Alexander to his Father; and>. in conjunction with Thomas Temple and Wi^Uani Crowne, petitioned the ?rotector for a grant of Nova^ ScQti^, 71^is n^emori^ met with a favorable recep^ tion in I?ngland> and Oliver Cromwell, \)y letters pa^- tent un4er th^ grent seal. Dated 8th August, 1656,=* granted to him, by the style of Sir Charlefii l^n Tour, and his two associates, all that extensive Country contained within the following bounds, commencing at Merliguesch, (now Lunenburg) and extending from thence to ?ort La ^ave, thence foUoving the * In %h^ y«ar 1668, (Januf^ry 26) a terrible Ei^tbquf^^ yivt felt iq the nqrthe^ par^a of Ao^ripa, but Can^dfi vraa tbe chief e^tqf itq Goneusfiiqq^" the doora opened and shut ol'themselvea, wit^ a fearful clattenna— the hells rang without being touched — the v%Mft split as(|9^,^ — the flcj^ixs^ iseiparated and fell down — the 5eliils put on Irf. 64 course of the coast to Cape Sable, from thence i6 Port La Tour, ^thence to Cape Fourchu, thence to Cape St. Mary, and following the several indenta- tions of the shore to Port Royal — thence to the head of the Bay of Fundy, and, traversing the other side thereof to the river St. John, and from thence to Pentagoet on the confines of New Kngland, extend- ing one hundred leagues inland, and including all the Islands and Fisheries on the Coast. The only reser- vations were the mines and minerals, and the ap-^ pointment of Governors. Mr. Temple, afterwards Sir Thomas Temple, purchased the share of La Tour, and immediately re-established the different settle^ ments which had been commenced by the French; he also expended the sum of 16,000Z. in repairing the fortifications at the several Ports, and was in the re- ceipt of a lai^e revenue, from the fur trade and fishe- ries, when the Country was again ceded to France by the treaty of Breda, in 1667.* By this treaty France yielded to England, all her share of the Island of St. Christopher, together with the Islands of An- tigua, andMontserrat ; and England ceded Nova Sco" tia, by the title and name of Acadia, but without any specification of bounds. M. Mourillon de Bourg, being commissioned ml- the channel in which they ran before was no altered, that it could not be diatinguished ; many trees were torn up and thrown to a considerable distance, and some mountains appeared to be much broken, and moved halfway between Tadousac and Quebec-^two mountains were shaken down, and formed a point of land, which extended half a quarter of a league into the River St. Lawrence.— The island Auz Coudres became larger than it was before, and the channel of the River became much altered. — Memoirs Am. Acd. Arts and Science. 1st. 268 — and 1st. Holmes 889. * The only English Colonies on the American Continent, after an emigration of half a century, were Virginia, New England,' and Maryland, which are supposed to have contained, in 1660, no more than eighty thousand inhabitants. 06 der the great Seal of France, to receive postteesjbn of Nova Scotia, demanded from Sir Thomas Templcjon the 21st Oct. 1668, a restitution of it according to the terms of the Treaty, delivering to him at the same time a letter from Charles II. under his signet, con- taining his Majesty's order for its surrender. Sir Thomas, finding his hopes thus blasted, availed him- self of the indefinite terms of the treaty, and attempt- ed to contract the meaning of Acadia to a part only ofthe Peninsula; and hoped, by that expedient, to save himself iome portion of his possessions. He therefore returned for answer, among other things, that finding several places mentioned in the Order, by name, were in Nova-Scotia and not in Acadia, and that his Majesty had ordered him to conform himself to the Articles of the Treaty, wherein there was no mention made of Nova-Scotia, he held it to be his duty to defer the delivery of the country until his Majesty's pleasure should be further known, as to the bounds and limits both of Nova- Scotia and Acadia. That the variance between the instructions and the treaty rendered this step absolutely necessary, for there were no places named in his order which belonged to Acadia but Le Have and Cape Sable — Pentagoet, St. John and Port Royal, being in Nova- Scotia, a country bordering on New-England on the one side, and Acadia on the other. This distinction being deemed frivolous, was overruled, and orders were transmitted to him to obey the 10th and 11th articles of the Treaty of Breda ; and the whole of Nova-Scotia was accordingly delivered to the Che- valier de Grand Fontaine, for France. Nova-Scotia, during all this period, was inhabited by the French, 9 . ! Qii but they had become so discouraged by tiic repeotfd attacks of the English that they made but littl jTo- gress in scttUng the country, and their estabi.Jii- ments were so detached as to be unable to succour each other in any emergency. A thin population was scattered on the several Rivers emptying into the Bay of Fundy, while Port Royal, La Have, Che- dabucto, St. John and Penobscot, were the only for- tified places within the whole territory. Notwithstanding the repeated remonstrances of the several governors, they were permitted to languish, with little support from Canada and still less from France; so that upon every rupture between the two parent countries, they fell an easy prey to their more active and enterprising neighbours of Massachusetts.* * To convey an idea of the '.vretched state of these forts, I have extracted the following description of that at the Gemscc, on the River St. John, from the original inventory and certihcate, taken 6ht Aug, 1670. First, at the entering in of the said Fort, upon the left hand, we found a court of guard of about fifteen paces long, and ten broad, having, upon the right hand, a house of the like length and breadth, built with hewn stone and covered with shingles, and above them there is a chapel of about six paces long and four paces broad; covered with shingles and built with terras, upon which there is a small turret, wh<irein there is a little bell, weighing a- bout eighteen pounds. More, upon the left hand as we entered into the Court, there is a magazine, having two Stories built with Stone, and covered with shingles, being in length about 36 paces long, and ten in breadth; which magazine is very old and wanted much reparation; under which there is a little cellar, in which there is a well; and upon the other side of said court, being on the right hand, there is a house of the same length and breadth the magazine is, being half covered with shingles, and the rest uncovered, and wanted much reparation ; upon the ramparts of the said fort are twelve iron guns, weighing in uU twenty one thousand one hundred twen- ty and two pounds. More, we do find in the said fort six murtherers, without cham- bers, weighing twelve hundred pounds. More, two hundred Iron bullets from three to eight pounds. Lastly, about 30 or 40 paces from the said fort, there is a small outhouse, being about 20 paces in length and eight in breadth, built with planks and half covered with shingles, which do not serve for any use but to house cattle. 67 The original source of all the misfortunes and of all the obstacles to the advancement and prosperity of the Province, was the report that spread itself at a very early period over the pa- rent kingdom, that no mines were to be found in tliis part of America. Little attention was therefore be- stowed on the advantages which might have been derived from the Colony, by encouraging and aug- menting its commerce. Population made but a slow progress, and the inducement presented to the inha- bitants of France, to remove thither, was not very alluring. The sole objects for commercial enterprise which Acadia at that time alTordcd were the Fishe- ries and the Fur trade. Had the attention of France been directed to its intrinsic value and importance, the settlements would have advanced with greater rapidity, and reciprocal advantages would have arisen to the parent state, and to the Colony. But the splendour of the precious metals, which were imported from Mexico and Peru, were so at- tractive to Europeans, that a territory which did not produce them was considered as undeserving of at- tention. Acadia fell therefore into disrepute, before a knowledge of its soil and of the species of produc- tions of which it was capable, could be ascertained. Much time was allowed to elapse, before the choice of a settlement was made, the land was often clear- ed without a previous examination of its qualities, More, about 60 paces from laid out-house there is a square gar- den, enclosed with rails, in which garden there are 50 or 60 trees bearing fruit. Signed Le Chevalier de Grand Fontaine, Jean Mail- lard, Richard Walker, Isaac Garner. Marshall, Secy. 68 grain sowed and buildings erected, and tho whole frequently abandoned, and a settlement sought olsc- were. This spirit of inconstancy contributed to tho loss of the country to France, and operated as an insu- perable barrier to the acquisition of any solid ftdvan* tage from it. It was, as wo have just seen, orlgiimlly shared among diflercnt individuals, no one ofwliom enriched himself, while the English were conducting on the coast an extensive and profitable fishery. — During 20 years succeeding tho treaty of Broda it enjoyed comparative repose, and its popidation re- ceived some small addition, by emigration; but, upon the renewal of hostilities in 168D, it was found as it ever had been, without any adequate means of de- fence. So little attention had been paid to its forti- fications, that a single piratical vessel, having only 110 men on board, was able to effect tho reduction of Pentagoet, and the fort of Gemsec, on the lliver St. John, and plunder the inhabitants at both places. The government contented itself with ocengionally sending a person of experience to visit tho Province, and report on the measures necessary to bo adopted for its safety. Several of these reports were drawn up with great care, and exhibit a thorough know- ledge of the Country. In one of them, the tottil po- pulation of Nova-Scotia, which had been accurately enumerated, was stated at 900, while that of all New France did not exceed 5815. It was strenuously urged upon the Ministry to abandon Port lloyal, as difficult of access, and too far removed from Capo Breton, Canada and Newfoundland, to receive suc- cour when required. La Have and Canscau were 69 represented as more suitable places for the main military position, and Pentagoet, as it bordered upon New England, and served to prevent the encroach- ments of the English, was particularly pointed out as a post of great consequence, and recommended tc( be strongly fortified. As this place was much exposed, a road between it and Canada, for the convenience of sending troops in time of war, was reported as indispensable to its safety. These projects, though approved, were not executed, and wiiile the government of France was deliberating upon them, Massachusetts was making preparations for wresting the Province out of its pos- session. An expedition for that purpose, consisting of a frigate, mounting 40 guns, another ship of 16, and a third of 8 guns, with transports, for the conveyance of 700 men, were entrusted to Sir William Phipps* who appeared before Port Royal on the 20th May, 1690. The garrison of this place was composed of * Sir William Phippswas born in the year 1650, at Pemaquid in New England. He was the son of a Blacksmith, and the occupa.- tion of his early years was that of a Shepherd. At the age of 18 his father placed him as an apprentice with a Carpenter, to learh the art of Ship building, with whom he continued until the expira- tion of his indentures, when he built a vessel which he afterwards navigated himself. Having heard of a Spanish wreck near the Bahamas, he sailed thither, and made an unsuccessful attempt td raise the Cargo, which consisted of Bullion and Coin. In 1683 he was sent out by the English Government, in the Frigate * Alger Rose,' and made a similar attempt on another Spanish wreck, near Port de la Plata, upon Hispaniola, which was equally unfortunate. Five years afterwards, the Duke of Albemarle, who was at that time Governor of Jamaica, provided him with the necessary appa- ratus, and dispatched him a third time, to search for the contents of this valuable wreck, in which he succeeded, and raised up £300,000 sterling. Having for a long time fruitlessly sought the object of his voyage, in the neighbourhood of a reef of rocks, cal- led the Boilers, further search was about being abandoned, when, as one of the boats was returning to the ship, across the reef, a Rea feather was di^-covered growing out of a rock ; whereupon an Indian diver was directed to descend and fetch it up. But what ■i^i' no more than 86 men — t!ie works were in a very in- different state of repair, and most of the cannon dis- mounted. Manival, the French Governor, sent Monsieur Petit a priest, to treat with Sir William, who required an unconditional surrender. This was peremptorily refused by the Priest, who proposed the following articles of capitulation : — 1st. That the sol- diers, with their arms and baggage, should be trans- ported to Quebec, in a vessel to be provided by the English. 2d. That the inhabitants should be main- tained in peaceable possession of their properties, and that the honor of the women should be observ- ed. 3d. That they should be permitted to enjoy the free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion, and that the property of the Church should be protected. Sir William agreed to these conditions, but refus- ed to commit them to writing, intimating that his word as a General was a better security than any document whatever. Manival was obliged to rest was their surprise and joy, btt his roiuirA, to learn that he had seen several guns lying on the bottom of the deep. On a second descent, the Indian succeeded in raising a mass of Silver, of the value of several hundred pounds sterling. Tidings of the discovery was im- mediately conveyed to Capt. Phipps, who, with his men, repaired to the spot, and upon leaving the place, carried with him thirty two tons of silver bullion, besides a lage quantity of gold, pearh, and Jewels, over which the billows had been rolling for more thnn half a century. He was shortly afterwards Knighted, and appoint- ed by James II. Sheriff of New England ; an office which ha never executed. He was then offered the government of Massachusetts, but the affairs of the King wearing a gloomy aspect at the time, he declined it. In 168S he solicited the expedition against Nova- Scotia, which was successful, and he was soon appointed to the command ofanother against Canada, which proved exceedingly disastrous. When the new charter of Massachusetts Was granted, he was made Governor of that, his native country, but being a man of violent temper, ho committed an assault on the collector, a Mr. Brenton, and another on a captain of a Frigate on that station, on whose complaint he was recalled to England to make his defence ; while engaged in th j unpleasant affair, he died in London on the 18th February, 1693, and was buried in the church of St. Mary, Walneatb. 71 satisfied with this assurance, and the following day- went on board the frigate, where the capitulation was verbally ratified in the presence of Des Gautins, the French Secretary ; and the keys of the fortress formerly surrendered. Upon an examination of the fortifications, the English were surprised at the weak- ness of the place, and regretted, it is said, having granted to the Garrison such favorable terms — ac- cording to the French writers, they soon found an excuse for violating them. While Manival was on board the frigate, a quantity of stores was discovered ia the possession of the inhabitants. Sir William construed this into a breach of the capitulation, and using it as a pretext for annulling the terms, he dia- ormcd the soldiers, and imprisoned them in the Church. He confined Manival to his own house, under the charge of a sentinel, plundered him of his money and clothes, and gave up the place to general pillage, from which neither the Priests nor the Churches were exempted. He then left a person in charge of the fort, and constituted six of the | rin- cipal inhabitants justices of the peace, andh-i'iig compelled the people to take the oath oi ulleiLi;uice to William and Mary, re-embarked his men, carrying with him the Governor, a sergeant, 38 pri tp« and two Priests. From Port Royal he praceede ! to Chcdabucto, where he summoned Montorgieul, the successor of Monseiur Denys, to surrender. Although that officer had but a small detachment in garrison, ho made so brave a defence, that the English were compelled to set fire to the place, before he would listen to a capitulation, which was at last granted to him upon honorable terms, and he and his garri- ;l# 72 notk were conducted to Placentia in safety. From thence he proceeded to Isle Percd, where the unarm- ed inhabitants witnessed the destruction of their pro- perty, and the loss of their Chapel. The English at that time did not garrison Port Royal, but contented « themselves with dismantling the fortifications. In this defenceless state, the unfortunate Acadians, in that neighbourhood, were attacked by two Pira- tical vessels, the crews of which set fire to a number of houses, slaughtered their cattle, hanged some of the inhabitants, and deliberately burned one family, whom they had shut up in their dwelling house, to prevent their escape. The Chevalier Villabon, who now arrived from France, to assume the command of Nova-Scotia, found the English flag flying at Port Royal, though not protected by any troops. f< Having substituted that of France, he consulted with Monsieur Perot, who had been formerly Go- vernor of the place, and Des Gautins, the late Secre- tary , upon the best mode of protecting from the attacks of the English the King's stores, which he had brought with him from France. Des Gautins took that opportunity of informing him, that when the place was t?>en by Sir William Phipps he had buried a very considerable sum of money, belonging to the King, which was immedi- ately disenterred and applied to the public service — an act of integrity which procured his acquittal with- out trial on a subsequent occasion, when he was ac- cused of malversation in oflice. It was determined at this consultation to proceed without delay, to the fort on the river St. John. On his passage thither, VilUboQ narrowly escaped from the pirates, who cap- ture Perc liavi pres( to (lis faithf tives • imrnc( embar would pices. they hj eupplie satisfiec loss of 1 tlie prej tlunnsr of the E The cently VVilJiamI people tlie forrr The Maine ai the two and forr hundred! the only] for masts * Thoy —a most se arter. m tiired his vessel, and tortured his companion,Mon8ieu): Perot, to extort a disclosure of his money.* Villibon, having collected the Indians, deplored the loss of the presents which the King of France had ordered him to distribute among them, exhorted them to remain faithful to their treaties, to preserve all English cap- tives to be exchanged for the French, whom the enemy had taken, arid assured them that he would immediately proceed to Quebec, for the purpose of embarking for France, and thut in the Spring he would again visit them, under more favorable aus- pices. To this thoy replied that Onanthio, (the name they had given to the King of France) having already supplied them with ammunition, they were perfectly satisfied, and that they were more grieved for the loss of the vessel and stores on his account, than for the presents destined for them ; and promised that during his absence they would give a good account of the English. jiv t).L>'ux' ''" '■' (if<ji/>as ;, >i Jnui The old charter of Massachusetts having been re- cently forfeited, a new one was obtained from William and Mary, which, although it deprived the people of many privileges, they had enjoyed under the former, very materially enlarged i^eir territory. The Colony of- New Plymouth, the province of Maine and Nova Scotia, with the lands lying between the two latter, were thus annexed to Massachusetts, and formed an extensive tract cf not less than eight hundred miles in length. Out of this spacious domain, the only new reservations were the timber, suitable for masts for the Royal Navy, and a negative upon * They compelled him to undergo what sailors call keel-hawling -a most severe operation, from the eflects of which he died ao9,n alter. 10 74 the grants of land, between the river Sagadahook and 4he Gulf of St. Lawrence, which were notto be vahc without the King's approbation. Sir William Phipps, a native of the country, who had distinguished him- self on several occasions, was the first governor un- der the new charter.* But although Nova Scotia had been treated as a conquered country, and dis- posed of accordingly, yet the Freneh, as usual, were in possession of it, and Villibon^ according to the pro- mise he had made to the Indians, returned to the •River St. John;, where his fort served aa a rallying |KHUt to the French and Savages, vdio were assem- bled tliere in great numbers. In Ue year 16^1, Mr. Nelson, who had been appointed governor of the «dkn\y, was taken prisoner by him and 6ent to Que- bec, from whence he vas removed to France, wher,e he was for some tim a kept in close confinement.— ^his fort was also mode a place of depot for arms and ammunition, with which the Indians were fur- tiished, to make incursions upon New England. It was therefore resolved by the Massachusetts' govern- ment, to send a ship of war to intercept the annual supply, which they were in the habit of receiving from France. The Sorrel was accordingly ordered to cruise ofl' the harbor of St. John for that purpose, and having fj^Uen in vvavh the French frigate, a severe engagc- * To this r:)n*€9t about the c»ht charter has been ascribed the origiR* in Maesachussetts, of the two parties, patriots and preroga- tive men, between whom controversy scarcely intermitted, and was novtQr ended until the revolution. Such as were for adhering to liie patent naturally, won the feelings of the people, and received their cdtlidence in proportion to their zeal ; while such as adopted the more prudent course, of submitting to the operation of law, were Vibjecttothe reproach of cowardire or self interestod motives.— Minot. 76 ment ensued, in which she was beaten oft", and the stores afterwards landed in safety. -r- -; huw^i-u.,, The next year she was again dispatched upon the same service, with the ' Newport' frigate and the . Province tender. While at anchor in the liarbour of St. John, Iberville arrived from Quebec, with, two men of war, having on board two companies of sol- diers and 50 Micmac Indians to effect, in conjunction - with the force under Villibon, the reduction of the fort at Pemaquid. The ships were immediately en^ gaged, and the Newport having sustained the loss of her topmast and other injuries, surrendered — ^while the other two, under cover of a fog, eflected their escape. * • • ■ /, ; -i rr * Reinforced with this prize, Villibon and Iberville proceeded immediately to Penobscot, where they were joined by the Baron Castine,* and two hundred Indians, and invested Pemaquid on the 14th July, 1696. The defence of this fort, which was garrison- * The Baron of St. Castine, a gentleman of Oboron, in Beam, having lived among the Abenakia, after the savage way, for above. 20 years, is so much respected by the savages, that they look upoa him as their tutelar Qod. He was formerly an officer of the Carrig<- nan Regiment, and threw himself among the savages, whose Ian* guage he had learned. He married among them after their faahion^ and preferred the forests of Acadia to the Pyrenian Mountains, that encompass the place of his nativity. For the first year of his abode with the savages, he behaved himself so as to draw an in- expressible esteem from them. They made him their great chief or leader, which is in a manner the Sovereign of the nation, and by degrees he lias worked himself into such a fortune, which any man but he would have made such use of as to draw out of the Country, above two or three hundred thousand Crowns,which he has now in his pocket, in good dry gold. But all the use he makes cf it, is to buy up goods for presents to his fellow savages, who upon their return from hunting, present him with beaver skins, to treble the value. The 'Governor-General of Canada keeps in with him, and the Governor of New England is afraid of him. He has fieveral daughters, who are all of them married very handsomely, to Frenchmen, and had good dowsries. — He has never changed his wife, by which moans he intended to give the savages to understand that God does not lo\ o inconstant folks. La Hontan. ::1f^- 1^ cd by New England troops, was by no means pro- portioned to its strength ; but the terror inspired by the 8avag«s was such, that the garrison capitulated, after a feeble resistance, upon assurances of person- al protectioit- from their fury. On entering the fort, the Indians discovered one of their people in irons, and were so exasperated at the ac- count he gave of his sufierings, that they murdered several of the English ; and Iberville was under the necessity of removing the rest of the prisoners to an island, and placing them under a strong guard, to prevent them from falling victims to their ungovern- able resentment. '•:■.. ■. * , - fjv •" , On receiving intelligence of this affair, a fleet was immediately ordered out from Boston in pursuit of tlio French, but they had demolished the fort, which had been built at a very great cxpencc, and commenced their retreat before its arrival at Pemaquid. After leaving this place the French vessels separated. Iberville proceeded to Newfoundland, touching at Cape Breton on his way thither, to land the Indians who had accompanied him in this expedition ; but Villibon, who had steered for St. John's, was over- taken and captured, with 23 others, and sent to Boston. Measures of retaliation were immediately deter- mined upon, and Colonel Church, with 500 men, was ordered to embark at Portsmouth and visit Nova- Scotia. ^ He sailed direct to Beau Basin and ravaged thai country, which has subsequently received the name of Cumberland. Upon discovering the Englisli forcet, most of the inhabitants abandoned their houses 77 and fled to tlic woods. Diirinr^ the pursuit of the fugitives, Burgeois, one rf the most respectable Acadians, surrendered, and demanded protec- tion for himself and family, which was readily- granted. On his examination, it appeared that there were savages mingled with tlic inhabitants in the woods, and orders were therefore issued to renew the pursuit, and to offer quarters to all the French, but to give none to the Indians. Burgeois was de- sired also to give notice to all his cou.'itrymen to re- turn, and that they should be well received. Many of them submitted; and it was proposed to them to join with the English in pursuit of the Indians — an ungenerous request, to which it was impossible to accede, though the restoration of their property, which had been already taken, and the preservation of the rest, was held out to them as an inducement.— On their refusing to comply, their houses were burn- ed — their 'dykes broken down — their cattle and sheep destroyed, and their effects plundered by the soldiers. Charlivoix imforms us, that Burgeois produced a proclamation of Sir William Phipps, in which assu- rances of protection were given to the inhabitants of Chiegnecto, so long as they remained faithful subjects of King William, and that Church being made ac- quainted with it, had ordered their property to be respected, but that while he and his oflicers were en- tertained by Burgeois, the soldiers, who were dispers- ed among the inhabitants, conducted themseves as if they had been in a conquered country. He also adds, that many of the people, distrusting his promises, re- fused to surrender, and that it was fortunate they did so, for an order of Frontinac, the governor of Canada, for the regulation of trade, having been soon after discovered posted up in the chapel, the English treated them as rebels — set fire to the church, and reduced to ashes the few houses which they had previously spared. The condition of the?'^ Aca- dians was truly deplorable. Their natural attach- mcat was to the French. During more than a centu- ry they were constantly changing masters, and had no sooner acknowledged themselves the subjects of one crown, than they were suffered to pass again under the power of the other. Where protection was thus refused and neglected, it was unreasonable to charge them with being traitors and rebels. On his return to Massachusetts, Church was met by a reinforcement, and he received orders to pro- ceed up the River St. John, and attack the fort of Villibon. But thiis place was defended with so much gallantry^ that he soon re-embarked his men and returned, without effecting the object of the expedi- tion. Untii this period, the people of Massachusetts had considered themselves in possession of Nova- Scotia under their charter, and had at different times granted commissions to their officers for its govern- ment ; but feeling their inability to protect it, they now petitioned the crown to be relieved from the ex- pence of its defence, and that it might be garrisoned at the national charge. This act was deemed a re- linquishment of jurisdiction, and it was accordingly at a subsequent period, established as a distinct, and separate province. The English retained possession of Acadia until 1606,* when, by the treaty of Ryswick, it was once more restored to France. ' u». * The war firom 1690 to 1C96, is generally known in America, 79 in America, By this treaty, the French and English attempted to establish a boundary line between New England and Acadia. The eastern limits of the British domi- nions were fixed at the River St. Croix, but still it remained a question, which of two rivers this was. When the English first visited the western shore of the Bay of Pundy, they erected a cross on the land, and gave the country the name of the holy cross. — The rivers had no other name at that time, than such as were expressed in the Indian language, and there- lore, among the Europeans, more than • of them acquired that name, and was called l> Oroix.* — This boundary always afterwards continued to be a subject of dispute and negotiation between the two powers, as long as France retained her American possessions. Encroachment and conquest seemed to be the ultimate aim of her policy. The Frenoh possessed the two great rivers, the Missisippi and the St. Lawrence, the sources of which were at no very great distance from' each other, and formed a line almost parallel to the sea coast, which was both claimed and inhabited by the English. as King William^s war. — Hostilities commenced again in 1702, and contined until 1713, which period is denominated " Queen Jnne^s war," the war from 173C to 1763, ia called the French and Indian war. * As the river St. Croix still continues to be a subject of interest, and to aiTord a " vexata questio," I shall subjoin Lescarbot's des- cription of the Island on which the settlement was originally made; for that point once ascertained, it will be a matter of no great difficulty, to determine what river is intitled to the appellation of St. Croix, "il nous faut;dire que I'isle de Sainte Croix est difficile a Irouver a qui n'y a estc. Car il y a tant d'iles et de grandes bayoB a passer devant quon y soit, que je m'etonne comme on avait pe- netre siavant pour Taller trouver. II y atrois on quatre montagnea etnminenteii par dessus les autres aux cotez, mais do la part du nort d'ou descend la ruiere it n'y en a sinon une pointue eloigneo de deux lieues. II y a des ruisseaux d'eau douce tres — agreeables vis- a-vis de I'slo &c. Lescarbot chap. 35, page 496. .14 ■*".<'.- ^!V^^- oiV&i'^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■2.5 U£ liii 12.2 ^ U° 12.0 RI^H L25 IHU ii.6 I, Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRKT WIBSTM.N.Y. U5M (716) •72-4S03 ■ii I i,f :;i:!': 80 This territory, therefore, was more than sufficiently ample for all the purposes of colonization, but both parties carried with them to America their herediia- ry animosities, and frequently committed open acts of violence in the new world, when their respective states in Europe were at peace. Thus the seeds of a bloody contest were sown with the early settlers of both. The immensity of territo- ry for which they were contending prevented any boundaries from being amicably settled between them at first ; and when national honor and private inte- rest were involved in the contest, it was ever after impracticable. The extravagant and ridiculous grants of land, made by the sovereigns of both king- doms to their subjects, necessarily made them re- gard each other as mutual trespassers. The French always exhibited a desire to encroach, and from the whole tendency of their conduct, it ap- pears almost indisputable that they intended to pos- sess themselves of some of the English harbors on the coast, having no other maritime communication for their immense territory than the mouths of two rivers, the navigation in neither of which was con- venient. •? The peace of Ryswick was scarcely proclaimed in New England, when the French evinced that they intended to make themselves sole proprietors of the lishery, and to restrain the English from the posses- sion of any part of the country contained in the Mas- sachusetts' charter, to the eastward of Kenebec. — In pursuance of these claims, Villibon wrote to the governor of Massachusetts as follows — " I am ex- pressly ordered by hie Majesty, to maintain the SI bounds between New England and us, which are from Xenebec river to its mouth, leaving the course of the river free unto both nations, and I desire that you will no longer consider the Indians there, your subjects. I am informed you have divers fishermen on the coast, and that you permit your people to trade in the French ports — ^you may rest assiyed Sir^ that I shall seize all the English, who shall be found fish- ing or trading there, for you cannot be ignorant that it is plainly prohibited, by the treaty between the t'vo Crowns, a copy of which you yourself forwarded to^ me. Monsieur de Bonaventure, Commander of the Enviux, has also sent you some of your fishing ves- sels, which he has taken, and acquainted you,, that if they presume to trade on the coast, he shall consider them as lawful prizes." Villibon was not able to put these threats into execution, for want of a few Cruisers, to protect the trade, and his orders on this subject were evaded, even by the Acadians them- selves. A relation of Le Bourgne, in right of his predecessor of that name, claimed the property of all the Peninsula of Acadia ; and in consequence of this claim, the English, notwithstanding the cession of the Country, traded upon its coast, on pretence of being authorised by this person, to whom they paid fifty Crowns for each ship. -^' c/^ w* > <yr,„i ,rt«-„tmi«.*.> Villibon continued to make such representMions of the defenceless state of the Colony to the French Court, that an Engineer was sent out, by whose ad- vice the inhabitants of Noaxet, were transported in the year 1700, to Port Royal, but no care being taken to fortify the coast, the English migrossed the fishery as heretofore. The peace which followed the treaty 11 ■ ii«- '•'I ,/ / ;':m,*: of Ryswick was c T short continuance, Lewis the 1 4th having acknowledged the pretender as King of Eng- lland, war was declared against him on the 4th of May, 1701.* It was easy to foresee that one of the first acts of hostility would be an attempt to rescue from their hands this disputed territory. The French Court therefore, at this period, seems to have seriously projected the effective settlement of the Province, as well as permanent and expensivie Fortifications. The Bishop of Quebec, who was then in France, entered into engagements with ecclesias- tics, to accompany emigrants^ but other and more pressing engagements caused theso designs to be laid aside. Bruillon,the Governor of the Country, was ordered to encourage the trade of La Have, to rebuild and enlarge the fortifications there, and to prevent, as far as possible, the English Colonists from participating in the fishery. The condition of Canada did not permit him to hopo for succour from the Commander in Chief, and in the absence of a naval force, he so- licited the assistance of the pirates, who at that time infested the shores of the Atlantic. Upon this invi- tation, they resorted in great numbers to La Have, which was favorably situated for committing depre- dations on the trade of Massachusetts. The money wliich was thus thrown into circulation, and the quantities of merchandize which they disposed of, at very reduced prices, afforded him the means of paying the savages, whom he had instigated to acts of hostility against the people of New-England. * The population of (he other English Coloniea, on the Continent* in 1701 WMai fellows :— New England, 120,000. rti^nnl ^Ht xtt^i. Mid. and 9. Coloniee, 142,000 Total 262,000. 88 In order to retaliate these kijurles, an armament, consisting of three men of war, i4 transports and 36 whale boats, having on board 550 soldiers, under the immediate command of Colonel Church, was fitted out in 1704, for the purpose of ravaging the French settlements in Nova-Scotia. Touching at Montinicus, and seizing a few Frenchmen, whom he compelled to serve as pilots, Church sailed up the river Penob- scot, where he took a number of prisoners, among whom was the daughter of the Baron Castine, who was absent on a visit to his paternal Estate in France. — ^From thence the boats proceeded up the western Passamaquoddy, destroying the whole of the settle- ments, as far as the falls of the river, and perpetrat- ing several acts of outrage upon the unoffending in- habitants. At this place the fleet separated, the men of war sailing for Port Royal, and the whale boats for Minas (Horton) . At the latter place, having encoun- tered some resistance, the English totally destroyed three populous villages, plundered the inhabitants, and made several prisoners ; they then rejoined the ships in the harbour of Port Royal. There, after se- veral skirmishes with the inhabitants, the design d" attacking the fort was abandoned, and Church sailed to Chiegnecto, (which he had visited eight years be- fore) and laid waste the Country, plundering the in- habitants of their goods, burning their houses and breaking down the dykes, which protected their valui^ble and extensive marshes from the encroach- ment of the sea. The ease with which these depre- dations were committed, and the earnest desire which Massachusetts had always exhibited that Nova- Scotia should be possessed by the English, facilitat- !«-> I! / ed the means of at last producing the assent of Go- venunent that a force should be sent for its conquest, and the welcome assurance was also given that it should not be again ceded to France. Accordin^y, 1000 men were raised in New-Hampshire, Massachu- setts and Rhode Island, and on the Hth of May, 1707, they arrived at Port Royal, under the convoy of two men of war. Brouillard, the Governor of the Colony, having died the preceding year, the command of the place had been conferred on M. Subercase, an active and intelligent officer, who had distinguished himself at Newfoundland. The excellent disposition made by him frustrated every assault of the English, and the cordial co-operation of the Indians and inhabi- tants, who were commanded by the Baron Castine, enabled him to become the assailant, and to compel them to reimbark. Mr. Dudley, the Governor of Massachusetts, was unwilling to abandon the enterprise ; and as the forces were but little reduced in number, and had been eoUeoted at a very great expence, he ordered them to return and make another attempt on the fort. — The second attack was equally unsuccessful with the first. The soldiers had become dispirited by defeat, and being chiefly recruits, failed in discipline and subordination. * v ^^ e '^h^,;. * They unfortunately fell into several ambuscades, in which they suffered severely, and epidemical dis- orders prevailing among them, it was determined, in a general Council, to make good their retreat be fore they were so far weakened as to render their embarkation a matter of difliculty. The conquest of this place was an object of too much importance to 86 be thiiB easily abandoned, and accordingly another and more successful expedition was fitted out in 1710, under the command of General Nicholson. 3 On the 18th of September, a fleet consisting of the Dragon, Leostaff, Feversham and Chester, men of war, and the Starbomb and Massachusetts, provin- cial galley, with 14 transports in the pay of Massa- chusetts, 6 of Connecticut, ^ of New-Hampshire, 3 of Rhode Island, and a tender and 5 English transports, set sail from Nantasket, in Boston bay, and arrived at Port Royal, on the 24th of the same month. ^ The troops consisted of one regiment of Marines, from Europe, and four regiments of Provincials, rais- ed in New-England, but commissioned by the Queen, and armed at the Royal expense. At the entrance of the harbour, one of the transports was wrecked, and 26 men, together with all the stores on board, were lost. The forces were landed without opposi- tion. Subercase, the Governor, had only 260 effec- tive men, and the greater part of them he was afraid to employ beyond the limits of the works, from an apprehension that they would desert to the English, — as the army was marching up to the fort, several men were killed by the inhabitants, who fired from behind their houses and fences, and made their es- cape. On the 29th the Governor sent out a flag of truce, praying leave for some of the ladies, who were afraid of the shells, to pass through the English camp. The officer not observing the rules of war, was put under an arrest, and a Subaltern sent to acquaint Subercase with the cause of his detention. On the 1st of October, the Engineers had three batteries open, two mortars, and 24 Cohom mortars, mounted within «l an hundred yards of the fort, and commenced a hea^' vy cannonade — the French returning shot and ehells at the same time. In the evening Colonel Taylor and Capt. Abercrombie were sent with a summons to the Governor to surrender, and in consequence thereof a cessation of arms was agreed upon, the terms of capitulation settled, and the next day the following articles signed: ^ '^ Articles of capitulation, agreed upon for the sur- render of the fort at Port Royal, &c. between Francis Nicholson, Esq. General and Commander in Chief of all the forces of her Britanio Majesty Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and Monsieur Subercase, Governor &c. for his most Christian Majesty. \ 1st. That the garrison shall march out with their arms and baggage, drums beating and colours flying. 2d. That there shall be a sufficient number of ships and provisions to transport the said garrison to Ro- chel or Rochfort, by the shortest passage, when they shall be furnished with passports for their return. 3d. That I may take out six guns and two mortars, such as I shall think fit. 4th. That the officers shall carry out all their effects, of what sort soever, except they do agree to the sell- ing them, the payment of which to be upon good laitn. . '^^.■iil'':t'<"'' ' ' ^ ,■ \:"-i : •(* ii'.f •r'^.^jr.';; . 6th. That the inhabitants within cannon shot of Port Royal, shall remain upon their estates, with their com, cattle, and furniture, during two years, in case they are not desirous to go before ; they taking the oath of allegiance and fidelity to her sacred Majesty of Great Britain. 6th. That a vessel be provided for the privates be- 87 longing to the Islands of America) for their transpor*'* tation thither. '*• 7. That those that are desirous to go to Placentia,/H in Newfoundland, shall have leave by the nearest passage. "f 8th. That the Canadians, or those that are desir- ous to go there, may, during the space of one year. '' 9th. That the effects, ornaments, and utensils of the Chapel and Hospital, shall bo delivered to the Almoner. ^ 10th. I promise to deliver the fort of Port Koyal,' into the hands of Francis Nicholson, Esq. for the Queen of Great Britain, within three days after the ratification of this present treaty, with all the effects belonging to the King, as guns, mortars, bombs, ball, powder, and all other small arms. "^ 11th. I will discover, upon my faith, all the mines, fugasses, and casements. 12th. All the articles of this present treaty shall be executed upon good faith without difficulty, and signed by each other, at her Majesty of Great Bri- tain's camp, before Port Royal Fort, this second day of October, in the ninth year of her Majesty's Reign. — Annoque Domini 1710. Francis Nicholson, "" Subercase. ' The English lost 14 or 15 men in this expedition, beside the 26 who perished on board of the transport. The cannon and mortars reserved in the capitulation were purchased by Government, for 7499 livers and 10 sols, and the prisoners, amounting to 258 soldiers, with their officers and the principal inhabitants, in all 481 persons, were transported to Rochelle. Ge- neral Nicholson, having left a garrison of 200 marines U'^ i ■ i 1 I* , i t '^- and 2Q0 volunteers, under the command of Colonel Vetch, who had been appointed Governor of the Country, returned with the licet and army to Boston, where he arrived on the 26th of October. The ex- pences incurred by New-Englnnd, in the conquest of Port Royal, amounted to £23,000 ^ and was after- wards reimbursed by Parliament. Colonel Vetch immediately dispatched Col. Livingston to Canada, to inform the Governor General that Acadia had fallen into the hands of the English ; that the inha- bitants thereof were prisoners at discretion, (except those within gun-shot of Port Royal) and that if the barbu'ities practised upon the people of New-Eng- land by the savages under his controul were not discontinued, reprisals would be made upon the French of Nova-Scotia. After a perilous and most fatiguing journey (in which ho was accompanied by the Baron Castine,) he orrivcd at Quebec, where he was informed by Vandrieul, that the miseries inci- dental to a Colonial wur, of which he complained, were wholly owing to a refusal on the part of the English of an offer made by him of neutrality, be- tween the Provinces in the new world, when the parent states were at war in Europe ; that he had ever been attentive to the protection of prisoners whom the chance of war had placed in iiis power, and that if these threats were put into execution, nothing would remain for him but to deliver up to the Indi- ans every English prisoner then in his possession. ^ The Court of France, aware, from the repeated at- tempts of the English to possess themselves of Nova- Scotia, and their triumph at its conquest, that if not retaken it would never be again ceded, began too 89 late to awaken to a sense of its importanee. Pbni- chartrain, in a letter to M. de Beauharnois, intendant of Rochelle and Rochfort, says " I could wish you were sufficiently sensible of the necessity of retaking Port Royal, before the English effect a permanent settlement. The preservation of North America, and the fisheries on its coast, equally require it. These are two objects of immense importance, and should be constantly pressed upon the attention of the Go-> vernor General of New France, until he views them in the same Kght." He then requested Beauharnois to organise if possible an association of the merchants of Rochell, sufficiently powerful to expel the English from the Country, and to form two extensive estab- lishments, the one at La Have, and the other at Che- dabucto — at the same time, he made similar appli- eations himself to the most opulent traders at St. Malo, Nantes and Bayonne. • *''^ Notwithstanding the promises of great individued profit, which he made then on the part of his Majesty the King of France, he could not find any person willing to take charge of the expedition, or to make the necessary advances of money for an object which, upon the whole, appeared to them to be of more im- portance to the state than to the adventurers. Van- drieuel was not insensible either of the political or in- ternal value of the Country, and if the state of Ca- nacte. had permitted him to have withdrawn any of the troops, he would have made an attempt for its recovery. He appointed the Baron Castinetothe chief command in Nova-Scotia, with instructions to preserve as much as possible the loyalty of the Aca- diane during the present trying emergency. He also 12 ';<?« wrote to the priests to redouble their zeal in retain- ing the aflections of their proselytes the Indians, and desired them to inform the inhabitants that he would visit them during the ensuing spring, and after in- forming himself of their situation, attempt their relief. " These entreaties were so effectual, that he receiv- ed an answer from one of the missionaries, informing him that Castine, with a powerful body of Indians, had attacked a party of the English and defeated them ; and being joined by the inhabitants, had in- vested Port Royal, and was only waiting for succour to complete his conquest. The Marquis D'Alloigniers, with two hundred men and several officers, were or- dered to proceed to their assistance with the utmost dispatch, but the arrival of an English fleet in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, under the command of Sir Hovendon Walker, detained them to defend Quebec. This hostile disposition of the French settlers, indu- ced the officer commanding at Port Royal, to appre- hend the Priest and five of the most respectable inha- bitants of the district, as hostages for the good beha- viour of their countrymen, who were informed that, upon any similar attempt, these prisoners should suf- fer military execution. Finding that no immediate assistance could be received from Quebec, and that their missionary was made prisoner, the inhabitants of the Bdnlieue (three miles round the Fort) who had been included in the capitulation, laid down their arms and made acknowledgment of their faults, but at the same time, privately acquainted Vaudrieul, that his Majesty the King of France had no better subjects, and that necessity alone had induced them to submit. Many of those at a distance had not 91 yielded to the English, and Capt. Pigeon, an officer of the regulars, was sent up the river with a strong detachment, to reduce them to subjection, and pro- cure timber for the repair of the fort. While in the performance of this duty, they were surprised by a great body of Indians, who killed the Fort Major, the Engineer, and all the boat^s crew, and took between 30 and 40 prisoners.* The success of this ambus- cade encouraged the inhabitants to take up arms again — and 600 of them, with as many Indians as they could collect, were in readiness to attack the fort, as soon as an experienced officer should arrive from Placentia to take the command, but the Gover- nor of that place not being able to spare one, they abandoned the enterprise and dispersed. In the midst of these troubles peace was conclud- ed between England and France, on the 11th April, 1713. By the 12th article of this treaty, all Nova- Scotia, with its ancient boundaries, as also the city of Port Royal, and the inhabitants of the same, were ceded to Great Britain " in such ample manner and " form that the subjects of the most Christian King " shall be hereafter excluded from all kinds of fishing <* in the said seas, bays and other places on the coast " of Nova-Scotia ; that is to say, on those which be " toward the cast, within 30 leagues, beginning from " the island commonly called Sable, inclusively, and " thence stretching along towards the South West." The inhabitants of New England had hitherto ex- perienced the mortification of being compelled to re- linquish the possession of Nova-Scotia at every treaty * The scene of this disaster, is situated about 12 miles above tho fort, on the road to Halifax, and is still called Bloody Creek. jpfp 1^ m f '1 i i of peace, and had waited with impatience till Great Britain should acquire such a superiority as would enable her to dispense with this restitution. The end of the war on account of the Spanish succession pre> sented a favorable opportunity, and the Court of Yer- sailles was now for ever deprived oi u Colony of which it had never known the value. CIMPTER III. i^^k^'.n fxi^o.:^ The name of Port Royal clumged to that of Annapolis Royal, Mr. JSTicholson appointed Govo'nor of Mva' Scotia — is succeeded by Mr. Phillips — wlw appoints a Council. — State of tlie AcadiaTis. — The French lay the foundation of Louisburg. — Hostilities of tlie Indians. — T/ic English attack the savages at JSTorridgewoacky and kill Vie Mis' nonary Pere RalU. — France declares war against Eng' land^ — A detachment fnm Louisburg captures Canseau— 300 Indians, under M. Luttre, invest Annapolis — retire to J\/Rnas — are joined by Du Vivier, who renews the siege. — Surrender of Louisburg. — A French fleet arrives at Che- lucto harbour — sails for Annapolis — is dispersed. — Ram- say attacks Annapolis. — Retires to Cumberland. — De- feats tJie English at Minas. — French fleet destroyed. — Peace. — Restitution of Cape Breton to the French. [From 1713 to 1718] The English did not display the same zeal in the settlement of the Country which they had manifest* edin its cmiquest. Having strengthened the works at Port Royal, they gave it the name of Annapolis Royal, in honor of Queen Anne, and contented them- selves with placing in it a small body of New-Eng- land troops. At the reduction of this post no capi- tulation was made, but for the garrison and the Aca- dians residing within a league of the fort. These people had the privilege of retiring from the Province with their effects at any time within two years, and of disposing of such part of their property as they did not think proper to remove. The rest of the Inhabit- ants of the Province made their submission during the ensuing winter to Govcnior Vetch) but at that time no oath of fidelity was required, except from those in the immediate neighbourhood of Annapolis. In the year 1714 Mr. Nicholson arrived, with the com* mission of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Nova-Scotia, and proposed to the Aoadians either to become subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, and retain their possessions, with the free enjoyment oi their religion as far as was compatible with the Laws of England, or to leave the country within one year. Great inducements having been held out to them by the Governor of Cape Breton to remove thither, they preferred the latter, but these promises not being fulfilled, they remained in the Province. Upon every application that was made to them for that purpose they constantly refused to take the oath of allegiance* In the mean time, the Government was vested solely in the Governor, and in his absence in the Lieuten- ant-Governor, or Commander-in-Chief of the garrison at Annapolis. In 1719, Colonel Phillips succeeded Mr. Nicholson, as Governor, and received instruc* tions to choose a Council for the management of the civil affairs of the Province, from the principal Eng* lish inhabitants, and until an Assembly could be formed, to regulate himself by the instructions of the Governor of Virginia. In the month of April the fol- lowing gentlemen were appointed Councillors : — John Doucett, Lawrance Armstrong, Paul Mascarine^ Cyprian Southack, John Harrison, Arthur Savage, John Adams, Hibbert Newton, William Skeen, Wm. t ! 94 Sheriff, Peter Boudrie and Gillam Phillips. Few Eng- lish families having removed to the Province, this Council was composed of the officers of the garrison and public departments, and Mr. Adams was the only inhabitant admitted to the Board. The governor was ordered to vacate the seat of any Councillor who should be absent Irom the Province twelve months, without his leave, or two years without permission from his Majesty. In the absence of the Governor or Lieutenant Governor, the eldest Councellor was di- rected to act as President of the Council, and to ad- minister the Government, " as, whatever rank any person might have out of the Council, he must sub- mit to the laws of seniority, which, in civil govern- ments ought never to be dispensed with, but by his Majesty's order under his sign manuel." It was fur- ther directed that, upon the Governor's absence, one full moiety of his salary, and all perquisites and emolu- ments whatever, should be paid and satisfied unto such Lieutenant Governor, Commander-in-Chief or President of the Council, as should be resident at the place for the time being, for the better support of the dignity of the Government. The Council be- ing duly formed, the Governor* issued a proclamation, summoning the Acadians to take the oath of allegi- ance, on the same terms offered to them by Mr. Ni- cholson, though the time prescribed had long since elapsed. But these people in general declined, al- }edging that they had been detained contrary to their * The priest who waited upon the Governor to confer with him on the subject of the oath, was escorted by ISO youni; men, a re- tinue which, as it was more numerous than his garrison, the Go- vernor desired him to dispense with when he next did him the honour of « visit. 95 desire, that they had been refused leave to depart in English built vessels, and that, upon making applica- tion to embark on board of French ships, they were informed that such vessels could not, consistently with the navigation laws, be allowed to enter a colonial harbour. Under these embarrassing circumstances, with no positive orders, beyond a general instruction not to use any measures of severity towards them, the Governor obtained leave of absence, and sailed for England, with a view of laying before his Majesty's Ministers the actual state of the Province, and obtain- ing their directions upon this difficult 8ubject.)( Dur- ing his absence, Lieutenant-Governor Armstrong found means to prevail upon the inhabitants to take the oath of fidelity to the King. On the return of Mr. Phillips to Annapolis, they complained that this oath had been extorted from them by undue mea- sures, but, upon his persuasion, a great proportion of the male population in that part of the Country ac- cepted it, and it was accordingly administered to 880 persons.* Although no express reservation was made in the oath, of not bearing arms against their country- men, the French, there is every reason to believe that a promise to that effect was given to them ; and&om that time they were, in consequence of that exemp-^ tion, known throughout the other colonies under the name of the neutral French . To preserve some form of government over these people who had no Ma- gistrates residing among them, and were wholly un- * The following was the form of the oath " Je prometa e( jure sinceremont, en foi de Chretien, que je eerai entirement fidele et obeirai vraiment sa Majeste La Koi George, que je reconnais pour le Souverain seigneur de I'Acadie, ou nouvelle Ecosse— — ainsi Dieu me soit en aide. 96 acquainted with the Knglish laws, they were requir- ed to choose annually in their several parishes, De* puties to act on their behalf, and to publish the orders of the governor. For this purpose the settlements on the Annapolis river were divided into eight districts, which chose each one Deputy, and the other more extensive divisions of the Province severally elected four. These Deputies, twenty-four in number, were annually chosen on the tenth day of October, the anniversary of the King's Coronation and the taking of the Fort. They were authorised to act as arbitra- tors in small matters of controversy between the in- habitants, and from their decision an appeal was al- lowed to the Governor and Council . For the hearing of these appeals the Council sat three times a year. On these occasions the inhabitants generally pleaded their own causes, assisted by an Interpreter, who re- peated their ailments to the Council in English. — The male population, capable of bearing arms, amount- ed to upwards of four thousand men ; of these there were twelve or thirteen hundred settled in the Capi- tal and its neighbourhood, and the rest were dispers- ed on the several rivers of the Province. They were permitted to enjoy their religion* and no rents or taxes were ever exacted from them, although their former Sovereign had relinquished his claim to them, and their new one was able either to protect or to punish * The order with respect to the priests was as follows :— When Any Missionary causes a vacancy by death, or by withdrawing from the Province, the inhabitants of the Parish must apply for leave to Mad for another, and when, upon such permission, a Missionary ar- mee, he is not to settle or exercise his functions till, by repairing to Aonapolie, he has obtained the approbation of the Commander- io-Chief, and is directed to his parish ; and no Missionary, thus ap- pointed, is to remove to another parish without leave. ^1* then th^ir natural predilectioa warn to the eouxOsf from which they derived their origin, their language and their customs. The trade of the Province at this time was carried on by adventurers from Oana* dd, Cape Breton and France, to which both the in* habitants and the Indians gave a preference, and also by the traders of New-England. From eighty to one hundred thousand quintals of fish were caught by the latter on the coast, and sold, together with 9 great quantity of oil, in Portugal, in the ports on the shores of the Mediteranean, and in the West Indies. -^The trade in furs and feathers they conducted in small sloops, in which they sailed from harbour to harbour, and exchanged West India produce and European goods, at a profit of four or five hundred per- cent, for these articles, of which they collected about ten thousand pounds worth annually. In order to facilitate the settlement of the country, Governor Phillips was empowered to grant lands under th^ usual limitations, and upon the payment of sn^all an- nual quit-rents. To carry these instructions into ef- fect, an ofiicer was sent from Annapolis to Boston, with orders to concert measures with the Governor of Massachusetts, for the conveyance of emigrants, and liberal encouragement was offered to the people of the old Colonies to remove thither. But the hos- tile disposition of the Indians, the number of fweigners resident in the Province, and the prospect of the Country becoming at no distant period the theatre of war, rendered all these attempts abortive. By the cession of Noya-Scotia to the English th^ Frenph had no other place to carry on the fishery but Cape Breton, and the attention of Government was now 13 '■ m- 98 i drawn to its settlement and fortification. This island, which derives its name from one of its Capes, for- merly frequented by the vessels of Bretaigne, is si- tuated between the 46th and 47th degrees of north latitude, and forms, with Newfoundland, (from the south western extremity of which it is distant about sixteen leagues,) the entrance of the gnlph of Saint Lawrence. It is separated from Nova-Scotia by a narrow streight, seven leagues in length, and about one mile in width, known by the French under the name of the " Passage de Fronsac," and by the Eng- lish the Gut of Canseau. The greatest length of the Island, fron\ North East to South West, is about fifty ^ leagues, its greatest breadth thirty-three, and its cir-i eumference about eighty-eight leagues. Its form is triangular, but it is indented with many deep bays and large rivers. The soil, like that of Nova-Scotia, is various ; in some places strong and sterile, and in others deep and fertile. The winters are long and severe, and as the Island forms an eddy to the cur- rent which sets through theGulph of Saint Lawrence, its harbours are filled with ice, with which its shores are environed until late in the spring. The most valuable productions ar^ Coal and Plaister of Paris, with which it abounds. On the north and west sides the coast is bold and steep-, but the south eastern side is full of fine bays and harbours, capable of receiving and securing ships of any burden. Previous to the peace, the Messieurs Baudot presented a very able and interesting memorial to the Court of France, setting forth the expediency and the mode of settling the Island, which, though then laid aside from the cohtinuance of the war, was now acted upon by Go- 99 vernment. After drawing ^ contrast between the regular compact settlements of the English, their in- dustrious habits and useful manufactories, and the idleness of the Canadians, their propensity to hunt- ing, to trafic and other pursuits more calculated for immediate profit, than the advancement of the Colony — they represented the indispeneible necessity of es- tablishing a regular system of settlement, in order to prevent the Country from falling into the hands of the enemy. They pointed out the propriety of mak- ing Cape Breton a depot for the trade of France with Canada, between which a most valuable and bene- ficial exchange of commodities could take place. — They demonstrated the advantage of forming an ex- tensive sedentary fishery, the facility with which ship building might be carried on, and the great pro- tection which would be afforded to the trade of the Saint Lawrence. They advised that some of the Government vessels should be employed in trans- porting the Colonists ; and that they should return freighted with masts, spars, planks and fish; an em- ployment, which, while it diminished the expense of founding the Colony, would materially improve the condition of the seamen. The soldiers to be selected for the garrison it was recommended should be chiefly artificers, who, after a certain period of service, should be located as settlers, which would have the double effect of peopling the Island and forming an efficient militia. They concluded by entering into a detail of the plan in all its various parts, equally mi- nute and judicious, which, as the project was revived, formed the basis of the system adopted by Govern- ment. It now only remained to select a harbour and icB. /"' 100 «ite ttst a town, and tt^d pfaoei, Port St. Anne and English Harbour, were surFeyed for the purpose, be* tween which it was difiicalt to determine the choice. The former is an excellent spacious harbour, com* pletely protected from the sea, and capable of being fortified at a small expence. It is well situated for j^rosecuting the fishery, and is in the vicinity of the Bras d'Or lake, where the soil is fertile and suitable for settlement ; but as the port is not easy of access, the preference was finally given to English Harbour. This place lies in Latitude 45 55, its entrance is about 400 yards wide, the anchorage is good, and small vessels may run ashore on a soft muddy bottom. The depth of water at the entrance is from nine to twelve fathom. The harbour opens to the South £a»t, between two small islands, which form part of its defences. The cod fishery in the neighbourhood is extensive and valuable, and can be pursued from April to December. But on the other hand the beach wiH not reoeive above forty fishing shallops at a time; the land bordering upon it is poor and stony, and the harbour cannot be fortified without a prodigious ex- l^ense, as most of the materials must be brought from a distance. Upon a neck of land on the south sidd Of the harbour were laid the foundations of a town, two miles and a half in circumference, which was called Lomsburg, in honour of the King of France. — M. de Constable, who commanded at Plaisance, was appointed Governor, and M. de Saint Ovide, Lieut*- GoTemoT. The Indians of Nova-Scotia were solicited to emigrate thither, and many actually removed there. The Acadiani» were also urged to join their country- men, but as no equivalent was offered them for their > 3 © ^ © fA -( W 1 '««»<••. M §)»«» S fifi A £S.|i H ^ ■ rl" m li'l t e A 3 ^ w ^ / I II 101 p property) which thej must neceasarily have abandon* ed, they preferred to remain where they were. — From their first fiettlement in North America th« French strengthened their alliance with the Indiana by an assimilation of manners, of families and of wor* ship. During the period they held Nova-Scotia, they gained so efl'ectually the good will of the natives, and inspired them with sach an inveterate hatred of the English,* that the people of the British Colonies ever afterwards found them an implacable enemy. They deemed the affection of the Indians a greater securi- ty than military posts, and wherever they establiirti* ed a garrison they naturalized the place by an inti- mate association with the savages. This gave them a great advantage in every enterprise, and enabled them to Call in to their assistance a numerous and powerful ally. On the present occasion^ though peace was established, the Indians still continued hostile. The English remonstrated that thewhoie country had, by the treaty, become the property of the Crown of England. The savages, amazed at ft transfer the nature of which they oould not comprehend^ very feelingly complained to Vaudrieul, who informed them that no mention was made either of them ot their lands in the treaty of Utrecht. There Could be no doubt with regard to the meaning and sphfit of the treity, but from the moment peace wa» con* eluded the Government of New-France affected to consider the Indians as an independent people, and maintained among them an interest separate from the English. Every exertion was therefore made by * They were accused, tbougb probably «ritbout foandatioif, of bat- ing taught the savages to believe that it was the Englisb who cmei- fied the Saviour. M .^- i ii I lot threat8,by perauasion and presents, to preserve peace, but without avail; and their unfriendly disposition was soon manifested by open acts of hostility. The Eng- lish Provincials had erected a fishing establishment at Canseau, which was favourably situated for that purpose, and was much frequented during the summer months by traders from Massachusetts* On the night Tth August, 1720, it was attacked by a numerous party of Indians, and plundered of fish and merchan- dize to the amount of jC20,000. There were several lives lost upon the occasion, and the injury to the merchants, in the destruction of their fishery for the remainder of the season, was very severe. These attacks were made with great secrecy and address, and as Louisburg offered an asylum for the perpetra- tors, and a market for the plunder, they became more frequent and more daring. In the following year a vessel was captured by the Indians, at Paseamaquoddy, while on her voyage from An- napolis to Boston ; and Mr. fiinney, the Collector of the Province, and several other gentlemen, were made prisoners ; nor were they released until re- prisals were made, and twenty-two Indians seized and put into confinement by the Governor. At Cape Sable they boarded several vessels, and either murdered the crew or carried them into the interior as prisoners. At Burrell's Island, near Can- seau, they killed and scalped a Captain Watkins, two men, a woman and a child. In the year 1723, they again surprised Canseau, and captured seven- * The Aurora Boreali* Tras first leen in this part of thie world in 1719. — It had been noticed in England four years before, and the accounts in both places, notwithstanding the alarm it created, des- cribe the appearances as nearly similar to what they are at present. 103 teen sail of fishing vetsels, in which they took a great number of priBonera, nine of whom they very deli- berately and cruelly put to death. Seven of these vessels were afterwards retaken with fifteen capti veSf and 1500 quintals offish, but not without a severe con- flict with the Indians, who lost about 30 men on board the several prizes. Twenty prisoners were carried to (M erlequesh) Lunenburg, and were destined as a sacrifice to the manes of those Indians who had fal- len in the engagement. The pow-wowing and other ceremonies had commenced previous to their being put to death, when an English vessel arrived off the harbour with proposals for their ransom, which were happily accepted, though not without much difficulty, the vessels delivered up and the captives set at liberty. Upon complaining to the Governor of Cape Breton of these outrages in a time of profound peace, and of the encouragement given to the perpetrators by the people of Louisburg, he retivned for answer that the Indians were an independent people, without his jurisdiction and beyond hiscontroul ; and that if there were any French agents among them, they were the neutrals of Nova-Scotia, and not his subjects. Thus encourag- ed, they had the temerity to attack the garrison at Annapolis, burned two houses situated at a little dis- tance from the fort, and killed and scalped a Serjeant and private, and took several prisoners. The Indians of the western portion of Nova-Scotia, were a part of the great Abenaqui nation, who were in force at No- vidgewoack (Kenebec) and the whole of these people acknowledged the Baron Casline as their Chief Sa- chem or leader. This person was a son of the old Baron, before named, by an Indian woman, and from ^^^ I- 104 thie circumstance, as well as his pefBOOal qiialifica^ tiont and great wealth, had an unbounded influence over them. Le Pere Rall^, who had been a Mis- sionary among the savages forty years, resided at No- ridge woeck at this time, and had erected a Church there. They loved and idolized him, and were at all times ready to hazard their lives for his preserva- tion. He was conversant with the English and Dutch languages, and master of the several dialects of the Abenaqui nation. His literary attainments, though of little use to him in such a situation, appear to have been very respectable; and his Latin, in which he generally addressed those gentlemen at Boston with whom he had occasionally a controversial cor-i respondence, was pure, classical and elegant. As both these persons were supposed to have instigated the Indians to hostility, as well in Nova-Scotia, as on the confines of New-England, and were in the immediate interest of the Governor of Canada, they became very obnoxious to the English. Measures were therefore concerted to arrest tliem, and carry them to Massachusetts as prisoners. Previous to the last afihir at Annapolis, Castiae had been sur- prised and actually imprisoned at Boston, but partly owing to a dread of exasperating the In- dians, beyond all hopes of reconciliation, and partly from a difficulty of considering him a traitor who had never acknowledged himself a subject, it was deemed prudent to release him. The Indians still continuing hostile, an expedition was fitted out in Massachusetts, consisting of 208 men, with orders to proceed up the Kenebec, and attack their principal village. On the 12th of August, 1724, they arrived 105 at Norridgewoack, were they surprised the enemy, and defeated them with great slaughter. Having plundered the Church, and hewn down the Crucifix, and whatever else they considered emblems of idola- try, they destroyed the buildings and pillaged the encampment. Charlevoix informs us that the Pere Ralle, though unprepared was not intimidated, and advanced towards the English in order to attract their attention to him, and thus screen his flock by the vo- luntary ofter of his own life. As soon as he was dis- covered, he was saluted by a shout and a shower of bullets, and fell, together with seven Indians, who had rushed out of their tents to shelter him with their bodies, at the foot of a cross which he had erected in the middle of the village. He adds that the savages, when tlie pursuit had ceased, returned to weep over their beloved missionary, and that they found his body perforated with balls, his head scalped, his skull broken with the blows of hatchets, his mouth and eyes filled with mud, the bones of his legs fractured, and his limbs dreadfully mangled. After having bathed his remains with their tears, they buried him on the site of the Chapel, where the preceding even- ing he had celebrated the sacred rites of religion.* — Castine, who had previously gone to France to take possession of the paternal estate, determined on not * Hutchinson gives a dilTercnt account of the death of Rall^, he says, " he was found, on the return of the party who pursued thO Indians, in a wigwam, firing upon our men. He had an English boy in the wigwam with him, about 14 years of age, who had bken taken six months before ; this boy he shot through the thigh and then stabbed through the body. Orders were given not to kill the Jesuit, but by his firing one of our men was wounded, and Lieutenant Jaques stove open the door and shot him through the head, Rall^ declaring' that he would neither give nor take quarter." Bat see the 8th vol. of second series of Mass. Hist. Coll. page 250, where his character is vindicated, and a biographical sketch ofhii life jiven. 106 IB: I ■■)- returning^ to the Country, and as tlie destruction of Norridgewoack was followed by other measures of severity, the Indians were for a time terrified and humbled, and did not venture to disturb the general tranquillity.* At this period much dissention was excited in England by inflamatory publications of anti-ministerial writers, who not only exaggerated the real burdens of the people, but drew frightful pictures of the distress and famine which they said impended over the nation. The dissentions in Parliament, and the clamours and dissatisfaction of the people, gave a colour to their misrepresentations, and the Court of Versailles was persuaded the nation was ripe for a re- volt. This belief was corroborated by their emissaries in different parts of Great Britain and Ireland, who gave the French Ministry to understand that if the Chevalier de St. George, or his son Charles Edward, should land with a French army a revolution would instantly follow in his favour. Prince Charles left * In the autumn of 1736 Governor Armstrong was informed that an English ship was seen in the harbour of Chebogue, (Yoimouth,) not only deserted by the crew, but bearing evident marUs of murder having been committed onboard of her, both the deck and cabin being co^'ered with blood. Upon receipt of this intelligence ho dis- patched an officer nnd a party of men to bring her to Annapolis, and to make enquiries into the particulars of her arrival and the fate of the crew ; alter some difficulty they succeeded in getting the vessel off, and though she had been plundered of many of her sails and part of her rigging, they finally reached the Annapolis river,— It appeared, from the examination of a Mrs. Buckler, the only sur- vivor, who had sought refuge with one Dontremont, a Frenchman, that the vessel was the Brigantine Baltimore, owned by Andrew Buckler, and commanded by Richard White ; and that she had sailed from Dublin, with 60 or 70 ::onvicts, for Annapolis, in Mary- land. During tho voyage the convicts rose on the crew and put them to death, and, quarrelling among themselves, a constant suc- cession of murder and carnage ensued, until the 7th of October, wheu the survivors put into Chebogue, where they perished in a most miserable manner. The story told by the woman ^yas confuo- edand contradictory, and little doubt was entertained that she had been deeply involved in the guilt ; but it was satisfactorily proved by Mr. Dontremont that n«ither tho French nor the Indians had been concerned in it. 107 that ith,) uder ;abin dis- olis, fate the Bails kman, ^drew had tary- Id put \t suc- tober, Id in a lonfiis- lio had iroved had Rome for Paris about the end of December, and on 20th of March, 1744, war was declared by the French against the Enghsh. News of this event did not reach Boston until the 2d of June, but inteUigcnce had been conveyed to Cape Breton much eariier by a fast sailing vessel, despatched for that purpose. M. de Quesnal, who had succeeded M. Constable as Go- vernor of the Island, received instructions, with the declaration of war, not to attempt the capture of any post in Nova-Scotia until further orders ; under the well grounded apprehension that, as liOuisburg was insufficiently garrisoned, such expeditions might alarm the neighbouring Colonies, and induce them to un- dertake the reduction of that important place. Ever ready as the French Colonists had been, even in time of peace, to attack or encroach upon their neighbours, the advantage of a surprise was not to be resisted. De Quesnal was sensible that both the garrisons of Canseau and Annapolis were deficient in numbers,and not at all prepared for a defence, and hoped that one or both might fall an easy and unresisting conquest to the arms of France. He was also induced to as- sume the responsibility of disobeying his orders, on account of the increased strength which he would derive from the disaffected inhabitants of Nova- Scotia, 4000 of whom he knew were ready to join him if he should succeed in taking Annapolis. He therefore immediately fitted out a small armament from Louis- burg, consisting of two sloops carrying eight guns, besides swivels and small arms, with ninety-four men each, and several other small vessels, with seventy soldiers on board, under the command of M. I)u Vi- vier. The first destination of these vessels was 108 against Canseau, where they arrived on the 11th May, and were instantly joined by two hundred In- dians. Captain Heron, who had only one company in garrison, finding that he was deprived of the as- sistance of the man of war belonging to the station, and that the place was incapable of defence against such a superior force, proposed a capitulation, which was granted on the 13th ; upon condition that if he surrendered himself the same day, prisoner of war, with his whole garrison, as well men as women, for one year, with all the arms, artillery and military stores, every thing should be restored. That M. Du Vivier would, on his return to Louisburg, use his best endeavours with the Governor of Cape Breton, to engage him to grant to the Ladies of the oilicers o£ the garrison, liberty to retire, with their eflects, wher- ever they should think proper, and that the garrison should be conveyed to England or Annapolis Royal, at the expiration of a year. Upon these terms the French took possession of the place, destroyed the ibrtiiiGations and demolished the buildings. The for- tifications at Annapolis were, as they always had been at the commencement of every war, in a ruinous and dilapidated state. The ramparts had been suffered to crumble into the fosses, and cattle passed and re- passed them at pleasure. The garrison, v/bich iiad been reduced at the peace, and subsequently weak- ened by furnishing a detachment to Canseau, did not exceed eighty men capable of doing duty. Thus si- tuated, and not at all aware what had taken place in Europe, they were surprised early in June by the appearance of an enemy, and a summons to surren- der. An Indian war was the natural consequence of ; !■ 109 Colonial hostilities, and the savages were generally the first to commence the campaign. The English were therefore not a little astonished at the sight of three hundred Indians, who had assembled from Cape Sable and St. John's. They were under the direc- tion of M. Luttre, a French missionary priest, who informed the Governor that a reinforcement of regu- lar troops was daily expected from Louisburg, but that after blood sliould be spilt, it would be difficult to restrain the fury of the Indians. He advised him therefore to make an immediate surrender, in which case he promised personal protection and humane treatment, and concluded by a threat, if these offers were refused, to storm the place upon the arrival of the soldiers. To triis the officers of the garrison, who suspected the truth of his assertion, replied it would be quite soon enough to summon them to surrender when the armaments of which he spoke in such con- fident terms arrived. In the mean time Governor Mascarine made the most pressing entreaties to Massachusetts for assistance, and as the General Court was too sensible of the necessity of preserving Nova-Scotia to leave it exposed to the enemy. Go- vernor Shirley was authorised to grant permission for the enlistment of four volunteer companies, to be sent to the relief of Annapolis. Luttre, not receiving the assistance he had been promised from Louisburg, whhdrew to Minas (Horton) — having first burned the few English houses in the neighbourhood and destroyed the cattle. Luttre had scarcely quit An- napolis before the division appeared in the Basin from Canseau, under Du Vivicr ; he landed his men on the ^d of June, and as the Indians immediately 1. 1 i 110 flocked to his standard, he invested the fort ; but though the works were in a miserable condition, there were forty pieces of cannon mounted ; and as he was not provided with a proper train of artillery, he made little or no progress in the siege ; for four weeks he kept the place in perpetual alarm, but he did not venture to make a regular attack. On the 3d of July, the four companies from New-England arrived and reinforced the garrison, upon which Du Vivier pro- vided scaling ladders for a general assault, and offered a reward of four hundred livres to every Indian who should mount the rampart ; but not being able to pre- vail upon them to make the attempt, he broke up his camps, retired first to Bay-Verte. then to Canada, and from thence sailed for France, where he was censured for precipitately alarming the English Co- lonies by his ineffectual hostilities before Canada was in a situation to support the consequences of a war. He was also reprimanded for not marching immedi- ately after the reduction of Cansoaa to Annapolis, when that place must inevitably have fallen for want of a sufficient garrison. These attacks being consi- dered byGovernor Mascurine as the prelude to others : the women and children of the garrison were put on board of the vessels that brought the recruits, and removed to Boston for safety ; as the Indians of Cape Sable and St. John's had aided in these attacks on Annapolis, killed many British subjects, and still persisted in their hostilities, the Government of Mas- sachusetts denounced them as enemies and rebels, and declared war against them. The savages of Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Pig- wogat, and others, were forbidden to hold any inter- Ill course with them. Premiums were then oflered for capturing or scalping them : one hundred pounds for each male above twelve years of age if scalped, one hundred and five if taken prisoner ; fifty pounds for each woman and child scalped, and fifty pounds when brought in alive. These premiums were afterwards extended, upon the defection ot the Penobscot tribe, for all Indians inhabiting the west side of the Bay of Fundy. These measures did not prevent M. Morin, a subaltern officer of Canada, from assembling nine- hundred Indian rangers, and other troops> and laying siege to Annapolis. This attempt met the same fate as the last, he being recalled to the relief of Louisburg, which was now attacked both by land and by sea. Having reached the eastern shore of the Province with great speed, they embarked on board of two sloops, two schooners and sixty large canoes, at As- macouse harbour, but were prevented from crossing the streight by the English fleet, and compelled to reland and retire to Minas. These attempts of the French were rash and impolitic ; they were not pre- pared for extensive operation, and had been express- ly ordered not to undertake them. They served, as had been foreseen, to irritate and alarm the English Colonists, who being thus made sensible of their own danger, naturally endeavoured to elude attack them- selves by making a bold and vigorous eflfort to crush their eneniy- In the autumn Du Quesnal, the Go- vernor of Cape Breton, died, and was succeeded by Duchambon, an officer of less note and experience. The store ships from France arrived on the coast so late in the autumn that they were driven off by the severity of the weatlier, and compelled to proceed to m 112 j!' the West Indies. The captive garrison of Canseau, with other prisoners taken at sea, and carried into Loui8burg,were sent to Boston,and from them, as well as other sources, the Governor of Massachusetts ob- tained such intelligence as induced him to form the project of attacking it. The French had been twen- ty-five years in erecting the fortifications of this place, which, though not yet completed according to the original design, had cost the Crown not less than thirty millions of livres. It was environed, two miles and a half in circum- ference, with a rampart of stone from thirty to thirty- six feet high, and a ditch eighty feet wide, with the exception of a space of two-hundred yards near the sea, which was enclosed by a dyke and a line of pic- kets. The water in this place was shallow, and nu- merous reefs rendered it inaccessable to shipping, while it received an additional protection from the side fire of the bastions. There were six bastions and eight batteries, containing embrasures for one- hundred and forty-eight cannon, of which forty-five only were mounted, and sixteen mortars. On an Is- land at the entrance of the harbour was planted a battery of thirty cannon, carrying twenty-eight pound shot ; and at the bottom of the harbour was the grand or royal battery, of twenty-eight cannon, forty-two pounders, and two eighteen pounders. On a high cliff opposite to the Island battery stood a light house, and within this point, at the north east part of the harbour, was a careening wharf, secure from all winds, and a magazine of naval stores. The town was regularly laid out in squares ; the streets were broad and commodious, and the houses, which 113 were built partly of wood upon etone foundAtioiM^ and partly of more durable materials, corresponded with the general appearance of the place. In th» centre of one of the chief bastions was a stone build* ing, with a mote on the side towards the town, which was called the citadel, though it had neithti artillery nor a structure suitable to receive any .-^ Within this building were the apartments of the g(> vemor, the barracks for the soldiers, and the arsenel; and, under the platform of the redoubt, a magaane well furnished with military stores. The parish church also stood within the citadel, and without was another, belonging to the hospital of St. Jean de DieUy which was an elegant and spacious structure. The entrance to the town was at the west gate over a drawbridge, near which was a circular battery, mounting sixteen guns of fourteen pounds shot. Governor Shirley had conceived the idea of attack- ing this place, as we have seen, soon after the cap- ture of Ganseau, and the same autumn had solicit^ ed the assistance of the British ministry ; supposing that it might be surprised, if an attempt was made early in the spring, before the arrival of succour from France, he communicated his plan, without waiting for answers from England, in his dispatches to the general court, under an oath of secrecy. Wild and impracticable as this scheme appeared to all prudent men, it was natural to suppose that it would meet with much opposition, and it was accordingly rejected — but, upon reconsideration, it was carried by a majority of a single voice . Circulars were im- mediately addressed to the colonies, as far south as Pennsylvania, requesting their assistance, and that 114 I an cmbar^ might be laid on all their ports. The New-England colonics were, however, alone con- cerned in the cxpcdilion. The forces employed by Massachusetts coiiHlated of upwards of 3,200 men, aided by 500 from Connecticut, and 300 from New- Hampshire— the contingent from Rhode Island of 300 not having arrived until after the surrender of the city. Ten vessels, of which the largest carried only twenty guns each, with the armed sloops of Connec- ticut and Rhode Island, constituted the whole naval force. In two months the army was enlisted, victual- ed and equipped for service. The command of the expedition was given to a Colonel of Militia, at Kittery, William Pepperal, Esq. This Gentleman wios ex- tensively concerned in trade, whereby he had acquir- ed much influence; and as his manners were affable, and his character unblemished, he was very popular both in Massachusetts and New-Hampshire,where he was very generally known. These qualities were ab- solutely necessary in the commander of an n^my of volunteers, his own countrymen, who were to quit their domestic connections and employments, and engage in a hazardous enterprise, which none of them, from the highest to the lowest, knew how to conduct. In waging war against the papists, there can bo little doubt that some thought they^were do- ing God service ; and the military feeling of the peo- ple was excited both by patriotism and religion. The flag was presented to the famous George Whitefield, who was then an itinerant preacher in New-England, and he was pressed by Pepperal to favour him with a motto, suitable for the occasion. The inscription nil dosperandum christo ducc" gave the expedition (( 115 the air of a crasade, and many of his followers enlist- ed. One of them, a Chaplain, carried on his shoul- ders a hatchet, with which lie intended to destroy the images in the French Churches. Previous to the departure of the fleet, a despatch was sent to Com- modore Warren, who was on the West India station, informing him of the contemplated attack on Louis- burg, and soliciting his assistance and co-operation; but he declined the invitation, on the score of having no orders, and that the expedition was wholly a pro- vincial aflair, undertaken without the assent, and perhaps without the knowledge of the ministry.*— This Was a severe disappointment to Governor Shir- ley, but being determined to make the attempt at all hazards, he concealed the information from the troops, and on the 4th of April they embarked for Canseau, where they arrived in safety ; here they were de- tained three weeks, waiting the dissolution of the ice, with which tl\p coast of Cape Breton was envi- * I have compiled the above account of this gallant exploit from Belknap, Douglas, Minot, HutchinBon, and the Mass. Hist. Coll. The former has published the best narrative of this &iege of any that is extant, and it has formed the ground work of every other that has been since published; for he was personally acquaint- ed with many of the officers who were upon the expedition, and gathered a number of interesting incidents, which would otherwise have never reached us. He was a laburioHS, patient and accurate compiler, and his historical works are written in a pure, chaste, and classical style, and deserve to be better known in the Province! than they appear to be. In the first volume of the Mass. Hist.. Coll. first series, the instructions of Governor Shirley, and the cor- respondence between Warren and Pepperal, and several valuable documents, are published, to which the reader is referred for fur- ther particulars. It must be confessed that there appeared a de- sire at that time, to attribute the whole credit of this affair to the navy, and that this spontaneous and gallant effort of the Provincials did not meet a correspionding return on the part of Government. The ungenerous manner in which their services were often viewed by those who reaped the advantages and the honors of them, fi- nally estranged their affections, and prepared their minds for the great conflict which subsequently severed the Colonies from Great Britaia. 116 raned. After Oommodore Warren had returned an aoewertoOoremor Shirley, he received instructions from England, founded on the communications which the latter had made on the subject, by which he was ordered to proceed directly to North America, and concert measures for the benefit of his Majesty's ser- vice. Hearing that the fleet had sailed, he steered direct for Ganseau, and after a short consultation with Generel Fepperal, he proceeded to cruise be- fore Louisburg, whither he was soon followed by the fleet and army, which arrived on the 13th of April, in Chaparouge Bay. The sight of the transports gave the first intelligence of the intended attack, for al- though the English had been detained three weeks at Canseau, the French were, until the moment of thcar arrival, ignorant of their being in the neigh- bourhood. Preparations were immediately made for landing the men, which was effected without much opposition, and the enemj^ driven into the tp^n. While the troops were disembarking, the French burned ail the houses in the neighborhood of the works, which might serve as a cover to the Eng- lish) ai^d sunk some vessels in the harbor to obstruct the entrance of the fleet. The first object was to in- vent the city. Lieutenant-Colonel Vaughan conduct- fid the first column through the woods within sight of Louisburg, and saluted the city with three cheers. At the head of a Detachment, composed chiefly of New Hampshire Troops, he marched in the night to the north-east part of the harbor, where he burned the warehouses containing the naval stores, and iBtaved a large quantity of wine and brandy. The mopipke of the fire, driven by the wind into the Grand in Battery, bo terrified the French that they abandoned it, and spiking up their guns they retired to the city. The next morning he took possesion of the deserted Battery, and having dHi led the cannon left by the enemy, which consisted chiefly of 42 pounders, turn- ed them with good effect on the city, within which al- most every shot lodged,w1 tile several fell into the roof of the citadel. The troops were employed for fourteen successive nights in drawing cannon from the landing place to the camps, through a morass. To effect this they were obliged to construct sledges, as the ground was too soft to admit of the use of wheels ; while the men, with straps on their shoulders, and sinking to their knees in mud, performed labor be- yond the power of oxen ; which could only be exe cuted in the night or during a fo^ry day, the place being within view of the town and within reach of ita rfuns. On the 7th of May a summons was sent to Duchambon, who. refused to surrender ; the siege was therefore pressed with great vigor and spirit. By the 38th of the month the Provincials had erect- ed five fascine batteries, mounted with sixteen pieces of cannon and several mortars, which had destroyed the western gate, and made a very evident impres- sion on the circular battery of the enemy. The for- tifications on the Island, however, had been so judi- ciously placed; and the artillery so well served, that they made five unsuccessful attacks upon it, in the lastof which they lost 189 men. In the mean time Commodore Warren captured the Vigilant, a French 74, having a complement of 560 men, and gietit quan- tities of military stores. This prize was of the ut- most importance, as it not only added to the naval If Its -•■\,h -;! ! :l.- i forces of file English, but furnished them with a va- riety of supplies of which they were very deficient. Commodore Warren suggested the propriety of con- veying information of this event to the Governor, un- der the expectation that the intelligence might lead to a capitulation ; and proposed to Pepperal a plan to induce the Commander, the Marquis de la Maison Forte, to certify it himself ; which, being approved, was immediately put into execution. It appeared that some of the English prisoners had been treated with severity by the French, and the Marquis was made acquainted with this fact, and requested to vi- sit the different ships on the station, and if satisfied with their condition, to address a letter to Ducham- bon, expressing his approbation of the conduct of the ; English, and entreating similar usage^ for those whom the fortune of war had thrown into his hands. With this demand he readily complied, and his letter, to- gether with one of a similar nature, written by the General, was sent into Louisburg the next day, by Capt^n McDonald with a flag of truce. This expedi* • On board the Vigilant, tnhere I am a priaoner, before Louii- burg, June 18, 1745. TRANSLATION. Reremth I sond you, Sir, the copy of a Iett«r, written me by Mr. WarrtD, commander of a squadron, who informs me that the French faave treated some English prisoners with cruelty and inhumanity. I can scaraely believe it, since it is the intention of the King, our master, that they should be well treated or. every occasion. You are to knew that on the SOth of May, I was taken by the squadron ai I was about to enter your harbour, and it is fitting you should be informed that the Gentlemen, the Captains and Officers, treat us not as prisoners but as their good friends, and take a very particular eara that my officers and equipage should want for nothing. To ■leit leenuijust yoa should treat them in the same manner, and see that they ^e punished who act otherwise, and ofier any insult to tboM wtiom you mty make prisoners. Yours, &c. To Db LA Maison Fortc. Dnchambon, Governor of Loaiiburg. 119 » ent had the desired effect : the news threw thtim Into ' evident confusion, and the erection of a battery oa Light House Cliff, togethenr with the preparations which were making for a general assault, determined Duchambon to surrender ; and accordingly, on the 16th of June, he capitulated. Upon entering the for- tress and viewing its strength, and the plenty and variety of its means of defence, the stoutest hearts were appalled, and the impracticability of carrying it by assault fully demonstrated. The garrison, a* mounting to 650 veteran troops, and 1310 militiSi with the crew of the Vigilant, and the principal inha*^ bitantsof the town, in all 4130, engaged that they would not bear arms for twelve months against Great Britain or her allies ; and being embarked on board of 14 cartel ships, were transported to Rochfort. Thft New England forces lost 101 men, killed by the ene» my and other accidental causes, and about 30, who died from sickness ; while the French were supposed tohave lost 300, ^yho were killed within the walls. The result was more successful than could have been anticipated, considering the nature of the troops, the strength of the place, and the inexperience of all concerned. The plan for the reduction of this regu- larly constructed fortress, was drawn up by a Law* yer, and executed by a body of Husbandmen and Merchants ; animated indeed by a zeal for the service of their country, but wholly destitute of professional skill. In no one instance in History is there to be found such a combination of fortunate occurrences, any one of which, it is said, had it been otherwise, would have defeated the object of the expedition. The garrison of Louisburg had been so mutinous be*- i ^ 120 fore the eiegethat the Governor could not trust them to make a sortie, lest they should desert ; for had they been united the camp might have been repeat- edly surprised, and many of the people destroyed. They were in want both of provisions and stores, and those which had been sent to their relief were Oapturedby the fleet. The ground upon which the Provincials were entrenched was so uneven, and the troops 80 8cattered,that the French could form no es* timate of their number, and the prisoners, as if by mutual agreement, represented it to be infinitely greater than it was. During the forty-nine days the seige lasted,the wea- ther Was remarkably fine for the season of the year, but the day after the surrender it became foul, anil the rain fell incessantly for ten days; which, as there were fifteen hundred at that time afflicted with a dys- entery, must have proved fatal to a large portion of the troops. When the transports sailed for Canseau, there was no reason to expect aid from the navy, but several fortuitous circumstances brought together every Britisn ship of war, from the ports of the Ame- rican continent and Islands,till they made a formidable naval force, consisting of four ships of the line and six frigates, under the command of an active, experi- enced and judicious officer.^ But these circumstances * The mao of war that arrived, from time to time, at Louisburg, during the siege, were ; — BuperL'e, of 6OguB0 ^ Lancaatar, 40 S Under Coraodore Warren. Mermaid, * 40 ) The Prize Vigilant, 64 , . ' ' Princess Mary, 60 "i V .' Hector 40 S From En|land. ' Chester** 60 j CaBterberrv.**<60 ^ ' .' ' Sunderland* *«*60 > From Newfoundland. Lark********* 40 j Elthamf called in from conveying tU9 m$st ships to England. 121 did not lessen the merit of the man u lo planned, nor of the people who effected the conquest, which ex- hibited a high spirit of enterprize, and a generous participation in the war of the mother Country. Cape Breton was useful to France : in many respects Louisburg had realized the hopes of those who projected its establishment. Its local connexions with the fisheries, whence her naval power began to draw a respectability that threatened to rival that of her enemy, made it a commodious station for their encouragement ; by dividing the principal stations of the English fisheries at Newfoundland and Can- eeau, it gave a check to both. Louisburg* was the French Dunkirk of America, whence privateers were fitted out to infest the coast of the British plantations, and to which prizes were conveyed in safety. The French East and West India fleets found a secure harbour there, and the supplies of fish and lumber were carried with convenience from thence to the sugar Colonies ; besides which Cape Breton com- manded the entrance into the gulf of St. Lawrence, the increasing and favourite Colony of France. If all these local advantages did not accrue, positively, to Great Britain, upon the capture of this Island, yet wresting them from the hands of her enemy was almost equal to it. There was also another of great consequence, arising to her from the existing state of Nova-Scotia. An expedition was projected by the French to recover the Province ; the taking of Cape Breton frustrated the execution of this plan, and gave * In November preeedin|f the eaptare of this place, the grand French fleet sailed from thence, consisting of three men of war, six East India ships, thirty-one other ships, nine brigantines, five ■news and two schooners. 16 r • 122 t !■ ;iif I iii: the English an additional bridle over this half revolt- ing country. The news of this conquest being trans- i.iitted to England, General Pepperal and Commo- dore Warren were preferred to the dignity of Ba- ronets of Great Britain, and congratulatory addresses were presented to the King, upon the success of his ^ Majesty's arms. Reinforcements of men, stores and provisions, having arrived at Louisburg, it was de- termined, in a Council of war, to maintain the place and repair the breaches. As this acquisition was made under the Commission of the Governor of Massachu- setts' Bay, the exercise of the Government, upon the precedent of the conquest of Nova-Scotia, in 1710, was decided to appertain to him until the Royal plea- sure should be known ; Governor Shirley, therefore^ repaired thither, and having taken the command, prevailed upon the garrison,who had been enlisted for a limited period, to remain until they should be re- lieved by r^ular troops, by promising them an in- crease of pay, and an ample provision of clothing and other necessaries. Having adjusted these matters with general satisfaction, he left the Government under the j int administration of Pepperal and War- ren,* and returned to Boston. As the coast was long * Anecdote, eommunieatedhy the Hon. Judge Sewall. - At the taking of Louisburg,iR 1746, by the New England troops, under the command of General Pepperal, the Rev. Samuel Moody, of York, was chaplain to the Genera) and his particular regiment. After the surrender of the fortress, the General made a dinner, more especially for Commodore Warren and the officers of the Navy, who co-operated in the capture. Mr. Moody, who was « usually very lengthy in craving a blessing, was called upon by the General to perform this duty. Moody's friends were very anxious, lest he should disgust the guests by a prolix performance ; but his temper was so irritable, that none of the most intimate of them would venture to suggest to him that brevity would be acceptable- They were very agrfteably disappointed, and highly gratified by his ' M: performing it in the following manner : " Good Lord, we have so ' V 123 since cleared of ice, and the season had commenced tor the arrival of ships from different parts,the French flag was hoistedjfor the purpose of decoying them into the harbour, and two East India men and a South Sea ship, valued at ^£600,000, were the fruits of this ruse du guerre. The Island of St. John's, since called Prince Ed- ward's Island, f^ll into the hands of the English at the same time with Cape Breton, and the inhabitants were also transported to France. In July vessels were sent for the purpose of taking them off from the Island; while engaged in embarking the prisoners, a party of the English incautiously ventured into the Country, where they were attacked by the Indians, and twenty-eight either killed or taken prisoners. Dii Vivier, who had gone to France the preceding winter, to solicit a force to conquer Nova-Scotia, suc- ceeded in his mission, and sailed early in July, with a squadron for that purpose, consisting of seven ships of war, commanded by M. Perrier, which were ordered to rende25vous at Louisburg. This fleet hav- ing captured a vessel bound from Boston to London, on board of which was the Lieutenant-Governor of New York, were informed of the capture of Cape Breton, and of the force of the English squadron stationed there, which probably saved them from fall- ing into the same snare with the East India ships ; upon receipt of this intelligence, four of them return- ed to France, and the Perfait, of 46 guns, the Argo- naut of 46, and the La Tournier, of 32 guns, put into many things to thank thee for, that time will be infinitely too short to do it ; we must therefore leave it for the work of eternity. Bless our food and fellowship upon this joyful occasion, for thesaka of Christ our Lord, Amen."— 1st. vol. Hist. Coll. 1st. series. 124 'IE llll the harbour of Carrous, in the northern part of New- foundland, from whence they convoyed the ships which had been engaged in the fisheries. The exer- tions of the New-England troops in this conquest drew the military preparations of the contending powers the ensuing year into America. On the one hand Great Britain viewed it as an important prepa- ratory operation to the conquest of Canada ; and France received an alarm from it, which led her to seek the recovery of Cape Breton, the conquest of Nova-Scotia, and the destruction of the settle- ments on the sea coast from thence to Georgia. — The English plan was to send eight battalions of regular troops, in conjunction with those of New- England, up the river St. Lawrence to Quebec; and the troops to be raised in New- York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, after assembling at Albany, were to proceed across the country by land to Mon- treal. The exertions of France, though inefl'ectual beyond all expectations in a general view, were suf- ficient to check the zeal of the British colonies, in attacking her American dommions. Th e vigour with which it was anticipated these operations would be carried on, rendered it necessary that the New- England troops at Louisburg should be relieved, and <»ders were sent to Gibraltar for two regiments of foot, commanded by Colonels Fuller and Warburton, with three companies of Colonel Frampton's regi- ment, to embark for Cape Breton. The season had 60 far advanced when they reached the coast that they were unable to land, and were compelled to biear away for Virginia, where they spent the winter. Ih the. ensuing spring of 1746 they arrived at Louis- 125 burg, which enabled 1500 of the Provincials to retire to their homes. Admiral Warren was appointed Governor, and Colonel Warburton Lieutenant Go- vernor of the Island, but the 'brnier soon after return- ed to England, and was succeeded by Commodore Knowles. The armament from England, designed to co-operate with the New-England troops, having received orders to make an invasion on the coast of Brittany ,the manager of the war in America conclud- ed upon attacking Fort Frederick at Crown Point, which lay in the route from Albany to Montreal. The French, on their part, early in the summer of 1746, sent from Canada a force, consisting of about 1 ,700 men, to Nova Scotia, composed of regular troops, militia, coureurs du bois, and Indians, under the command of M. de Ramsay, to act in conjunction with a respectable armament expected from Europe. It was well known in England that great prepara- tions were making in France, and that a fleet was nearly ready for sea, and a squadron, under Admiral Martin, was dispatched to watch their motions. The fleet, however, escaped from Brest, and joined the other ships at Rochelle, and passed the blockading squadron unobserved. As soon as it was descerned they had put to sea, Admiral Lestock received orders to leave Portsmouth in chase of them, which he at- tempted several times, but was as often driven back by contrary winds ; all hopes of overtrking them being now abandoned, and the season advanced, the pursuit was relinquished, and the colonies left to their own defences. This French fleet was the most powerful that had ever been sent to North America. It consisted of 70 sail, of which 11 were ships of the j ■ )i 126 line, 20 frigates, five ships and bombs, and the rest tenders and transports, having on board 31 60 disci- plined troops * They carried out immense quanti- ties of ammunition, provisions, cannon and military ' stores, and were well supplied with pilots acquainted with the coast and harbours of Newfoundland, Nova- Scotia, and New-England. In order to promote unity in their councils, and vigor in their operations, the whole force, both military and naval, was placed under the command of the Duke D'Anville, a noble- man of great experience and ability. The plan of his instructions seems to have been formed upon those of Frontenac and Pontchartraine. He was ordered to retake and dismantle Louisburg, the garrison of which, at that time, was very much reduced by dis^ ease. He was then to proceed against Annapolis Royal, which he was to take and garrison. He was next to destroy Boston, to range along the coast of North America, and finally to pay a visit to the West India Islands. Ai'ter clearing the land he detached three line of battle ships and a frigate, under the command of M. Conflans, to convoy the French trade to Cape Francois, in Hispaniola, with orders to pro- ceed immediately afterwards to Nova-Scotia, and cruize upon the Cape Sable shore for a certain li- mited period, between Cape Negro and Cape Sam- bro,for advice; during which time, if he heard no in- telligence of the fleet, he was to return to France. The passage of the Duke was perilous and protracted beyond example ; he did not reach the Western Is- lands until the 3d of August, and on the 14th he was * M. Prince, in his thanks-giving sermon, states the number of transports to have been 100, and the troops 8,000. '^ r 127 ! 'I three hundred leagues from Nova-Scotia, when he ordered one of his ships, which had been ii^jured by the weather, to be burned. On the first of September he experienced a most severe gale of wind, off the Isle of Sable, where he lost a transport and fireship. The Ardent and the Mars, both of 64 gims, being much injured, put back for Brest, and were captured on the coast of France; and the Alcide, another ship of the line,having received great damage, bore away for the West Indies. After a passage of more than ninety days, he reached Chebucto harbour (Halifax), in the Northumberland, with the Renomme and three transports ; he found in the harbour one of the fleet, and after waiting several days, three transports ar- rived. Agitated beyond measure in thus disappoint- ing the high expectations which this powerful arma- ment had created in France, his health was so much affected that he died suddenly on the fourth day after his arrival; the French say of apoplexy, the English of poison. In the afternoon of the day in which the Duke D'Anville died. Vice Admiral Destournel]e,with three or four ships of the line, rejoined the squadron at Chebucto ; Monsieur de la Jonquiere, Governor of Canada, was on board of the Northumberland, and had been declared a Chef D'Escadre, which con- stituted him second in command to the Vice Admi- ral. M. Conflans, it appeared, had arrived before them, and, after cruising upon the coast, had, pursu- ant to his orders, returned to Brest; four of the ships of the line and a fire ship had either returned caf were so disabled that it was found necessary to des- troy them. In a Council of war, therefore, on the 18th, the Vice Admiral proposed returning to France. 128 / This motion was Btrenuously opposed by Jon- quiere, who maintained thot they were in a condition to take Annapolis, before they left America ; after a long debate, the attack upon Annapolis was decided upon by the majority. The Vice-Admiral's spirits were oppressed to such a degree as to throw him into a fever, attended with a delirium, in which, ima- gining himself a prisoner, he ran himself through the body with his sword, and immediately expired. Previous to sailing for the Bny of Fundy, it was found necessary to await the arrival of such part of the fleet as had survived the storm, many of which were daily arriving ; and also to land the men, who were in a drcadfiU situation from the effects of a scor- butic fever, which had broken out among them during the voyage. From the time they left France to their arrival at Chebucto they had lost 1270 men, and the rest were so sickly as to be unable to undergo the least fatigue. They accordingly encamped on the south side of the inner harbour (Bedford Bason), where they were furnished with fresh provisions from the Acadian Districts of Minas, Cobequid, Pesi- quid and Chignecto; the Commissaries had orders to pay not only for their supplies, but also for all the provisions consumed by the Canadians and Indians during the war. The extreme length of the voyage, which had deprived them of the assistance of the squadron from thf> West Indies, prevented also the junction of the levies from Canada ; these troops, having waited until the time had elapsed for the ar- rival of the fleet, oommcnccd their march to Quebec, and though an express was sent in pursuit of them, as soon as the Duke heard of their departure, the 180 greater part had reached their destination, and only four hundred,who formed the rear, were overtaken in time to admit of their return. A detachment of re- gulars under M. Ramsay, Le Come ^and Couton, three Knights of the Order of St. Louis, was com- manded to proceed to Minas, r;ad hold itself in readi- ness to set out for Annapolis, as soon as the fleet should leave Chebucto. No time was fixed for their departure, for the morti.Uity among the people still continued, and they had buried 1130 since the for- mation of the encampment. The Indians, who flock- ed thither in great numbers for supplies of arms, am- munition and clothing, took the infection, which spread with such rapidity, that it destroyed more than one third of the whole tribe of Micmacs. One of the cruizers belonging to the fleet, having captured a vessel despatched from Boston to Louisburg,the mail was brought into Chebucto, and opened on the 11th of October, in a Council of war — among the, papers was a communication, sent by Governor Shirley to Commodore Knowles, informing him that he had re- ceived advice from England, that Admiral Lestock, with a fleet of eighteen sail, had been ordered to the North American station, and might be hourly expect- ed. Upon receipt of this intelligence, an express was sent to Ramsay, who, it appears, had actually invest- ed Annapolis, that the fleet would immediately sail thither ; the encampment was then broke up, and the men embarked in gi*eat haste, undone of the ships of the line, which had been so much injured as to be unfit for service, together with several fishing vessels, a snow from Carolina, and a vessel from Antigua, were either scuttled or burned. On the 13th the fleet , ft ^^ 130 left Chebucto, consisting in all of forty sail, three of which were sent home with the Indians, and the rest sailed for Annapolis. They were, however, still doomed to experience a continuation of the same misfortunes which had pursued them since they left France; for encountering a dreadful storm off Capo Sable, they were so dispersed and weakened, that they returned to Europe. The news of the first dis- asters of the fleet having reached France by some of the returned vessels, two men of war were imme> diately sent out, with orders to Jonquiere to take Annapolis, at all events; but the fleet had sailed three or four days before they arrived. Ramsay, who had encamped before the fort, with a shew of besieging it, finding that Jonquiere had quitted the coast, and that the Chester, of fifty guns, a frigate and an armed schooner, were in the harbour, retired on the 22d of October to Chebucto ; wUere he placed his troops in winter quarters, that he might be in readiness to act in concert with Jonquiere, who had promised to re- turn in the Spring. The armaments of the Duke D'Anville had created an unusual degree of alarm throughout the American Provinces, and its failure, from fortuitous circumstances, was hailed by the Colonies of New-England as a mark of the peculiar intervention of Providence in their favour. Mad not this fleet met with a series of unparalleled disasters, they would inevitably have retaken Nova-Scotia and Cape Breton, and distressed and desolated the other British possessions. While Ramsay remained iji the Peninsula, he occasioned much alarm and un- easiness, and though the country was relieved from the presence of the fleet, it was not yet considered out of danger. Governor Mascarine made frequent representations of the state of the Province to the Governor of Massachusetts, and stated that a rein- forcement of one thousand men, in addition to the three companies sent to his relief, the preceding au- tumn, would be sufficient to dislodge the French; that by quartering them among the inhabitants, they would consume all the supplies and provisions, which, in the event of an invasion, would leave the country destitute of the means of supporting an enemy; and that their presence and intercourse with the Acadi- ans, would have a good effect in confirming them in their allegiance. Upon these statements, Massachu- setts voted five hundred, Rhode Island three hundred, and New-Hampshire two hundred men, for this ser- vice. The contingent from Rhode Island was ship- wrecked near Martha's vineyard ; the armed easels of New-Hampshire went to Annapolis, but the com- mander of one of them, instead of landing his men, sailed across the Bay to St. John, where, mistaking a French snow for one of the transports, he sent eight men on board of her, with whom she immediately set sail and escaped. The transport, instead of returning to Annapolis, put back to Portsmouth; the troops from Massachussetts, amounting to four hundred and se- venty men, besides officers, not being able to reach Minasby water, on account of the advanced state of the winter, were landed on the 4th day of December, on the shore of the Bay of Fundy; each man was furnished with fourteen days provisions, which he carried on his back, and with infinite labour and fatigue, they reached Grand Pre in eight days. — Supposing the rigor of the weather would operate as "'-^ 132 / anieffbctaal protection against any attack, they were quartered in a scattered and unguarded manner. The French were sufficiently apprized of this, and on the 8th (^ Jcuiuary, set out from Chignecto, and arrived at Minas on the 31st of the month. Having distri- buted their force, which, including Indians, amounted to six hundred men, into shall parties, they attacked the English about three o'clock in the morning, un- der cover of a violent snow storm, and routed them with great slaughter. The French were well pro- vided with snow shoes, and thereby enabled to ac- complish forced marches, but the English, having ne- glected to take the same precaution, found it imprac- ticable to escape ; Colonel Noble, who commanded^ and Lieutenants Lechemere, Jones and Pickering, and Ensign Noble, with about seventy privates and non- commissioned officers, were killed ; twenty-seven wounded, and about one hundred taken prisoners. The rest, having formed themselves into a body under Captain Morris,^ made a gallant defence, but finding H impossible to resist with success such a formidable force, cajtttulated upon the following terms : — 1st. they were to march ofFto Annapolis, with arms shoul- dered, drums beating, and colours flying, through a 1«ne of the enemy, with rested firelocks. — 2d. they were to be allowed six days provision, with a pound of powder, and a proportion of ball to each man — 3d. tliey were not to ca^ry arms against the French, in the country bordering on the Bason of Minas and ' Chignecto, for six months. This enterprize of the French, if not well authenticated, would .now be * the grand father of the present Surveyor-General of the Pro- Tinee;the iceneofthUi disaster wannear the residence of the late Colonel Crane, of Norton. , 1S3 deemed incredible. The Bason of Minas being fill- ed with loose ice, and the rivers impassable from the same cause, they were obliged to march round the Bason at that inclement season of the year, through a trackless forest,for upwards of forty leagues; when they came to a river they were under the necessity of seeking the head of it, where the ice was firm and sufficient to admit of their passing. From Chignecto (Cumberland) to Pesiquid (Wind- sor) there were few settlements, and they were forced to carry their provisions on their backs, and from thence to Grand Pre (Horton), to submit to the same inconvenience ; from the necessity of making forced « marches they had not time to construct camps, and they bivouacked at night on the snow, without cover- ing ; yet with all these disadvantages — ^borne down with the weight of their arms, ammunition and rations, did these intrepid and zealous people, affect this extraordinary march, in the short space of twen- ty-three days. Jonquiere, having returned to France, with the remnant of the Duke D'Anville's fleet, pro- cured another expedition against Nova-Scotia; a fleet of thirty -eight sail was fitted out, and placed under his command, one part was appointed to convoy six East India ships, and the rest, with the frigates and trans- ports, lull of soldiers and ordnance stores, were des- tined for Canada and Nova-Scotia. The English Admirals Anson and Warren, sailing in pursuit of them, fell in with them on the 3d of May, 1747, when, after a regular and well contested battle, the French struck their colours ; one of their men of war and all of their East India ships were captured, and between four and five thousand men taken prisoners ; it is'^es- 134 / timated that they lost by this battle a million and a half of money. This misfortune totally destroyed all the hopes Ramsay had entertained of reducing Nova- Scotia ; he was aware that the war was drawing to a close, and that Plenipotentaries had actually assem- bled to consider of the terms of a treaty; he therefore returned to Canada, not a little chagrined at the dreadful issue of those two powerful armaments. On the 7th October the treaty of peace was concluded between England and France, at Aix la Chapelie. It was founded on former treaties, which were now expressly confirmed, from that of Westphalia, to the last, concluded at London and Madrid. By the arti- cles of this peace, the Colonies had the mortification; to find their boasted conquest of Cape Breton* taken aw'ay, in a compromise for restoring the French con- quest in the low countries to the Empress Queen of Hungary, and for a general restitution of places taken from the other belligerent powers. On the 12th day of July, 1749 ; it was restored to its former owners. * A memoir was sent by the French Court to the Count St. Seve- rin, its minister at Aix la Chapelie, upon the indispensible neces- sity of Cape Breton to France, and upon the fatal consequences of leaving that Island in the hands of the English ; m relation to tho free trade of Canada and Lousiansi, and the general trade of the other powers of Europe. He was desired to shew merely a mode- rate wish to recover the Island, as it was known, that England had it not at heart to retain her conquest. He was also requested to give the Earl of Sandwich to understand, that the loss of Cape- Breton was less important in itself, than on account of the stress laid upon it by the public opinion in France, and that the King did not attach so much consequence to the matter itself, as not to prefer an equivalent in the Low Countries. — See Histoire de la di- plomatique Francoise— B. V. Vol. 6. " It is pleasing to behold the European nations, in tho present age, content themselves with the bare parole of their hostages. Tlie English noblemen who were sent to France in that character, in pursuance of the Treaty of Aix la Chapelie, in 1 <48, to stay till the restitution of Cape Breton, were solely bound by their word of ho- nor, and lived at Court, and at Pans, rather as Ministers of their na- tion than as hoBUg9a."—Vattel. B. 12. C 16. 135 CHAPTER IV. A Toum built at Chehucto Harbor called Halifax — Forma- tion of a Council — Discussions concerning the limits of ^ova- Scotia — Hostilities of the Indians — Forts built at Minos and Pesiquid — French erect Fort Beau Sejour at Chignecto — Major Lawrence sent thither vrith a body of Troops — defeats the French — builds a Fort there — Go- vernor Hopson succeeds Colonel Cornwallis — Settlement at Lunenburg — Courts of Judicature — Forts Beau Se- jour and Bay Verte taken, and the fortifications on St. John River destroyed, by the English — removal of the JSTevtrals from the Province — who memorial the King — reflections on this transaction. [From 1748 to 1755.] NEARLY half a century had elapsed since the Treaty of Utrecht, and not the slightest progress had been made 7u -le settlement of Nova-Scotia. A small Garrison i been maintained at Annap&lis Royal, to overa.vo the Acadians, but it by no means answered the purpose for which it was designed. — These people, upon every rupture between the two Crowns, were accused of violating their neutrality, by intriguing with the Indians, communicating in- telligence to their countrymen settled at St. John and Cape Breton, and assisting them in committing hostilities against the English. From the extraor- dinary neglect which the British Government had manifested towards the Colony the French were in- duced to believe that they were ignorant of its value, and to hope that if they could not obtain the posses- sion of it by force of arms they might at least pro- cure its restitution by persuasion. They therefore attempted to draw a distinction between Acadia and Nova-Scotia; and as the country was ceded by the former appellation, they maintained that Acadia was 'U (HI / the name of the Peninsula ; that they had yielded that, and nothing more to England, and that the rest of the country, lying between New England and the Bay of Funday, was a part of New France, which, together with Canada, still belonged to them. The tnagnitude of this claim naturally alarmed the people of Massachusetts, who immediately called the atten- tion of the ministry to a subject which, with whate- ver indifference it might be viewed on the other side of the Atlantic, was of vital importance to the tran- quility and safety of the Colonies. Their remon- strances had the most happy effect, for the in- vestigation of this subject naturally brought to the notice of Government the great commercial advan-i tages which might be derived from Nova-Scotia, if it were properly regulated, supported and improved. The peace, which necessarily left a great number of men without employment, suggested the idea of peo- pling and cultivating this large and fertile country by disbanding the troops. A scheme was therefore formed for confirming and extending the dominion of the Crown of Great Britain in this Province, by constituting Communities, diffusing the benefits of population and agriculture, and improving the fishery on the coast. The particulars of this plan having been duly considered, it was laid before His Majes- ty, who L. ictioned the measure, and referred its ex- ecution to the Board of Trade and Plantations, over which the Earl of Halifax presided. This nobleman approved of the details of the project, and adopting it with his usual zeal and ardour, cherish e4 the in- fant Colony with paternal affection. The Commis- sioners immediately advertised, under the sanction 137 of his Majesty's authority, that proper encourage- ment would be given to the officers and privates, lately dismissed from the army and navy, to settle in the Province of Nova-Scotia ; that the fee simple, or property, of fifty acres of land, would be granted to every soldier or seaman, free from the payment of any quit rents, for the term often years, together with ten acres additional for every member of which his family should consit^t, and that further grants would be made to them in proportion to the in- crease of their families, and their means of extend' ing the cultivation of their farms. They also promised, upon the same conditions, eighty acres to any officer under the rank of Ensign in the army, or Lieutenant in the navy ; that 200 acres should be bestowed upon Ensigns, 300 upon Lieutenants, 400 upon Captains, and 600 upon every person above that degree, with proportionable allow- ances for the number and increase of every family ; that they should be put into possession of the land, as soon as possible after their arrival, and that a ci- vil government should be established, by virtue of which they would enjoy all the liberties and privili- ges of British subjects. An offisr was also made to convey the settlers and their families to Nova-Sco- tia, maintain them twelve months after their arrival, at the expence of government, and supply them with arms and ammunition for their defence, and with ma- terials and utensils proper for clearing their land, erecting habitations, and prosecuting the fishery. This scheme was so feasible, and the encourage- ment so inviting, that in a short time 3760 adventu- rers, with their families, were entered for embark- 18 m ,;t .:■■ :/ t 3 ill 1.?! 138 ation, according to the orders of the Board of Trade. Application having been made to Parliament, £40,000 urere voted to defray the expences of their removal. The liberality of this grant enabling Government to make ample provision for their comfort and support, they set sail in the beginning of May, 1749, under the command of the Honorable Edward Cornwallis, whom the King had appointed their governor, and towards the latter end of June arrived at Chebucto harbour, the place of their destination. This port, which is situated on the sea coast of the Peninsula, about midway between Cape Canseau and Cape Sable, was preferred to several others, where the soil was better, for the sake of establishing in itst neighbourhood an excellent cod fishery, and fortify- ing one of the best harbours in America. At that time the whole of the country bordering upon Che- bucto was covered with wood to the waters edge ; the cold and sterile soil,onboth sides of the harbour, was clothed with the beautiful verdure of the spruce and fir, whose umbrageous limbs concealed the rocks which were scattered in profusion on its surface, and doomed to disappoint the hopes, and defeat the la- bours of the inexperienced settler. It was altogether a new scene to the emigrants, who had been sudden- ly removed from a highly cultivated and populous country, to a beautiful but remote spot, where the forest was yet unsubdued, and nature appeared in her rudest and wildest form. The only human beings whom they saw, soon con\..^ -^d them, that if they were not viewed with hostili ^ they were [at least regarded with fear anddistr ist. As they passed up the harbour, they noticed several canoes filled with 139 savages, who approached within a convenient dis- tance, to observe the motions of the strangers, and then fled with inconceivable rapidity. The emigrants were delighted with the extent, beauty, and safety of the harbour, and the variety and abundance of the fish with which it was filled ; but when they looked at the interminable forest before them, and reflected that it was to be removed by their hands, they were appalled at the magnitude of the undertaking. The governor, who knew the necessity that existed for immediate exertion, in order to complete a sufficient number of houses before the commencement of winter, for the shelter of such a body of people, lost no time, after his arrival, in making preparations for disembarking them, and alloting to each man the task that was required of him. But before they were allowed to reside on shore, it was necessary to con- vince them that crimes could not be committed with impunity, and that as much of the Law of England. had followed them to the wilderness of Nova-Scotia, as was necessary for their government and protec- tion. On the 14th of July, he proceeded to organize a civil government for the colony, and having sum- moned Paul Mascarene, Edward Howe, John Gore- ham, Benjamin Green, John Salisberry, and Hugh Davidson, to attend him on board of the Beaufort transport, he appointed them members of his Ma- jesty's council, for the province of Nova-Scotia. He also administered to each of them the oaths men- tioned in an act, passed in the first year of the reign of his Majesty King George the First, entitled an act " for the further security of his Majesty's person and government, and the succession of the crown in 140 the heirs of the late Princess Sophia, being protest- ants ; and for extinguishing the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales, and his open and secret abettors/' He also caused them to make rnd subscribe the de- daration mentioned in an act of Parliament, passed in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Kinpr Charles the Second, ** entitled an act for preventing dangers vhich may happen from popish recusants." The Governor and Council, Irom the necessity of the ease, combined both the Legislative and Judicial authority, and were, except so far as they were res- trained by the general principles of law, absolute in all cases : a formidable union of power, but one which was r^equired by the emergency of the case, 1 imd does not appear to have been abused in its exer- cise by the Gentlemen to whom it was entrusted.* — The formation of the Board was announced to the people by a general salute from the ships in the har- bour, and the day was devoted to festivity and amuse- ment. Having executed this part of his instructions, and received a reinforcement of two regiments of infantry from Cape Breton, and a company of ran- gers irom Annapolis, the Governor selected a spot for the settlement, and employed his people in clear- ii^ the ground, for laying the foundation of a Town; but some inconveniences being discovered in this situ- ation, he made choice of another to the northward, on an easy ascent, commanding a prospect of the whole Harbour and the adjacent Country, and well supplied with rivulets of fresh and wholesome wa- ter. Here he began to build a Town on a. regular * The tabl« in the Gommittee room, adjoining to tho Council Chamber, is said to have been the one around which this 6r8t (Muncit anembled. 141 plan, to which he gave the Tiame of Halifax, in honor of the Nobleman who had the greatest share in found- ing the Colony. The settlers cleared away the woods in as expeditious a manner as possible, and having erected a large wooden house for the Govern- or, and suitable ware-houses for the reception of the stores and provisions ; the ground was laid out, so as to form a number of straight and handsome streets, crossing each other at equal distances. Planks, doors, window-frames, and other parts of houses, were imported from New-England, and the more laborious portion of the work, which they performed themselves, was executed with umcommon despatch, man emulation which had been created by a judi- cious division of the people into small parties. At the approach of winter, they found themselves com- fortably settled ; having completed a number of houses and huts, and covered others in a manner which served to protect them against the rigour of the weather. There were assembled at Halifax, in- cluding the military and sailors, five thousand people, whose labors were suddenly suspended by the inten- sity of the frost. The riot, turbulence and confusion, which generally accompany idleness and dissipation, compelled the Governor to seek employment of vari- ous kinds, suited to the capacity and ability of the different emigrants. The mechanics were placed at the head of the working parties, to direct their labors, and the greater part of them were engaged in the woods, in cutting and bawling pickets for palisading the Town, in selecting and squaring timber for the frames of buildings, and in making preparations for the erection of a Saw-Mill and a Wharf, while others / 14« were occupied in finishing the interior of the houses, in cutting down the trees that covered the Hill, on which the Town was built, and in exploring and sur- veying the Country in its immediate vicinity.* While the emigrants were thus employed in the formation of the new settlement, the French pro- ceeded with as much despatch as possible, in erecting forts and securing pnssos, which might form lines of communication, between their most distant settle- ments, and confine the provincials on every side. — They aimed in particular at restriiining all the claims of the English, in Novn-Scotia, to the Peninsula of that name, and seemed determined to maintain pos- session of all that Country lying between the Bay of Fundy and the Penobscot. As the limits of the Pro- vince, when ceded at the treaty of Utrecht, were not defined, and still remained unsettled, it was provided by the treaty of Ai.-c la Chapelle, that proper persons should be appointed to meet at Paris, and establish the same. General Shirley, the Governor of Massa- chusetts, whose early education and long practice at the Bar, rendered him well qualified for the situation, was appointed one of the British Commissioners. As this controversy became the subject of a long anr' interesting discussion between these two powers, and finally formed one of the principal grounds of the war, which terminated in the total extinction of the French power in North America, it will not be deem- ed an irrelevant digression to delineate the respec- tive claims of the contending parties. * In addition to the £40,000 granted for the embarkation, and other expencea, Parliament continued to make annual grants for the same settlement, which oolleotv'td sums amounted, in 17S5, to the enormous lum of £4 15,584 14 11. 143 7 The Commissioners of the King of Great Britain, conformed themselves to the rules laid down by the treaty itself, and assigned those as the ancient limits of the Country, which had always passed as such from the earliest period to the conclusion of the trea- ty, and had frequently been allowed and declared to be the boundaries, by the Governments of both Eng- land and France. These limits were the Atlantic ocean on the south and east, the river St. Lawrence, on the north, and Pentagoet on the west ; on the other hand, the French insisted that the whole terri- tory formerly owned and occupied by them, in the northern parts of America, was called New-France; and that Acadia, which was only a Province of that Country, was contained within that portion of the Peninsula which lies on the south and west of an imaginary line,drawn from Cape Canscau to that part of the Bay of Fundy which receives the waters of the Bason of Minas. Whether the whole of this ter- ritory, in its largest extent, on the Penjnsula, or a part of it only, formed Acadia,was the dispute between France and England. The grounds on which the respective nations founded their claims, were of the following nature : — The English conceived themselves to be the first dis- coverers, and the first actual settlers in the Country. They urged against the French, their own Commis- sions to their Governors, and their exertions to ex- tend the same, when they were possessed of it ; the treaty of Breda, by which the forts on the main were surrendered to the French, as part of Acadia, and the conduct of Charles the Second, in disregarding a dis- tinction of Sir T homas Temple, the Governor of Aca 144 dia, by which these forts were attempted to be held as belonging to Nova-Scotia, as distinguished from Acadia; and in ordering, at the instance of the King of France, the surrender of these places as within the latter Country. The memorial of the French Ambassador, in 1685, setting forth, in order to deny the right of English vessels <to fish on the coasv, that Acadia extended from Isle Percee to George's Island, at the mouth of St. George's river; and various other instances, wherein the Crown of France, and its ser- vants, claimed as Acadia, and possessed as such, the territory from Pentagoet, or Penobscot, to the most extensive limits in dispute ; the grant of Novc-Scotia, by James the First to Sir William Alexander, Septom- 1 ber 10th, 1621, which extended to the river St. Croix, on the west, and to the St. Lawrence, on the north, (the space between the St. Croix and Pemaquid, be- ing held by him as one of the Council of Plymouth, under another grant, by an agreement among the Grantees) whence the name of Nova-Scotia was com- municated to all Acadia. The charter of the Pro- vince of Massachusett's Bay,which expressly extends to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Canada rivers ; that France received the same Acadia, by the treaty of Breda, which England at this time demanded back again ; the words of the cession, in the treaty of Utrecht, " Nova-Scotia or Acadia, in its full extent," which, if these names could be supposed to apply to two different boundaries, must include the whole ; that if the cession intended only the Peninsula, it might as well have been ceded by that description — and lastly, the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, which stipu- lates that all things shall be established on the foot- 145 ing they were or ought to have been before the war. As to the Country between Penobsoot and Kennebec rivers, the English shewed the Commission of the French King's Governors to extend as far as North Virginia, or New-England, whicli must bound Acadia upon the English territories ; and that the French insisted, when Acadia was theirs, that it extended as far westward as the latter river, and concluded by asserting that the English had an indisputable title to this tract, from discovery, actual settlement, and continued possession. The French relied upon the construction of the treaty of Utrecht, which stipulat- ed " the cession of Nova-Scotia, otherwise called " Acadia, in its full extent, according to its ancient " limits; as also of the town of Port Royal, now call- " ed Annapolis Royal, and in general of all that de- " pend on the said countries and if.lands belonging to " them." They urged that ceding Acadia according to its ancient limits, was restrictive, and designated not what had, at any time, been called by that name, but what the ancient name comprehended ; and Port Royal or Annapolis being mentioned particular- ly, showed that that place was not a part of Acadia, otherwise the express mention of it would have been needless ; that the reason why the cession was not by the name of the Peninsula of Acadia, wasbecaustT that country included only a part of the Peni.isnila ; that if any light was to be thrown upon the construc- tion of the treaty of Utrecht, from the principle of the first discovery and settlement of the territory in dispute, it was in favour of the French ; that the voyage of Sebastian Cabot, in 1497, when he dis- covesed Newfoundland, was undertaken with the 19 » 146 'i: sole design of seeking a passage by the north-west to the East Indies, and not of forming settlements, and was not judged worthy of the attention of Eng- land ; and that the French might, with greater rea- son, arrogate to themselves, the empire of the west- ern coast of Africa ; they having not only discovered it in the fourteenth century, before it was known to any other nation in Europe, but traded thither, and formed settlements. As to actual possession, they contended that the first French project for obtaining a settlement in America, was the attempt by the Baron De Lery in 1518, but the first project of the like nature, formed by the English, was not till sixty-five years after, in 1583, when Sir Humphry Gilbert went to view the island of Newfoundland. That the first embarkation of the inhabitants of France, to attempt an establishment in America, was in 1535, by James Cartier, when he built a fort in Canada, and took possession of the country ; but the first transplantation of the inhabitants, by the English, for settling colonies in North America, was not iill fifty years after, in 1585, when Sir Walter Raleigh landed about one hundred men in the island ofRoanoke. * • ' ; " . t^ ' :,*> - That the first solid and durable settlements made by the French, were those on the coast of the £tchemin8, in 1604, who afterwards removed over the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, in 1605 ; but the first of all the settlements made by the English, was that of Virginia, which was not begun till 1607, when it was confined to very narrow limits ; those of New England being much later. That when Smith went to view the country, in 1614, it was I 't 147 only known by French names, and he relates that that of Canada stifled all the others. They insisted that the English did not begin any settlements there till 1620, at New Plymouth, and that those of Mas- sachusetts' Bay, or New England, properly so called, were not undertaken till 1G29, twenty years after the first French settlements were made on the coast of the Etchemines ; and that the foundation of Que- bec, the capital of Canada, which was laid in 1608, was twenty-two years before that of Boston, which was not founded till 1630. • ; . • ; :;: v r^ That France did not take the country by the treaty of Breda, as a cession, but as a restitution ; she having been the original owner of it. That the grant to Sir William Alexander, so much relied upon by the English, was on condition that the country was vacant, which was not the fact ; and was also posterior to the grant of the French King to De Monts, in 1603 ; that this grant being void, the bounds of the country described by it, under the name of Nova-Scotia, never known to the French, till the^treaty of Utrecht, became a nullity likewise ; and so the words Nova-Scotia or Acadia, used in that treaty, could imply only the ancient Acadia, or part of the Peninsula, and its being mentioned by its ancient limits, was to guard against the false boundaries assigned to it by the modern name ; that the reason of the country of the Etchemines being included under the name of Acadia, was owing to a controversy between two French governors, after which, the successful one took this method to extend his dominion, and that this country had been granted by the French crown, as a part of Canada or New .^ I 148 ( ! France, and several other places, included by the English in their Acadia, had been granted only as neighbouring countries with it. That as to the west- ern bounds of Acadia, the Board of Trade and Plan- tations had declared, that the limits of New England ought of right to extend to St. Croix River, by which they would reserve to themselves Kennebec and the river Penobscot, within those limits ; and now Acadia was to be brought up to Penobscot, that by the charter of 1606, the two Virginias ought to extend no further than to the distance of fifty miles along the coast, from the place of their first establishment ; wherefore, the most northerly settle- ment of them. New Plymouth, is so far from reach- ing to the St. Croix, that the charter would not even bring it to Boston ; that, by the Charter of William and Mary, the river Sagadahoock bounds New Eng- land, to which was added all that country called by the English Nova-Scotia, and all the territory situated between that ideal province and New England, which was to extend from the River St. Croix to that of Sagadahoock. That in regard to the country west of Sagadahoock, the provincial government was vest- ed with full power to make,definitively, all the grants they should think proper therein ; but with respect to the country eabi of Sagadahoock, the King reserv- ed to himself the right of confirming them ; and whence, they asked, arose this difference, but from its being known in England, that they had no legal right to this country, and as a conlirmatioa of this, they had not even given it a name. From a careful perusal of the pretensions of both parties, the most unprejudiced person must come to the conclusion, 149 that the justice and merit of the case were on the side of the English, and that Ih*^ claim of the French was little else than a plauRibie and ingenious evasion of the words of the treaty ; which, if admitting of a doubt, it is to be feared were introduced on their part, for the very purpose of raising an ambiguity, not glaring enough to be detected at the time, and yet sufficient to bear a different construction from its> obvious meaning. Such being the unsettled limits of these rival nations in Nova-Scotia, it necessarily became the victim of their efforts to gain possession of it. The town of Halifax was no sooner built, than the French colonists began to be alarmed, and though they did not think proper to make an open avowal of their jealousy and disgust, ihey employed their emis- saries clandestinely, in exciting the Indians to harass the inhabitants with hostilities, in such a manner as should effectually hinder them from extending their plantations, and perhaps induce them to abandon the settlement. Soon after the landing of the English, one hundred head of horned cattle and some sheep were brought to them by land, from a French settle- ment at Pesiquid, (Windsor) a town about forty-five miles from Halifax ; Deputies also came from the Acadians in that neighbourhood, to make their sub- mission, and, at the request of the Governor, under- took to Contribute fifty men, to assist in the formation of a road between that place and the capital. The English also received the assurance of friend- ship and assistance from the Indians ; their Chiefs waiting upon the Governor, and acknowledging them- selves to be subjects of the Crown of England. The French Court disapproving of these friendly proceed- ' V R;fi 150 ings, resolved to harass the English as much as pos- sible. Instructions to that effect having been sent from France, to be communicated to the Acadians, the scene was immediately changed. They engag- ed the Indians to use their utmost endeavours to pre- vent the growth of the New Colony, and the year succeeding the peace and the restoration of Cape Breton, was not expired, when the town began to be frequently attacked in the night, and the English, in a country secured by treaty to the British Crown in the strongest terms, could not stir into the adjoining woods without the danger of being shot, scalped or taken prisoners. It was impossible to clear woods and plough lands, without separating into small par- ties, and this work was rendered extremely dange- rous ; for though the French and Indians did not venture to attack any considerable body of the Eng- lish, yet they frequently fell upon small parties, some of whom they murdered, and others they carried to Louisburg, where they sold them for arms and am- munition. The French pretended that they main- tained this traffic, from motives of pure compassion, in order to prevent the massacre of the captives ; but this feeling, so creditable to human nature, did not, however, induce them to set their prisoners at liberty, without exacting an exorbitant ransom. As these skulking parties of Indians were generally directed and headed by French Commanders, repeat- ed complaints were made to the Governor of Louis- burg, who still answered that his jurisdiction did not extend over the Indians, and that their conductors were chosen from the Acadians, who thought proper to remain in that country, after it was ceded to the 151 English, and not from the subjects of his most Chris- tian Majesty. The French possessed great influence in Nova-Scotia, by means of their Priests ; by the third article of the capitulation, in the year 1710, the inhabitants of Acadia were allowed to retain their religion, and by virtue of it the Bishop of Quebec claimed the right of appointing Priests, and consider- ed the country as within his DiocesL. This autho- rity, among a people devoted to the Roman Catholic religion, was a greater engine of power than military forts ; and without doubt, it was effectually used to subserve the interest of France. Lieutenant-Go- vernor Mascarene, previous to the arrival of Colonel Cornwallis, had ordered the Parish Priest of Minas to leave the Province, on account of his treasonable practices, exacted new submission from the people of Beau Bason and Bay Vert, whence the French had withdrawn a detachment of their men, and adopted measures for procuring a similar acknowledgement from the inhabitants of St. John's river, on the north side of the Bay of Fundy. But these people had now relapsed into a sullen neutrality, which, together with the hostilities of the Indians, interposed such formid- able obstacles to the settlement of the Country, that Governor Cornwallis, by the advice of his Council, issued a Proclamation, ordering all the French inha- bitants to appear within three months and take the oath of allegiance in the same unreserved and un- qualified manner as British subjects ; and held out promises to those who should think proper to ac- cept the same, engage to obey all future orders of the Government, and render assistance to English set- tlers, that he would confinn them in the peaceable .^ 4 153 I .:i possession of all their cultivated lands, and in the en- joyment of their religion. He also forbad the ex- portation of corn, cattle and provisions, to Foreign settlements. The central situation of Minas having always made it a rendezvous for the Canadians and Indians, he resolved to remove one of the wooden block houses from Annapolis, and erect it on a con- venient place, amongst a cluster of houses, which might serve as Barracks, and to enclose the whole with a trench and pallisade. This place (now lower Horton) which received its name from the Bason, near which it is situated, was composed of a number of farm houses and villages, extending eight miles in length, and contained about one thousand familes, or seven thousand souls. It was so situated as to afford a short and easy communication with the other parts of the Province, being within sixty miles of Halifax, seventy of Annapolis, three leagues by water from Chignecto, (Cumberland) and thirty leagues from St. John's. In order to protect the Couriers and parties of soldiers, which would be frequently under the necessity of passing from thence to Halifax, a fort was built at Pesiquid (Windsor) and a detach- ment of troops stationed there to overawe the inha- bitants and Indians. Pursuant to the Proclamation, Deputies arrived at Halifax, from several of the French settlements, and were informed by the Go- vernor that the oath of fidelity, formerly accepted of them, would no longer be received as a satisfactory guarantee for their good conduct ; that no exemption from bearing arms in time of war could be allowed ; that his Majesty would permit none to possess lands whose allegiance and assistance couM not be depend- 153 ed upon, and that Commissioners would be sent to the country to tender to them the oath expressed in the same form as that used by English subjects. To this they replied, that if they should undertake to aid the English in suppressing the Indians, the savages would pursue them with unrelenting hostili- ty; that neither they nor their property would be se- cure from their vengeance, and that to bear arms against their countrymen, was a condition repugnant to the feelings of human nature *, they therefore re- quested to be informed, if they chose the alternative of quitting the country, whether they would be per- mitted to sell their lands and personal effects. They were told in reply, that by the Treaty of Utrecht one year was allowed to them for disposing of their property, which period having elapsed, they could now neither part with their effects, nor remove from the Province. Upon hearing this determination, which required unconditional allegiance, or reduced them to the most abject poverty, they solicited leave to consult the governors of Canada or Cape Breton, as to the course they ought to adopt in this trying emer- gency, but were instantly threatened with the con- fiscation of their real estate and effects, if they pre- sumed to leave the Province until they had first taken the oath of allegiance. They therefore returned without coming to any conclusion upon this subject. In the mean time the savages seized every favourable opportunity of committing hostility. Several tribes of those dwelling on the borders of St. John's River attacked Minas, and after a severe conflict with the troops, in which they defeated them, with the loss of eighteen men killed and captured, they invested the 20 154 fort and besieged it fur a month. At Canso they took twenty prisoners, and a vessel belonging to Boston. At Dartmouth they attacked a party of the English, and killed and scalped four men, and carried off one ofthe principal settlers captive.* They also attempt- ed to murder the crows of two English ships in the harbour of Halifax, and though they did not succeed in exterminating the whole, they killed and wounded more than half of them. Strangers can form no esti- mate at all, and the present generation of Americans • The following deposition, extracted from the records of Council, will convey some idea of the manner in which the trad* of Ha- lifax was infubted by the savages : " Council Chamber, 16th Jlpril, 175S." ' I John Connor and James Grace, who arrived yesterday in the har- bour, in an Indian caiioc, and brought w>Ih them 6 Indian scalps, appeared before the council, and gave the following account of themselves. That they, the eaid Connor and Grace, with Michael Haggerty and John Poor, sailed on the 6th February from this port, in the schooner Dunk, bound along shore to the eastward, and on the 21st of the month arrived at a place between Country Harbor and Torbay. That next morning, a cunoe with four Indians came ofl'and hnilcd them — that they answered them, and the Indi- ans then fired several balls at them — that being near the coast, and the wind southerly, the vessel could not get off, but run ashore, and two canoes with six Indians came on board — that they,the said Con- nor and his companions, submitted themselves, and that there was ^another canoe with three Indians ashore — that they gave the Indians victuals and drink — that they ordered them to hoist the sails, and the Indians steered and rim the vessel into a creek, where they all came ashore — that the Indians then sent them into the forest to cut wood, and upon their return, they sent two of them in company with three Indians towards the water — that the said Connor and Grace saw the Indians knock Michael Haggerty and John Poor on the head with their axes, and kill and scalp them— that the next morning they carried the said Connor and Grace ten miles into the country, where they continued prisoners until the 8fh day of this month— that about the 6th day ofthe month, some of the Indians separated from the rest, and left Connor and Grace with four Indi- ans, a woman and a boy — that on the 8tb day of this month, being Sunday, they came down to the shore, where the vessel lay oif upon an island about a mile distant — that the four Indians went to the vessel fur a keg of beer — that two ofthe Indians told them the others designed to kill them, and being almost famished Tor want of provisions, and in danger of starving, they took the opportunity to destroy the Indians, and make their escape; that, accordingly, they first killed the woman and boy, and then secured their arms and ammunition, and waited for the return of the Indians, when they rushed upon them and killed them, with their guns and axes; and having taken one of their canoss, arrived at Halifax yesterday. ?65 but a very inadequate one of the nature of a war with the savages, and the horrors of an Indian cap- tivity. Their mode of making war was altogether different from that of Europeans ; it was a desultory, murderous, and predatory excursion, conducted by detached parties ; who killed, scalped, and plunder- ed their enemy, rfnd retreated with such expedition that they were generally out of reach before an alarm could be given, or secreted themselves in swamps and thickets, where they could not be pur- sued. Forts yielded no protection to the inhabitants they intended to attack, for they easily passed them under the shade of the forest, or the cover of night, and lay in wait for solitary settlers or detached fami- lies, whom they dispatched in secret and in silence; and returned by paths, which, though obvious to themselves, were altogether imperceptible to others. If time and opportunity permitted, they carried off their prisoners, to glut their appetite for vengeance by inflicting a Ungering and cruel death, or to extort an exorbitant ransom from their friends and relations. Instant execution was often preferable to protracted captivity. Accustomed to expeditious travelling they could brook no delay, and the impediments of a trackless forest, deep brooks and luggid precipices, constituted no apology for not keeping pace with the merciless victors. Fed with nauseous food, which their stomachs rejected — goaded on all day by the application of blows, w,hich frequently lacerated the flesh ; and tortured all night by the myriads of insects which swarm in the thickets of the forest, the prisoners not unfrequently sunk under trials too severe for human nature to support. If the wretched U :/ ^ captive was unfortunately doomed to a winter jour- rey, his miseries wore not less severe than in sum- mer ; compelled to use the racquet, which requires long and continued practice to render familiar, hi» awkward gait and repeated plunges in the snow be- came subjects of merriment and mirth to the savages; or if the absence of snow relieved him from this ex- pedient, his naked and bleeding feet frequently pro- longed his suHl'rings, by rendering him unfit to be removed when his ransom had been agreed upon. These outrages determined the Governor, as soon as the season would permit, not only to chastise the savages, but to punish with death any French emi- saries, who should be taken in open hostility, or proved to have been concerned in instigating the In- dians, or supplying them with arms and ammunition. He thought himself justified in these measures, from the conduct of the Priests in countenancing the ^ate attack on Minas, in causing the inhabitants of Chieg- necto to swear allegiance to the French King, in ex- citing others to rebellion, and in using promises and threats, to make the Neutrals retire from the country under his government. But, as it was supposed a declaration of war ngainit the Indians would imply that they were a free and independent people, it was determined to treat them as rebels, and denounce them as traitors. Directions were accordingly issued to the officers conmianding at Annapolis, Minas, Pesiquid, and other places, to distress and destroy them as much as possible. To give effect to these orders, an independant company, and a body of vo- lunteers, were raised, for the purpose of scouring the interior of the country, who were allowed the same 157 pay and rations as regular troops, and were promised a reward of ten guineas for every Indian scalp. The inhabitants of Halifax were also formed into a batta- lion of militia, each division of the town forming a company of sixty or seventy men, between the ages of 16 and 60, from which a draft was made for a nightly guard, to assemble every evening at sun- set, and do duty with the soldiers. The mode of attacking Indians with success was now well un- derstood, and the rangers, who were composed of people from New England, were much better ac- quainted with the duty, and, from their hardihood, more suited to undergo the fatigue than British troops. By dividing them into small parties, and distribut- ing them in different directions ; they pursued the savages with such effect to all their various retreats, that for a time they relieved the country of their pre- datory incursions. In the mean time the French testified by their conduct that the negociations on the subject of the boundary line were intended merely for the purpose of amusing the English Ministry, and that they had no serious intentions of either bringing them to a conclusion, or of abiding by a decision, should it be made adverse to their pretensions. The Governor received information from Lieutenant-Go- vernor Phipps, of Massachusetts, and from Major Ly- dius, of Albany, that the Commander-in-Chief of Ca- nada had sent two vessels to Bay- Vert, with six hun- dred men, under the command of M. La Come, with ammunition and stores of all kinds suitable for a win- ter expedition ; and that it was evident, from the marching of Indians and Coureurs du Bois to the same place, that it was their intention either to take 168 posseesion of that pass, or to make an attempt upon Halifax. Although he could scarcely suppose that such an attack would be made in a time of profound peace, the intelligence was of a nature not to be dis- regarded, and orders were immediately given to cut down a number of trees, and construct a wooden breastwork round the town, for its defence. These measures were scarcely effected before he heard that La Corne had arrived at Bay-Vert, and commenced a fortification there, on pretence that it was part of the Government of Canada. The possession of this post, situated on the narrow isthmus which connects Nova- Scotia with New Brunswick, not only secured to the Indians of the ~ Continent a free entrance into the Peninsula, and a safe retreat in case of pursuit, but also encouraged the French inhabitants of Annapolis, to rise in open rebellion against the English Government. In the Spring of the year 1750 the Governor de- tached Major Lawrence, with a few men, to reduce the inhabitants of Chiegnecto to obedience. At his approach they burned their town to ashes, forsook their possessions, and placed themselves under the protection of M. la Corne ; who, thus reinforced, found himself at the head of 1,500 men, well provided with arms and ammunition. Major Lawrence, being unable to cope with him in the field, demanded an interview, at which he desired to know for what cause the French inhabitants of Nova-Scotia had shaken off their allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain, and violated the neutrality which they had hitherto affected to profess. The French officer, without pretending to account for their behaviour, 159 gave him to understand,!]! general terms, that he had orders to defend his post, and these orders he was determined to obey. Finding himself too weak to attack their united force, and having no orders to commit hostilities ogainst any but the Indians and their open abettors. Major Lawrence returned to Halifax, without having been able to fulfil the pur- pose of his expedition. Immediately after his re- treat, the French Neutrals returned to their respec- tive farms, and, in conjunction with the Indians, re- newed their depredations upon the inhabitants of Halifax, and its dependent settlements, llie Go- vernor, justly incensed at these outrages, and con- vinced that they would neither submit to the English Government themselves, nor allow others to enjoy it with tranquility, resolved to expell them effectually from the country. Major Lawrence was again de- tached with 1,000 men, transported by sea to Chieg- necto, where he found the French and Indians in- trenched, in order to dispute his landing. Notwith- standing this opposition, he made a descent with a few companies, received and returned a smart fire, and rushing into their intrenchments, obliged them to fly with the utmost precipitation, leaving a consi- derable number killed and wounded on the spot. — The fugitives saved themselves by crossing a river, on the further bank of which La Come stood, at the head of his troops, drawn up in order to receive them as friends and dependants. He had by this time erected a fort which he denominated Beau Sejour ; and now the English built another on the opposite side of the river, which was called after its founder Fort Lawrence. This being provided with a good 160 •III ; I ', gfurrieon, served as a check upon the French, and In scMne measure restrained the incursions of their bar- barians. Not that it effectually answered the pur- pose, for the Indians and Neutrals still seized every opportunity of attacking the English in the interior parts of the Peninsula. In the course of the suc- ceeding year they surprised the little town of Dart- mouth, on the other side of Halifax harbour, where they killed and scalped a great number of people, and carried off some others. For these expeditions the French always supplied them with boats, canoes, arms and ammunition, and indeed they were con- ducted with such care and secrecy that it was almost impossible to prevent their success. The French Government now strengthened their lodgment on the neck of the Peninsula at Cumberland, with an ad- ditional fort, distinguished by the name of Barje Verte, and built a third at the mouth of St. John's river, on the north side of the Bay of Fundy. Re- presentations of these outrages and encroachments being transmitted to England, the Earl of Alber- marle, the British Ambassador, presented a memorial to the French Court, complaining of them as open violations of the treaty, and demanding immediate reparation. He also required that the subjects of Great Britain, who had been made prisoners, should be set at liberty; that satisfaction should be made for the loss they had sustained ; that capital punishment should be inflicted on the persons who had commit- ted these outrages, and that positive orders should be transmitted to De la Jonquiere, the Commander-in- Chief of New-France, to desist from further violence against the British subjects in the American Colo- 16i nies. The French Court, not being yet sufficiently prepared for an open rupture, thought proper to re- turn an answer which might serve to procrastinate a formal declaration of wsu*. They therefore imme- diately set at liberty six Englishmen, who had been sent prisoners from America to France, and promised to transmit the most positive orders to the Governor General of Canada, to prevent all causes of complaint for the future. There is, however, too much reason to suppose, if any such orders were ever given, that they were contradicted by private instructions ; for De la Jonquiere, regardless of consequences, continu- ed to encourage the Indians to aid the French in harrassing the English, both in Nova-Scotia and on the Ohio, and persisted in completing a chain of forts, to unite the two French Colonies of the St. Lawrence and Missisippi, and to confine the English within the narrow space lying between their en- croachments mid the sea. At the same time a num- ber of men of war were dispatched singly to Canada and to Cape Breton, with troops and military stores, until the force at both places became a source of great alarm to the English. The situation of the two Kingdoms was very peculiar ; each seemed de- sirous of throwing the odium of first declaring war upon the other, in order that they might severally avail themselves of the defensive alliances they had formed with the continental powers. On the 27th of April, 1755, Admiral Boscawen, with eleven ships of the line and a frigate, sailed from Plymouth, for the Banks of Newfoundland ; and shortly after his arrival captured, off Cape Race, the Alcyde, of forty-five guns, and the Lys, pierced for fifty-four, but 21 m i 162 mounting only twenty-two guns, having on board several engineers and officers of rank, eight compa- nies of soldiers, and about JE8,000 in money. War, though not formally declared,* was, by this event, actually commenced; but, by not complying with the usual ceremonies, the administration exposed them- selves to the censures of several neutral powers of Europe, and fixed the imputation of fraud and free- booting on the beginning of the war. During this period the English had attempted but one settlement beside that of Halifax ; Governor Cornwallis, hav- ing executed the trust reposed in him, returned to England, and was succeeded in the command of the Province by Peregrine Thomas Hopson, Esq. who was sworn into office on the 3d day of August, 1 762. The most memorable act during his administration was the settlement of Lunenburg. A number of Germans having arrived at Chebucto, in consequence of the flattering promises made them by his Majesty King George IF. 1453 persons were embarked at Halifax, and landed at Merliguesh on the 7th June, 1763, where they laid the foundation of the flourish- ing town of Lunenburg. Here they were doomed to experience the same resistance from the natives which the Colonists at Halifax had met with, in set- tling the Peoinsula; and the early history of the place contains little else than a constant succession of struggles with the savages, in which, notwithstand- ing the powerful protection they received from Go- vernment, they lost many lives. Their attempts at agriculture were therefore restricted within a very narrow compass, and the settlement of the adjoining * Th« English declaration of war did not iaiuo until May, 1756^ that of Franca in June following. 163 country was retarded until the French power nnd influence in Nova-Scotia was subdued.* The Go- vernment of the Province waSjin the mean time, vest- ed in the Governor and Council ; the Colony not being in a situation to admit of the formation of a house of Representatives. As there was something repugnant to the feelings of Englishmen in such a Government, they were required to make as few laws and ordinances as possible; and to pass merely such acts as were necessary for the preservation of the peace and the good order of the Colony, until the in- habitants should be sufficiently numerous to elect their own representatives. Until the settlement of the country under Governor Cornwallis, in 1749, there never had been any Common Law establish- ments in the Province, and,as one of his instructions required him to erect and commission Courts of Jus- tice, after consulting with his Council, he erected three Courts. The first was a Court of General Ses- sions, similar in its nature, and conformable in its practice, to the courts of the same same in England. The second was a County Court, having jurisdiction over the whole Province, (which was at that [^titae but one County) and held by those persons who were in the Commission of the Peace at Halifax. This Court sat monthly, and, except in criminal matters, was invested with all the powers of the Court of King's Bench, Common Pleas and Exclicquer ; with- out limitation of sums, or restriction as to the nature of the action ; but cither of the litigating parties had a right, after judgment, to carry the cause by appeal into the Supreme Court ; and there obtain a trial de * Seo tho statistical account of Lunenburg, in the 2(1 volume. I 164 novo. Although, by an ordinance of the Governor and Council, at the institution of this court, all writs and process were to be conformable to those of Eng- land ; so little of the English practice was known by the Judges and Attorneys, that the proceedings were peculiar to the court, full of absurdity and defect, and not at all resembling any system adopted in any other parts of the British dominions. The third was the General Court. This was a Court of Assize and general jail delivery, in which the Go- vernor and the Council, for the time being, sat as Judges. It assembled twice a year, in April and in October, and tried, with the assistance of a jury, all criminal offences, and appeals from the County Court, when the sum in dispute exceeded five pounds. Ex- cept in cases where a member of the court was a party, it had no original jurisdiction, in personal or real actions. In the year 1752, in consequence of many difficulties having arisen from the practice of the County Court, it was abolished, and a Court of Common Pleas erected in its place, upon the plan of the Inferior Courts of Common Pleas in New- England. This court sat four times a year, and the Judges were selected from among those who had presided in the County Court. Similar inconveniences having arisen from the peculiar construction of tha General Court, His Majesty, in the year 1754, ap- pointed Jonathan Belcher, Esquire, Chief Justice of Nova Scotia ; and a new Judicatory was erected in the place of the General Court, styled the Supreme Court, Court of Assize and general jail delivery, in which the Chief Justice was the sole Judge ; but the new court assumed no other powers or jurisdiction 165 than* what had, till then, been exercised by the General Court. The fees payable to the Judge, the Attorneys, and other oiTicers of the Court, were regu- lated by the Governor and Council; who, by ordinan- ces, occasionally remedied any defect in their prac- tice. Among the laws which the good sense of the legitilature afterwai'ds repealed, and which for some years remained a disgrace to the country, was one by which it was enacted that no debts, contracted in England or in any of the colonies, prior to the set- tlement of Halifax, or to the arrival of the debtor, should be recoverable in any Court of Judicature in the Province. As an asylum for insolvent debtors, it is natural to suppose, Halifax attracted thither the guilty as well as the unfortunate ; and we may form some opinion of the state of public morals at that time, from an extraordinary order of Governor Corn- wallis, which, after reciting that the dead were at- tended to the grave by neither relatives, friends, or neighbours, and that it was difncult even to procure the assistance of " carriers," directed the Justices of * The practice in the Supremo and Inferior Courts, coufinucd the same, until iha convf;i.!.on of a House of Assembly iii JT'IS, vvheii the practice of the Common Pleas was changed by a temporary act of the Legislature, and a new mode prescribed, compounded partly from tlie practice of Massachnscits, and partly from the practice of England. Upon the expulsion of the Neutral French, and the introduction of new inhabitants as settlers, new Counties were erected, and the Courts of Common Pleas became multiplied. Thus cor)stituted, the courts continued and practised until i764, when a change took place in the Supreme Court. Upon an address of the House, Governor VViimot added two assistant Judges, and appointed two members of the Council to fill tiiosc situations. The Legislature provided them with a salary of £100 per annum, which was subsequently reduced to £50. The powers granted to the assistant Judges by the. commissions (wl«ich were drafted by the Chief Justice) were so qualified and limited, that the intent of the Assembly was altogether frustr&ted ; not havn j power to try a cause, but in conjunction with the Chief Juiiicc, or even to open or adjourn tho Court without his presence and concurrence. For the present state of the Supreme Court and Common Pleas, see the second volumo of this work. 166 the Peace, upon the death of a settler, to summon twelve persons from the vicinity of the deceased's last place of abode, to attend his funeral, and carry his corpse to the grave; and, as a penalty for not comply- ing with the orders, directions were given to strike out the name of every delinquent, from the mess books of the place, and to withdraw from him the allowance and support of government. The year 1755 commenced with preparations foi* dislodging the French from tlieir encroachments. This expedition was undertaken and conducted at *!)e ex- pense of the crown. The troops, howc/ar, were raised in Massachusetts' Bay, and acted as a distinct b .>dy, under their own officers, with a promise of the same pay, and being treated in every respect as others in the same service. The command of the ex- pedition was given to Lieutenant Colonel Monckton; but the Massachusetts' forces being formed into a regiment of two battalions, of which Governor Shir- ley was the colonel, the command of them was con- ferred on Lieutenant-Colonel John Win slow, of Marshfield, a gentleman of one of the most ancient and hono'irable families in the Province; who held a commi'-sion of Major General in the Militia, and whose influence was so great as to effect the raising of two thousand men in about two months, to serve for the term of one year, if so long iequired. They embarked at Boston on the 20th of May, and arrived at the Basin of Annapolis Royal on the 25th, whence they sailed on the first of June, in a fleet of forty-one vessels, to Chiegnecto, and anchored about five miles from Fort Lawrence. On the 4th, being joined by about three hundred regulars, witli a small train of 167 artillerj', they marched for the French Fort Beau JSejour. Three frigates and a sloop were dispatched up the Bay of Fundy, under the command of Captain Rous, to give them assistance by sea. The troops, upon their arrival at the River Massaguash, found the passage stopped by a large number of regular forces, rebel Acadians and Indians, 450 of whom oc- cupied a block-house, with cannon mounted on the side of the river ; and the rest were posted within a strong breastwork of timber, thrown up by way of outwork to the block-house. The English Provin- cials attacked this place with such spirit that the enemy were obliged to fly and leave them in posses- sion of the breastwork. Then the garrison in the block-house deserted it, and left the passage of the river free. From thence Colonel Monkton advanced to the French Fort of Beau Sejour, which he invest- ed, (as far at least as the small number of his troops would permit,) on the 12th of June, and after four days bombardment, obliged it to surrender ; though the French had twenty-six pieces of cannon mount- ed, and plenty of ammunition, and the English had not placed a single cannon upon their batteries. The garrison was sent to Louisburg, on condition of not bearing arms in America for the space of six months; and the Acadians, who had joined the French, were pardoned, in consideration of their having been forced into that service. Colonel Monkton, after putting a garrison into this place, and changing its name to that of Cumberland, the next day attacked and re- duced the other French Fort, upon the river Gaspe- reaux, which runs into Bay-Vert, where he likewise found a large quantity of provisions and stores of all :f - I ; 168 kinds ; that being the chief magazine fur supplying the French, Indians andAcadians, with arms, ammu- nition, and other necessaries. He then disarmed these last, to the number of fifteen hundred, and in the meantime Captain Rous, with his ships, sailed to the mouth of the river St. John's, to attack the new fort the French had erected there ; Ijut they saved him that trouble by abandoning it upon his appear- ance, after having burst their cannon, blown up their magazine, and destroyed, as far as they had time, all the works they had lately raised. The English had but twenty men killed and about the same number wounded, in the whole of this expedition, the success of which secured the tranquility of Nova-Scotia. The peculiar situation of the Acadians embarrassed the local Government of the Province, who were for a long time wholly at a loss to know what course to adopt towards them. They were not British sub- jects, inasmuch as they had refused to take the oath of allegiance, and therefore could scarcely be consi- dered rebels. They were not prisoners of war, be- cause they had been suffered for nearly half a cen- tury to retain their possessions ; and their neutrality had been accepted in lieu of their allegiance, they could not,therefore,with propriety ,be sent to France. The defection of the inhabitants of Chiegnccto had alarmed and irritated the Council, and it was imme- diately ordered, that the whole French population should be disarmed, and that their boats should be seized, in order to prevent them I'rom aiding the ene- my with provisions and intelligence. These orders were complied with in a manner which might cer- tainly have cor.vinced the Government, that they 169 had no serious intention of any insurrection. But, ai Papists and Frenchmen, their submissions never gained much credit with their Protestant and Eng- lish masters, by whom they were both hated and feared. The requisitions which were occasionally made of them were conveyed in a manner not much calculated to conciliate affection, and when they were informed by Captain Murray, at Pesiquid, that unless they supplied his detachment with fu«l, their houses would be used for that purpose, or that if they failed to furnish the Engineer with timber for the re^ pairs of Fort Edward, they should suffer immediate military execution, they were not slow to notice the difference between the contracts of Government with the English and the comi)ulsory method adopted to- wards them.* They had long since been refused ad- judication upon their disputes, in the local Courts ; their boundariesj and the titles to their lands, were consequently in great confusion; and they plainly fore- saw that they must take the oath in the most unqua- lified manner, and co-operate with the English against their ancient Allies the Indians, and their country- * Extract ofa letter written by M. Cotterell, (for Governor Law- rence) to Copfain Murray, dated 5th August, 1754 : " You are therefore directed to issue an order lo the French inhabitants of yonr District, at their peril, to bring on, forth with, for the service of his Majesty's fort at Posiqiiid, such a number of posta and pickets, of such dimensions as Mr. Tonge, the Engineer, shall have occasion for — they ate not lo be bargained with for the payment, but as tii^y bring in what is wanted, you will furnish them with certificates, which will entitle them to euch payments at HalifaZt as shall bethought reasonable. — If they should not immediately comply, you will assure thein that the next Courier will bring an order for miiiiary execution upon the delinquents. Remonstrating with them, that where his Majesty's service shall require their aa- eistance, they are immediately to comply wilhont makinj; any tcrniBt thouijii in their own private transactions they may lay such pricaa on their labour as they think proper." Extract of another letter from the same, to the same, dated 1st. September, 1754 : " No ex- cuse will be taken for not fetching in firewood, and if they dojiot do it in proper time, the soldiers shall absolutely take their houMi for fuel. — Council Records at Halifax. < 22 i 170 men in Cape Breton and Canada, or quit the Pro- vince. Many pcruons in diflcrent parts of the C oun- tiy disposed of their property, and rem6ved to the French Islands, to Canada and other places. Their feors were soon justified by the event. The cam- paign of the year 1755, which liad opened in Nova* Scotia with so much success, and which promised a glorious termination, disappointed the expectations and awakened the fours of the Colonists. The me- lancholy and total defeiit of tlic army under General Braddock, while on his march against Fort du Ques- ne, thicvv a gloom over the 13ritish Provinces. Nia- gara and Crown-poitit were not only unsubdued, but it was evident that Governor Shirley would have to abandon, for this ycur at least, the attempt ; while Louisburg was reinfoivcd, the savages let loose upon the defenceless s(;tllomentf! of the English, and the tide 0. war s^^cincd ready to roll back upon the in- vaders. Amidst this gcncnil panic, Governor Law- rence and his Council, aided by Admirals Boscawen and Moystyn, assembled to consider the necessary measures that were to be adopted towards the Aca- dians, whose character and situation were so peculiar as to distinguish them from every other people who had suffered under the scourge of war. Hunting and fishing, which had formerly been the delight of the Colony, and might have still supplied it with subsistence, had no further attraction for a simple and quiet people, and gave way to agriculture, which had been established in the marshes and low lands, by repelling with dikes the sea and rivers which covered these plains. These grounds yielded fifty for one at first, and afterwards fifteen or twenty for 171 one at least *, wheat and oats succeeded best in them, but they likewise produced rye, barley and maize. — There were also potatoes in great plenty, the use of which was become common. At the same time these immense meadows were covered with numerous flocks. They computed as many as sixty thousand head of horned cattle ; and most families had seve- ral horses, though the tillage was carried on by oxen. Their habitations, which were constructed of wood, were extremely convenient, and furnished as nc My as substantial farmer's liouses in Europe. 7 y reared a great deal of poultry of all kinds, which made a variety in their food, at once wholesome and plentiful. Their ordinary drink was beer and cyder, to which they sometimes added rum. Their usual clothing was in general the produce of their own flax, or the fleeces of their own sheep ; with these they made common linens and coarse cloths. If any of them had a desire for articles of greater luxury, they procured them from Annapolis or Louisburg, and gave in exchange corn, cattle or furs. The neu- tral French had nothing else to give their neighbours, and made still fewer exchanges among themselves ; because each seperate far.tily was able, and had been accustomed, to provide for its own wants. They therefore knew nothing of paper currency, which was so common throughout the rest of North Ameri- ca. Even the small quantity of gold and silver which had been introduced into the Colony, did not inspire that activity in which consists its real value. Their manners were of course extremely simple. There was seldom a cause, either civil or criminal, of impor- tance enough to be carried before the Court of Judi- i, t :'i: i i. i 1. \ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 1.0 I.I us 1^ lift 1.0 ■ 2.2 u 2.0 III! IL2^ 11 u iii.6 PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporalion \ <> ^\ ;\ > '«^ 29 WIST MA(N STMIT Wn$TIR,N.V. t45M (71*) •72-4903 '^.^ / •ll^ I < •ation, eitablished at Annapolis. Whatever little differences arose from time to time among them, were amicably adjusted by theur eiders. All their public acts were drawn by their Pastors, who had likewise the keeping of their Wills ; for which, and their religious services, the inhabitants paid u twenty- seventh pwrt of their harvest j which was always suf- ficient to afford more means than there were objects of generosity. r;^..'** Real misery was wholly unknoAvn, and benevolence anticipated the demands of poverty.* Every misfor- tune was relieved as it were before it could be felt, without ostentation on the one hand, and without meanness on the other. It was, in short, a society of brethren ; every individual of which was equally ready to give, and to receive, what he thought the common right of mankind. So perfect a harmony naturally prevented all those connexions of gallan- try which are so often fatal to the peace of families. Tliis evU was prevented by early marriages, for no one passed his youth in a state of celibacy. As soon as a young man arrived to the proper age, the com- munity built him a house, broke up the lands about it, and supplied him with all the necessaries of life for a twelve-month. There he received the partner whom he had chosen, and who brought him her por- tion in flocks. This new family grew and prospered like the others. In 1755, all together made a popu- lation of eighteen thousand souls. Such is the picture of these people, as drawn by the Abbe Reynal. By * At the present moment, the poor in the Township of Clare are maintained by the inbabiiants at large ; and, being members of one great family, spend the remainder uf their days in visits from bouM to houM. An illegitimate ohild is almost unknown in the Nttlenente. 173 many, it is thought to represent a state of social hap- piness, totally inconsistent with the frailties and pas- sions of human nature ; and that it is worthy rather of the poet than the historian. In describing a scen^ of rural felicity like this, it is not improbable that his narrative has partaken of the warmth of feeling for which he was remarkable ; but it comes much nearer the truth than is generally imagined. Tradition is fresh and positive in the various parts of the United States, where they were located respecting their -guileless, peaceable, and scrupulous character ; end the descendants of those, whose long cherished and endearing local attachment induced them to return to the land of their nativity, still deserve the name of a mild, frugal, and pious people. The allegations against them collectively, and which were undoubt- edly just against many of them as individuals, were these : that, being permitted to hold their lands after the treaty of Utrecht, by which the Province was ceded to Great Britain, upon condition of their tak- ing the oath of allegiance, they refused to comply, except with the qualification that they should not be compelled to bear arms in defence of the Province ; which qualification, though acceded to by General Philipps, was disapproved of by the King. That, from this circumstance, they affected the character of Neutrals j yet furnished the French and Indians with intelligence, quarter, provisions and assistance, in annoying the Government of the Province ; and that three hundred of them were actually found in arms at the taking of Fort Beau Sejour. That, not- withstanding an offer was made to such of them as had not been openly in arms, to be allowed to conti- i yl $ 174 I nue in possesion of their land, if they would take the oath of allegiance without any qualification, they unanimously refused. A scrupulous sense of the in- dissdiiable nature oftheir ancient obligation to their King, was a great cause of their misfortunes. To this we may add an unalterable attachment to their religion, a distrust of the right of the English to the territory which they inhabited, and the indemnity promised them at the surrender of Fort Beau Sejour. Notwithstanding which, there could be no apology for such of them, as, after they had obtained the ad- vantages of neutrality, violated the conditions on which they were granted, and without which, from the nature of the case, there was no just foundation to expect they would be continued. It was finally determined, at this consultation, to remove and dis- perse this whole people among the British Colonies ; where they could not unite in any offensive measures, and where they might be naturalized to tlie Govern- ment and Country. .4 . - . The execution of this unusual and general sentence, was allotted chiefly to the New-England Forces, the Commander of which, from the humanity and firm- ness of his character, was well qualified to carry it into effect. It was, without doubt, as he himself de- dared, disagreeable to his natural make and temper; and his principles of implicit obedience as a soldier were put to a severe test by this ungrateful kind of duty ; which required an ungenerous, cunning, and subtle severity, calculated to render the Acadians subservient to the English interests to the latest hour. They were kept entirely ignorant of their destiny, until the moment of their captivity, and were 175 % overawed, or allured, to labour at the gathering in of their harvest, which was secretly allotted to the use of their conquerors. The orders from Lieutenant-Governor Lawrence to Captain Murray, who was first on the station, with a plagiarism of the language, without the spirit of Scripture, directed that if these people behaved amiss, they should be punished at his discretion, and if any attempts were made to destroy or molest the troops, he should take an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, and in short life for life, from the nearest neighbour where the mischief should be performed. To hunt these people into captivity was a measure as impracticable as cruel ; and as it was not to be sup* posed they would voluntarily surrender themselves as prisoners, their subjugation became a matter of great difficulty. At a consultation, held between Colonel Winslow and Captain Murray, it was agreed that a proclaiiation should be issued at the different settlements, requiring the attendance of the people, at the respective posts on the same day ; which pro- clamation should be so ambiguous in its nature, that the object for which they were to assemble could not be discerned ; and so peremptory in its terms, as to ensure implicit obedience. This instrument having been drafted and approved, was distributed according to the original plan. That which was addressed to the people inhabiting the Country, now comprised within the limits of King^s County, was as follows : — " To the inhabitants of the District of Grand Pr6, Minas, River Canard, &c ; as well ancient, as young men and lads : Whereas, his Excellency the Governor, has in- ,.** I ii 'li ^' 176 itructed us of his late resolution, respecting the mat- ter proposed to the inhabitants, and has ordered us to communicate the same in person, his Excellency, being desirous that each of them should be fully sa- tisfied of his Majesty's intentions, which he has also ordered us to communicate to you, such as they have been given, to him ; We therefore order and strictly enjoin, by these presents, all of the inhabitants, as well of the above named District,.as of all the other Districts, both old men and young men, as well as ail the lads often years of age, to attend at the Church at Grand Pre, on Friday, the fifth instant, at three of the clock in the afternoon, that we may impart to them what we are ordered to communicate to them ; declaring that no excuse will be admitted on any pretence whatever, on pain of forfeiting goods and chattels, in default of real estate. — Given at Grand Pr6, 2d September, 1755, and 29th year of his Majes- ty's Reign. " John Winslow." In obedience to this summons, four hundred and eighteen able bodied men assembled. These being shut into the Church (for that too had become an arsenal,) Colonel Winslow placed himself, with his officers, in the centre, and addressed them thus : Gentlemen, — •'.»■- ;--.i' -.'j'-j ii ';'>^ -i -".•:•/,-/ " I have received from his Excellency Governor Lawrence, the King's Commission, which I have in my hand ; and by his orders you'are convened toge- ther to manifest to you, his Majesty's final resolution to the French inhabitants of this his Province of Nova- Scotia ; who, for almost half a centUry, have had more indulgence granted them than any of his Milgects in any part of his dominions ; what us« you ITl : have made of it you yourselves best know. Th« part of duty I am now upon, though necessary, is very disagreeable to my natural make and temper, as I know it must be grievous to you, who are of the same species; but it is not my business to animadvert but to obey such orders as I receive, and therefore, without hesitation, shall deliver you his Majesty'd orders and instructions,namely — that your lands and tenements, cattle of all kinds and live stock of all sorts, are forfeited to the Crown; with all other your efr3cts, saving your money and household goods, and you yourselves to be removed from this his Province. Thus it is peremptorily his Majesty's orders, that the whole French inhabitants of these Districts be removed; and I am, through his Majesty's goodness, directed to allow you liberty to carry off your money and household goods, as many as you can without discommoding the vessels you go in. I shall do every thing in my pow«r that all those goods be secured to you, and that you are not molested in carrying them off ; also, that whole families shall go in the same vessel, and make this remove, which I am sensible must give you a great deal of trouble, as easy as his Majesty's service will admit; and hope that, in what- ever part of the world you may fall, you may be faith- ful subjects, a peaceable and happy people. I must also inform you, that it is his Majesty's pleasure that you remain in security under the inspection and direc- tion of the troops that I have the honour to command. '' And he then declared them the King's prisoners. The whole number of persons collected at Grand Fr^, finally amounted to four hundred and eighty-three men, and three hundred and thirty-seven women, 23 1 , t f 1 1 ) ( .# 4ii ii / 14 178 heads oi families ; and their sons and daughters, to five hundred and twenty-seven of the former, and five hundred and seventy-six of the latter ; making in the whole one thousand nine hundred and twenty- three souls. Their stock consisted of one thousand two hundred and sixty-nine oxen, one thousand five hundred and fifty-seven cows, five thousand and seven young cattle, four hundred and ninety -three horses, eight thousand six hundred and ninety sheep, and four thousand one hundred and ninety-seven hogs. As some of these wretched inhabitants escap- ed to the woods, all poasible measures were adopted to force them back to captivity. The Country was laid waste to prevent their subsistence. In the Di^ trict of Minas alone, there were destroyed tfvo hun- dred and fifty-five houses,two hundred and seventy-six barns, one hundred and fifty-five out houses, eleven mills, and one church; and the friends of those who refused to surrender, were threatened as the victims 01 tneiroDsxmacy. •■»•.« jix^i.* .(vi* ^ «.« »^«.< t^ *f%it •*"*«»» {»"' c In short, so operative were the terrors that sur- rounded them, that of twenty-four young men, who deserted from a transport, twenty-two were glad to return of themselves, the others being shot by senti- nels ; and one of their friends, who was supposed to have been accessary to their escape, was carried on shwe to behold the destruction of his house and ef- fects, which were burned in his presence,as a punish- ment for his temerity and perfidious aid to his com- rades. The prisoners expressed the greatest con- cern at having incurred his Majesty's displeasure, and in a petition addressed to Colonel Winslow, in- treated him to detain a part of them as sureties for 179 the appearance of the rest, who were desirous of vi- siting their families, and consoling them in their dis- tress and misfortunes. To comply with this request of holding a few as hostages for the surrender of the whole body, was deemed inconsistent with his in- structions; but,as there could be no objection to allow a small number of them to return to their homes, permission was given to them to choose ten for the District of Minas, (Horton) and ten for the District of Canard (Cornwallis) to whom leave of absence was given for one day; and on whose retum,a similar num- ber were indulged in the same manner. They bore their confinement, and received their sentence with a forti- tude and resignation altogether unexpected; but when the hour of embarkation arrived,in which they were to leave the land of their nativity for ever — to part with their friends and relatives, without the hope of ever seeing them again, and to be dispersed among stran- gers, whose language, customs and religion, were op- posed to their own, the weakness of human nature prevailed, and they were overpowered with the sense of their miseries. The preparations having been all completed, the 10th of September was hj^t i upon as the day of departure. The prisoners were drawn up six deep, ana the young men, one hundred and sixty -one in number, were ordered to go first on board of the vessels. This they instantly and peremptorily refused to do, declaring that they would not leave their parents ; but expressed a willingness to comply with the order, provided they were permitted to em- bark with their families. This request was imme- diately rejected, and the troops were ordered to fix bayonets and advance towards the prisoners, a mo- ! 1 I \i ■/■ ti 180 4»l tion which had the effect of producing obedience on the part of the young men, who forthwith commenc- ed their march. The road from the chapel to the shore, just one mile in length, was crowded with wo- men and children; who, on their kneeB,greeted them as they passed with their tears and their blessings ; while the prisoners advanced with slow and reluc- tant steps, weeping, praying and singing hymns. — This detachment was followed by the seniors, who passed through the same scene of sorrow and dis- tress. In this manner was the whole male part of the population of the District of Minas put on board the five transports, stationed in the river Gaspereaux; each vessel heing guarded by six non-commissioned officers, and eighty privates. As soon as the other vessels arrived, their wives and children followed, and the whole were transported from Nova-Scotia. The haste with which these measures were carried into execution did not admit of those preparations for their comfort, which, if unmerited by their disloy- alty, were at least due in pity to the severity of their punishment. The hurry, confusion and excite- ment, connected with the embarkation, had scarcely subsided, when the Provincials were apalled at the work of their own hands. The novelty and peculi- arity of their situation could not but force itself upon/ the attention of even the unreflecting soldiery: sta- tioned in the midst of a beautiful and fertile Country, they suddenly found themselves without a foe to subdue, and without a population to protect. The volumes of smoke which the half expiring embers emitted, while they marked the site of the peasant's humble cottage, bore testimony to the extent of the 181 work of destruction. For sevepal successive even- ings the cattle assembled round the smouldering ruins, as if in anxious expectation of the return of their masters; while all night long the faithful watch dogs of the Neutrals howled over the scene of deso- lation, and mourned alike the hand that had fed, and the house that had sheltered them. .^ ; At Annapolis and Cumberland the proclamation was disobeyed by the French, in consequence of an apprehension, that they were to be imprisoned, or sent captives to Halifax. At the former place, when the ships arrived to convey them from their country, a party of soldiers was dispatched up the river to bring them in by force ; but they found the houses deserted, and learned that the people had fled to the woods, carrying with them their wives and children. Hunger, fatigue and distress, finally compelled many of them to return and surrender themselves as pri- soners ; while some retired to the depths of the forest, where they encamped with the Indians ; and others wandered through the woods to Chiegnecto, from whence they escaped to Canada.* In Cumberland it was found necessary to resort to the most severe measures, and the country presented for several days a dreadful scene of conflagration. Two hun- dred and fifty -three houses were on fire at one time, in which a great quantity of wheat and flax were con- sumed. The miserable inhabitants beheld, from the * There is a woman now living in Clare, (the mother of Major Como) who accompaniod her parents to Miramichi, from whence they returned and delivered themselves up to the Commandant at Annapolis. She retains a distant recollection of this flight, and gives a most affecting narrative of the danger and sufferings to M'hich they were exposed. I am informed by Mr. Barteauz, an old inhabitant, who recollects the fact, that the houses and barns on the Annapolis river were burned. A 182 :^' adjoining woods, the destruction of their biiildiuga and household goods, with horror and dismay ; nor did they venture to offer any resistance, until the wanton attempt was made to burn their Chapel. — This they considered as adding insult to injury, and rushing upon the party, who were too intent on the execution of their orders to observe the neces- sary precautions to prevent a surprise, they killed and wounded twenty-nine rank and file, and then retreated again to the cover of the forest. As the different Acadian settlements were too widely dispers- ed, to admit of the plan of subjugation to be carried into effect at once ; and as it had but partially succeed- ed at two of the most populous Districts, only seven thousand of the inhabitants were collected at this time, and dispersed among the several British Colo- nies. One thousand arrived in Massachusetts' Bay, and became a public expense, owing in a great de- gree to an unchangeable antipathy to their situa- tion; which prompted them to reject the usual bene- ficiary, but humiliating establishment of paupers, for their children. The quota destined for Pensylva- nia was four hundred and fifteen, men women and children. They landed in a most deplorable condi- tion at Philadelphia. The Government of the Co- lony, to relieve itself of the charge such a com- pany of miserable wretches would require to maintain them, proposed to sell them with their own consent ; but when this expedient for their support was offered for their consideration, the Neutrals refused it with indignation, all edging that they were prisoners, and expected to be maintained as such, and not forced to labour. But, notwithstanding the severity of the 183 treatment the Aoadians had experienced, they sighed in exile to revisit their native land. That portion of them which had been sent to Georgia, actually set out on their return, and by a circuitous, hazardous, and labourious coasting voyage, had reached New York and even Boston, when they were met by orders from Governor Lawrence, for their detention, and were compelled to relinquish their design. The others, denying the charges which had been made against them, petitioned his Majesty for a legal hear- ing ; and, as this pathetic address contains their de- fence as drawn up by themselves, we shall allow them to be heard in their own behalf, by inserting it entire; not doubting that the interest oi the subject will suffice as an apology for the prolixity of the de- tail.* ....•: . r- - ' T .-.. u : ; -:;•. .:: = .;: *< To his most Excellent Majesty, King of Great Britain, &c. &c. ' ^ '* The hHmble petition of his subjects, the late French inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, formerly settled on the Bay of Minas, and rivers thereunto belonging; now residing in the Province of Pennsylvania, on be- half of themselves and the rest of the late inhabitants * The removal of the French Neutrals forcibly reminds us of the path<)tic lament of the Mantuan Shepherd, when driven from his patrimony by the victorious soldiers of Augustus. O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri (Quod nunquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli Diceret : Hasc mea sunt ; veteres migrate coloni. En unquam palrioa longo post tempore 6nes, Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen, Post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas ? Impius ha,s tam culta novalia miles habebit i Barbaras has segetes ? Ite mesB, felix quondam pecus, ite c&pellce, Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro, r DumoMd, pendere procul de rape videbo, Carmina nulla canam. lst&9thEcI. Virg. 184 n of the said bay, and also of those formerly settled on the river of Annapolis Royal, wheresoever dispersed. " May it please your Majesty, " It is not in our power sufficiently to trace back the conditions upon which our ancestors first settled in Nova-Scotia, under the protection of your Majes- ty's predecessors, as the greatest part of our elders who were acquainted with these transactions are dead; but more especially because our papers, which contained our contracts, records, &c. were, by vio- lence, taken from us some time before the unhappy catastrophe which has been the occasion of the cala- mities we are now under; but we always understood the foundation thereof to be from an agreement made between your Majesty's Commanders in Nova-Scotia, and our forefathers, about the year 1713, whereby they were permitted to remain in the possession of their lands, under an oath of fidelity to the British Go- vernment, with an exemption from bearing arms, and the allowance of the free exercise of their religion. " It is a matter of certainty, (and within the com- pass of some of our memories,) that in the year 1730, General Philips, the Governor of Nova-Scotiajdid, in your Majesty's name, confirm unto us, and all the in- habitants of the whole extent of the Bay of Minas and rivers thereunto belonging, the free and entire possession of those lands we were then possessed of; which, by grants from the former French Govern- ment, we held to us and our heirs for ever,on paying the customary quit-rents, &c. And on condition that we should behave with due submission and' fidelity to your Majesty, agreeable to the oath which was then administered to us, which is as follows, viz. 185 '** We sincerely promise and swear, by the fMth of '* a Christian, that we shall be entirely faithful, and *'^vill truly submit ourselves to His Majesty Kin^ '* George, whom we acknowledge as Sovereign Lord <* of New Scotland, or Acadia ; so God help us." " And at the same time, the said General Philips did, in like manner, promise the said French inhabi- tants, in your Majesty's name, * That they should have the true exercise of their religion, and be ex- empted from bearing arms, and from being employed in war, either against the French or Indians.' Un- der the sanction of this solemn engagement we held our lands, made further purchases, annually paying our quit-rents, &c.; and we had the greatest reason to conclude, that your Majesty did not disapprove of the above i^eement : and that our conduct continu- ed, during a long course of years, to be such as re- commended us to your gracious protection, and to the regardof the Governor of New England, appears from a printed declaration, made seventeen years af- ter this time, by his Excellency William Shirley, Governor of New England, which waB published md dispersed in our country, some originals of which have escaped from the general destruction of most of ©ur papers, part of which is as follows : " By His Majesty's command, " A declaration of William Shirley, Esq. Captain- (Jeneral and Governor-in-Chief, in and over His Majesty's Province of Massachusetts' Bay, &c. " To His Majesty's subjects, the French inhabi- tants of his province of Nova-Scotia : Whereas, upon being informed that a report had been propagated among His Majesty's subjects, the French inhabi- 24 r' 186 / tants of his Province of Nova*Scotia, that there was aa intention to remove them from their settlements in that Province, I did, by my declaration, dated 16th September, 1746, signify to them that the same was groundless, and that I was, on the contrary, per- suaded that His Majesty would be graciously pleas- ed to extend his royal protection, to all such of them as should continue in their fidelity and allegiance to him, and in no wise abet or hold correspondence with the enemies of his crown; and therein assured them, that I would make a favourable representation of their state and circumstances to His Majesty, and did accordingly transmit a representation thereof to be laid before him, and have thereupon received his royal pleasure, touching his aforesaid subjects in Nova-Scotia, with his express commands to signify the same to them in his name : Now, by virtue thereof, and in obedience to His Majesty's said or- ders, I do hereby declare, in his Majesty's name, that there is not the least foundation for any appre- hensions of his Majesty's intending to remove them, the said inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, from their said settlements and habitations within the said Province; but that, on the contrary, it is his Majesty's reso- lution to protect and maintain all such of them as have adhered to and shall continue in their duty and fJlegiance to him, in the quiet and peaceable possession of their respective habitations and settle- ments, and in the enjoyment of their rij. ts and pri- vileges as his subjects, &c. &c. / ■■ ^' ■ « Dated at Boston, the 21st of October, 1747. *< And this is farther confirmed by a lettdr, dated 29th June) in the same year, wrote to our deputies i 187 by Mr. Mascarine, then your Majesty's chief com- mander in Nova-Scotia, which refers to Governor Shirley's first declaration, of which we have a copy, legally authenticated, part of which is as follows,viz. " * As to the fear you say you labour under, on * account of being threatened to be made to evacu- ' ate the country, you have in possession his Excel- * lency William Shirley's printed letter, whereby you * may be made easy in that respect : you are sensi- < ble of the promise I have made to you, the effects * of which you have already felt, that I would pro- * tect you so long as,by your good conduct and fidelity * to the crown of Great Britain, you would enable me * so to do, which promise I do again repeat to you.* " Near the time of the publication of the before- mentioned declaration, it was required that our de- puties should, on behalf of all the people, renew the oath formerly taken to General Philips, which was done without any mention of bearing arms — and we can with truth say, that we are not sensible of any alteration in our disposition or conduct, since that time, but that we always continued to retain a grateful regard to your Majesty and your Govern- ment, notwithstanding which, we have found our- selves surrounded with difficulties unknown to us be- fore. Your Majesty determined to fortify our Pro- vince and settle Halifax ; which the French looking upon with je-alousy, they made frequent incursions through our country, in order to annoy that settle- ment, whereby we came exposed to many straits and hardships ; yet, from the obligations we were under, from the oath we had taken, we were never under any doubt, but that it was our indispensable // ,.f ,' I 188 / / duty and interest, to remain true to your goverment and our oath of fidelity, hoping that in time those difficulties would be removed, and we should see peace and tranquillity restored : and if, from the change of affairs in Nova-Scotia, your Majesty had thought it not consistent with the safety of your said Province, to let us remain there upon the terms pro- mised us by your Governors, in your Majesty's name, we should doubtless have acquiesced with any other reasonable proposal which might have been made to us, consistent with the safety of our aged parents, and tender wives and children ; and we are per- suaded, if that had been the case, wherever we had retired, we should have held ourselves under the strongest obligations of gratitude, from a thankful remembrance of the happiness we had enjoyed, un- der your Majesty's administration and gracious pro- tection. About the time of the settlement of Hali> fax. General Cornwallis, Governor of Nova-Scotia, did require that we should take the oath of allegiance without the exemption before allowed us, of not bearing arms ; but this we absolutely refused, as being an infringement of the principal condition upon which our forefathers agreed to settle under the British government. r ^ . " And we acquainted G»)vernor Cornwallis, that if your Majesty was not willing to continue that ex- emption to us, we desired liberty to evacuate the country, proposing to settle on the Island of St. John's, where the French Government was willing to let us have land ; which proposal he at that time I efused to consent to, but told us he would acquaint your Majesty therewith, and return us an answer. I 189 But we never received an answer, nor was any pro- posal of that made to us until we were made prison- ers. " After the settlement of Halifax, we suffered ma- ny abuses and insults from your Majesty's enemies, more especially from the Indians in the interest of the French, by whom our cattle was killed, our houses pillaged, and many of us personally abused and put in fear of our lives, and some even carried away prisoners towards Canada, solely on account of our resolution steadily to maintain our oath of fi- delity to the English Government: particularly R^ne Leblanc (our public notary,) was taken prisoner by the Indians when actually travelling in your Majes- ty's service, his house pillaged, and himself carried to the French fort, from whence he did not recover his liberty, but with great difficulty, after four years captivity. " We were likewise obliged to comply with the de- mand of the enemy, made for provision, cattle, &c. upon pain of military execution, which we had rea- son to believe the Government was made sensible was not an act of choice on our part, but of necessity, as those in authority appeared to take in good part the representations we always made to them after any thing of that nature had happened. " Notwithstanding the many difficulties we thus laboured under, yet we dare appeal to the several Governors, both at Halifax and Annapolis-Royal, for testimonies of our being always ready and willing to obey their orders, and give all the assistance in our power, either in furnishing provisions and materials, or making roads, building forts, &c. agreeable to your n It 190 / til Majesty's orders, and our oath oi fidelity, whenso- ever called upon, or required thereunto. " It was also our constant care to give notice to your Majesty's commanders, of the danger they from time to time have been exposed to by the enemy's troops, and had the intelligence we gave been always attended to, many lives might have been spared, particularly in the unhappy affair which befel Major Noble and his brother at Grand-Pre; when they, with great numbers of their men, were cut off by the ene- my, notwithstanding the frequent advices we had given them of the danger they were in ; and yet we have been very unjustly accused, as parties in that massacre. "j.^^i- ;• r-'j'.^-^ ^ -a^i " And although we have been thus anxiously con>- cerned, to manifest our fidelity in these several res- pects, yet it has been falsely insinuated, that it had been our general practice to abet and support your Majesty's enemies ; but we trust that your Majesty will not suffer suspicions and accusations to be receiv- ed as proofs sufficient to reduce some thousands of innocent people, from the .most happy situation to a state of the greatest distress and misery ! No, this was far from our thoughts ; we esteemed our situa- tion so happy as by no means to desire a change. — We have always desired, and again desire that we may be permitted to answer our accusers in a judi- cial way. In the meantime permit us, Sir, here so- lemnly to declare, that these accusations are utterly false and groundless,so far as they concern us as a col- lective body of people. It hath been always our de- sire to live as our fathers have done, as faithful sub- jects under your Majesty's royal protection, with an tit unfeigned resolution to maintain our oath of fidelity to the utmost of our power. Yet it cannot be ex- pected, but that amongst us, as well as amongst other people, there have been some weak and false-heart- ed persons, susceptible of being bribed by the enemy 60 as to break the oath of fidelity. Twelve of these were outlawed in Governor Shirley's proclamation before mentioned ; but it will be found that the num- ber of such false-hearted men amongst us were very few, considering our situation, the number of our in- habitants, and how we stood circumstanced in seve- ral respects ; and it may easily be made appear, that it was the constant care of our Deputies, to prevent and put a stop to such wicked conduct, when it came to their knowledge. i < , " We understood that the aid granted to the French by the inhabitants of Chignecto, has been used as an argument to accelerate our ruin ; but we trust that your Majesty will not permit the irmocent to be in- volved with the guilty ; no consequence can be just- ly drawn, that, because those people yielded to the threats and persuasions of the enemy, we should do the same. They were situated so far from Halifax, as to be in a great measure out of the protection of the English Government, which was not our case ; we were separated from them by sixty miles of un» cultivated land, and had no other connexion with them, than what is usual with neighbours at such a distance ; and we can truly say, we looked on their defection from your Majesty's interest with great pain and anxiety. Nevertheless, not long before our being made prisoners, the house in which we kept our contracts, records, deeds, &c. was invested with 192 an armed force, and all our papers violently carried away, none of which have to this day been returned us, whereby we are in a g^eat measure deprived of means of making our innocency and the justness of our complaints appear in their true light. " Upon our sending a remonstrance to the Qoveni' or and Council, of the violence that had been offered us by the seizure of our papers, and the groundless fears the Government appeared to be under on our account, by their taking away our arms, no answer was returned us ; but those who had signed the re- monstrance, and some time after sixty more, in all about eighty of our elders, were summoned to appear before the Governor and Council, which they imme- diately complied with; and it was required of them that they should take the oath of allegiance, without the exemption, which, during a course of near fifty years, had been granted to us and to our fathers, of not being obliged to bear arms, and which was the principtd condition upon which our ancestors agreed to remain in Nova-Scotia, when the rest of the French inhabitants evacuated the country; which, as it was contrary to our inclination and judgment, we thought ourselves engaged in duty absolutely to re- fuse. Nevertheless, we freely offered, and would gladly have renewed, our oath of fidelity, but this was not accepted of, and we were all immediately made prisoners, and were told by the Governor, that our estates, both real and personal, were forfeited for your Majesty^s use. As to those who remained at home, they were summoned to appear before the Commanders in the forts, which, we showing some fear to comply with, on the account of the seizure of 193 ottr papers, and imprisonment of so many of our el- ders, wc had the greatest assurance given us, that there was no other design, but to make us renew our former oath of fidelity ; yet as soon as we were within the fort, the same judgment was passed oa us, as had been passed on our brethren at HalifaXj and we were also made prisoners. ^ " Thus, notwithstanding the solemn grants made to our fathers by General Philips, and the declara- tion made by Governor Shirley and Mr. Mascarine, in your Majesty's name, that it was your Majesty's re- solution to protect and maintain all such of us as should continue in their duty and allegiance to your Majesty, in the quiet and peaceable possession of their settlements, and the enjoyment of all their rights and privileges, as your Majesty's subjects ; we found ourselves at once deprived of our estates and liber- ties, without any judicial process, or even without any accusers appearing against us, and this solely grounded on mistaken jealousies and false suspicions that we are inclinable to take part with your Majes- ty's enemies. But we again declare that that accu- sation is groundless ; it was always our fixed reso- lution to maintain, to the utmost of our power, the oath of fidelity which we had taken, not only from a sense of indispensable duty, but also because we were well satisfied with our situation under your Majesty^s Government and protection, and did not think it could be bettered by any change which could be proposed to us. It has also been falsely insinuated that we held the opinion that we might be absolved from our oath so as to break it with impunity ; but this we likewise solemnly declare to be a false accu- 25 ,/ 194 HatioD) and which we plainly evinced, by our expos- ing ourselves to so great losses and sufferings, rather than take the oath proposed to the Governor and Council, because we apprehended we could not in conscience comply therewith. *' Thus we, our ancient parents and grand parents, (men of great integrity and approved fidelity to your Migesty,) and our innocent wives and children, be- came the unhappy victims to those groundless fears : we were transported into the English Colonies, and this was done in so much haste, and with so little regard to our necessities and the tenderest ties of nature, that from the most social enjoyments and affluent circumstances, many found themselves des- titute of the necessaries of life : Parents were sepa- rated from children, and husbands from wives, some of whom have not to this day met again ; and we were so crowded in the transport vessels, that we had not room even for all our bodies to lay down at once, and consequently were prevented from carry- ing with us proper necessaries, especially for the sup- port and comfort of the aged and weak, many of whom quickly ended their misery with their lives. And even those amongst us who had suffered deeply from your Majesty's enemies, on account of their attachment to your Majesty's Government, were equally involved in the common calamity, of which R^n^ Leblanc, the notary public before mentioned^ is a remarkable instance. He was seized, confined, and brought away among the rest of the people, and his family, coruisting of twenty children, and about one hm' dred and fifty grand children, were scattered in different Co- lonies, so that he was put on shore at JV*eto York, with only 195 his wfe and two youngest children, in an infirm state of health, from whence he joined three more of his children at Philadelphia, where he died without any more notice being taken of him than any of us, not- withstanding his many years labour and deep suffer- ings for your Majesty's service. ** The miseries we have since endured are scarce sufficiently to be expressed, being reduced for a live- lihood to toil and hard labour in a southern clime, so disagreeable to our constitutions, that most of us have been prevented, by sickness, from procuring the ne- cessary subsistance for our families ; and therefore are threatened with that which we esteem the great- est aggravation of all our sufferings, even of having our children forced from us, and bound out to stran- gers, and exposed to contagious distempers unknown in our native country. " This, compared with the affluence and ease we enjoyed, shows our condition to be extremely wretch- ed. We have already seen in this Province of Penn- sylvania two hundred and fifty of our people, which is more than half the number that were landed here, perish through misery and various diseases. In this great distress and misery, we have, under God, none but your Majesty to look to with hopes of relief and redress : We therefore hereby implore your gracious protection, and request you may be pleased to let the justice of our complaints be truly and impartially en- quired into, and that your Majesty would please to grant us such relief, as in your justice and clemency you will think our case requires, and we shall hold ourselves bound to pray," &c. This memorial had not the effect of procuring them 196 m redresa, and they were left to undergo their punish- ment in exile, and to mingle with the population among whom they were distributed, with the hope^ that in time their language, predilections, and even the recollection of tlicir origin, would be lost amidst the mass of English people, with whom they were incorporated.* Such was the fate of these unfortu- nate and deluded people. Upon an itnpartial review of the transactions of this period, it must be admitted, that the transportation of the Acadians to distant co- lonies, with all the marks of ignominy and guilt pe- culiar to convicts, was cruel ; and although such a conclusion could not then be drawn, yet subsequent events have disclosed that their expulsion was un- necessary. It seems totally irreconcil cable with the idea, as at this day entertained of justice, that those who are not involved in the guilt shall participate in the punishment ; or that a whole community shall suffer for the misconduct of a part. It is, doubtless^ a stain on the Provincial Councils, and we shall not * It is very remarkable that there are no traces ofthis important event, to be found ainonf the records in the Secretary's OlFice at Halifax. I could not discover, that the correspondence h&d been preserved, or that the orders, returns, and memorials, had ever lieen filed there. In the letter-booli of Governor Lawrence, which is still extant, no communication to tho Board of Trade is enter- ed, from the 2^th December, 1754, to tho 5th August, 1756, if we except a common Victualling return. The particulars of this aiTair seem to have been carefully concealed, although it is not now easy to assign tho reason, unless the parties were, as in truth they well might be, ashamed of the transaction. I have, therefore, had much dfficulty in compiling this account. The murginul note in llinot'fl history of Massachusetts having referred to the Manu- script Journal of Colonel Winslow, I traced that book to the Libra- ry of the Mass. Hist. Society in Boston. By the kindness of An- drew Dunlap, Esquire, a member of the U. S. Bar, I have been favored with a copy of such papers as refer to this interesting event, many of which I haVe inserted in the Appendix. I avail myself with much pleasure ofthis opportunity to acknowledge, with many thanks, the very obliging manner in which these trans- cripts were communicated to me. . , . • 197 ition lOpCi even nidst were brtu- iview itted, nt co- ilt pe- uch a quent as un- th the t those pate in y shall btless^ all not mpoTtant Omce at had been had ever :e, which is enter- r56, if we this affair not now ruth they jfore, had il note in le Manu- the Libra- BS8 of An- lave been ntercsting I avail nowledge, lese trans- attempt to justify that which all good men have agreed to condemn. But we must not loose sight of the offence in pity for the culprits, nor, in the indul- gence of our indignation, forget that although nothing can be offered in deleiice, mach may be produced in palliation of thi. transactit^n. Had the milder sen- tence of unrestricted oxilc been passed upon them, it was obvious that it would have had the effect of recruiting the strength of Canada, and that they would naturally have engaged in those attempts which the French were constantly making for the recovery of the Province. : ;•;) •. .1 Three hundred of them had been found in arms at one time ; and no doubt existed, of others having advised and assisted the Indians in those numerous acts of hostility, which, at that time, totally inter- rupted the settlement of the country. When all were thus suspected of being disaffected, and many were detected in open rebellion, what confidence could be placed in their future loyalty ? It was also deemed impracticable in those days of religious ran- cour, for the English colonists to mingle in the same community with Frenchmen and Catholics. Those persons who are acquainted with the early history of the neighbouring colonies of New-England, will easily perceive of what magnitude this objection must have appeared at that period. Amidst all these difficulties, surrounded by a vigilant and poweriul enemy, and burthened with a population, whose attachment was more than doubtful, what course could the Governor adopt, which, while it ensured the tranquility of the Colony, should temper justice with mercy to those misguided people ? With the / .k-V*,V*. ....«.: 198 knowledge we now possess of the issue of a contest which was then extremely uncertain, it might not be difficult to point to the measures which should have been adopted; but we must admit, that the choice was attended With circumstances of peculiar embarrassment. If the Acadians, therefore, had to lament that they were condemned unheard, that their accusers were also their judges, and that their sentence was disproportioned to their offence ; they had also much reason to attribute their misfortunes to the intrigues of their countrymen in Canada, who seduced them from their allegiance to a Government which was disposed to extend to them its protection and regard, and instigated them to a rebellion, which it was easy to foresee would end in their niin. '¥ V Sifii* «•?-/; 199 CHAPTER V. .y.-i.' %'■ » JirrivalofLord Loudon and Admiral £foZ5orne, at Halifax, Preparations for attacking Louisburg. — Attack deferred, Admiral Holbome's fleets disabled by a violent storm, re- turns to England. — Generals Amherst and Wolfe arrive ai Halifax^ with a body of troops. — Capture of Louisburg and St. John's Island. — Resolviions of the Council, on the subject of forming a house of Representatives. — Con- ventiun of the first house of Assembly of JSTova- Scotia.-— Their proceedings. — The Governor issues a proclamaiiont inviting people to settle in the Pr wince. — Capitulation of Quebec. — Second Session of Ass mbly, and dissolviion.— Conquest of Canada. — Foitifications of Louisburg dis' mantled. — Death of Governor Lawrence. — An&w scaU of representation adopted. — Treaty with the Indians. — JEJs- tablishment of truck houses. — Arrival of Emigrants. — State of J^ew Toumships. — Alarm occasioned by the arri» val of the French at JSTewfoundlarul. — Removal of remai/H' ing Acadians to Boston. — Their return. — Peace. [rROM 1755 TO 1763.] THE military campaign in America, in 1756, did not materially change the appearance of public affairs. General Shirley, the enterprising Governor of Mas. sachusetts, was recalled, and the chief command of the army having, for a short time, devolved upon General Abercrombie,was finally conferred upon Lord Loudon. But the whole of that officer's plans for the remaining part of the season, were disconcerted by the disastrous and unexpected fall of Oswego ; and lit- tle more could be accomplished than affording protec- tion to the exposed frontiers of the old Colonies,which, by this event, were laid open to the incursions of the enemy, in the month of January, in the succeeding year, his Lordship arrived at Boston, where he held the xVnnual Military Council, which was attend- ed by Governor Lawrence, of Nova- Scotia. Instead of the complete operations hitherto pursued, it was 200 proposed to limit the plan to a single object. Leav- ing the posts on the great lakes strongly garrisoned, his Lordship determined to direct his whole disposea- ble force against Louisburg; and Halifax was, for this reason, fixed upon as the place of rendezvous for the fleet and army destined for this expedition, i ;.. Pursuant to this plan. Admiral Holborne arrived at Chebucto harbour in the beginning of July, with a powerful squadron, and five thousand British troops, under the command of Viscount Howe, when he was soon after joined by Lord Loudon, with a body of six thousand men from New-York. Some small ves- sels were immediately sent from Halifax, to examine and reconnoitre the enemy, and the intermediate time was employed in embarking the troops as soon as the transports arrived. The return of the scouts totally altered the face of affairs. They brought the unwelcome news that M. de Bois de la Motle, who sailed in the month of May, from Brest, with a largo fleet of ships of war and transports, was now safe at anchor in the harbour of Louisburg. Their intelli- gence was supported by the testimony of several de- serters, yet still it wanted confirmation, and many persons believed their account of the enemy's strength greatly overrated. Such advices, however, could not but occasion extraordinary fluctuations in the Council of War. Some were for setting aside all thoughts of the expedition for the season, while others, more sanguine in their hopes, were for prose- cuting it with vigour, notwithstanding the difiiculties and dangers with which it was environed. Their disputes were still carried on with great vehemence, when a packet, bound from Louisburg to France, was H 201 taken by one of the English cruizers, stationed at Newfoundland. It clearly appeared, by letters found on board of this vessel, that there were at that time in Loaisburg six thousand regular troops, three thou- sand natives, and one thousand three hundred Indi- ans, with seventeen ships of the line and three fri- gates, moored in the harbour ; that the place was well supplied with ammunition, provision and every kind of military stores, and that the enemy wished for nothing more than an attack, which it was pro- bable would terminate in the disgrace of the assail- ants, and ruin the affairs of the British in America. The commanders at Halifax were fully apprised of the consequences of an unsuccessful attempt, and as the season was now so far advanced as to endanger the safety of the enterprise, it was resolved to post- pone the expedition to some more convenient oppor- tunity ; a resolution, which, whatever construction was put upon it, was the most elegible under all the circumstances. Admiral Holborne, no longer embar- rassed with the care of transports, sailed for Louis- burg, with fifteen ships of the line, four frigates and a fire ship, for the purpose of reconnoiting the enemy. On the 20th of August he appeared before the har- bour, and saw the French Admiral make the signal to unmoor, but being greatly inferior in strength to the enemy, he did not choose to risk an engagement, and therefore returned to Halifax.* About the mid- * Before the arrival of the reinforcement, the fleet at Halifax consisted of the fallowing ships : Ships. Men. Guns. Ships. Men. Guns. Newark, 700 80 Success, 150 22 Invincible, 700 74 Port Mahon, 150 22 Orafton, 590 ()8 Nightingale, 160 22 Terrible, 630 74 Kennington, 160 20 Northumberiand,620 68 Elpbinghain, 150 29 26 202 die of September, having received a reinforcement of four ships of the line, he again sailed to Louisburg, with an intention to draw the enemy to a battle. La Motle, however, was too prudent to hazard an en- gagement, the loss of which must have exposed all the French Colonies to the attempts of the English. The squadron continued cruizing before the harbour of Louisburg until the 25th, when they were over- taken by a terrible storm ; in twelve hours they were driven within two miles of the breakers, on the coast of Cape Breton, when the wind providentially shift- ed, and saved the whole squadron from inevitable destruction, except one which was lost on the rocks, and about half of whose crew perished. Eleven ships were dismasted, others threw their guns overboard, and the whole returned to England, in a shattered condition. The success of the French this year, in conse- quence of the absence of Lord Loudon, at Halifax, left the Colonies in a gloomy state. They had ob- tained full possession of lakes Champlain and George, acquired the dominion of those other Lakes which connect the St. Lawrence with the waters of the Missisippi, and also the undisturbed possession of all the country west of the Alleghany mountains. But the appointment of Mr. Pitt, during the autumn, 16 16 14 14 12 12 12 14 1,350 Captain, 580 68 Furnace bomb, 100 Bedford, 480 64 do. 100 Orford, 520 6S Vulture sloop, 100 Nassau, 480 64 Hunter, 100 Sunderland, 400 64 Speedwell, 90 Defiance, 4U0 64 Hawke, 100 Tilbury, 400 64 Gibralter'fl Prize 80 Kingston, 400 60 Jamaica, 100 Windsor, 850 54 Lightening, Fire- Sutherland, 306 60 Bhip, 50 Winchelsea, 160 24 r«rril Sloop, 120 16 10,2( 203 ent irg, La len- dall jlish. •bour over- wei'e coast shift- ritable rocks, n ships [•board, attered conse- lalifas, had ob- Qeorge, Lakes aters of >ssessioa mntains. autumn, 100 1,350 to the Premiership of the new administration, inspired new hopes into all parties both at home and in Ame- rica. Immediately after taking office he wrote a cir- cular letter to all the Colonies, and assured them of his determination to send out a large force to co-ope- rate, by sea and land, against the French, and calK J upon them to raise as large bodies of men as the num- ber of inhabitants in their respective governments would permit. The Provincials were ready to take the field early in May ; previously to which Admiral Boscawen arrived at Halifax with a formidable fleet, and a powerful army under General Amherst. The whole armament, consisting of one hundred and fifty one sail, and fourteen thousand men, took their de- parture from Nova-Scotia on the 28th of May, and on the 2d of June, 1758, anchored in the Bay of Ga- barus, about seven miles to the westward of Louis- burg. The garrison of this place, commanded by the Chevalier Drucor, consisted of 2,500 regular troops, 300 militia, formed of the Inhabitants ; and towards the end of the siege they were reinforced by 350 Canadians and Indians. The harbor was se- cured by six ships of the line and five frigates ;* three of which they sunk across the entrance, in order to render it inaccessible to the English Shipping. Six days elapsed before the troops could be disembark- ed, on account of the heavy surf which broke with prodigious violence on the whole shore ; but on the seventh, the agitation of the water having partly subsided, the troops were distributed in three divi- sions and ordered to effect a landing. The right and * The Prudent, Entreprenant, each 74 ; the Capricieux, Cele- bre and Bienfaisant, of 64 guns ; the Apollo, of 50 ; the Chevre, Biche, Fidele. Diana and Echo, frigates. t04 centre, under the command of Governor Lawrence and General Whitmore, received instructions to make a shew of landing to distract the attention of the ene- my, while the real attempt was made in another quarter by General Wolfe. The French reserved their fire until the boats had nearly reached the shore, when they made a tremendous discharge of cannon and musquetry, which, aided by the surf, overset and sunk many of the boats. The men, en- couraged in all their difficulties by the example, spi- rit and conduct of their gallant commander, gained the beach at the Creek of Cormoran, and compelled the enemy to retire to the Town. As soon as the stores and artillery were landed, which was not ef- fected without great difficulty. General Wolfe wa» detached, with two thousand men, to sieze a post, oc- cupied by the enemy, at the Light House Point, from which the ships in the harbor and the fortifications in the Town might be greatly annoyed. On his ap- proach it was abandoned, and several very strong batteries were erected there. The fire from this place, by the 25th, completely silenced the Island battery, which was immediately opposed to it. In the interim, the besieged made several sallies, Avith very little effect, while the approaches to the Town were conducted with resolute but cautious vigor. The Bizarre and the Comet escaped the vigilance of the squadron before the commencement of the siege, and the Echo attempted to follow their example, but was captured soon after she left the h.'v:'}0. . On the 21st of July one of the largest of the French ships blew up with an awful explosion, which accident having communicated the fire to two others, they were both 205 eonsumed in a short time to the water's ed^e. Ad* miral Boscawen now sent 600 men in boats into tho harbor to make an attempt on two ships of the line, which still remained in the Basin — the Prudent, a 74 gun ship, and the Bienfaisant, of 64 guns. The former, having been run aground, was destroyed, and the latter was towed past the batteries in tri- umph, with the inconsiderable loss oi seven men killed and nine wounded. This gallant exploit put- ting the English in complete possession of the harbor, and several breaches being made practicable in the works, the place was no longer deemed defensible, and the Governor offered to capitulate. The terms proposed by him were refused, and it was required that the garrison should surrender prisoners of war, or sustain an assault by sea and land. These humi- liating conditions, though at first rejected were after-" wards agreed to ; and on the 26 th of July, 1758, tho Chevalier Drucor signed the articles of capitulation.* * Articles of capitulation between their Excellencies Adm. Bos- cawen and Major General Amherst, and his Excellency the Che- valier Drucor, Governor of the Island of Cape Breton, of Louis- burg, the Island of St. John and their appurtenances. 1. The Garrison of Louisburg shall be prisoners of war, and shall be carried to England, in the ships of his Britannic Majesty. 2. Alt the artillery, ammunition, provisions, as well as the arms, of what kind soever, which are at present in the town of Louis- burg, the Islands ofCnpe Breton and St. John, and their appurte- ances, shall be delivered, witiiout the least damage, to such Com- missaries as i-hall be appointed to receive them, lor the use of his Britannic Majesty. 3. The Governor shall give his orders, that the troops which are in the Island oi St. John and its appurtenances, shall go on board such ships of war, as the Admiral shall send to receive them. 4. The gate called port Dauphine, shall be given up to the troops of his Britannic Majesty to-morrow, at eight o'clock in the morning, and the garrison, including all those that carried arms, drawn up at noon on the esplanade, where they shall lay down their arms, colours, implements and ornaments of «var, and the garrison shall go on board in order to be carried to England, in a convenient time. 5. The Same care shall be taken of the sick and wounded, that are in the hospital, as of those belonging to his Britannic Majesty. \ 206 wi' The following day three companies of Grenadiers, eommanded by Major Farquahar, took possession of the Western Gate, and Brigadier Whitmore was de- tached into the town to see the garrison lay down their arms, and deliver up their colours on the espla- nade, and to post the necessary guards on the stores, magazines and ramparts. Thus, at the expense of about 400 men, killed and wounded, the English ob- tained possession ef the important Island of Cape- Breton, and the strong town of Louisburg, in which the victors found 231 pieces of cannon, with eigh- teen mortars and a considerable quantity of stores and ammunition. The merchants and Inhabitants were sent to France in English bottoms, but the gar- tison, together with the sea officers, marines and ma- riners, amounting in all to 5,637 men, were trans] ported to England. The loss of Louisburg was the more severely felt by the French King as it had been attended with the destruction of so many line of bat- tle ships and frigates. The particulars of this trans- action were immediately carried to England by a vessel despatched for that purpose, by -Captain Am- herst, brother to the Commander, who was also en- trusted with eleven pair of colours. These were, by His Majesty's orders, carried in pompous parade, es- corted by detachments of Horse and Foot Guards, with kettle drums and trumpets/rom thePalace of Kensing- ton, to St. Paul's Cathedral, where they were deposit- ed as trophies, under a discharge of cannon and other noisy expressions of triumph and exultation. Indeed the public rejoicings for the conquest of Louisburg 6. The merchants and their clerks that have not carried arras, ■hall be sent to France, in such manner as the Admiral shall think proper. (Signed) Ds Chevalier Drucor. Louiiburg, 26th July, 1768. if w ,i ?#•* » .( .t>&; '*^.^| ¥- "*■% ^ rf :,■«./ h f f - 'fc, :A 3* ' ' r- *. t Lc A. B. C. D. E. F. 'Mri G. ij>Mh>»>%: i^Aph^' t'-««W H. I. n< 207 ' \ were difTused through every part of the Britisi . domi- nions,and addresses of congratulation were presented to the King by a great number of flourishing towns and corporations. After the reduction of Cape Breton some ships were detached with a body of troops under the command ofLieutenant-Colonel LordRollo, to take possession of the Island of St. John, which also lies in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and, by its fertility in corn and cattle, had, since the beginning of the war, supplied Quebec with considerable quantities of pro- vision. It was likewise the asylum to which the French Neutrals of Annapolis fled, for shelter from the English Government ; and the retreat from whence they and the Indians used to make their sud- den irruptions into Nova-Scotia, where they perpe- trated the most inhuman barbarities on the defence- less subjects of Great Britian.* The number of inhabitants amounted to 4,100, who submitted, and brought in their arms ; then Lord Rollo took possesion of the Governor's quarters, 1 .« * References to the Plan of the Harbour and Fortifications of Louis bur^. A. The Town of Louisburg; B. The til add, C. A I a lie, where the fishing- barks winter. D. Stajjes for drying fish. E. A battery of 20 guns. F. The D;r.!p!iin battery of 30 guns, which defeiidd the West Gate, being that which was first'delivfared to the English. G. The Island-battery of 40 guns, silenced the 24th of June, by the Liglit-house battery at I, under the direction of Major- General Wolfe. H. A small battery of 8 guns. I. The Light-house battery, ta- ken by Major-General Wolfe, June 12tb, from whence the ships in the harbour were des- ** troyed. K. A battery of 15 guns,used for the destruction of the shipping L. The grand battery of 40 guns, destroyed by the French, the 12th, when all the out parties were ordered into the works of the town. M. A battery of 15 guns, destroy- ed the same time. N. Houses inhabited by fisher- men. 0. Rivers, from whence the in- habitants have their fresh water. P. A pond, which defends part of the works, and makes this part very difficult of access. 806 where he found several sealps of Englishmen, whom the savages had assassinated, in consequence of the encouragement they received from their patrons and allies, who gratified them with a certain premium for every scalp they produced. The island was well stocked with horned cattle, and some of the farmers raised each 1 ,200 bushels of corn annually for the market of Quebec. " •. -^ Although the campaign in Canada this year was attended with some reverses, it concluded by depriv- ing the French of two important posts. After an ill judged but gallant assault upon Ticonderoga, in which General Abcrcrombie was defeated, with the loss of nearly two thousand men, he despatched Colo« nel Bradstreet with a respectable force, chiefly com- posed of Provincials, against Frontenac, which sur- rendered on the 24th August. The capture of this place, in which were found sixty pieces of cannon andanimmensequantity of military stores, facilita- ted the reduction of Fort du Quesne, by the army under the command of General Forbes, who, in com- pliment to the Minister under whose auspices these operations were conducted, gave it the name of Pitts- burg. Previous to the sailing of the expedition against Louisburg Governor Lawrence had made the necessary arrangements for calling a House of As- sembly. An order had long since been transmitted to him to issue Writs for the election of Representa- tives, but he had hitherto delayed to comply with it, in consequence of the posture of public affairs and the small population of the country. In the month of May his Excellency laid before the Council his Ma- jesty^s instructions on the subject, and required their IS MQ tioitt [the and liuni well mers r the ' was epriv- an ill ga, in ththe iColo* f com- h sar- of this cannon acilita- } army in com- s these Pitts- )edition lade the of As- ismitted resenta* with it, and the lonth of his Ma. •ed their advice and assistancei as to the manner of carrying them into effect. After a good deal of deliberation, they came to the following resolutions : — " That a House of Representatives of the Inhabi- tants of this Province be the Civil Legislature thereof, in conjunction with his Majesty's Governor, or Com- mander-in-Chief for the time being, and his Majesty's Council for the said Province : the first House to be elected and convened in the following manner, and to be styled the General Assembly, viz. " That there shall be elected for the Province at lai^e, until the same shall be divided into Counties, sixteen members, and for the township of Lunenburg two, and for the. township of Halifax four. That when fifty qualified Electors shall be settled at Pesi- quid, Minas, Cobequid, or any other places which may hereafter be erected into townships, each of the said townships shall be entitled to send two Repre- sentatives to the General Assembly, and shall also have a right to vote at the Election of Representa- tives for the Province at large — that the house shall always consist of at least eleven members, present, besides the Speaker, before they enter upon busi- ness. " That no person shall be chosen a member of the sal J House, or shall have a right of voting, who shall be a Popish Recusant, or shall be under the age of twenty-one years ; or who shall not, at the time of such Election, be posseFsed, in his own right, of a free- hold estate, within the district for which he shall be elected or shall so vote. Nor shall each elector have more than one vote for each member, to be chosen 37 210 1^' for the Province at large, or for any township, and that each freeholder, present at such election, and giving his vote for one member of the Province at large, shall be obliged to vote also for the other fif- teen. " That the precept for convening the first Assembly be made returnable on the 2d day of October next. *' That the list of votes shall be sealed up by the re- turning officer of each township, and transmitted to the Provost Marshall, for the Province, by the first opportunity ; that reasonable notice may be given to the persons who shall appear to be chosen by the greatest number of the votes; provided, nevertheless, that if the votes in the townships of Annapolis- Royal and Cumberland, for the first members of the Province at large, shall not be returned eight days before the time limited for returning the precept, the Provost Marshall shall, in such cases, proceed to de- clare who are the persons elected from the other votes in his hands. " That in the case of the absence of any of the mem- bers from the Province for two months, it shall and may be lawful for the Governor, Lieutenant-Gover- nor,or Commander-in-Chief (if he shall judge it neces- sary) to issue his precept for others in his stead." These resolutions, together with others of less im- portance, for the guidance of the returning officer, having been transmitted to England, and approved of by his Majesty, were published as the law of the Province, and writs were accordingly issued to the Provost Marshall, for the Election of Representatives in the manner there prescribed. On the 2d of October, 1758, the members having 211 , and , and ice at er fif- embly lext. he re- tted to lie first ;iven to by the theless, napolis- cs of the rht days icpt, the ed to de- le other he mem- shall and iit-Gover- 3 it neces- tead." »f less im- 115 officer, approved law of the s\ied to the jsentativcs )ers having assembled at Halifax, and chosen Robert Sanderson, Esq. as their Speaker, his Excellency Governor Lawrence opened the Sessions with the following Speech : — " Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives^ " His Majesty having been most graciously pleased, by his Royal instructions to his Governors of this Province, to direct the calling sm Assembly of the freeholders, to act in conjunction with his Governors and Council, as the Legislative authority, when such a measure should be found essential to his service ; I am to assure you, that it is with particular pleasure I now meet you, convened in that capacity, in con- sequence of a plan some time since formed here for that purpose, with the advice and assistance of his Majesty's Council, and by me transmitted to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, to be laid before his Majesty for his approbation. " Gentlemen of the House of Representatives^ " I entertain the most sanguine hopes that you are come together, unanimously disposed to promote the service of the Crown, or in other words the real wel- fare and prosperity of the People whom you have the honor to represent, in every point, to the utmost of your authority and capacity. This I presume you will conceive is justly to be expected, not only from the immediate regard due to the civil rights and in- terests of your Constituents, but likewise from the unspeakable obligations you are under, to demon- strate in their behalf, your dutiful sense of his Ma- jesty's paternal concern for the prosperity and secu- rity of these his subjects, in those distinguished marks of his Royal favor and protection, which we 212 ijM^^W, i^ have) from time to time, so happily experienced, in the fleets and armies sent out for our immediate pre- servation, when we were under the most imminent danger of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy. Also, in the ample supplies of money, for so many years granted for the support and encouragement of this infant Colony ; and moreover still, in the conti- nuance of his Majesty's Royal bounty, for that pur- pose, when, from the seeming inclination of the in- habitants to have an Assembly convened some time since, it might have been presumed, and indeed by an article of his Majesty's instructions (which I shall order to be laid before you) it has been judged, that the Colony was become capable of providing for the necessary support of Government here, as has been usual in all his Majesty's other American Dominions. ** Gentkmen of both Hotises, " As my military occupation requires my attendance as early as possible, upon the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, to the westward, and as theLieutenant- Govemor is now necessarily employed, and will be for some time to come, upon an enterprise of import- ance in a distant part of the Province, there is not at present an opportunity of entering upon such par- tieulars as might otherwise call for your attention. I am, therefore, earnestly to recommend to your serious consideration, the expediency, or rather ne- cessity of unanimity and despatch, in the confirmation of such acts or resolutions, of a legislative nature, as the Governor and Council, under his Majesty's royal instructions, have found expedient before the form- ing an Asseii'^bly, and indispensibly necessary for promoting the welfare and peaceable government of 213 this people. Yjou may depend upon it, Gentlemen, that upon my return to the Government, you will find me perfectly disposed to concur with you, in enacting such further Laws, making such amend- ments to the present ones, and establishing such other regulations, as shall appear, upon more mature deliberation, to be consistent with the honor and dig- nity of the Crown, and conducive to the lasting hap- piness of his Majesty's subjects, over whom I have the honor to preside." To this address the House replied in the usual manner, by embodying the sentiments of the speech in their answer, but avoided giving any direct pledge to confirm all the past proceedings of the Council; and altogether omitted making any observations on the passage which implied, that it was expected of them to make provision for the support of the local go- vernment, in the manner adopted by some of the other colonies. At the very commencement of their business, they experienced the difficulty of their situ- ation, in having no settled forms of procedure. The first opportunity which offered, was immediately em- braced by the House, to express their opinion as to the sources from which they intended, in doubtful cases, to derive their precedents. The Council hav- ing transmitted to them a bill * for quieting posses- sions of land,' endorsed" Soit Bailie aux Communes," they immediately returned it, saying that they nei- ther agreed or disagreed to the subject matter there- in contained, but requested that they would be pleased to inform them, for what purpose they had sent that paper to tkem. The Council replied, that what they had thought proper to term a paper was in 214 fact a bill, which they had prepared and sent to them for their concurrence in passing into a Law, and that the indorsement upon it was made in strict accordance with the usage of Parliament; it being customary with that august body, when a bill was sent from the Lords, to indorse it " Bailie aux Com- munes;" and in like manner, when one was sent from the House of Commons to inscribe upon it " Bailie aux Seigneurs." The House rejoined, that it was their intention to pursue the course adopted by the other Colonial Legislatures, as more suited to their situation and circumstances ; that they saw no neces- sity for making use of the French language, in any of their proceedings ; and that they were by no means certain, that either a Provincial Council or House of Assembly could claim the privileges, or conform to the practice, of the Lords and Commons. To adjust these difficulties, a conference took place, at which the forms of communication with each other, the manner of expressing their assent or dissent to bills, and other matters of a similar nature, were finally settled. ,. In examining the * ways and means' of the Pro- vince, they found that a small revenue had been raised from time to time, by the imposition of certain duties on the importation of merchandize, and the retail of spirituous liquors, by virtue of ordinances of the Governor and Council, and that there was now a balance in the hands of the collector, of £2,204 ITs. lid. They therefore requested the Governor to appoint a suitable person as Treasurer, and suggested the propriety of requiring him to give goo^ security, for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, 216 and also in filling the situation, of not conferring it upon any person already amply provided for by other profitable situations under Government. But one of the most important measures of the session, was a resolution requesting the Governor to order the Justices of the Peace, the Registrars of the Court of Chancery and Vice Admiralty, the Clerks of the Supreme Court, Inferior Court, and Sessions, and all Civil Officers within the Province, respectively, to lay before them an exact list of all fees, poundage, commission, and other perquisites, severally demand- ed and received by them in their various offices. Upon this application, all the officers of the several Courts returned a table of their fees, with the ex- •eption of the Registrar of the Court of Vice Admiral- ty, respecting whom, the Governor informed the House, that their message had been laid before the Councily who had inquired into the propriety of the application, and had advised him, that the officers of the Court of Vice Admiralty had a table of fees for thfsir gaidance,which fees were taken in all the plan- tations, and had been exacted in this country from its first settlement ; that the accounts of the officers had been frequently transmitted to England, but were never disapproved of; and that, as the constitution of the Court of Vice Admiralty was unlike that of any other Court, and even Parliament had never inter- fered to establish its fees, it was beyond all doubt that the General Assembly could not undertake to do so. His Excellency, however, assured them, that if proper complaint were made to him of exhorbitant fees being taken in the Court, he would represent the same to his Majesty and the Board of Trade, and • i^ 216 that he made no doubt, but that he should receive satisfactory instructions upon this subject. Upon the receipt of this answer, the House came to thQ following resolutions : — 1st. — Resolved, that it is the unquestionable right of this House, to order all Civil Officers to lay before them an account of ail fees and perquisites demand-^ ed and received by them, and to prepare bills for re* gulating their fees for the future. 3d. — Resolved, that the refusal of the Judge of the Court of Vice Admiralty, to lay before them an ac- count of fees and perquisites, is a high contempt of the authority of this House, and of a dangerous na- ture, i Sd. — Resolved, that on searching precedents of cases, in the said Court of Admiralty, it appears, that in all oases where money passes through the said Court, excessive sums of money have been extorted from the Suitors, under pretence of 5 per cent, com- missions of condemnation fees, 5 per cent, pound- age, and 2i per cent, commissions on sales, over and|above the great fees of the Judge, Registrar and Marshall of said Court, frequently amounting toge- ther to more than a quarter part of the value of the matter on demand, which is very grievous, a great detriment to trade, and without color of law. These resolutions were sent to his Excellency, with a request that he would tak^ the same into consi- deration, and do what was necessary to redress the evils of which they complained. The Governor re- plied that he had communicated their address to the Council, who assured him that as the words of the Royal Commission to the Judge of the Court of Ad- «17 Bive fpon the right efore land- apre- ofthe inac- (ipt of as na- ;nts of "s, that le said storted t. com- pound- s, over ;rar and ng toge- e of the a great kr. cy, with ;o consi- Iress the ernor re- iss to the dsofthe irt of Ad- miralty — ^were " we grant you the power of taking and receiving all and every the wages, fees, pro- fits, advantages, &c. in any manner due and an- ciently belonging to the said office, according to the custom of the high Court of Admiralty in England," he could not,consistently with his instructions, inter- fere in the business. - In this contest there was doubtless some personality mingled with a sense of a real grievance ; for in their answer the Hiuse ob- serve " The Council at present consists of only four members present, one of whom has been, and ano- ther now is a Judge of that Court, while a third holds the office of Registrar, we cannot therefore doubt, that their advice will have as little weight with your Excellency as it has with us." Convinced that these difficulties would continue, 80 long as public officers were members of his Majesty's Council, the House passed a bill, disqualifying anj person filling a situation of profit or emolument under Government, from holding a seat at the Council Board, or being returned as a member of the Assem- bly ; but this bill, as it was considered a direct attack upon them, was rejected by the Council. These un- pleasant altercations did not, however, prevent the two branches from uniting, in enacting several laws, which were required by the unsettled state of public r.ffairs, and the uncertainty respecting the validity of the ordinances which had been promulgated by the Governor and Council. They therefore concurred in passing bills for confirming the past proceedings of the Courts of Judicature, for establishing the litur- gy of the Church of England as the form of worship in Nova-Scotia, for giving effect to several resolutions 28 ..'* 218 of the Governor and Council, for confirming the titles of land, for rendering real estate liable to the pay- ment of debts, and for punishing criminal offenders, with several others no less useful and important. ' This House of Assembly appears to have been ac- tuated by a feeling of importance, which power, when recently acquired, is too apt to engender ; and the Council, who had hitherto engrossed the whole legis- lative powers, and were, to a certain extent, indepen- dent of public opinion, naturally received with jea- lousy the formation of a third branch, which dimi- nished both their authority and influence. From the action of these opposite feelings, each party regarded the conduct of the other with the dis- trust of a rival, and the Governor had no easy task to reconcile their jarring pretensions. The close of the Session was embittered by one of those petty struggles, in which, as the House were at the mercy of the Council, who were disposed to make them sensible of their dependance, the Gover- nor interfered in a manner which proved that though neither Branch would yield one tittle in accomodation to the other, they would concede to him what could alone proceed from the united act of them all. The contingent expences of the Assembly having amount- ed to JE250, the House prepared a Bill to authorize tne payment of them, but the Council declined giving their assent to it, unless the sum were increased so as to include the contingent expences of Govern- ment. His Excellency, finding that they were not likely to come to any understanding upon the subject, interfered between them, and undertook to issue an order to the Treasurer, to discharge the several items, S19 itles pay- derSy snac- when d the legis- iepen- h jea- dimi- 3, each the dis- isy task by one se were posed to ! Gover- ,t though modation lat could ill. The r amount- authorize led giving creased so ,f Govern- r were not he subject, to issue an veral items. when presented to him for payment. Having ap- pointed, then, several town officers, and finished the other business of the Session, they were prorogued on the 17th of April, 1759, to the great relief of the Governor.* At the same time that his Excellency convened the Legislature, he invited people from the old Colo- nies to settle upon the lands which had become va- cant by the removal of the Acadians. In addition to the instructions which he gave to the Agent, in Bos- ton, he issued a proclamation in which he declared, that he was ready to receive any proposals that might be made to him for settling this valuable tract of Country, " one hundred thousand acres of which had produced wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, &c. without failure for the last century ; and another one hundred thousand had been cleared and stocked with English grass, planted with orchards and embellish- ed with gardens, the whole so intermixed that every individual farmer might have a proportionable quan- tity of ploughed land, grass land and wood land." In consequence of this flattering but faithful description, there were several emigrations of agriculturists from New-England, and Agents were sent to the Province to make terms with the Governor, and report to their ii»; * Notitioe — Town Officers are overseers of the poor, clerks of the market, surveyors of highways, &c. who are now appointed ia a different manner. This House was not in session from October to April, there was a recess ; the members received no pay — they were assembled by the ringing of a bell — the latter part of the tima they assembled in the Court House. By a standing order, four members had leave of absence at a time, in the order in which they stood on the clerk's book. All messages of importance were sent to the Council by a member, and not by the clerk. The rule of vacating the seat of an absent member, was acted upon. Leave was refused to a candidate petitioning against the seat of a mem- ber, to be present at the debates. . ^ 82a employers the encouragement likely to be given to persons desirous of removing thither. As this proclamation was silent upon every subject, but that of the quality of the land, his Excellency was required to state, in explicit terms, the nature of the constitution, the protection to be alTorded to the civil and religious liberties of the subject, ai^ the extent of the Elective Franchise of the people. He therefore issued another, explanatory of the terms upon which the Province was to be settled, which, as it contains the solemn assurances of Government upon these subjects, is justly regarded as a most im- portant state paper, and has not inaptly been styled the Charter of Nova-Scotia: *< By his Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esq. Cap- tain General, and Governor-in-Chief. in and over his Majesty's Province of Nova-Scotia or Acadia, in Ame- rica, Vice Admiral of the same, &c. &c. " Whereas, since the issuing of the proclamation dated the 12th day of Oct., 1758, relative to settling the vacant lands in this Province, I have been in- formed by Thomas Hancock, Esq. Agent for the af- fairs of Nova-Scotia, at Boston, that sundry applica- tions have been made to him in consequence thereof, by persons who are desirous of settling the said lands, and of knowing what particular encouragement the Government will give them, whether any allowance of Provisions will be given at their first settlemant, what quantity of land will be given to each person, what quit rents they are to pay, what the constitu- tion of the Government is, whether any, and what taxes are to be paid, and whether they will be allow- ed the free exercise of their religion ? I have there- 221 jnto )ject, ency ire of ;othe ^the . He terms vhicb, nnient 38t im- , styled q. Cap- )ver his a Ame- imation settling been in- p the af- applica- thereof, id lands, nent the lowance tlemant, person, constitu- md what be allow- ve there- fore thought fit, with the advice of his Majesty's Council,to issue this proclamation, hereby declaring, in answer to the said enquiries, that, by his Majesty's Royal instructions, I am empowered to make grants on the following proportions : — That townships are to consist of one hundred thousand acres of land, that they do include the best and most profitable land, and aico that they do comprehend such rivers as may be at or near such settlement, and do extend as far up into the Country as conveniently may be, taking in a necessary part of the sea coast. That the quan- tities of land granted will be in proportion to the abilities of the planter to settle, cultivate and en- close the same. That one hundred acres of wild wood land will be allowed to every person being master or mistress of a family, for himself or herself, akd fifty acres for every white or black man, woman or childjof which such person's family shall consist at the actual time of making the grant, subject to the payment of a quit rent of one shilling sterling per an- num, for every fifty acres ; such quit rent to com- mence at the expiration of ten years from the date of each grant, and to be paid for his Majesty's use to his Receiver General, at Halifax, or to his Deputy on the spot. ' *' That the grantees will be obliged by their said grants to plant, cultivate, improve or enclose, one third part of their lands within the space often years, another third part within the space of twenty years, and the remaining third part within the space of thirty years, from the date of their grants. That no one person can possess more than one thousand acres by grant, on his or their own name. ' '' ]\^ 22Z *< That every grantee, upon giving proof that he or she has fulfilied the terms and conditions of his or her grant, shall be entitled to another grant, in the proportion and upon the conditions above mentioned. That the Government of Nova-Scotia is conf>tituted Jike those of the neighbouring Colonies ; tlic Legisla- ture consisting of a Governor, Council, and House of Assembly, and every township, as soon as it shall con- sist of fifty families, will be entitled to send two Re- presentatives to the General Assembly. The Courts of Justice are also constituted in like manner with those of the Massachusetts, Connecticut and the other Northern Colonies. That as to the article of religion, full liberty of conscience, both ol'hisMnjesty 's Royal instructions and a late act of the General As- sembly of this Province, is secured to persons of all persuasions, Papists excepted, as may more fully ap- pear by the following abstract of the said act, viz : — " Protestants dissenting from the Church of Eng- land, whether they be Calvinists, Lutherans, Quakers, or under what denomination soever, shall have free liberty of conscience, and may erect and build Meet- ing Houses, for public worship, and may chose and elect Ministers for the carrying on divine service, and administration of the Sacrament, according to their several opinions, and all contracts.made between their Ministers and congregations, for the support of their Ministry, and hereby declared valid, and shall have their full force and effect according to the tenoi* and conditions thereof, and all such Dissenters shall be excused from any rates or taxes, to be made or levied for the support of the Established Church of England. 22i he or his or in the ioned. ituted pgisla- »use of ill coii- vo Re- Courts jr with ind the rticle of njesty's eral As- ia of all fully ap- ,ct, viz : ofEng- iiiakers, ave free ild Meet- hose and } service, iording to between jupport of and shall the tenor iters shall 5 made or Church of <( That no taxes have hitherto been laid upon his Majesty's subjects within this Province, nor are there any fees of ufliice taken upon issuing the grants of land. " That I am not authorized to offer any bounty of provisions : and I do hereby declare that I am ready to lay out the lands and make grants immediately, under the conditions above described, and to receive and transmit to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, in order that the same may be laid be- fore his Majesty for his approbation, such further proposals as may be offered by any body of people, for settling an entire township, under other condi- tions that they may conceive more advantages to the undertakers. *' That forts are establishf d in the neighbourhood of the lands proposed to be settled, and are garrisoned by his Majesty's troops, with a view of giving all manner of aid and protection to the settlers, if here- after there should be need. — Given in the Council- Chamber at Halifax, this lltli day of January, 1769, in the 32d year of His Majesty's reign. (Signed) CHARLES LAWRENCE. While the settlement of the Province was advanc- ed by these liberal and judicious proposals, its tran- quillity was secured by the operations of the army. The success of the expedition against Louisburg in- duced Major-General Amherst, who had succeeded to the command of the forces in North America, to undertake the bold and arduous project of attempt- ing the entire conquest of Canada. At a Military Council, where this design was approved and adopt- ed, the plan finally agreed upon was, that three ,J^ J384 powerful armies should enter the country by different iroutes, and make a simultaneous attack upon all the strong holds of the French in the Province. The capture of Quebec was assigned to an army of nine thousand men, under General Wolfe, and a fleet un- der Admiral Saunders. The reduction of Niagara, the most important post in all North America, was to be undertaken by General Prideaux, with a pow- erful body of Provincials and friendly Indians; while the main body of the army, consisting of twelve thousand men, under the Commander-in-Chief, was to invest Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then form a junction with General Wolfe. This project, though condemned by many military men, as subject to a variety of casualties, which might have frus- trated its execution, and endangered the safety of each division of the army, was com])letely success- ful in all its parts, and the Campaign terminated for the year, (1759) by the capitulation of Quebec on the 18th day of September. On this occasion the people of Halifax indulged in the most extravagant expressions of joy. Bon-fires, illuminations, fire- works, public and private entertainments, were all 80 many convincing proofs of their generous partici- pation in the success of his Majesty's arms, and of the importance they attached to this event, as it re- gar^led the interest and welfare of the colonies. The conquest of Cape Breton had a powerful effect in promoting the settlement of the Province, and the reduction of Quebec gave the well grounded assur- ance, that the toils of war would soon cease through- out the land. The Governor, in his address to the Assembly, 225 jrent I the The ["nine Btun- igara, ,, was pow- while twelve f, was a then jroject, subject e frus- ifety of succees- ited for tebec on 3ion the avagant ns, fire- were all 3 partici- and of as it re- iB. The effect in and the ed assur- through- ^ssemblyi which was convened on the first of August, after complimenting them on the zeal they had manifested during the last session, congratulated them on the pleasing and flattering prospect before them. " This,'* said he, " appears to be the very crisis for putting the Province into a flourishing and happy state. The town of Halifax, surprisingly improved of late, in- creases daily in wealth and numbers. Very exten- sive tracts of the vacated land on the Bay of Fundy have been granted to industrious and substantial farmers. Applications for more are crowding in upon me faster than I can prepare the grants ; and I make no doubt, but that the well peopling the whole, will keep pace with our warmest and most rapid wishes. The establishment of a Yard in this excellent harbour is a matter of the highest importance and advantage to us ; and if his Majesty's arms in America, be bless- ed with that success,this summer, which all appear- ances are big with at present, the progress made in Nova Scotia in one year will exceed the growth of half a century in the most boasted of His Majesty's American dominions." In proceeding to the business of the session, he informed them that they had ef- fected last year almost every thing essentially neces- sary of a legislative nature, and that there now re- mained but little for them to do beyond the passing of a few local acts. As the most important of these, on account of its effect upon public morals, he par- ticularly recommended them to impose a duty on all spirituous liquors, retailed in a smaller quantity than fifteen gallons ; he also requested that provision should be made for the support of the Light-house, lately erected at Sambro Island; and that regulations )29 1:1 ; , 22Q should be framed, for the management of the Work house at Halifax. In addition to these suggestions, which were adopted and provided for by bills, the only laws of a general nature, passed during this short session, was one for establishing the qualifica- tions of Jurors, and another for quieting the posses- sions of Protestant grantees of lands, formerly occu- pied by the French inhabitants, and for preventing actions relating to the same, by any persons claiming under them. This was the last session of the first House of Assembly of Nova-Scotia; a dissolution hav- ing taken place immediately after its prorogation, when writs were issued for a new general election.* The fall of Quebec did not, according to the expec- tation of the public, produce the submission of Cana- da. The main body of the French army, which still consisted of ten battalions of regulars, six thousand Canadians, and a body of Indians, retired to Mon- treal, after the battle on the plains of Abraham. General Murray was left in possession of Quebec with six thousand men, and Lord Colville was sta- tioned at Halifax with a strong squadron, so as to be in readiness to proceed up the St. Lawrence as soon as the state of the weather would permit. His Lord- ship, pursuant to his instructions, left Chebucto har- bour on the 23d of April, with the fleet under his command, but was retarded in his passage by thick fogs, contrary winds, and large bodies of ice floating down the river. The arrival of a small naval force • Astliero is nothing of importance contained in (he jiroccedings of the Assembly, between this time and 17G3, at wiiich period this history terminates, I have not given a detailed account of thet-e transactions. Enough lias been suid to gratify curiosity as to tho first movements of the machinery of Government, and also enough toibow Low unint«r«iting a continuation of it would be. 227 Vork tions, 3, the J this ilifica- losses- ' occu- enting aiming le first m hav- igation, jction.* 3 expec- >f Cana- lich still lousand to Mon- braham. Quebec vas sta- » as to be 3 as soon [lis Lord- ucto har- inder his ; by thick pe floating val force i jiroccedings vhich period ount of theise iity as to tho 1 also enough )e. from England, with the news that the fleet from Ha- lifax was already in the St. Lawrence, completely disconcerted the French, who had defeated General Murray at Silleri, and invested Quebec, but were, by this event, compelled to retire again to Montreal. Here the Marquis de Vaudrieul, Governor-General of Canada, had fixed his head-quarters, and deter- mined to make his last stand. For this purpose, he called in all his detachments, and collected around him the whole force of the colony. General Murray, Sir William Johnston, Colonel Warilland, and Gene- ral Amherst, having formed a junction of their forces at this place, Vaudrieul perceived that it was in vain to make any further resistance, and capitulated. On the 8th day of-. September, Montreal, Detroit, ?(echelemachinach, and all other places within the Government of Canada, were surrendered to his Bri- tannic Majesty. The destruction of an armament ordered out from France in aid of Canada, completed the annihilation of the French power in North America. This fleet, which consisted of one frigate of thirty guns, two large store-ships, and nineteen sail of smaller vessels, learning before its arrival on the coast, that a British squadron had sailed up the St. Lawrence, thought proper to take shelter in the Bay of Chaleur. Captain Byron, the senior officer at Louisburg, receiving intelligence of it, sailed imme- diately in pursuit of them with five ships, and des- troyed the whole armament, together with two bat- teries erected for their defence, and two hundred houses of the inhabitants. All the French subjects, inhabiting the Territory from the Bay of Verte to Isle Perco, and all the Indians through that tract of ,,.'*■ 228 eountry, were now subdued and subjected to the English Government. They had already sent depu- ties to acknowledge their submission to Colonel Frye, who commanded in Cumberland, but they now re- newed it in the most formal manner, by subscribing articles, by which they undertook to repair in the spring to Bay Verte, with all their effects, and ship- ping, to be disposed of at the pleasure of the Governor. They were accompanied by two Indian Chiefs of the Micmac nation, a powerful and numerous people, now become wholly dei)endent upon the English. The French interest among the savages of the northern part of America was totally extinguished, and their transatlantic possessions shrunk within the limits of Louisiana, an infant colony on the south of the Mis- sisippi. The conquest of Canada being now atchieved, nothing remained to be done in North America ex- cept the demolition of the fortifications of Louisburg; for which purpose some able engineers had been sent from England, with the squadron under Captain Byron. The expense of maintaining an adequate garrison at this place was deemed disproportion ed to its value; and as its capture at any future period by the French, might endanger the safety of Nova- Scotia or Canada, its destruction was reluctantly agreed upon. By means of mines, judiciously dispos- ed and well constructed, the fortifications were re- duced to a heap of rubbish, their glacis were levelled and the ditches filled up. All the artillery, ammu- nition, and implements of war, were removed to Halifax, but the barracks were repaired, so as to accommodate three hundred men occasionally. The 229 hospital, with such of the private houses as remain- ed after the siege, were left standing. This place, erected at so great an expence, so formidable for its strength, and so celebrated for the two sieges it sus- tained, is now an inconsiderable fishing place, not otherwise distinguished from the other harbours in its neighbourhood, than from the name it has obtain- ed in history. From this view of the affairs of the war, our at- tention is recalled to the domestic concerns of Nova- Scotia, by the death of its gallant Governor; an in- cident which, amidst all those brilliant successes, cast a gloom over the whole of this infant Colony. His Excellency was seized, on the 11th of October, with an inflammatory affection of the lungs, of which he died on the 19th, deeply regretted by every indivi- dual in the Province. Few men ever gave so much satisfaction to the Government by whom he was em- ployed, or to the people over whom he presided, as Governor Lawrence. There are still extant various communications from the Ministry, acknowledging his prudence, ability and zeal ; and the House of Assembly caused a monument to be erected to his memory, in the Parish Church of St. Paul's, at Hali- fax, " from a grateful ?"3nse of the many important services which the Province had received from him during a continued course of zealous and indefatiga- ble endeavours for the public good, and a wise, up- right and disinterested administration." By this event the Government devolved, for the time being, on Jonathan Belcher, Esq. the Chief Justice of the Province. The New House of Assembly, which like the for- 230 mer, had sat but twice, was now dissolved by the death of the King, which happened on the 24th Oc- tober,* and as several Counties had been formed, and the population of the Province was greatly increased, the President and the Council took upon themselves to change the whole representation of the Country. — They therefore abolished the election of members for the Province at large, and issued writs conforma- ble to the following scale: For Halifax County 2 members. Lunenburg, do. 2 do. ._■[ Annapolis, do. 2 do. Kings, do. 2 do. Halifax Township 4 members. Lunenburg, do. 2 do. Annapoiia, do. 2 do. Horton, do. 2 do. Cornwaliis, do. 2 do. Falmouth, do. 2 do. Liverpool, do. 2 do. 16 Counties, 8 Total. •••24 The Assembly was convened at Halifax, on the 1st day of July, 1761, and during the Session a formal treaty was executed with Joseph Argimault, Chief of the Monguash tribe of Indians. At the time, it was considered a matter of great moment to the Province, and the members of his Majesty's Council ,the Repre- sentatives, the Magistracy and public Officers, were required to attend at the Great Talk. * The procession for the Proclamation of George III. was as fol- lows : — 1st. A company of Grenadiers ; 2d, Constables ; 3d, Ma- gistrates ; 4th, Civil Oflicers ; 5t!i, Constables; 6th, Provost Marshall, with his two deputies on horseback ; 7th, Band ofMu- eic ; 8th, Constables ; 9th, Commandur-in-Chief of the Province, attended by the Commandant of the Garrison, Admiral Lord Col- ville and the Members of the Council; 10th, Speaker and Members of the Assembly; lllh. Principal inhabitants of the town. His Ma- jesty was proc' -Tied amidst loud acclamations, in five places — 1st, at the Cour- 'ouse door ; 2d, north gate of the town ; 3d, before Governme House ; 4(h, at the south gate of the town ; 5th, on the Par- ie, n-here the troops were drawn up, and a saluto of 21 guns fire by the artillery, and 3 vollies by the soldiery.— During the Pr( .'ession, the Northumberland, Lord Colville's ship, fired a royal s. lute, in which she was followed by every ship in the barbour, acc^ >ding to the seniority of the Captains. y the 1 Oc- i, and iased, selves try.— mbers forma- (lombers* do. do. do. do. do. do. the 1st . formal hief of it was :ovince, ; Repre- PS, were was as fol- 3d, Ma- Provost ind of Mu- Province, Lord Col- d Members His Ma- e placoi — town ; 3(], tlie town ; nd a saliito soldiery.— ville'e ship, ship in the 231 After the preliminary ceremony of introduction had taken place, the Preeidcnt made an address to the Chief, to the following* effect : — " That, as his Majesty the King of Great Britain, had treated the Indians with the greatest lenity, he expected the utmost fidelity and submission from them. " That if they should presume to break the present peace, his Majesty would never make u,- >ther treaty with them, and that they never would be forgiven. *' That, as the hatchet was now to be buried in token of their submission to, and amity with his Ma- jesty, it was also expected that they should, upon all occasions, exert themselves in opposing the designs of his Majesty's enemies. " That he, the Commander-in-Chief,now took him by the hand, in token that his Majesty received him into his favor and protection." The treaty was then reciprocally signed by the President and the Indian Chief, and witnessed by the Council and Assembly. After the execution of this instrument, they march- 'ed in formal procession to the place where the hatch- et was to be buried, when the Indian Chief spoke as follows : — " That he had formerly paid obedience to another King, but that now he acknowledged King George the third as his only lawful Sovereign, and vowed eternal submission and fidelity to him. " That this submission was not made by compul- sion, but that it was free and voluntary, and with his whole heart, and that he should always esteem King George the Third as his great father and friend. .*• 232 it f ;. " That he now buried the hatchet in behalf of him- f elf and his whole tri^e, in token of their submission, and of their hr-^'ing made peace, which should never be broken upcn any condition whatever." He then laid the hatchet in the grave, which had been pre- viously prepared for :*- and when the same was in- terred with the usual formalities, his Majesty's health was drank by all present, and the whole ceremony concluded by three cheers from the surrounding mul- titude. The number and ferocity of the Indians, and the predatory habits in which they had indulged during the late war, rendered them objects of great atten- tion and concern to the local Government, n^ or- der to prevent the frauds which were daily practised upon them, and the vindictive measures to which they usually resorted for redress, Truck-Houses had been lately established to supply them with goods, on the account and under the direction of the British Government. A Conmiissary General was now ap- pointed (Benjamin Gerrish) for the Indian trade, throughout the Province, who was allowed five per cent, on the amount of goods sold, and two and a half per cent, on the furs taken in exchange. Subordi- nate officers were also commissioned at the several Truck-Houses, who received an annual stipend for their services. The merchandize sold to the Indians was set at a price which was calculated to reim- burse to Government the salary of the Commissary, the wages of the officers, and the charges of transpor- tation, while it incurred the hazard of profit or loss on the sale of the Furs received in barter from the savages. At a conference held between the Agents 233 rhim- ssion, never 8 then n pre- ^aB in- health emony ig mul- md the during t att«n- iu or- ractiaed ) which ses had oods, on 1 British now ap- 1 trade, five per nd a half Subordi- ! several pend for e Indians to reim- imissary, transpor- fi't or loss from the le Agents of Government and some of the most intelligent In- dians, a tabic of prices was agreed upon* for all the different kinds of Furs to be found in the Country, but the value, instead of being reduced to pounds, shil- * As it is a relict of a people now fast disappearing from the face of the earth, a regiiliition ol'a trade no longer existing in this Pro- vince, and in otlier respects interesting, it is deemed worthy of preservation by being inserted at largo : TABLE. That a pound of the best Spring Beaver, be valued at iivo shil- lings, and that two pounds of Spring Beaver be equal to three pounds of Full Beaver. That a Loutro or Otter Skin, be esteemed equal to a pound of Spring Beaver. That three Murtin, Martro or Sable skins, be esteemed equal to a pound of Spring Beaver. That a Pequon or Fisher's skin, be equal to a pound of Spring beaver. That six Foins or Vizons, or Mink skins, be equal to a pound of Spring beaver. That one Ours or Eear skin, large and in good season, be equal to a pound and one third of Spring beaver, and others in proportion. That a Renard Rouge or Red Fox skin, be equal to half a pound of Spring beaver. That a Renard Noir or black Fox skin, be equal to two pounds of Spring beaver. That a Renard Orpente, or silvered Fox skin, be equal to two pounds ond a half of Spring beaver. That ton Rats Musque, or Musquash Skins, be equal to a pound of Spring Beaver. That Loup Marines or Seal Skins, from three feet each and a half long to twelve feet long, be valued from 8d. to 3s. 4d. That a large original or Moose skin, be equal to a pound and a kalf of Spring beaver. That a large Loup>Cervier or Cat skin, be equal to two pounds of Spring beaver. That ten Blette« or ermine skins, be equal to a pound of Spring beaver. That six pounds of plumes or feathers be equal to a pound of Spring beaver. That u large blanket, be sold for two pounds of Spring beaver. That two gallons of rum, be sold for one pound ofSpring bea- ver. That two and a half gallons of molasses, be sold for one pound ofSpring beaver. That thirty pounds of flour, be sold for one pound ofSpring bea- ver. That fourteen pounds of pork, be sold for one pound of Spring beaver. That two yards of stroud, be sold for three pounds ofSpring bea- ver, and that the prices of all other kinds of merchandize, not men- tioned herein, be regulated according to the rates of the foregoing articles. 30 11 . !..'*■ 234 lingi and pence) as the current medium of exchange, was altogether regulated by the skin of a beaver, in- trapped in the Spring, which, as it was sold at five shillings a pound, formed a standard, by which all others were estimated. While the local Government was thus employed in adopting measures to insure the tranquillity of the Province, emigration began to flow in a steady and constant stream, from the Colonies on the Continent. From Boston there arrived six vessels, carrying two hundred settlers, and from Rhode Island four schoo- ners, with one hundred passengers. New London fur- nished one hundred, and Plymouth one hundred and eighty emigrants, making in all five hundred and eighty souls. From the North of Ireland there ar- rived, at the same time, two hundred persons, who, with a constant succession of adventurers, laid the foundations of those beautiful townships which now lie extended on the borders of the Bay of Fundy and the Basin of Minas. For the selection of these substantial farmers of New-England, the Province was indebted to the dis- cernment of Governor Lawrence. His Majesty's Ministers, soon after the removal of the French, ex- pressed a wish that their cultivo.ed lands should be reserved formilitary settlers, but his Excellency, who had been bred to the profession of arms, and was well acquainted with the habits of soldiers, prevailed upon Government to relinquish the design. It is to be regretted that the opinion of this experienced and valuable officer, on this subject, as expressed in an official communication to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, has not been considered by their succes- 235 Bors. " I beg leave to observe to your Lordships," he said, " that besides their transportation, such set- tlers must be furnished with provisions for one year at least, with materials and tools for building, imple- ments for husbandry, and cattle to stock their lands; for soldiers, who have nothing of their own to set out with, will necessarily be in want of every thing in the beginning. I fear that the difficulty of forming them into societies will be great, that the undertak- ing will be excessively expensive to the Crown, and that it will prove abortive. According to my ideas of the military, which I offer with all possible deference and submission, they are the least qualified, from their occupation as soldiers, of any men living to es- tablish a new Country, where they must encounter difficulties with which they are altogether unac- quainted. I am the rather convinced of it, as every soldier that has come into the Province, since the establishment of Halifax, has either quitted it or be- come a dramseller. If my opinion were to have any weight in a matter of such importance, I would hum- bly offer it to your Lordships' consideration ; whethcFi in the event of the disbanded military being left in America, it would not be more adviseable to estab- lish them in the neighbourhood of the old ColonieBf where, if they cannot thrive and do well in one way, they may find means of supporting themselves in another." In consequence of this remonstrance, these exten- sive reserves were thrown open to respectable and industrious people, whose occupation had always been the cultivation of the soil, who were inured to la- bour, aware of the difficulties they had to encounteff ■»»»« 238 and fully prepared to overcome them. But although the Country was inviting, and the inducements held out by Government such as had never been olVered in the old Colonies, the expense of removal, the op- position of their friends, and the hostility of the In- dians, had a strong* tendency to check and restrict the emigration. Besides the common artifices of pepreeenting the soil in Nova-Scotia stony and ste- rile, many of the principal proprietors of real estate endeavoured to retard and prevent tlic departure of people,by contriving to force them into the levies that were making for the public service. 'J hose who lived at a distance from the coast incurred a great expense in procuring a passage for their families and eflccts, while oil experienced the unavoidable inconvenience and loss of disposing of their real estate, at a long credit. Those difficulties would have proved an in- superable barrier to the introduction of such a res- pectable class of people, had not the undeviating tes- timony of all whom they had sent to explore the Pro- Tince, convinced them of its decided superiority to ^ew-£ngiand, in almost every essential point. — Jn a report, which his Honor President Belcher made to the Board of Trade, dated the 12th December, 1760, these infant settlements are thus described: " I have the satisfaction to acquaint your Lordships that the townships of Horton, Cornwallis and Fal- mouth, are so well established that every thing bears a most hopeful appearance ; as soon as these town- Bhi])s were laid out by the Surveyor, palesaded forts were erected in each of them by order of the late Governor, with room to secure all the inhabitants, who were formed into a militia, to join what troops tiough 8 held jlVered he op- Lhe In- •cstrict CCS of nil stc- l estate plure of ies that ho lived expense . ellccts, enience t a long ;d an in- ;h a res- iting tes- the Pro- riority to point. — ner made ecember, lescribed: Lordships and Fal- ling bears lese town- ided forts )f the late [habitants, rhat troops 237 could be spared to oppose any attempts that might bo formed against them by Indian tribes, which had not then surrendered, and bodies of French inhabi- tants who were hovering about the Country. After the necessary business, the proper season coming on, they were employed in gathering hay for winter. — One thousand tons were provided for Ilorton, five hundred for Cornwaliia, and six hundred for Fal- mouth, and about this time they put some corn and roots into the ground, and began to build their houses. — In the month of August, the late Governor hav- ing returned from Liverpool, made a progress into these settlements, where, after having regulated se- veral matters, the great objects of his atteni"an vvre the dykes, of which the breach made in that ^f the river Canard, in the township of Cornwallis, as it was the greatest, was his first care. For this j rnose the inhabitants, with their cattle and carriage s, toge- ther with those hired from Horton, at their own ex- pense, were joined with some of the provincial troops andAcadians,who were best acquainted with works of this kind, to make a collection of the necessary ma- terials to repair the breach. A considerable quantity was accordingly got ready, when the inundation usual at this time of the year, put a stop to the work for this season. However, the matcrio!-; are all secured against tho next undertaking, and care was immedi- ately taken to protect asmuc'softhe dykes in this and the neighbouring tov/n&hips, as would inclose land sufficient to raise bread oorn for them the next year, except in Falmouth, where the upland is in very good condition for that purpose, "The late Governor having observed how necessary i ■ ! U" 238 it was, that a good road should be made from HaUfax into these settlements, immediately on his return or- dered all the troops, that could be spared from duty, to be employed on this work, beginning at Fort Sack- ville. It was at this time very difficult to be passed in many places, on account of swamps and broken bridges, but it has since been finished so as to be- come a good horse road, by which it will be an easy day's journey in the summer time thence into the set- tlements. The greatest part of the expense attend- ing this, well be defrayed out of a sum of money appropriated from a seizure of Molasses. " Many of the Inhabitants are rich and in good cir- cumstances. About one hundred have transported themselves and their eflects, at their own expense, and are very well able to provide for their own sup- port. As to the poorer sort, there is provision made for them, until the month of next August. In the township of Liverpool, they are now employed in building three vessels for the fishery, and have laid in hay for the winter fodder of their cattle, and have raised a considerable quantity of roots, and erected a grist and saw mill. They have sixteen sail of fish- ing schooners, and although several of them came late in the season, they have cured near five hun- dred quintal offish ; the principal Owners of which are gone back to the Continent, to dispose of it, and will return in the Spring for a further supply of stock for their lands. From these circumstances I flatter myself, your Lordships will entertain a favourable opinion of this settlement. In regard to the town- ehips of Annapolis and Granville, about thirty pro- prietors are settled in each ; as they came late in the alifux rnor- duty, Sack- massed )roken to be- ll easy he set- attend- money ood cir- sported xpense, wn sup- m made In the iloyed in lave laid md liave jrected a il of fish- em came ive hun- )f which of it, and y of stock js I flatter avourable the town- thirty pro- late in the S39 year, they did not bring all their families, but are preparing against their arrival in the Spring, at which time the rest of the proprietors are expect ed—of the townships of Chester and Dublin, as they did not contract early in the year, but a few proprietors are yet come to each of them ; however, persons of con- siderable substance are engaged in them, who are making preparations to come to their lands, as early in the next year as the season will permit. In the engagements entered into for carrying on the settle- ments, no promises were made of transportation op corn, to any but the grantees of Horton, Cornwallis and Falmouth, and although the latter grantees have readily and cheerfully engaged themselves, yet they pleaded much for such encouragements, and have found themselves greatly obstructed for want of these advantages. As the perfect establishment of the settlements depends, in a very great degree, on the repairs of the dykes, for the security of the marsh lands, from whence the support of the inhabitants will become easy and plentiful, necessary measures for effecting this great point have been fully consi- dered, and I humbly conceive that the dykes may be put into very good condition, if, with your Lordships' approbation, one hundred of the French inhabitants may be employed in different parts of the Province, to assist and instruct in their repairs, the new settlers having come from a Country in which no such works are wanting. I must not omit to mention to your Lordships, that the settlement of Lunenburg, is in a very thriving condition, and that none are in want there except the sickly and infirm." In the midst of this happy state of things, the peo- » i i-'' 240 pie were seized with a panic on hearing of the arri- val and success of the French fleet at Newfoundland, which at this distance of time seems not only dispro- portioned to its importance, but altogether unaccount- able. M. de Tourney, having escaped from Brest, with four ships of the line and a bomb Ketch, with a small body of land forces, arrived, on the 24thofJune, at the Bay of Bulls, in Newfoundland, where he land- ed some troops without opposition, and finding the Island unprepared to make a resistance, took pos- session of two small English settlements, (Trinity and Carbonear) which he razed to the ground. He also captured several English vessels, and destroyed the stages ond implements of fishery, of the inhabitants on the Coast. The town of St. John, being in no condition for a defence, capitulated; and the Garrison, consisting of one company of soldiers, were made prisoners ol war, together with the officers and crew of his Majesty's ship Gramont, which was in the har- bour. The moment that intelligence was received in Nova-Scotia of this petty triumph, the inhabitants were in the utmost alarm, and dreaded every moment a similar visitation. A general insurrection of the savages, and of the few Acadians still remaining in the Province, was confidently expected as auxiliary to the arrival of the French, and the President so far partook of the alarm, as to lay an embargo for ten days on all the shipping, and to issue a procla- mation, declaring the existence of Marshal Law. — The militia of King's County was ordered to collect the Acadians resident there, and convey them imme- diately to Halifax ; in consequence of which Lieut.- ■^ l^ill arri- land, ispro- !ount- Jrest, vith a fJune, land- ngthe ok pos- ity and He also yed the ibitants \g in no larrison, jre made md crew the har- 3eived in habitants y moment jn of the naining in J auxiliary •esident so nbargo for ; a procla- lal Law. — i to collect hem imme- lich Lieut.- **\ Colonel DennisoH, with a strong detachment, escort- ed one hundred and thirty of them thither, and deli- vered them into the custody of the troops. At a Council, hold Oil the 25th of July, it was unanimously resolved to transport them, together with a number of others, still held in custody, to Massachusetts ; and request Governor Barnard to make arrangements fop their settlement within that Province. On the arri- val of these unfortunate people the transports were ordered to anchor under the guns of Castle Wil- liam, for safety, and remain there until the General Court should authorize their being received into the country. The despatches from the President of No- va-Scotia were laid before the Assembly, who, instead of making provision for their reception, forbad them to land, and requested the Governor, on no account whatever, to permit them to become, as their prede- cessors had been, a burden to the public. A report of these proceedings was transmitted to General Am- herst, but before his Excellency's reply was received the Assembly was prorogued, and nothing remained for the Agent of the transports but to return to Hali- fax, where he arrived, with his prisoners, about the middle of October. In the mean time Lord Colville set sail from Halifax, with the Squadron under his command, for Newfoundland, and in a short time the town and port of St. John's, with all the o.her incon- siderable places which the French had taken on the coast, were recovered, with the trifling loss of about twenty men. The further progress of hostilities was arrested by the preliminary Articles of Peace, which were signed on the 3d of November, and on the 10th day of February, 1762, the definitive treaty was exc- 31 li ii-.»«' %, it4Z cuted at Paris. By the second article of this treaty France renounced and guaranteed to Great Britain all Nova< Scotia or Acadia, and likewise Canada, Cape Breton, and all the Islands in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Thus terminated the power of the French in North America, and with it the hostilities which had retarded the improvement and cultivation of the Colonies in that quarter. The uniform tranquility and repose which Nova- Scotia has since enjoyed, afforda us no materials for an historical narrative, hut it supplies us with just cause of gratitude to that parent State, which has pro- ' cured for us the blessings of peace and prosperity, at a time when it was experiencing more national cala- mity than at any other period of its history. CHAPTER VI. ■H. '''^ i A Chronological Table of events connected with and illmtrth Hve oftJie History of JSPova- Scotia, M:i^c,^ f i '%W- [From 1763 to 1828.] Suum quaque in annum refetre. 1763 .1 J i^-n 'iiiS^' Feb. 10. A definitive Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and France, signed at Paris ; by the se- cond article of which France renounced, and guaran- teed to Great Britain, all Nova-Scotia, Canada, Cape Breton, and the Islands in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Aug. 16. Frederick, Duke of York, born. > ' Londonderry first settled by Irish emigrants. Township of Horton founded, containing 100,000 acres. 00,000 1 243 -> Sept. 26. Montague Wilmot appointed Lt. Go- vernor of Nova-Scotia. Dec. 28. Appointed as a day of general Thanks- giving on account of the Peace. Imports into Nova-Scotia for this year — £4,312 9 10 : Exports from £16,303 3 4. 1764 The Spanish Potatoe first introduced into North America, and found to be more prolific than the Irish- Population of Nova-Scotia 1 3,000. .^, A general Survey of the British Empire in North America begun by order of government. . A settlement made at Port Rose way, by Alexan- der M'Nutt and his associates, who call it New Jem salcm, since known by the name of Shelburne. - v ( , Township of Granville, granted to 1 58 proprietors. Income of the Houses of Louisburg, applied to the repair of roads. Governor and Council order the quit rents to be collected. Jan. 28. Governor Wilmot recommends to the Earl of Halifax, that the remaining Acadians be settled in some of the conquered Islands in the West Indies. . April 6. The north suburbs of Halifax, upon ap- plication of the people, called Gottingen. -,. ..*>-; v April 24. All Captains of his Majesty's ships, in the harbour of Halifax, appointed Justices of the Peace. May 23. Orders received from his Majesty, that in future the Chief Justice shall not take upon him- self the administration of the Government of the Province, in the event of the death or the absence of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or Comman- der-in-Chief^ . . , , < ., u h,i* : !l uu ' Licutentant-Governor Wilmot appointed Gover- nor of Nova-Scotia. Sept. 28. Instructions received to permit the Aca- dians to settle in the Province, and hold lands upon taking the customary oaths. Oct. 9. Governor Wilmot informs the Earl of Ha- lifax that 150Acadians, at Canseau, having been re- fused leave to remove to the Island of St. Peter's, immediately departed from the Province, without iur- ther application, and that many of the Neutrals, who had been sent to Philadelphia, had gone to St. Fran- cois, where they had perished from the climate. Nov. 10. Jonathan Binney sworn in as Councillor. Dec. 20. A large tract of Country upon the south east side of the Pesiquid river, commonly called Pe- siquid, erected into a Township, and called Windsor^ and included tcithin the County of HalU fax ; a public Market established there, to be held every Tuesday, and Fairs to Lo held annually, on the 3d Tuesday of May and 3d Tuesday of October. * Stamp Act passed, to which Nova-Scotia and Ca- nada submit. ^ ' - - Jan. 30. House of Assembly of Nova-Scotia dis- solved, when the Governor and Council alter the Representation as follows : — County of Halifax to elect four members, Town of Halifax two ; every other County two, and the Townships of Horton, Cornwallis, Falmouth, Cumberland, Granville, Anna- polis, Lunenburg, Liverpool, Onslow and Truro, one Member each. " April 2L A spot or macula of the sun, more than thrice the bigness of ourcarth,pa&sed the sun's centre. "'*<. 245 April 30. The country bordering on the River St. John erected into a county called Sunbury. May 28. The fourth General Assembly convened at Halifax, William Nesbet, Speaker. . June 1. The House of Assembly request the Go- vernor either to restore the representation as it stood before the 30th January last, or to concur in a bill for its permanent Establishment, to the latter of which he promises to accede. ' ? ^ r!.k Aug. 21. William Henry, Duke of Clarence, born. Aug. 23. The Governor receives information from the Lords of Trade, that a new Board has been estab- lished, of which Lord Dartmouth is President. Aug. 26. In consequence of an application of Mr. Murray, the Governor of Canada, contributions are made at Halifax, for the relief of the people of Mon- treal, who had suffered a loss by fire of £87,580. Oct. 15. Governor Wilmot takes the oath pre- scribed by the Stamp Act. - ' • i-'- Dec. 10. Cape Breton, and all Islands within three leagues of it, erected into a County by the name of the County of Breton, and entitled to send two members to the assembly ,and ako to choose absentees, 1766. Parliamentary Estimates for Nova-Scotia, £4,866. Parliament repeals the Stamp Act. May 23. Governor Wilmot dies at Halifax, and Mr. Green administers the Government as senior Councillor. Aug. 23. Michael Franklin sworn in as Lieut. -Gov. Sept. 9. An edition of the Province Laws order- to be prepared by John Duport. . . /: .i .. ^^ i ■! ^1. 246 " • Nov. 27. Right Hon. Lord William Campbell Bworn in as Governor. .!'..»> ?- i Joseph Goreham, sworn in as Councillor. ' 1767. H5 Parliamentary estimates for Nova-Scotia, £4,866. !rr Parliament passes an act for the establishment of a Custom- House, and a board of Commissioners in America, duties to take place after the 20th Nov. An Act of Parliament passed, imposing a duty, to be paid by the Colonists on tea, printed glass and colours, imported into the Colonies, i' , : Township of Yarmouth granted in 153 shares. • Feb. 9. Governor and Council first take the oath of office as Judges in the Court of Appeals. The power of Legislation of the Assembly of New- York suspended by Act of Parliament, until they com- ply with an act of Parliament for supplying his Majesty's troops. August. Mandamus, under his Majesty's sign ma- nual and signet, issued to the several individuals by whom the townships in the Island of St. John were drawn, directed to the Governor of Nova-Scotia, commanding him to pass grants of the several town- ships to them, their heirs and assigns ; thus was the whole Island, except the small reservations for three intended County Towns, given away in one day. , Nov. 2. Edward Duke of Kent born. Dec. 2. A new Seal of the Province, received from Lord Shelburne, representing on one side the Country of Nova- Scotia, and a British Mer- chant trading with an Indian for Furs, and al- so a fishing vessel, boat and net, with this in- scription round it " Sigillum Prov. Nostra) Novae 247 Scotiffi sivc AcadisD in America/* and in the exerque this mot^:o " terrro marisque opes," and on the other side the Royal Arms, Garter Supporters, and motto, with this inscription round the circumference : — " Georgius III. D. G Mag. Bri. Fr. et Hib. Rex. P. D. Brun. et Lun. Dux. S. R. J. R. Mess it L. when the old Seal was immediately returned to the Coun- cil at White Hall to be defaced. 1768 •^ The Salary of the Province Gardener £32 lOpran. April. Lord Hillsboro requires the Governor to use his utmost influence to prevail upon the Assem- bly to take no notice of the Circular Letter of the As- sembly of Massachusetts, requesting their co-opera- tion, and to treat it with the contempt it deserves. April 15. Orders sent from England to disconti- nue the plan heretofore followed, of supplying the In- dians with Goods at the Truck Houses. '' June 27. Benjamin Gerrish sworn in a Councillor. June 30. Lord Hillsboro authorizes the Governor to expend £500 out of the contingent Fund, for the repair of roads, and £100 for presents to the Indians. July 1. Warrants of Survey issue for lands lying between Sissaboo and Cape St. Mary, to be laid out as a Township, which, it is ordered by Michael Franklin, shall be called Clare. ^,; s July 1 1 . General Gage withdraws the troops from Annapolis, Cumberland, Amherst, ana St. John River. Sept. Two British Regiments, escorted by seven armed vessels, sailed from Halifax to Boston. Oct. Joseph Woodmess appointed Receiver Gene- ral of Quit Rents by His Majesty, giving Bonds, him- self in £1000, and two Sureties in £500 each. rl I in ! '1 ! |l ! 24S ' Nov. 15. Lord Hillsboro requires, when an Agent of the Province is appointed, that he shall be chosen '%,■ by the whole Legislature, and that a joint committee be appointed, consisting of Members of the Council and df the House, to instruct him and carry on the correspondence. 1769 Parliamentary Estimate for Nova-Scotia ^,375. John Wesley sends two Methodist Preachers to America. ( Feb. 21. The harbor of Halifax, from the inten- sity of the cold, so full of ice that vessels can neither enter nor leave it ; a circumstance which has not oc- curred for ten years. In the woods the snow is on a level, between four and five feet deep. During this year Captain Cook makes his first dis- coveries in the South Seas. The Surveyor-General, Charles Morris, sent to New York, to solicit Emigration to Nova- Scotia, to make known the terms of Government, and give in- formation to all applicants. The Dock Yard at Halifax extended and improved. The Trade of Great Britain with her Colonies, on an average of three years, employed 1078 ships, and 28,010 seamen ; value of Imports to the Colonies, JCd,370,900, and exports from Colonies to Great Bri- tain and elsewhere £3,924,606. 1770. i The Governor and public officers arrive at St. John Island to organize the Government, at which time there are 150 families on the Island. Feb. 28. Govemorof Nova- Scotia sends to Pierre Thomas, Chief of the Mareachite Indians on the Ri- S49 ^4. Ter St. John, in consideration of the good behaviour of his Tnbe, a Medal of Silver with the picture of the King and Queen, also a gorget and medals to 5 others. April 2. House of Assembly dissolved, and writs issued for the election of Members as heretofore, with the exception of Cape Breton, which, on account of its not having a sufficient number of Freeholders to make an Election, is annexed to the County of Hali- fax, and deemed to be represented by it members. • April 14. Resolved by the Governor and Council, that the proceedings of the people, in calling town meetings, for discussing questions relating to law and Government, and such other purposes, are contrary to law, and if persisted in, it is ordered that the par- ties be prosecuted by the Attorney-General. May 24. Isaac Deschamps appointed Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court, vice John Duport, dp- pointed Chief Justice of the Island of St. John. June 5. The rate of interest on money fixed by the Legislature, at six percent. • ' 'tij* ■ June 6. The General Assembly convened at Ha- lifax, William Nesbet, Speaker. This House con- tinued until 1784 — 14 years, and had 17 Sessions. June 29. A temporary law of the Legislature pass- ed, to enable the several Counties and Towns to pay their own Representatives. July 6. Lord Hillsboro expresses a hope that the house will make an adequate and permanent provi- sion for the Civil Establishment. 1771. June 5. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, born. --J , . .# .f f- S2 250 i Jul J 3. The Assembly petitions the - i-mor to appoint SherifTs in each County. July 6. Township of Argyle granted, containine^ 187 square miles. July 7. The house of Assembly addresses the Go- vernor on the subject of the quit rents, and prays that their proceeds may be applied to the use of the Colony. ' : A Lottery established to raise JCIOOO to repair roads. Sept. 20. Lord William Campbell, by proclama- tion, forbids horse racing at Halifax, as tending to gambling, idleness and immorality. Oct. SO. Benjamin Green, in the absence of Lord William Campbell, Governor, and Michael Franklin, Lieutenant-Governor, administers the government. 1772. The imports this year into Nova-Scotia, from Great Britain, the southern part of Europe, and the seve> ral Colonies, were made in 138 vessels, of 6656 tons, carrying 698 men; value of cargoes, £63,000; exports 165 vessels of 7722 tons, carrying 804 men, valued cargoes £53,375. The population of Nova- Scotia, in a report to the Board of Trade, is stated at 17,000, exclusive of 130O Acadians in Nova-Scotia, 800 in Cape Breton and 20 blacks. The militia returned at 3000. The small population of Indians at 865. The income of Regis > trar of Deeds at Halifax, for fees,is returned at £25;of Provost Marshall at £80, and of Judge of Probates and his Registrar at £10 each. June 6. A great fire in the woods, in the neigh- bourhood of Chester and Lunenburg, which destroys 60 houses and bams — the Governor orders Mr. Wood, S51 the Missionary at Halifax, to recommend flrom the pulpit the suiTerers to the charity of the peo- ple. June SO. Michael Franklin, Lieutenant-Governor, assumes the government. July 13. Lord William Campbell returns and re- sumes the government. . Aug. 12. Arthur Goold sworn in as Councillor. Aug."^ 14. Lord Dartmouth announces to the Go- vernor his appointment as Secretary of State for the Colonial Department. < . >. Nov. 20. John Butler sworn in as Councillor. 1773. •• .') '-M Parliamentary Estimate for Nova-Scotia, £5,146. Sept. 5. Deputies from the several American Colonies meet at Philadelphia, at the first General Congress. Oct. 8. Francis Leggc sworn in as Governor and Michael Franklin, Lieutenant Governor. , Oct. 23. The house of Assembly present an ad- dress to Lord William Campbell, on his promotion to the Government of South Carolina, i ' . 'i?> - ; nx . . Nov. Tea destroyed at Boston. .OS '.Tr/i Oct. 12. Henry Dennis Denson chosen tempo- rary Speaker, during the illness of William Nesbet. An Act of Parliament passed for making more ef- fectual provision for the Government of the Pro- vince of Quebec, commonly called the Quebec Act. Doctor Franklin, Deputy Post-Master General in North America, dismissed from his ofRce. Parliamentary Estimates for Nova-Scotia, £4,346. Feb. 3. The wilderness land in Nova-Scotia, or- y^" : H " !, isai der«d to be sold to persons desirous of settling in the CountrV.'^"^ ■■'^ **''■*"''""* ^'"'^f^f 'if ^tiU Hfii^tn fvr'j March 13. The Bureau of Governor Legge open- ed by false keys, and all his papers stolen, upon which he offers fifty gnmeas reward from his own purse, and f 100 from the Treasury. March 29. James Burrow, sworn in as Councillor. Sept. 7. Lord Dartmouth orders the Governor of Nova-Scotia not to make a grant of land to a Roman Catholic, until the case be specially reported to his Majesty. .j^iy. ;; .iis^ j-.^ .i. :;. iv .< Sept. 8. James Monk appointed Solicitor-General. Oct. 6. William Nesbet electee^ Speaker. Nov. 18. A day of thanksgiving. i^ii^J^ :?tiicM H Port of Boston closed by Act of Parliament. ■ ' The revolted Colonies adopt the stylo of " the twelve confederated colonies." Feb- 10. Circulars sent by the Governor to the collectors of Impost and Excise, informing them that he had appointed James Burrow, inspector and comptroller of the revenue and public accounts. April 19. The Battle of Lexington commences the American War. • ;: ;j' • -v i . i .-? • May 5. John Creighton sworn in as Councillor. May 6. A commission granted to the Chief Justice and his two assistants, to hold a Court of Exchequer. June 16. George Washington appointed by Con- gress, Commander-in-Chief of the American Army. June 17. Battle of Bunker's Hill near Boston. June 28. The Governor, having stated to the House, that he had been advised by the Council to propose, in consequence of the frequent absence 25S of members of the Assembly, that their quorum should be reduced from twelve to nine, and that four new members should be added ; two for the Town, and two for the County of Halifax, the house replies in the following language : " The method proposed by the Councillors is replete with mischief, subver- sive of real representation, and in its consequences, must render the Governor of the Province absolute — the quorum of the council at present consists of five, the majority therefore would be three. The pro- posed quorum of the house being nine, the majority would be five. Those eight, with the Governor, would fill up all the legislative as well as the execu- tive departments of Government ; and when we consider that four additional membersare proposed for the town and county of Halifax, in order to com- mand a quorum at all times on the spot, we own we are alarmed at seeing a plan proposed so subsersive of our freedom. With a dependant council, and a majority of such a quorum of Assembly, what might not an ambitious Governor efl'ect. Dictatorial powers may be necessary to quell rebellions, or to rule a disaffected people, but where no such principles exist, the exertion of such power will create them." July 18. The Assembly asserts, that there is not more than £1,200 of circulating medium in the Pro- vince, and that only £200 of that sum is to be found among the Farmers. Aug. 17. All Ordnance Stores, small arms and gunpowder, at Halifax, were removed on board of a receiving ship, for safety. Axig. 26. All the inhabitants of Nova-Scotia re- quired to appear at the next quarter sessions, in the \ ,!' 254 several counties to which they respectively belong, and take the oath of allegiance ; and the Magistrates are required to return to the Governor lists of those who comply and those who do not. "; ■: ; ' -"* I" •■ Companies of Light Infantry ordered to be raised from the Militia, and be in readiness to march on the shortest notice : At Halifax and places adjacent, 100. County of Lunenburg, 200. At Argyle and places adjacent, 50. At Clare, 100. County of Annapolis, 50. At Horton and Cornwallis, 100. At Windsor, Newport and Falmouth, 50. In Cumberland and parts adjacent, 100. At Cape Breton, 100. Isle Madame and places adjacent, 60. , ; . , » ,. .. i / •4 Sept. 4. The Governor is informed by express, that the rebels from Machias had landed at St. John, burned the fort and barracks, and captured a brig, loaded with oxen, sheep, &c. for the army at Boston. A declaration of association drawn up by the Chief Justice, expressive of attachment to Government, and a determination to defend the same, circulated extensively for the subscription of the inhabitants. Sept. 28. 400 Militia from Lunenburg, two com- panies from King's County, and 100 Acadians from Clare and Yarmouth, ordered to march to Halifax for its protection. ' ' - • « Oct. 16. Lord Suffolk orders the Governor to raise in Nova-Scotia and Newfoundland, a Regiment of 1000 men, (afterwards reduced to 500) with the pro- mise of the same pay and allowances as regulars, but no half pay, the Governor to be colonel of the same. Orders received from England to make out gratui- tous granti9 of land to Loyalist refugees, and to sup- 255 port the indigent part of them, at an expence not exceeding six pence sterling each per diem. '*^ ^^'^^ Oct. 25. The Council and House of Assembly pe- tition for leave to be granted to the people of Halifax and Lunenburg, to dig coals at Cape Breton. Resolved, by the Governor and Council, that all couriers to carry dispatches be selected from the French Acadians,to be paid at the rate of £5 sterling per diem. :•.;:.?■>. j .■;■;•, {'•.•\\\..-i »(,-« u-Vif,.'. Towards the close of this year, two American arm* ed vessels, which had been sent by Congress to cruize in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, for the purpose of intercepting some Ordnance Store Ships, suppos- ed to be on their voyage to Quebec, visited Charlotte- town, the capital of the Island of St. John, and plundered the place. They carried off the President administering the Government, and the Surveyor General ; when these gentlemen arrived at the head quarters of the American army, at Cambridge, New- England, the rebel officers who had acted without orders, were dismissed from their comn and. The prisoners were released by General V/ashiir'jton, with many polite expressions of regret ior thek'=;uf- ferings, and the whole of the plunds/cti properly was restored. Nov. The Legislature imposes a tax upon the people of Nova-Scotia, for the maintenance of the embodied militia. Nov. 12. Montreal taken by American General Montgomery. Nov. 30. Martial Law proclaimedin the Pro vii) re. Dec. U. A bill passed Parliament, prohibiting all intercourse with the rev^olted American Colonioe. W ' l\ % 1 1 i i ■ .:■( i ■ ■ I. : ^ 90S M .■^' ^ Dec. 31. Quebec attacked by the Americans, and General Montgomery killed. i^ 1776. The Vulture, sloop of war, is stationed in the Bay of Fundy, between Annapolis and St. John, for the protection of these places ; and to prevent the ene- my from plundering Horton, Cornwallis, afnd other settlements. ioor,Trr:3r.-'- ;•: ;*',"; " . ♦ March 16. 50 men sent to Cumberland, in conse- quence of disturbances in that district, and Michael Francklin ordered to proceed thither and enquire into the same. '.••<.;■/:■,■..• ,r ■■'!■, '.'_•■ . March 17. British evacuate Boston and sail for Halifax; whole number of Military Sailors, and Loy- alists— 10,000. ' ' April 22. Mr. Justice Morris appointed Chief- Justice, until King's pleasure be known. April 27. Maviot Arbuthnot sworn in as Lieut. Governor. - June. An Act of the General Assembly passed, requiring all persons having any claim or demand upon the Province, to present the same within the first week of the next session of the Legislature after the same accrues, or to be barred from the recovery thereof. June 15. Governor Legge informs the Assembly, that a recent loyal address,which they had presented to his Majesty, had been most graciously received; that copies of it had been dispersed throughout the realm, and had met with universal approbation. June 24. The House of Assembly, having repre- sented that the office of Inspector General of the Revenues of the Province, was altogether unneces- 257 -r^. 1 ^*t sary, and that the duties ought to beperformei hj the Treasurer, the Governor abolishes the same. July 4. Americans declare themselves independent. Mr. Michael l^'rancklin makes a treaty of peace with the Savages on the River St. John, who deliver up to him an agreement, which they had entered into with the rebels, to furnish them with 600 fight- ing men. Oct. 11, 30 men sent to Liverpool, and 60 to Yarmouth, to protect those places from the depreda- tions of privateers, and two cutters taken into the Provincial service. i Nov. 17. Certain disaffected people,appearing be- fore the fort at Cumberland, with a number of rebels from New-England, rewards are offered for their ap- prehension. ' . , 'i viit v If 50 Militia and 50 Regulars sent to Onslow, Truro and Londonderry, for their protection. 1777. March 6. B. Fenukane appointed Chief Justice of Nova-Scotia. - April 11. A general Fast. r • May 1. Two magistrates having been sent to Trura, Onslow and Londonderry, to require the in- habitants to take the oath of allegiance, they all re- fuse but five, upon which the Attorney General is ordered to prosecute them in the same manner as popish recusants. t. ; .».; May 14. The Provost-Marshall suspended from his office, in consequence of repeated escapes of Prisoners from the Jail at Halifax. June 11. The House of Assembly come to the following resolution : "It appearing to this House, 33 \A^]l i I ^. '-'■% 25Q that a writ for the election of a member for the Township of Onslow, has been returned, and it ap- pearing also, that the inhabitants of that township have refused to take the oath of allegiance to his Majesty — Resolved unanimously, that this House cannoi, consistently with its honor and dignity, admit the return of said writ, as the inhabitants of that township have, in the opinion of this House, by their ingratitude and disaffection, forfeited all title to the privilege of representation. ? June 13. The member of the Township of Truro, having presented himself to tak „ iiis scat, the House resolved unanimously, that the inhabitants, having refused to take the oath of allegiance, are not en- titled to the privilege of rcprescntalion, and there- fore their member cannot be admitted, r Aug. 9. Lord George Germain acquaints the Go- vernor, that lus Majesty approves of the conduct of the House of Assembly, in refusing to receive the member from Onslow, on account of his constituents having refused to take the oath of allegiance, and hopes to hear of the disfranchisement of that township. Oct 17. Burgoyne's Army surrenders to the Americans. -: . Nov. 6. A cartel having arrived at Windsor with several prisoners, and others, who aj:)peared not to have bef.u prisoners in order to efPcct an exchange for the wives and chila;en of those persons who had jQed from Cumberland, she was ordered back, and directions given, that the families of those who had joined the Americans should be removed 1o Halifax. Nov. The Rebels, who had arrived from Machias •t Cumberland, in two whale-boats, having failed in 2dd their attempts upon the fort, visited the harbour of Fictou, where they seized a valuable armed mer- chant ship, which was loading for Scotland, and made preparations for plundering St. John's Island. Lieutenant Keppel, having been sent in pursuit of them, recaptured the vessel, and carried her into Charlotte-town. , ^ , ._ 1778. An Act of Parliament passed, renouncing the right of taxing the Colonies, except for the regulation of commerce, the proceeds of which taxes are directed to be applied for the use of the colony in which they are raised. , • . ,' .' ? > Michael Francklin renews the treaty with the In- dians of the River St. John. Aug. 17, Richard Hughes sworn in Lieut.Governor. Oct. 30. League between the revolted Colonies and the French, in which their independance is ac- knowledged by the Court of France. Nov. 18. The barns, out-houses and public houses, in the north-suburbs of Halifax, allotted as quarters for a battalion of Hussars. , . 1779. The Indians of St. John river assemble in great numbers, and th eaten to make war against the Eng- lish, but are appeased by promises of presents from Government: this was the last threat of an Indian war. £5000 granted by tlic Assembly for fitting out arm- ed vessels, to protect the Trade of the Province. 1780. May 19. An uncommon dark day, partly occa- sioned by numerous large fires in the woods of New- England. is n V 260 '**■ June 17. Ordered that Lunenburg, Windsor, Fal- mouth, Newport, Horton, Comwallis, Cumberland, Truro, Onslow and Londonderry, furnish one sixth part of the militia, to be employed three weeks at the public works at Halifax. Sept. 11. The Governor informs Lord Sydney that there are two Distilleries in Halifax, one only of which is now in operation, making from 15 to 20 thousand gallons of Rum yearly, but that during the early part of the war, both made from 80 to 90 thou- sand gallons; the liquor, though inferior, is preferred by labourers andlndians. ' ' ■■'[ri ' Oct. The Assembly request the Governor to sell the Barracks recently erected at Cornwallis, at an expense of JE701, in order to raise funds for paying for the same. Oct. 2. Major Andre executed by order of Ameri- can Court-Martial. Oct. 9. £1500 granted for the erection of a School-House at Halifax, and £100 per annum for the Master, and JE50 for an Usher, when the number of scholars shall exceed 40. Oct. 21. A pension of £100 a year, granted to Mr. Fenton for life, as a compensation for resigning the office of Provost-Marshall, that Sheriffs might be appointed for the several Counties. Dec. 18. The Lords of Trade inform the Gover- nor, that a new Board has been formed, of which Lord Grantham is President. Dec. 20. War between Great Britain and Holland. 1781. An unsolicited pension of £50 a year, granted by House of Assembly to Elizabeth Belcher, onlydaugh- 2C1 .I't terof the late Chief Justice Belcher, in testimony of his many important services. May 9. Lord George Germain communicates to the Governor, an order, signed by the King, for dis- solving the Assembly. June 17. ■y^indsor, Newport, Falmouth, and parts adjacent, erected into a County called Hants County. July 31. Sir Andrew Snape Hammond sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor. ' ' */* '"'■' * Oct. 1 9. Lord Cornwallis and army,at York town, surrender as prisoners of war. ' ' ' • - * Dec. 8. Mr. Brenton, the Attorney General, ap- pointed Assistant Judge, vice C. Morris, deceased. A scarcity of flour at Halifax, and 60 tons are or- dered from Norton, Cornwallis and Windsor, In consequence of the failure of many land jobbing speculations, the population much reduced by the re- moval of inhabitants ; the number remaining is esti- mated by Judge Deschamps, at 12,000. 1782. An Act passed in the British Parliament, autho- rizing the King to conclude a peace and truce with the American Colonies, as independant states. Feb. 1 1 . Mr. Ellis notifies the Governor of his appointment as Secretary of the Colonial Department. March 23. Alexander Brymer sworn in as Coun- cillor. March 30. Lord Shelburne notifies the Governor of his appointment as Secretary of the Colonial De- partment. June 22. Resolved, by the House of Assembly, that Judges are eligible to sit as members, and that person who are appointed Sheriffs, after their election. m S I I ! 262 may retain their seats, but that SheriiTs, while filling the office, cannot be elected for any part of the Coun- ty of which they had the charge. July 14. Mr. Townshend acquaints the Governor, that he is appointed Secretary of the C olonial De- partment. ' T Oct. 3. John Parr sworn in as Governor, and Sir Andrew S. Hammond, Lieutenant-Governor. Oct. 9. Orders received that if any Councillor be absent from the Province twelve months, without leave of the Governor, or two years, without permis- sion from his Majesty, his seat shall be vacated, or if a Councillor be summoned to attend a meeting of the Board, and persists in his absence, to be suspended. Nov. 30. Provisional articles of peace between the United States and Great Britain, signed at Paris. Dec. 16. The Secretary of the Province, Trea- surer, and th(! Surveyor General, and their successors in office, appointed Trustees for all public buildings. 1783. Jan. 21. Treaty of peace between Great Britain, France and Spain. New Edinburgh, in the County of Annapolis, settled by Anthony Stewart, Esq. and others. Governor Patterson, and the Council of St. John's Island, refuse to receive Mr. Fanning, who had been appointed to succeed him. Mr. Fanning is therefore compelled to remain as a private individual, until peremptory orders are received from England, to swear him into office. ■ Several families remove from Lunenburg and set- tle at Margaret's Bay. 2QS Sept. 23. Edniond Fanning sworn in as Council- lor and Lieutenant-Governor. -- ' ' Sept. 30. Governor Parr estimates, in his dis- patch of this date, the number of refugees who had arrived in Nova-Scotia, at 18,000. Oct. 6. Isaac Deschamps sworn in as Councillor. Oct. An Act of Legislature passed, for pardoning all persons in Nova-Scotia guilty of treason, or trea- sonable correspondence with the enemy, during the rebellion of the 13 Colonies. Oct. 15. The House of Assem' V request the Governor to erect a New County, t .e westward of Queen's County, to comprehend the townships of Shelburne and parts adjacent. ' • ,; . Oct. 21. Two thousand and more refugees arriv- ed in the Province. Nov. 1. Governer Parr appoints John Cunning- ham (.'oUector of quit rents, and informs Lord North that no quit rents had been collected since 1772. Nov. 7. By an unanimous vote of the whole House, a pension of JEIOO per annum, clear of all deductions, was made to Mr. Nesbet, the Speaker,on his retirement. Nov. 22. The Assembly vote JE500 to Governor Parr, towards the support of his table. Nov. 25. New-York evacuted by the English. Population of Canada 11,300 English and French, exclusive of 10,000 refugees. Information received from Lord North, that, as the Province is increasing in importance, application will be made to the Post-Office, that packets may be ap- pointed to sail regularly from Falmouth to Halifax, and that, as Lord Charles Montague's corps, reduced ««^^' : ,3 .t l^l i ,i ■ !1 f i' I ^, v.^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |5o ^^™ HBB Hi Si 1*0 M IL25 iU 1^1 1.6 V Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion ^^ 3>^ \ <^ ^. ;^>>. ^ ^.V* i\ 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIUTIR.N.Y. MStO (716)t73-4S03 '^ liiVfiH;;, -1; \i''' f /^4 at Jamaica, are desirous of settling in Nova-Scotia, the same indulgencies must be shewn them as other corps. 1784. i ,|n,->|vj. New Brunswick and Gape Breton setoff as two distinct Governments. Thirty families remove from Nantucket to Dart- mouth, to carry on the whale fishery. ..^,^ .j^. ^^ Township of Preston laid out and settled. Township of Clements settled by Hessians and Loyalists. Township of Aylesford settled. The House of Assembly represent to the Gover- nor, that the disturbances and discontent which had been recently manifested in Cumberland, arose from the mal-administration of Justice, by certain persons entrusted with Commissions of the Peace, and soli- cit their removal from office. Nov. 23. Mr. Bulkely, the Secretary, informs the House by written message, that the Governor re- quires the Speaker, in future, to make a daily report to him of the business before the House ; whereupon it was determined, 17 to 8, that it should not be com- plied with, and the reply sent to the Governor concludes as follows : " We humbly beg, that when in future it may be necessary lor your Excellency, by message, to communicate your desire to this House, that you will be pleased to send it under your own signature, and not that of the Secretary, as we think a mode of that kind will in future prevent mistakes. March 1. The Assembly of Nova-Scotia .con- sists of 36 members, and the Province of eight Coun- ties. «WT*-;Sf.-':-r *j' . ISU. J .. ses 3\i\f 7. Lord Sydney aoqunhits the GovtRMftr, that Colonel Carleton is appointed Qovernor of N«iw Brunswick, and Major Desbarres Goremor of St. John's Island. Nov. 1. Thomas Cochrane chosen Speaker, tio* William Nesbet. Dec. 6. Governor Parr informs Lord Sydney, that Digby, and the Counties of Shelburne ana Syd- ney, are privileged to send members to the Assembly; that the pay of the Legislative Council is Ids. pet diem, and that of the representatives lOs. but that no member of the House, residing at Halifax, partici- pates in the pay of members. Dec. 27. Governor Parrinforms Lord Sydney that the population of the undermentioned Districts of Nova-Scotia is as follows :— In and about Halifax, ... 1,300 Eastwardof Halifax, to Chedabuoto, 2,000 / From'^hence to the isthmus of Cumberland, 900 f At Cumberland, Patridge Island, In and about Windsor, - - - In the County of Annapolis, - On the coast westward of Halifax, - M' District of Shelburne, - - - 700 800 I 4,000 800 10,000» 1^0,400' . The remaining part of the people having been in- eluded within the limits of New Brunswick. n- 1786. Jan. 3. Grovemor Parr informs Lord Sydney, that he had appointed S. S. Blowers, Attorney-General, vice Gibbons, appointed Chief Justice of Cape Breton. * I have copied this from an original doflitneAt in niaiMairi|lt, setiog 34 but it appears evident, that there must be some mistake reipeetiog the popaiatioB of Halifkt.— Lunenburg a«d Lilr«irp«ol tra dinii M Mm , If area 11. Lord Sydney desires the Governor to ifMRiQ free grants of land to the 84th Regiment, with an exemption of quit rents for 20 years. April 9. One hundred and ninety-four Negroes, inen,women and children, arrive at Halifax, from St. Augustine, naked and destitute of every necessary of life. -May 1. Lord Sydney directs that, at the close of every Session of the Legislature, a bill of appropria- tion be passed, including every sum voted during the Session* . i e^vi . Parliamentary estimates for Nova-Scotia, jE3,976. June 29. Thomas Cochrane and Charles Morris, sworn in as Councillors. 1 Aug. 8. Isaac Deschamps appointed Chief Jus< tice, vice S. Fenukane, deceased. Aug* 18. Mr. Cumberland, the Agent of the Pro- vince, informs the Governor that a line of Govern- ment Packets is established between Halifax and Falmouth — and that an alien duty of JE18 per ton is laid on Oil imported from the United States. Sept. 3. The turnpike gate, erected at Sackville, having been- pulled down, a reward of fifty pounds is offered for the apprehension of the perpetrators. Sept. 20. The Governor acquaints Lord Sydney, that there had arrived three Brigantines and one schooner at Halifax, from Nantucket, with full crews, and every requisite apparatus to carry on the whale fishery, and that he expected one sloop and three brigantines yet, from the same place. • Dec. 1. S. S. Blowers, Attorney-General, and-R. J. Uniaoke, Solicitor General, appointed Justices of the Peace throughout the Province. 267 j^Dec. 6. Sixth General Assembly convened at-Ha- lifax, S. S. Blowers, Cpeakep.'>«-'«3s?.A io mvoU oiil Dec. 7. The House resolves that Christopftiep Harper, member for the County of Cumberland, not being an inhabitant of the Province, is not elegible to a seat. Dec. 16. The boundaries of the several Counties in Nova-Scotia defined, described and published, by order of the Governor and Council. ■ ' ' - "Dec. 31. Governor Parr informs Lord Sydney, there are ninety Saw Mills in the Province, twenty- five of which have been erected since 1783. 1786. ... Lord Dorchester appointed Governor-General of the British Provinces of North America. . y/iffinozi 20 Masters of vessels, in conjunction with a few merchants of Halifax, form themselves into a soci- ety, called the Halifax Marine Association, to raise a fund for mutual assistance ; to collect observations for the improvement of navigation, &c. -' r -' '■- 'r ' ) April 20. Lord Sydney informs the Governor, that he disapproves of the encouragement given to the people of Nantucket to remove to Dartmouth, and bring with them their vessels, i^^^ « .-<* «y4*iwi -^(^^ ;>n; 1787. n 'i'i ^m^mH^ $ndf b April 6. Governor Desbarres recalled from Cape- Breton. ■ sr^itH vw/ (>KJ ' rtfQ'it tfl^t^Jl June 7. John Halliburton sworn in as Councillor. Aug. 11. His Majesty, by letters patent, erects the Province of Nova-Scotia into a Bishop's see, and appoints Charles Inglis Bishop. Oct. 29. The Council send the following message i< ,im I i U9 to the Aisembly : " Hi9 M^jesty'a Council request the House of Assembly to join them in a committee to wait upon Governor Parr, to pray his Excellency to ask the honor of his Royal Highness Prince William Henry, to accept a ball and entertainment at the public expense." Nov. 6. Governor Parr sends the following mes- sage to the House : " Gentlemen, I am commanded by his Royal Highness Prince William Henry, to sig- nify to his Majesty's Council and House of Assembly, his thorough approbation of the manner in which the entertainment was conducted and managed yes- terday, as well at the dinner as at the ball." , Nov. 13. The Governor communicates to the Assembly the following order from his Majesty : " It Ss our will and pleasure, that you recommend to the Assembly within your Government, to make due provision for the erecting and maintaining Schools, where youths may be educated in competent learn- ing, and in the knowledge of the principles of the christian religion. Nov. 22. The House resolve to establish an Aca- demy at Windsor, and recommend the erection of a College there. >■ .>f».-"iy ^•••n.^> .«■> ^.o^jv**; vi:.' Deo. 18. The Governor informs Lord Sydney, that the House of Assembly requests, that the Par- liamentary bounty, on the exportation of timber and hemp from the colonies, may be renewed. / u ri^i 1788. --' ^■^ " —■■' ■ Lord Sydney informs the Governor of his determi- nation to establish a monthly communication by post with America, and requesting him to confine, aa nuoh aa possiblei correspondence to that channel. 26a Jaiw 3. Henry Puncan and Sampson Salter Blower9 sworn in as Councillors. Parliamentary estimate, ^£5^845 6s. x o^jiurtipvi George Washington chosen first president of tho United States. aim.- Aug. 18. A mandamus received> to swear iu Jeremiah Pemberton as Chief Justice. mitno? Sept. 26. The House of Assembly vote the sum of JC400, for the maintenance of an Academy at Windsor during the year. Tuition in the upper school, £4; in the English school J£3. Price of board £16. Oct. The first symptoms appear of the severe disorder which afterwards afflicts his Majesty the Doc. 21. The Governor lays before the Council an address of the House, stating that complaints were made to them, against the Judges of the Su- preme Court, and requesting that they may be en* quired into. Tho Council vote them altogether groun4Ies8. .*|l'i ■ x^rmiih. 1789. i.-_ti The Influenza prevailed in North America, from the 15th to the 45th degree of latitude. The House of Assembly grant JE444 8s. lOid cur- rency, per annum, to King's College, Windsor, and JE500 for the purchase of a piece of ground. i Congress of the United States, under the new con- stitution, first assemble at New-York. r. , 0^^: The Governor and Council address his Majesty on the subject of his recovery. '*i4 March 5. R. J. Uniacke chosen Speaker, vice S. S. Blowers, -i m ..i.-; ,;> s^--i;i'f^ u^--., „ . .i^v-m-m^M ,iM !' ':j ' r. :i \ \ 270 III f i > March 14. A motion made in the House of Aseem- biy, to present an address to the Governor, request- ing hini to remove, until his Majesty's pleasure be known, his Privy Council, on account of the evil and pernicious advice they had given him, on the sub- ject of the complaints against the Judges ; but the motion was lost. s June 5. Mr. Granville announces his appointment * as Secretary of the colonial department. July 9. On the application of Lord Dorchester, all surplus provisions exported for the relief of the people of Quebec. '-*- Oct. 20. Mr. Granville acquaints the Governor, that Thomas Strange would be appointed Chief- Justice vice Pemberton. '^adJra'i^ii's^fcj?^ 1790. ^i)i:^«iiT ■ .l^SujJ^^- The House of Assembly, having sent up to the Council articles of impeachment against the Judges, the Council advise the Governor not to suspend them until his Majesty's pleasure be known — 5 to 1. June 5. Mr. Granville acquaints the Governor, that Parliament had granted £1000 to King's College. June 8. Mr. Dundas announces to the Governor his appointment to the Colonial Office. i«>' *«»*?«« «». Population of Halifax— Males, above 16 — 1301 ; under do. 935. Females— 2209 ; Blacks— 422. To- tal 4,897. iiA:-'iMl: iii ,;lw <.;50lK^iJ^k^ The Agent of the Province informs the Assembly, that his Majesty had ordered, that the articles of impeachment against the Judges, should be heard before his Majesty in Council. Insurrection of the Blacks in St. Domingo. - - Governor 271 • Nov. 26. Qovemor Parr diet at Holifax, aged sixty-six, and Richard Bulkely adminigters the Qo- vernment as senior councillor. P 1792. - Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne, who had serv- ed in the late American War, died in England. 5 Great Pictou road opened. ' Jan. A number of free Blacks sent from Nova- Scotia to Sierra Leone. May 14. John Wcntworth sworn in as Lieut* Governor. June 1. Thomas Strange first Bits m Councillor. July 7. £300 voted, to relieve persons who had suffered by fires in the different new settlements. 1793. March 1. A general fast. , , , March 20. Seventh General Assembly convened at Halifax, Thomas Barclay, Speaker. April 18. Governor Wentworth receives instruc- tions from Mr. Dundas, that Fronce had declared war against England, on the 1st February last, and that he was authorized to raise a provincial corps, of which he was to be Colonel. April 27. Governor issues a press warrant to Capt. George, R. N. to complete his ship's crew. April 29. Mr. Dundas acquaints the Governor, that the office of Judge Advocate of Annapolis was revived in the person of Mr. Brcnton. '^ Vj"- " ■ ^£n¥i ham 'far 1794, 'i-' - • 'i ,'•.='*''/!' April 25. A general fast. ' ' '•' May 28. A warrant granted to Commodore George, to complete the crews of the Hussar and Blanch. A wolf, having made its appearance in Nova-Scotia, li J*' Mi [ 1 : rii I f73 and committed dq)redation8 in difTerent places, a re- port prevailed that the Country was infested with wolves — ^whereupon the Legislature informed the Grand Jury, in the several Counties, to offer rewards for killing wolves, and to assess the township for pay- ment thereof; the obnoxious wolf was afterwards shot in the County of Hants. A Nisi Prius Court, established in the Counties of Shelburne, Lunenburg, Sydney and Queen's, by a temporary aot of the Legislature. . ^ June 6. James Delancey sworn in as Councillor. Sept. 23. Warrant of impress granted to Captain Murray, to last seven days. Nov. 19. A treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Na- vigation, between the United States and Great- Britain, signed at London by the Earl of Granville and John Jay. Dec. 8. Marine Society of Halifax extended and enlarged. 1795. "^" The Rev. Mr. Lloyd, Missionary at Chester, loses his way in a snow storm, while on his route through the woods to Windsor, and is frozen to death. An Act passed, authorizing the Governor to appoint laymen to solemnize marriage in places where no licensed Clergyman resides. p^ . '. r ..April 8. The Prince of Wales married Caroline, second daughter of the Duke of Brunswick. May 8. Arrived at Halifax, his Majesty's ship Thetis, Hon. Captain Cochrane, and Hussar, Capt. Beresford, with La Raison and La Pervoiante, two Frenchmen of war, armed en flutte, which theyhad captured, being part of a squadron of five sail, bound from Guadaloilpe to Virginia. .,..,,.. 27S B, are- id with led the 'ewards forpay- erwards Intiei of s, by a tuncillor. I Captain and Na- d Great- Granville nded and ter, loses through ,n. >» «i - to appoint where no Caroline, • sty's (ship jsar, Capt. iante, two theyhad sail, bound James Miller appointed Inspector-Gieneral of Mines, in Nova-Scotia. - Mr. Wentworlh, the Governor, is preferred to the dignity of a Baronet of Nova-Scotia. Sept. 8. Duke of Portland acquaints the Gover- nor, that a further sum of £500 had been granted towards completing of King's College at Windsor. Nov. 6. Benning Wcntworth sworn in as Coun- cillor. Nov. 16. A warrant of impress granted to Capt. Murray, for forty-eight hours. 1796. Jan. 7. The Princess of V/ales delivered of a daughter. i j r March 4. John Adams elected President of the United States. " July 23. The Dover, Mary, and Ann, transports, ar- rive at Halifax from Jamaica,with about 600 Maroons. Oct. 17. Lieutenant-Governor receives a letter from Duke of Portland, informing him that hostilities were commenced against the Spaniards, upon which he issues his Proclamation. Nov. 12, Mr. Benning Wentworth appointed Secretary of the Province, vice Mr. Bulkely, deceased. Dec. 16. Press warrant granted to Captain H. Mo wate, for four days. ,,.^ ■^., 1797. ,,.i.,,Mr*'-' Jan. 31. Warrant to press seamen, granted for one day to Captain Murray. March 21. A fire at Halifax, by which thepro)- perty of Dr. Greaves, and the adjoining|buildings, are destroyed. May 4. His Excellency Robert Prescott officially 35 '>-*i IM^*' I h !! ' ill um i14 notifiei the Governor that his Majesty has been pleased to appoint him Go vernor-G eneral . June 15. A very severe thunder storm experi- enced at Annapolis — the woods are set on fire by the lightening in many places, and several buildings des- troyed. June 21 . A general fast. July 10. The Governor assents to an Act of ♦he Legislature, for appointing Commissioners to deter^ mine upon a proper site, in the town of Halifax, and to purchase lots of ground, if necessary, whereon to erect a public building for the accommodation of the General Assembly, Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, and Admiralty, and public offices ; and also to procure plans and estimates for a building, hereafter to be erected, for the residence of the Lieut.-Governor. Sept. 9. S. S. Blowers, Attorney-General, ap- pointed Chief Justice, vice Strange, promoted to Bombay; R. J. Uniacke, appointed Attorney-General, vice Blowers; and Jonathan Sterns, Solicitor-General, vice Uniacke. Oct. 3. Benning Wentworth resigns the office of Treasurer, and Michael Wallace is appointed in his Btead. . >. ■, Oct. 17. A warrant to impress seamen, not inha- bitants of Nova-Scotia, granted to Admiral Vandiput, for two months. , , Nov. 23. His Majesty's ship La Tribune wreck- ed at the entrance of the Halifax harbour ; she had on board at the time a crew of 340 men, and 16 non- commissioned officers and privates, and one Lieute- nant, of N. S. Regiment ; of the whole of whom only twelve were saved. t75 1708. Jcflery, Lord Amherst, the British Commander-in- Chief, at the conquest of Cope-Breton and Canada, died in England, oged 81 years. Parliamentary estimate ibr the year jC5,91 5. ' '*'"'' ■Feb. 24. The roud from Halifax to Windsor, hav- ing become impassible from immense qtiantitics of snow, fallen within a few days past, ond the cattlo and supplies detained thereby, to the great detriment of the public, a meeting of the inhabitants of Halifax is convened to consider the subject; the Governor, at the request of the inhobitnnt<», issues a writ to the surveyors of highways, to call out the people to open the road ; his Royal Highness Prince Edward orders the militia to co-operate. ; The inhabitants of Windsor, adopt similar mea- sures. May 26. James Stewart oppointcd Solicitor-Go- neral, vice Sterns, deceased. June 26. The Governor receives information from the Duke of Portland, that George Leonard had been appointed supcrintendani of the Trade and Fishery of the Province. June 30. The House of Assembly vote 600 gui- neas for the purchase of a star, to be presented to Prince Edward. May 29. In imitation of the general contributions made throughout Great Britain, for the support of the present war with France, subscriptions are en- tered into in different parts of Nova- Scotia. The inhabitants of the town of Halifax raise the sum of £4,183 2s. 9id. many of whom subscribed annually. The boys at the grammer school, Halifax, subscribed .i^i* 27S !' I t ! out of their pocket inoney,£23 18s. Od. sterling. Re- giments and public departments at Halifax, £2,079 128. Sid. Inhabitants of Digby, £266 2s. lOd.— Cornwallis and Aylesford, JE342, and in the same ratio in most of the other districts in Nova-Scotia. May 31. A general fast. Sept. 25. A drenrll'ul storm and gale of wind at Halifax, by which shii)ping, wharves and other pro- perty, is destroyed, amounting by estimation to nearly £100,000 — most of the roads are rendered impassible from the falling of the forest trees across them. ' * The Cobequid road is cleared out at the public ex- pense. Oct. 16. The Governor and Council addressed Prince Edward, on his departure from the Province. Dec. 24, James Stewart, Solicitor-General, ap- pointed Justice of the Peace throughout the Province. • 1799. Great inconvenience having been experienced by the inhabitants of St. John's Island, from the name of the Province being the same with several other places at no great distance, to which letters and other articles were frequently sent by mistake, an Act was passed in their Legislature, which subse- quently received the Royal Assent, to change the name from St. John's to Prince Edward's Island. Parliamentary estimate £5,415. ^ Jan. 31. Prices at Halifax market, beef by the quarter 4d. to 5d. ; pork 6d. ; mutton 7d. to 8d. ; veal 8d. to 9d. ; fowls 3s. to 4s. ; Oats 2s. 6d. to,3s. ; butter Is. 3d. to Is. 6d. , ,. v^.< ; ; May 18. The appointment of his Royal Highness 'f 277 the Duke of Kent, announced as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in British North America. J> June 7. Richard John Uniacke chosen Speaker^ ▼ice Thomas Barclay. ' ,: June 28. A general fast. -. -• Aug. 19. Several attempts having been made to set fire to the Dock- Yard, a reward of JE300 is offered for the discovery of the perpetrators, and pardon to the informer, if an accomplice. ^ . :, i. ,., Sept. 10. James Brcnton sworn in as Councillor. Sept. 12. The Governor and Council address his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, on his return to the Province. v'.-.-x Dec. 4. A press warrant granted to Admiral Van- deput, to be dated 27th November, and to last seven days from the date thereof ; this must have been in- tended to cover impressments already made. Dec. 25. Napoleon Bonaparte declared first Con- sul of France. 1800. Union between Great Britain and Ireland. The seat of Government of the United States re- moved to Washington. Parliamentary estimate £5,540. Population of the United States about 5,320,000. The Duke of Portland informs the Governor, that in future all acts of the Provincial Legislature, re- quiring the King's assent, are to be considered as dis- allowed if the confirmation thereof be not communi- cated within three years. Feb. 20. Eighth general Assembly convened at Halifax, R. J. Uniacke, Speaker. .. ,- ; , , . Feb. 23. The Duke of Portland orders that in future in \H. I 1 £78 all licences to solemnize marriages in the Parish of Halifax, be addressed to the Rector, Vicar and Cu- rate only. June 5. The foundation stone of Mason's Nail, at Halifax, laid by his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent. - ' June 23. A warrant to impress 30 men granted to Captain Murray. June 27. A general fast. July 8. Mr. Bulkely, master of the Rolls, and Re- gistrar in Chancery, resigns, and Benning Went- worth is appointed in his stead. July 23. The Governor and Council address the King, on his providential escape from the horrid at- tempt on his life at the play house. July 31. The Governor and Council address his" Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, on his leaving the Province. Dec. 8. James Brenton is appointed Judge of the Vice Admiralty, in the room of Richard Bulkely, de- ceased. --■..-..... ^ .-'v ,...-„.,,-..-..-„..- 1801. j\ \^- Jan. 1. Meeting of the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland. Feb. 9. Mr. Pitt, after his having been Prime Minister eighteen years, resigns. March 3. The Duke of Portland transmits to the Governor, the Royal titles and style appertaining to the Crown, which are in latin *< Georgius tertius, dei gratia Brittaniarum Rex Fidei defensor, Ecclesicd AnglicancB et HibernisB Suprenium Caput. In English, George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, £79 King, Defender of the Faith, and of the United Church of England and Ireland, on earth the supreme head. March 4. Thomas Jefferson chosen third presi- dent of the United States. April 6. The Governor receives orders from the Duke of Portland, to encourage the growth of hemp. Pub- lic meetings are in consequence held at Halifax, at which the general opinion is that the climate and soil of the Country are favourable to its culture. The Governor appoints a Committee to make proper en- quiries and institute experiments. June 16. Andrew Belcher, William Forsyth and Charles M. Wentworth, sworn in as Councillors. June 19. A general fast. Aug. 6 . Lord Hobart announces to the Governor, his appointment as Secretary of the Colonial Depart- ment. Aug. 15. George Henry Monk appointed one of the Assistant Judges of the Supreme Court, vice M. Deschamps, deceased. Lawrance Hartshorne resigns his scat at the Coun- cil Board. ' * Nov. 18. Dr. Alexander Croko sworn in as Judge of the Vice Admiralty Court. Nov. 19. Lord Hobart informs the Governor of the ratification of a general peace between the Great Belligerent powers, upon receipt of which despatch, the town of Halifax is brilliantly illuminated. - 1802. • '-> /» Harch 27. The definitive treaty of peace signed at Amiens, between Great Britain, France, Spain and Holland. .. . _ . _ „., i# ■■» 1 I' V. I ^" !'^ ,280 Feb. 1. Charles Morris appointed Suryeyor-Ge* neral, vice Charles Morris, deceased. ■■■■■' ' Parliamentary estimate £7,51 5. May 21 . A Royal Charter granted to King's Col« lege* at Windsor. June. On the 18th, 20th and 2l8t June, alarming fires at Halifax, which are supposed to be the work of incendiaries, £100 reward is accordingly offered by proclamation, for the discovery of the parties con- cerned. July 8. A day of thanksgiving. , Ship Princess Amelia, having on board the furni- ture of his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, lost on the Isle of Sable ; every soul on board, 200 in num* ber, perished. Nov. 25. Alexander Croke sworn in as Councillor; 1803. The peace between England and France dissolved. This year an establishment, for the relief of ship- wrecked mariners, founded at the Isle of Sable, and £400 granted towards its support, an allowance which has been continued annually by theLegislature. April 23. Michael Wallace sworn in as Councillor. April 30. A warrant of impress granted to Capt. Bradly, for ten days. Sept. The University of King's College opened at Windsor, pursuant to Royal Charter. Dec. 15. A general fast. Dec. 20. Louisianna surrendered by French Pre- fect to American General Claiborne. 1804. ^ ^ Feb. 23. The harbour of Halifax crowded with an immense quantity of young pollock, manyhun- If dred barrels of which are distributed among the poor. "ii May 10. Mr. Pitt replaced as Prime Minister of Great Britain. - May 16. Lord Cambden announces his appoint- ment as Secretary of the Colonial Department. A road opened between the upper part of the town- ship of Annapolis and Liverpool. May 19. John Butler Butler sworn in as Coun- cillor. July 27. No appropriation bill passed this year, in consequence of a disagreement between the House and Council — the Governor inibrnis the House that €uch votes as had been agreed to by the House and Council shall be paid, and that he shall feel justified in paying the usual salaries to the public oiticers. Aug. 10. A general fast. , - ,< Dec. 2. Bonaparte crowned Emperor of France. 1805. Feb. 10. Lord Castlereagh announces to the Go- vernor, his appointment as Secretary of State for the Colonies. March 20. The Governor receives an order to seize all Spanish vessels putting into tlie harbour of Halilax. ;^^ .,,:■• > ■ -'./ r ■,-: r? ;f May. Press warrant granted for fourteen days. June 21 . A general fast. ' i .r : i July. Lieut.-Governor Fanning, having served nearly 19 years with great credit, retires from tho Government of Prince iildward's Island, and is suc- ceeded by Mr. Desbarrcs. Oct. 24. Pierre Paulii>, a prisoner of war, executed for the murder of a fellow prisoner. 36 » M' I i! ts% W\ Nov. 2S. The Speaker, having left the Provinea for a short time, W. Cottnam Tonge, Esq. is chosen in his place. 1806. r Jan. 23. Death of William Pitt, first Lord of the Treasury. ""^^^ Feb. 5. Mr. Wyndham announces to the Gover- nor, his appointment as Secretary of State for the Colonies. Revenue of the Province £20,577 5s. 5d. May 3. His Majesty's ships Leander, Driver, &c. interdicted from entering the harbour of the United Slates. ' -• ' -•-'■>•■• •--,;-. -v. ..,.. .„,,. r.. ..w. , Parliamentary estimate £7,166. ^ r ^ < >f Sept. 13. Death of Charles James Fox. • ^ Nov. 18. Ninth General Assembly convened at Halifax. '^ ' * : ^^ William Cottnam Tonge, Esq. having been elected Speaker of the House of Assembly, was presented to the Governor, who disallowed of the choice, where- up<m Lewis M. Wilkins, Esq. was elected in his place, and approved of. Dec. 11. The Speaker, having been summoned to attend a meeting of the Governors at King's College, at a time which would prevent him from attending at the hours to which the House had adjourned, the House resolved, that it is highly disrespectful to summon the Speaker in that manner, and that he is liot bound to attend. ' ''^ '' trv ..<.'»•» ' Dec. 19. The House address his Excellency, to give a representation to the townships of Chester and Wilmot, pursuant to a clause of Provincial Act 6th Geo. 3d. :-'h li 'I 'rovinea chosen d of the 5 Gover- for the iver, &c. e United irened at a elected sented to , whepe- lis place, noned to College, ttending joiirned, ectful to lat he is ency, to isterand Act 5th 28S 1807. * British ship Leopard fires upon the American fri- gate Chesapeake, which surrenders ; several English deserters are taken out of her. . k. . -> '. Jan. 10. Brenton Halliburton sworn in as assis- tant Judge, vice James Brenton, deceased. Jan. 14. Charles Hill sworn in as Councillor. Feb. 21. The naval officer suspended, and John Beckwith appointed in his place. ' J ' ^ June 13. A general fast. ' June 14. The Governor recalls Lawrence Harts- home to the Council Board. Aug. 24. All export of provision from the Province prohibited, in anticipation of a rupture with the Uni- ted States. Aug. 26. A Court Martial held at Halifax, on board his Majesty's ship Beleisle, Rear Admiral Sir A. Cockran, for the trial of John Wilson, alias Jenkin Ratford, lately taken from American frigate Chesa- peake, on charges of mutiny, desertion and con- tempt, when sentence of death was passed upon him; he was executed on the 3lst. ' ' '' Oct. 7. Five hundred militia called into Halifax, to do duty, and during the ensuing month two other battalions. Oct. 16. Two seamen executed on board of his Majesty's ship Jason. Captain Cockran, having been condemned to death on the 29th ult. with four others (subsequently reprieved) by a Court Martial for mutiny. • >^ ^^ - ' Militia of the town of Halifax armed. It is affirm- ed that the town could raise 900 effective men on an alarm. - ■'—>""' •'-■•' •'.a. i« H\ f ! ; i ¥ ' i :; : ; •!■ 1 ' < - !■ 1 ■ ! 284 Not. 17. British orders in Council passed, by which all Neutrals are prohibited from going to France, without first touching at a British port. ' > Nov. 30. The Governor is informed that Sir Jas. Henry Craig is appointed Governor-General. Two battalions of embodied militia called in to do duty at Halifax. rtr, AA »v#.v-y-,rii , fcA(n-ir-*\s»*»*-;r*-ftA*8-«-N*" Dec. 3. House of Assembly opened by the Chief Justice, by virtue of a Special Commission from the Governor, L. M. Wilkins, chosen Speaker. Dec. 11. One hundred guineas voted by the House of Assembly, for the purchase of a sword or piece of plate, to be presented to Vice Admiral Berke- ley, as a testimony of the esteem of the Province ; which resolution is presented with an address of the House. Z^*^ * Dec. 22. An embargo laid by the Americans of an unlimited duration. Dec. 24. Eight hundred militia ordered to be in readiness to march on receipt of orders, and two hundred called in for the defence of Annapolis, i-^i Dec. 31. District of Pictou divided into three townships, Pictou, Egerton and Maxwelton. . All British ships of war prohibited from entering American ports. ,5^ Milan decree. • »-*-•> v* ->.•!• .«' ,./ijt A Court Martial assembles at Halifax, onboard of his Majesty's ship Acasta, for the trial of forty-four teamen and one marine, charged with mutiny, ten of whom are found guilty and one executed. 1808. :- Parliamentary estimate £10,105. ^^5 cuii fmtrhi' April IS. Sir Geo. Provost sworn in as Lieut.-Gov. ) S85 AprU !8. Richard John Uniocke, fworn in at Councillor. ^ June 2. Charles Morris iworn in ai Councillor.. June 10. A general faflt. June. A pension of £500 per annum granted to Sir John Went worth, the late Lieutcnnnt-Governor. Oct. 3. Samuel Flood George iworn in as Secre- tary, Clerk of the Council, and Reglstror. Nov. 23. Lord Castlereagh transmits to the Go* vernor, an order in Council, appointing certain ports in Nova-Scotia and New Brunswick, fur the impor- tation from and exportation to the United StatcSi of certain enumerated articles. Dec. 6. Alexander CVoko administers the Govern- ment, in the absence of his Excellency the Lieut.- Governor Sir George Provost, who leaves Halifax to assist at the reduction of Martinique. Fort Bour- bon surrenders on the 24th February following, and with it the whole island. Dec. 8. Edward M'Crae and Matthew Allen, two landsmen, having been impressed and forcibly carried off from their labour on shore at Fiotou, and put on board of one of his Majesty's ships and sent to the West Indies, the House vote the same oppressive and illegal, and request the Governor to interfere in their behalf, which he promises to do ; before the order ar- rived in the West Indies for their relief, they had effected their escape by desertion. **" 1809. '^ *-•-' .^'fe- ^^.iitii-- . Jan. 26. Alexander Croke, Esq. the administra- tor of the Government, refuses his assent to the ap- propriation bill, on the ground that the House had voted money for the payment of an Agent, in whose I ill^ .jiii<' U. r |i \ k '! i :.'* I ) i 11 .3 'I .5 appointment he had not ooncurred, and on the score of their grants of money being apparently greater than the revenue, by means of which the Province was in danger of having entailed upon it an empty treasury and an incipient debt. March 4. James Maddison chosen fourth Presi- dent of the United States. Embargo law repealed by the United States and non intercourse established. Estimate ^,165. - J v? ~ '''' April. A partial intercourse opened between (jlreat Britain and the United States. Order in Council passed, limiting the operation of the order of 17th Nov. 1817, to a blockade of France. '•' April 12. Sir George Provost returns in the Pe- nelope frigate, from Martinique. May 26. The Right Rev. Charles Inglis, Bishop of Nova-Scotia, sworn in as Councillor. June. Both Houses of Legislature concur in a vote of 200 guineas for the purchase of a sword, to be presented to Sir George Provost, as a mark of their approbation of his conduct at Martinique. June 18. Governor notifies the public, that a new Commission of Sewers will issue for the Province. Sept. 16. Piracy and murder committed by Ed- ward Jordon and others, on board of the schooner three Sisters, within two days sail of Halifax. ^ ^ ^ Oct. 26. Kept with every demonstration of joy and loyalty, as the Jubilee, being the 50th year of the reign of his Majesty King George the Third. Nov. 23. Edward Jordon hanged and gibbeted for piracy and murder. t8T 'itf ' An Act of Parliament passed, for establishing Courti of Judicature in the Island of Newfoundland and places adjacent, and for re-annexing part of theCoast of Labrador and the Islands lying on said coast, to the Government of Newfoundland. Arisaig Pier commenced. 1810. Parliamentary estimate £10,165. Jan. Sir John Wentworth and Lady Wentworth return to reside in Nova-Scotia, and receive an af- fectionate address from the people of Halifax. Jan. 10. Foster Hutchinson appointed assistant Judge. Jan. 25. Edward Brenton sworn in as Surrogate to Judge Croke, on leave of absence. Feb. 23. Ageneral fast. . ' ' , Berlin and Milan decrees revoked. The mail from Prince Edward's Island brought to Pictou on the ice, with the exception of half a mile. - May 28. The Parrsborough packet upsets in a squall, in the Basin of Minas, and twenty-one head of horned cattle lost — passengers and crew saved. Sept. 12. Lord Liverpool informs the Governor, that an addition of £1000 will be made to his salary ; thereby putting him on a footing with the Governor of Upper-Canada. -; .i/ ./ ^ u vvina ;': 3=1 l". Nov. 9. The Governor receives permission to ap- propriate the amount of the value of arms and accou- trements of Militia, ^lowards the maintenance of the established religion. ^ -■ ^ ; ■ 1811. ; Estimate £12,966. ; . . : : ' j 1 ^ -i if r-i !:i ii!: M I -5 I 288 Non-intercourse established between the United States and Great Britain. ..; Feb. 4. The Prince of Wales, in consequence of the long and confirmed indisposition of his Royal fa- ther, appointed Prince Regent of the British Domini- ons. « - •< •'"•' ' ' >.. April 3. The House of Assembly pass several re- solutions condemning the practice of prosecuting breaches of the Imperial Revenue Laws in the Court of Vice-Admiralty, as a great grievance, and betray- ing a want of confidence in the people of the Pro- vince, and appoint a commitec to correspond with the Agent on the subject. Foster Hutchinson, a member of the House of As- sembly, having been appointed one of the assistant Judges of the Supreme Court, and an Act having been passed last year, that an assistant Judge of the Court should not hold any other office, post, place, appointment or situation, except that of Master in Chancery or member of Council, it was considered by the House that he was incapacitated from at- tending in his place, and his scat was accordingly declared vacant. The House of Assembly, in an address to the Go- vernor, requested to solicit from his Majesty a sus- pension of the quit rents, the prayer of which ad- dress, he promises them to transmit to his Majesty. May 9. James Stewart sworn in as Councillor. May 16 His Majesty's ship Little Belt is fired into by the American frigate the President — 16 killed and 21 wounded on board of her. June 22. Lord Liverpool informs the Governor, that in future £100 per annum will be proposed in all United enee of jyal fa- Domini- /cral re- secating ic Court L betray- the Pro- jnd with ise of As- asslstant 5t having Ige of the ist, place, faster in onsidered from at- cordingly o the Go* ity a SU8- ^hich ad- dajesty. ncillor. It is fired .16 killed lovernor, »sedin n\\ 180 .J future annual estim tee, for every Misiionary eent • from England, who,upon rotiioving from the Colony, fhali produce to the Society for the propogation of the Gospel in foreign parts, a ccrtlftoat4 of the due performance of his duty in do Colony for ten yearn. Aug. 10. Thos. N. Jeflbry sworn In as Counsellor. Aug. 26. Alexander Croko administers the Go- vemmcnt ; Sir George Provost having been appoint- ed to the Government of Canada. Sept. 4. A Comet visible, first seen on the 4th; its declination was 45o 40 north) and its right ascen- sion 15o. It traversed nearly one degree in twenty- four hours, in a north-eastern direction. Sept. 30. A very severe golo of wind, by which great damage was done to the shipping on the coast . Oct. 16. Sir John Sherbrooko arrived at Halifax, and is sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor. Dec. 2. DiedatFredcrlcton, Major-General Wil- liam Balfour, late Conunandcr-ih-Chief of the Pro- vince of New-Brunswick. , Dec. 24. The Governor, by proclamation, opens the Port ef Halifax to the vessels of Neutrals. 1812. ^ '^'Feb. 6.* Tenth General Assembly convened at Halifax— L.M.-^WilkinB, Speaker. 'Feb. 10. The Governor communicates to the House, that his Majesty will suspend the collection ofthe quit rents, if the House will make a suitable provision for the Clergy of the Church of England. - Feb. 27. The House resolve, that a man born deaf and dumb* if sane and capable of expressing his ideas by signs, is capable of voting at an election — 19 to 14. ^ ! 1 ■ .' :, i, ■ l-sl * ■• 1; V ''^.'' I ■ ■ i\ :■, li - 1 ■_!■ ■ i ■ 1 ■} ' I '■' ' '■ J- - ' '■• > 1 !■: 290 March 4. The Receiver ot Quit Rents reports, that from 3d January, 1809, to 4tli March, 1812, he had received the sum of £559 19s. Id. The Secre- tary reports that the annual amount of quit rents, if collected, would be J£3,500. ,£..;;,.• . 'Ihe Secretary informs the House of Assembly, that the sum due to the Crown for quit rents, is JE40,000 ; that from 1731 to 1750, few grants of land passed, except town lots or fish lots, at which time the quit rents were generally Id per acre. From 22d September, 1760 to 3d March, 1812, 1,816 grants were issued, conveying 5,991,961 acres, of which 1,600,000 are escheated — the number not es- cheated is 1786 — conveying 4,391,961. ' April 7. The House informs the Governor that they decline to make a provision for the clergy, and request him to suspend the collection of the quit ren ts. June. America declares war against Great-Britain. June 11. Lord'Bathurst notifies the Governor, of his appointment as Secretary to the Colonial De- partment. July 1. His Majesty's ship Belvidera .arrived at Halifax, and reports that she was chased on the 23d ultimo by an American squadron, consisting of three large frigates, a sloop of war, and a brig, and fired into by the leading ship. The captain and eighteen seamen wounded, and two killed. ,; • Press- warrant granted to Admiral Sawyer for forty- eight hours. . ■ July 3. The Governor issues a proclamation, forbidding all persons from molesting the inhabitants of the frontiers of the United States, bordering on l^ew-Brunswick ; they having manifested a dispo- :;: i 291 •ition, not to injure the people of these Colonies. July 9. The first class of Militia, from eighteen to fifty years of age, ordered to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning. July 18. Orders received from England, that in case of the death or absence of the Governor or Lieut. Governor, the senior military officer shall administer the Government, instead of the senior counsellor as heretofore • - '-• July 21. Council advise the Governor to issue letters of marque against the Americans, and to pro- hibit the sailing of all vessels without special license, for one month. July 31. Lord Bathurst acquaints the Governor, that all salaries under one hundred and fifty pounds per annum are exempted from the income tax. An American privateer comes into Broad Cove near Digby, and is driven off by the militia ; the captain and a prize master, who were on shore, are taken prisoners. , „ = r,. « , >. .- Aug. 2. His Majesty's brig Emulous lost on the Ragged Islands near Shelburne. Aug. 14. Embargo on all vessels continued to 21st September. Aug. 16. General Hill and his army surrender to the English in Upper-Canada. Augi 29. British frigate Guerriere, taken by the American frigate Constitution. . .u Nov. 21 . Letters received by the Governor from; Mr. Monroe, dated Washington, 30th October, 1812, informing him, that the American Government had given orders that vessels going to or from the ' 1 !i >v !; 3d8 .6 Mlad of Sable, should not be molested bj United States cruisers or privateers. Dec. 31 . Prince Regent's order received for issu- ing letters of marque, and making reprisals on the Americans. His Majesty's frigate Barbadoes lost on the east end of Sable Island. , ^ . , = n:-..:.: ., : r 1813. ' "' " ■'.■-., Jan. 4. The Governor informs Admiral Warren, that he had received an order of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent in council, dated 13th Oct. I8I2, authorizing him to grant export and import licences for carrying on trade with the United States, and desires him to respect those licences. Jan. 13. New National school opened at Halifax. Feb. 8. Foster Hutchison and John Black, sworn in as Counsellors. .' ' Feb. 17. Afast. ' ' "' " March 20. Examination taken of the crew of the Spanish brig Seraphina, who had killed six of the men and subsisted on their flesh. May 8. The Governor receives the opinion of the Grown Officers, Christopher Robinson, Thos. Plumer and H. Garrow, that in a Court ol marriage and di- vorce, constituted by the Governor and Council, a judgment pronounced by the majority, in which the Governor does not concur, is valid. >,{ ^ ; .; n i - May 12. 20,000 Acres of Land granted to King's College. " ■'■-■': '^v 1 June I. Comodore Perry captures the British sqiiadron on Lake Erie. June 6. His Majesty's frigate Shannon arrives at Halifajy with her prize, the American frigate Chesa- S9S peake, which she had captured after a short but se- vere engagement of eleven minutes. June 27. The American privateer Young Teazer, having been chased into Mahone Bay, one of the crew blew her up, six only out of thirty-six saved ; another account says six out of one hundred. Sept. The remains of Capt. Lawrence and Lieut. Ludlow, of the Chesapeake frigate, disinterred at Halifax, and conveyed to Salem, and finally buried at New- York with great solemnity. Sept. 7. Governor issues a Proclamation, requir- ing all vessels arriving from Malta, where the plaguo is raging, to conform to Quarantine Laws. Nov. 12. A dreadful gale of wind experienced at Halifax. It commenced in the aHernoon at 5 o'clock, from the South East, and blew with extraordinary violence until 7. Upwards of 70 vessels were driven on shore, sunk, or materially injured, and many lives lost. '•* ^ :;/''''^ •!*' • !- :^•:^. *'■: -■■:::■':•'' :h-y;.:i-'' - Jan. 22. The crew of the Spanish brig Seraphina ordered to be carried to Cadiz, for trial. Jan. 29. Lord Bathurst orders all j9menean prtfon- en to be removed to Louisburg^ as a place of safety. Feb. 26. A fast. — This fast day, which was on© of the last in Nova-Scotia, was not well observed in one of the Counties, the Court of Common Pleas sat throughout the day. , , Feb. 28. A preoa warrant granted to Admiral Griffiths. . > I ' ft March 2 . The sum of X3000 having been granted by Parliament, for the erection of a house at Halifax for the Naval Commander-in-Chief, which proved ((« ! I • 294 inadequate, the Assembly vote £1,500 towards iti completion. . t t q .« j 3^.»/ March 24. JE2,600 granted by the Legislature, to aid the sufferers by the late war in Canada, as a tes- timony of its approbation of their loyalty. • An increase of £100 per annum made to the sala- ries of the assistant Judges of Supreme Court, and of the Treasurer. X. ./ April 2. Buonaparte resigns the Throne of France and Italy. ' April 25. Blockade of the whole American Coast, prodaimedby Admiral Cochran. May. Definitive treaty of peace signed between Great Britain and France. ...r ..,..,. p., r , , June 13j Rupert D. George sworn in as Secretary » Clerk of the Council and Registrar. , i.^n-j '.mv iivtv July. Eastport, in the State of Maine, taken by a squadron under the command of Sir Thomas -Hardy, and garrisoned by the 102d Regiment, and a detach- ment of Artillery. ,— -'*»-. .--.-^^ "f: -..i July 13. Arrived at Halifax, the United States brig Rattlesnake, pierced for 18 guns with a crew of 131 men, prize to his Majesty's sloop Lcander. July 15. LordBathurst orders the license trade with the United States to be discontinued. . ... July 23. The Prince Regent issues his Proclama- tion, announcing thatBritish subjects, although adopt- ed.citizcns, would be considered guilty of high trea- son if found in the land or sea service of the United States. f! ro-uit^.-w -, :n-^-., \, -■ ■ .: ; .,r,^.'-v.^n Aug. 24. The City of Washington taken by the British. > ■'^^■- ^•■" -'-'t-mmr'^'-^rO -^ri^V'- ^;r; 'iiA 295 August 26. An expedition sailed from Halifax, consisting of the first company of Royal ArtiU. lery, and detachments of the 29th, 60th, 62d and 98th, regiments; the whole divided into two brigades, com- manded by Major General Goyelin and Colonel Doug- las, and all under the immediate orders of Sir John Sherbrooke. The fleet consisted of the Bulwark, Dragon- and Spencer, of 74 guns, two frigates, two brigs, a schooner and ten transports, commanded by Rear Admiral Griffiths. On the first of September they arrived at Castine, on the Penobscot river, which was taken possession of without resistance ; the enemy having blown up the fort, and effected their escape. Immediate preparations were made to capture the American Corvette, John Adams, of 24 guns, which had entered the Penobscot in distress, a few days before the arrival of the English. The ex- pedition for this purpose consisted of two gun brigs, a tender, a transport, and nine launches, with 700 men, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John, of the 60th Regiment. The enemy made some show of re- sistance, but finding themselves unable to cope with the force sent against them, set fire to the Corvette, and fled in all directions. Three stand of colours and several pieces of ordnance fell into the hands of the English, whose loss amounted to only one man killed and one officer, and seven men wounded. After the capture of Castine, Colonel Pilkington was dis- patched against Machias, which was taken possession of on the 11th of September. The militia and the civil officers of the Country, having made an offer not to serve against his Brittanic Majesty, during the war, which was acceded to, all further hostili- I ' 1' I ■ i ' li .1'. i : u 11 «9« 4 M ties ceased. Thus an extensive territory, stretching along the sea coast 100 miles, including a valuable tract of Country, partly separating New-Brunswick from Canada, passed under the Dominion of the Bri- tish, writhout the effusion of blood, or the least waste of treasure. Aug. 26. Major-General Darroch administers the Government as Commander-in-Chief, in the absence of the Governor. Sept. II. The British squadron on Lake Cham- plain captured by Comodore M'Donnough. Sept. 21. Sir John Sherbroke resumes the Go- vernment. • - Sept. 29. The body of Major-General Ross, who fell before Baltimore, landed at Halifax, and interred at St. Paul's Church yard. '"" - '*- ^ -" ' Oct. 27. A day of General thanksgiving. ^^- ' Npv. 20. Hie naked bodies of 20 men came on shore at the entrance of Sydney harbour, supposed to have been wrecked near the Island of St. Pierre. Dec. 24. Treaty of Ghent signed between Great Britain and the United States. 1815. '''-''■'' -■-'•—«. A Police Court established at Halifax, of which John Pyke, John Howe and John Liddel, are appoint- ed Justices. During the autum of I8I4 and winter of I8I5, many persons died of tne small-pox about Halifax. . Bridewell established at Halifax. Parliamentary estimate £13,440. Buonaparte landed at Trijus from Elba. Feb. 24. Peace ratified between Great Brit&in and America. ; ^ V J97 April 25. Brcnton Halliburton sworn in as Covn- sellor. April 26. British troops evacuate Castine. ^ May 6. A number of black refugees from the Uni^ ted States placed at Melville Island, where they are ordered to be vaccinated and victualled until further •orders. May 10. Lord Bathurst grants permission to Sir J. Sherbrooke, to accept the sum of £1000, voted by the Legislature to him, for the purchase of a sword. June 1. A considerable quantity of ice discovered dn the harbour of Halifax, which had collected the preceding evening; owing to the coldness of the sea- ■son, planting had not commenced in many parts of the Province. June 18. Battle of Waterloo. June 22. A very severe thunder squall experi- enced at Onslow — one man killed and another much injured by lightning, and three drowned. July 22. Buonaparte resigns himself to the Eng- Hsh, and is deported to St. Helena. July 26. Earl Bathurst grants permission to the Governor, to make licences of the coal mines. Dur- ing this year, 631 chaldrons of coals are exported from the coal mines at Pictou. Dec. Doctor Croke, Judge of Vice Admiralty Court, resigns. Dec. 7. James Stewart, Solicitor General, ap- pointed assistant Judge, vice Foster Hutchinson, de- ceased, and S. B. Robie, Solicitor, vice J. Stewart. Hon. Philip Woodhouse sworn in as Counsellor. 1816. Parliamentary estimate £13,440. 38 ■h , i 298 Light-Houso on Coffin's Island near Liverpool first lighted. ' ^ .'u.tl,'^^.. Population of Upper-Canada — 164,127. Trustees of Pictou Academy incorporated. J£3>000 granted by the Assembly, for the purchase of seed grain for the poor. An Act passed, for granting a pension of =£400 per annum to Judge Monk. A Stage-Coach set up, to run between Halifax and Windsor. Jan. 5. Death of Sir George Prevost, Bart, for- merly Lieutenant-Governor of Nova-Scotia, and late Governor-General of Canada. ji Feb. 18. St. John's, Newfoundland nearly des- troyed by fire. ^ t > ? March 30. Lewis Morris Wilkins appointed an assistant Judge of Supreme Court, vice Monk, retired; and Peleg Wiswall, an associate Judge of the same Court, for which appointment a provision of £400 per annum was made during the last session. April. 17. Two soldiers armed, and having stolen goods in their possession, assault Capt. Westmacott ofR. S. Corps, while going his round at night, and leave him mortally wounded ; JEIOO ofTcred for their apprehension. Capt. W. died on the 4th May. ] April. 20. The House of Assembly, by address to his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, request that their Chaplain, Robert Stanser, may be appointed Bishop, vice Charles Inglis, deceased. April 27. £100 granted by the Governor, out of the casual revenue, to relieve poor settlers at St. Mary's River and Musquodoboit. April 29. Micliael Wallace appointed Judge of the 209 Court of Vice Admiralty, vice Dr. Croko, resigned. May 2. Princess Cliarlottc nmi'rUul to tlio Prince Leopold of Saxe Cobourg. * May 6. Mr. Harrison infornm tl)0 Governor, that his Majesty had been plonHod to appoint Robert Stanser Bishop of Nova-Scotia, pursuant to the prayer of tlie House of Assembly. w > June 22. Lord Bathurst authori/cs the expendi- ture of amount of duties levied at CiiHtino, on such local improvements as the Governor shotdd suggest. June 27. Major-General George Trnoy Smith ad- ministers the Government, Sir John Shcrbrooke hav- ing embarked for Canada. Oct. 8. The Right Rev. Robert, Lord Bishop of Nova-Scotia, sworn in as Counsellor. '. - \ , •jfn Oct. 9. A severe fire at Halifax, in Sackville- etreet, extending into HolUs-street and Bedford-row, by which several buildings are destroyed. .,..,) Oct. 24. Lieut. General the Right Hon. George, Earl of Dalhousie, sworn in as Lieut. Governor. Nov. 9. The Team-Boat makes its first trip from Halifax to Dartmouth. Commitments to Bridewell this year — 169. Dec. 17. A most destructive Arc occurs at Hali- fax, in the premises owned by George Grassie & Co. in water-street — consuming a number of houses and stores — Loss estimated at Je40,000. • .-.■ .-■ 1817. Feb. 13. S. B. Robie, Esq. choBon Speaker of the House of Assembly, vice L. M. Wilkins, appoint- ed Judge. Feb. 28. Major-General George Stracey Smyth appointed Governor of New-Brunswick. 1:1 |:' f I J!. 'in ,1 :!' ■il 300 III I U I kforoh 4. James Munroe chosen President of the United States, •nur-.-'-ir-r. ' ; '^-tat^ " May 21. W. H. O. Halliburton, and S. G. W. Archibald, Es^aires, appointed King's Council. May 22. A little before sunrise, three shocks of an Earthquake felt at Granville, Annapolis, Wilmot, and Digby; they all took place within fifteen minutes, and were accompanied by a rumbling noise like thunder. The houses were shaken, furniture moved, and the inhabitants alarmed. At Dip^by and Annapo- lis they were the most severe. A shock at the same time was experienced at Lunenburg, N. S. Frede- ricton, N. B. and Boston, Mass. ' • ■ ■> - '- Sept. 30. Crofton Uniackc sworn in as Judge if the Vice Admirahy Court. '^ '-^ i - >: > ■< . Oct. t. Decided in Council, six to four, that the Judge of Vice Admiralty has no right to a seat at the Council Board, agreeably to the rank assigned to his predecessor, without a mandamus to the Governor to that effect. Nov. 6. Death of the Princess Charlotte, aged 22. Number of commitments to Bridewell this year, 1 24. Dec. 11. £1000 granted by the Governor, out of the Castine fund, to aid the military library at Hali- fax ; and JE9,750 towards the establishment of a Col- lege at Halifax, f , > • 1818. ' -^ Halifax and St. John appointed free ports, pursuant to an order in Council of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, of the 27th May last. A number of emigrants arrive from Wales in great distress, and are sent by the Governor to Shelburne, where lands are given to them ; the expense of their 301 of the G. W, il. )cks of Vilmot, tinutes, Lse like moved, Lnnapo- i\e same Frede- fudge of that the at at the ed to his Jovernor aged 22. ear,124. r, out of at Hali- of a Col- pursuant mess the 3 in great helburne, e of their removal from Halifax voted by the House XI 90 16s. lid. Feb. 11. The harbour of Halifax closed above the Island, and the ingress and egress of vessels precluded by the ice until the 24th. March 28. A township, called the township of St. Mary's, formed on the borders of Halifax and Sydney Counties. .. -> » .. •,.• ... • .. ■.-:> — , ' April 3. Michael Wallace administers the Go- vernment in absence of Lord Dalhousie, who visits Bermuda, and returns on 1st May following. May 15. James Fraser sworn in as Counsellor. '^ June 30. Mr. N . Atcheson acknowledges the re- ceipt of his appointment as Agent of the Province, vice Mr. Morcland. July 6. The Rev. Dr. Burke installed at Quebec, Catholic Bishop of Nova-Scotia. Census of Nova-Scotia proper 78,345 — the popula- tion of Halifax returned at 11,156. Aug. 18. A grant passes the great Seal of the Province, of a part of the old ])arade at Halifax, for a College. Dec. The Central Agricultural Society estab- lished at Halifax. 1819. House of Assembly vote X2000 towards the erec- tion of a College on the old Parade, at Halifax, to be called Dalhousie College. Jan. 23. Death of his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent. Jan. 29. Death of His Majesty King George the Third. , . ,,. !iii' Hi -'' ■II ' 203 ' '• Feb. n. The eleventh General Assembly con- vened at Halifax, S. }]. Robic, chosen Speaker. '^^ March 18. A lottery bill passed for raising the sum of £9000, lor the purpose of erecting a bridge over the river Avon, at Windsor. May 17. A new General Commission of the Peace issues. - , , Aug. 28. The Governor receives from England, anew great Seal of the Province, and returns the old one to White Hall, to be defaced. ,,; . : ,,,, . Sept. 14. Lord Dalhousic officially communicates the death of the Duke of Richmond, which took place at Ottawa, in Upper Canada, on the 23d Aug. last. Hibbert Binney first sits as Counsellor. • * • The Governor, by Proclamation, orders the Qua- rantine Laws to be enforced, on account of the pre- valence of yellow fever m the United States. Oct. 23. The Governor receives an Act of Parlia- ment, entitled an Act for enabling the Archbishop of Canterbury and York, for the time being, to admit persons into Holy Orders, especially for the Colonies. Nov. 11. The Naval Hospital, near the Dock- Yard at Halifax, destroyed by fire. . , Nov. 17. Death ofQueen Charlotte, aged 75 years. Nov. 22. Lord Dalhousie sworn in as Governor- General. ' ■■ "■■ ' 1820. " " Poor man's friend Society" established at Hali- fax, the operation of which is confined to the winter season. April 2. The House of Assembly grant the sum of £1000 for the purchase of a sword and star, to be presented to Lord Dalhousie. "ii y COQ- r. ling the bridge e Peace England, J the old . ■ ft f lunicatcs ;)ok place ig. last. the Qua- f the pre- of Parlia- bishop of to admit Colonies. le Dock- 75 years. Governor- (1 at Hali- the winter at the sum star, to be SOS April 7. Lord Dulhouitio ini'ornis tho Council, that he has received uUiclal iiii'urnintion of tho death of his Majesty Kiiii^ Cloonj^c tlio Third — and requires their attenda "„c, and that of the Assembly, who, hav- ing appointed 1). S. Clarke iiorald, ho proceeds, ac- companied by Council and Assembly, Stall', principal inhabitants and Ollicers of Army and Navy, to the front of the Province UuiJdinfjr, and bin Mujesty King George the Fourth is proclaimed in the usual form, the oath of allegiance taken, the rolls subscribed, &c. May 31. Lord Dalhousio presents to the Province two Portraits, which ho hud just received from hig Castle, in Scotland, of King George the Second and his Queen, to be set up in the Council Chamber. June 2. Sir James Kempt sworn in as Lieut.-Gov. July 13. Sir James Kempt comnmnicates to the Council, an Act of Congress, passed 1 5th May last, imposing further restrictions on tho Commercial in- tercourse between tho United States and his Majes- ty's North American Colonics. Aug. 4. Pursuant to a notice from the Secretary of the Province,of this date, subscriptions are opened in Nova-Scotia, for the purpose of erecting a monumen- tal statue of his Uoyul lliglincs'S the Duke of Kent, in some elegible part of Loiulon. In order to per- mit the numerous friends of his Royal Highness in Nova-Scctia to contribute to tho same, the amount of subscriptions are limited to one guinea. Sept. 17. A very extensive and destructive fire having occurred on the borders of Annapolis and Shelburne counties, Sir James 'Ccmpt draws upon the Treasury of the Province for .t300, for the re- lief of the inhabitants; ho also sends to them a quan- :,:n / \'\ iM i.f S04 tity of Barrack blankets, rugs, shirts, frocks, beds, coats, worsted stockings, nails, and window glass. Liberal subscriptions raised in Nova-Scotia, New- Brunswick, and United States, for their relief. Oct. 9. The Island of Cape Breton re-annexed to Nova-Scotia, and constituted a county thereof. ■ A writ issued for the election of two members, to represent the County of Cape Breton in General Assembly ; the form of which writ, on account of many persons holding their lands under crown leases, is altered to meet the exigency. ' '■ Dec. The law and ordinance of Nova-Scotia ex- tended to the Island of Cape Breton, by Act of the Legislature. Dec. 12. Twelfth General Assembly convened at Halifax — S. B. Robie chosen Speaker. 1821. Sir James Kempt lays before the Council, a return of the titles of land registered in the Island of Cape Breton : 541 grants, containing 229,220 Acres. 490 Crown Leases, 98,600 -*-* 47 Licenses, - - 15,000 342,820 Under warrants of Survey,Petitions, \ o^o Q«n and without either, about J ^^^,o^^ Amount claimed under gooddefec-? caxcAn tive and without title \ ^^^'^^^ Jan. 20. The harbour of Halifax frozen over al- most to the Light- House, the ice of sufficient solidity to bear sleighs, skaters, &c. and continued so for se- veral days. 305 ■!1: March. Boards of Land Commissionens established for the several Counties. - *'' ■ May 5. Napoleon Buonaparte dies, aged 51 years.. July 19. Coronation of George the Fourth. ' Aug. 7. Death of Queen Caroline. Sept. 22. A very destructive fire at Halifax in Sackville-street, by which 23 houses are consumed. Nov. 3. The northern district of Cape-Breton di- vided into 3 townships, Sydney, St. Andrews, and St. Patrick. , -, . ,t . Dec. JEIGS remitted to London, the amount of subscriptions in Nova-Scotia, to the monument of the Duke of Kent. .-. £1000 voted by Assembly to Dalhousie College. 1822. ' ■ . March 20. A thunder-storm of unusual violence at Halifax, attended with hail. May 16. The French frigate L'Africane, of 44 guns, bound from Martinique to St. Pierre, wrecked on the Isle of Sable ; six only were lost out of a crew of 250 men ; the officers and men were brought to Halifax, where they received the most hospitable treatment. ^, . . Aug. Death of Lord Londonderry. , Oct. 18. Arrived at Halifax the French corvette Egerie, with the cordon of a commander of a legion of honour for Sir James Kempt, and also gold medals for the superintcndant ot the Island, and the master of a small vessel, who had been active in rescuing the crew of L'Africane. Oct. 24. Enos Collms sworn in as Counsellor. The Chamber of Commerce established at Halifax. A census taken of the Township of Parrsborough, 39 m •i u ■ ]•< ti 306 in It < ' I by which it appears there are 223 families, and 1,278 souls. :■-,. ^ :, .. 1823. Imports into Halifax (exclusive of the coasting- trade) from 5th January, 1819, to 5th January, 1823: Imports je2,271,889 14s. 6d. ^XroTcSn'^/"- \ '^''^' »- ^- Feb. 20. At 7 o'clock in the morning, in an ele- vated situation, the Q. S. at Halifax 13 below zero ; the harbour frozen over below George's Island. April 2. The Governor informs the House, that he had received a letter from Lord Bathurst, autho- rizing the admission of Lawrence Kavanah to a seat in the Assembly, without subscribing the oath against popery, &c. April 29. The Governor informs the Council, that he has appointed John G. Marshall, Esquire, Chief- Justice of the Common Pleas for the Island of Cape- Breton. May. Ward Chipman, Esq. a Counsellor of New- Brunswick, having been sworn in as administrator of the Government, on the death of General Smyth ; Christopher Billop, senior counsellor, who had not attended at Fredericton, to be sworn in, claims the Government, and issues his proclamation accordingly. Oct. 10. A public subscription library established at Halifax — shares £5 each — annual subscriptions 30s. His Excellency offers to the committee of management an apartment in the Province Building, for the Library. 1824. The Province of Nova-Scotia is divided into thrfee districts, pursuant to an act of the Province, making 307 provision for three professional gentlemen, to preside in the Courts of Common Pleas and Quarter Sessions in each district. The value of Imports of New-Brunswick exceeds those of Nova-Scotia this year, in consequence of the great advance in the timber trade, JE75,978; and the Exports exceed those of Nova-Scotia, £54,665. An act passed, authorizing the incorporation of a company, for making a canal by the river and lakes of the Shubenaccadie, so as to connect the waters of the Bay of Fundy with the harbor of Halifax. S. G. W. Archibald, Esquire, appointed Chief- Justice of Prince Edward's Island. Population of New-Brunswick — 74,176. Feb. 2. Lord Bathurst requires the Governor to make a return of all fines and forfeitures in Nova- Scotia. March 1. House of Assembly address Sir James Kempt on his intended visit to England, and request him to accept 500 guineas for the purchase of a Bword, as a mark of their respect—he declines to ac- cept the same. March 17. W. H. 0. Halliburton appointed ChiefJustice of the Common Pleas of the middle division ; Jared I. Chipman of the eastern, and T. Ritchie of the western division of Nova- Scotia. March 24. The Township of Kempt founded in the County of Hants. v April 2. Cape Breton divided into three districts. First, or north eastern district — second, or southern district — third, or north western district. Simon B. Robie sworn in as Counsellor. May 19. Sir James Kempt visits England on ?'M' ■J m ' Ml Ik '.! iiii pi I II 308 leaVe of absence, and Michael Wallace administers the Government. There are this year 128 commitments made to Bridewell. - May 25. Colonel John Ready succeeds Charles Douglas Smith, Esquire, as Governor of Prince Edward's Island. Aug. 28. Jiajor-General Sir Howard Douglas, Bart, sworn in at Fredericton, as Lieut. Governor of the Province of New-Brunswick.' Sept. 30. The Lords Commissioners of the Cus- toms, order sugar and coffee, the produce of South America, to be admitted to entry in the North Ame- rican colonies, duty free, to be warehoused for ex- portation. Nov. 20. LordBathurst communicates an order from his Majesty, prescribing the uniform to be worn by the Governors and superior civil officers in tlie colonies. - '. 1825. A forgery of Province notes to a considerable ex- tent discovered, and John Puttum, one of the parties concerned, apprehended and lodged in jail at Halifax. An association formed at Halifax (capital of which is divided into 150 shares of £100 each) for the pur- pose of sending a vessel to the East-Indies on an ex- perimental voyage, to try the markets, and ascertain the nature of the trade. ,,;;.,' i^fff An association formed at Halifax, called Halifax and Liverpool Trading Company, with a capital of between six and seven thousand pounds, divided into sixty-four shares^ to run a vessel between Halifax and Liverpool, for freight and passengers. , -^- [listers ade to Charles Prince ouglas, jvernor he Cus- .f South th Ame- i for ex- in order be worn i in tlie able ex- e parties Halifax, of which the pur- jn an ex- ascertain d Halifax capital of ided into n Halifax 309 A Turf Club established at Halifax. ' - u*n*>! m A furnace for the melting of Iron Ore, erected at Clements, in the County of Annapolis, by a joint Stock Company, with a capital of £10,000. Sir James Kempt returns to Nova-Scotia. The Rev. Dr. Inglis, having been appointed (third) Bishop of Nova-Scotia, arrives at Halifax. Fr i at Miramichi, by which a great extent of fo- rest is consumed, the town of Newcastle burned- and anumber of lives lost. f^ Fire at Fredericton, by which a great part of the town is destroyed. S. B. Robie, Esq. Speaker of the Assembly, ap- pointed Master of the Rolls. Feb. 15. S. G. W. Archibald chosen Speaker, vice Robie promoted. March 4. John Quincey Adams elected Sixth Presidentofthe United States. Amount of duties secured this year f 49,113 I9s. Sd. April 13. A number of clerical members of the synod of Glasgow and Ayre, meet at the synod house Glasgow, to consider of the necessity of forming a Society for promoting the religious interests of the Scottish emigrants to North America ; on the 8th of May the Society was formed. July 11. Lord Balhurst communicates an order of his Majesty in Council, establishing the British me- tallic currency as the circulating medium of the Colonial possessions. . , , , July 29. A large fish, of the species Glaucus Maxi- mus or Basking Shark, caught entangled in a fisher- man's net at Portugue»e-cove, near Halifax — length ( ". ' .V. 1. ;) M ! I 310 I 32 feet, circuniicrence 18, length of the fin dorsal four feet. Aug. Sir James Kempt resumes the Government. Aug. 22. Sir James Kempt lays before the Coun- cil, a communication which had taken place between the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and the Law Officers of the Crown, on the subject of a grant to his Royal Highness the Duke of York, of the re- served mines in Nova-Scotia. He also states to the Board, that a joint stock Company in England, pos- sessing a large capital, had taken a lease of the mines and sent an Agent to the Country, and that he was authorized to state that the reserved profits of the mines would be applied to the benefit of the Country. Aug. 30. Charles Ramage Prescott sworn in as Counsellor. Aug. 31. A private Bank established at Halifax. Sept. 18. A Comet visible a little to the south- ward of the seven stars. Nov. 11. The Right Rev. John, Lord Bishop of Nova-Scotia, sworn in as Counsellor. 1826. A very severe drought in the western part of Nova- Scotia, during this summer. Two American seamen apprehended at Cape-Bre- ton, for piracy and murder, committed on board of an American vessel, and transmitted to the United States. The promptness of his Excellency the Lieut. Governor acknowledged by Mr. Clay, with an offer to reimburse the expenses, which was declined on the part of Sir James Kempt, as the arrest of these'peo- ple and transmission to their Government, amounted 311 h n dorsal jrnment. le Coun- between and the ►fa grant f the re- tes to the land, pos- ;he mines at he was fits of the Country. v^orn in as HaUfax. the south- Bishop of •t of Nova- Cape-Brc- board of the United the Lieut, th an offer inedonthe these'peo- amounted to nothing more than an act of courtesy to a friendly Foreign power. ,•..=:.- r One hundred and thirty-one vessels built in Nova- Scotia during the i ear 1826, whose tonnage amounted to 15,535 tons. Number of vessels registered this year 456 — total number of vessels belonging to the Province (exclusive of Cape-Breton) on 3lst Decem- ber, 1031, tonnage 52,779, number ofmen and boys employed 3407. The Bishop of Nova-Scotia, in the course of this year, confirms within his Diocese 4367 persons, and consecrates forty-four Churches. Jan. The principal officers and Clerks of the Cus- toms at Halifax, take the oath prescribed by Act of Parliament, to receive no fee or perquisites while in the discharge of their official duties. Feb. 16. The House of Assembly vote the sum of £1000 towards the relief of the distressed people at Miramichi, &c. April 11. S. G.W.Archibald appointed Solicitor- General, vice Robie, promoted. April. The influenza extends throughout North America. June. Lord Bathurst informs Sir James Kempt, that his Majesty's Government will allow the sum of £400 sterling for the establishment at Sable Island, BO long as the Legislature will grant the same amount, f June 24. The Commissioners appointed by Sir Howard Douglas, the Lieut.-Governor of New-Bruns- wick, to enquire into the losses by fire at Miramichi, Fredericton, &c. report that the loss sustained amounts to £227,713 19s. 8d. July 19. The first Regatta at Halifax. . n !■■■ i j ^ ill I ■ \ \A !fi III. i lis i 1:1 il If f! £13,232 1 .,j- 9 3X2 July 88. The upper Dictriot of the County of Sydney is divided into four townships, Arisaig, Dor- cheater, St. Andrews, Tracadie. k •,-.!: 1827. Subscriptions for Miramichi suf- A.if f.» . fercra in Great Britain, United States, - - _ Nova- Scotia, - _ - Bermuda, - _ - Lower Canada, _ - - Upper Canada, - - - St. John, New-Brunswick, St. Andrews and other parts of ^ the Colony of New- / '30A ', Bnmswick, ' ''-'-^ • > 5,325 12 11 4,508 8 9 61 15 9 6,308 18 U 1,584 9 IJ 6,157 18 2 8,427 18 9i .!: :,. .. jy :^ ;. - £43,607 4 2 The Halifax Insurance Company insures property this year to the amount of £48,688. a> .» The account current of the New Academy atWind- fior, exhibits the coat of that building at £6,689 3s. 3d. Feb. 1. Thirteenth General Assembly convened at Halifax, S. G. W. Archibald, Speaker. March 1. Lord Bathurst encloses to the Lieut .- Governor, an order for the disposal of the (^own Lands, by the sale of the same, for the remission of all arrearages of quit rents due to his Majesty prior to the 1st of January last, and for the collection of the tents to accue from that period, with permission to apply the proceeds to such purposes of local improve- ment as his Majesty shall approve. : ■ '" - • > *^'' March 9. A committee of the House report, that the Assembly, having last year placed £1,000 At the disposal of his Excellency, for the importation of two '^P '-IV I iinty of ig, Dor- 1 ► 12 U i 8 9 I 15 9 8 18 11 14 9 U n 18 2 87 18 9i 07 4 3 s property y atWind- 689 38. 3d. convened the Lieut .- he Grown emission of ijesty prior ctionofthe rmission to al iraprove- report, that ,000 &t the ationoftwo 813 blood horses from England, to improve the breed in Nova-Scotia, his Excellency had imported three en* tire horses of the purest blood and Brst character, all thorough bred. — Stag, RaridoI|)h and Clcaveland» and two mares, Acadia and Atlantic. ■ "' '* ' March 15. The amount of salnricB provisionally allowed to the officers of his Mnjcsty'B Customs, in Nova-Scotia, returned at JC8,104 Oa. 64d. sterling. Amount of Chief Collector's income at Halifax, in fees in 1823, £2,103 5s. 9id. in 1834, £2,408 10s. 3d. in 1825, JE2,603 16s. 104d. Comptroller's income in 1823, £889 15s. lid. in 18!;>4is £1005 148. 6 id. in 1825, dE1091 9s. Uid. • i March 29. Two hundred pourids voted by the House as an annual vote to Academy at Annapolis, 24 to 4. ' ' . .•• March 31. The whole Houne of Assembly wait upon his Excellency the Governor, with an address on the subject of the salaries of the Custom House Officers, and also with an addrcis to his Majesty (the latter of ivhich was an unanimous vote of the Assem- bly) praying for a dispensation of the declaration against popery and transubstanliation. May. First attempt mado this Spring to carry on the seal fishing from Halifax. A schooner of 70 tons and eighteen men having been out forty-five days, returns with 1640 seals. w .- May 4.. .lohn S. Morris appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands and Collector of Quit Rents. ' " - • " June 5. His Excellency the Lieut. -Governor in- forms the Conncii, that Messrs. Rundell, Bridges and Rundell, of London, had obtained a lease of the Royal Reserved Mines in Nova-Scotia, for 60 years. 40 !' „ r ! i 314 July. A number of poor emigrants having arrived at Halifax from Ireland, with the small pox and a malignant fever, contracted on ship board, from tho crowded state of the vessels ; the Governor appoints a Committee to provide for and relieve them, who erect an hospital for their reception near Halifax, where a number of them perish before the diseases are subdued. July 11. Henry Morfit, Esq. having arrived at Halifax, as Commercial Agent of the United States, produces his credentials, and requires the usual offi- cial notice of recognition to be given. The Governor replies that the appointment is novel, and that he cannot receive him in that capacity, without instruc- tions from his Majesty's Government. • Aug. 8. Deathof Right Hon. George Canning. Sept. 16. A severe thunder storm experienced at Halifax and places adjacent, one man killed and se- veral injured by the lightning, at the Canal. Sept. 30. New Baptist Church at Halifax, con- stituted. Nov. 16. Information received that Falmouth Packets will in future proceed to Halifax direct, with the mails. ......r' . Dec. First steam engine ever erected in Nova- Scotia in full operation at the Albion Coal Mines, in Pictou. f i The Roman Catholics of the Parish of St. Peter's, at Halifax, vote a golden Chalice and Cup, of the value of one hundred guineas, to the Rev. Mr Carrol, as a mark of their respect and attachment. Since 1st Jan., 1837, to 31st October, following, there were, in consequence of the small pox and fever arrived !c and a om tho ppointa n, who 'lalifax, iiseases rived at States> sual offi- tovernop , that he instruc- nning. enced at and se- ax, con- al mouth ect, with in Nova- Vlines, in r, . Peter's, ap, of the r Carrol, following, and fever 315 introduced by the emigrants, eight hundred and eleven deaths at Halifax. A stone found in Granville, in the County of Anna- polis, opposite to Goat Island, with the figures 1606 engraved upon it, supposed to have been placed there by the French, in commemoration of the first settlement in Acadia. 1828. ».'^'I Pictou and Sydney made free ports. • ^ *> Jan. 4. An extensive lire in Duke-street, Halifax, by which several buildings are destroyed. ' >'" r''^^> March 2. The House address his Majesty, pray- ing him to suspend or relinquish the collection of quit rents. ■" ^''^.z-.-.tf-.y, March 17. The sum of one hundred and fifty pounds voted by the Assembly, as a bounty to a Bteam boat plying between Annapolis and St. John. Marci 18. £300 per annum granted for five years, for the encouragement of a line of stage coaches, to run between Halifax and Annapolis, three times a week. March 31. Abstract of Census of the Province fient to the House of Assembly, by which it appears the population of Nova-Scotia, exclusive of Cape Breton, is 123,848, increase in 10 years 41,795. April 1. The lanthorn on the tower of Maugher's beach first lighted. April. 7. The north western District of the Island of Cape Breton divided into four townships, Canso, Port Hood, Ainslie and Margaree. May 26. Sir James Kempt visits Canada, and Michael Wallace administers the Government, dur- ing his absence. .-. f,,i I I ini'rl «j f i^^ \:n I- ' ' ! ! I' r I 316 June. A stage coach commcncee to run between Halifax and Annapolis, three time a week. '- July 18. Sir James Kempt returns from his visit to Canada. 24th and 25th July, the highest tides ever known in the rivers cmpting into the Bay of Fundy, the dykes are broken at Annapolis, Morton, Cornwnllis, Falmouth, &c. Aug. 83. His Excellency Sir James Kempt, hav- ing been appointed Governor-General, sails for Que- bec, on board of H. M. ship the Challenger, the Hon. Michael Wallace administers the Government. , Sept. 13. Died in England, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, aged 89, formerly Governor of Nova- Scotia. Oct. 10. C. R. Fairbanks and William Hill, ap- pointed King's Council. . v: CHAPTER VII. / -• lAst oftht Governors of J^ova-Scoiia^ AT ANNAPOLIS ROYAL. Oct. 22 j 17 10. Colonel Vetch, Governor. - i7 • i7i4. Francis Nicholson, Governor. . ».. I7l9. Richard Philips, Governor, (arriv- ed at Annapolis 28th April, 1720) 1772. John Doucett administers the Go- vernment, as senior Counsellor, in absence of Gover- nor Phillips. 1725. Lawrence Armstrong, Lieut.-Gov- Dec. 8. 1739. Lieutenant Governor Armstrong, in a fit of despondency, having committed suicide, John Adams administers the Government as senior Counsellor. 317 etwcen - ■ lis visit known idy, the nwallis, pt, hav- I'or Que- lle Hon. snt. V Snape )f Nova- Hill, ap« nor. )r, (arriv- s the Go- of Gover- ieut.-Gov. nnstrong, i suicide, as senior May 27, 1740. Paul Maacarcne (his signature as Lieutenant Governor, iiri t nppean in Council Books, on this date.) AT HALIFAX. ^ July 14,1749. Edward Cornwallis, Governor. Aug. 3, 1752. Peregrine Thos. Hopson, Governor. Nov. 1, 1763. Mr. Hopson having sailed for Eng- land, in his Majesty's ship Torringtun, Charles Law- rence administers the (jlovernmcnt. Oct. 21, 1754. Charles Lawrence, Lieqt.-Gov. July 23, 175G. Charles Lawrence Governor, and Robert Monkton, Lieutenant-Governor. Oct. 19, 17C0. Charles Lawrence, having died, Jonathan Belcher administers the Government. — Mr. Ellis, late Governor of Georgia, is appointed Go- vernor of Nova-Scotia, but never leaves England. Nov. 21, 17CI. Jonathan Belcher, Lieut.-Gov. Sept. 26, 1763. Montague Wilmot, Lieut. -Gov. May 31, 1764. Montague Wilmot, Governor. May 23, 1766. Montague W Imot having died, Mr. Green administers the Government as senior Counsellor. Aug. 23, 1766. Michael Francklin, Lieut.-Gov. Nov. 27, 1766. Right Hon. Lord William Camp- bell, Governor. Oct. 30, 1771. Benjamin Green, in the absence of Lord William Campbell and Michael Francklin, Lieutenant-Governor, administers the Government. June 30, 1773. Michael Francklin, Lieutenant-Go- vernor, assumes the Government. July 13, 1772. Lord William Campbell resumes the Government. ^* Oct. 8, 1773. Francis Leggc, Governor, Michael Franklin, Lieutenant Governor. April 27. 1776. Mariot Arbuthnot, Lieut.-Gov. Aug. 17. 1778. Richard Hughes, Lieut.-Gov. July 31, 1781. Sir Andrew Snape Hammond Lieutenant-Governor. !i S' !!|j "■"W 318 Oct. 9. 1782. John Parr, Governor, and Sir An- drew S. Hammond, Lieutenant Governor. Sept. 23y 1783. Edward Fanning Lieutenant Go- vernor. Nov. 25, 1791. Governor Parr, having died (aged 66) Richard Bulkley, as senior Counsellor, adminis- ters the Government. May 14, 1792. John Wentworth, Lieutenant Go- vernor. ; , . ^, ^ . April 13, 1808. Sir George Prevost, Lieut. -Gov. Dec. 17, 1808. Alexander Croke administers the Government, in the absence of Sir George Prevost. April 11, 1809. Sir George Prevost resumes the Government. August 26, 1811. Alexander Croke administers the Government, Sir George Prevost having been appointed to the Government of Canada. Oct. 16,1811. Sir John Sherbrooke Lieutenant- Governor. • . . August 26, 1814. Major General Darrock adminis- ters the Government, as Commander in Chief, in ab- sence of the Governor. . , Sept. 21, 1814. Sir John Sherbrooke resumes the Government. June 27, 1816. Major General George Tracey Smith administers the Government, Sir John Sher- brooke having embarked for Canada Oct. 24, 1816. Lieutenant-General the Right Honorable George, Earl of Dalhousie, Lieutenant- Governor. April 3, 1818. Michael Wallace, administers the Government, in the absence of Lord Dalhousie, who sailed for Bermuda 29th March. May 1, 1819. Lord Dalhousie resumes the Go- vernment. • , June 2, 1820. Sir James Kempt, Lieutenant-Go- vernor. May 19, 1824. Michael Wallace (first date in 319 Council Books) administers the Government, in absence of Sir James Kempt, who visits England. Aug. 22, 1825. Sir James Kempt holds first Council after his return. May 26. Sir James Kempt visits Canada, and Michael Wallace administers the Government. July 18, 1828. Sir James Kempt resumes the Go- vernment. ''•• Aug. 23, 1828. Sir James Kempt, having been appointed Governor General, sails for Quebec, and Michael Wallace administers the Government, until the arrival of Sir Peregrine Maitland, who is appoint- ed Lieutenant Governor. ^ ,^n,m @m^ lAst of the Members of his Majesty's Council^ since tho first establishment of the Board inJSTova-Scotiay in 1720. AT ANNAPOLIS ROYAL. April 1720. (« i- «» John Doucett, Lawr. Armstrong, Paul Mascarene, Cyprian Southack, John Harrison, Arthur Savage, <> John Adnms, Hibbert Newton, William Si^eene, April 1720. "1 " William Sherriff, " Peler Boudrie, " Gillam Phillips, " Mr. Winniett, " John Handfield, • i •* Edward Amherst, " Erasmus S. Phillips " Otho Hamilton, Isaiah Slater. • There were other Counsellors at Annapolis, but there is no record to be found of their names or ap- pointment. !L,:r I ^1 AT HALIFAX. July 14, 1749. .ft. f ;'i :'- ! , . i July 27, 1749. July 23, 1749. July 31, 1749. Jan. 27, 1752. P. MaFcarenc. Edw. Howe, J. Goreham, Benj. Green, J. Salisberry, H. Davidson, Wm. Steele, Per. Hopson, Hobt. Ellison, Jas. Mercer, J. Horseman, C. Lawrence, John Collier, G. Fothringham, Aug. 29, 1752. Oct. 23, 1752. Aug. 28, 1753. Oct. 1, 1754. Oct. 15, 1754. Doc. 30, 1755. June 15, 1756. Aug. 16, 1759. Feb. 13, 1761. Oct. 24, 1761. Sir D. Os- borne, Bart. W. Cotterell,, R. Moncton, John Rous, ' Jont. Belcher* Mont. Wilmot, Chas. Morris, Robert Granf,' Rich. Bulkely, Thomas Saul, Jos. Gerrish, Alex. Grant,' ' Edm. Crawley, 'i : i ■ IN r ' I i',i 320 Henry Newtott May B, 1762. M. Francklio, Oct. 19, 1763. William Nesbit, (who prefers the Speaker's Chair, and de- clines the honor.) S. Zoaberbeehpler, Nov. 10, 1764. Jont. Binney, Nor. 27, 1766. Jos. Goreham, June 27, 176S. Benj. Gerrish, Aug. 12, 1772. Arlhur Goold, Nov. 20, 1772. John Butler, March 29, 1774. J. Barrow, May 6, 1775. J. Creighton, May 1, 1778. B. Fenukane, March 23. 17S2. Alz. Urymer, Sfpt. 23, 1783. Edm. Fanning, Oct. 6, 1783. Isaac Deschamps, June 29, 1785. Thos. Cochran, Chas. Morris, June 7, 1787. J. Halliburton, Jan. 8,1788. H.Duncan, vice Creighton who could not ' attend, in consequence of the distance he lived from Halifax. Sampson Salter Blowers, (vice Bruce, ap- ,< pointed but could not at- . tend on ancoant of the dis- tance of his residence from Halifax.) June 1, 1792. Thomas Strange, (thefe is no minute of his I , being sworn in, I have , therefore taken his first appearance at the Board < - as the date.) June 6, 1794. James Delancey, Nov. 6. 1795. Ben. Wentwortb, Sept. 10, 1799. James Brentoa, June 16, 1801. Andr. Belcher, Wm. Forsyth, C. M. Wentworth. Aug. 15, ISOI. L. Hartshorne, (resigns 6th June, 1804.) Oct. 25, 1802. Alex. Croke, April 23, 1803. Michl. Wallace, May 19,1804. J. Butler Butler, Jan. 14, 1807. Charles Hill, June 14, 1807. L. Hartshorne, (re-called to the Board by the Governor.) April IS, 1808. R. J. Uniacke, June 2, 1808. Charles Morris, May 26. 1S09.* The Right Hon. Charles Inglis, Bishop of Nova-Scotia. May 9, 1811. James Stewart, Aug. 10, 1811. Thos. N. Jeffery, Feb. 8, 1813. F. Hutchinson, John Black, April 25, IS15. B. Halliburton, Dec. 7, 1816. Hon. P. Wood- house. Oct. 8, 1SI6. The Right Rev. Robert Lord Bishop of Nova-Scotia. May 15, 1818. James Fraser, Sept. 14, 1819. H. Binney (first appearance at the Board taken as date.) Oct. 24, 1822. Enos Collins, April 2, 1824. Simoa B. Robie, Aug. 80, 1825. C. R. Prcscott, Nov. 11, 1825. The Right Rev. John, Lord Bishop of Nova- Scotia. , , .,- ; , „. f, u,*):i List of Counsellors on the 1st August, 1828, as they res- pectively rank in CounciL ^ ? ■ Jan. t, 1788. Sampson Salter Blowers, President. Nov. 11, 1825 The Lord Bishop April 28^ 1808 Michl. Wallace, April 18, 1808 R. J. Uniacke, June 2, 180S Charles Morris, May 9, 1811 James Stewart, Aug. 10, 1811 April 25, 1815 Sept. 14,1819 Oct. 24, 1822 April 2, 1824 Aug. 80, 1825 T. N. Jeffery, B. Halliburton, H. Binney, Enos Collins, Simon B. Robie, Charles Ramag* Preacott, * The date of their several mandamuses from fingiand, it poBie> rior to the date inserted in this table — I have taken, when I tculA obtain it, the day of the appointment by the Governor, when that doei not appear, the time the oath of office was administered. ■•"TV List of the Speakers of the Houseof Jhstffihhj'i »mct thefint formation of that body in JV^wa-iScofia, inihcyearlt^t .with the dates of their respective elections. . / ' March 20, 1793 fhOyi JBi^rcIajr, Jane 7, 1799 R. JT. tThia'ckek Nov 28, 1806 W. C'Tongei Nov 18, 1S06 L. M WiltuM, (vice W C.Tonge^ c^otejn biai rejected by the Governor) Feb. 13, 1817 S. B. Robie, Feb. 15, 1326 SQ WArdiibald ; Ott. 2, 1758 Robert Sanderson * Aug. 1, 1759 William Nesbit, ■ Oct. 11,1773 Henry D. Denson (pro tern during illness of r ,' Mr. Nesbit.) Odt. 6, 1774 William Nesbit, Nov. 1, 1784 Thomas Cochran, Dec. 5, 1785 S. S. Blowers, Mar«b5,17S» R. J. Uniacke, .") CHAPTER Vm. o« ijfitjiiilo )ak APPENDIX. -^*^^'^^^'^^*^^'^'-^^ X''Ss,i;;;M ■".:■;'.:■,'■ ^{ k^ . \. No. 1. .,t /iial»i>i>f> . u iy/jg Commission of John Cabol and sons. Pro Johnnnc Caboto, et fillis snis, super teWa in- ixjv-aita investiganda. , ^ . . ; , '.: . , uwmn<>- ^ f : imnibus ad Quos &c. Saliitem. *>?i im^Df^a .^.•' lusit ct laanifestiini, quod dedimus ^t cdii- cessimus ac per prccsentcs damus et concedimus, pro nobis et liBeredibus nostris, dilectis nobis Johanni Caboto, civi Vcnctiarum, ac Ludovico, Sebastiano et fiancto, filiis dicti Jobannis, et eorum et cujuslibet eoniiTi hroredibus et deputatis plenarn et liberam auc* toritatem, facultatem et potestatem navigandi ad omnes partes, regiones, ct sinus maris orientaiis,oc- cidentalis et septentrionalis, sub banneris, vexillis et insignibus nostris, cujuscunqueportiturffi et qualitatis existant, et cum tot et tantis nautis et homiuibiis quot et quantis indietis navibus secum ducerc voiu- erint, suis eorum propriis smnptibus et expensis. ^ \,^,^ Ad inveniendum, discooperiendum et investig^n- denn quasciumque insulas, patrias, regiones, sive provincias gentiiium ct infidelium, in quacumque parte mundi positas, qua christianis omnibus aute h (EC tempora fuenuit incognita). ; l.i^: JuU irlt.*:'j*i Concessimus etiam eisdem et eorum cuilibet, eorumque et cujuslibet eorum hceredibus et deputao lis, ac licentiam dedimiis affigcndis prmdictas Canneras nostras et insignia in quacumqtie villay oppidoy castrOy insuld seutertdjirmu, a se noviter inventis. 41 'i; I'; :1, l.i I i i; ■' > r, iH R !l I 'I 322 Et quod prcBnominati Johannis, et filii ejusdem, Btu hcBredes et eoruni deputati quascumquc hujus- modi villas, castra, oppida et insulas a sc inventns, qusB subjugari, occupari, et possideri possint eiibju- garc, occupare et possidere valcant tanquatn vnssalli nostri, et gubernatores, locatcnentes et deputati eor- umdem, dominium, titulum et jurisdictionem eorum- ' dem villarum, castrorum oppidorum, insuiarum, ac terrsfirmee eicinventarum, nobis acquirendo. Ita tamen at ex omnibus fructubus, proficuis emo- lumentis, commodis, lucriset obventionibus, ex hujus modi navigatione provenientibus, prajfati Johannes et filii ac hBeredes et eornm deputati teneantur et sint obligati nobis, pro omni vingio suo, totiens quo- tiens ad portum nostrum Bristoliise applicucrint, ad quern omnino applicare teneantur et sint astricti de- ductis omnibus sumptibusetimpensis necessariis per eosdem factis, quintam partem totius capitalis hicri sui facti sive inmercibus sive in pecuniis pcrsolvcrc. Dantes nos et concedentes eisdcm suisque Iioeredi- bus et deputatis, ut ab omni suhitionc ciistunmt*um omnium et singulorum bonoruni ac niircsium, quns Becum reportarint ab illis lucis sic noviter inventis, Uberi sint et immunes. Et insuper dedimus et concessimus eisdem ac suis heeredibus et deputatis, quod terra) omnes firmae, in- sula, villiB, oppida, castra et ioca qucccumque, a sc inventa, quotquot ab eis inveniri contigerit non pos- ;8int abaliis quibusvis nostris subditis, f'requentari seu ▼isitari absque licentia pro^dictorum Johanni$i ct ejus filiorum suorumque deputatorum sub ptena amissionis tarn navium 8ivenavigiorum,quambonorum omnium ■ quonimcumque ad ca loca sic inventa navigare pr(B- tfumentium. Volentes et strictissime mandantes omnibus et sin- gulis nostris subditis tarn in terra quam in marc con- "ititutis, ut prcefato Johaimi et ejus iiliis ac deputatis, boaam assistentiam faciant, et tarn in armandis navi- ' bus seu navigiis, quam in provisione comnieatus et ' victualmm pro sua pecunia emendorum atque aliarum rerum sibi providendarum suos omnes favores et aux- ilia irapartiantur. :^ In cujus &c. "* . Tette rege Westmonasterium quinto die Martii, >' PER IPSUM REGEM. . sss WSWnsTTT^ ^^:. .. ,,. No. 2. ■• "- -^ _;-■•■• Extract of tht Commission of IhMonU, '^- Henry par la grace de dieu Roi de France ct d« Navarre, a notre chcr et bien am6 le sieur de Monts Centil — liomme ordinaire de notrc chambre, Saiut. Conime notre plus grand soin et travail soit et ait toujours este, depnis notre evenetnent i cette cou- ronne, de la maiutenir et conservir en sonancienne dignite, grandeur et splendeur d' etendre et emplifier autant que legitimement se peut faire, les bornes et limites d'icelle. Nous estans dcs long temps in- lormcz de la situation et condition des pais et terri- toires de la Cadie^ Menx sur toutes choses d' un zele singulier, et d' une devote et ferme resolution que mous avons prise, avec 1' aide et assistance de dieu, autlicur, destributeuretprotecteurde tous Royauines et etats, de fairc convertir, amenir et instruire les peuples qui habitent en cette contree, de present gens Carbarcs, alhees sans foi ne religion, avi chre- teanisme, et en la creance et profession de notre foy, et religion, et les retirer de 1' ignorance et infidelita ou ilssont vous avons cxprcssement, commis et etabli, et par ccs presentes signees de notre main, vous commetons ordonnons, faisons, constetuons et eta- blissons, notre Lieutenant-General, pour representer notre persone, aux pais, territoires, cotes et confins de la Cadie. A commencer des le quarantieme degr^, jueques au quarante-sixieme. Et en celle etedue, ou partic d' iceile, tartt et si avant, que fairre se pourra, etablir, etendre, et faire connoitre n6tre nom, puissance et authorite. Et a iceile assujetter, sub- mettre et faire obeir tous les peuples de la ladete terre, et les arcanvoisins. Nous reservans seulement le dixieme denier de ce qui proviendra de cclles d* or d' argent et cuivre, vans affectans ce que nous pourrions prendre ausdets autre» metaux et mineraux, pour vans aider, et soulager aux grandes d^penses que la charge sus dete vous pourra aporter. Donne a Fontaine-bleau lehuitierae jourdeNovem- bre : Ian de grace mil sin cens trois. Et de notre regne le quinzieme. Sign^ Henry et plus bas. Par le Roi, Potier, etseelle sur simple queae de cire iaune. See Lescarbot page 452, when the commission is expired at large, the charter for monopoly of the fur trade, and also the commission granted by the Lord High Admiral of France. vi !,»^ } , df4 No. 3. •Ji Extract of the Grant of JVbva- Scotia, to Sir Wm. Alexander. ^;' James, by the Grace of God, King, &c. &c. • To all the Clergy and Lxiity of His Dominions^ Greeting. Be it known, That we have ever been careful to embrace every opportunity that oflered for the honor and advantage of our Kingdom of Scotland, and that we think there is no acquisition more easy and more innocent, than those that can be made, by carrying new Colonies into foreisrn and uncultivated Countries, where are the necessaries of life ; especially if such Lands are either inhabited, or occupied by uiibelievt ers, whom to convert to the Christian Fuiih,is a duty of great importance to the Glory of God, &.c. &c. For these causes, as well as in consideration of tl»e good, faithful and acceptable services, which have been already and hereafter to be performed to us, by our trusty and well beloved ( ounsellor, Sir Wm. Alexander, Knight, who is the first of our subjects of Scotland, that undertook to carry over this foreign Colony at his own expense, and has desired leave to cultivate the Lands and Countries included within the limits undermentioned : We, therefore, from our royal attention to extend the Christian Religion, and to promote the wealth, prosperity and peace, ol the natural subjects of our said Kingdom of Scotland, have, by the advice and consent of our Cousin and Counsellor, John Earl of Marr, &c. and of the other Lords Cojnmissioners of the said Kingdom, given, granted and transferred, and by virtue of this present Act, issuing from us. We do give, grant and translcr, to the said Sir William Alexander, his heirs, or all claimants by right of iidieritancc from him, all and singular, the lands of the Continent and Islands si- tuate and lying in America, reckoning from the Cape or Promontory called Cape Sable, at 43 degrees, or thereabouts of the Equator, towards the ncrth ; — that is to say, from tb'^ said Promontory along the sea shore, that runs jj ^ the west, as far as St. Mary's Bay, and stretch »• from thence to the north, in u strait line to th enirance or mouth of that Great Bay, which •« ishes the Eastern Coast, be- tween the Countries of the Souriquois and the Et- i 325 /• tander. c. refnl to ! lionor rul that d more [irrying iiutrics, if such ibeliev- 5 a duty &.C. &c. n of the ch have ;d to us, Sir Wm. bjccts of J foreign leave to whhin re, from leligion, leace, ot Gotland, usin and iie other li, given, present ranslcr, Irs, or ail , all and (lands si- he Cape trees, or fcrth ; — long the w as St. |ie north, of that |oast, ba- the Et- cheniins, as far as to the river of St. Croix, and to the farthest source or spring, which first comes from the vrest, to mingle its waters with those of that ri- ver ; from thence by a strait imaginary line, cross- ing the Lands, or running towards the north as far as the first bay, river or spring, which runs into the great river of Canada ; and from thence, continuing eastward to the sea, along the shores of the river of Canada, to tJie river, bay, port, or latitude, com- monly known by the name of Gachepe, or Gaspie, and afterwards from the south east side, as far as the Isles called Bacalaos or Cape Breton, ^'::-''yg the said Isle on the right, and thegulph of the ^mu great river of Canada, or the great Bay and the Lauds of Newfoundland, or Terra Nova, with the Isles thereto appertaining, on the left ; and then passing to the said Cape, or Promontory of Cape-Breton, turnnig to the south and west, as far as the above mentioned Cape Sable, where begins the tract that is to be in- cluded and comprehended between the said sea coasts and their circumferences, from the sea to all the lands of the Continent, with the Ixivers, Bays, Tor- rents, Roads, or Lakes, situate about six leagues from any of the Parts, both of the said coasts and their circumferences, either from the west, north, or south, and from the south-east, (in which situation is Cape Breton) and from the southern part, where lies Cape Sable, all the Seas and Islands, to 40 leagues of the said Coasts, therein including the great Island com- monly called the Isle of Sable, or Sablons, situate to- wards Carban, or South South East, to about 30 leagues from the said Cape-Breton, in the ocean, and at the 44th Degr. of Lat., or thereabouts ; all which said Lands shall for the future bear the name of New-. Scotland, (Nova-Scotia,) and be also divided into such parts and portions, and be called by such names as. Sir William Alexander shall think fit. Together with all the mines, as well the Royal ones of gold and sil- ver, as the other mines of iron, lead, copper, pewter, brass, &c. In witness whereof we have, to these our Patents affixed our Great Seal, in the presence of our said Cousins and Counsellors, Sir James, Marquis of Hamilton ; George, Earl of Keith ; Alexander, Earl of Dutnfermling, our Counsellor ; Thomas, Earl of Melros, &c. Secretary ; our beloved, the Privy . II 326 ii Coimscllors ; Mr. Richard Cockburne/the keeper* of the Privy Seal, &c. Given At our Castle of Windsor, the 10th of Sept. in the year of our Lord 1621, &ad of our Reigns the 5dth and 19th. ui Copy of a Grant to Erlvvard Widdrington, Esquire, of Cnrlington, Couniy of Northumberland, ;f Lands, &c. &c. adjoining to the Ian ' ' of Sir James Hay, Knight and Baronet, of Smithfield, in Nova-Scotia, boaringdate the 26th of September, 1635, in 11th of Charics tlic first. pRECKPT of a Charter made and granted by our Sovereign Lord the King, to Edward Widdrington, of Carlington, in the County of Northumberland, Esquire, his heirs male, and assigns, whomsoever hereditarily, of all and the whole of that part and portion of lands, of the region and lordship of Nova- Scotia, as follows, particularly bounded and limited, that is to say : beginning from the west side of the Lands and Barony of Smithfield, hereditarily belong- ing to Sir James Hay of Smithfield, Knight and Ba- ronet, and lying on the north side of the river named The Great Shiboin Capricon, bearing towards the west from the said Barony, for the space of three miles ascending the river, keeping always the river for the botmds thereof towards the south, and from thence, bearing towards the north for the space of six miles, keeping always two miles in breadth and six in length, to the said Barony, for the limits thereof, towards the east, with the castles, towers, fortresses, &c. which same lands were resigned by him into the hands of our Sovereign Lord the King, for this new Charter and Infeodation to be made * Note. Those who are desirous of consulting the original, which U in Latin, will find it in (he Appendix to the printed ir.emorials of the CommisMoner» for vetlling the Boundary line of Acadia. And ia Hazard's ntate papers I have connpared theie two copies, and find soma little variance between ihenr, but it is rather verbal than material. — The above written extract in English, I have taken from " Palairet," thinking the original too large for incertion in this work. In Hazard's collection is also the Bond and Mortgage which La Tour executed to Sergeant-Major Gibbon;*, and the patent of Knighthood which Sir William Alexander conferred upon I.a Tour. Sometime after Gover- nor Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts was printed, a third* vo- lume appeared, containing original papers. In this collection is a very curious and interesting correspondence, on the subject of the contro- versy between La Tour snd Daulney de Charnise, which ia very characteristic of the early settlers of New»£ngland> ■»• ' " >■ $21 per* Sept. s tlie re, of ,nndfl, Hay, icotia, 1 nth )y our ngton, jrland, soever iTt and ' Nova- imited, » of the belong- and Ba- ■ named rds the )f three e river a\ from ipace of idth and limits towers, •ncd by \\e King, le made nal, which moriaU of And ia Id find BOino Imtterial. — Palairet," In Hazard'* bxecuted to [which Sir Ifter G over- third- vo- pn i» « very [tlie contro- Ich ii very thereof to the aforesaid Edwurd >Viddrington here- ditarily « Moreover, with a olauHO of Union, and ns one en- tire and free Barony and lloyalty, at all times here- after to be named. The Barony ol' Carliiigton, and to be held of our said Soverelprit Lord the King and his successors of his Crown oi the Kingdom of Scotland, in free and true Blanche Farm, for the yearly pay- ment of one penny ot the nsiiul money of the said Kingdom of Scotland, upaii tho snlo and ground of the said lands, in the name of Blanche Farm, if it should be demanded or any part thereof, only on the feast day of the nativity of our Saviour, and the eeizen taken at tho Castle c»f Edinburgh, only shall be sufficient for all and lingular the lands, and other things particularly and generally above written. And that the E:aid Edward Widdrington, and his heirs male, shall have arms proceeding from a hand armed and naked, joined with this motto (MunithsBcet altera vincit) and other things granted in the com- mon forms of Charts of Baronets. Dated at Edin- burgh, the twenty-sixth day of the month of Septem- ber, in the year of our Lord, 16^5, and in the 11th year of our reign. {By$ign6t.) N. B. The said Chnrter was ordered to be regis- tered by King Charles tho First, In tho books of the Lyon's Kuig of Arms, Herald's Office, Edinburgh. jliJU'i iW No. 4. Extracts from original orders and corr&spondmcei, relative to the removal of the JSHutral Pirmchjrom JSTova-Scotiay copied from the letter Book of Colonel Winsloiv, at the Library of JUass, Hist, l^omty at Boston : Halifax, 11th August, 1755, Instructions for LieutennntCulonel Winslow, com- manding his Majesty's Troops at Minns, in his ab- sence, for Capt. Alexander Murray, commanding his Majesty's Troops at I'esiquid, in relation to the trans- portation of the inhabitants of tho District of Minas and Pefiquid River, of Canard, Cobiquid, &c. in Nova- Scotia : ..?;,,,( ;; .i; - , i' i r^^i'-ntr! wrl Sir, Having, in my Letter ofSlit Jul v Inst, acquainted Capt. Murray what induced his Majesty's Council to come to the resolution of sending away the French Hi 395 inhabitants, and clearing the whole eountry, to rid them of such bad subjects ; which lettep he will communicate to you, together with the instructions for putting in practice what has been so long dctet- mined upon. That the inhabitants may not have it in their power to return to this Province, nor to join in strengthening the French in Canada or of Louisburg, it is resolved that they shall be dispersed among his Majesty's colonies upon the continent of America^ For this purpose Transports are sent up the B&f^ to ship off those at Chiegnecto ; and Col. Moncton will order those he cannot fill there to Minas Bason, to carry off «ome parts of these Districts; you will liavc vessels also from Boston, to transport one thousand persons, reckoning two persons to a ton. Upon the arrival of these vessels from Boston and Chiegnecto in the Basin of Minas, Pesiquid and Cobi- quid, the river of Canard, &c. as many as can be collected by any means, particularly the heads of families and young men, are to be shipped on board of them, at the same rate of two persons to a ton, or as near it as possible, the tonnage to be ascertain- ed by charter parties, of the several transports which you will be furnished with an account of from the masters. And to give you all the case possible respecting the victualling of these transports, I have appointed Mr. George Saul, to act as Agent Victualler, upon this occasion, and have given him particular instructions to that effect, which he has directions to communicate to you, and to furnish you with a copy of, upon his arrival from Chiegnecto, with the provisions ordered for victualling the whole transports. Destination of the vessels ordered to rendezvous in the Bason of Minas : To be sent to North Carolina, ** such a number as will transport five hundred persons or thereabouts." To be sent to Virginia, " such a number as will transport one thousand persons or thereabouts." 0'' To Maryland, " such a number as will transport five hundred persons or thereabouts,or in proportion, if the number shall exceed two thousand persons.'-' And you will in these orders make it a particular injunction to said masters, to be as careful as possible 'during the whole course of the passage, to prevent 329 the passengers fVom making any attempt to seize up- on the vessel, by allowing only a small number to be upon the decks at a time, and using all other neces- sary precautions to prevent the bad consequences of such attempts, and that they be particularly careful that the inhabitants have carried no arms, or other odensive weapons on board with them at their em- barkation, as also, that they see the provisions re- gularly issued to the people, agreeable to the allow- ance proportioned in Mr. Saul's instructions. < As Captain Murray is well acquainted with the people and with the Country, I would have you con- sult with him upon all occasions, and particularly with relation to the means necessary ibr collecting the people together, eo as to get them on board ; and if you find that fair means will not do with them, you must proceed bythe most vigourous measures possible, not only in compelling them to embark, but in de- priving those who shall escape of all means of shel- ter or support, by burning their houses, and destroy- ing every thing that may aflbrd them the means of subsistance in the Country. You will receive here- with a copy of the Charter Party, which the masters of the transport vessels Imve taken here and entered into with the Government, for your iufornmtion as to the terms ; those from Boston will be nearly the same, and as yousee tliey are hired by tl c month, you will use all possible despatch to save expense to the pub- lic. When you have executed the business of shipping off all that can be collected of the inlmbitants in the District of Minas-Bason, you will march yourself or send a strong detachment to Annapolis Royal, to as- sist Major Handheld, in shipping off those of that river, and you will so order it., that all the stragglers that may be met with may be taken up, and carried to Annapolis, in order to their being shipped with the rest. (Signed) ' CHARLES LAWRENCE. i) li ' Sir, Halifax, Nova-Scotia, 11th Aug. 1755. The success that has attended his Majesty's arms in driving the French out, from the encroachments they had made in the Province, furnished me with 42 350 III a favourable opportilnity of reducing the French inha- bitants of this Colony to a proper obedience to his Majesty's Government, or oi forcing them to quit the Country. These inhabitants were permitted in quiet possession of their lands, upon condition they should take the oath of allegiance to the King, within one year after the treaty of Utrecht, by which this Pro- vince was ceded to Great Britain; with this condition they have ever refuged to comply, without having from the Governor an assurance ii> writing, that they should not be culled upon to bear arms in the defence of the Province, and with this General Phi- lips did comply, of which steps his Mojctity has dis- approved, and the inhabitants therefrom pretending to be in a state of neutrality, between his Majesty and his enemies, have continually furnished the French and Indians with intelligence, quarters, provisions and assistance, in annoying the Govern- ment; and while one part have abetted the French encroachments by their treachery, the other have countenanced them by open rebellion ; and three hundred of them were actually found in arms, in the French fort at Beau Sejour, when it surrendered. Notwithstanding all their former bad behaviour, as his Majesty was pleased to allow me to extend still further his Royal Grace to such as would return to their dut^, I offered such of them as had not been openly m arms against us, a continuance of the possession of their lands, if they would take the oath of allegiance, unqualified with any reservation what- ever. But this they have audaciously as well as unanimously refused, and if they would presume to do this, when there was a large fleet of ships of war in the harbour, and considerable land forces in the Province, what might not we expect from them when the approaching winter deprives us of the former, and when the troops which are only hired from New- England occasionally, and for a short time, have re- turned home. \ As by this behaviour the inhabitants have forfeited all title to their lands, and any further favour from the Government. I called together his Majesty's Council, at which the Hon. Vice Admiral Boscawin, and Rear Admiral Moystyn assisted, to consider by what means we could, with the greatest security and effect, rid ourselves of a set of people, who would for- 331 I inha- to his uit the n quiet should lin one lis Ppo- ndition having ^, that 8 in the ral Phi- has dis- tending Vlajesty led the iiarters, jovem- French er have kd three 3, in the pred. '' aviour, extend return ad not of the le oath what- well as suine to of war in the n when brmer, m New- Wave re- brfeited UP from ajesty's scawiji, }idep by rity and »uld for- ever have boon an obstruotion to the intention of settling this Colony, and that it was now from their refusal of the oath abHolutcly incumbent to remove. As their numbers amount to near seven thounand persons, the drivingr tlicm off, with leave to go whi- thersoever they |)lcaso(i, would have doubtless strengthened Cnnndn, witli so considerable a number of French inhnbituntH, and as they have no cleared lands to givethotu at |)rcHcnt,such as are able to bear arms, must have boon itmncdiutcly employed in an- noying this, and the nciglibouring Colonies. To pre- vent such an inconvenioncy, it was judged a neces- sary, and the only practicable measure, to divide them among the Colonics, where they may be of some use, as most of them are healthy strong people, ad as they cannot easily collect themselves together again, it will be out of their power to do any mischief, and they may become prontablo, and it is possible in timo faithful subjects. As this step was indcspensibly necessary to the security of the Colony, upon whose preservation from French encroachmcntN, the prosperity of North Am*> rica is esteemed iu a great measure dependent, I have not the leost rcuHon to do\ibt of your Excellen- cy's concurrence, and that you will receive the inha- bitants I now send, and dispose of them in such a manner as may best answer in preventing their re- union. As the vessels employed in this service are upon monthly hire. I beg the favour of you to expedite as much as possible their discharge, and that they maybe furnished with u certificate of the timetliere- of, agreable to the form enclosed. I am, Sir, .::«{": j«*... ■ Your most obedieu;. ud humble , '^^ny,, Servant, ,::/,. ^X (signed) CHARLES LAWRENCE. . * FOR HIS majesty's KSF E< lAL SERVICE. * : To the Hon. Arthur Dobbs, Esq. Captain General and Governor in Chief of his Majesty's Province of North Carolina, in America, or to the Commander-ia- Chief of the said Province, for the time being. NORTH CAROLINA. Similar letters were written to the Governor of every Colony, to which they were sent. tr 3S3 Grand Pre, 30th August, 1755. I am faroured with your Excellency's letters of the 1 1th and 26th of this instant, which Capt. Murray- was so good as to be the bearer of, and with whom I have consulted as to the duty proposed; and as the corn is now all down, the weather being such, has prevented the inhabitants from housing it, it is his opinion and mine, that your Excellency's orders ahould not be made public till next Friday ; on which day we propose to put them in execution. We had picquetted in the* camp before the receipt of your Excellency's letter, and I imagine it is so far from giving surprise to the inhabitants, as to their being detained, that they look upon it a settled point, that we are to remain with them all winter ; and as this duty is of no expense to Government, I cannot but flatter myself your Excellency will approve of the matter, as fifty men to remain will be better in our present circumstances, than one hundred without this protection, and the other part of the troops put on duty abroad. As to the supplying of ammunition, &c. I shall apprise Colonel Moncton as directed, and in every material point shall counsel Captain Murray; and although it is a disagreeable part of duty we are put upon, I am sensible it is a necessary one, and shall ende^avour strictly to obey your Ex- cellency's orders, to do every thing in me to remove the neighbours about me to a better country ; as to poor father Le Blanc, I shall, with your Excellency's permission, send him to my own place. I am, with the greatest regard, your Excellency's most dutiful and obedient servant, (Signed) JOHN WINSLOW. • " Halifax, 11th August, 1755. As I have already pointed out to you as particular as possible, what is necessary to be done in the in- structions that were sent, I have nothing further to add, but that you must collect the inhabitants toge- ther, in order to their being transported in the best manner in your power, either by stratagem or force, as circumstances may require ; but above all, I de- sire you would not pay the least attention to any' re- monstrances or memorial from any of the inhabitants whatever, who may be desirous of staying behind, but embark every person if possible, according to the 333 instructions herewith sent, without any further ap- plication to me. If you should find there are more people than there are vessels provided, reckoning two persons to each ton, you are immediately to send an express to acquaint me therewith, but make no delay in the embarkation upon that account. Though the inhabitants, by your instructions, are allowed to carry with them their household furni- ture, yet they must not put on board quantities of useless rubbish to incumber the vessel. The inha- bitants and their bedding must at all events be em- barked ; and if afterwards there is room for other ar- ticles, suffer them to carry what they conveniently can. You must order the masters of the transports to take care at the time of sailing, that they have their proper quantity of water — that is, that all their water casks be full. ' i ^'. I send you the form of an address to the Governor on your continent. I am. Sir, mU Your most obedient servant, / (Signed) CHAS. LAWRENCE. 23d September. This morning Capt. Adams and party returned from their march to the river Canard, and reported it was a fine country and full of inhabitants, a beau- tiful church, abundance of the good of this world, provisions of all kinds in great plenty. Capt. Holby ordered with one subaltern, two sergeants, two corporals, and fifty private men, to visit the village Molanson on the river Gaspereau, and Capt. Osgood, with the like number of officers and men, to recon- noitre the county in the front, or to the southward of our encampment, both of which parties returned in the evening, and gave each account that it was a fine country. This day held a consultation with the different Captains — the result was, that I should giv6 out my citation to-morrow morning. JOHN WINSLOW, Lieut. Col. Commanding. Fort Edward, 1755. - I was out yesterday at the villages, all the people were quiet and busy at the harvest ; if this day keeps fair, all will be in here into their barns. I hope to- 334 morrow will crown all our wishes. I am most truly, with great esteem, your most obedient and humble servant, -a.,a^ .. -■•:- -= .;; .d,; A. MURRAY. Grand Pre, 6th September, 1755. All officers, soldiers and seamen, employed in his Majesty's service, as well as all his subjects, of what denomination soever, are hereby notified, that all cattle, viz. horses, horned cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, and poultry of every kind; that was this day suppos- ed to be vested in the French inhabitants of this Province, are become forfeited to his Majesty,whose property they now are ; and every person, of what denomination soever, is to take care not to hurt, destroy or kill, any of any kind, nor to rob orchards or gardens, or to make waste of any thing dead or alive, in these districts, without special order given at my camp, the day and place above to be published throughout the camp, and at the village where the vessels lie. JOHN WINSLOW. ' ■ ' Annapolis Royal, 31st August, 1755. One of the transports having arrived irom Messrs. Apthorp and Hancock, hired to carry off the French inhabitants of this River, immediately ordered out a party to bring in about one hundred of the heads of families who had retired into the woods, having taken their bedding with them ; therefore I am to desire you to send me a reinforcement of men, so soon as you can spare them, that niay enable me to bring tliem to reason. :> , I am, Sir, ; Your most humble servant, J. HANFIELD. On his M. jesty's service. To Ool. John Winslow, Commanding ^ the troops at Grand Pre, Minas. '^^ Fort Edward, 5th September, 1755. Dear Sir. — 1 have succeeded finely, and have got 183 men into my possession. I believe there dre but very few left, excepting their sick. I am hope- ful you have had equally as good luck, should be glad you would send me transports as soon as possi- 335 truly, imble A.Y. m. in his [what hat all , hogs, uppos- oi' this whose what ► hurt, ards or r alive, at my blished 3re the ,0W. 1755. ilessrs. [French ;d out a sads of [having |l am to len, so me to It, :ld. [755. ive got jre dre hope- mid be Ls possi- ble, for you know our fort is bat small; I should also esteem it a favour, if you could also send me an offi- cer and thirty,' nu n more, as I shall be obliged to send to some distai^t rivers, where they are not all come yet. Your answer as soon as possible, will greatly oblige your most obedient humble servant, A. MURRAY. P. S. — I have sent father Le Blanc's son to you, to go with his father, as you have taken him under your protection. At the nearest computation, it will require 360 tons of shipping, which I think at the least computation too small ; therefore I believe 400 tons will be better, — since writing the above, two of the transports have arrived. A. MURRAY. To Col. Winslow, Commanding His Majesty's forces at Grand Pre. Grand Pre, 5th September, 1 755. The order of the day parole being Prince of Wales, the French inh?-bitants to repair to their quarters, in the church at Tattoo, and in the day time not to ex- tend their walks beyond the Commandant's quarters on the east, without leave from the officer of the guard, and that one half the guard take shelter under my Marque, as patrole, a sergeant, and twelve men, .to walk constantly round the church— the centries every where doubled. JOHN WINSLOW. P. S. — Sept. 5. — The French people not having with them any provisions, and many of them plead- ing hunger, begged for bread, on which I gave them, and ordered that for the future, they be supplied from their respective families. Thus ended the memora- ble fifth day of September, a day of great fatigue and trouble. J. W. Fort Cumberland, 24th August, 1755. Dear Sir. — I embrace this opportunity with plea- sure, to let you know that these leave me and all friends, as I hope they will find you in good health, and we rejoice to hear of your safe arrival at Minas, and am well pleased that you are provided with so ffood quarters for yourself and soldiers, and as you have taken possession of the friar's house, hope you will execute the office of priest. I am tired of your I M ! I 11 33G ii absence, and long for nothing more than to be with you ; here is Capt. Proby and eight transports, ar- rived last Wednesday ; Capt. Tuggart arrived this morning, and a sloop from New- York with provisions for the troops, the news has not yet come on shore, our troops remain in good heahh, and long to follow you ; Yours, &c. PREBBLE. To Colonel Winslow, com- manding at Minas. ,' Camp at Cumberland, 6th Sept. 1755. Dear Sir. — I received your favour from Captain Nichols, of the 23d Aug. rejoice to hear that the lines are fallen to you in pleasant hands, and that you have a goodly heritage. I understand you are surrounded by good things of this world, and having a sanctified place for your habitation, hope you will be prepar- ed for the enjoyments of another ; we are moul- dering away our time in your absence, which has rendered this place to me worse than a prison, we have only this to comfort us, that we are as nigh to heaven as you are at Minas, and since we are denied our good things in this world, doubt not we shall be happy in the next. It is with grief I inform you, that on the second instant. Major Frye, being at Shepoudie, where he was ordered to burn the buildings and bring ofl'the women and children, the number of which was only twentji'-three, which he had sent on board, and burned 253 buildings, and had sent fifty men on shore to burn the Mess House and some other buildings which was the last they had to do, when about three hundred French and Indians came suddenly upon them, and killed Doctor Marsh, shot Lieut. Billing through the body, and through the arm, killed and wounded 22, and wounded six more ; they retreated to the dykes, and Major Frye landed with what men we got on shore and made a stand, but their numbers being superior to ours ; we were forced to retreat. — Your sincere friend, JEDEDIAIl PREBBLE. To Col. Winslow, Command- ing the troops at Minas. Camp Cumberland, 5th Sept. 1755. Sir, — I am sorry my first letter should be the 3S7 with 3, ar- l tins isions shore, follow LE. 755. laptain te lines u have ounded nctified prepar- I moul- which than a , we are lince we >vibt not 1 grief I )r Frye, to burn hildren, , which igs, and i House ey had Indians Marsh, hrough ed six or Frye made a rs ; we Ible. 1 1755. be the bearer of such melancholy news, as the defeat of pari of a detachment sent out under Major Frye, who sailed from this place with Captain Brentnal, mysell and Air. Endicott, Doctor March and Lieut. Billings, and 200 men, to burn the buildings at Shepoudie, Peslquid and Memramcook, and after having burned I8l buildingsat Shepoudie, we sailed the 3d instant. After sailing up Petito Condac river, and burned on both sides the river all the morning, about one o'clock Colonel Frye ordered Captain Adams to come to anchor, and land his men opposite the Mess- House, in order to burn a small village below it, and join Mr. Endicott and Lieut. Billings, with 60 men ; accordingly I and Doctor March, went on shore with a party, but by reason of the difficulty of landing, was obliged to march with 20 men, 10 of which Doctor March took with him, though contrary to orders, and went to the village in order to burn the Mess-house. When Mr. Endicott's party joined him, and before they could get the Mess-house on fire, they were beset by a party of above 300 French and Indians, and our men, being straggling about, were soon defeat- ed. Dr. March and five or six privates certainly kill ed; there are missing, in the whole,twenty-three men beside Doctor March ; we had eleven more wounded, among whom is Lieut. Billings, who is badly wound- ed, having received a shot through his left arm, and another through his body, which is looked upon dan- gerous ; the rest are in a fair way of doing well. I was in a small village adjoining, and had set fire to the houses just as I heard the attack, and repaired to the marsh and joined them, but before I got there the most of the men had left their officers, and with diffi- culty it was we got Mr. Billings away ; our powder was wet, and little of it ; no water, and but two days provisions, obliged us to return without proceeding any farther, after burning 253 buildings with a large quantity of wheat and flax. The people here are much concerned for fear of your party meeting the same fate, bein^in the heart of a numerous and devilish crew, which I pray God avert. My compliments to Mr. Bradford Gay, Adams and Hobbs, and all friends, not forgetting Doctor Whitworth, I long to be with you and hope it will 43 336 t'.i «ot be long first, till when, I remain your most obedi- ent friend and humble servant. (Signed) THOMAS SPEAKMAN. ^ To the Hon.John Winslow, ^ Commanding at Minas. ^^ '- ' Fort Edward, 8th Sept. 1755. Bear Sir, — I received your favour, and am ex- tremely pleased that things are so clever at Grand Pr^, and that the poor devils are so resigned, hero they are more patient than I could have expected for persons so circumstanced,and what still surprises me, quite unconcerned. When I think of those at Anna- polis, I appear over thoughtful of summoning them in, I am afraid there will be some difficulty in getting them together, you know our soldiers hate them, and if they can but find a pretext to kill them they will. lam really glad to thinkyour camp is so well secured (as the French said at least a good prison for inhabi- tants.) I long much to see the poor wretches em- barked and our aflairs a little settled, and then I will do myself the pleasure of meeting you and drinking their good voyage, &c. &c. Tour's &c. «' ' A. MURRAY J ^♦^^ To Colonel John Winslow. |VS ; ■.>^, K*! '^- No. 6. ■' '■'"''^' Proceedings of his Majesty* s Council on the subject of the removal of the Acadians in 1 762 — extracted from Coun- cil Boolcs. Council, 26th July, 1762.— Council are of opinion, that so long a continuance of so great a number of the Acadians as prisoners of war, in the town of Ha- lifax, and in other parts of this Province, had much endangered the safety thereof, and had caused great uneasiness to, and had distressed the minds of his Majesty's subjects, and retarded the progress of the new settlements ; That from a continued series ()f experience, they were fully convinced of the strict attachment of the said Acadians to, and readiness at all times to take part and assist his Majesty's ene- mies, the French King and his subjects, to the Ut- most of their power, they having been more than once actually in arms against his Majesty and his 339 ibcdi- LN. ■ m. m ex- Srand , hero ed for es me, Anna- r them retting m, and y will- ecnred inhabi- es em- n I will rinking LY. ■ i .' i-ii \ct of the II Coun- Lpinion , nber of lofHa- _ much td great of his IS of the [eries of \e strict iness at 's cnc- the lU- jre than land his - subjects. That, on reflection on the circumstances of this Province at this juncture, when, for the safety and security of the settlers of King's County, it is found indispensably necessary to march one hundred and thirty of the Acadians, under a guard of the mi- litia of that County, into this town, not only revives in their minds these considerations with regard to the said Acadians,but impresses it with double weight, and they apprehend calls on them for an exertion of the most effectual means to prevent any ill-effects that might arise from them, more especially when they consider the behaviour of the said Acadians, upon the » present occasion, which is remarkably insolent iand exulting, in so much, that it is absolutely necessary to cause them to be close confined under a strong guard of the militia of the town of Halifax, to the great in- convenience and distress of the said inhabitants, near a fourth part of them being called on for that duty daily. That there is sufficient reason to believe some late threats and insults of numerous bodies of the Indians assembled in various parts of the Province, to the terror of his Majesty's subjects in the new set- tlements, have been occasioned by the stimulations and artful insinuations of the said Acadians. That they apprehend there cannot be any hopes of a sin- cere submission of the said Indians to his Majesty's Government, while the said Acadians are suftered to continue in this Province, they being connected by intermarriages with them, and thereby maintain a considerable influence over them at all times. " That it has lately been discovered, that the said Acadians had collected and concealed in secret places in King's County, in this Province, a considerable quantity of ammunitioii for small arms. That at this time the necessity of drawing all the troops together at Hali- fiix, had stripped the new settlements so effectually of protection, that except the very small Garrisons at Annapolis, St. John's River, and Fort Cumberland,not amounting in the whole to one hundred men, there was no protection to any of the settlements ; the in- terior parts of the Country being entirely destitute of any, and the Garrison at Fort Edward wholly oc- cupied by the militia of that Country, to the greal; detriment of the inhabitants, who are forced to neglect their husbandry, and so much to their terror, that not /^ 340 V only one hundred and fifty of the settlers have, on thk alarm, quitted one of the new towns in the Coun- try, but others are preparing from other part»to fol- low them. For all which reasons, the Council are of opinion, that in this time of danger it is absolutely necessary, immediately to transport the said Acadians out of this Province, as their continuing longer in it^ may be attended with the worst coilsequences to the projected new settlements, in particular as well as to the general safety of the Provinces. ■" Tne Council do hkewise observe, that in case of an attack on the town of Halifax by the enemy, the lacing a sufficient g^uard on the said Acadians, would become very inconvenient and weaken the forces, more especially as there is no strong hold or place to secure them in, and that during any attack they might take the opportunity of setting fire to the town and joining the enemy, and therefore the Council do unanimously.advise and recommend, in the most ear- nest manher,' for the safety and security of this Pro- vince and its new settlements, that the Lieutenant- Governor would be pleased to take the speediest me- thod to epilect and transport the said Acadians out of this Province, and do further advise, that as the Pro- vince of Massachusetts is nearest adjacent to this Province, that the Lieut.-Governor would be pleased to cause them to be transported to that Province* with all convenient despatch, wd*-. (Signed) JOHN DUPORT, i Sec. Council. A -tr ififi.^xiftj: ■J;i^«; iy*4) ^ r ■•> r I 1 '■'r.T. ! t.! INDEX. * This Index doe$ not refer to the Chronological Taffh. Aeadia, discovery of 4— Tl)»i named in eommission of Do Monti 20— Various orthograpliy of, do.— I^tato of 68^Bound»rJefl «f 65 81 136 143— Trade of 07. ■Acudians refuse to take the oath of an«/gianoe 08>^ake the oath «ffidelity 95— elect delegatei Od'-orderod to take oath of Allegiance 151 — refuie, do.— aceount of their manners and habits 170 — ^measures adopted for rarprising them 176-^the expulsion of the greater part of them ISO^they memorial the King IS'i— stragglers of King*i County sent to Halifax 240— correspondence roapeoting their removal 829. Admiralty, resolutions of the Houia of Aiiembly concerning the fees of the Court of "Jltl. Jlltxander, Sir William brographieaiakeloh of 40 — obtains (^ grant of Nova-Scotia 41— attempti tG sotlle the country, do. — dis- poses of it to Claude de la Tour 40. Amherst f Hen. his attack on Louiiburg 208— his Conquest of Canada 227. Annapolis, a name given to Port Royal DS-^attackod by Indians 103-by Da Vivier llO—by M. Morin 111— by Ramsay 129- • removal of Acadians (Vom l81-'-=ieo Port Royal. Anson, Admiral defeats Jon<}uiorrc li)3i -' ii Jrgalt difcovers a new route to America 84— destroyi the lettle- ment at Mount Deaert 87— captures Port Royal 88> Jrm$irongt Lieut. Governor prevails upon Acadiana to take the oath of neutrality 95. ni$temhly, Houae of— resolutions of Council concerning 210 theif proceedings 213. " BaronetB of Nova-Scotia 42. Bay Verte fortified by La Corne 157— Major Lawrence dispatch- ed thither 158 do. 169. Beau Sejour taken 167 — its name changed to Cumberland, do. Belcher^ Jonathan succeeds Governor Lawrence 229 — concludes a treaty with the Indians 232 — lays an embargo on the ship- ping, and proclaims martial law 240— his representation of state of Province 237. Le Borgne takes M. Denys prisoner 60 — destroys La Have 61— surrenders Port Royal to Engliali, do. Le Borgne, Junr. taken prisoner at Lo Have 62. Boscawen, Admiral takes two French frigates IGl — ;is present at deliberations of council respecting the removal of the French 170. • "^ Boundary 79 — discussions concerning 142. ^ . Bruillon, Governor encourages the pirates 82. Surgeois, his treatment by Colonel Church 77. Byron Capt. captures a French squadron 227 — dismantles Louis- burg 228. Cabot, claim of English founded on his discovery 2 — his commis- sion 32i. Canada, Conquest of by General Amherst 227— great earthquake in 63. Canseau 9 — Dutch trade with Savages at 28— attacked by Indiana 102— taken by French 107. Cape Breton, diacovary and origin of its name 9 — description of 98, ';. French Colonies 99 — M.Constable appointed Governor of 100, Louisburg built, do. — conquered by N. E. Troops 120 — res- tored to France 134-^taken by Gen. Amherst 2P3. Cartier, his voyages 9. Caiiine the Baron — biographical sketch of 75 — appointed Gover- nor of Acadia 90, see Villibon. HI Ca$Hne the young«r lOS^carried prisoner to Boston 104— rfetiima to France 105 Champlain 4* Champdore accompany Do Monta 16 — latter ex- amines iron ore at St. Mary's Bay 17 — the former ea'ablisbes the order of Le bon Temps 25 — surrenders Quebec 46 Charnise, Daulnede succeeds Razillai 52— his dissentions with La Tour 53— enters into a treaty with Massachusetts 66 — attacks La Tour's fort, and is beaten off by Madam La ToUr |>7 — appeased by presents from Massachusetts, do. — attacks L& Tour's fort again, and captures it, and hangs the garrir ■on 6S — his death, do, Chedabueto, see Montorguei and Dennis. Chebogue, piracy at 106 ■ . Chetodel sent to tako convicts oiTof Sablo Jbland 10 Chronological Tahlo 242 •' ' -'tV',i'\ Church, Culonel ravages Cumberland 77 — defeated on the River St. John 78 — ravages Minas 82 . * , ,, Chester, state of 239 '. , . , Colonies, date of respective settlements S5 Colville, Lord recaptures St. John's, N. F. 241 Cornwallis, Edward appointed Governor of Nova-Scotia 188, appoints a council 189 — orders Acadians to take the oath of allegiance 151 — oifers a reward for Indian scalps 157— dis- patches Major Lawrence against the Acadians at Bay Vert* Corntoa//t4, state of the township 237 Council appointed at Annapolis 93 — at Halifax 139 — resolutions respecting calling a House of Assemb'y 203 — alter represen- tation 230 , , - , • „ , ,.- . i, Counsellors of N. S. list of 319 Courfff of common law established 163 Cromwell, Oliver order in council to prevent his emigration to America 53 — sends an expedition to take Port Royal 61— makes a grant to La Tour, do. Cumberlandt name given to Beau Sejour 167 — removal of French D^Anville, Duke—an account of his expedition to Nova-Scotia and death 126 I • it D'Jubert 9 Haubre M. lost in the woods at St. Mary's Bay 15— found «.. '.u "i"! JDm/ne, de Cl)ainn6 see Ciiarnii6 / J>eMont$, an account of his vo^af^sa from 11 to 20 2>enyt M. limits of his portion of Nova Scotia 61 — taken pri«oncr by Le Borgne fiO—attackod by GeronJioro 62— his ostabiish-^ ment destroyed by firo, do. JDenitMi. Col. escorts the Acadians of Icing's County to Halifax 241 Des Oautin$, ?iis integrity 72 HeitourntUe, Vice Admiral— bis death at Bedford Basiu 12S> jDmt*, Cape of discovered 16 UnuoTt, th«qhevaJier— hiedcfeno of Louisbiirg 205 JhMiti^ elate of 28» JBmrthquaAf 63. JEmbargo- 240. Falmouth, •*abe of 237 Por/e Marqoia de la Maison, taken prisoner 117~liis letter US- Gilbert, Sir Hump&rey his voyoge 6 ■ i ; Gilbert, Sir John bis dieath 8 Gitneee, description of 6S— taken by a piratical vossol 6& Governors of Nova-Scotia, list of 317 Ooueherville, Madam eends priests to Nova-Scotia 33' Halifax built 130 — attacked by Indiana 150 and 164 — breaetnork erected round it 168 " '• •■''*'•• > Bolborne, Admiral arrives at Halifax 200— his fleet disabled by a atorm 202 . . j^> Mopion, Peregrine succeeds Col. Cotnwallis oa Covernor 163' ;' Ibberville arrives at St. John 75 — takes tlic Newport frigate, do. captures Pemaquid, do. — returns to Newfoundland 76 ■ ^ Je$uH$ arrive at Port Royal, their reception and conduct 31 — treatment received from Biencuiirt 3.1— retire to Mount Do- sart, and are taken prisoners 36— Gilburt du Thct shot, do. Itldians, Encampment of at Port Boyal 27— take the infection at r Bedford Bason 129 — attack Mines 153— Indian captivity 155 tr«at/with 232— trade with 233 , v' :;_ Jonquire, hit expeditiuii to Nova-Scotia 137— defaated by Anion and Warron 183 JTtng't County Militia ordorod lo escort Aoadiani to Halifax 240 Kirk, Sir David lakoN Port Huynl 13— takes La Tour prisoner, do. captures Qiiohoo 40 ^ ^^ .,»(.:, Le IJaive, i)3 31 52 (it (12 (l.i 82 ^ JjOguille, Rivor of diicuvoicit liy Poatroncoiut, and thus named by liiin 18 • ■^'*' La Tour, Cluudo carriud prinoncr to England 43, owns land at St. John rivor 41, bcHJcscM iiii son at Cape Sable. Do. joins a party of Scoltli wlio l.uilJ a Fort opposite to Port Royal 48, obtains n convoyunco uf N. S. from Sir William Alexander, Do. La Tour, Charlos I'ltoinno besieged by hla father 44, obtains exten- sive gronts from the Frencli Government 53, dlssentions with Chorniio Do. souks aid at HuhIuii &4, his fort defended by his Lady against Cliurniko 87, furt captured by Charnise, and his garrison put to death r>8, death of Madam La Tour 69, He quits Nova-Suotia, I)u. roturna and marries the widow cfCharniso (iO, ronoivoi a grunt from Oliver Cromwell 68, sells to Mr. Toinplo (14. Lawranee Deipatchod agulnet French at Bay Vorte 159, assists at taking of Louinburg 204, opens the assembly 210, his procla- mation 221, his doulh 220 Law Martial, 240' Lesearbot arrives at Port Uoyal 22, visits north mountain 23 Le Come arrives nt Uiiy Vorlo, ond erects Fortifications 157 "' '' Livingston, his journey to tjuobcc 8S Liverpool, state of 2:18 Loudon, Lord appointed to tlio comtnand of the army 199, arrives at Halifox 200 Xunmbur/r settled 102, stale of 289 Louiaburg, seo C(tpo Uroton Mambertou 27 29 32 Manival surrenders Port Royal 70 Maaearine, Oovernor opplios to Massachusetts for aid 109 111 orders the Prioat at Minaa to leavo the Province 151 ■o'.^i. ^ VI MasMarhusetts , treaty with Charnise 66, new Charter of 73, Bee Annapolis, Port Royal, Louisburg, &c. Minas ravaged by Colonel Church 82, fortified 152, Col. Noble defeated at 132, expulsion of French from 180 ' ' ' Mill, the first ever built in Nova-Scotia 26 ' ' ' Moneton, Colonel commands expedition against French at Bay Vertel67 Jlfonforgm'e/, his defence of Chcdabucto 71 Mouton, harbour of 13 JHfoystyn, advises the removal of the French 170 »Yelaon, Mr. taken prisoner 74 JVeto France, Company of 47 Newfoundland, 6 .' JVeto Charter of Massachusetts 73 JVetcport, Frigate captured 75 JVicholson, General conquers Nova-Scotia 86, appointed Gov. 92 JVob/e, Colonel attacked and killed at Minas 133 . JVoaxet, 81 jy/oredgewoack, Indians of attacked, oud Pero Ralli killed 105 JVova-Scotia, Name of first appears in grant of Sir WilHam Alex- ander 41, ceded to France 46, captured by Major Sedgwick 61,' ceded to France 64, captured by Sir William Phipps 70, ceded to France 78, captured by General Nicholson 83, in- cluded in New Charter of Massachusetts 73, discussions rela- tive to the boundaries 143, see Acadia, Port Royal, Annapolis, Minaa, Halifax. Order, Le Bon Temps established by champlain 23 Peace, see treaty Pemaquid taken by Razillai 62, taken by Villebon 75 Pentagoet 69 Pepeperal, General his attack on Louisburg 114 Perot ill used by pirates 73 '^ Phillip$, appointed Governor of Nova-Scotia 93, appoints a Coun- cil Do. goes to England 95 Phipps, Sir William biographical sketch of 69, conquers Port Royal Do. captures Fort at Chedabucto 70 Pirates, 68 73 82 Vll * : 4 PigMH, Captain killed with his boats crdw 91 '- ' Pitt, eflfect of hia appointment to the Ministry 203 Pon<gra»fi left at Port Royal 21 * .;.■''- 1 .>•;;? t >•• V Pontrincourt accompanies Demonta 12, selects a residence and calls it Port Royal 15, returns to Franco 18, revisits Nova- Scotia 21, voyage to Cape Cod, and affray with the Indians 23, his return 2S, King confirms liis grant 30 Proe/amatton of Governor Lawrence 220 , J, < . . -sx Quobec taken by Sir David Kirk 46, ceded to France Do. captured by General Wolfe - , .^ Ralli killed at Norridgwoah IOC Samsai/ encamps before Annapolis 129 Razillai arrives at Le Have 51, captures Pemaquid and dies 62 Roche, Marqnis de la lands convicts on Isle of Sable 10 Rossignol, Port of 12 Rous, Capt. sails up the River St. John to attack French Forts 168 Sable Island, description of, convicts landed on 10 Scotch emigrants to Port Royal, fate of 42 Sedgewich, Major attacks Port Royal and La Have 61 62 Shirley, Governor proposes capture of Louisburg 112, repairs thither 122 St. Croix discovered and settled 16, description of 16 do. 79 St. Mary 14 St. John Island, reduction of 123 Subercase, Governor his able defence of Port Royal 84, capitu- lates 86 Temple, Sir Thomas obtains a grant of lands in Nova>Scotia 64, declines yielding up Nova-Scotia to French 65, ordered to obey, do. Tourney takes St. John's, Newfoundland 240 Treaty of Peace at St. Germains 46, Breda 64, Ryswick 73, • Utrecht 91, Aix la Chapelle 134, Paris 242 Vaudrieuel appoints Castine Governor of Nova Scotia 89, his ex- planation of treaty to Indians 101 Vatighan, Col. distinguishes himself at the taking of Louisburg 116 Villibon arrives at Port Royal 72, proceeds to St. John,do., invests vm it tgain 74, takea Jt^: uaquid 76, captured 76, bis letter to Governor of Maasachusetts 8U Vet€h appointed Governor of Novft.>Scotia 88 Verasanii bia voyage 9 ' rfigi/«nf, a Frencb 74, taken 17 Virginia» boundaries of 34 Vivier attacks Canseau 108, Annapolis 110, retires to Mlnas, do. n^arren," Admiral his attack on Louisburg 120— bis force do., ap- pointed Joint Governor with Pepperal 122 > . . ' . ^ WintlotD Col. commands the Now England troops in etpedition '> against Bay Verte 166, removes the French from Minas 176, correspondence of 329 Wolfet Gen. bis landing at Louisburg 205, takes (Quebec 224. ; . 1 »v .e^X'tf^'SJ-^'vt^-'i! i. . t; ,t' tt'Sics^l > %», f Hi. -Ui'.Jr,-^ ,i ■' •-1^') 9i';*{ q-;^« \%v ■ -tV «?«* ,^* •)1»;1 ^< '«'/» 1 ) '»• 10 • l cfjl*!!'!* l: lis letter to ) MinaB, do. ce do., ap- expedition Minas 176, ic 224. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) €^0 1.0 I.I Uit2^ UTS |io ^^" m^t Ui Uii |Z2 Its ■ii u uo 12.0 ImaB ;. P 1'-^ i'-6 ^ 6" ► ff% J% 7 4^W Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WMSTIR.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)S72-4S03 mmm ren^^ ^i*"** Sal% [GoOTt ei^ 'A ihurtf ^ m' •or *o* M^ '^ *s. jS^-J V-il*' C We tq ^^. 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