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 -/ /lV-/-/l\'W,(iWV//IVW- 
 
 THE 
 
 THEORY 
 
 OF 
 
 Dn 
 
 BUG Speaking 
 
 A.N ADDRESS 
 
 I'M 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^■6 
 
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A 
 
 90 7 
 
 
 THK 
 
 THEORY 
 
 OF 
 
 Dtt 
 
 -1 K^ 
 
 BUG Speaking 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 BY 
 
 // 
 
 OKI.IVKIU-.l) Hl.luKK THK TEAClIKRs' INSTITUTE, CIIARI.O I Tl-n OWN 
 rUlN(E EIiWAKI) ISLAND, ON THE IITH lEIilUAKV, 1S99 
 
 CHARLOTTETOWX 
 
 MiMil.EV A: Garnhum, Steam Printers and I',nokl)in(lei ■ 
 
 Lower Queen Street 
 
 1S99 
 
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 lA ' I O 
 
 1^1 
 
 -/, 
 
c 
 
 
 \ / 
 
 CONTEXTS 
 
 PART I 
 
 COXSTkrcTlON AND DKIJVKRV 
 
 Introduction 
 Material 
 Older - 
 Sly It- 
 Memory 
 Delivery 
 Summary 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 2. 3 
 
 3 
 
 3. ^ 
 4.5 
 
 5 
 
 FAR'J II 
 
 AXALVSIS OF A SPKKCH 
 
 Exordium - . . . 
 
 Statement - . . . 
 
 I'roof, — Argument, Testimony, Finding Fault 
 Feruraiioii - - - . 
 
 ("onclusion 
 
 • 6,9 
 
 9 
 9, lo 
 
 10, 12 
 12, 13 
 
 A/ ^^^7 7 
 
THK 
 
 TllEOKV OF PrnLK^ Sl»EAKL\(; 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 PARI' I. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEI.IVKKV. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : — 
 
 I rise to address you on ihe theory of Public Speaking, 
 not persuming at all that I am at ease in the |)ra(tice, or 
 have the art to any degree of perfection. A man may 
 know the theory of swimming, and yet not be able to swim. 
 He may know the theory of book-keeping: but when he 
 has fairly begun to keep a set of books, he may find a great 
 difference between the theory and the practice — and un- 
 doubtly I shall have no little difficulty in presentmg to vcju 
 the theory of public speaking, «eeing that I am conscious 
 that i have not yet mastered ;• practical part ; but it is 
 good for one to have a theoretical knowledge o( any subject, 
 so long as it does not blind his eyes to the importance of 
 its practical side. Theory and practice should go hand in 
 hand, and the fact of a person having one should assist him 
 in gaining the other. 
 
 Now public speaking is such a vast subject, inasmuch 
 as it may be said to touch upon all knowledge, that it is not 
 my intention to go much into detail, and my remarks shall 
 have reference more particularly to a set speech — and I 
 trust I shall be able to edify those of you, who have not 
 given the subject much attention. 
 
MATKRIAI,. 
 
 |jef<jre any one can s|)ffak well on any subject, he must 
 have something to say about it, that is worth hearing. A 
 choice and lluenl collection of high-soundinu terms alone 
 will not do. There must i)e thought, and there must be 
 lvnowle(]ge ! In fact, he must have the material for a 
 speech ; for if he rises merely for the sake of talking, he will 
 be very apt to lire his audience very soon. A house can- 
 not be built without lumber, brick or some such material ; 
 nor can a speech be constructed without ideas and 
 knowledge. 
 
 Now there are various means of gaining knowledge, 
 and of stimulating one's ideas, e. g., by observation, by 
 reading, by thinking, by hearing and by using one's memory. 
 Any ordinary individual, having given a ([uestion not beyond 
 his comprehension a good deal of attention, ought to have 
 the material for at least one speech — in fact, he may be so full 
 of the subject that he will not know how to begin. Having 
 secured material, it will be well for him to write down all 
 that he intends to say, selecting what he considers telling 
 arguments and facts, and rejecting anything weak, trivial or 
 not bearing on the subject. 
 
 ORDER. 
 
 But a house is not built merely by gathering a 
 certain quantity of lumber, brick or stone together ; nor is 
 a speech constructed simply by having the material for one. 
 The next step is to place it in order, by arranging the ideas, 
 facts, arguments, illustrations, and even the very words in 
 such an order as will be calculated to produce the greatest 
 effect. This is a very important matter — it is just as im- 
 portant in the matter of making a speech as the marshal- 
 ing of forces on the field of battle in the art of war ! 
 Take the best passages in English literature, and change 
 the order of the ideas here and there a little, and in many 
 
, 1k' must 
 inng. A 
 nis alone 
 must be 
 ial for a 
 ig, he will 
 Duse ran- 
 iiiaterial ; 
 leas and 
 
 tiowledge, 
 ation, by 
 
 memory. 
 
 ot bevond 
 
 t to have 
 
 ■ be so full 
 
 Having 
 
 down all 
 ers telling 
 
 trivial or 
 
 hering a 
 er ; nor is 
 1 for one. 
 the ideas, 
 
 words in 
 e greatest 
 1st as im- 
 : marshal- 
 
 of war I 
 d change 
 
 in many 
 
 cases the efieci would be completely spoiled. \ot only 
 does the proper arrangement of words, sentences and 
 paragrai)hs produce a good effect on the audience, by reason 
 of ihe rhythm, logical secjueiK e of ideas and clearness in- 
 volved ; but it also gives the speaker a better grasp of his 
 subject, which, while affoiding greater ease to himself, will 
 add more force and authority to his utterance, ^)t' (ourse 
 in throwing the material into the proper order, < arefulness 
 and sound discretion aie re(|uired, and very often it will be 
 found necessary to make changes and eliminations, in order 
 to give to the whole effort a harnv)nious eflect. 
 
 STVI.K. 
 
 Having selected the material and thrown it in order, 
 the ne.\t thing to be attended to is the style. I he very best 
 language should in general be employed— all ungainly com- 
 pounds, slang phrases and obsolete words, or anvthing that 
 would mar the diction of a speech, should be avoided 
 Briefly, suitable words and suitable sentences should be 
 used. Such sentences should not be too long i.r labored, 
 but should reveal dearly and forcibly what the speaker 
 intends to convey. A great deal here will depend c)n the 
 education of the speaker ; natural talent alone will m.t 
 sufifice If he has been accustomed to read the best litera- 
 ture, and to move in cultured society, he ought to have no 
 great difficulty in clothing his ideas with fitting language. I 
 have no hesitation in recommending the practice of reading 
 aloud the work:i of the best English and American writers 
 as a great help lo (jne in the matter of composition. In 
 regard to this topic of style, volumes might be written, and 
 the World's best literature affords a wide range for profitable 
 study 
 
 MKMORV. 
 
 The next step is to use the memory. What is the use 
 of going to the trouble of composing a speech, le-arianging 
 all its paragraphs, sentences and words, and polishing its 
 
language, unless it is done with the view of gaining a better 
 grasp of the subject matter, and of memorising it to a certain 
 extent. At least I think it will be found advisable for one 
 not only to become familiar with the ideas, that are to be 
 expressed, but also with the language that is intended to be 
 used, even sui)posing that in the delivery one does not 
 conform to it word for word. Of course the fact of a person 
 having the ideas properly arranged and fittingly expressed 
 in his own language, will make the task of memorising the 
 substance, general order and diction of a speech, lessditlHcult 
 for him than at first it might appear. While not recom- 
 mending the practice of relying entirely on notes, on account 
 of the breaks that it is apt to make in one's remarks, still it 
 is well to have them'; for even if they are not utilized during 
 the delivery of a speech, they will afford a certain amount of 
 confidence to the speaker, and relieve him of any lurking 
 anxiety caused by the fear of losing the thread of any part 
 of his discourse. 
 
 What I have said, if followed, will involve a great deal 
 of preparation and necessitate no little labor, particularly to 
 beginners, for whom these remarks are chiefly intended ; 
 but the time so devoted will by no means be valueless after 
 the speech, so prepared, is delivered. On the other hand, 
 the speaker will derive some lasting benefit, which will be 
 more apparent, if he has to speak along the same line on 
 some future occasion, which may not unfrequently happen. 
 This habit of thorough preparation, whenever possible, will 
 enable him to speak with more ease and to better advantage 
 than he otherwise would, when there is not time to prepare, 
 such as on some sudden emergency or in the ordinary 
 course of public business. 
 
 DELIVERY. 
 
 The last thing to be considered in this part of the 
 address is the delivery. Demosthenes, the greatest orator 
 that the World ever saw, being asked what were the three 
 
 \ 
 
ng a l)etter 
 
 a certain 
 le for one 
 t are to be 
 ided to be 
 
 1 does not 
 )f a person 
 
 expressed 
 )rising the 
 iss difficult 
 ot reconi- 
 Dn account 
 rks, still it 
 zed during 
 amount of 
 ny lurking 
 if any part 
 
 great deal 
 icularly to 
 intended ; 
 eless after 
 :her hand, 
 ch will be 
 ne line on 
 y happen, 
 ssible, will 
 advantage 
 o prepare, 
 i ordinary 
 
 chief points of eloquence, replied: '-Delivery, delivery, 
 delivery. Voice, countenance and body should conform to 
 the subject in hand, and this, of course, implies considerable 
 painstaking, training, thought and good sense— and here it 
 might be said that the natural tone and natural manner 
 have the greatest effect. A speech should be nothing more 
 than a talk to many. If you or I address a person we use 
 such a tone and such a manner,~if we are addressing two or 
 three people we slightly modify our voice, countenance and 
 gestures to suit the altered circumstances, and as the 
 number increase we change our tone d manner accord- 
 ingly ; so that a speech may be regarded as a talk to a 
 number of people, and the nearer it approaches the conver- 
 sationa tone, the more successful the effect will likelv be 
 other things being equal. 
 
 I have shown that in order to make a speech, first you 
 must have the ma/er/a/, secondly that it should be thrown 
 into such an order as will be calculated to i)roduce the 
 greatest effect, thirdly that the /au^i^fioge emploved should be 
 ^W and s^afa/^/e to the subject, fourthly that the we^iory 
 should be used as far as practicable, and lastly that the 
 ae/i7'ery is the most important point, for bv it the whole 
 effort IS judged; but nevertheless the other'details which I 
 have mentioned should receive careful attention, as on these 
 preliminary steps the success of the delivery will lar-'elv 
 depend. " ^ 
 
 irt of the 
 
 est orator 
 
 the three 
 
PART II. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF A SPEECH. 
 
 A well-constructed speech may be considered under 
 the following arbitrary divisions : i. Exordium. 2 State- 
 ment. 3. Proof. 4. Peroration. 
 
 EXORDIUM. 
 
 The first division, the exordium, is merely an intro- 
 duction, preparing the minds of the hearers for what is to 
 follow. It will be almost useless for the speaker to proceed 
 unless in or after his opening remarks he will have gained 
 the attention, and, if possible, the sympathy of the audience • 
 for otherwise the rest of his speech will be liable to fall flat— 
 and since a favorable hearing is the main object with which 
 an exordium must be composed, it is requisite that in the 
 hrst place the speaker should take into account the probable 
 feelings of the audience to be addressed and their attitude 
 as to whether they will be against him, for him or indifferent! 
 
 When the audience is known to be in the speaker's 
 favor, it should be an easy matter for him to frame such 
 an exordium as will suit the occasion, although it is never 
 well to take too much for granted concerning the indulgence 
 or forbearance of an audience. They should as a general 
 rule be approached in a conciliatory and respectful manner 
 It must be remembered, too, that they have a right to expect 
 something in return for their time and attention. If 200 
 auditors be addressed for thirty minutes, it is evident con- 
 sidering them individually, that 6000 minutes o. 100 hours 
 of their time would be consumed ; so that if a speaker is 
 sometimes inclined to speak nonsensically or in a prosy 
 manner, certainly before a large and intelligent audience is 
 not the place for it ; but this is not always remembered 
 
7 
 
 an intro- 
 
 If the audience should happen to entertain prejudire 
 or hostihty against the speaker, it will be necessary for him 
 to allay those feelings as much as lies in his power, hv 
 pursuing such a course as will tend to gain the good-will ui 
 the hearers at least for the time being: and in order to 
 accomplish this, he may sometimes be obliged to use very 
 great tact and skill; but the circumstances of the case will 
 guide his judgment as to the best mode of procedure. 
 
 If the audience should happen to be in an indifferent or 
 heedless mood, it will be necessary for the speaker to arouse 
 their attention; for instance, by showing that the subject un- 
 der discussion concerns them, or otherwise is worthy of their 
 consideration, or by resorting to some expedient, as the 
 case may require. 
 
 Demosthenes, the most eloquent man at a time when 
 oratory had reached its highest stage of perfection, was in- 
 directly accused by Aeschines, his political oi)ponent, on 
 some technicalities for accepting a golden crown as a reward 
 for services rendered by him to his state, the republic ot 
 Athens; and certainly had Demosthenes failed to make any 
 but a strong and skillful reply, he would have been a ruined 
 man; for his enemy had seized the opportunity of reviewing 
 the whole record of his public and private life, having heap- 
 ed upon him abuse and accusation, based on charges, which 
 were m some degree well-founded, so that when the turn of 
 Demosthenes came to reply, he realized at once how much 
 hatred and prejudice had been stirred up against him bv the 
 speech of his rival— and knowing this, knowing how the 
 
 minds of his fellow-citizens were inflamed against him, he 
 deemea it best to open his defence in this form :— 
 
 "In the first place, ye men of Athens, I make my nraver to all th.. 
 powers of Heaven, that Ruch affection as I have ever invaHab?v dismv 
 
 fhr='^ir°/'"r.'^^? '^"'^//' \!"^ '='^'^«»«' JO" "ow may entertain for n e o„ 
 this present trial : and (what concerns you nearly, wiuit essentKllv on, 
 cerns your religion and your honor) that the gois Zy so disno" your 
 Xor.nU^'r'^ZT^ me to proceed in my defence, not as d?reS by^m v 
 adversary (that would be severe, indeed !l but by the laws and hv vmir 
 oath; in which, to all the other equitable clausL%Ve find tht cxpVess"v 
 
8 
 
 as l.is choice or judgment. n5^EtS^ >" ^o'"i»«t J.is plcadinx 
 
 'ivJ'JSir^}^;-^ eSSci^tS;i""^!V'r '^'^^•'"'^'^^^ - ^'- '—• 
 
 ontest yvc are on tern.s ul tcr y fneo ml- fo • h;..v' ^° 'i!"' '"'«'-e^ts in the 
 ' eq"'-!' '"'port, for rne to be dopri vTof v m r f/ 'r*' ^*' "° ""^'"^^ ""'"ts 
 be defeated in his proscraition As to ine C wh. '°i"'* '""* '"'' '•'"" f« 
 defense, let me suppress evcrvihino-M .i. ^"^' ^ ""' entenngon mv 
 
 this the advantage of my ad versa- v^ Tn he nevfnt^'" '^^ \ "^'"^^ l>« " f 
 ura disposition of mankind thni .,.„l..' '^'^P''^'^*'' '^"ch a the nat- 
 w.th pleasure, vvhile they who speal^hoirnw 'M'«"sation are heard 
 
 impatience. His. then, is the naVi wh ini " Pnuses are received with 
 
 anc,^• that which nu.st prove offensveS Pv'.Vnv''^'^','^ favorable accept 
 for me. If, to guard airainst this hI.. .h , V '"'^^ ^'"^''^ hearer is reserved 
 tion of my own actioifsf rknow not W wh'n^^^^ ' •''''°H''' '''-'«""^' "U ''" n 
 eharge or establishniv pretensions tnViwt'^^ """VL^ ^ f'""W refute the 
 I enter into a detail of m^So e"cond uct ''nH v'", "^' ".» ^'"^ "^her hand! 
 be obliged to speak perpetually of msoM^^^ 'h .n'^Ha'"*^ political, I mus 
 to preserve all possible .nSatfon and what .h./.'"' ^ "'"'" ^n.leavor 
 
 of .sacrificing his manhood or Hi<,nifu i^ appearance 
 
 san,e kind ol skill .iuougSu, is « ciTZ' su'^^^h '"' 
 
 a rev..ls.on of public opinion against S hr he ^afnU^J^ 
 
 «s received wi.h nn,'/ Ltr".' ;1 f "'tr- Wid' t 
 how „,us, y.„ have been affe^'ed had you heard him' 
 
imports not 
 fi inipartial- 
 aing parties 
 li'S pleadin}< 
 
 1 tlii^ cause. 
 re.'.tH in tlie 
 leans points 
 for him to 
 eriiigon niv 
 iJust bo of 
 is the nat- 
 ure heard 
 reived with 
 bio accept- 
 is reserved 
 ne all niin- 
 refute the 
 titer hand, 
 al. I must 
 endeavor 
 ces of the 
 o him who 
 
 lie relies 
 lly seeks 
 pearance 
 ^ing the 
 eded in 
 ng their 
 'limit ted 
 ordingly 
 in legal 
 id such 
 obhged 
 which 
 Demos- 
 
 ic, and 
 I deliv- 
 lewhat, 
 which 
 aid he, 
 d him 
 
 deliver it?" Such was his tribute to theelf)(iuence of Denios^ 
 thenes. It is conceded, by the way, that the Speech on the 
 Crown is the greatest effort in o;atory that was ever delivered ; 
 and its high merit as a rhetorical composition has been 
 recognized and praised by such an eminent scholar as was 
 the late William E. Gladstone. 
 
 In composing an exordium one should closely examine 
 the conditions, under which every single speech of any con- 
 sequence is to be delivered, such conditions as centre around 
 the speaker, the audience, the lime and the place. The 
 study of the best examples, ancient and modern, can also 
 be recommended, and as the exordiums of the best speeches 
 are not very long, (in fact length is generally considered a 
 fault), this will involve no great labor; but above all I 
 advise continual i)ractice. 
 
 STATEMENT. 
 
 The statement of facts is the next division of a speech, 
 but does not call for any lengthy treatment. It should 
 be clear, concise and probable, setting forth all that the 
 audience should know, with the view of their having an 
 intelligent understanding of the question and the arguments 
 bearing thereon. The language here should be plain and 
 unadorned. 
 
 PROOF. 
 
 The next division is the proof, which may be subdivided 
 into argument, testimony, and finding fault. The general 
 method of procedure for a speaker is first to establish his 
 own arguments, and then to overthrow those of his opponent 
 logically and in a regular manner— and under this division 
 of proof, which will comprise the main part or body of 
 a speech, there will be ample scope for the exercise of one's 
 ability to the extent of its capacity, by bringing forward telling 
 arguments and weighty evidence, by using well chosen 
 examples and illustrations, by occasionally relating a story or 
 
10 
 
 soh.,.thi,,>f diir,.n.,,t from wha hos.v'''"'il° ^^^ >"'«icrstood as mkmuu e 
 
 ■^OMiotiiiies ovo„ ,,„,,rv V,! *^'^- '!^ "fton takes a bolcler lio<>i Jb ii„ • 
 
 Moreover, in this connection such <:tnHio , • 
 
 ence. h.story and philosoph;";! "', ovetVuf T'h "' 
 
 and the person of limited and defectivi n ' '' .^''''''^'~ 
 almost invariably yield in -irlZ^lnA \^ '"^"■'"''»''on ni .si 
 an.l attainments '-^--g^ment to the man of learning 
 
 PERORA'IION. 
 
 Jll-e peroration is ,he conclusion of a speech. A speaker 
 
 * I)'! Oratore, XL. — 
 
II 
 
 should always aim at making a good beginning; but a good 
 ending is of paramount importance, as it will tend to tarry 
 the audience with him. On the other hand a poor ending 
 will create a sense of dissatisfaction in the hearers, and may 
 sjKjil the effect of a speech well constructed and almost 
 faultless in other respects. In the peroration ornate lan- 
 guage will usually find a place, great latitude being here 
 allowed to a sjjeaker in the use of figures of speech, as well 
 as in giving exi)ression to exalted sentiments, in exaggerating 
 his side of the (juestion, in heightening the effect, in work- 
 ing on the feelings of his hearers, in influencing their will 
 or arousing their energies, and even in stirring uj) their pas- 
 sions, as the case may justify. 
 
 Enumeration, which is merely the summarizing of the 
 chief points that have previously been made by a si)eaker, 
 is not nnfreqently employed as a fitting way in which to 
 bring a speech to a close, with the view of refreshing the 
 memories of the hearers. 
 
 In regard to this division it is very difficult to lay 
 down particular rules. A si)eaker's good sense ought 
 to suggest what is suitable to any ^ special occasion. 
 Moreover, one can master such details only partially 
 by precept. Practice will give ease and expertness ; 
 while example must be our chief guide. The perorations, 
 then, of the most finished speeches of the greatest orators 
 should be read, analyzed and studied. 
 
 Perhaps we cannot do better than to quote,as an example 
 of a telling peroration, the one with which Demosthenes 
 wound up his celebrated oration on the Crown : — 
 
 "There are two distinguished qualities. .Athenians, which tiie virtuous 
 (Mtizen should ever possessed speak in general terms, as the least 
 invidious method of doing justice to myself »-a zeal for the honor and 
 pre-eminence of the state in his olHcial conduct : on all occasions and in 
 all transactions, an affection for his country. This nature can bestow. 
 Annitic^saTKl success depend on another power. And in tlii> aired ion 
 you find me firm and invariable. Not the solemn demand of mv person • 
 not the vengeance of the Amphictyonic Council, which they denounced 
 against nie : not the terror of their threatenings; not the flattery of their 
 
12 
 
 skillful arrangement no donhf a '^"^""^"ts and their 
 to the effect fhaTth ^ neroraHon f "'. u" '°'^" ^^'"^ '^^^ «« 
 time. Is there not thp no? ? '"'^ ^^''^ produced at the 
 through t anland c^n ? ""^ '''''T^ ^^ ^ ^•^f«'- running 
 after *the de ive y of such sr.Th" ''"T' ""^^"'"^ '^'^ f«ef 
 their eyes about for a Zi J ^^^ denunciation, casting 
 
 wrath/ How could tf^'lits:"!^"" ^^^ '"P^"^'"^ 
 quence ! How mn^f th! ^'t'^^tand his outburst of clo- 
 the side o7 Demosthenes'h?' "i^'^'''^ ^^^" ^^^-" to 
 power, which caTbe perceived .v' '"'T''^^' ^'•^^«^*^''^' 
 guage-and is it an/wSe tht A .'" ^^\translated lan- 
 
 cutor, was forced to^oTmoilnomlniT' '^^ ^'''^ P^'^^^" 
 iw go into Ignominious banishment ? 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 cause .,„,e . „».i„„ ^r:„;or ;ish"e"'r ^i^^o^s 
 
u 
 
 acquainted with the theory of public speaking, let him study 
 books on the subject, of which there are no small number, 
 some of them containing invaluable suggestions ; and let him 
 not neglect to read Cicero's dk okaiork, either translated 
 or in the original, and other rhetorical works of that author. 
 Many of the principles laid down by him are embodied in 
 this address. 
 
 Now, it is scarcely necessary to refer to the utility of the 
 art ; for a knowledge of it is certainly useful at business 
 
 nmgf 
 
 m con\ 
 
 parii 
 
 it^ 
 
 :ieti 
 
 th( 
 
 meet 
 
 pulpit, at the bar— not forgetting the lecture desk — and 
 furthermore, it is said that the orator in every age and in 
 every country has risen to distinction. Do we not see the 
 power of public speaking, in this century alone, exemplified 
 in the lives of Peel, Webster, Disraeli, Lincoln, (iladstone - 
 and even, in our own little Province, in the lives of Whelan 
 and Davies? Is it not, then, a subject worthy of our con- 
 sideration ? Why is it, I ask, so much neglected in our 
 schools and colleges ? We know that it was part of the 
 curriculum of education of those Roman and Oreek writers, 
 whose works, many centuries after they were written, are 
 admired and studied in the universities of the world. When 
 these works, through the agency of the art of printing be- 
 came more diffused, did not England, did not Europe, and 
 in fact the world, enter on a new era of intellectual activity 
 and progress? Will any of the vaunted systems of education 
 in vogue at the present day produce results, so glorious, so 
 transcendental, and at the same time so palpable? Such 
 matters, such questions, and my whole address, Teachers of 
 the City of Charlottetown, I leave for you to consider.