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Lee diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. y errata ).' to nt ne pelure, ipon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ JAMES CAMPBELL & SON'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES, FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ARITHMETIC. SMITH & M'MURCHYS ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC $o 25 " •• ADVANCED " o 50 STODDARD'S INTELLECTUAL ARITHMETIC o 25 ENGLISH. ABBOTT'S HOW TO PARSE 075 BROOKE'S, REV. STOPFORD, ENGLISH LITERATURE o 30 CHAMBERS'S ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY i 00 CHASE'S NOTES -TO THE FOURTH READER (for High School Entrance Examindtion, Ontario). o so COLLIER'S HISTORY Of^ ENGLISH LITERATURE 1 00 DOWDEN'S SHAKESPE.\RE PRIMER o 30 MORRIS AND BOWEN'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXER- CISES : O 30 MORRIS' ENGLISH GRAMMAR o 25 SWINTON'S NEW LANGUAGE LESSONS o 35 GEOGRAPHY. CAMPBELL'S MODERN GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS o 75 CALKIN'S JUNIOR GEOGRAPHY. z8 full-page Maps, beau- tifully coloured, (in the Press) o 50 GROVE'S PRIMER OF GEOGRAPHY o 30 GEIKIES PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY PRIMER o 30 TOZERS PRIMER OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY 30 HISTORY. BOYD'S SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY o 20 COLLIER'S HISTORY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE o 50 " OUTLINES OF GENERAL HISTORY o 75 EDWARDS' SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY o 13 FREEMAN'S GENERAL SKETCH OF EUROPEAN HISTORY ; I 00 FREEMAN'S HISTORY OF EUROPE (Primer) o 30 GREEN'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND (Primer). shortly o 30 JEFFERS' HISTORY OF CANADA^Primer). shortly o 30 GENERAL HISTORY OF CANADA o 60 THOMPSON'S, EDITH, HISTORY OF ENGLAND (Nsw Edition) o 65 MATHEMATICS. COLENSO'S ALGEBRA (Part I.) o 50 •• " Key to 075 POTTS' ELEMENTS OF EUCLID, with Examination Papers o 50 YOUNG'S EUCLID, Book I o 13 " Books L and II . o 15 SCIENCE. 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Books L and II o 30 iEVON'S LOGIC (Primer) o 30 lORELL'S ESSENTIALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, with Exercises o 30 MORELL'S LARGER GRAMMAR, with Exercises o 60 MORRIS' ENGLISH GRAMMAR o 25 MORRIS' INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR o 75 MILTON'S PARADISE LOST, Books I. and II., with notes by Storr o 35 MILTON'S PARADISE LOST, with notes bv Hunter o 60 Ross o 75 Edmonstoii o 75 PEILE'S PHILOLOGY (Primer) o 30 STORMONTH'S ETYMOLOGICAL AND PRONOUN- • CING DICTIONARY 3 35 SMITH'S, DR. W., MANUAL OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR i 00 SMITH'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED o 35 SWINTON'S NEW I \NGUAGE LESSONS o 25 HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES. CAMPBELL'S MODERN GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS, new edition, revised and corrected to date b 75 CREIGHTON'S HISTORY OF ROME (Primer)..... o 30 FREEMAN'S GENERAL SKETCH OF EUROPEAN HIS- TORY I 00 FYFFE'S HISTORY OF GREECE (Primer) o 30 JOHNSTON'S UNRIVALLED GENERAL ATLAS 1 00 CL/,oSICAL " 1 00 WORLD ATLAS, 34 Maps .*. 1 50 CLASSICAL ATLAS, 23 Maps i 50 SCHOOL ATLAS OF GENERAL GEO- GRAPHY.... , 3 75 JAMES CAMPBELL 6- SON, TORONTO. $■ \ CaoiskU's CanaMan Stxitt sf ^t^ool ^tmh. HISTORY OF CANADA. VOB THE USE OF SCHOOLS. Lit J. FRITH JEFFERS, B.A. TORONTO ! JAMES CAMPBELL k SON, 1875. I n ? u f< r^\^ '*<.. Entered according to ihe Act ot the 'ParV.nment of fnnada, In the year on» tVioiisL'.ml cijirht Iniiidred and suvt»i)t/-five, by JA.MKa Campbbll, in th* office of the ilirister of Ajjriculturo, HUNTBK, ROgB & Co., PlUNTKIlS, TOKONTO. 173787 PREFACE. Thtc immediate production of a " History of Canada " has been duggested by I he rocont action of the Council of Public Instruction for Ontario ; but the remote irteution of the work was conceived, and kept in mind, during years of teaching in our Provincial Schools. It is now presented to the public in the hope that it may prove of acceptable assistance to the teacher, the pupil, and me general reader. Its aim ^.8 to trace the developmont of the CIAZ. 11 contrary winds, in a south-westerly direction to the coast of the American continent, and transient visits may have fol- lowed such accidental discovery ; but all benefits, that might arise from any permanent settlement, were lost through the prevailing ignorance and* superstition, and on account of the narrow limits of commercial enterprise, consequent upon the^ imperfect state of geographical knowledge at that time. But not only were Europeans, in the century preceding Columbus, ignorant of the existence of this western world ; their notions were worse than crude with regard to the eastern portion of Asia, and the coast-line of Central and Southern Africa. Superstition peopled these distant lands with monsters of humanity, and the seas with supernatural terrors and dangers sufficient to deter the moat curious ex- plorer or the bravest mariner ; while the charts by which navigators pursued their watery way in search of wealth or distinction, were calculated rather to mislead and discourage, than to guide the sailor to a haven of security, or better still, to the distant India, the object of so many fond aspirations and golden hopes. But a brighter day was beginning to dawn. The demand for the products of the east, and the flourishing trade already carried on by the Venetians and certain states on the Mediterranean, began to incite other nations, and Portugal in particular, to attempt the discovery of some readier route by which eastern traffic might be brought to Western Europe. For this purpose Joam II. of Portugal, in 1480, commis- sioned Bartholomew Diaz to proceed with a squadron on a voyage of exploration to the south, while others were sent overftind "to trace the Venetian commerce in drugs and spices to its source, and to ascertain whether it were possible for ships to sail round the extremity of Africa to India." Diaz, after encountering numerous difficulties, beheld the southern point of Africa at a distance, and returned to Portugal in 1487 to announce his success. So great was the delight of king Joani at this discovery, that he named the point, the " Cnpe of Good Hope." 12 MARCO POLO., Previous to this, however, the tiravels of Marco Polo, in 1275, had informed Europe of the existence of a sea to the east of Asia, and of the island of Cipango or Japan, which facts now recalled in connection with the discovery of Diaz, led the learned to speculate on the probability of reaching the eastern coasts of Asia and India by sailing westerly across the Atlantic. But so imperfect were the charts of the time, that the distance to be traversed between these lands was represented at less than half the actual measurement. There existed no knowledge of the currents and prevailing winds of the Atlantic, and whoever should attempt the voyage, must do so with resolute fortitude and a supreme conviction of his ultimate success. COLUMBUS. 13 CHAPTER II. COLUMBUS. (BOBN ABOUT 1430, DIED 1606) His early lite and studies. At the Court of Portugal. Refused by Portugal and England. Accepted by Spain. Arrives at the Bahamas. Hayti and Cuba. His other voyages. Death and burial. The series ot discoveries thus inaugurated by the Porijuguese, aroused Europe from its state of lethargy, and immediately numbers of adventurous spirits from other countries re- paired to Lisbon, seeking to share in the honor and fortunes of the mariners of King Joam. One of these spirits ^as Christopher Columbus. n * This remarkable man was bom in Genoa, somewhere about A.D. 1430, and from an early age evinced a choice for mari- time pursuits. He eagerly acquired whatever was then known of Geography and the art of Navigation ; while by con- stant service in the navy of his own country, or in the mer- chant marine of the neighboring states, he became appreciated as a confident and experienced seaman. The problem of reach- ing the coasts of India by sailing westward from Europe was early suggested to the mind of Columbus, by his studies and observation. He first communicated his opinion to the Genoese government, but being regarded as a visionary, he turned to Portugal with his daring project and with his offer to prove its truth or fallacy. He was well received at the Portuguese capital, where his intelligence, self-reliance, and nautical skill were well known, and where he had previously married the daughter of Pere- strello, the discoverer of Madeira. But Ortis, bishop of Ceuta, acted not only meanly but treacherously towards Columbus, for, not content with thwarting his plans, by appeals to the Bible against his views, and deriding these as chimerical, he also hoped to deprive him of the honor of discovery, by 11 14 COUHTLY PATEONAGE. sending a vessel under a Portuguese pilot, in the direction pro- posed by Columbus. But the pilot had neither the genius nor the fortitude required for such an undertaking, and returned to port, thereby causing the bishop to fail in his treacherous attempt. In the meantime Columbi^s was not dismayed. Thoroughly convinced of the fact of the sphericity of the earth, he employed his time in making charts and globes, up- on which he improved the system cf longitude then in use, thereby greatly assisting the Portuguese in their voyages of adventure. He also accompanied them to the Southern and Northern seas, accumulating experience, and becoming more strongly convinced of the feasibility of his darling project. It is said that in one of these voyages he heard from the Ice- landers their talos of a western world, but supposed it to be some outlying islands of Asia, probably the Gipaiigo or Japan of Marco Polo. The Court of Portugal, however, refused -to give Columbus any assistance, and after weary years of waiting he turned to Spain. At the same time he sent his brother Bartuolemew to England, to make proposals to Henry VII. ; but that monarch was as reluctant as others, and it was not until after several years of attendance at the English Court, that Bartholomew was enabled to secure the promise of any aid, and when at last he started with Henry's offers to his brother in Spain, he heard at Paris that Christopher had already discovered the new continent. Columbus had been obliged for eight years to plead before the Court of Spain, ere he succeeded in persuading the noble Queen Isabella to fit out the expedition by which he gave her a new empire. To do this she was obliged to pawn her jewels, in order to obtain the necessary money, King Ferdinand re- fusing even to listen to the proposals of the Genoese mariner. The fleet consisted of three small vessels, only one of which was decked over. The crews numbered altogether only one hundred and twenty men ; but Columbus was ably supported by three brothers, of the name of Pinzon, who accompanied the expedition, having embarked their whole estate in it. On Friday, the 3rd of August, 1492, Columbus and his HIS \OYAQES. 15 companions set sail from the port of Palos, and being wafted along by the Trade winds, arter a voyage pleasant but for the mutiny of his sailors, discoyei.^:d the Island of San 1492. Salvador or Gnanahani, one of the Bahamas, on the 12th of October, in the same year. He had achieved the grand object of his hopes with no chart to guide him, with no knowledge of the prevailing currents and winds of mid-ocean, and was startled when, in the vicinity of the Equator, he beheld the variation of the compass, a pheno- menon before unwitnessed. But he was upheld amid all dij£culties by his own genius and instinctive judgment, * united with an unfaltering confidence in an overruling Pro- vidence directing his course. In this first voyage Columbus also discovered Hayti and Cuba. His intercourse with the natives was friendly, and one of his vessels having been wrecked, he obtained permission to build a fort on the north side of Hayti, where he left a colony of thirty men, with various stores. With the remain- ing two vessels he now returned home, taking with him some of the natives, and specimens of gold, cotton, and other pro- ductions of the New World. Still believing he had only touched on some of the islands of Asia, he called the natives, Indiana, a name which thus became applied to the inhabitants of the whole continent. After a stormy passage he arrived at Lisbon, and at once hastened to Spain to inform his bene- factors of his success, and lay their new acquisitions at their feet. He was received with every mark of respect, and be- came the recipient of the highest honors. Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, namely the second time between the years 1493 and 1496, the third in 1498, and the last from 1502 to 1504, Hereafter neither money nor men were wanting to fit out expeditions, and many adventurers of noble blood now sough-; the wealth of the West. During these voyages Columbus carefully ex- plored the West Indian Archipelago, and the western coasts of the Gulf of Mex'co, taking possession of all the land in the name of Spain. He discovered the continent of America in August, 1498, and should have been honored by having it 16 AMBUIGO VESPUCCI. named after himself. But Oc^mbus was unf 'rtitnate enough to have made Fonseja, bishop of Burgos, a more bitter enemy to himself than was even Ortis, bishop of Ceuta. Fonseca aided Amerigo Vespucci, an able but unpripoipled adven- turer, by means of forged charts and mis-statemen^» i.o as- sume the credit of Iraving preceded Oolumbus in the discovery of the main-land. Hence the name America. But the truth was that Vespucci did not sail from Spain on his first voyage until 1499, several months after Columl'us had disco veied the continent. Through js^alousy Columbus received much ill-usage in his old age. At one time being sent to Spain in irons, he was so overcome with the insult, that he never recovered his usual composure of mind, and in his will ordered these emblems of hiiman gratitude to be buried with him. He died at Valladolid, in Spain, in 1506, and after several removals, his body now lies beneath a monimxental tomb in the Oathedral of Havana, in Cuba. ty. iOUJSf OABOT. U CHAPTER III. 'OTHSK IHSC0VEEIE8. — 1496-1539. The effect of the voyages of Columbus. England, John Cabot. Sebastian Cabot. His voyages under Spain. Fincon. Corteroal. Discovery of the Paclflo. Cortez, Mexico. Magellan. De Soto. The memorable discovery of the first voyage of Columbus created astonishment in Em ope, but did not at once incite other nations to follow it up with efforts of their own. But when voyage after voyage was made by Columbus and his companions, with the unvarying result of new discoveries, each surpassing the former in wealthj importance, and ex. tent, the other nations awakened to the facts that Spain was increasing her territory by a continent, and drawing untold , wealth from inexhaustible sources. Tien a feeling of emulation aroused the maritime powers of Europe. The first in the field was Henry VII. of England, whose tardiness in listening to the proposals of Columbus, had lost him the opportunity of immortalizing himself by patronizing the discovery of a new world. In 1496 this monarch accepted the offer of John Cabot, a Venetian navigator, to proceed on a voyage to America, and commissioned him " to discover islands and countries either of Gentiles or Infidels, which had hitherto been unknown to aU Christian people ; and to take possession of, and to set up his standard in the same, as vaiwals of the Crown of England ; and to return with mer- chandise to the Port of Bristol." In the spring of 1497, Cabot sailed from Bristol, and on the 24th of June, reached New- foundland, which he named Prima Vista Terra. He also touched at Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, 1497. which he called St. John, from being seen on the festival of that Saint. These lands w6re taken possession of, in the name of Henry VII., and as the result 18 dEBASTJAN CABOT. I of Cabot's oxpedibion, the English laid claim to having first discovertid the mainland of the continent "* America, more than a year before Columbus. The older Cabot dying in 1497, his sou Sebastian, who be- came a m ore celebrated navigator than his father, received a .lew patent from the King, and with a large ship fitted out at Henry's expense, sailed from Bristol in 1498, to discover a North-west passage to India. Ho reached as far north as 67° 30', but being unable to proceed farther, he turned south- ward, and explored the coast of North America as far as 38° North latitude. He thus became the discoverer of Florida, although Ponce de Leon afterwards, in 1612, took possession of it in t;he name of Spain. Sebastian Cabot re-named New- foundland, Bacal^os, from the abundance of cod-fish he saw in the vicinity of its coasts. From the circumstance of Baca* leos being the Indian, as well as the Breton name for cod-fish, some writers have supposed that Breton fishermen had visited the shores of the St. Lawrence pieviously to the Cabots. When Sebastian Cabot returned to England, he found Henry VII. engaged in war with Scotland, regarding the pre- tensions of Perkin Warbeck, and totally indifferent to giving any further encouragement to discoveries in America. How- ever, Cabot is said to have made several voyages to these coasts, and even to have entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1502. Still unsuccessful in gaining a renewal of Henry's patronage, he went out in the service of Spain, discovered the La Plata river in 1526, and explored the southern part of Brazil. Meeting with ingratitude from Charles V., Em- peror of Germany and King of Spain, Cabot returned to England, where Edward VI. conferred on him the title of " Grand Pilot of England," and made him the recipient of the tlfen large pension of £1 66 13s 4d. The next European power in the order of discovery in the Western Hemisphere was Portugal. In 1500, the same year in which Cabral was carried by an ocean-current to the coast of Brazil, Gaspard Cortereal visited the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland, and is said to have sailed as far north as Greenland. During a second voyage in which he is reported i CORTEZ IN MEXICO. 19 )art l!m- to e of bt of to have reached Hudson Strait, he was lost, and his brother Michael shared a similar fate in 1602, while searching for him. In honor of these two brothers, the Labrador coast was for a long time known as Terra Corter6alis, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was named by the Portuguese, the Gulf of the two brothers. In 1513, Balboa, the Governor of a Spanish colony on the isthmus of Darien, discovered the Pacific Ocean. This new fact at once dispelled the illusion of Europeans, that they had been exploring the Western boundaries of the continent of Asia. Juan Ponce de Leon, in 1512, took possession of Florida in the name of the King of Spain. He gave this new territory the name of Florida, on account of the llowery bloom of its coast, and also from the fact, that it was first beheld by him, on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida. But the most remarkable man of his time, and by far the ablest of the Spanish adventurers was Fernando Cortez. He is celebrated for the re-discovery and conquest of Mexico, in 1520. This Empire was situated far inland from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and was distinguished for the fertility of its soil, its genial climate, and the richness of its mines of precious metals ; as well as for its semi-civilization, which developed itself in the erection of buildings magnificent in their rude, but massive architecture, and in the fortification of their capital, which was pleasantly located on the shores and islands of a small inland lake. The monarch of this Empire was Montezuma, whose sad fate has become the thieme of many a pathetic tale. The people inhabiting this country were descended from ii^e Aztecs, and called them- selves Mexicanos after Mexictl, their war-;jod. They did not differ in any material traits from the other nations of the riew world. All traces of them are now extinct, and we can only judge of their peculiar genius and national characteristics, by the many architectural monuments which yet remain to attest their former greatness. The discovery by Balboa, of an ocean lying to the west of America, far from discouraging any further attempts to reach 20 MAGELLAN— DB SOTO. f ndia in that direction, only produced enthiisiAsm in adven- turous spirits to explore the new sea, and gain a knowledge of its wonders. For this purpose, and also to obtain a more intimate acquaintance with the outline of South America, an expedition was fitted out under the patronage of Charles V. of Spain. The direction was given to Magellan, who set sail from Seville, in August 1519, and after spending several months coasting along Brazil, continued his voyage southward and doubled Capo Horn, by passing through the svrait which bears his tiame. Wind and weather in his favor, he at length reached the Ladrone Islands, and in commemoration of his pleasant voyage, named the vast ocean over which he had just passed, the Pacific. He next discovered the group to which he gave the name of Philippines, in honor of the former King of Spain. Here Magellan was killed in a contest with thei natives, and the expedition devolved upon his Lieu- tenants ; but these with only one ship continued their voyage, and passing around the Cape of Good Hope, arrived in Spain, in September, 1522, the voyage having occupied a little over three years. Ti: s was Columbus's theory regarding the shape of the earth demonstrated by actual experiment. The last of Spanish discoverers in North America was De Soto, who, appointed Governor of Florida in 1539, pursued his investigations of the country far inland, even along the banks of the Missouri ; but returning by way of the Missia- sippi, he sickened and died, and his body was silently sunk beneath its murky waters, for fear of t^he hostile Indians. CANADA. 21 CHAPTER IV. irttKNOH EXl'LORATIONS. 1506* Tho French viHit the Daiika of Newfoundland. 1618. Baron Do LCry atlompts tho Settlomont of Acadia. 1621. Verazzanl's Explorations. 1534. Ja'quos Carticr's flrit voyage— Discovert Bay of Chalourg. I535« Second V jyago— DiHcovera and names the St. Irly history of Canada. At present there are only remnants of these remaining. After the Revolutionary war many of the " Six Nations " received grants of land in Canada, and formed settlements on the Grand River, the River Thames, on the Bay of Quinte, and at Caughnawaga, near the boundary line between Quebec and New York. A > lage of the Hurons exists near the City of Quebec, while the Ojibways possess settlements at Rice Lake, Sarnia, Mani- toulin Islands, aiid various other places. 34 M. DB LA BOCUfc!. I CHAPTER VI. CHAMPLAIN. 1598. The Marquis do lu Kuchc attempts a sottltmont in Acadia. 1500. PontjLrrav6 and CImuviii acquiro monopoly of tho fur traUo. 1000. Chauvhi forms a. seltlamunt at Tadousaau. 1003. Champlaih'H first voyage. U6 Chastes, Govorncr of Canada. 1004. Do MontH sailH to Bay of Fundy. Poutrincourt founds Port Royal. 1608. Chainplaln foundt* et** 1611. Clianiplain names Place Koyale. 1612. Champlain appointed Uovernor. 1015. R6colIct fathers come to Canada. Discovery of Lako Ontario. 1622. Treaty of Peace witli tho Irocjuois. 1637. Company of " Ono Hundred Associates." IC'iO. Quebec surrendcrcil to Kirke. 1032. Treaty of St. Germain-en-Layc. 1636, Champlain died. First College at Quebec Although the sad fate of Roberval discouraged the be- stowal of royal patronage towards the colonization of Canada, Breton fishermen still continued to fish in the waters adja- cent to Newfoundland, and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This pursuit proved very profitable to the Bretons, while other private or associated ventures upon the adjoining coasts de- veloped the fact, that a lucrative traffic in pelts or furs might be maintained with the natives. Indeed, so regular had be- come the visits of certain of these traders thv,. irarious places had become accustomed rendezvous, where tl^e trader met the native hunter and, for a small consideration, purchased furs most valuable in European markets. The fisheries, but more especially the fur-trade, at last drew the attention of the French once more to the New Wr -Id ; and when the energetic Henry IV. succeeded to the throne he at onco projected an effort to found a 1598- colony. The Marquis de la Roche was invested by the king with the title of Lieutenant-General of Canada, Acadia, and lands adjoining, with full powers of government, and was especially authorized to break up tho I'ONTOHAVK dllAUVIN, 36 indopoudont trallic '>f tho morchants of St. Maid, and mon- opoli/o tho fur-trado to himaolf and his expedition. Empowered to impress in every port all ships and sailors he might think necessary for tho expedition, a largo iloet was soon collected ; but few voluntoora could bo found willing to risk their lives and fortunes, where so many had already been lost ; and it bocame necessary for tho lieutenant-general to permit convicts to embax'k in the ex- pedition as colonists. Nearing tho coast of Acadia, tho marcjuis, afraid lest the convict portion of his colony should desert him as soon as they reached land, left forty of them on Sable Island, a desolate sand-bank, about one hun- dred and fifty miles from tho coast, while he proceeded with hi« fleet to select a suitable place for a settlement. Return- inig thence ho was caught in a tempest, which drove him htilplessly before it to the coast of France. The poor con- victs, thus left to their own resources, led a miserable ex- islence, living on such fish and seal's fiesh as they could procure, and sheltered by a hut constructed from the wreck of a vessel. De la Roche having fallen into the hands of an enemy, it was not until seven years afterwards that Henry learned their situation from him, and immediately despatched Chedotel, the pilot of the expedition, to bring such of tho poor convicts as might survive, back to France. Out of forty , only twelve wei'e found alive, and the king, pitying their sad fortunes, pardoi.od their former offences, and gave each the sum of fifty crowns. The marquis died of chagrin at tho failure of his* project, and the loss of his foiI:une. Meanwhile the merchants of Dieppe, Rochelle, Rouen, and St. Malo began to have rival interests in the fur traffic, and one Pontgrave, of St. Malo, hoping to secure a monopoly therein, sought the co-operation of a master mariner, named Chauvin, who had large influence at court. This gentleman, in 1599, secured to himself a royal grant of all the powers conceded to the Marquis de la Roche in the previous year. Pontgrave arid Chauvin, in return for the monopoly of the fur- trade, engaged to settle a colony of five hundred persons in Canada ; but the energy recjuisite for such an u ndertaking i 36 M. DE CHASTES — CHAMPLAIN. was not forthcoming, and the only attempt at colonization was made in 1600, when Chauvin brought out sixteen emi- grants and landed them at Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, but so meagrely supplied that, only for the kind- ness of the Indians, they would have perished in the ensuing winter. The two partners, ho tvever, made two voyages very profitable in the cargoes of furs which they took to France, In the third voyage Chauvin died (1603), leaving as a me- morial a stone house, or depot, at Tadoussac. Upon the death of Chauvin, De Chastes, Governor 1603- of Dieppe, became Ihe third lieutenant-general, and proceeded to organize a company of wealthy mer- chants, several of whom belonged to Rouen, for the purpose of prosecuting the fur trade. Three vessels were fitted out, and the command given to Samuel de Champlain, a distin- guished naval officer, who was destined from this commence- ment to become the founder of French dominion in that Canada, which Cartier had discovered some sixty years be- fore. With him in the conduct of the expedition was asso- ciated Pontgravd, the experience of whose several voyages was considered indispensable to its success. After a plea- sant voyage they arrived at Tadoussac, and, in complianco with their instructions, at once proceeded to explore the St, Lawrence as far as possible. Touching at Three Kivers and Hochelaga, which had now dwindled into insignificance, they attempted to pass the rapids, now known as the Lachine,and so called by Champlain, who supposed that, by pursuing the direction of the St. liawrence up, he should discover a water passage to China — a la Chine. Landing here, he and Pont- grav^ surveyed and explored a large district of country about Hochela[*a, and, having carefully prepared charts of their labors, they returned to France. Champlain's report of the country and its capabilities pleased the King and secured his future protection to the company. But M. de Chastes having died, his authority and mono- poly were conferred upon the Sieur de Monts, a Huguenot gentleman of great wealth and commanding influence at court. In addition to his commission many valuable privi- SIEUR DE MONTS. 37 )g the leges were granted him for ton years ; with his co-reh'gionists he was permitted the free exercise of his religion in America ; but was prohibited from any efforts to convert the natives, such being reserved as the special privilege of the Roman Catholic Church. The company formed by De Chastes was increased by several merchants from*Rochelle and other cities ; four ships wore fitted out, two of which were to pro- ceed to Tadoussac in the interests of the fur-trade, while the remaining two were to convey the colonists of both religions . to such locations as should be considered most favorable for settlement. The little fleet left France, March the 7th, 1604. 1604- On account of its milder climate, De Monts preferred Acadia to Canada, for the purpose of settlement." Ex- ploring the Bay of Fundy, he came upon a spot which so de- lighted Poutrincourt, a gentleman of the expedition, that the flatter desired to settle here, and De Monts, who had full powers, made him a grant of the site, and bestowed on the pro- psoed colony the name of Port Royal, named afterwards by the English, Annapolis. This was the first grant made in America, and was afterwards confirmed by Henry IV. But Do Monts had enemies at court,' who from religious motives undermined his influence, and when he returned in 1605, he was deprived of his office. The same influences worked the ruin of the colony in Acadia^ which was subsequently withdrawn. How- ever De Monts had sufticient influence in 1007 to obtain the renewal of his charter for one year. By the representations of Champlain he was induced to turn all his attention to Canada, with the double hope of yet being able to extend French power in America, and reach the Pacific by a North- west passage. Two vessels were fitted out under Champlain and Pont- grave ; one for trade, the other to convey colonists with whom to commence a settlement. Setting sail on the 13th of April, 1608, they arrived at Tadoussac on the 3rd of June. Leaving Pontgrave at the trading-post, Champlain advanced up the river to select a site for the colony. Reaching the former situation of Stadacona, ho inimediately perceived its s 38 QUEBEC POUNDED. ] I II j. ; ^ k advantages for his purpose, at the confluence of the two rivers St. Charles and St. Lawrence, and on 3rd of July laid the foundation of the present City of Quebec, by the 1608- construction of rude dwellings of wood for the set- tlers, and the erection of a wooden fort for their protection, the whole being enclosed by anembankment of earth. This is the second permanent settlement in America, Jamestown, in Virginia, having been founded in ^he previous year 1607, by Captain Newport. Having more durable dwellings, and being better provided with food and clothing than former parties of colonists, Champlain and his companions were enabled to pass the winter with some degree of comfort, and learned the fact that a Canadian winter was not only endurable but pleasu.f- able. The revelation of a plot to assassinate Champlain, and plunder the stores, marred, for a time, the good-feeling sub- sisting betv/een the colonists and their leader. But thi» prompt execution of the principal conspirator, and the rfl»- moval of his accomplices as felons to France, at once furnisheil a salutary check to any subsequent mutiny. Champlain, being desirous of gaining the good-will an4 assistance of the Indians surrounding his settlement, that he might be able to leave it in security while he pursued his ex- plorations of the more distant parts of the country, seems to have entered into an alliance, offensive and defensive, with the Hurons and Algonquins. These had a feud with the Iroquois, who were unknown to Champlain, but whose country he was very anxious to explore. The natives readily listened to his overtures, and early in 1609 furnished him an opportunity of rendering his assistance, and witnessing their mode of warfare. Having received a reinforcement from Tadoussac, where another settlement had been formed, Champlain set out in May with a war party of his new allies, and proceeding by way of the St. Lawrence and Richelieu, then called the river of the Iroquois — reached, in July, that beautiful expanse of water which, as a memorial of the French- man's untiring energy, still bears the name of Lake Cham- plain. Passing into Lake George the war-party discovered INDIAN ATiLIANCK. 39 the encampment of their enemy. A battle ensued, which was decided by the lire-arms of the French in favor of the allies. A number of Iroquois were killed, and twelve taken prisoners, to be reserved for torture and death, nor could Champlain's remonstrances save the unfortunate victims of savage barbarity. On his return to Quebec, Champlain received tidings which caused his return to France, where the complaints of the merchants had occasioned the withdrawal of De Mont's monopoly. The king, however, received Champlain graci- ously, and was highly pleased with the presents of Indian curiosities which were brought to him. But refusing to extend De Monts' commission, that indefatigable gentleman made a compromise with the Merchants' Company, and, jointly with them, fitted out a fourth expedition, under Champlain and Pontgrave, in 1 610. No sooner had Champlain reached Quebec than he was asked by the Algonquins to join in an- other attack upon the Iroquois, who were reported to have entrenched themselves near the mouth of the Richelieu. He at once acquiesced, and found, as reported, that the Iroquois had built a barrier of large trees, in the form of a circle, to protect themst^ves from the fire-arms of the white men. The contest was lor ,^' and severe, but, as before, the arms of the French brought victory to the Algonquins. Taking advan- tage of the gratitude of the Indians, Champlain stipulated with them that a Frenchman should remain with them to 'earn their language, while, at their own request, he took a native youth with him to France. A new cause for anxiety with regard to the infant colony, now arose to Champlain. Henry IV. had just been assassi- nated, and De Monts having no influence with the new court, the interests of New France were likely to be prejudiced, without the presence of some friend to speak in its behalf. He accordingly went to France, in August 1610, but returned in the following spring to make one more effort in favor of De Monts and the company, and with this view selected a site near JTont Royal, as the location of a permanent settle- ment farther in the interior than Quebec. The first enclosure 40 (JIIAMPLAIN IN FRANCE. was made on the site of the present Hospital of tho Grey Nuns, Montreal, where he sowed some grain, and surround- ing it with a ditch, conferred on the spot the name 1611. of Place Royale. To the island lying in front of the present city of Montreal Champlain gave the name of Ste. Helfene, in honor of his wife. The new government in France having left the fur-trade open to competition, De Monts was obliged to withdraw from all projects of colonization. By his advice, however, Cham- plain sought to form a new company, and place it under the patronage of some high personage at court, whose influence might procure for the colony the protection of the king. Stating his necessities to Charles de Bourbon, better known as Count de Soissons, that nobleman at once consented to to take M. de Monts' place. His commission as lieutenant- general being signed, October, 1 612, he retained Champlain as his deputy. Scarcely had these steps been taken, when the Count de Soissons died, but his place was at once filled by Henri de Bourbon, the Prince de Conde, who also dele- gated his authority to Champlain, as deputy-governor. Among other privileges he was granted a monopoly of the fur-trade, but this creating dissatisfaction among the mer- chants, he offered to share with them. But those of Rochelle refused to join with those of Rouen and St, Malo, and al- though one-third of the shares were left open for them to acoo )t within a specified time,they did not acquiesce, and thus became excluded, much to their chagrin, for all legal traffic was now debarred them. They, however, gave Champlain much trouble by their illicit practices. Arrived in Canada, he delayed but a short time at Quebec and Place Royale, ere he continued his former explorations into the north-west coimtry. Being deceived by the representations of a French adventurer, who had sojourned for some time with a distant tribe, and professed to have reached the shore of a sea beyond the sources of the Ottawa, Champlain was induced to under- take the journey up that river, with the hope of discovering the long-desired "North-West Passage." The discovery of Hudson Bay, in 1602, by Henry Hudson, doubtlessly ren- RECOLLET FATHERS. 41 dered the tale he had heard more probable. But penetrating within eight days' journey of the country of the Nipiasings, which had been represented as near this ocean, Champlain .was undeceived by an Indian chief, with whom he left the deceiver as a punishment, and disappointed returned down the Ottawa and St. Lawrence to Quebec, and then to Franco, 1G13. Here he found everything favorable to the colony, both at the Court and among the merchants, so that little difficulty was had in fitting out a small fleet to bring new settlers and stores from St. Malo. It was also thought a proper time to intro- duce Christianity among the Indians, and to this end, fc ir fathers of the Recollet order, a branch of the Franciscan monks, came out to New France at this time, namely, 1615. Of these, one D'Olbeau, became a missionary to the Indians near Tadoussac, two others, Jamay and Du Plessis, remained at Quebec, while the fourth, Le Caron, went in search of a mission up the Ottawa. In this year Champlain discovered the lakes Nipissing, Huron, and Ontario. While renewing his former explorations up the Ottawa, he reached Lakes Nipissing and Huron ; and being persuaded to join a war- party against the Iroquois, he proceeded with his Indian friends by way of Lake Simcoe, the River Trent, and the Bay of Quints, to Lake Ontario. Crossing this sheet of water, which the French now beheld for the first time, Champlain found himself in the country of the Iroquois . He had been persuaded to join this expedition of the Hurons, under pro- mise of their assistance in return, in carrying on his investi- gation of the country. But the party failed in its design owing to the precipitation of the Hurons. Champlain was wounded and obliged to follow his fugitive allies, who sullenly allowed him to re-cross the lake with them. They refused their promised aid, and even detained him as a prisoner amongst them, under various pretexts. They, however, per- mitted him sufficient liberty to contimie his explorations in tlicir vicinity, and in company with Le Caron, who was in that part of the western wilds, Champlain obtained a knowledge of a large extent of that country. In the spring he effected ' i 1 1 ■( ■j ii 42 DIFFICULTIES. his escape from restraint, and in June reached Quebec, whete he had been mourned for as one dead. In September 1616, the deputy-governor was obliged to sail for France, on account of the constant efforts made to curtail the company's privileges, and break up the monopoly. He found the Prince de Cond^ imprisoned for participatioii in the seditious troubles during the minority of Louis XIIL On being released the viceroy sold his commission to the Admiral de Montmorency for 11,000 crowns, a transaction which sufficiently indicates the estimation in which, even the nominal office of Governor of Canada was held. Another fact to be noticed, as indicating the growing interest in the affairs of the colony, is the appointment of M. Dolu as its home agent .: while Champlain, although greatly opposed, was confirmed in the exercise of hi » former functions. In July, 1620, Champlain again arrived in Canada^ 1620. and found that is lengthened absence had been in- jurious to its interests ; while its security had been jeopardized by some inexperienced traders having allowed the savages to purchase fire-arms, contrary to the stipulations of the company. In this year he laid the foundation of a government house at Quebec, which became famous as the residence of successive governors, and from which their offi- cial documents were dated. It received the name of the cas- tle of St. Louis, and was destroyed by fire in 1834. The cjlony at this time only numbered sixty souls, and was threatened by frequent incursions of the Iroquois, but these were successfully repelled. The chief difficulty was in main- taining the different settlements, for thus far they had not become self-sustaining. All the settlers being engaged in the peltry traffic and neglecting the tillage of the soil, were obliged to depend on the company for supplies ; but these being so irregularly furnished, the complaints of Champlain at length caused the Associated Merchants co lose their charter. Their privileges were now conferred by De Montmorency upon two Huguenot gentlemen, William and Emeric de Caen, uncle and nephew, the former of whom came to Canada to superin- tend affairs. Bnt his high-handed proceedings with Cham- "one hundred associates." 43 plain and the colonists almost rained New France. But Champlain, never disheartened, no sooner succeeded in com- promising his difficulties with De Caen, than he at once turned his attention to the interior, and was fortunate 1622. enough to establish a treaty of peace between the Iroquois, and the Algonquins and Hurons. Two years after, the Duke de Montmorency becoming dis- gusted with the trouble his vice-royalty had caused him, disposed of it to his nephew the Uuke de Ventadour, who having given up the world and retired to the seclusion of a monastic cell, thought more of the conversion of the heathen of the New World than he did of the material necessities of New France. He sent out five Jesuit fathers at his own cost, but left Champlain to manage the temporalities of the colony as best he could. The deputy-governor's continual requests for supplies, and constant complaints of the injury the duke's exclusive and neglectful policy was working in the colony at len^Tth reached the ear of the Cardinal de Richelieu, who was at tflat time the greatest statesman of France and of Europe. Accordingly, in 1627, the Cardinal revoked the charter of the De Caens, and granted it in an extended form to ^ new organization, called the "Company of One Hundred Asso- ciates," from which all Huguenots were excluded. This company engaged to send three hundred tiadesmen to New France, and to furnish all those who settled in the country with every necessary and implements for three years, after which each settler was to be allowed sufficient land, with the grain necessary for seed. They also engaged to have six thousand French inhabitants settled in the countries allotted to them before the year 1643, and to establish three priests in each settlement. The latter were to be supplied with every necessary for personal comfort, as well as the expenses of their ministerial labors for fifteen years, after which they were to be granted cleared lands, or glebes for maintaining the •' Catholic Church in New France." The king reserved to himself supremacy in matters of faith, homage as the sovereign of the country, with the presentation of a crown of gold of eight marks on each succession to the 14 THEIR CHARTER. throne ; the nomination of all commanders and officers of forts, and the appointment of the officers of justice whenever it became necessary to establish courts of law. In considera- tion of these engagements the Royal charter granted to the " Company and their successors forever, the fort and settle- ments of Quebec, all the territory of New France including Florida, with all the co\intries along the course of the great river of Canada, and all the other rivers which discharge themselves thereinto, or which throughout those vast regions empty themselves into the sea, either on the eastern or west- ern coasts of the continent, with all the harbor*, islands, mines, and rights of fishery." The exclusive right of traffic in furs, and all other commerce, was granted for fifteen years, with the exception of the cod and whale fisheries. They were also empowered to confer titles of distinction, sub- ject to the confirmation of the king. Two ships of war were presented to the company, the value of which was to bo refunded, however, if the company failed to send out at least fifteen hundred French inhabitants, of both sexes, to New France, duiing the first ten years. By this charter the seignorial tenure of lands supplanted the feudal system, which had formed the basis of the charter granted to De h, Roche, and his successors. The promoters of New France now entertained the fondest hopes of its success. M. de Champlain was continued as governor, the office of viceroy being abolished. Biit scarcely were the arrangements necessary for carrying out the above extensive obligations completed, when war broke out between France and England, and the colony was reduced to great distress, by the capture by the English, under Sir David Kirke, of the first ships laden with stores sent out by the company. The English admiral even appeared before Quebec, and summoned Champlain to surrender, but the latter returning a proud refusal, Kirke, not knowing the almost defenceless state of the garrison, withdrew. Ho, however, continued to cruise in the Gulf and cut off vessels sent from France with supplies. But in the next summer, 1629, he again sailed up to Quebec, and renewed his demand. Champlain, upon KIBKE AT QUEBEC. 45 hfjiiorablc temis being granted him, aurrenclorod Quoboo and all New France to the English. Although the colonists were allowed the privilege of returning to France, 1632. Kirke's generosity induced them to remain. Cham- plain, however, returned to France to look after the interests of the colony, which, in 1632, by the treaty of St. Germain-en~Laye, along with Cape Breton and Acadia, was again restored to France. In the same year Emeric de Caen came to Quebec to hoist the French standard once more upon its walls. He was allowed a monopoly of the fur trade for one year, to indem- nify him for losses sustained during the war. But in 1633 Champlain, who had been re-appointed governed, sailed for Canada with a squadron carrying abundance of stores, and several new settlers. His time was now fully occupied regu- lating the internal affairs of the colony, and endeavoring to establish a better understanding with the Indians. In 1635 the Marquis de Gamache came out as the com- mander of the Order of the Jesuits in Canada, and gave six thousand crowns in gold for the establishment of a college at Quebec, which was founded in the same year by Father B§n^ Bohault. But on Christmas day, 1635, Champlain died, after a life of devotion to the interests of the colony. He was a man of imtiring energy, whom no vicissitude could discourage or cause to turn aside from what he had once made the object of his life. In the memoirs he has left of his life, his travels and discoveries, he has evinced himself to have been an acute observer of human nature, and possessed of abilities and culture, which rendered him' eminently fitted for the career of discovery and colonization, in which he had spent his life. s I I CONTEMPORARY HISTORY, 1598-1686. BUROFBAM BOVBRBIQNS. ENOIiAND. James 1, 1603. Gharlea 1, 1625. Franob. Henry IV, 1589- Louis Xm, 1610. 46 COK IBM FOR A FY HISTOUY. f(l \ \ North AmkiiioA. Vir!,'- jr an account of the brave resistance of the Canadian militia ; and Lous XIV. in honor of the event and its heroes, ordered a medal to be struck bearing the words, "Francia in novo orbe victrix ; Kebeca liberata, A. D. MDOXC." The ensuing winter was one of scarcity to the French col- onists, owing to the incessant wars of the past year, but they endured it with light hearts, being grateful for their recent deliverance. In the following May several hundred Iroquois again descended upon the settlements near Montreal, and- committed their asual atrocities ; a party of one hundred and twenty, however, were met near the Richelieu, and nearly all slain without mercy by the French. Again in July was Montreal the object of attack, but was bravely defended by De Callibres, although at the sacrifice of many valuable lives. About this time the governor of New York offered an ex- change of prisoners, and a treaty of neutrality. But Frontenac distrustful, continued to make his preparations for 1892* the double event of peace or war. The Iroquois, under a favorite chief, Black Kettle, continued to make their onslaughts, while on the other hand the Acadian French and Abenaquis ravaged the English settlements of Massachusetts, and the Canadians swept the hunting-grounds of the Mohawks. These had made their boast, that the French " should have no rest but in their graves," and it aeemed almost literally true, for war was their fate during m 70 PEACE OF KY8WICK. I n p I the Slimmer, and consequent famine in the winter. Although peace was at times desired by botli sides, the intrigues of some hostile tribe would break off all negotiations. 1696. Contrary to the expressed policy of the king, and the remonstrances of the English, Frontenac re- built the fort at Cataraqui, and named it after himself. At the same time the French and their allies began to be more successful against the Five Nations, and in the following year preparations were completed for a grand invasion of New York State. The force consisted of some fifteen hun- dred regulars, militia and Indians, and was commanded by Frontenac in person, now seventy-six years of age, and so feeble that he had to be carried in an arm-chair. Under him were De Calli^res and De Vaudreuil. Proceeding from Fort Frontenac, they crossed to Oswego, and thence into the Iroquois country, only to find the villages deserted, and nothing to do, but destroy the provisions and stores of the Indians. With the Oneidas only did the French have an engagement, in which the latter took thirty-five prisoners. Barren of any other result the expedition returned, soon to be followed by the avenging savages. But Canada was better fortified than formerly and the same success did not follow their forays. 1697 The treaty of peace signed at Ryswick, September 15th, 1697, terminated the struggle between the mother countries, and immediately the governors of the re- spective colonies entered into negotiations to preserve harmony among the Indians. Prisoners were exchanged, while Frontenac forming separate treaties with the English and their allies, thereby denied the former's assumption of sovereignty over the latter. Thus ended the Colonial War, known as King William's War. 1698 While busily engaged in measures for the weal ot the colony, De Frontenac died in the seventy-eighth year of his age, and the twenty-first of his viceroyalty, re- spected and feared alike, by friend and foe. He was buried at Quebec, in the R^collet church, which stood near the site of the present English cathedral. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY-1663-1697 EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS. France. Louis, 1G45-1716. 71 England. Charles U-, 1660. James n., 1685. William III. aixd Mary 11., 1689. North America. New Y:rk and New Jersey acquired by the British, 1664. Michigan settled by the Ftench, 1670. Pennsylvania granted to Wm. Penn by Charles M., 1631. Arkansas settled by the French, 1685. Xexas settled by the Spaniards, 1C87. bOlTTH Ahbrica. Paraguay founded by the Jesuits, 1690. West Indies. French obtain a foothold in Hayti.1607. iif 'lis ill m ^l 72 ilUaVlNG TUB UAXCHf/r. CHAPTER IX. " QUEEN ANNE's WAR." 1699. M. de Ciillifires, Viceroy— Treaty with the Iroquoin, UOl. retroit .'ounded. 1703. M . Vp ,dre>;ll, Vheroy -Sieurde Joncaire. R .8 'ap'^n New England. 6e. -cho ■- ( takes Port Royal— Names it Annapolis. 1711. Adn> 1 Walki > 's Kxpedition against Quebec. 1713. Peace 01 Utrechi Charlevoix visits Canada. Death of Vaudreuil. 1704. 1710. 1720. 1726. An able successor to the Count do Frontenac was found in M. de Calliferes, the commandant at Montreal, who was very popular among the colonists. The treaty with the Iroquois, which had been set on foot by his predecessor, was now fully ratified by the new viceroy, with ceremonies very impressive to the Indians: In the year 1700,deputies from the Iroquois arrived at Montreal " to weep for the French who had been slain in the war," and "to bury their hatchets, over which should run a stream in the earth." "I have always been obedient to my father, and I bury the hatchet at his feet," said Le Rat, or Kondiaronk, a Huron chief, who was held in high esteem by all the tribes. The Ottawas and other north- western tribes echoed his words, while the Abenaquis, from the borders of Maine and Acadia, said, *' I have no hatchet but that of my father Ononthio, and now he has buried it." Answering the assembled deputies in language a little more practical than their own, the governor replied, " I hold fast the tree of peace you have planted, and will lose no time in despatching an armorer to Fort Frontenac to repair your arms, and will send merchandise there also, suited to your wants." A written treaty was made, to which the deputies attached the symbols or tokens of their respective tribes. The Onondagas and Senecas drew a spider, the Cayugas a calumet or peace-pipe, the Onoidas a forked stick, the Mohawks QUEBN ANNE's WAR. V8 a hear, the Hurons a leaver, the Abenaquis a deer, and the Ottawas a hare. The fainting of Le Rat during the negotia- tions,and his subsequent illness and death at the Hotel-Dieu in Montreal, lent a solemnity to the treaty, which deeply aflfected the contracting parties. When the numerous prison- ers were to be exchanged, the Indian portion returned cheer- fully with their nations, while those French who had been captive among the savages, having imbibed a liking for their new, free and roaming life, preferred to stay among them, notwithstanding the commands of the king and the entreaties of their friends to the contrary. The British at New York were greatly enraged with De Calliferes for thus weakening their influence among the tribes, and rightly attributing this fact to the influence of the Jesuit missionaries, thought to retaliate somewhat by passing a law that every " popish priest " should be hung, who came voluntarily into the Atlan- tic provinces. The French had now the full command of the inland lak*»», and taking advantage of the peace, the governor i'?«clved further strengthen his position among the western tribes, by founding a fort and trading post at Detroit, as the straits between Lake Erie and Ste. Claire were called. For this pur- pose he authorized De Cadillac, of Michilimackinac, with one hundred Frenchmen and accompanied by a Jesuit missionary, to commence the settlement, which he did in 1701. Thus Michigan is the second in order of settlement of the present American inland states, Illinois had already had a colony at- tempted in it by La Salle. In the meantime circumstances were taking place in Europe which brought about the war known as " Queen Anne's war." These circumstances were the death of the exiled James II., and the pretension of his son, known as the Chevalier de St. George, to the English throne, which claim was supported by Louis XIV. of France. But M. de Calliferes was not permit- ted to witness the efiect of this war upon New France. Ho died on the 26th day of May, 1703, deeply regretted by the people. Although like his predecessors, he viewed the in- flueuce of the religious orderi with jealousy, he wisely pre. v^t '■'.''< ', >■ i I -it i 74 BIARQUIS DB VAUDRBUIL. served a good feeling with them. He, however, procured the passing of an edict, which limited their acquisitions of real estate to a certain amount. 1703. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, who was at this time governor of Montreal, took the guidance of affairs, and had his appointment ratified by the king, in answer to the petition of the colonists, with whom he was a great favorite. His experience in the affairs of the province during the invasion of Phipps and subsequent eventd, fully qualified him to make the most of the circumstances in his favor, the situation of Canada with respect to the New Eng- land States being somewhat critical at this time. Of the population, which amounted to fifteen thousand, not more than four thousand five hundred, between the ages of four- teen and sixty, were capable of bearing arms ; while the English colonies could muster sixty thousand men able to bear arms. With this circumstance in their favor, the Eng- lish were unremitting in their efforts to persuade the " Five Nations " to forsake the treaty the latter had made with the French, while the war just breaking out between the mother countries, caused the English, if possible, to redouble their efforts. The Iroquois, however, refused to be guilty of such bad faith, remarkhig that '' the white men only made treaties to break them, and that both nations seemed to be drank." But De Vaudreuil was enabled to counteract the appeals of the English emissaries, through the influence of the Jesuits, who were ever greatly respected by the Indians ; and also through the services of the Sieur de Joncaire, an adopted member of the Seneca nation, whose language he spoke as well as themselves. The latter succeeded so well, that the Onondagas conceded the sovereignty of their country to the French. The Abenaquis, however, were bitter enemies of the Eng- lish, who, having tampered to a certain extent with part of the nation, excited the jealousy of the remainder, and this feeling being fanned by religious hatred of the heretic Eng- lish, these fierce savages aided by a detachment of French, suddenly made a descent upon Massachusetts, and laid waste COL. vetch's expedition. 75 a', id the { real i time iffairs, ffQV to great ovinco J, fuUy in his wEng- Of the )t more of fovir- lile the ahle to bhe Eng- ^e " Five with the J mother ble their f of such e treaties drink." fcpp(*als of Jesuits, and also adopted spoke as . that the ;ry to the tlie whole country from Casco Bay to Wells. Again in Febru- ary, 1 704, De Rouville,with two hundred French and one hun- dred and fifty Indians, surprised an English settlement called Deersfield, plundered and burned the houses, massacring the inhabitants, and carrying off many prisoners. Four years later a similar tragedy was enacted at Havershill. In the meantime, however, difficulties arose between the north- western tribes, and Detroit was seriously threatened, but preserved by the prompt action of its commandant, De Ca- dillac. Such irruptions into their territory, as those of Deersfield and Havershill, aroused a deep feeling of resentment among the English colonies, and several schemes were considered for the invasion of Canada, with the view of bringing all North America under the rule of the British. The most notable of these plans was that proposed by Colonel Vetch for the capture of Montreal and Quebec. Submitting the circumstances of her American possessions to Queen Anne, he procured the promise of five regiments of regular British troops, to act in conjunction with some twelve hundred New England militia, which were to rendezvous at Lake Cham- plain for an assault on Montreal, while a fleet was to proceed to the attack of Quebec. To defray the expenses of this ex- pedition, the States of Connecticut, New York and New Jer- sey issued their first paper money. Returning to New York, in May, 1709, Vetch at once commenced preparations for the overland attack upon Canada. De Vaudreuil also resolved on counter-measures, and in July despatched De Bamsay from Montreal, at the head of a respectable force of French and Indians, to test the strength of the British encampment at Lake Champlain. But his scouts bringing in word that the British force numbered five thousand, he was unable to per- suade his Indian allies to proceed further, and was obliged to retreat to Montreal. But Canada was again saved by the tardiness of the English government in sending out the pro- mised assistance, and also by the jealous feelings of the Iroquois, four cantons of whom had been reluctantly induced by Schuyler to join the Engliuh forces, already intrenched. il I 'i i 76 OENERAL NICIIOISOK. Tho«o a!»t«to savages seeing tho largo force of I'ud Britisl', and bolioving it capable of inflicting great injury upon the French, wore unwilling that the latter should bo- altogether Bubdtied, lost the English should thus become the only nation with which they would have to deal, and consequently their country would no longer possess its importance as a middle- ground. Tn one word they determined yet to hold the balance of power between the English and French provinces. Acct dingly, while the English were fortifying their position on Lakd Champlain, tho Iroquois hunted, and taking the skins of tho animals procured in the chase, sunk them in a stream which flowed through the British camp. The conse- quences were soon apparent, for sickness broke out among the provincial militia to such an extent, that they were obliged to break up their camp and return to their homes. They had also learned that the home government had sent to Portugal tho reinforcements promised to Colonel Vetch. M. de Vaudreuil took advantage of this respite to strengthen the defences of Canada, and to procure the noutrality, if not the assistance, of the Iroquois. In the following year, 1710, the English Government re- deemed its promise to New England, and sent out a largo armament under the command of General Nichol- 1710' son, who sailing from Boston against Acadia, suc- ceeded in taking Port Royal, then commanded by Subercase, with a small garrison, and, but ill-prepared for a lengthened siege. Hereafter this fortress, which was now named Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne, remained in the possession of the British. Encouraged by this success, Nicholson went to England to press for further assistance wherewith to attempt the conquest of Canada. He was ac- companied by Colonel Schuyler, who took with him five sachems of the " Five Nations. " These were presented to the Queen, and treated with great consideration in London, where they were a nine days' wonder. One of these sac- hems is said to have been the grand-father of Thayendinaga or Captain Joseph Brant, since so well known in British Canada. Schuyler's petition to the Queen is itself a (osti- RIR IIOVBMDJCN WALKEK. 77 •itisV, n the jether nation ' their liddle- Id the vinces. josition itig the jm in a ) conse- among ) obliged . They sent to ;ch. M. {then the ; not the ment re- t a large I Nichol- kdia, suc- anded by Ipared for was now ained in L8 success, issistance ;e was ac- him five Lted to the London, iheae sac- lyendinaga lin BriiiiBh )lf a 'ieBti- mony to the energy of the French Canadians at this time. " The French," it said, " penetrate through rivers and lakes at the back of all your Majesty's plantations on this continent to Carolina, and in this large tract of country live several nations of Indians, who are vastly numerous. Among these they constantly send agents and priests with toys and trifles to insinuate themselves into their favor. Afterwards they send traders, then soldiers, and at last build forts among them." This embassy was so far successful, that, in June 1711, a fleet consisting of fifteen war vessels, and having on board a contingent of regular troops, the whole under the command of Sir Hovenden Walker, arrived at Boston ; and in July left for the attack of Quebec, accompanied by forty-six tran- sports and store-ships. Meanwhile General Nicholson amassed at Lake George a force of four thousand militia and six hundred Indians to act against Montreal ; while the Fox tribe in the west, as the ally of the English, appeared against Detroit. But De Vaudreuil was not idle. Quebec was for- tified with one hundred pieces of cannon, while the banks of the St. Lawrence below the city were protected in such a manner as to give the invaders a warm reception, should they attempt to land. The English expedition however proved abortive, for the fogs and shoals of the river, with contrary winds, proved destructive to the fleet, eight vessels being wrecked in one night on the Seven Islands, and over eight hundred men drowned. This disaster led Admiral Walker to abandon the enterprise, and General Nicholson learning this fact, beat a retreat ; and the French breathed freely once more. In the west the Foxes, after a warm struggle, were al- most annihilated, and forced to disperse among other tribes farther to the south. The Peace of ^Jtrecht, in 1713, brought " Queen Anne's War" to a close, with the cession by Louis XIV 1713. of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay Territory, and the sovereignty of the Iroquois to the English. Canada was however retained by France. The tranquillity of peace was improved by De "Vaudreuil, ill ; 78 CANADIAN PRODUCE. an the internal improvemeut of the colony. Besides the cormation of a Board of Admiralty to superintend the forti- fications of the country, the three governments of Quebec, Three Rivers, vnL Montreal were divided into eighty-two parishes. In 1721 a census was taken, which showed the to* Lai population \>o be twenty-five thousand, seven thousand of y/hidb were located in Quebec, and three thousand in Mon- treal, sixty-f.vro thousand acres were returned, as under cul- tivation, while the produce of the country included wheat, maize, pulse, oats, barley or rye, tobacco, flax and hemp. The live stock numbered fifty-nine thousand head, which in- cluded five thousand six hundred horses. In the early part of De Vaudreuil's administration, the colonists had labored under the burden of a royal edict, which forbade them manu- facturirg, even the coarsest of fabrics, so that they were obliged to ship their wool to France, to be made into cloth, and then reshipped to Canada for purchase. This rendered clothing, even of the poorest description, very dear, but owing to the representations of the governor, the edict was so far modified that Canadians were allowed to manufacture in their houses, " linens and druggets " for their own uae. In 1717 the Iroquojs confederacy of the Five Nations was joined by the Tuscaroras, from North Carolina, since which time the Iroquois have been known as the Six Nations. In 1720 and '21 Charlevoix, an early historian of Canada, made a tour through the French settlements and outposts. In 1723 nineteen vessels sailed from Quebec, six new mer- chant ships were built, and two men of war. The exports to France included furs, lumber, staves, tar, tobacco, flour, peas, and pork, while the imports were wines, brandies, linen and woollen goods. In 1725, the Marquis de Vaudreuil died at Quebec, after having for twenty-one years ruled the colony with great ability, and with the iocreased love and attachment of the inhabitantsu COKISSflPOltARY HISIOBY. CONTEMPORARY W8TORY, 1698-1725: 79 EUEOPBAN RKQLAND. WiUiam UI (Mary having died), 1694. Anne, 1702. Osorge I., 1714. a©VEREIGNS. FRANOK. Louis XT7., 1643. Louis IV., 1715. North Amebica. John Law's Miuiasippi scheme draws attention to Louisiana, 1719. Nbwfoundland, 1675-1625. Newfoundland was visited by Martin Frobisher in 1&76 : by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1683, who took possession of it in the name of Queen Elizabeth ; and by Sir Francis Drake in 1585. Sir Qoorge Calvert (first Lord Baltimore) founded an English colony in 1622. In 1620 the French founded a colony at Placentia, which in 1634 began to pay to the English a tribute of five per cent, for the privilege of fishing. In 1654 Sir David Kirke founded another English settlement. In 1696 the French had obtained the superiority in the Island but in the next year the " Treaty »i Ryswick" restored it to the English. During " Queen Anne's war " the French again obtained the ascendancy, and retained it until 1713, when the " Treaty of Utrecht " restored Newfound- land and its coast to the British, with the exception of the islands of St. Pierro and Miqueloo. K- l!.:Ui!:l! 80 OSWEGO AND NIAQARA. St i CHAPTER X. "boundary lines."— wak. 1?2({. M. de Beauharnois, Viceroy— Oswego and Niagara* 11,>2. Kartluiuakca— Social condition. UJ{I-'43. Explorations in the North-west. 1745. Louishourg captured. 1741. M. de la GalissoniSre, Viceroy— Bigot, Intendant—" Boundary Linw" — Rouill6 or Toronto. 1748. Treaty if Aix-la-Chapelle— Nova Scotia. 1749. Halifax founded. 1751. Preparations for War. 1752. Marquis du Quesne, Viceroy. 1753. " Ohio Company"— George Washington. 1755. Braddock's plans— Baron Dieskau. The administration of the government devolved upon the Baron de Longueuil, a native of Canada, until the arrival in May, 1726, of the new viceroy, the Marquis de Beau- 1726> harnois. The first act of Beauharnois was to remon- strate with Governor Burnet, of New York, regard- ing the building of an English fort at Oswego, which was claimed by the French to be within their territory. But Governor Burnet denied the ground assumed by the Cana- dian viceroy, and instead of demolishing the fort, only reinforced ita garrison in case of attack. Accordingly De Beauharnois, with the consent of the Iroquois, in 1731, con- structed a new fort at the mouth of the Niagara river. This was intended to cut off that portion of the fur trade, which the English had hoped to obtain by their establishment at Oswego. The energy of the English in extending their trade and settlements westward to the lakes, was becoming a source of increased alarm to the authorities in Canada, who wished in their turn to restrict the English to the Atlantic sea-board. Again, the water communication by way of Lake Champlain, and the River Richelieu, which led right into the heart of Canada, was still the favorite route, by which the enemies of the French sought to assail them, not- SOCIAL CONDITION. 81 withstanding the forts which had already been erected along its banks. For this reason Lake Champlain was called by the Indians, " the Lake-gate of the country." The second lake which had been named by the French in 1646, St. Sa- crement, was afterwards called by the English, Lake George, in honor of the King of England, and also as asserting British dominion in this region. For the purpose of closing this " gate " of his country, although contrary to existing treaties, De Beauharnois erected Fort Frederic at Crown Point on Lake Champlain, and commenced a settlement, not with- out protests from the English. The long period of peace which the eolony now enjoyed was improved by both the English and French, in the exten- sion of the fur trade, and the latter began to have the advantage. Not only the influence of the French mission- aries contributed to this, but the social manners of the French rendered them more welcome companions to the Indians* They also married amongst the natives, and many adopted the free habits and roving life of the Indians. The removal of monopolies in a great measure improved the fur traffic, while the opening of an annual fair at Montreal, caused the Indians to flock thither in preference to the market at Albany. In 1732 Canada was troubled with earthquakes and inunda- tions, which damaged the settlements and affrighted the inhabitants. The following year the smail-pox made fearful ravages among the people. But the principal drawback to the advancement of Can- ada, as compared with that of the Atlantic colonies, lay in the neglect of the proper tillage of the land, from which the allurement of the fur-trade too easily led the gay and adven- turous French Canadians. Accordingly they were satisfied to cultivate only land enough to supply them with what would comfortably maintain existence, and looked solely to the chase as a source of profit No law of primogeniture existed among them, and the lands of the parent were equally divided among the children. Not only were the lands of the seigniors divided in this way, but the lands of the tenants themaelves, which were usually barely lK/g« I r^' '. I ir^ \t 83 THE NOMH-WEST KXPLORATIOKS. «»iio\igh for the support of a single family. Nor could my will alter this arrangement, which prevented the clearing of the forest, and the formation of new roads. The rivers became the highways of the country, along them the houses were built, and the farmsbeing continually subdivided lengthways, became so narrow that a law was found necessary forbidding the erection of Iiouses on tracts less than an acre and a half in frontage, by forty in depth, under the penalty of one hundred livres, and the destruction of the buildings. The fact that the government of the country was centered in an arbitrary council, in whose proceedings tde body of the peo- pie had no voice, may be considered as operating most injuriously to the interests of the colony. Although a few of the wealthiest citizens sat at the council board, they were found subservient to the will of the governor from whom they held their office. No system of schools blessed the country, while numerous religious festivals only encouraged the gay and indolent habits of the people. In 1731, a scheme was set on foot for reaching the Pacific over-land. Although patronized by De Beauharnois, 1731- who wished the lustre of discovery to attach to hia administration, the chief promoter of the expedition was a gentleman trader of much Indian experience, the Sieur de la Verendrye. Montreal merchants, who had formed a part- nership with Verendrye, furnished the necessary equipment, and also goods for traffic among th ''^es. He was accom- panied by P^re Messages, a missioriar'^ oriest, and although the Government does not seem to have furri^ahed any aid to the project, it issued a commission that the explorer should take possession, in the king's name, of all lands he might discover. During the years 1732-4, they visited the country now comprehended in the Province of Manitoba, and lying on its skirts, and erected several forts or trading- posts. At Lac la Pluie or Rainy Lake they built Fort St. Peter, and at Lac des Bois or Lake of the Woods, Fort St. Charles, in 1732. Two years later, upon tho banks of the Winnipeg, was built Fort Maurepas, so named after tho French .dinister of Marine. Explorations were continued to %:, - lOUI^tBOURG. 83 the north, south, and westward, until, in 1738, they reached the Missouri, and ascended it as far as the stream now called the YelloTf-Stone. In 1743, January Ist, the two sons of M. de la V^rendrye reached the foot of the Rocky Mountains. Thus far this and future expeditions ended, the attractions of the peltry-traflSc proving too strong an inducement to be passed by. The war of the Austrian succession occasioned by the will of Charles VI. of Austria, who bequeathed his 1745* dominions to his daughter, Maria Theresa, disturbed the peace of Europe, and threatened +'^ destroy the " balance of power." It had its influence also upon colonial affairs, and reprisals were undertaken by New England and the French of Cape Breton. Although the defences of Canada were augmented, she was not immediately molested, and the war was confined to the sea-board colonies of both nations. No sooner had war been declared in Europe between France and England, than the American waters swarmed with French privateers, bent on destroying the New England trade and fisheries. These troublesome vessels were chiefly equipped at Louisbourg, in Cape Breton, and there they found a ready shelter for their prizes, beneath the guns of the fortress. This fortress had been erected at the immense cost of £1,500,000 sterling, and although incomplete, comprised a stone rampart nearly forty feet luigh, with embrasures for one hundred and forty-eight cannon, with several bastions and outworks, and a ditch on the land side eighty feet wide. Its garrison consisted of six hundred French regu- lars, and eight hundred inhabitants capable of bearing arms. M. Duquesnal, Governor of Cape Breton, with part of this garrison and some militia, made a descent upon the Eng- lish settlement at Canso, in Acadia, burnt the village, and carried off as prisoners eighty men, whom he conveyed to Louisbourg. An attack upon Annapolis was unsuccessful, the garrison being reinforced from Massachusetts, These acts thoroughly alarmed New England, and Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, lost no time in soliciting aid from England in the shape of war-ships, while he collected a provincial /■, '! 84 PBPPBRELL AND SHIRLEY. force to operate by land. A force of four thousand men was collected, of which Massachusetts alone furnished three thousand, and to which Connecticut and New Hampshire also contributed. Pennsylvania gave provisions, and New York a small contingent of artillery. The command was intrusted to William Pepperell, a merchant of Maine, who received his orders from Governor Shirley. He arrived in front of Louis- bourg on the 29th of April, 1745, where he was joined by Sir Peter Warren, the English Admiral, with a few war-ships from the West Indies. Thick fogs and large quantities of drift-ice prevented the fleet from approaching the fortress^ and for fourteen days the sailors of the fleet were engaged in dragging a siege-train over-land to attack Lonisbourg on the land side. On the 14th of May, Mr. Yaughan, a son of the Lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire, succeeded in taking an advanced battery of the French. But discontent divided the garrison of Louisbourg, for their supplies were short, and the death-blow was given to their hopes, when they saw from their walls the capture of a French man-of-war, which had been sent to their relief, with a reinforcement of five hundred and sixty soldiers, and necessary sup^^lies. Although suc- cessful in repelling an assault upon the works, the French were obliged to surrender, and on the 17th of June, 1745. 1745, Louisbourg, with all Cape Breton, was de- livered into the hands of the English. Great joy was felt in New England on the receipt of this news, while the home Goveri^ment rewarded Pepperell and Shirley with baronetciea. But in Canada great alarm was felt, for Shirley was eager to undertake the conquest of all New France. The French icourt was deeply chagrined at the loss of Louis- bourg, and xhe request of De Beauharnois for a sufficient force +a letakt the recent conquests of the English, met a heartv r..srKmae, A fleet consisting of eleven line of battle ships auJ thirty smsUer vessels, was ready in May at Rochelle, but did not set ^^ai] ^intil June 22nd. The Due d'Anville was placed in co\um. "^"'X^'^.U ■^ 90 fee:,ch influence. English governors granted passes to merchants and traders to cross these mountains and traffic with the Indians. The English supported this action by claiming that the "Six Nations " had placed that country under British protection. In maintenance of French authority, Jonqui^re had three traders seized and brought to Montreal, while their goods, were confiscated. In return, the English captured three Frenchmen and sent them south of the AUeghauies. The Abb6 Picquet was a powerful advocate of French influence among the Iroquois, and he was ably seconded by De Jon- caire, who had founded Fort Niagara^ and resided with his adopted tribe, the Senecas. The French hoped thus to keep the Iroquois neutral in case of war, while the English endea- vored to incite them to expel the French from the dis- puted territory. In 1751, war materials and troops commenced to arrive at Quebec, and a vessel once more ploughed the waters of On- tario, for the transport of supplies, while the forts at Fron- tenac, Toronto and Detroit were kept in repair. It was also attempted to found mission schools among the Iroquois. At Presentation was one, while a project to found another among the Onondagas was only defeated by Sir William Johnson purchasing the lake of that name, with the country for two miles around it, for £1,750. But although De la Jonquifere was energetic with regard to the military defence of the colony, his g; vernment of its inter- nal affairs was most pernicious. Being extremely avaricious, he permitted many gross abuses, himself setting the •xample of official peculation, which was followed by all clashes of the public officers, One reason of this was the small salaries paid to these men. The whole civil list did not exceed $20,000 per annum. The governor's salary was only $1,300 a year, out of which he was required to clothe and feed twenty-seven soldiers as a guard. The consequence was, that the gover- nor kept in his own hands the granting of licenses to sell brandy to the Indians, while Bigot the intendant found a source of immense profit in the sale of the monopoly of the principal trading-posts. The formei succeeded in amassing sell id a the ling MABQUIS DU QUESI^E. 91 a fortune of 1,000;000 francs, while the latter accumulated wealth to the amount of £400,000 sterling. Le Loutre and others also became immensely wealthy. At last the con- tinued representations of the religious orders in Canada caused the French court to demand an explanation of De la Jonqui^re, but he retiring upon his dignity, asked his recall. But accumulated cares and age hastened his end, and he died at Quebec, May ] 7th, 1752, and was laid alongside his predecessors, De Frontenac and De Vaudreuil, in the RScoUet Church. He was a man of active abilities, and, but for his excessive avarice, might have accomplished much good for Canada. In the same year, two ships laden with wheat were sent to France, being the first exportation of this grain from Canada. The Baron de Longueil, son of the former governor of that name, as senior officer in the colony, assumed the direction of affairs until the arrival, in Augiict^ 1752, of the Marquis du Quesne, whose comanission included '' Canada, Louisiana, Cape Breton, St. Johns, and the other dependencies." He had been a captain in the French navy, and Major of Toulon, and had received his present appointment through M. de la Galissonifere, by whom he had also been informed with re- gard to the particular position of affairs in Now France. He was instructed to carry out the policy of the last two gover- nors respecting the boundary lines, which he did with great activity. But, although very successful in his colonial career, he was never popiilar with the mass of the people, owing to the haughtiness of his manners. His first act was the re-orga- nization and equipment of the militia, and the enforcing of a. wholesome discipline among the regular troops, which he re- ported to be "badly constituted, and to contain many de- serters and bad characters ; " yet, in a short time, he suc- ceeded in forming them into an obedient and spirited force. His reforms — civil and military — were strongly opposed, chiefly by the intendant, M. Bigot. Beau Sejour, on the Bay of Fundy, was strengthened, but matters in Nova Scotia had now assumed an appearance of tranquillity, and the war ! ki I! !! ■JH '^ii :k 92 OHIO VALLEY. which was at one time expected to arise from the occupation of the Acadiui isthmus was destined to have its origin in another quarter. In defiance of French assumption, English traders constantly made their appearance to the west of the Alleghanies, and in 1763 the Ohio Company opened a road from Virginia into the Ohio valley, and established a settle- ment at Shurtee's cref^k. In the same year French troops commenced t* move towards the same valley, for the purpose of expelling the usurpers and erecting three forts, besides several magazines for stores, so that French possession of that region might be placed beyond all doubt. No suoner, however, had these troops left Montreal than a hunting party •f Iroquois discovered the movement, and immediately re- ported it to their Grand Council at Onondaga, which, by swift runners, spread the intelligence to their allies along the Ohio, and to Col. William Johnson. They also sent envoys to meet the French successively at Niagara and Erie, to warn them against their proposed occupation of' the territory in question, but without avail. In the meantime, Dinwiddle, the Governor of Virginia, sent George Washington, then only twenty-one years of age, to meet the French, and protest against their further advance, but with no better success than the envoys of the Iroquois. The French had already com- menced a line of fortified communication between Lake Erie and the Ohio, and at several points had erected forts, among which were those of Presqu'ile and Machault. M. de St. Pierre was the officer commanding on this border, and, when remonstrated with by the youthful Washington, refused to discuss the legality of his actions. '' I am here," said he, " by the orders of my general, to whicn I shall conform with exactness and resolution. He has ordiered me to seize every Englishman in the Ohio valley, and I will do it." Their embassies having been fruitless in anything but information, the Ohio Company at once prepared for action, and in 1754, Washington, with the rank of lieiitGnant-colonel was sent to finish a f o**t, which had already been commenced at the Fork of the. Ohio. But while on his way he received intelligence, that a party of French, numbering nearly six hun- JVMONVILLB AND VILL1BB8. 93 dred, under M. de Contrecceur, had driven away some thirty- three English, at work on the fortification, and finished it themselves, giving it the name of Du Quesne, after the .French governor. The present city of Pittsburg, Pennsyl- vania, covers the site of Fort du Quesne. M. de Jumonville was at once despatched to meet the English under Washing- ton, but notwithstanding every precaution to conceal its movements, the French party of thirty men was discovered by some Indian scouts, and its whereabouts reported to the English, who immediately pressed forward cautiously and rapidly, and coming suddenly upon the French, gained an easy victory, resulting in the death of Jumonville and nine of his men, with the remainder taken prisoners. This may be considered the first blow in the war, which immediately ensued, and which lasted for twenty-nine years, materially altering the relative positions of France and Britain in America. The young Washington, the foremost figure in this opening act, continued to be one of the leading characters in the drama, which closed with the acknowledgment by Eng- land of the independence of the thirteen States, in 1783. When Contrecceur learned the fate of his deputy, he re- solved to avenge him, and having collected six hundred French and one hundred Indians, placed them under the command of M. de Villiers, the brother of Jumonville. Coming up with the English, July 3rd, De Villiers found Washington had for- tified himself at a place called the Meadows, on the Monon- gahela, a branch of the Ohio, and had named his stockade Fort Necessity. But his position was badly chosen, being placed between two heights, covered with trees, which served as a shelter for ^he French. The combat lasted ten hours, during which the English on account of their exposed situa- tion, lost thirty in killed, while the besiegers lost but three. On the 4th of July, Washington withdrew his force across the mountains, and in the Valley of the Ohio, no flag floated but that of France. In consequence of Governor Dinwiddie's report to the British Board of Trade, it was recommended by the Lorda composing that Board, that a congress of colonial represen- I .1 N H:s;i ■f m i 1 1. 'V 04 fiRADDOOK*S PLANS. taiives should meet, and devise means for their general v/e\- tt Fort William-Henry. Couditien of Canada. X7S6.— Declaration of War. Marquis de Montcalm. British Plans. Siege of Oswego. Whiter of 176&-I'amine. 1757.— Capture of Fort WiMiam- Henry. Indian Atrocities. Mr. Pitt— Promotions. Howe and Wolfe. The Marquis de Vaudreuil was bom in Quebec, in 1698, and w&a the third son of the former governor of that 1755* ' name. He had been for some time governor of Louisiana, and had acquired riuch experience in co- lonial affairs. His arrival at Quebec wua hailed with satisfac- tion by the Canadians, who remembered his fathers rule, and hoped for good government and pi t^.ii erity under the son. M. Bigot, however, was still inteniant and had buc- coeded in so complicating the machinery of gr vernment, that, in connection with the West lucUa Company, he had become possessed of monopolies profitable to himself, but equally injurious to the colonists. The new viceroy found himself un- able to cope with these powerful parties, and the more so, as New France was threatened by a powerful and immedi- ate invasion, rendering it necessary that he should be on good terms with these civil oflScers, through whom he was obliged to draw his supplies and reinforcemsuts for the dis- tant out-posts of the colony. Of the four expeditions planned by Braddock's council of war, at Alexandria, the first attempted was that on the side of Acadia. The expedition was commanded by Colonel Winslew, of Massachusetts, with a force of nearly two thou- sand men from that 8tato>. Embarked in forty-»ne vessels, ACADIAN WAR. 97 it loft Boston, May 20th, 1756, and arrivsd at Chiegnecto, June 1st, where on landing it watt joined by three hundred regulars sent from Halifax by Govsmor Lawrence. These forces at once commenced the march against Fort Beau S^jour, . the commandant of which was M. de Vevgor, a creature of M. Bigot, and who now '^eceived his first intimation of the ap- proach of the British. During the prec3ding winter, he had assisted the Abbe le Loutre in depriving the Aci diaa refu- gees of the allowances afforded them by the crown ; and in enriching himself by making fraudii;:lent returns of articles re- quired by his garrison. He had thus weakened his own hands, and was unable to give but the most trifling opposi- tion to the English.. These arrived in front of the fort on the 12th of June, and, after fuiir days' siege, received its capitu- lation fiojA De Yergor, who, with his regulars, was allonred to proceed to Louisbourg. The captured post was re-named Fort Cumberland, in honor of the commander-in-chief in England. A little fortress, at Bay Verte, occupied by only twenty men, was next taken, while the French themselves burned Fort St. John, ana retreated to Louisbourg. The Acadians were now finally expatriated by the British, and scattered amongst the other Anglo-American Colonies. They had refused to take the oath of allegiance to Great Bri- tain, but the harsh treatment accorded them must be looked upon as altogether unjustifiable. Some, however, escaped forcible ejection, by going into voluntary exile and taking refuge amongst the Fren h settlements on the continent. The second expedition was that of Braddock against Fort du Quesne. Having collected hia troops, amounting to about two thousand ^^iree hundred, men, including the forty-fourth and forty-eighth regiments of the line, and twelve pieces of artillery, he commenced his march over the Alleghanies into the Ohio Valley, on the 10th of June, 1755. But his pro- gress was slow through a wilderness country of forest, river, and mountain, and becoming impatient lest the French should receive reinforcements, he divided his little army. Leaving Colonel Dunbar with «ne thousand men to bring up the most of tne artillery and baggage, the general pushed on Til, • M 1 I i lie BATTLV OF MONONOAHBLA. with twelvo hundred of his best troops. But though t nei- getic and brave, and a thorough European soldier, Bradduck failed to appreciate the dangers and peculiarities of bush warfare. He despised the suggestions of Colonel Washington and other provincial officers, to send out scouts on the flanks and to the front of his force, to guard against surprise. Washington, who was serving as a staff-officer, pressed this point BO earnestly, that the general became offended and or- dered him to the command of the rear guard. On the 9th of July, the British reached the Monongahela, and at noon crossed it at a point about ten miles from Fort du Quesne. They were now upon a plain about half a mile Avide, boiind- ed on one side by the river and on the other by a gentle ac- clivity, which suddenly arose in high hills over which lay the route to the fort, through a rough and wooded country. The advanced guard, composed of two hundred regulars, was led by Colonel Gage, another corps two hundred strong fol- lowed, after which marched the main body under Braddock in person. The rear was commanded by Colonel Washing- ton. In the meantime Indian scouts had early informed Oontrecoeur, who still commanded at Du Quesne, of the force and whereabouts of the British. He accordingly resolved to attack them from ambush, and check their advance, and for this purpose selected as a suitable spot the hills surround- ing the plain at the ford. On the mcming of the 9th, he sent M. de Beaujeu with two hundred and nfty Canadians and six hundred Indians to occupy the thickets and hills covering the defiles, along which the British must pass. De Beaujeu was in the act of descending the slopo into the plain just as Colonel Gage was about to ascend it, and before the former had completed the ambuscade he wished to form. But the British taken by surprise, were unable to sustain the galling fire which was opened upon them, and were obliged to fall back upon the main body. The French were thus enabled to gain the shelter they sought, and immediately every bush, tree, and rock spoke death to their foes, who were hemmed in by a semi-circle of fire. Braddock promptly brought for- ward the forty-fourth regiment, and endeavored to form it BATTLE OP MONONOAHELA. 99 )nng ujeu just Irnier the ling faU edto tush, med for- m it in line of battle upon the open plain, but the deadly aim of the French and Indians swept away the front of every forma- tion, while the war-whoop of the savages, which the regulars now heard for the first time, filled them with consternation. They wore obliged to fall back upon the forty-eighth, advanc- ing to their aid under Colonel Burton ; but the confusion was irremediable, and the voice and example of General Brnd- dock himself urged them forward in vain. An attempt to gain the hills was unsuccessful, for the broken nature of the ground threw into disorder men accustomed to act in con- cert and with military precision. The fire of the artillery fell harmless upon the rocks and trees which sheltered the French, and from which they were enabled to pick off the gunners and officers. General Braddock had five horses shot under him, and was at ^ast wounded by a ball which shattered his arm and passed through his lungs. His brave spirit galled by defeat, he desired to be left to die upon the field, but Colonel Gage placed him in a waggon and hurried him to the rear. He died on the third day after the battle, after having dictated a despatch in which he freed his officers from all blame in the late battle. The Virginian militia, under Washington, using the same tactics as the CanacMans, held their ground better, and maintained the banks of the Monongahela, till the remnants of the forty- fourth and forty-eighth had passed over. The retreat was contiitfied precipitately, even aiter meeting the reserve under Dunbar, until they reached Fort Cumberland, in Virginia, whence they were drafted to Philadelphia and Albany. The loss to the British n.. the battle of Monongahela was nearly eight hundred, including twenty six officers killed and thirty- seven wounded, for they had made heroic efforts to stem the tide of disorder and defeat. The French lost about fifty, among the first killed of whom was M. de r?aujeu, a man much respected by both Canadians and Indians. The booty gained by the victors was immense, and included fifteen pieces of artillery and Braddock's military chest containing all his instructions from the English government. These, being forwarded to France, revealed to the French court i,!il ^'.l 1, I I 100 OniRLEY AND LVMAK. tlio full designs of the English with rej^ard to New France. By their victory the French remained in possession of the Ohio Valley, and were enabled with impunity to harass the border settlements of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, obliging the inhabitants to seek refuge towards the seaboard. The deepest dismay seized on all the English colonies. Governor Shirley, •f Massachusetts, organized the third expedition, which was to proceed against Niagara. He set out from Albany in July, but the news of the battle of Mo- nongahela discouraged his militia, who deserted in great numbers, while the Iroqueis, not willing to bring upon them- selves the wrath of the French, objected to the passage of troops tkrough their territory, pretending that it ruined the fur traffic. These hindrances prevented him from reaching Lake Ontario until the end of August, when the lateness of the season and the want of supplies led him to abandon the attauk on Niagara, which the French had in the mean- time been able to succor. Shirley, therefore, left seven hun- dred men under Colonel Mercer, to strengthen Oswego, and then retreated t« Albany. But while Braddock was being beaten, and Shirley making a fruitless march through the weeds, a large force of nearly six thousand men was being concentrated at Albany, to ope- rate against the French at Grown Point. This force was com- posed of militia from vasious States, and was commanded by General Lyman, with whom was associated Colonel William Johnson. The latter, by his fine beariug and genial sociality, had obtained an immense influence over the Indians of New York State, insomuch that he has been termed the " Tribune of the Six Nations." An evidence of his influence is found in the fact that, *' although not a single Iroquois joined Brad- dock or Shirley, the entire Mohawk tribe attached themselves to the fortunes of Johnson, and Hendricks, their bravest Sachem, led three hundred of their warriors to his camp." Proceeding up the Hudson, General Lyman spent some time in the erection of Fort Edward, as a peint on which to retreat, and as a safe depot for provisions ; while Johnson pushed on to the head of Lake George, no-:"' so called for the first time. BATTLE OF L4KE GEOROE. 101 In the meantime the news of the British advance had been brought to Baron Dieikau, at Crown Point, where he had a force of about three thousand men, composed of regulars, Canadians, and some one hundred Indians. Learning that the works at Fort Edward were not completed, and eager for distinction as well as to strike a decisive blow, Baron Dieskau left half of his force at Carillon, between Lakes Cham- plain and George, and proceeded with the other half to sur- prise Fort Edward. On the evening of September 7th, the French encamped within three miles of their destination, but now the Indianp refused to advance against an intrenched position, saying they preferred to attack Johnson's force. The baron unwillingly assented, and dividing his army into three divisions — the regulars being in the centre— moved cautiously towards the mountains in the rear, purposing to fall suddenly upon the English, who were reportad to be two thousand five hundred strung. Meanwhile Johnson learning the original object of Dieakau, had sent forward Colonel Williams with twelve hundred men and two hundred Indians, to form an ambuscade for the French on their return. When within four miles of Johnson's camp, Dieskau was informed of the approach of the English, and immediately prepared to give them the same reception which had been intended for himself. But again his Indian allies spoiled the plans of the French general, for refusing to lire upon their kindred with the English, they purposely showed themselves, and saved the British from being utterly destroyed. The French ob- tained an easy victory, bvt lost their leader, M. de St. Pierre, while Colonel Williams and Sachem Hendricks were both killed. Dieskau hoped by pursuing closely to enter Johnson's camp with the fugitives, but the latter had fortified hii posi- tion with three cannon, the fire of which the Canadians and Indians could not withstand, but took shelter in the woods, where they kept up a harmless fire upon the British flanks. With his French regulars Dieskau made strenuous efforts to force Johnson's position, but was repeatedly repulsed, until becoming wounded, the command devolved upon M. de M on- treuil. This officer succeeded in drawing off his men, and i^i I t » w ■ \ 1 1 ! H 9 •j ■ 102 RESULTS OF THE CAMPAIGN. conducting theui back to Carillon. Baron Dieskau was left a prisoner with Johnson, who had also been wounded in the engagement. Between these two oflScers a firm friendship was cemented. Dieskau remained a prisoner in England until the end of the war, when he returned to France, and died of his wounds in 1767. Like Braddock, Dieskau had . failed through underrating the peculiar difficulties and ad- vantages of border warfare, and in placing too much reliance upon troops disciplined to act on open ground, whereas this very discipline was a disadvantage to them when obliged to fight in the forest. The news of this victory caused great joy throughout New England, already depressed since Braddock's defeat. The home government rewarded Johnson with a baronetcy, and a pension of £5,000. He has been censured by some for not following up his success, by an attack upon Ticonderoga, as Carillon was called by the English. But having despatched an officer to ascertain the strength of the French, he learned that they were safely intrenched to the number of two thou- sand. He therefore satisfied himself with the erection of Fort William Henry on the site of his present position, and having supplied it and Fort Edward witn requisite garrisons, retreated to Albany, and dismissed his army to their respec- tive provinces. Thus the three principal enterprises undertaken by the British had signally failed, and the ,¥rench remained in pos- session of all the territory held by them at the beginning of the year. Although Beau St^jour had been taken, the sur- rounding open country was overrun by French parties. • On the other hand, the defeat of Braddook had fallen with disas- trous effect upon the Anglo-American colonies. At an im- mense expense — the expedition to Lake George alone cost £80,000 — i/liey had prosecuted the war, and at the end of the year beheld Canada enjoying all the advantages of peace, while they were a prey to .,11 the horrors of border warfare. Binds of savages and Canadians burst upon the English settlements at intervals, *rora Nova Scotia to Virginia, and POSITION OF CANADA. 103 submitted the country to fire, and the inhabitants to the Boalping-kmfe, or imprisoni iit. The Atlantic colonies, thoroughly alarmed, held a grand council of war at New York, December 12th, 1755, at which an elaborate plan was sketched out for the next year's cam- paign. Quebec was to be threatened, armed ves&els launched upon Lake Ontario against Frontenac and Niagara, while Ticonderoga and Crown Point were to be again attacked. Detroit, Du Qiiesne, and Mackinaw were to be deprived of their connection with Montreal, and thus be obliged t« sur- render. Meanwhile the French troopa had gone into winter-quar- ters near Montreal. Although Canada had not been molested by the presence of an armed foe, a more terribly enemy, famine, was beginning to make its appearance. During the year 1755, just closing, the crops had been neglected, the men having been drafted off to supply the necessary garrisons and expeditions against the enemy, while so much of the colony's resources had been withdrawn to furnish the troops, that there was not sufficient food left in the country for the inhabitants, and many died of starvation. Yet no sooner was it known that the English were preparing to renew the campaign in the following spring, on a grander scale, than the Canadians resohitely set about placing the colony in the best state of defence. The viceroy in his despatches to the French court represented the condition of Canada, and ur- gently demanded assistance in soldiers, munitions of war, and provisions, and especially that an experienced officer should be sent out to supply the place of Baron Dieskau. All this time war had not been formally declared between the two governments in Europe. On December 21st, how- ever, M. de Rouilld, the foreign minister at Paris, addressed a note to Mr. Fox, in England, demanding reparation for the destruction of French vessels, and for all losses incurred by the French at the hands of the English. January 17fi6. 13th, 1756, Mr. Fox aHswered, that no restitution could be made to France, so long as the latter main- tained the chain of forts to the north-west of the Alleghaniea, J^ I.: i : ii III 104 FRENCH ACTIVITY. and that England had done nothing but what was in just retaliation for like acts of the French towards the English colonies in time of peace. The consequence was, that Louis XV. at once prepared for the fray, while England was already engaged in warlike equipments for the ensuing campaign. Declaration of war was made by England on the 17th of May, by France on the 16th of June. The latter state sent out soldiers, provisions, and money to Quebec, while the Marquis de Montcalm was selected to succeed Baron Dieskau, with the rank of major- general. He arrived in Canada, about the middle of May, 1756, with two battalions, comprising about one thousand men and four hundred recruits. Other reinforcements fol- lowing, Montcalm at length found himself at the head of four thousand regulars, which constituted the bulk of the French forces sent to Canada while the war lasted. Among the officers who came out with Montcalm, were M. de L^vis, and M. De BougainvUle. General Montcalm, at once proceeded to Montreal, to con- sult with the governor on the requisite measures to be taken for the slifety of the province. It was arranged to form two principal camps, the one at Carillon or Ticonderoga, to check any British advance from Fort Edward ; and the other at Frontenac, to watch Oswego, at which place also the Eng- lish were amassing troops and war material, it being the ob- ject of the latter to gain control of Lakes Champlain and Ontario. M. Pouchot, an experienced officer, was despatched to Niagara, with one battalion to fortify that post, while two battalions were sent to Frontenac with like instructions. One thousand Canadians and Indians kept open the commu- nication between these posts, and the command of that fron- tier was entrusted to M. de Bourlemaque. At Carillon, M. de Levis held command with three thousand men, one half of whom were regulars. Another officer with a force of Ca- nadians and Indians, was sent along the Acadian frontier, and in the west M. Dumas replaced M. de Contrecoeur. Louisbourg, in Cape Breton, had a garrison of eleven hundred men, to which a reinforcement was sent in a French frigate, FKENCH OPERATIONS. 105 but when near her destination she fell a prey to an English privateer. On the Britishside, the House of Commons voted £115,000 to aid the colonies in arming their militia, of which it was resolved, by an assembly of colonial governors at New York, to raise ten thousand, to operate against the French forts on Lake Camplain, six thousand against Niagara and the Ohio Valley, while three thousand were to proceed directly to the attack of Fort du Quesne. Two thousand more were to make a demonstration farther to the east, by way of the Ghaudi^re, for the purpose of dividing the French forces. Lord Loudon, the governor of Virginia, was given the chief command of all the British forces, while General Abercromby arrived from England with two regiments. While these preparations were being considered, and before the arrival of Montcalm, the Canadian governor had already opened the campaign. In order to prepossess the minds of the Iroquois in favor of the French, he laid the project of at- tempting the capture of Oswego, and as early as March, 1766| despatched a force of three hundred men under M. de Lery, to destroy some small posts which the Englibh maintained as a chain of communication between Oswego and Schenectady. One of these. Fort Bull, was taken, and a large quantity of warlike stores destroyed. FolloAving up such expeditions, the governor sent M. de Villiers with nine hundred men to harass the British force at Oswego. Early in July they came in contact with an English party under Colonel Bradstreet, who was returning, after having successfully convoyed pro- visions to Oswego. A battle ensued which is claimed by both French and English. However, Bradstreet succeeded in reaching the Hudson, and warned General Abercromby at Albany, of the danger in which Oswego was placed. Montcalm was indefatigable in moving from point to point superintending the strengthening of forts, noting the advan- tages of the country, and gaining intelligence of the move- ments of the British. On the 29th of J uly he arrived at Frontenac to undertake in person the reduction of Oswego, which interrupted the communication between Canada and I 106 SIEGE OP OSWEGO. Louisiana. By the 8th of August the whole of the French army was transported to Sackett's Harbor, and amounted to three thousand one hundred men, including fourteen hundred regulars. On the tenth the little army arrived within a mile of their destination, and the next day commenced the at- tack. The British works consisted of two small forts, and Oswego proper. One fortlet, " Ontario," stood on a plateau within a fork formed by Lake Ontario and the Oswego River, the other, "George," was situated on a height several hundred yards from Fort Oswego, which it commanded by its position. Each of these had a few cannon, while " Oswego" proper mounted seventeen cannon^ and fifteen howitzers. These three works had a garrison of about two thousand men, un- der Colonel Mercer. The French opened the siege by the bombardment of Fort Ontario, which, under the personal direction of Colonel Mercer, replied briskly until their am- munition failing, they were obliged to spike their guns and retire to Fort Oswego. The French immediately occupied the forsaken post, and from it opened fire upon the main fort. Other batteries and works were erected, and on the 14th it ' became evident that the place was untenable. Colonel Mer- cer had fallen, and the besieged discouraged by this, as well as the unceasing fire of the French, offered to surrender. At 11 a.m. the capitulation was signed, and the garrison, seven- teen hundred and eighty strong, with one hundred women and children were taken prisoners. The French obtained seven armed vessels, carrying from eight to eighteen guns each, two hundred batteaux, one hundred and seven cannon, fourteen mortars, muskets, and stores of all kinds, with five stand of colors, and the garrison chest containing eighteen thousand francs. The French loss was eighty killed and wounded, that of the English amounted to one hundred and fifty. All the fortifications were razed to the ground in the presence of the Iroquois chiefs, whom this act conciliated, while the French had no men to spare for its garrison. The triumph of Montcalm was stained by the atrocities of the Indians upon the prisoners. Disappointed in their oxpecta- DISTRESS IN CANADA. 107 tions of plunder, they fell upon the prisoners and massacred about one hundred, and were only persuaded to desist from the slaughter by the promise of rich presents on the part of Montcalm. This victory created great joy throughout Canada, while it completely paralyzed the motions of the English for the year. Their other expeditions were abandoned, and their efforts confined to guarding the frontier settlements against the depredations of the savages. During the winter of 1756-7 Canada suffered severely, for j;he crops had again failed, and famine more bitter than ever stared the people in the face. The intendant was obliged to furnish the bakers with grain from the king's stores, by whom bread was to be dealt out in small portions to d;he famishing people^ who greedily snatched it from the hands of the dis- tributors. In Quebec the allowance was reduced to four ounces a day per head. Meanwhile numbers of the Acadians flocked into the province, begging for sustenance, and offer- ing to die with arms in their hands against any foe, in recom- pense for food. Spreading over the colony, part of their number . settled in parishes, such as those of Acadie, St. Jacques, Nicolet, and B^cancour ; while of the rest, the sur- vivors were incorporated with the general population. To add to the misery of famine, the small-pox attacked the set- tlements, and the Abenaquis were all but destroyed. But more fatal still to Canada were the unblushing frauds of her civil officers, who, with Bigot at their head, robbed both king and people. Stores sent out from France^ for distribu- tion to the colonists, were sold to them only at enormous prices, the unlawful gains passing into the pockets of the members of the " Society " as this association of thieves was called. Of these frauds the home government was either ignorant, or too careless to heed them. Notwithstanding all these causes for discouragement, the French never hesitated to strike a blow where prac- 1767. ticable. On the 23rd of February, 1757, a force of fifteen hundred men under M. Rigaud, a brother of the governor, left Montreal for the purpose of surprising Fort r w 108 LORD LOtJDON*S FAILURE. William Henry, which was said to contain large stores of war material and provisions. The winter was unusually severe, and the French were obliged to travel sixty leagues of the way on snow-shoes, with their provisions on sledges, passing the nights on bearskins laid •n the snow, and sheltered by a piece of canvas. The fort, however, was too strong to be taken by storm, and M. JEligaud' contented himself with the destruction of all the outworks, mills, and buildingu sur- rounding the fort, as well as a large number of batteaux, and four armed vessels. Tn the meantime Lord Loudon, at a council held in Boston, January, 1757, proposed the reduction of Louisbourg. On the 9th of July he was joined at Halifax by Admiral Hol- born with a fleet of fourteen line-of -battle ships, the whole land force amounting to thirteen regiments of regulars, with the requisite artillery. But the expedition remained Inactive till August, when hearing that a la^ge French fleet, bearing reinforcements, had reached Cape Bi.>ton, it was resolved to abandon, the enterprise, and Lord Loudon returned to New York. No sooner had the news of Loudon's departure for Louis- bourg reached Montcalm, than he determined upon the reduc-- tion of Fort William Henry. Carillon was abeady ocapied by two thousand men ; a battalion was located at St. John's on the Riclielieu, another at Chambly, while two more w6re garrisoned at Quebec and Montreal. Although the Canadians were engaged in field labor they promptly responded to the call of the governor, and by the end of July Montcalm found himself at the head of nearly eight thousand troops, including some sixteen hundred Indians, collected from thirty-two dif- ferent tribes. Montcalm hurried forward to Carillon to reconnoitre, leaving M. de L^vis to bring on the troops. French scouting parties were successful in confining the Eng- lish to their forts, and in gaining possession of Lake George. On the 2nd of August Montcalm arrived in front of '* William Henry," which was well garrisoned, and under the command of Colonel Munroe. Four thousand British were, however, encamped at the distance of a day's march from the fort, iin- FORT WILLIAM IfENRY TAKEN. 109 der General Webb, but he cowardly left his brother officer to his fato. When summoned to surrender, Munroe gallantly replied " I will defend my trust to the last extremity." The siege was accordingly hast jned, for the scantiness of provi- sions would not allow Montcalm to waste any time. The troops were arranged so as to completely cut o£f the approach of any reinforcements. For four days an incessant fire from batteries and trenches was maintained, the besieged replying briskly and promptly. In vain did Colonel Munroe beg Webb to send him relief, the only answer he received was a letter exaggerating the strength of the French, and advising him to surrender. But this the brave old colonel refused to do, until his ammunition was nearly exhausted, and half of his cannon burst. On the 9th of August a flag of truce was un- furled from the fortress, and in a short time the terms of cap- itulation were arranged. These allowed the garrison to march out with all the honors of war, and return to their own country, with their arms, baggage, and one field-piece, on condition that they would not serve against the French or their Indian allies during the existing war. It was also agreed that all French prisoners of war in the British colonies should be sent to Carillon within four months. But like that of Oswego, the capture of Fort William Henry was tarnished by the excesses of the Indians. Maddened by liquor, which the English had neglected to spill before leav- ing the fort, and thirsting for blood, they waylaid the re- treating English in the forest, when scarcely a mile on their way, and despite the efforts of M. de L^vis and the French escort, massacred a great number of the unfortunate prison- ers, stripping them of everything. All the exertions of Montcalm and his officers were required to stay the butchery, and only six hundred of the party succeeded in reaching Fort Edward. The savages took two hundred to Montreal, where the governor ransomed them from their captors, while the remnant of four hundred, under a strong escort, were des- patcl ed to the English lines. This victory was invaluable to the French, in the large quantity of stores the fort contained, but more especially in ii!;! H Is I 110 PITT'S APrOIHTMENTS. giving them tlie command of Lakes Champlain and Geroge, and cemeii' in^ the treaty which, in the beginning of th^ year, had been made with the Indians. But it could not be fol< lowed up, tor the militia were obliged to return to their homes to secure their crops. These, however, had again failed, and the ensuirg winter was one of increased misery to Canadians. The Fall of Fort William Henry was a severe blow to the New England colonies, and so fearful were they of Mont- calm's appearance on their borders, that the n ilitia of the several states was put under requisition, while settlers wert- waid of the Connecticut river had orders to destroy thoir waggons and drive in their cattle. In England, the above French successes, but more than all the culpable conduct of Lord Loudon, created a storm of indignation against the ministry of the Duke of 1757. Newcastle, by whom the appointments in America had been made. He was forced tu resign, and Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, was looked to as the only one who could retrieve the national honor. With the king's permission, he at once elevated men to the position of com- manderfj, on the score of youth, energy, and ability. Colonel Amherst was made a major-general, and given the command of the force destined for the assault of Louisbourg, while under him Whitmore, Lawrence and James Wolfe, were made brigadier-generals. The conquest of the Ohio Valley was assigned to Forbes, while General Abe. ^romby was to act against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, with Lord Howe as second in command, upon whom Pitt chiefly relied for the success of the expedition. Wolfe, though only thirty-one years of age, having been born at Westerham, Kent, in lt26, had been eighteen years in the army, and had served in the wars of the Continent, being present at the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy. At twenty-two he was made a lieutenant-colonel, and now was raised to the rank of general. The above strenuous efforts on the part of Britain for the conquest of Canada, were a tacit compliment to the bravery and resolution of the French in that province. SIBQE OF LOUIBBOURa. Ill CHAPTER XII. CAMFAIONB. 17S8. Capture of IiOnlsboure* Aberoromby'8 defeat at Tlcont- deroga. Bradstreet takes Frontenac. French Excursions— Rogers.'' Forbes takes Dn^uesne, Pitts- burg. Results of the Campaign. 1758. Distress In Ouiad*. Census— Plan of next Campaign. 1759. British Plans. Prideaux— Johnson— Niagara. Qen. Amherst— Fort George. French abandon Ticonderoga and Fort Frederic, Rogers at Lake St. Francis. On the 19th of February, 1768, the English fleet, having on board General Amherst and an army of ten 1798' thousand men, left Portsmouth, and after a stormy voyage, arrived at Halifax on the 28th of May, where Admiral Boscawen was awaiting it. The entire force appointed for the reduction of Louisbourg, consisted of eleven thousand six hundred troops j and a fleet of twenty- two ships of the line, fifteen frigates, and numerous trans- ports for the conveyance of the army. It arrived oflF Louis- bourg on the 2nd June, but for several days the roughness of the sea prevented any landing being attempted. De Drucor, the French commander of the point of attack, had made the best defence he could, and covered the practical landing-places with masked batteries and other obstructions. His garrison consisted of three thousand regular troops and militia, and a few Indians, while in the harbor, and under the protection of the guns of the fortress, were an- chored six line of battle ships and two frigates, with three frigates sunken at the entrance to the port to prevent the passage of the English £eet. On the 8th the left division of the English army, under General Wolfe, eflfected a landing about four miles from the town, under a heavy fire from the French batteries, which they took at the point of the bayonet. Pressing after tho .f!, , ii'l 112* ABlRCnOMTIY'a MOTBMBNTS. retreating French, they inflicted severe loss upon them, and invested Louiabourg tlie aan^- •'ay. The besieged made a. stout resistance, and not their fortress was a heap of ruins, and the ships in the harbor taken or destroyed did De Drucor oflfer to surrender. Until the 25th of July the siege was maintained in all its rigor, and on the 26th, when the garrison had no place for shelter or rest, the capitulation was signed, and Louisbourg, with all Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island, passed into the hands of the English, With this stronghold fell the French rule on the Atlantic sea- board, and the way was now clear for a fleet to ascend the St. Lawrence to Quebec. Halifax being the English naval station, Louisbourg was abandoned, and although the harbor still affords shelter to mariners, only a few hovels now stand upon tho site of so much fierce contention. The British took in succession the small settlements along the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy, and left small garrisons in possession. While Amherst and Wolfe were gaining laurels in Cape Breton, General Abercromby, as the successor of Lord Loudon, was preparing the largest force yet seen in America for the attack upon the French forts situated on Lake Champlain. Ticonderoga, or as the French called it. Caril- lon, situated on the La Chute river which flows between Lakes George and Champlain, was the first point to betaken, as its possession by the French effectually barred the way of the English to Montreal. Fort Frederic stood on Crown Point, on the west shore of Lake Champlain, about mid- way in its length. By the first of July, Abercromby's army, composed of over six thousand regulars and nine thousand militia, with four hundred Indians under Sir William Johnson, was, encamped on the site of Fort William Henry, at the southern extremity of Lake George. On the 5th of July, it was embarked in one thousand and thirty-five boats, with the amllery on rafts, and with bands playing, colors unfurled to the lake breezes, and confident hopes of victory, proceeded on its way to Ticonderoga. Second in command to General Abercromby was the youthful and gal- ATTACK ON TIOONDBROOA. 113 lant Lord Howo, who had boen especially appointed to this expedition, and upon whom Pitt really relied for its succeia. In the meantime General M6ntcalm had not been idle. Fully informed of the movements of his powerful enemy, he, with his able ofticers De L^vis and Bourlomaque, had collected all the available force the colony could spare, and which did not exceed fivo thousand men, including regulars, militia and Indians. The fort was built on a bold headland, protected on the east by Lake Champlain, on the south by the river La Chute, and on the north by marshes, so that the west afforded the only direction in which an assault could be made. Across this face of the fort, at the distance of half a mile from it, Montcalm marked out his lines, which he fortified with felled trees and intrenchments of earth. The possession of these "Gates of Canada," was of vital importance to the French, and they resolved to defend their post at all hazards. On the morning of the Gth of July, the advanced guard of the British, under the active Colonel Bradstreet landed safely, and meeting no opposition, was followed by the entire army. So dense, however, was the forest, that progress was but slow, and even a detachment of three hundred French troops, which had been called in by their general, lost their way, and came suddenly upon the centre of the English army, led by Lord Bowe. Although worn out with fatigue, they fought bravely, and did not surrender until half their number was killed. But the English suffered an irreparable loss in the death of Lord Howe, who was killed at the commencement of the skirmish. On the morning of the 8th, the British were massed in force in front of the French intrenchments, which being covered by the fallen trees, deceived the English engi- neer sent to inspect them; if nd on his report of the character of the French defences, Abf rcromby decided to carry them by storm, without bringing up his artillery. This resolve proved his ruin, for while the solid earthen breastworks protected the defences, the slope in front, for nearly one hundred yards, was covered with felled trees, laid close together, whose pointed branches were intended to throw into disorder the attacking foe. From one o'clock, till five in the evening, did 111 i| I'is!' If •!,„:: ■ I ' : i 1 I' I L i 114 DEFEAT AND RETUEAT. I I 'III the Britinh, in solid columns, strire to force this barrier. As often as the attack was renewed, so often wore thoy beaten back, for no sooner did their heads appear above the trees than the well-directed fire of the French ciit down offioern and men by hundreds. The valor of the assailants only proved their destruction. Murray's Highlanders, the celebrated " Black Watch," alone were successful in gaining the breast- work, only to .perish, for the greater part of the oiHcers, and half of the gallant men were slain or severely wounded. Beaten back, they formed only to renew the onset, and sacri- fice themselves to the incompetency of a general, upon defences, which the fire of artillery would have quickly des- troyed. After four hours' such fighting, the English, thoroughly dejected, commenced to retreat. The retreat became a disor- derly flight to the boats, and only for the coolness of Colonel Bradstreet, who with a small force protected the landing, many of the fugitives would have been drowned in the lake. Abercromby made his way to the head of Lake George, where he intrenched himself in his former camp. He had lost in this engageiaent nearly two thousand men, mostly regulars, including one hundred and twenty-six ofBioers, while the French loss was three hundred and seventy-seven, killed and wounded, including no less than thirty-eight officers. To counterbalance the late misfortune in some measure, it was resolved to attack Fort Frontenac, and to this duty Colonel Bradstreet was assigned. Proceeding to the Oneida Portage, on the former site of which Rome now stands, he procured the command of two thousand seven hundred militia from General Stanwyx, and accompanied by fifty Onondagas, under Chief " Red Head," advanced to Lake Ontario, by way of the Oswego River. On the 25th of August, 1758, he found himself in front of Fort Frontenac, wliich was built in the form of a quadrangle, defended by twenty cannon and sixteen small mortars, and garrisoned by only one hundred and twenty men, under M. de Noyau. This officer, however, would not surrender, until the cannonade of his enemy rendered his post no longer tenable. The English captured many cannon, quan- tities of small arms, a large store of provisions, and nine ves all boo par( 800] FORBBH IN TilE OHIU VALLBY. 119 Ml ▼esaels, several of which were laden with rich furs. Burning all the vessels but two, which ho retained to convey away his booty, Bradstreet blew up and abandoned the fort, after paroling the prisoners. He relreaUd across the lake, and soon afterwards rebuilt Fort Bull. In the meantime Montcalm employed his troops in harrass- ing Aberoromby, sending out detachments of Canadians and Indians, which scoured the country to the walls of Fort Ed- ward ; on one occasion, capturing a convoy of provisions of one hundred and fifty waggons, and massacring the team- sters to the number of one hundred and sixteen. In one of these excursions, meeting with Rogers and his rangers, the French were badly beaten, with a loss of one hundred and ninety men. In the Ohio Valley, an English force under General Forbes, was aiming to strike a blow at French authority. Leaving Philadelphia on the 30th of June, 1758, at the head of fifteen hundred regulars and five thousand militia, in which Colonel Washington hold »/ command, he commenced the long and laborious march over the Alleghanies. This necessitated the construction of a new road, and September had already com- menced before the English arrived within ninety miles of Fort du Quesne. Their general, who was slowly dying of a lingering disease, had to be carried the most of the way in a litter. Halting at Raystown, he sent forward Colonel Bouquet to take post at Loyal Hanning, forty- five miles from Du Quesne. Learning that the French were weakly garrisoned, this officer hoped to take the fort by surprise, And for this purpose despatched Major Grant with eight hundred High- landers, and a company of Virginian militia to reconnoitre. But being discovered by the French, Grant was attacked and lost three hundred, killed and wounded, and was himself taken prisoner. The news of this disaster reaching General Forbes, he at once pushed forward, his advancsd guard being led by Washington . The French convinced that they were un- able to hold the fort against the English force, blew it up, and withdrew with their artillery to Fort Machault, near Lake Erie. On the 25th of November, the British took possession 116 CONDITION OF CANADA. of the deserted site, and set about rebuilding the fort, to which they gave the name of Fort Pitt, in honor of the " Great Commoner." The City of Pittsburg now flourishes where Du Quesne once asserted French sway. The campaign of 1758 closed in favor of the British. The capture of Fort du Quesne cut off all communication between the French in the Mississippi and those on the St. Law- rence ; the destruction of Frontenac gave the English the con- trol of Lake Ontario, while the fall of Louisbourg had left the way to Quebec clear for their fleet. The defeat of General Abercromby had, for' the present, delayed further disaster to Canada, but Montcalm felt that the end was near, and that another campaign under a skilful leader must assure the downfall of French dominion on the St. Lawrence. During the winter of 1758-9 the French suffered untold pri- vations. The crops had been less than those of preceding years, and a famine more stringent than ever stared the people in the face. Appeals to France for assistance were unavailing, the ministry refusing to send out vessels with either food or men, lest the transports should fall into the hands of the Bri- tish. As a consequence, the scarcity became so great that horses had to be killed for the use of the troops at Montreal and Quebec. Meanwhile Bigot and his "Society" were growing wealthy, obliging the people to give famine prices for ohe little there was in the government stores, and which, in time of scarcity, should have been at the disposal of the inhabitants. M. de Vaudreuil, in anticipation of the coming campaign, issued proclamations exhorting the people to re- newed sacrifices, and ordering the militia to be ready at a moment's notice. In January a census was taken, which gave the population as eighty-five thousand, of which fifteen thou- sand two hundred and twenty-nine were returned between the ages of sixteen and sixty, as capable of bearing arms. Of these, however, some were obliged to till the fields, while the balance would have to be divided over much territory and to various points. Although Montcalm foresaw the fate which was in reserve for Canada, he never faltered in his duty, nor left anything undone, whereby he might strengthen its de- PLANS OF CAMPAIGN. 117 fences, superintending the fortifications, disposing the troops, and saving from a scanty stock all the provisions he could, in view of the impending struggle. At a council of war, held at Montreal, in May, 1759, the dispositon of the several commanders was decided upon. Montcalm was appointed to Quebec, Bourlemaque to 1759* Lake Champlain, with orders to blow up Ticondero- ga, and also Fort Frederic, if unable to maintain them, and then retire to Isle aux Noix, and hold it at all hazards, and thus bar the way of the English down the Riche- lieu. M. de la Corne was stationed on the bank of the St. Lawrence above Montreal, to molest any force which might descend from Lake Ontario. On the British side, the campaign of 1759 was intended to accomplish what 'that of the previous year had so successfully begun. General Abercromby was superseded by General Amherst, who, it was hoped, would succeed in forcing the French lines at Champlain. To General Prideaux and Sir William Johnson was allotted the reduction of Niagara, while General Stanwyx was sent to reduce the line of French forts remaining between the Ohio Valley and Lake Erie. But to General Wolfe was entrusted the expedition against Quebec. The campaign opened with the advance of General Pri- deaux with nearly four thousand troops, accompanied by Sir William Johnson in command of one thousand Iroquois. The route was to Oswego, where Colonel Haldimand was left with a strong detachment to reconstruct the fort. The balance of the armament led by Prideaux and Johnson left Oswego by lake, and on the 7th of July arrived off Niagara. This fort was situated on the southern point formed between the river Niagara and Lake Ontario. Pouchot, the French commander, no sooner learned the arrival of the British, which was the first warning he had of their approach, than he immediately despatched swift runners to Detroit and the French posts on Lake Erie for assistance. Relying upon prompt aid he refused the summons to surrender, saying, " My post is strong, my garrison is faithful, and the longer I hold uut the more I will win the esteem of the enemy.'' Prideaux at 'ill u Hi ■ ii I;' i .'■ I ] 118 SIEGE OF NIAGAKA. once opened a vigorous fire upon the fort, while his boats covering the lake in front, prevented the approach of assis- tance from Frontenac, which had been rebuilt. Bravely did Pouchot hold out, although the bombardment was at times so hot, that the besieged could only find shelter beneath the covered way of the ramparts. On the 19 th Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a mortar, and the command devolved upon Johnson. The reinforcements expected by Pouchot were On their way, but the news of their approach had been brought to Johnson by his Indian scouts, and he determined' to attack them before they should reach his lines. For this purpose he formed a strong ambuscade on the road they were to take from Lake Erie to Ontario. They easily fell into the trap, and, although they fought bravely, were soon overpowered by superior numbers. The greater part were slain, while D' Aubrey their leader, with all his officers who were alive, were taken prisoners. Returning to his lines, Sir William at once sent a flag of truce to inform Pouchot of the fate of hib reinforcement, and urging him fco surrender with- out further bloodshed. When convinced of the truth of the information, he at once accepted ihe terms oflfered, and at the head of his small garrison of six hundred men marched out with all the honors of war, and laid down their arms on the lake shore. The women and children were to be con- ducted to France, and the garrison to New York in safety from any injury from the Indians. This was faithfully per- formed, in marked contrailt to the culpable negligence of Montcalm at Fort. William Henry, in not providing a suffi- cient escort. While Prideaux and Johnson were yet on their way from Oswego to Niagara, De la Come, leaving Fort Frontenac, fell suddenly upon Colonel Haldimand's detachment, and during the 5th and 6th of July, made desperate efforts to expel the English from their position. But he was defeated and obliged to retrace his steps. The capture of Niagara and the defeat of D'Aubrey effec- tually cut off the Ohio valley from Canada, and the French OENBUAL AMHERST. 119 forts in the former region speedily fell into the hands of General Stanwyx. While Sir William Johnson was waylaying D' Aubrey, General Amherst was laying the foundation of Fort George, near Fort William Henry, and on the 21st of July having completed his preparations, embarked his army of eleven thousand troops, half of which were regulars, and with fifty- four cannon, proceeded down Lake George to the attacl^ of Ticonderoga. Following the same route as Abercromby the year before, General Amherst soon found himself before the intrenchments of the French. The latter at once retreated to the fort, and the English occupied the ground vacated by tliem. Cannonading was now maintained on both sides, and De Bourleraaque knowing he could not sustain a regular siege, and that the fort was untenable, abandoned it with the main body of his army, leaving four hundred men to keep the enemy employed, wliich they did for three days. They then withdrew after loading and pointing the guns, and laying a mine to blow up the defences, while a lighted fuse communi- cated with the powder [magazine . Soon a tremendous explo- sion took place, and all the buildings of the fort were involved in flames. When the danger was thought to be over, the English set about extinguishing the fires, and repairing the fort, while boats were built with which to assail Fort Frederic ; but a party of rangers soon discovered that the French had abandoned this post also, and estab- lished themselves firmly on Isle aux Noix, at the entrance to the Richelieu. The force of De Bourlemaque now consisted of three thousand five hundred men, one hundred pieces of cannon, and four armed vessels commanded by experienced naval officers. It was necessary that General Amherst •hould dislodge the French from their position, unless he would leave an enemy in his rear, and to attempt this it was necessary to have a sufficient flotilla. Accordingly, before the preparations were finished, winter began to set in and the British were obliged to go into quarters. They, however, spent the time in enlarging and strengthening the defences of Ticonderoga, Fort Frederic and Fort George, M tii Hi \i \h i i ISO BfiFOKE QUfiBBO. CHAPTER XIII. THE SIKOE OP QUEBEC, 1769, English Armament. Quebec— Defences, ^irfiships— Monckton— Cook. Wolfe's Efforts and Defeat. Reconnoitring— Townshend's Plan . "Wolfe's Cove "—Preparations. Dropping down the tide. Scaling the Heights, French line of battle. English line of battle. Battle of Abraham's Plains. Death of Wolfe. Death of Montcalm. Surrender. General de L6vi9. General Murray. The third expedition of the campaign of 1759, and the most important, for it aimed at the hearb of Canada, was that by way of the St. Lawrence against Quebec, under the leadership of General Wolfe. Early in the year an army of eight thou- sand men was assembled at Louisbourg, composed of three divisions under Generals Monckton, Townshend, and Murray. The fleet consisted of twenty- two men-of-war, with an equal number of frigates and armed vessels, and was commanded by Admiral Saunders. On the 7th of Juno this large fleet put to sea, and after a safe passage up the St. L'awrence, anchored off" the Island of Orleans, where the troops were disembarked, and Wolfe took up his head-quarters. No better position could he have from which to behold the magnitude of the work that he had undertaken. Full in view arose the bold cliff's on the northern banks of the river, sur- mounted by the City of Quebec, which like the eyrie of the eagle seemed to rest in proud security upon the lofty emi- nence, with its churches and convents of stone, its citadel ramparts bristling with cannon, and the massive wallb of the Castle of St. Louis towering from the very edge of the preci- pice. On the opposite bank arose the high promontory of Point Levis, while the river contracted to less than a mile in width, flowed with deep and rapid current between its stoop banks. Above the city the lofty and rugged slopes could be seen extending for many a leaguo on both sides of the river, Montcalm's defences. L21 Just below the city, and washing its rocky base, the St, Charles emptied its waters into the St. Lawrence, while eight miles below, the Montmorency, after plunging over the steep precipice, also mingled its flood with that of the greater river. To defend Quebec the heroic Montcalm had employed all the means at his disposal to render these grand defences of nature impregnable. The mouth of the St. Charles was closed by a boom of masts chained together, and anchored firmly in their place, while in front and within the boom barges and sunken merchant vessels platformed together sup- ported a battery of heavy guns, pointed so as to sweep the waters in front. The high bank of the St. Lawrence between the St. Charles and the Montmorency was covered with bat- teries and intrenchments, while the ford across the Mont- morency three miles from its mouth, was fortified and guarded by a strong force. Above ohe city every landing-place as far as Cape Rouge, a distance of nine miles, was strongly in- trenched and protected with cannon. At Beauport and Charlesbourg the reserve was stationed. Altogether thirteen thousand French troops held the approaches to the city on the east, north, and west. Colonel de Bougainville guarded the western side of Quebec, General de Levis the banks of the Montmorency, while the Marquis de Montcalm, as com- mander-in-chief, watched the movements of the enemy from the bank of the St. Lawrence. The objects of the two commanders were very different. Montcalm acted on the defensive, hoping to prolong the struggle until tlie succeeding winter should drive the British fleet from the river, and force thorn to give up their design. On the other hand, Wolfe strove to draw the French Ge- neral from his intrenchments, and compel him to come to open battle, and thus at a blow decide the fate of Canada. During the night of the 26th six fire-ships were sent down the tide from Quebec, to damage the British fleet, but a few boats well manned with sailors put off from the fleet, and fastening grappling-irons to the burning hulls, towed them to shore without doing their intended injury, Hi tl i if :l !: i 122 BFFORTS OP THE ENGLISH. m I'll • i :!i On the 29th General Monckton with his division assailed and captured the heights of Point Ldvis, and erected a battery which, by its destructive fire, soon marred the beauty of Que- bec, destroying among other buildings the venerable ca- thedral, with all its souvenirs of the past. Admiral Saunders also sought a safer harbor for his fleet above the city, in case of stormy weather, thus forcing the French fleet to ascend the river towards Montreal. As the French had removed all the buoys from the rivrer, it was necessary to make new sound- ings, and to this duty, requiring great care, the celebrated navigator, James Cook, was appointed, who now held the rank of sailing-nraster in the English fleet. It is worthy of attention that De Bougainville also, who fought under Montcalm, afterwards made the voyage of the world. Wolfe constantly reconnoitred Montcalm's position, with the hope of finding some assailable point. He established a large force behind strong intrenchments on tho left bank of the Montmorency, to watch the French, but it was fruitful in nothing but sharp skirmishes. He despaired at length of being able to force Montcalm's lines in this quarter, and in company with Admiral Saunders ran the gauntlet of the French batteries, for the purpose of examining the banks above the city, but here he could find nothing that promised any better success. Everywhere the banks were high and precipitous, and strongly intrenched, while vigilant sentinels watched every movement of the English. Some letters, how- ever, fell into the hands of Wolf e about this time, detailing the wretched condition of affairs in the colony, which led him to determine upon a bold attack on the front of the French lines, along the St. Lawrence, between the St. Char- les aiid the Montmorency. Possibly he might be able to force back the left of Montcalm's line, and thus compel him to fight. Every preparation having been completed, on the 31st of July, a feint was made of attacking the French position along the Montmorency, with the hope of calling away the French main body from the real point of attack, while at the same time the squadron bearing the English troops destined for BATTLB OF MONTMORENCY. 123 the assault in front, was appro.iching the mouth of the Mont- morency. Here a redoubt had been erected, upon which the English vessels opened fire. Subsequent movements of the British revealing to Montcalm their true designs, he was tho- roughly on his guard, and leaving M. de Levis to defend the ford of the Montmorency, he remained to watch Wolfe's mo- tions. In the afternoon a strong body of troops was em- barked in boats, and covered by a furious cannonading from the English ships and batteries, pulled towards the beach, and landed just above the mouth of the Montmorency. Thir- teen companies of the grenadier* and some Royal Americans were the first to land, and had received orders to form in columns on the strand, and await the ffrrival of the remain- der of the force, and Townshend's brigade already advancing across the Montmorency. But their impetuosity ruined everything. Impatient of delay, and regardless of their offi- cers, they hurried forward across the level beach, and com- menced to scale the heights crowned by the French intrench- ments. The latter held their fire until the reckless assailants were within a few yards of the summit, and then volley after volley rolled the English down the ascent. Wolfe beholding the furious onset, saw at once that the day was lost, and coolly formed the remainder of his force to cover the retreat which must follow. When the contest was the hottest, a sudden storm burst over the scene, drenching the combatants on both sides, and for a time extinguishing the fire of the French, while the steep slopes were rendered so slippery that the jjrenadierd could not retain their feet. Darkness was fast approaching, the retreat was sounded, and as the English re- embarkeil, triumphant shouts of " Vivo le Roi," from the fclironged heights, told of the exultation of the victors. With deepest agony Wolfe saw his bold plan fail, and over four hundred of his picked men fall a useless sacrifice to their own hot-headedne.'is. The vexatious anxieties of the siege preyed upon his frann^. already weak from incurable disease, and overwrought by the activity of an ardent temperament, and shortly after fever attacked his racked body, and laid him on his bed. i ; Ml! if 124 GENERAL TOWNSHENd's PLAN. In the meantime, parties of English troops scoured the country for miles around, committing riithless destruction of property, which only impoverished the inhabitants, while it in no way advanced the operations against Quebec, but only united the Canadians in more determined efforts to protect their homes and their families. During Augtist, Admiral Holmes joined Rous's squadron above Quebec, and took on board General Murray, with twelve hundred men, to cut out the French vessels, which had retired up the river. Thetie, however, sending their guns and stores ashore, took refuge in the shallows towards Montreal. General Murray, as he ascended the river, found ^very landing place fortified, and the whole countiy T)n the alert. When thirty-nine miles above Quebec, he succeeded in effecting a landing at the Vil- lage of D'Eschambault, which was defended by a few invalid soldiers, and was easily taken . Here he learned of the suc- cesses of Amherst and Johnson, and hastened down the river to communicate the intelligence to his commander-in-chief, whom he found prostrated with fever, while the English bat- teries at Montmorency and Point Levis p jured their storm of fire against the lines and upon the city of the devoted French. The latter becoming, through its bombardment, a prize of less value, when it should fall into the hands of the besiegers. While stretched upon his sick bed, the active mind of Wolfe was employed in devising bold schemes for the forcing of the French lines below Quebec, but three different and equally hazardous plans for this purpose, presented by him to his brigadiers, met their disapproval. He asked their suggestions, when the proposal of General Townshend was accepted. His plan was to divide the army, and while one portion remained below the city to alarm Montcalm by false attacks, the other part should ascend the southern bank of the St. Lawrence for some distance, cross over and" operate above, rather than below Quebec, The work of removing the troops from Montmorency to Point Levis was at once commenced, while numerous ships and transports under Ad- miral Holmes ascended the river past the city, under a lieavy PREPARATIONS. 125 fire from the French batteries. Montcalm at once perceived the unusual stir among the English, and endeavored to mo- lest them while embarking ; but the watchful Monckton, from the heights of Point Levis, perceived his design, and sent a strong detachment in boats, under cover of some sloops and frigates, as if to attack Beauport, which obliged the French general to recall his battalions and permit the British to remove without interference. At the same time, Montcalm reinforced De Bougainville, who now had three thousand men posted between Sillery and Pointe aux Trem- bles, to watch the English. During the 7th, 8th and 9th of September, Holmes made several feints against the French posts above Quebec, and kept them fully occupied with Ills manoeuvres, while Wolfe, who had somewhat recovered, in company with his generals, thoroughly examined the north bank for some path by which to scale its rugged heights. At length they discovered a narrow path winding up the steep precipice from the river's edge, at a point now known as *' Wolfe's Cov^," about three miles above the city. Two men could scarcely ascend this footway abreast, yet by it Wolfs resolved to make his bold attempt, the very audacity of which seemed to promise its success. On the 12th, two deserters brought Wolfe the countersign to be giv'=»n by certain provision boats expected from Mon- treal during the following night, and also informed him of the belief of Montcalm, that an attack by the English would be made below the city. Accordingly, to confirm the supposi- tion of the French general, Cook was sent to take soundings opposite Beauport, while a dem'^'istration was made as if to attack the French intrenchment^i that quarter. The at- tention of the besieged being engaged for the purpose of repelling the supposed attack, the smaller vessels of the English fleet spread all sail, and passed safely up the river and joined Holmes's squadron at Cape Rouge ; while Monck- ton's and Murray's divisions hastened along the southern bank, until opposite the fleet, when they embarked without being observed by the French. At nine o'clock the first division, sixteen hundred strong, silently removed into flat 'I- ! :| li 126 3(ULIN0 THE HETOHTS. 11 il ■5:! bottomed boats, aud awaited the orders of their general. About one o'clock on the morning of the 13th, the order was given to let the boats drop down with the receding tide. Though the night was dark, the sky was clear and starlight, and no sound of oar or the clashing of arms disturbed the stillness which rested on height and river. Wolfe's disease had abated, and he was so far recovered as to be able to take the command in person. He sat in the stern of one of the boats, pale and weak, but borne up by calm resolves of duty, and entertained the officers closely grouped around him with the recital of " Gray's Elegy," then recently published. How prophetic in his case was the line, "The paths of glory lead but to the i^iavc." Every order had been given, and every possible precaution taken, and it only remained to carry out the details vith watchfulness and resolution. The ebbing tide was sufficient to bear the boats along, which, as they approached the cove, crowded near the bank, whose wooded precipice rose high on their left, " Qui, viva 1 " (Who goes thdre) shouted a French sentinel from out of the darkness. " La France," (France) whispered a Highland captain of Frazer's regiment, from the foremost boat. " A quel regiment ? " (To what regiment) demanded the sentinel. "DelaReine," (The Queen's) lowly responded the High- lander, who knew that De Bougainville had a corps of that name. " Pourquoi ne parlez-vous pas plus haut t " (Why do you not speak louder) again demanded the Frenchman, run- ning along the beach. ** Tais-toi, nous serons entendus." (Silence, we shall be heard) was the whispered response from the boat. These replies reassuring the sentinel, he resumed his beat, supposing the convoy of provisions ex- pected by the garrison, had just passed him. They reached the Cove in safety, and Wolfe whose boat had been carried a little below, was among the first to land. As he glanced upward at the rugged heights, he coolly observed to one of his officers, " You can try it, but I don't think you'll get up." The Highlanders at once commenced the ascent, scrambling PLAINS OF AimAHAM. 127 up the face of the procipico, and aiding themselves by the roots and branches of trees. Again the challenijo of the French sentry at the top demanded, " Who goes there t " but the ready answer of Captain Macdonald, in French, .allayed the soldier's curiosity, and the next moment ho was overpowered, while the guard turning out, was quickly cut to pieces, or made prisoners, and more troops pressing up the pathway, possessed themselves of a fourteen gun re- doubt wliich commanded it. Meanwhile the vessels had dropped down the river with the current, and anchoring op- posite the Cove, the remainder of the forces was disembarked and brought safely to shore. As the sun rose, the astonished French beheld from the ramparts of Quebec, the Plains of Abraham glittering with arms, and the red lines of the British infantry forming in order of battle. So difficult, however, had been the ascent, that only one field-piece could be brought up the cliflf. Meanwhile the English had completely deceived Montcalm as to their point of attack. All night long boats passed to and from the Beauport shore, while the ships of the fleet swept the beach with their fire, as if to keep it clear for the landing of troops. But in the early morning, breathless mes- sengers brought him the evil tidings, that Wolfe had suc- ceeded in reaching the Plains of Abraham with his army. At first be was incredulous, but as the occasional firing could be heard, he was convinced. Still he maintained his com- posure, saying, " Then they have at last got to the weak side of this miserable garrison, and we must crush them with our numbers." Immediately the roll of the French drums beating to arms resounded through their far-extended camp, while the several corps rapidly crossed the St. Charles, on their way to the west side of Quebec. Montcalm had despatched an or- derly to Bougainville, requiring him to come with all speed, while, leaving Governor de Vaudreuil with fifteen hundred militia, he himself hurried oflF to the scene of action, resolved by a sudden onset to break the English lines, and forcing them back, to place them on the edge of the precipice at the ' I! ' 1 i: 1 i i t J M 128 LINES or lUTTLB. mercy of himself and De Bougainville. AtO a.m., Montcalm commenced to form his line of battle, being assured that De Bougainville was near at hand, and whose light cavalry to the number of three hundred and fifty, already menaced the British left. The total French force consisted of over seven thousand five hundred men, besides some four hun- dred Indians. The centre was composed of seven hundred and twenty regulars, and twelve hundred militia, the right wing, of sixteen hundred veterans and four hundred militia, while the left wing had thirteen hundred regulars, supported by two thousand three hundred Canadians. Of this force, scarcely one half were regular troops, but the arrival of De Bougainville would bring one thousand five hundred veterans to his aid, and he hoped, enable him to save Quebec. Already had Wolfe formed his line of battle, and was now awaiting the onset of the French. On the English right, near the precipice, stood the 35th regiment, while the gre- nadiers of Louisbourg held the extreme left of the line. Between these, the 28th, the 43rd, the 68th, the 78th High- landers, and the 47th, completed the front, led by Wolfe and Monckton on the right, and Murray on the left. The second line, under General Townshend, consisted of the 15th regi- ment, and two battalions of the 60th or Royal Americans. The reserve was commanded by Colonel Burton, and was com- posed of the 48th in four columns. The left flank and rear wer covered by the light infantry ' 'er Colonel Howe. The whole British army numbered somewnot less than five thous- and men, but they were all inured to war. At intervals during the morning light, warm showers fell, besprinkling both armies alike. Clumps of bushes, and patches of standing grain in front of the British lines were filled with French marksmen, who kept up a distant, irre- gular fire. Here and there a soldier fell in the ranks, and his place was filled in silence. A little before ten the action was commenced by a strong corps of Canadians and Indians attacking Colonel Howe on the left English flank, but they were repulsed. This movement having failed, Montcalm re- solved to attack his enemy in front, and for this purpose, threw THK IJATTLK. 190 torward a cloud of akirmishors, who drove in tUo English light tro()i>s and then retired on the main body. The French moved forward rapidly with loud shouts, and firing heavily as soon as they came within range. At the distance of one hundred and fifty yards, they paused and delivered a volley which fell with murderous effect upon the extremities of the English position. Still in the British ranks not a soldier stirred, un- less to fill a fallen comrade's jDlace, but, as steadily as when on parade, the red lines with shouldered arms awaited the order to tire. Not until the French were within forty yards, was the fatal word given. Then, as the voice of Wolfe uttered the electric word, from end to end of the British line, there was a simultaneous sway of red, the muskets rose to the level at the same instant, and the whole front blazed forth in one deadly discharge, as distinct as a single shut. For a time the dense smoke resting on the field hid the effect, but as the morning breeze swept it slowly away as if in sadness, a ghastly spectacle was disclosed. In a moment the orderly columns had disappeared, and men and officers lay in heaps along the field. The militia fled, but the brave French veterans animated by the cool presence, and cheering words of their gallant commander, repeatedly stood their ground and fought every foot of the way to the ramparts of the city . But without avail, with redoubling volley on volley, the British pressed forward and swept the field before them. Their aruor knew no bounds, but breaking into a run, they pursued the fugitives to the very walls of Quebec, but while foremost in the slaughter, the light-footed Highlanders, broad- sword in hand, slew the pursued even in the ditch of the fortifications. But grape-shot from the ramparts of the city, and the fire of the frigates grounded in the St. Charles, put a stop to the carnage, and caused the British to fall back. Their rear was already threatened by De Bougainville, but he, learning Montcalm's defeat, retired to Cape Rouge. On the same day, De Vaudreuil with one thousand five hundred militia, deserted the lines below Quebec, and retreated to- wards Jacques Cartier, leaving behind the most of his artillery and camp equipage. 130 WOLFE AND MONTCALM. But the triumph of the victors was mingled with sadness, as the news spread that Wolfe had fallen. In the heat of the action, as he pressed forward at the head of the grenadiers, he was wounded in the wrist, but he wrapped his handker- chief about the wouni, and showed no signs of pain. Almost immediately a ball pierced his side, but still he advanced, waving his sword and urging forward his troops. A third ball struck deep into his breast, and as he reeled, he told those near him to support him, lest the soldiers should see him fall. He was borne to the rear, and laid gently on the grass, while the cirlll damp of death was stealing rapidly over his forehead. As those supporting him beheld the conflict raging in front, they exclaimed exultingly, "They run ! they run!" "Who run?" asked Wolfe, like one aroused from deep slumber. " The enemy, sir," was the reply, "they give way everywhere." " Then," said the dying general, " go tell Colonel Burton to march Webb's regiment down to the St. Charles river to cut off their retreat." His voice grew weaker, and as he sought ease on his side, he exclaimed, " Now God be praised ! I die in peace," and almost instantly hia heroic spirit had passed the "bourne whence no traveller retumeth." At almost the same moment in which Wolfe was borne from the field, the gallant Montcalm also twice wounded, fell from his horse. He was carried in a litter to the General Hospital on the St. Charles, The surgeon told him he could not recover. " I am glad of it," was his calm reply. When told, he had not many hours to live, " so much the better," he said, "I am happy that I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." He refused to give any fiirther orders, saying to De Ramsay, " To you 1 commit the honor of France. My time is very short. I have much business that must be attended to, of greater moment than your ruined garrison, and this wretched country." His chaplain and the Bishop of Quebec, now remained with him, until his death, which occurred before midnight. He was buried, at his own request, in a hollow formed by the bursting of a bombshell. Thus ended the battle of the Plains of Abraham, in which. SURRENDER OF QUEBEC. 131 the British lost fifty-niiio killed and five handled and ninety- seven, of all ranks, wounded, while the French loss was six hundred killed, and over one thousand wounded and taken prisoners. General Townshend at once set about intrenching his posi- tion, and erecting batteries for the siege of the city, to mount which by the united labor of soldiers and sailuid, no less than one hundred and eighteen cannon wore dragged up the heights. Admiral Saunders prepared to attack the Lower Town, and by the evening of the I7th, all was ready for the assault. Meanwhile famine reigned within the walls of Quebec, and De Ramsay was earnestly besought by the unhappy citizens to surrender. Accordingly on the 17th, a flag of truce was shown from the walls, and the terms of capitulation soon ■drawn up and signed. These allowed the people the posses- sion of all their privileges, their goods, and the free exercise of their religion. On the following morning the keys of the city were delivered up, and the Louisbourg Grenadiers marched into the citadel, while a body of seamen took posses- sion of the Lower Town. General de Levis at oi; ": retired towards Montreal, which De Vaudreuil had made hi;* head- quarters. Little remained to the French, in Canada, but they resolved to defend it to the last. Bodies of troops were sta- tioned at Isle aux Noix in Lake Champlain, at St. John's on the Richelieu, and at Fort de Levis on an island at the head of the St. Lawrence rapids, a little below Ogdensburgh, while, during the winter he harassed the English at every oppor- tunity. On the English side, General Murray was appointed Gover- nor of Quebec, with Colonel Burton as his lieutenant. His garrison amounted to about eight thousand men. Although his troops were attacked with scurvy, which carried off eight hundred, and left twice that number unfit for duty, Murray vigorously employed the winter in putting the city in a state of defence, and erecting strong redoubts, at a distance from the walls. Before tho fleet left, all kinds of stores sufticient for one year were laid in. lu this position the respective French ■ i . • I I 1 I I .■ li 132 CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. and English armies awaited the approach of spring to renew operations— the one to defend, the other to acquire, the re- mainder of Canada. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY, 1725-1760. european soverkignb. England. France. George 11-, 1727. I Louis XV., 1715. George III., 1760- < NORTH AMERICA. Georgia founded by Qeueral Oglethorp, completes the number of thu'teen States, 1732. ASIA. Atthis time England and France were contending as keenly for empire in India, as they were in Canada. The British under General Clive takeArcot, 1761. The Battle of Plasse^ gives the British the ascendancj', 1767« The French Empire io India overthrown 1701. !■ !. MOVEMENTS OF DB LEVIS. 133 SECOND PERIOD. PROM THE CONQUEST UNTIL THE SEPARATION OF THE PaOVINOES-1791. CHAPTER XIV. 1760-66. 1160. Second Battle of Abraham's Plains- Surrender of Oanada to the English — Establishment of Military Rvile— General Murray, Governor. 1761. Rogers receive? the submission of the Western Forts— Massacre at Wyoming. 1763. Treaty of Paris— Introduction of English Law into Canada— Conspiracy of Pontiac. 1764. First Newspaper in Canada— " Quebec Gazette. •' 1765. Great Fire in Montreal. 1766. Condition of Canada under English Rule— Hon. Guy Carleton becomes Governor-General. The campaign, of 1760, was opened by General de Levis, who, while the country was still covered with 1760' snow, and the river filled with masses of, float- ing ice, determined, if possible, to surprise Gene- ral Murray within Quebec, and get possession of that city in anticipation of the aid which was looked for from France. By great efforts De Vaudreuil had succeeded in collecting provisions for the use of his army, when its se- veral parts should be united for this desperate adventure. His disposable force consisted of three thousand six hundred regulars, and about as man}' Canadian militia, the whole not exceeding seven thousand men. On the 16th of April De Levis issued orders to his troops to break up winter quarters, and proceed, some by land, others by river, towards Quebec ; but the floating ice ©"bliged the river portion to disembark at Fointo aux Trembles, where, on the 25th, the whole army was assembled. On Ihe following day the advanced guard commenced its march, 134 SEUONT) BATTLK. i i In the meantime, General Murray unaware of the move- ments of De Levis, was only warned of the latter a nearness, by information obtained from a French artilleryman, who was rescued fror; a piece of floating ice, on the morning of the 27th. He immediately marched to the aid of his advan- ced posts towards Capo Rouge, and covered their retreat, at the same time destroying all the bridges in the vicinity of the city, the garrison of which had, during the winter, be- come reduced by disease, desertion, and death to less than three thousand five hundred men fit for service in the field. The Brench advanced guard, under Bourlemaque, had al- ready gained a position in rear of the city, and General Mur- ray resolved to drive him from this post ere De Ldvis could arrive with his main body. But tlie latter joined Bourle- maque before the English general could put in executionwhat proved to be an imprudent and well nigh disastrous step. Early on the morning of the 28th, Murray formed his line of battle outside the city Avails, protected by twenty pieces of cannon, while the French had only three field-pieces available for duty. But their numbers were nearly double those of the English. The latter advanced promptly to the attack, and, before they vvere discovered, had almost arrived within range of the French, who were busily engaged cleaning their arms after the storm of the previous night. But De Ldvis soon formed his troops in line, and threw out detachments to cover the flanks. The action at once commenced, and was he tly contested for nearly two hours, when the British left being thrown into confusion and their right forced to give way, Murray was obliged to retreat precipitately within the city, leaving his artillery and three hundred dead upon the field. His wounded numbered seven hundred, the most of whoin ho succeeded in taking with him, but of nearly one hundred left behind only twenty-eight were sent to hospital, the re- mainder falling a prey to the Indians accompanying the French Army. On the side of the Fronch. some eighteen hundred were killed and wounded, snfliciently indicating the hotness of the conflict. Althougli General Murray had com- mitted .1 grievous fault, in thus hazaidii)g an engagement, liu THE BtfOLISH RELIEVED. 135 somewhat repaired his error by the promptitude with which he prepared to stand a siege. His small force, now reduced to twenty -two hundred men, was set to work upon the ramparts, which were strengthened, and mora cannon mounted on the walls. All showed obedient alacrity in the execution of orders, while even the wounded assisted by filling sand-bags and making cartridges for the cannon. For the siege, the French general erected four batteries, mounted with such cannon as he had, but the want of ammunition caused him to keep up but afeeble'fire, which was overpowered by that from the city walls. The condition of besiegers and besieged was such, that both felt that the ultimate possession c' Quebec de- pended only upon which should first receive succor from across the Atlantic. On the 9th of May a frigate was seen wending its way up the river towards the city, and for some time both French and English, upon the heights and within the city, were held in anxious suspense as to which nation the strange vessel might belong. Soon a flag was seen rising to her mast-head and as the Union Jack unfurled gallantly in the breeze, the British salute of twenty-one guns spoke relief to the pent-up English crowding the city ramparts, while cheer after cheer announced the intensity of their joy. On the 15th two other frigates arrived, and on the following day the French ship- ping above the town was attacked and destroyed. M. de L^vis at once raised the siege, and retreated towards Mon- treal, resolved to make a last stand for the honor of France. The French civil officers, however, were not actuated by similar feelings for their national honor, but employed every means to force exactions from the unfortunate Canadians. News had also arrived from France that the paper-money which had been issued by their government, and received by them was valueless, on account of the poverty of the French Treasury. These multiplied acts of injustice rapidly cooled the ardor of the Canadians against the English, and prepared them to listen to a pacific proclamation issued by General Murray on the 22nd of May, in consequence of which many l«ft the standard of De Levis, and returned to their homes. 1 , i^ I '!■ I I i n 136 SURRENDER OP CANADA; The net now closed upon Montreal. In July Murray left Quebec with all his available force and proceeded up the river, receiving at different points the fealty of the inhabi- tants to Great Britain. The French being in strength at Sorel he awaited reinforcements, and did not take up his position in rear of Montreal until the 7th of September, the day before General Amherst had reached Lachine. This general, with an army of eleven thousand men, left Oswego on the 22nd of July, and on his way down the river captured Ogdensburgh on the 25th of August, and six days after Fort Levis ; but his passage of the Cedar Rapids resulted in the loss of sixty-four boats and eighty-eight men. Meanwhile Colonel Haviland, with a force of three thousand men, leav- ing Lake Champlain, had successively taken the forts along the Richelieu v.icated by M. de Bougainville, and joined General Murray on the 8th of September. Thus an army seventeen thousand str .g encircled Montreal. On the 6th De Vaudreuil had called a council of war, at which the arti- cles of capitulation, fifty-five in number were considered. On the 7th De Bougainville was sent to propose a truce for one month. This being r iused, General Amherst on the following day received from M . de Vaudreuil the surrender of all Canada. To the inhabitants General Amherst guaranteed the free exercise of their religion, and the undisturbed possession of their homes, goods, and chattels ; while the same civil and commercial privileges were to be accorded them as to other British subjects. The religious communities were confirmed in their properties and privileges, with the exception of the orders of the Jesuits, Franciscans, and Sulpicians. The same day the British entered Montreal, and M. de Vaudreuil and all the ofiicials of his government, with many of the noblesse, and all the regular troops embarked for France. Major Rogers was despatched with a small force to receive posses- sion of the western posts and establish English aiithority. This he did during the fall and succeeding spring, visiting Preaqu'Isle on Lake Erie, Detroit, St. Joseph, Micliilimaok- inac, Green Bay, on Lake Michigan, and Ste. Mar:e. Dur- MILTTAHY RULR. 137 ing hi» journey he was met by Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, and a firm ally of the French, who demanded by 176l< wliat riglit the English passed through Indian terri- tory. Rogers, upon giving the necessary explana- tions, was allowed to proceed. In 1761 occurred the first massacre of English settlers at Wyoming, by the Delaware^. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, as Governor-General, before departing for New York, diTided Canada into three dietricts, for its government under military rulers, until peace between the home powers should arrange a suitable civil constitution. These districts were named respectively Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal ; over the first of which General Murray was appointed Lieutenant-Governor, Colonel Burton over the second, and General Gage over the third. Each of these was assisted by a council composed of military officers, who decided all cases 1>rought before them, subject to the approval of the lieutenant-governor. This introduction of martial law was extremely distasteful to the Canadians, who looked upon it as a violation of the terms of the capitulation, but were quieted by aseurances that the conclusion of peace be- tween Fiance and England should afford them a remedy. General Gage sought to remove this dissatisfaction within his district, by dividing it into sub-divisions, in each of which he appointed a justice-court composed of native officers to decide local disputes, subject, however, to appeal to himself, especially in penal causes. The return of pe^ce had already confirmed the Canadians in the cultivation of their fields, undisturbed by the war-whoop of the Indians, or the procla- mation of their governor calling them to military duty at dis- tant frontier posts, while they had now no fear of the extor- tion of civil officers like Bigot's " Society." While Canada was beginning to recover from the horrors of war, France ai,>d England, heartily sick of it, were desirous of peace. In the British Parliament it was a serious subject of debate whether Canada should be retained or given up to France in exchange for equivalent territory. One party argued that if Canada should be retained, the Atlantic colo- nies freed from the restraint of the presence of a foreign J I li 138 TREATY OF PARTt). power near thorn, would ere while revolt and declare their in- dependence ; but the other side, speaking by such men as William Pitt and Benjamin Franklin, advised the retention of Canada, as extending British influence, while the seijarate interests of the several states would guarantee their 1763. loyalty. On the 10th of February, 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed between France and Spain on the one hand, and Great Britain and Portugal on the other. By this treaty Britain obtained Canada and the islands in the St. Lawrence, with the exception of Miquelon and St. Pierre, reserved by the French as fishing stations. Louisiana was ceded to Spain, which also received Cuba from England in exchange for Florida ; while England was also confirmed in her Asiatic acquisitions. In October of the same year, George III, , by proclama- tion, commanded the introduction of the English laws into Canada, thereby abolishing the Voutume de Paris, and, as a consequence, the English language came to be used in the Canadian courts, to the great inconvenience of the inhabit- ants. In November, General Murray was appointed Gover- nor-general of the Province, in the stead of General Amherst ; and the districts of St. Maurice and St. Francis were set apart. To assist the governor-general, an executive council was called together, consiating of the Lieutenant-Governors of Montreal and Three Rivers, Chief -Justice Hay, Attorney- General Maseres, and eight of the principal citizens, of whom, however, only one French-Canadian represented the pre- dominating interests of his language and religion. This council, presided over by General Murray, was invested with executive, legislative and judicial powers, except that the right to impose taxes was retained by the British Govern- ment. To give effect to the introduction of English laws, the Court of King's Bench and the Court of Common Pleas were established, the judges of which were appointed by the gov- ern or-in-council. After a short trial of British law, the dissatisfaction of the native French was found to be so great that Governor Mur- ray permitted, " that in actions relative to the tenure of land ■'! ' ' \ r in- a as mof irato their reaty in on jther. in the •ierre, la was and in ned in •clama- 1^8 into d, as a in the nhabit- Gover- iherst ; rere set council vemors ;tomey- E whom, he pre- This ted with that the Govern- laws, the eas were the gov- )n of the lor Mur- e of land PONTIAC'S CONSPIRACY, 189 and the rights of inheritance, the French laws and usagoa should be observed as the rule of decision, " In 1763 was defeated the desperate conspiracy of Pontiac to destroy the British frontier posts in the west. These posts were ten in number, and situated at Niagara, Presqu'Isle on Lake Erie, Le Boeuf, Pittsburgh, Sandusky, Miami in Illi- nois, Detroit, Michilimackinac, Green Bay on Lake Michigan, and St. Joseph on Lake Huron. The attack on these was made simultaneously by separate bodies of Indians, and of all the forts, Niagara, Detroit, and Pittsburg alone succeeded in withstanding the assailants. At Michilimackinac the gar- rison was all massacred ; and Detroit was only saved by an Ojibway girl revealing the scheme to Major Gladwin, the commandant ; but at Pittsburg Pontiac's forces were entirely routed by General Bradstreet, and the chief himself com- pelled to seek refuge among distant tribes. The first newspaper in Canada, the Quebec Gozette, made its appearance on the 21st of June, 1 764, its publishers being William Browne and Thomas Gilmore, of Philadelphia. It commenced with one hundred and fifty Bubscriuars and was printed partly in English and partly in French. In 1765 a great fire in Montreal destroyed one hundred and eight houses, ai.d three years later a second fire destroyed ninety more. In 1766 the Court of Chancery was established in Quebec, presided over by the governor as chancellor, with two masters, two examiners, and one registrar. But the chief obstruction to the proper government of Canada arose from the fact that the colonial officials were chosen altogether from the British population, which did not at this time exceed five hundred persons in the whole province. Many of these by their inex- perience, their contempt for Canadians, and their petty acts of injustice, rendered English rule a subject of aversion to the French. Governor Murray found great difficulty in pre- venting the irregularities of these incumbents of office, and made himself many enemies among the English colonists, by his impartial protection of the French Canadians, who looked upon him as their friend. As a result of the above state of :n 1 ! ^ H I f \'U 140 ENQU8H LAW IN CANADA. aflfairs, tlio English officials in Canada endeavored to injure General Murray by making complaints to their friends in England, while the Canadians themselves petitioned the home government against the continuance of the English courts, the large fees exacted, and the harshness of the officials. These complaints being submitted by the English Board of Trade to the Law-officers of the Crown, the latter gave it as their opinion " that the introduction of the English language into the Canadian courts was inadvisable, and that it was un- wise and arbitrary at once to abolish all the French usages and customs, especially those relating to the title of lands, the law of descent, of alienation, and of settlement." They also recommended that the Canadian advocates and attorneys should be allowed to practise in the courts. These mutual complaints caused the recall of General Murray from the government of Canada in 176G, but his report on the true condition of affairs at once removed all blame from him. He showed the injustice of selectii^g all the magistrates amd jury- men from a total population of five hundred British, while there were seventy thousand French Canadians who did not understand a word spoken in the courts. He was succeeded by the Hon. Guy Carleton. EOYAL COMMISSION. 141 CHAPTER XV. AMBBICAN INVASION OF CANADA. 1768. Boundary line fixed between Canada and New York. 1770-73. Inquiry of British Parliament into the state of the colony. 1774. *' <|ae1»ec Act "-American Cunfrress at Philadelphia. 1775* Americans take Montreal and besiege Quebec— Apathy of Canadians. 1776. American Commissioners \isit Canada— Thayendlnaga— Captain Forster — Americans leave Cannda. 1777. General Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga. 1778. General Ilaldimand, Governor— " Montreal Oazetto " established. The Honorable Guy Carleton also proved a friend to the French Canadians, and somewhat relaxed the rigor of the administration in their behalf, so that a spirit, of 1766' contentment diffused itself among the population, and had a beneficial influence upon the trade and wealth of the country. In 1768, he and Sir Henry Moore, Governor of New York State, met at Lake Champlain, and fixed the boundary line between their respective provinces. Gen- eral Carleton had been commissioned to inquire into the causes of the various complaints made to the home govern- ment by the Canadians. In connection with his report, he included a compilation of the " Coutume de Paris," which he had caused to be prepared by able provincial advocates ; and ia 1770 repaired to England with these documents, leav- ing ttlr. Cramah^, President of the Council, as administrator of the government during his absence. A commission, con- sisting of three crown lawyers was appointed in England, to receive and consider the report and recommendations of the governor-general, and also the evidence of several wit- nesses from Canada, among whom were Chief-Justice Hay, Attorney-General Maseres, and M. de Lotbini^re, a native gen- tleman of large property. This commission did not report until 1773, when two of its members expressed themselves in favor of the restoration of French law J . Jaiiada, and the third against it. But while the commissioit was coming to a 142 STAMP DUTIES. illl deciaion, the British residents of Quebec and Montreal wer« agitating the question of a representative assembly, provision for which had been made in the king's proclamation of 1763. The leading French Canadians, however, although invited to do BO, would not join in the movement, nor attend themeet« Ings called for this purpose, and the English colonists pro- ceeded alone. In answer to their petition for a Bouse of Assembly, the administrator, Mr. Cramah6, replied, "that the matter was of too great importance for the council of the province to decide upon, and the more so, as the govern- ment appeared likely soon to be regulated by Act of Parlia- ment." In the meantime other causes were at work which had an important influence upon the future constitution of Canada. Since the first attempt by Great Britain, in 1765, to levy stamp duties upon the Atlantic colonies, a feeling of antagon- ism had been gradually inspiring the latter against the mother country. Established in the first instance by liberal charters granted by successive Kings of England, the thirteen states had become very jealous of their charters, and resisted any interference with regard to their relations severally to each other, or to England. The conquest of Canada, moreover, was beginning to fulfil the fears expressed by some British statesmen, that the fall of French power on their borders would leave the New England colonies independent of Eng- land, and lead to their final separation from her. The first outburst of indignant remonstrance against the stamp duties, and refusal to submit to them, had subsided into a fixed de- termination to resist the right of Britain to colonial taxation. In view of this state of affairs, and to defeat the influence of the Rebel colonial agents, who even now were endeavoring to withdraw the Canadians from their allegiance, the English Ministry determined to legislate such a measure as should comply with the petitions of the French, and confirm them in their attachment to the crown. Accordingly, on the 2nd of May, 1774, the colonial secretary, the Earl of Dartmouth, introduced into the House of Lords the bill known 1774. as the "Quebec Act." Although it here received ■m TER1I8 OF THE gUBBKt' AOT. U6 the opposition of the Earl of Chatham, and in the House of Commons provoked much bitter disoussion for several days, it finally received the assent of both Houses. It was framed xipon the decision of the crown lawyers ron - dered the year before, and aimed at giving Canada such a constitution as best suited the religion and habits of the French population, who, by their numbers in the province , as well as the promises made them in 1763, were en- titled to special legislation. This bill enlarged the bounda- ries of Canada so as to include Labrador to the east, and the settlements in the Ohio valley to the west, and all the country to the north as far as the Hudson's Bay territory. It allowed the adherents of the Roman Catholic Church the free exercise of their religion, removing from them the disabil- ities of the penal statutes in force against that church in England, and especially doing away with the oaths of office, which had debarred French Canadians from holding office, or sitting at the council board. The laws of the " Coutume de Paris" were a^ )wed in the province, except in those clauses which related to the succession to property, in- stead of which the English laws on these points were sub- stituted, while the English criminal law was also introduced. For the government of the province a council of not less than seventeen, nor more than twenty-three members, was constituted, to be composed of both French and English colonists, and was empowered to frame such laws as should be necessary for the good and peace of the i'ovince, subject, however, to the approval of the king. The English Par- liament reserved- to itself the right of levying imposts for the purpose of revenue, but permitted the governor and his coun- cil the imposing of local taxes for the maintenance of roads and the erection of public buildings. The Catholic clergy were allowed the dues and tithes they had enjoyed under French rule, but these were to be payable only by members of their own church, and not by Protestants. The several religious societies, with the exception of the Jesuits, whose order was at this time suppressed by the Pope, were permitted the en- joyment of their former properties and estates. The "Quebec fsti if 144 OnNIONS ON THE ACT. Act " received the assent of George III. , and became law on the 22nd of June, 1774. In the same year Governor Carle- ton, who had meanwhile received the honor of knighthood, returned to Canada, and instituted the steps necessary to put the recent Ac<^ in force. He formed his council, giving eight of the seats to adherents of the Catholic Church, and appointed several French Canadians to offices of trust. In Great Britain, and in the New England colonies, this bill created great excitement, it being affirmed that a British Parliament had thus given an establishment to the Roman Catholic Church, an act contrary to English precedent, and subversive of the Protestant religion : while the British resi- dents of tho Province of Quebec, and the English settlers in the region of the Ohio, who now nu umbered over twenty thousand, complained that at one stroke they had been deprived of the dearefit rights of Englishmen, namely, the Habeas Corpus Act, and trial by jury. The including of the valley of the Ohio within the boundaries of Canada was an injustice to the inhabitants of that region, but it cannot be denied, that the "Quebec Act" provided for the French Canadians a system if government best suited to their condition as a lately-act^.iirad British colony, and also just to them on ac- count of their nuaibers and the long continuance of their peculiar institutions. They had too long been accustomed to being ruled, to have any proper appreciation of the benefits of representative government, while to the noblesse and bet- ter class of inhabitants it seemed incongruous that the Eng- lish should, by their jury system, prefer a verdict given by shop-keepers and peasants, to the intelligent decision of the magistrate or judge. As a consequence they accepted the " Quebec Act " as an evidence of good faith on the part of the English Parliament, and paid no heed to the frequent in- flammatory appeals made to them by the other colonies. These, however, mado this bill one of their special grievances, and for tho purpose of memorializing the British government with regard to it, as well as other matters, called their first American Congress at Philadelphia on the 5th of September, lish gov* life, pea of S AMERICANS INVADE CANADA. 145 1774, to which Canada ivas invited to send a representative, but without effect. The early events of the American revolution now transpired in rapid succession. On the 19th of Apinl, 1775, a collision took place at Lexington, between the British troops 1775. and the colonials, in which the former suffered severe loss. Immediately the fire was kindled, , which icas to be quenched only by many years of blood-shed, and the ultimate success of the American colonies. The English general, Gage, was now shut up in Boston by New England militia, while to force the Canadians into active sympathy with them, the revolting states determined upon the invasion of Canada, by iray of Lake Champlain and the Kennebec river. The double invasion was under the com- mand of General Montgomery, who had fought in Wolfe's army before Quebec ; while Colonels Ethan Allen and Bene- dict Arnold held subordinate commands. Allen surprised Ticonderoga, garrisoned by one hundred men, and captured one hundred and eighteen cannon. Colonel Warner seized Crown Point, held by a sergeant and twelve men, thereby securing a large quantity of military stores. Forts Cham- bly and St. Johns, after a sturdy resistance, also fell into the hands of the Ameiioans, but the latter was retaken the next day by M. Belestre, with eighty Canadian volunteers. The American leaders at once issued addresses to the Canadians, and succeeded in producing among many a sympathy for the revolted states, and in the rest a feeling of apathy regarding the final result of the struggle. Meanwhile Governor Carleton was but poorly provided with troops for the defence of the colony, not having more * than eight hundred regulars. He attempted to call out the militia through the influence of the seigniors, but the habi- tants would not acknowledge their authority under the Eng- lish rigime, saying, ** We shall manifest our loyalty to the government under which we live, by a quiet and submissive life, but we will take no part in present quarrels." The ap- peals of the clergy even failed to arouse them, while the call of 8ir G uy fur volunteerS| and offering liberal grants of land, :|1 i! 'i\ I 146 MONTGOMERY AND ARNOLD. il! procuied only a few recruits. On the 17th of September Montgomery sent Colonel Allen with a party of observation towards Montreal. Hearing that the city was weakly defend- ed, and that the citizens sympathized with the American in- surgents, Allen determined to surprise it. But the governor, with thirty regulars and two hundred and fifty militia, prin- cipally English and Irish, prepared to meet Allen, who had crossed the river on the evening of the 24th, and posted him- self in some houses and bams outside the walls. Here he was surrounded and taken with his force of two hundred men, and sent to England as prisoners. But Montgomery having taken St. Johns and Chambly, had despatched troops towards Sorel and Three Rivers, while he followed Allen with his main body. Not being able any longer to hold Mon- treal, Governor Carleton was obliged to try and reach Quebec before his retreat should be cut off. With one hundred tfnd twenty men under Major Prescott he attempted to pass down the river, but the enemy having possession of it, he was ob- liged to disguise himself ; and leaving the company of Pres- cott, he succeeded in passing the Americans during the night, and reached Quebec. Prescott was forced to surrender, and General Carleton arrived at the capital only in time to save it from the traitorous designs of some of the inhabitants, who were preparing to deliver it into the hands of Colonel Arnold. This officer, after ascending the Kennebec, had marched through the forests towards Quebec, and with an energy and fortitude worthy of a better cause, he and his men had en- dured untold privations, being obliged, for want of food, to eat dog's flesh, and the leather of their cartouche boxes. Arnold arrived opposite Quebec on the 9th of November, but his approach was already known, and the city had been put in the best possible state of defence by Colonel McLean. During the night of the 13th, Arnold succeeded in crossing the river, landed at Wolfe's Cove, and the following morn- ing appeared on the Plains of Abraham. Unable to sur- prise the city, he retired to Pointe aux Trembles, to await the arrival of Montgomery. Their united forces, amounting ! ASSAULT OK QUEBEC. to nearly two thousand men, again appeared before Quebec on the 4th of December. The population of the city was about five thousand, while the garrison numbered eighteen hundred in all, composed of armed seamen and regulars, five hundred Canadian militia and an equal number of British, and was provisioned for eight months. General Carleton refused to hold any commu- nication with Montgomery, and acted solely on the defensive. The latter was not supplied with any siege-train, and was therefore obliged to await an opportunity of surprising the city, if possible. But small-pox attacked his troops, and his supplies were falling short, for the farmers, taught a lesson by the failure of Bigot's paper-money, were not willing to re- ceive Congress paper in exchange for their provisions. More- over, the longer the Americans were in the country, the less the Canadians were enamored of republicanism, and failed to find that liberty which had been so vauntingly set forth in bombastic proclamations. To end all his difficulties, and strike a decisive blow at British rule, before the people should awaken to their allegiance, Montgomery determined to attempt an assault upon Quebec, and fixed the night be- tween the 30th and Slat of December as the time for the attack. His force was divided into two parties, one under Colonel Arnold was to approach on the east side of the city, while he himself led the other, by way of the Lower Town on the soathern side. Their signals, however, were seen by the sentinels on the walls, and the garrison was prepared to give them a warm reception The attack failed in both quarters. General Montgomery was killed by the first discharge of grape from the battery he was assaulting, and his division forced to retreat. On the other side. Colonel Arnold being wounded and his guide shot, his force attacked in rear was obliged to surrender, to the number of four hundred men. The Ameri- cans lost one hundred killed and wounded, the British not twenty. Arnold now took the command of the besiegers, and maintained during the winter a nominal siege at the dis- tance of three miles, his camp being harrassed by M. de 111 147 s" liM"! ll! I * m f, vK l' - ■ ' i 1 t j! 148 AMERICAN COMMISSIONERS. Beaiijeu with a party of three hundred and fifty Canadians from the surrounding parishes. General Carleton continued within the city on the defensive. In April, 1776, Arnold was superseded by General Thomas, who brought 1776- with him a reinforcement of two thousand men. Yet no impression could be made upon the city, and discouraged by the hostile attitude of the Canadians, the Americans began to retreat towards Three Rivers. But General Carleton, having received son ■ small rein- forcements from vessels just arrived, pursued them, ob- liging them to abandon their cannon, stores, and even their sick. The Americans encamped at Sorel, where General Thomas died of small-pox. In the meantime Con- gress was continually pouring reinforcements into Cana- da, and also sent three commissioners to Montreal, as its re- presentatives, to influence the loyal seigniors and clergy against ISngland. The three commissioners were Benjamin Franklin, Charles Carroll, who was accompanied by his brother John, afterwards Archbishop of Baltimore, and Samuel Chase. But the seigniors remembered that Franklin had formerly been peculiarly anxious that England should conquer Cana- da ; while the clergy convinced Carroll that their church en- joyed all its former privileges, and that England had fulfilled all treaty stipulations towards Canada, at the same time pointing out to the commissio;xers that in some of the repub- lican states their boasted freedom did not permit liberty of conscience. The Americans likewise made tempting oifers to the Iroquois to induce them to forsake the British alliance, but without success. Under their chief, Thayendinaga, or Joseph Branl, they fought on the side of the English through the whole war, and when it was ended received locations north of Lake Ontario, on the Grand Biver, and the Bay of Quints. Early in the year. Captain Forster, with one hundred and twenty-six British regulars, collected from western forts, and some Indians, descended the lakes and St. Lawrence, and at the Cedars obliged an American officer. Colonel Bedell, to surrender with three hundred and ninety men, on the 11th UJilNBRAL BUROOVNE. U9 and and Ld at I, to lllth of May. In the meantime General Btirgoyne had an*ived from England, with an army of nearly eight thoiisahd men, composed of British and Germans, when Colonel Fraser was at once sent forward to Three Rivers with an advanced guard^ of eighteen hundred men. Here he defeated the American force, under General Thompson, and compelled him to re- treat on Sorel. On the 15th of June General Arnold left Montreal, and the whole American army now withdrew to Lake Champlain, after having burnt St. John's. General Oarleton pursued, and both pi., oies, having launched flotillas upon the lake, prepared to contest its supremacy. The British were successful, and the Americans, having blown up the fort at Crown Point, retreated in force upon Ticonderoga. Thus ended the campaign of 1776, and with it the efforts of the Americans against Canada, during the war for their inde- pendence. In 1777 General Burgoyne returned to Quebec from Eng- land, as commander-in-chief, and General Carleton, dissatis- fied on account of the appointment, asked to be re* 1777- called from Canada. Meanwhile he placed at Bur- goyne's disposal troops to the number of eight thousand, retaining onlv three thousand for the defence of the province. General Burgoyne's intention was to invade New York State after taking Ticonderoga, and effect a junc- tion with General Howe at Albany. Ticonderoga fell July 6th, and Burgoyne pursued his way until stopped by the in- trenchments of General Gates. Several skirmishes weakened his force, and Gates being reinforced, Burgoyne, after being forced to retreat, was obliged to surrender at Saratoga, Oc- tober 16th, ] 777, when he and his army were sent to Boston. During the war, the Legislative Council did not meet, but in the spring of this year it assembled at Quebec, and passed several useful Acts. English commercial law was introduced into the province, militia enactments were passed, the duties of magistrates extended, and a court of probate was estab- lished for the proving of wills and for regulating the succes- Bion to property. The Council likewise constituted itself to be a Court of Appeal, with the permission, in extreme cases, -if: \t S-: 150 GENERAL HALDIMAND. of the privilege of ultimate appeal to the king. In compli- ance with instructions received the year before, Governor Oarleton formed an executive of five members to assist in car- rying out the legislation of the Council. In 1778, Sir Guy Carleton returned to England, being suc- ceeded by General Haldimand. In the same year the 1778- second Canadian journal was started at Montreal, under the name of the Montreal Gazette, ,„„J^ PEACE OF VERSAILLES. 151 CHAPTER XVI, FOUNDING OF UPPER CANADA. 1189. American Revolution ended by the surrender of Cornwallis, at York- town. 1783. Peace of Versailles— Vnlted Empire Loyalists. 1784. Surveys made in Upper Canada — Habeas Corpus Act introduced in Lower Canada. 1785. H. Hamilton, Esq., and Colonel Hope successively administer the guv« ernment. 1786. Lord Dorchester, Governor-General —Inquiry^ into • the condition of the colony. 1187. First visit of Royalty to Canada— Upper Province divided into four districts. 1791 **Tlie CoBstltntlonal Act "-Boundary Line between Upper and Lower Canada. General Haldimand, who was a Swiss by birth, had spent his life in military pursuits, and was unfitted by his habits, and an arbitrary disposition, for the rule of a mixed 1778' population like that of Canada. His government of the province extended over five years, and is notable for several important events in its history. Mean- while the Americun Revolution was proceeding, and was des- tined to result in the defeat of the English forces. Although the latter were successful in several campaigns, the nuuierous European wars which divided the energies of England, pre- vented her sending such succor to her generals as they required, while Congress was assisted by large reinforcements from France. The war was brought to a close in October, 1782, when Lord Cornwallis with an army of seven thousand British surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, to General Washing^^^on, at the head of twelve thousand Americans and French. By the Peace of Versailles, January 20th, 1783, Great 1783' Britain acknowledged the independence of the thirteen United States, and the boundaries of Canada were reduced to their present extent. During the late war many of those steadfast to the royalist cause had been obliged to leave their homes in the statea !! i:;;! i 152 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS. and seek refuge in other British provinces, aiul upon the conclusion of peace, the ritural desire of these noble people to live under British protection, as well as the arbitrary and tyrannical measures of the states' legislatures in the conlisca- tion of their property, compelled thousands more loyalists to flee from comfortable homes. To distinguish them for their loyalty to the unity of the British Empire, an Order in Coun- • cil of the Home Government was passed, ordering a list of these people to be furnished, and which was headed the ** United Empire Loyalists." It was also ordered that they should be rewarded by munificent grants of land in Canada, the western'part of which was at this time a wilderness of forest; river, and lake. Its native population had been almost destroyied by the devastating wars of the Iroquois, while of the several trading posts established by the French, within the boundaries of what is now called Ontario, the forts at Frontenao and Toronto had long been deserted, and only at Niagara was a semblance of a military post maintained. It was thought advisable to set apart this It rg© province for the settlement of the U. B. Loyalists, and the governor was authorised to grant patents free of all expense for survey, to royalists and disbanded soldiers. To all others grants were to be made, upon their taking the oath of allegiance, and and paying the fees which amounted to about thirty-eight dollars. These grants were to be made upon the sam* scale, as that offered to British settlers in 1763, namely, to m. field- officer, five thousand acres, to a captain three thousand, to a subaltern two thousand, to a. non-commissioned officer two hundred, and to a private fifty. But this was altered in favor of the Loyalists^ so that all such below the rank of subaltern received an equal grant of two hundred acres ; while to each of their sons, on attaining the age of twenty- one years ; and to each of their daughters upon her marriage, was to be given a grant of two hundred acres. To carry out these worthy intentions, the home government, in 1784. 1784, authorized surveys to be made along the St. Lawrence, westward of the French settlements, and along the Bay of Quint6, whereby the country was UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS. 153 to were and ight scale, field- to a two d in nk of teres ; enty- riage, y out nt, in le St. aents, was divided into townships, and these into concessions and lots, and were designated on the maps by numbers, some of the townships along the Bay of Quintfe, being yet spoken of by the older inhabitants, as the Fifth Town, and Sixth Town. During this year the influx commenced, and the lots wotc speedily taken up by the U. E. Loyalists, and discharged officers and soldiers of the various regiments serving during the war ; while permanent settlements were first made at Niagara and Amherstburg, and Governor Haldimand located the Iroquois upon the Grand and Thames' rivers. It was estimated that before the close of the year, ten thousand people had located on the soil of Western Canada. About the same number had found refuge in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, while several thousands more returned to England. In order to make good, in some measure, their great losses, the British government voted £3,300,000 ster- ling, to be divided among these loyal people ; and during the first years of their settlement on new lands, assisted them in various ways. Having been tried in the fires of rebellion, they proved fit men to lay the foundation of a young nation, in those principles of loyalty and integrity, which must ever form the basis of a country's glory and prosperity. While their self-reliance combined with all the necessary experience in woodcraft, rendered them excellent pioneers of civilization in the new province. The lieutenant-governor, in 1784, ordered a census of Lower Canada to be taken, by which the districts of Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec were found to have a population of one hundred and thirteen thousand and twelve, whereof twenty-eight thousand were enrolled as militia. His last puMic act, before leaving Canada, was granting assent to an order of the Legislative Council, introducing the law of Habeas Corpus into the province. The summary measures of the government, necessary during the late war, had taught the French Canadians the value of such a law, and they beheld its introduction with great satisfaction. In 1785, General Haldimand returned to England, and Henjy Hamilton, Esq., a prominent member of the provin- K ! i M 14 154 CONDITION OF THE PEOVINOB. oial council, directed the government; but in the following year he ga\e place to Colonel Hope, the commander-in-chief, who held power until the 23rd of October, 1786. On that day General Carleton, who had beon raised to the 1786> peerage, with the title of Lord Dorchester, arrived at Quebec, and was well received by the inhabitants. He brought with him William Smith, Esq., an ex-attomey- general of New York, as chief-justice of the province. For several years Canada had been in a state of agitation regarding the mal-administration of justice, and the general form t'L its presp.nt government. Petitions sent again and again ho Englami demanded a representative form of govern- ment, while counter petitions desired the retention of the Act of 1774. To obtain information on all points, the gover- nor-general, soon after his arrival, divided the council into several committees to enquire into the condition of the com- merce and agriculture of the province, its population, the state of the militia, the subject of education, and the admin- istration of justice. These committees were ordered to make separate reports. That regarding the dispensing of justice showed that in making their decisions the English judges followed English law, the Canadian judges the French code, while some followed no particular system of law, but decided cases brought before them by their apprehension of the equity of the complaint, or the interest of the parties to the suit. Commerce was reported to suffer from the rivalry of the United States, and to be much depressed, while in respect to agriculture, the feudal tenure of land was condemned as pre- venting the clearing of forest land, and the founding of new settlements. It was recommended that the seigniors or feudal landlords, and their tenant vassals, should have the right of commuting their lands, and that the English law of primogeniture should be introduced into Canada, in order to compel the overplus of population in the older settlements to seek new homesteads in the forest. The commit>(ee on edu- cation stated that outside the larger towns, there were no schools for the culture of youth. The Jesuits had, in the days of French Canada, taken the lead in the establishment of tmmmmim!' "constitutional act." 155 schools, but since their suppression as an order, these had been discontinued. The committee recommended the found- ing of elementary schools in all the parishes, higher schools for each district, and a provincial university ; and that for the maintenance of these, the estates of the Jesuits should be set aside. A large portion of these estates were at one time bestowed upon General Amherst, as a reward for his emi- nent services, but in lieu of them, the king subsequently granted him and his heirs a consideration in money, and the estates reverted to the crown. Lord Dorchester, upon re- ceiving the reports of the several committees, transmitted them to England. In 1787, the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV., visited Canada, while in command of the Pegasus, an eighty- four gun ship. In the following year, Lord Dorchester 1787- divided the western province into four districts, which he named Lunenburg, Mecklenberg, Nassau and Hesse, the most easterly of which was Lunenburg. The rapid growth of Upper Canada, [added weight to the petitions of the British population of Lower Canada ; and as it was yet un- der the control of the Legislative Council of the latter province, and the provisions of the " Quebec Act," the English Minis- try found it necessary to prepare such a constitution as would satisfy the two nationalities in Canada. Accordingly, in 1789, a sketch of the proposed changes was forwarded to Lord Dorchester for hi^^ approval, and in 1791, Mr. Pitt, then Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, introduced into the British 1791> Parliament, a bill for the division of the province into Upper and J.r^er Canada. Each province was to have a separate elective assembly, and a legislative coun- cil, whose members should be appointed for life by the crown. All laws and ordinances of the old province to remain in force until altered by the new legislatures, while the Habeas Cor- pus Act, which had already been introduced by order of the provincial council, should become a fundamental principle of the constitution. It was also intended to provide for the maintenance of a Protestant clergy in both Canadas, by an apportionment of lands — afterwards called Oiergy lleserves — I 166 TBRM8 OF THE AOT. in proportion to those already granted ; and as in one pro- vince the majority of the inhabitants wore Catholics, it should not be lawful for the king to assent to future grants for this purpose, without first submitting them to the consi* deration of the British Parliament. Provision was also to be made for the establishment and endowment of rectories upon the same terms as in Nova Scotia. Land tenures in Lower Canada were to bo settled by the local legislature of the province ; but in Upper Canada where the settlers were mostly of British origin, all lands were to be held in free and common soccage. Internal taxation was left in the power of the local legislatures, the British Parliament reserving the right to impose taxes necessary for the regulation of trade and commerce, but the collection of such taxes was to be left to the provincial governments. This bill caused much discussion, both in and out of Parlia- ment. The trading community of London and Canada op- posed it on the ground, that the separation into two provinces would interfere with Canadian commerce. In the House of Commons the celebrated Charles Fox opposed it, while Ed- mund Burke gave it his heartiest support. During the de- bates, occurred the utterance of political sentiment, which caused the severance of the life-long friendship which had heretofore existed between these two men ; when Burke, quitting his seat by the side of Fox, passed to one of the op- posite benches, while Fox, overcome by his feelings, was forced to shed tears. Notwithstanding the opposition it re- ceived, the bill passed, and is known as " The Constitutional Act of 1791." Thus Canada received her constitution by Act of Parliament, the other colonies having hitherto obtained theirs by Royal Charter. By this bill a minimiim number of members was assigned to the legislaturea of each province, for the House of Assembly of Lower Canada the number was fifty, for that of Upper Canada, sixteen ; for the Legislative Council of the former province, fifteen, for that of the latter, seven. Moreover the governor of each province was to bo assisted by an executive council, nominated by the king. An order of the king-iu-council, at the time of the passing of the LINK DIVIDING THE TWO I'KOVlNi'KS, 157 bill, soparatod tho provinces by a divisiouliuo, " cuiniuoncing at a stoiio boundary on the north bank of tho Lako St. Fran- cis at tho covo west of the Pointe au Baudet, in the limit be- tween tho Township of Lancaster and seigniory of Now Lon- gueuil, running along the said limit in the direction of north 34'^ west to tho westward angle of the seigniory of New Lon- gueuil ; thence along tho north-west boundary of the seign- iory of Vaudreuil, running north 25° east, until it strikes the Ottawa river to ascend tho said river into Lake Temis- oaming, and from the head of said lake by a line drawn due north until it strikes the boundary line of Hudson's Bay, in- cluding all the territory to the westward and southward of the said lino, to the utmost extent of the country commonly called or known by the name of Canada." The taking of the census necessary to the forming of the electoral divisions of the country, showed the total population to be about one hun- dred and fifty thousand. En August Lord Dorchester de- parted on leave of absence for England, leaving the adminis- tration of affairs in the hands of General Olarko as lieutenant- governor, who, by proclamation from the castle of St. Louis, declared that the above Act should take effect within the Pro- vinces of Upper and Lower Canada respectively on the 26th of December, 1791. ^^ •! Lve er, >o n the CONTEMPORARY HI8TORY-17eO-1701. KOVA SOOTU. Nova Scotia received its constitution from Engjand in 1768. Tills consisted o! a Joint executive and legislative council named by tho crown, and a house of assembly elected by the people. At this time New Brunswiclc, as the bounty of Sunbury, formed part of Nova Scotia. A treaty of peace was made with the Indians in 1761. Cape Breton Island was annexed to Nova Scotia in 1763, and formed into a 30unty in 1766. Curinfi: the Revolutionary war, much sympathy for the Americans was ex- pressea in Nova Scotia, so that the members representing the disaffected coun- ties were excluded from their seats in the assembly. After the war about 20, 000 Loyalists settled in tUe Fcovince. The Indians destroyed the settlement at Miramicb' >« VVf, 158 CONTEMPORARY HlST One bill was to exclude judges from seats in the Assembly ; the other to unseat one of its members, Ezekiel Hart, a Jew, who had been returned for Three Rivers, The latter motion passed both chambers, but Mr. Hart was a second time elected only to be again unseated. Tlie bill for the disqualification of the judges passed the House of Assembly by a large majority, but was vetoed in the Legisla- tive Council. The Militia Act was continued until repealed ; while the Alien Act was allowed to be in force for one year, and Sir James Craig closed the fourth parliament of Lower Canada with an address expressive of approval of its legis- lation. When thb new Legislature came together in April, 1809^ much curiosity was aroused to know what course the governor general would pursue with regard to. M. Panet, who \*a i ^'ii !■] i : 164 FIRST CANADIAN STEAMBOAf. connected with Le Canadien, which had exerted its influence during the elections against the executive authority. M. Panet was elected speaker by the Assembly, and to the sur- prise of many his election was confirmed by Sir James. The house at onoe took up the discussion of the two bills for the " Disqualification of the Judges," and the ** Expulsion of the Jews," and spent so much time in debate instead of trans- acting the business of the country, that the governor lost his patience, and proceeding in state to the parliament, dissolved the Assembly on the 15th of May, at the same time indi- rectly censuring its members, by complimenting the Legis- lative Council on its good conduct. During the summer he made a tour of the province, and received many assurances of the prevailing loyalty of the population. The first steamboat, of which there is any record, was one built by Lymington, a Scotchman, in 1802, and which was used on the Forth of Clyde canal ; the second and third were launched upon the Hudson by Fulton, in 1805 and 1809. 1809. In the latter year the Hon. John Molson, an enterprising merchant of Montreal, built a steam- boat on the St. Lawrence. On the 3rd of November it started down the river, and accomplished the voyage to Quebec, in thirty-six hours. The Quebec Mercury, in announcing her arrival, said : " The steamboat Accommodation has arrived with ten passengers. She is incessantly crowded with visitors. This steamboat receives her impulse from an open-spoked perpendicular wheel on each side, without any circular band or rim ; to the end of each double spoke is fixed a square board which enters the water, and by the rotatory motion of the wheels, acts like a paddle. No wind or tide can stop her. The price of a passage is nine dollars up, and eight down." The new House of Assembly, which was convened on the 29th of January, 1810, was not disposed to be any more sub- missive than that which had been so unceremoniously dissolved in the preceding year. It at once proceeded to the framing of an address to the king, expressive of unbounded loyalty and de- voted attachment to his majesty ; but at the same time passed a motion condemning the governor's action at the close of the "lb oanadiin." 166 the sub- jlved fngof Idde- lassed if the previous session, in making distinctions in his speeches, with reference to the two branches of the legislature. They brought the question of the " judges " to a crisis, by de- claring the seat of Judge de Bonne vacant by a vote of eighteen to six. His excellency again dissolved the House, while Le Ganadien, with bitterness, criticised the acts of the executive. The result was that its press and papers were seized^ and the publisher thrown into prison, in company with several French Canadian gentlemen. But nothing trea- sonable was discovered, and tlie imprisoned parties were after a time released. The old assembly was sent back by the people, and Panet was again elected speaker. Both parties seem to have been tired of war, and the business of the session of 1811 1811. proceeded more smoothly. The bill disqualifying judges was assented to by the governor ; while the assembly returned the compliment by continuing in opera- tion the Act by which the executive had made the late arrests, and which was entitled " An Act for the better preservation of His Majesty's Government." It also proposed to the governor-general to defray the expenses of the provincial government, now amounting to two hundred thousand dol- lars a year, but Sir James Craig reserved the oflfer for the consideration of the British ministry. He was shortly after- wards obliged, throilgh failing health, to give place to Sir George Prevoat, who arrived in September, ■ i 1G6 OOViSKNMENT ASSISTANCE. CHAPTER XVIII. UPPER CANADA — 1792-1811. 1793. Col. Simcoe, first Lieutenant-aovernor— Social condition— Newark the capital IJ93. SI; -ery aboMjhed. 1794. Co i io'. . of T jront >. 1795. Qe ^Mi^.r, Lieutenant-Governor— Trade. 1801. Lossi "lo ' i oedy." 1806. Franc /':)rc, fi-i^., Lieutenant-Governor— Grant made to drftmiltar Schools—" t; ^ K Canada Guardian " established. 1810. First grant made to the building of roads and bridges. 1811. Sir Isaac Brock, as President, administers the government. Colonel J. Graves Simcoe became the first lieutetiant- governor of LTpper Canada, in 1792. The province at this time had a population of twenty thousand people, acafc- 1792- tared along the Upper St. Lawrence, the Bay of Quinte, the Niagara frontier, and the Detroit river. Small villages existed at Kingston, Newark or Niagara, and Amherstburg. The early settler went into the forest with few worldly possessions, except the clothes on his back, a flint-lock musket, and an axe. Some had not even these, and all were more or less obliged to accept the assistance which government offered to them, when " drawing " their land. This assistance consisted of " food and clothes for three years, or until they were able to provide these for them- selves ; besides seeds to sow on their new clearances, and such implements of husbandry as were required. Each re- ceived an axe, a hoe, and a spade ; a plough and one cow were allotted to every two families ; a whip-saw and a cross-cut saw to every fourth family, and even boats were provided for their use, and placed at convenient points on the river." As there were no mills, even this want was supplied by the dis- tribution of "portable corn-mills, consisting of steel plates, turned by hand like a coffee mill." By the skilful use of the axe, and the assistance of the nearest neighbors, a log house SOCIAL CONDITION. 167 was Boon erected. A small clearing was then made, and the fallen timb.3r burnt to leave the land free for cultivation. Here the pioneer planted his first seed ; and whilo awaiting its scanty harvest, extended his " clearing " by chopping and burning ; and then fencing it in, prepared it for larger craps. In this fashion many brave men and women, thrust out of comfort and plenty after the revolutionary war, made for themselves new homes in the Canadian forest ; but by indus- try their little possessions increased, their stock multiplied, and the isolated families were in possession of the necessaries of life, coarse perhaps in quality, but abundant in quantity. The grain was threshed by flail, winnowed by hand, and in the absence or scarceness of mills, ground by hand. In course of time they produced their own clothes. The sk^ il fingers of the house-wife worked the wool through all the no' i^sary stages ; and weaving it in her own house, prod led ^. oloth which is still the favorite in Canada for vrithstanding the ex- tremes of its winter. But the table of the earl} Canadian settler had also its luxuries, for deer roamed through the forest, and the river teemed with fish, ?o\'eral t cies of which are now extinct ; while wild ducks, geese, and pigeons had their favorite feeding places as at present, and often fell vic- tims to the old musket, which perchance had already done duty in the revolutionary or Indian wars. The province had, since its founding, been under the au- thority of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, as estab- lished by the " Quebec Act ; but in 1791, Upper Canada stood by itself, an infant colony, with the privilege of choosing its own «onstitution. Governor Simcoe selected Niagara as iiis temporary head-quarters, until he should be able to fix upon a place more suitable for a permanent capital. Here, on the 17th of September, 1792, he opened his first parliament in what was little better than a log-house. The House of Assembly consisted of sixteen members ; the Legislative Council of seven, while the Executive Council was composed of five members appointed to advise the governor. The plain, honest men, who composed this primitive parliament, pioneered the laws as energetically as they had already the s ^1 li .!i 168 PlONEBJl PARLIAMENT. forests of Upper Canada. While the sister House of the Lower Province was spending several months passing eight bills, the Assembly of Upper Canada had passed as many in five weeks, and returned to their homes. Of these, one made the civil codo of England the law of the province ; an- other established trial by jury ; a third provided for the easy recovery of small debts ; while a fourth fixed the* toll to be deducted by millers at one-twelfth for grinding and bolting. Another Act re-named the districts into which Lv)rd Dorchester had divided the province ; calling them the Eatttem or Johnstown District, the Midland or Kingston, the Home or Niagara, and the Western or Detroit, These districts were again subdivided into twelve counties. An Act was also passed providing for the erection of a jail and court-house in each of these districts. On the 15th of Octo- ber the lieutenant-governor closed the session in a speech highly complimentary of its legislation. The work of the second session, which commenced in May, 1793, was yet more extensive than that of the first. Thirteen bills were passed, which, from their suitableness 1793- to the wants of the times, reflect great credit upon their authors. One relating to the destruc- tion of wolves and bears, shows that these denizens of the forest were numerous enough to prove an annoyance to the settlers, and gives a practical testimony to one feature in the condition of young Canada. The most important Act, however, was that abolishing slavery ; prohibiting the importation of any more slaves into the province ; making the children of existing slave-property free at the age of twenty-five ; and even limiting the time of vol- untary contracts for long service, to nine years. This ses- sion also passed an Act that members should be paid at the rate of two dollars per day. The elections for the House of Assembly were held every four years, and the first Parliament held its last session in 1795. The government Gazette was started during this time, and was limited to a small circulation ' of not more than two hundred ; the little press with which therj Ir assul rapi(j Ne\ SELIOTION OF TORONTO. IGU it was printed also turned off the Acts of Parliament and the proclamations of the governor. When Colonel Simcoe selected Newark as tho seat of go- vernment, the old fort of Niagara, on the American side of the river of tho same name, was garriaoned by British troops ; but, on its being delivered up to the United States, he at once proceeded to the selection of a more central locality for a capital, and one which would be more distant from the frontier. Examining the northern shore of Lake Ontario, he fixed upon the site of the old French fort Rouilld, or Toron- to, early called York, which was deserted except by a few Indians. Its distance from the frontier, and its capacious harbor, caused it to be chosen by Simcoe. But, as the li- beral offers made to settlers by the British government, in- duced many Americans not imbued with the U. E. Loyalist principles, to take up lands in the country, and, especially, in the vicinity of Toronto, the governor was led to alter his choice, and proposed to the governor-general. Lord Dorches- ter, that a capital be founded westward in the midst of the loyal settlers. Such a spot he had already selected, giving it the name of London, and re-naming the old French river, De la Trenche, the Thames. But Lord Dorchester was in favor of Kingston being the capital of Upper Canada, on ac- count of its suitable situation for a naval and military sta- tion ; and Governor Simcoe, as a kind of compromise, con- firmed Toronto as the future metropolis of Canada West. In 1795, it contained twelve houses, besides the barracks in which the governor's regiment was quartered. In 1796, the lieutenant-governor was recalled, and the Hon , Peter Russell, President of the Council, administered the affairs of the province. In the following year the 1796. government offices were removed to Toronto, and the second parliament commenced its second session there on the 1st of June. In 1799, Major-General Hunter arrived in the colony aijd assumed the reins of government. Meanwhile, a trade had rapidly grown up between Upper Canada and the State of New York, and in order to make it serviceable in increasing 170 GENERAL EVENTS. the roventio of the country, ten porta of entry wore opened, extending from Cornwall on tho St Lawrence to Sandwich on the Detroit river. In 1801, an accident of an unusual occui'- rence cast a deep sadness over tho province. The "Speedy," an annod vessel of ten 'juns, proceeding from Toronto to Kingston, was lost with all or. board, including Judge Grey, of Cornwall, and several menibers of the Court of King's Bunch. During this year the legislature put in force* an act for the •'better preservation of His Majesty's Government," similar to that adopted in Lower Canada, and directed against all revolutionary tendencies. In 1802 the District of Newcastle was formed, and the growth of hemp encouraged by fixing the price to be paid for it, at £50 per ton. The sum of £84 was voted for stationery for the use of the legislature, an item different in amount from what it is now. In 1803 a settle- ment was formed by Colonel Talbot in the Township of Dul- wich on Lake Erie, where he had received a grant of five thousand acres, on condition that he placed a settler on every two hundred acres. Meanwhile the country was rapidly increasing in popula- tion and wealth. No political questions had hitherto arisen to divide the energies of parliament, the members of the Assem- bly did what they considered to be for the benefit of the pro- vince, made and passed their bills, and left the carrying out of these in the hands of the Executive. But gradually the small number of the better educated, or more able of those who came into the country engrossed to themselves the few offices there were in the gift of the government, and success- fully maintained their position and influence. Thus far this state of aflliairs was in its germ, and received but little atten- tion, but the seed was being sown from which proceeded serious troubles in the future. In 1806, Francis Gore, Esq., arrived from England as lieutenant-governor. In the next year the parliament granted the then liberal sum of £800 for the purpose 1806* of paying Hie salaries of masters of Grammar Schools, in each of the eight distficta into which Upper Can- TARIFF. 171 Aria had by thin time become divided. A journal, called the Upper Canada Guardian, was commenced in this year, and attempted criticism upon the acts of the governmuut. It maintained an existence until the war of 1812. In 1796, the eighth part of the duties collected in Lower Canada, and paid to the Upper Province as the lattor's share amounted to about five thousand dollars, but in 1809 the trade had so increased, especially that with the United States, that the whole revenue was twenty-eight thousand dollars. Yet the tariff was low, that on spirits being only sixpence per gallon, on wines ninepenco, on teas from tMo to four pence per pound ; the importations chiefly embracing groceries, for the Canadians manufactured their own cloth- ing. The small direct tax levied for local purposes did not exceed fourteen thousand dollars for the whole province. Tlie roads were made and kept in repair by statute labor, but in 1810, the first grant of ei^ht thousand dollars was made towards the construction of roads and bridges. In 1811, a census taken showed the population to be seventy-seven thousand. In the same year Mr. Gore returned to England, and Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, as 1811. President, administered the government, at the same time that Sir George Prevost, as Governor- General, took up his residenoo at Quebec. i I) i J 172 PARTIES IN THE STATES. CHAPTER XIX. CAUSES OF THE " WAR OF 1812.* The two parties in tl'o States. n-.o EatUe of Jena, " Berlin Dccreo," 1806. British ' Order-in-Council," 1807. Effect of tl ese— Embargo. " Kigbt 01 Search." Leopard and Chesapeake. Non-Intercourse Act. Napoleon's Intrigues. President and Little Belt. Preparations for war. Henry's letters. United States declare war. War-feeling. Great Britain declares war. The alleged causes which led to the *' war of 1812," in which the American Republic endeavored to conquer Cana- da, aie to be found in the events which transpired in Europe during several years previous to the commencement of the war. But the real reason is to be found in the position of the two great parties into which the Republic itself was di- vided during the same time. These two parties were named respectively, the Democratic or war party, and the Repiib- lican, conservative or peace party. The latter had as its first exponent and advocate the great Washington, who recom- mended the States to maintain peace with the British En> pire, after their independence had been acknowledged, and they had thus obtained that for which they contended in their revolutionary struggle. But the war party, represented by the eloquence of Thomas Jefferson and Mr. Madison, seized every opportunity of inflaming the public mind against England, and looked with jealous eyes upon the two Canadas as representing British influence too near the United States. These two provinces were described from time to time as groaning beneath British tyranny, and ready upon the ap- pearance of an American army to cast in their Ipt with the Republic, and thus leave England no foothold upon the northern continent. The British nation had been for years opposing her power by land and sea against the unjust ag- gressions of Napoleon, who lix'atrose to eminence by support- ** BERLIN DEOEBB." 173 ing the very principles set forth both in America and France as the basis of their several revolutions, namely : " The equal rights of man." But findingthese incompatible with the ful- filment of his growing ambition, he trampled them under foot, and became the most absolute despot the world ever beheld. Yet in all his schemes for the aggrandizement of power, he had the sjrmpathy of the fanatical party in the United States, which could palliate that in Napoleon which it condemned in England, when committed in defence of her own liberty and for the beat interests of Europe . . By the Battle of Jena, Napoleon overthrew the power of Prussia, and inflicted upon that country the occupation of its capital — Berlin, which the Prussiaub never forgot, and the remembrance of which nerved them in the recent Franco- Prussian contest, until by hard-fought battles their armies paraded Paris, masters of France. Although established in Berlin, the French Emperor was "still smarting with the gall- ing memory of Trafalgar," and by way of revenge upon Eng- land issued his famous "Berlin Decree" on the 21st of November, 1806, by which he declared all the ports of Britain subject to blockade, and her m.arine, or that of any nation bearing goods to or from England, subject to the penalties thereof. Considering the weakness of the French navy on account of its numerous defeats, and Napoleon's inability, therefore, to put his decree in actual force, some writers, especially American, have attempted to prove that the Em- peror's manifesto was no better than an angry threat. But while the crippled navy of France was obliged to keep with- in its own ports instead of guarding the British Isles, the " Berlin Decree" gavo authority to privateers to hoist the French flag, and inflict much damage upon the merchant ships of England and leutral countries trading with her. Accord- ingly on the 7th of January, 1807, the British Government issued an "Order in Council," which, without declaring the French ports to be in a state of actual blockade, warned all neutral powers that if their shipping was found proceeding to or from such ports, it ahoukl be the lawful prize of the British navy. The neutral nations at this time were Demnark, 1,1 174 FIBST " OBDBR-IN-OOUNUIL.' i 1 it Spain, Portugal, and the United States. Denmark at once obeyed the " Decree," while from Napoleon's endeavoring to enforce it upon Portugal, originated the " Peninsular war." The commercial marine of the United States, however, was the most extensive, as well on account of the long wars in Europe, as through the enterprise of the young republic. The " Berlin Decree" was eminently disastrous to American commerce, so that millions of francs passed into the French treasury from the sequestration of American property ; yet the remonstrances from Washington to Paris were mild in comparison with the wrathful language used towards Great Britain on account of the " Order-in-Council." The latter did not accomplish that for which it was intended, to compel Napoleon to withdraw his Berlin orr^inance ; and on the 11th of November, in the same year in which the first Order*in- Council was issued, a second was passed, more stringent than the first, declaring the ports of France and her allies, and those of any other country from which the British flag was excluded, to be in a state of blockade and subject to all the restrictions thereof. Napoleon, nothing daunted, supple- mented his former decree by thai of Milan, on the 17th of December. .. The consequence was that the merchant service of the United States was practically obliged to remain in port, for it was equally liable to be captuied by either the French or English cruisers. The American Government had just received intelligence of the confiscation of one of its vessels by the French, and saw clearly that, by Napoleon it was not to be treated with any more respect than if it were an actual enemy. Accordingly, President Jefferson, in a message to congress, recommended an embargo to be laid upon all ves- sels, whether American or foreign, in American harbors ; thus forbidding the export and import of all merchandise. In the meantime another cause for ill-feeling against Eng- land arose from her enforcing the " right of search" in mer- chant vessels, whether English or American, for deserters from her navy. From tliirty to fifty thousand English sea- men at this time were serving in American vessels, and many oi these were deserters. This ** right of search" had always LEOPARD AND CHESAPEAKE. 175 been claimed on the ground of the established law of nations, " that every state has a right to the services of its subjects, and especially in time of war." Unfortunately the captain of the British ship Leopard, after demanding from the United States friga-te Chesapeake the restitution of certain deserters, and being refused, fired into the American vessel, compelled her to strike her colors, and took from her the deserters sought for. The English captain had thus exceeded his orders and used force where he was authorized only to make a requisition. He was recalled, and the admiral on that station was disgraced by being superseded in his command. This affair occurred on the 22nd of June, 1807, and on the 25th of December following, Mr. Rose, an envoy extraordi- nary from Great Britain, arrived at Washington to offer reparation for it ; but the president had already issued an angry proclamation to his citizenn, and also commanded all British war vessels to leave American ports, instead of first requiring satisfaction of the English government for the injury done. The British envoy justly required this proclamation to be withdrawn before he cculd make any offers from his government, but the president refused, and so the negotia- tions were suspended. The New England States, having the largest interest in the merchant marine of their country, were the greatest sufferers, and by them frequent remonstrances were made concerning the action of the president and congress. Thoy said : "the British orders-in-councilhad laft themsome traffic, buttheacts of their own legislature had cuv off everything." Votes were, however, passed that the army should be increased, and granting a large subsidy for war purposes. In March, 1809, President Madison substituted for tho Embargo, the Non-In- tercourse Act, "whereby all commercial transactions with either of the belligerent powers were absoiutely prohibited, but the president wa;- authorized to renew the intercourse between America and either of the belligerent powers which should first repeal its obnoxious orders-in-conncil or decrees." This Act inflicted severe injiuy upon both English and Aniori- m-. ' 176 PRESIDKNT AND LITTLE BELT, cans, in comparison with which that suflfered hy Franco wap very small. In the following year, Napoleon proposed to the congress to withdraw his decrees on the condition that England wonld raise the blockade of the French ports, which was alto- gether inadmissible by the English government. The object of the French emperor was evidently to throw the whole blame of commorcial injury upon England, and thus to ex- cite the States to take up arms against her ; thereby dividing the British power, and indirectly aiding himself. For though he pretended to withdraw his decrees with reference to Ame- rica, he did not actually do so. Although the States were induce^ to declare free intercourse with France, American vessels continued to be seized and sold for the benefit of the French treasury. * On the 1st of March, 1811, Mr. Pinckney, the American ambassador in London, took his formal leave of the rriiioe- regent. In May following occurred the collision be- tween the American 44-gun frigate, President, and the Bri- tish 18-gun sloop, Little Belt. The latter was chased and fired into, when a sharp action ensued, resulting in the kill- ing and \V(Muiding of thirty -two British. Mr. Madisxsn. in his message, on the 4th of November, advised congress to place the country on a war-footing. January 1812, a vote was passed to raise an army of t^^eacy-five thousand men, and granting $10,000,(»00 for exf tiiser,. During all this time the New England States continutu co remo*'strate, both in and out of congress, against the position taken by their govern- ment. In order to cast odium upon tnese states, to weaken the influence of the peace-party in congress, and still more to inflame the country against Great Britain, Mr. Madison laid before the House of Representatives, certain letters which he had purchased from an adventurer styling himself Cap- tain Henry. This man, in 1809, misrepresented the state of feeling in the New England states to Sir James Craig, then governor in Lower Canada, from whom he obtained a com- liiission to proceed to Boston and collect information with re- gard to political sentiment in the United States. During a RIGHT OP SkiAKOH. 177 •>'^. a stay of three months in that city he wrote fourteen letters to Governor Craig's secretary, containing no authentic or im- poii;ant information. He was recalled, and, in 1811 , went to England, and there pressed his claim for further compensa- tion ; but was referred back to Sir James Craig, who would be " better able to appreciate the ability and success with which his mission had been executed." Henry did not return to Canada for reasons best known to himself, but proceeded to Washington, and offered his document for sale to Mr. Madison. The president thinking he would unravel some deep-laid scheme of the Britir^: government to reduce the New England states, and discover traitors among the op- position in congress, paid Henry out of the secret-service fund, $50,000 for his documents. But hfe had been duped, and was not able, from these dearly purchased letters, to ma- terially increase the war-feeling. This was in March, in April the embargo was renewed for ninety days ; a>nd, on the 1st of June, the president sent a- confidential Message to congress, in which he enumerated the aggressions of Great Britain. On the 18th, a bill was passed declaring war against England. In the meantime, the Bri- tisb government had withdrawn the orders-in-council, and the news reached congress a few weeks after the passing of the above bill, and before a blow had been struck. But al- though the cause of war was now removed, the declaration of it by the president was not even suspended. The prey to be seized was Canada, and now, when every preparation had been made for its conquest, the party which had brought this about was not to be disappointed. The alleged causes of the " War of 1812,'* were the " Right of Search" and the " Orders-in-Council." The latter were withdrawn before the war commenced ; with regard to the former, it may be stated, that in 1806, the mattei' in dispute had been arranged in a treaty, *' approved of to the fullest extent, and signed by the negotiators of the United States concerned in framing it," but was disallowed by Mr. Jeffer- son, who refused to ratify it. There is also much circum- »**> J i1 ]i 178 AGITATION IN THE STATES, stantial eyidence to show that Mr. Madison was somewhat involved in FrencJh intrigues. The above facts prove that there was no point of difference between the two countries, which might not have been settled without recourse to war. But America seemed to forget that the same orders-in-council which were a detriment to her commerce, were also very largely injurious to the mercantile interests of England, but were rendered necessary by the events of the immense European contest in which she was already engaged. " The troubles of the United States were the troubles of the age, caused by the convulsion and disor- ganization of the civilized world, not by any ill-will harbored by Great Britain against them." In diflferent parts of the union, strong demonstrations were made both for and against the proposed war. In Baltimore, the war-feeling reached its height, and showed itself in dis- graceful riots. In the New England States, the declaration of war was looked upon " asa rash, unwise, and inexpedient measure ; " while at Boston, all the ships in port displayed flags at half-mast, the usual token of mourning. In Septem- ber, a convention of delegalt - from the several counties of New York State, declared the invasion of Canada to be " in- consistent with the spirit of the Federal compact." England declared w ar against the United States, on the 13th of October, 1812. in- LEOISLAIION. 179 CHAPTEH XX. WAR OF 1812. Canadian Legislatures. Fort Maci^^nftW. General Hull. General Brock. Surrender of Detroit and IlIlclllCMi. American plans. The Niagara Frontier. Battle of <)acenuiton Relg]it«. Death of General Brock and Colonel Macdonald. Armistices, Americans again defeated. Lower Canadian frontier. De Salaberry at La Colle river. The war on the ocean. In the meantime in the Canadas the two legislatures were not idle. They had read the signs of the times, and as early as February, 1812, had enacted precautionary measures which evinced the zeal and loyalty of the people, and gave the denial to the aspersions nhich American suspicion and con- ceit had cast upon their honor as British subjects. On the 21 st of that month the parliament of Lower Canada met, and granted £12,000 for drilling the militia, £20,000 for purposes of defence, and £30,000 was placed at the disposal of the Governor-general in case of a declaration of war between the States and England. He^ was also authorized to draft two thousand men to serve three months in two successive sum- mers. This force was further increased by a general order of the 28th of May, for raising four regiments of ' fcia, which was speedily accomplished, the French Cana. .ans volunteering with promptitude. A regiment of voltigeurs was also formed, the command of which was conferred upon Major de Salaberry, a French Canadian gentleman, who had seen service in the British army. Already before the pass- ing of the above order, the Glengarry light infant'^y, to the number of four hundred, had placed themselves at the dis- posal of the government. On the 24th of June the American declaration of war was announced at Quebec, and all American citizens were warned to quit the province by the 3rd of July, while an embarg o / 1 1 H ■ ifll 180 FBKLINO IN UPPER CANADA. was placed on all vesBels in port. On the 1 Gth of July the parliament again met, when an Act was passed sanctioning the issue of army bills to the amount of £250,000, the inter- est on which was provided for by an annual grant for five years of £15,000. To prevent specie passing from Canada into the United States, these bills were substituted for money, and jnade payable in bills of exchange on England. The whule militia force was now warned to hold itself in readi- uese. Til Upper Canada there was not, at first, such an appre- hension of war, owing partly to the imperfect and slow n\eaus of getting intelligence in those days, but more espe- cially to the sentiments expressed by the numerous Ameri- can settlers, who were loath to believe their late Govern- ment would be guilty of such an infringement of the lawj» of humanity, as the wanton invasion of an unoftending infant colony, largely peopled by their own citizens. But though they thus argued at this stage of affairs, when they after- wards found that they were mistaken, these' same American Canadians, with but very few exceptions, bravely rallied to the defence of the flag which protected their Canadian homes, and shoulder to shoulder with the U. E. Loyalists and British troops, assisted to drive back the invaders. The parliament met on the 3rd of February, and although it refused the recommendation of General Brock to pass a Militia Bill and suspend the Act of Habep . Corpus, yet no sooner did later news reveal the designs of the United States than the House of Assembly at once voted a Militia Bill, authorizing the raising of flank companies, to be trained at least six times in every month, and set aside £5,000 to defray the expenses of training. Although the above bill was one of much hardship on account of the aparseness of the popula- tion and the difficulty of travelling, yet its duty was per- formed with alacrity, and men left their homes and farms and trudged many miles with their muskets to attend the training. The greatest drawback was the want of arms, there not bfing sufficient muskets in the country '' to arm but part of the militia from Kingston, westward," i hull's invasion. 181 To make matters worse, the war in Europe prevented Eng- and from sending out regular troops in any number, during the whole war ; while just at this time it was hoped, the with- drawal by England of the orders-in-council would dissipate the probability of war. But circumstances which would have extinguished the con- fidence of many men, but confirmed General Brock in his natural resolution and promptitude. On the 26th of June he learned that Mr. Madison had issued his declaration of war, and immediately sent orders to Captain Roberts, who commanded a small British post on the Island of St. Joseph, one of the Manitoulin group, to capture, if possible, Fort Mackinaw from the Americans. This Captain Roberts effect- ed on the 17th of July, without any bloodshed, and thus became possessed of a post commanding the entrance to Lake Michigan. In the meantime. General Hull, who, as governor of Michigan, had for several months been collect- ing a force for the invasion of Canada, crossed the river at Detroit on the 12th of July, with two thousand five hundred men, and took possession of Sandwich, and issued an address to the Canadian people, calling on them to join his stand- ard. Very few, however, complied, and on the 17th he ad- vanced to attack Fort Maiden, near Amherstburg, garrisoned by three hundred regulars, under Colonel St. George. OS Amherstburg lay the British sloop. Queen Charlotte, of eighteen guns. General Hull's advance was repulsed three times by the garrison of Fort Maiden ; while Colonel Proc- tor, who had been sent on by Brock, pushed across the De- troit river and, capturing a convoy of provisions for Hull's force, cut oflF his communication with Ohio. The American general was th\is in a bad position ; Mackinaw had fallen, the Qiieen Charlotte wa,tched the river, and Colonel Proctor held the only way by which he could obtain assistance ; he was also encumbered with wounded, and accordingly, on the 7th of August, he recrossed the river, leaving two hundred and fifty men to hold Sandwich. "When Hull entered Canada the provincial I'^gislature was in session at York, but General Brock at once di;:niissed it, ' ■'i 182 CAPTURE OF DETROIT. and proceeded westward, and after a toilsoino journey by land and water, reached Aniherstburgon the Kith of Septem- ber. Here he mot the Wyandot chieftain, Tecuniseh, who, with a band of warriors, was ready to assist the British against the " Longknives," as the Indians designated the Americans. General Brock had brought with him from York three hundred regulars and four hundred militia, besides which ho now had six hundred Indians. Learning from Mome captured despatches that General Hull felt himself per- plexed by his position. Brock resolved to attack him in De- troit. On the IStli he erected a battery of three guns and two howitzers on the Canada side, with which, after his sum- mons to surrender had been refused, he bombarded the city. Next morning, with the small force which he had brought with him from Toronto, he crossed the river, and having made the proper dispositions of his little army advanced to the attack. But Hiill's heart failed him, and as the little band of seven hundred British drew near, he hoisted the white flag, and surrendered the town and his entire force, amounting to two thousand five hundred men, prisoners of war. The American militia were permitted to return home, while their regulars with the officers, in all over one thousand men, were sent to Quebec. The British gained large quantities of military stores and provisions, and the whole state of Michigan passed into their hands. " The moral effect of this victory was great ; it raised the confidence of the Canadian people in themselves, and secured the fidelity of the Indians." General Brock, after making the necessary arrangements in Michigan, returned to Toronto, where he was gratefully received. He would have followed up his recent success by an attack on Fort Niagara, but was prevented by Sir George Prevost, as war had not yet been declared by England, in the hope of peace being yet possible. The present invasion of Canada seems to have been at- tempted upon the same plan as those which took place dur- ing 1755-60. While General Hull entered at Detroit, Van Ranselaer was to make a similar attack on the Niagara frontier ; General Dearborn was to operate against Lower b.^ 24 EPISODES IN THE WAR. 18U irney by Septem- sh, who, British ated the om York , besides ing from isalf per- n in De- juns and his lura- the city, aght with made the le attack, of seven flag, and ng to two A.merican regiilars re sent to military an passed ctory was people in .ngements gratefully mccesB by Jir George [igland, in been at- place dur- troit, Van Niagara Lower e txst Canada, by way of Lake Champlain and the Tlicholieu River, while at Ogdonsbnrgh, Sackott's Harbor, and various other points, parties of troops were stationed to occasion all the annoyance possible to the Canadians. A party of one hundred and fifty Americans crossed over to Gananoque and, defeating a small body of militia, abused the inhabitants, destroyed some storoH, and then retired. The force at Ogdensburgh interrupted communications be- tween Montreal and Kingston. An attempt, on the 4th of October, made by Colonel Lethbridge, commanding at Pres- cott, to dislodge the Americans from Ogdensburgh, failed. On the Hh, at Fort Erie, an armed brig and a vessel loaded with prisouers and furs were cut out by the Americana, and taken to the other side. During a fog, a party of British from Fort Erie succeeded in boarding and dismantling the brig. Such were episodes that occurred during the whole war. In the meantime a large American force of more than six thousand troops was being collected on the Niagara fron- tier, preparatory to a grand effort to wipe.out Hull's disgrace. To oppose this invasion, and protect an extent of thirty-four miles from Fort George to Fort Erie, the British had on this side of the river a force not exceeding fifteen hundred men ; but owing to the energy of General Brock these were in the best state of efficiency possible. The American General, Van Ranselaer, being informed by a spy that General Brock had proceeded to Detroit with all {he force that could be spared from the Niagara frontier, at once made preparations for a descent upon Queenston. On the 11th of October an attempt was made to cross the river, but -owing to mismanagement of the boats the attack was postponed. Early on the morning of the 13th, which was cold and stormy, the attempt was re- newed ; and under cover of a battery, posted to protect their landing, thirteen boats filled with American troops crossed over, and discharging their freight returned for more. To oppose their landing the British had only a one-gun battery on Queenston Heights, and another mounting a 24- pound carrouade a little below the village. Their force at Queenston consisted of the two flank companies of the 49th ! ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k : /- r/. & ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^128 |2.5 2.0 U 11.6 ^J"? %^' 4V^ 7 Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. US80 (716) 872-4503 >'' [•C ,-\ ^\ ^ ''<^' V o^ rr" 184 BATTLE OF QUBBNSTON HEIGHTS. Regiment and the York Volunteer Militia, in all about three hundred rank and file, under Captain Dennis. But a por- tion of the invading force landed higher up the stream, and gaining the crest above the village captured the 18-pound gun, and compelled Captain Dennis to retreat, though slowly. In the meantime General Brock had, as was his custom, risen before day-break ; and hearing the cannonading, had summoned his aides Major Glegg and Lt.-Col. Macdonell, of the militia ; and hastened towards the scene of action, arriving at the battery just as the Americans, under Captain Wool, had reached the heights in its rear. General Brock and his two officers had not time to remount, but were obliged to retire hastily with the twelve men who had been stationed in the battery, which was now immediately occupied by the enemy. Orders were now sent to Major-General Sheaffe to hasten up, from Fort George ; and also that a fire should be maintained from that point upon Fort Niagara opposite. Re- tiring, the British general met Captain Dennis' party, and, placing himself at its head, advanced on foot to dislodge the Americans, who were keeping up a brisk fire of musketry. Conspicuous by his dress, his height, and the enthusiasm with which he animated his little band, General Brock fur- nished a ready mark for the enemy's riflemen. He had not advanced far before he fell mortally wounded by a shot through his chest. As he fell he gave the order, " Push on, brave York Yolimteers." One of the men running to him, asked "Are you much hurt, sir?" but his only reply was, as he pressed his hand on his side, 'Push on ; lon't mind me." Colonel Macdonell at once took his general's place, and the men of the 49th, with the cry of " Revenge the General ! " a.'xd side by side with the York Volunteers, rushed forward and drove the Americans from the battery to the brow of the hill. But Colonel Macdonell had also fallen mortally wounded, and the enemy being reinforced the Eng- lish were obliged to retire a second time, and await the arrival of General Sheafie. He came up in about four hours with a portion* of the 41st, some militia and Indians, and BROCK AND MACDONBLL. 185 as mind being joined by a detachment from Chippawa, his force amounted to about one thousand men. The Indians com- menced tho attack but were driven back upon the main body, which was advancing by a circuitous route, to gain the open ground in the rear of the Heiwhts. The British after deliver- ing a volley charged at the double-quick, and after a sharp contest drove the Americans towards the river. Some tried to escape by letting themselves down the bank, by means of the roots and bushes, and others attempted to escape into the woods, but were speedily driven out by the Indians. Seeing their situation hopeless the whole party of nine hnn- dred aud fifty surrendered, after a loss of fully three hundred. The British loss was about one hundred killed and wounded. Colonel, afterwards General, Soott was one of the American officers taken. Thus ended the second attempt to invade Canada ; but while the victory was glorious as well as complete, the rejoic- ing it would otherwise have occasioned was lost in sorrow for the death of Sir Isaae Brock. He was bom in the Island of Ouemsey, and during his military career had served with honor in several of the principal campaigns of Europe, and was present at the taking of Copenhagen by Nelson. He had been appointed to Upper Canada in anticipation of the American war ; and had proved himself as administrator of the government, both capable and just, while, as a soldier,* he was the idol of his troops, winning their confidence by his firm and prompt measures, and their love by his solici- tude for their welfare and his participation in their danger. In the prime of life, being in his forty-third year, he fell covered with glory, and honored in his burial by friend and foe alike. Side by side he and his faithful friend and officer, Colonel Macdonell, were buried at Fort George, and as the British batteries paid the customary honors, those on the American side responded and testified their respect for the general, who, by his example, had caused their defeat. General Sheaffo now assumed the command, and the Amer- ican general asking an annistice of three days, for the purpose care of liia dead and wounded, the former granted M I i; of tailing 186 FRONTIEK OF LOWER CANADA. it. Van Ranselaer, chagrined at his want of success, offered his resignation to General Dearborn. It was accepted, and Brig .-general Smyth took the command of the American army along the Niagara. Between him and General Sheaffe, a truce of thirty days was concluded, which was employed by both officers in strengthening their several positions. At the end of the thirty days General Smyth put his army in motion, in order to effect a crossing above the Falls. On the morning of the 28th of November, fourteen boats, containing four hundred Americans, crossed about two miles above Grand Island, and took a four-gun battery defended by sixty-five men of the 49th regiment, thirty of whom were taken prisoners, the remainder under Lieutenant Bortby being compelled to retreat after a gallant resistance. Leaving a small party to occupy thei fort, the Americans retired to their own side of the river ; but in a few hours returned with eighteen boats full. But their delay had given Colonel Bishop and Major Ormsby time to collect a force, and re- take th'3 fort, making prisoners of the Americans in it. As the boats approached the bank a hot fire was opened upon them, two were sunk, and the remainder thrown into con- fusion turned rudder and fled. This second defeat of a general officer upon this frontier exasperated the Americans beyond degree. Smyth was publicly insulted, had to flee from his army to escape its vengeance, and was cashiered by the senate of his country without a trial. In the meantime, the army of the " North" as it was called, ten thousand strong, under General Dearborn, threatened the boundary of Lower Canada, especially in the vicinity of Lake Champlain. To protect this frontier, extending from Ya- maska to St. Regis on the St. Lawrence, the British estab- lished a chain of small military posts, while across the principal roads leading from the boundary line towards Montreal, trees were felled by De Salaberry's light infantry. This officer had intrenched a small body of troops on the banks of the La CoUe river, in the vicinity of Rouse's Poiat. On the morning of the /?Oth of November, an American corps of observation, fourteen hundred strong, crossed the river at two points, and RESULTS OT THE CAMPAIGN. 187 endeavored to cut off the retreat of the little band of Cana- dians. But these kept up a sharp fire, and then escaped be- tween the two American parties, which mistaking one another in the dark for enemies, came into collision and did much mischief to themselves. This caused them to retreat. Mean- while De Salaberry was collecting a force to resist Dearborn's main army, which was supposed to be near at hand ; and General Prevost to be prepared for any emergency, warned the whole body of militia in the district. These prompt measures, seem^to have intimidated General Dearborn, for he withdrew his army, and went into winter quarters in tiie vici- nity of Burlington and JHattsburg. This closed the campaign of 1812, which as far as Canada was concerned, had resulted in signal disgrace to the armies of the United States, while Canadians were more determined than ever to resist the buccaneering attempts to gain posses- sion of their soil. But on the ocean the balance of the operations was in favor of the American vessels, which, clipper-built, pos- sessed sailing qualities superior to those of the tub-like bot- toms then prevalent in the British navy. Tliey were thus better able to manoeuvre, and keep out of reach of the carron- ades, and grappling irons of British vessels, while they could command a position to rake the latter by means of deck guns of long range, cutting up their enemy badly, before coming to closer quarters. The American vessels were also better manned than the English vessels with which they fell in during this first year of the war, and which were generally ships returning home from long voyages, with half-erew§. This was partly owing to the fact, that England was, at this time maintaining immenee armaments in different waters on account of the war with Napoleon ; but chiefly, because the mercantile marine of tho States was out of employment, furnishing a large body of excellent sailors, from which the government was able to select tho complemouta for its ships. ^1 188 PARLIAMENTARY ACTION. CHAPTER XXr. CAMPAIGN OF J 813. MH I Parliaments meet. American. Generals. Proctor's Victory at Frenehtotvn. Proctor's retreat. Major Macdonell captures Ogileus- American Commodoros. Battle of Toronto. Do Rottenburg commands in Upper Canada. Americans occupy F*rt George. Sir James Yeo. British attack on Saettett's Harlior' Americans surprised at Stoncy Creek. Beaver«Dams* Perry gains the supremacy on L. Erie. Battle of MoraTlamtown. Wilkinson descends the St. Lawrence. Battle of Chrysler's Farm. Battle of Ckateanguay. Americans burn Niagara. British bum BvflTalo and other towns. War on the Atlantic. The parliament of Lower Oanrda had been called together in the previous December, and continued its session into the New Year, passing several Acts, having for their object the defence of the country. It authorized the levying of a war tax of two and one-half per cent, on goods imported by colonial merchants, and five per cent on such goods as were imported by foreign traders. The issue of army-bills was also increased, making the total amount in circulation £500,000, while £15,000 was given to arm and equip the militia, j!;' 1,000 for hospital necessaries, and £25,000 for defences. In Upper Canada the legislature met on the 3rd of Feb- ruary, and passed an Act legalizing the circulation in the province of the " army bills " of Lower Canada. Pensions were granted to the widows and orphans of militiamen killed in the war. The sale of liquor to the Indians was prohil)ited, the exportation of grain was stopped, and its distillation restrained, lest there should be a dearth of food. In the campaign of this year, the Americans acted on the same general plan as that of the previous year. In the west, General Harrison was already in command of what was PROCTOR AND HARRISON. 189 designated the " Army of the West ;" General Dearborn was appointed to the *' Army of the Centre," on the Niagara, while General Hampton received the command of the " Army of the North," on the frontier of Lower Oanada. The first operations were in the west, where General Harrison hovered on the borders of Michigan, intending to strike a blow for its recovery. Colonel Proctor's head-quarters were at Detroit, whence he had established several posts to check the Americans' advance, and warn him of their approach. His force was small and obliged to be continually on the alert. On the ] 7th of January a strong body of Americans under General Winchester dislodged the English party at French- town, twenty-seven miles from Detroit, and obliged it to fall back to Brownstown, sixteen miles away. Proctor immediately determined to beat this force, before Harrison could come up with it, and on the 22nd, with five hundred regulars, seaman and militia, and six hundred Indians under their chief Roundhead, suddenly attacked the Americans, who had ensconced themselves in the houses of Frenchtown. The actiou was sharp and decisive, resulting in the death of two hundred and fifty of the enemy, while General Winches- ter, and over five hundred men were made prisoners. Proc- tor lost twenty-four killed and one hundred and fifty-eight wounded. In revenge for their own losses, the Indians killed many of the American wounded notwithstanding the efforts of the officers to restrain them. For this victory Proctor was made a brigadier-general. General Harrison at once retreated, but hearing that Proc- tor had retired to Fort Maiden, he advanced and fortified the bank of the Miami, calling his post Fort Meigs. Here and at Sandusky Proctor attacked him, but the readiness with which Harrison could obtain assistance, rendered futile any^ attempt of the British permanently to, dislodge him. Gen- eral Proctor, although a man of undoubted energy, ex- ceeded his instructions in carrying the war so far into the enemy's country, especially when he knew his small forces could not be reinforced. During the winter the American officer at Ogdensburgh: - 1 ' 190 OGDKNSBUBGH TAKEN . had despatched marauding parties which, cross iig the St. Lawrence on the ice, committed raids upon the Canadians, carrying off provisions or property, and killing or maltreat- ing the people, or carrying them off as prisoners. To put an end to these raids, Major Macdonell, at Prescott, acting under orders from General Prevost, marched across the river and boldly attacked the American position at Og- densburgh, at the point of the bayonet, driving the enemy first from their defences and then from the houses of the village. Meanwhile another party of one hundred and fifty, under Captain Jenkins, assailed the old fort, La Presentation, and although exposed to a galling fire of grape shot, maintained the conflict until Major Macdonell came to his assistance, when the fort was soon carried. Consider- able stores and arms fell into the hands of the victors, be- sides two schooners and two gunboats which were burned.. During this winter also the 104th regiment arrived from New Brunswick, having made the journey on foot through the wilderness lying between the two provinces. The Americans were first able to raise fleets upon the lakes. Couimodore Perry had command of that on Lake Erie ; and Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario. The latter, during the past year, performed one of those acts which mark a generous as well as a courageous foe. Having by the capture of a British schooner got possession of the plate of the late General Brock, Comr lodore Chauncey at once forwarded it to Captain Brock, Sir Isaac's brother, who was serving at York. As part of General Dearborn's plan was to attack York and Fort George, form a junction with the ** Army of the Centre," and having subdued the western peninsula, lay siege to Kingston, where a third force, under Dearborn himself, would co-op'^rate, and this important post being taken, the united army was to proceed to invest Montreal. Accordingly, on the 25th of April, Commodore Chauncey left Sackett's Har- bor with fourteen armed vessels, having on board General Dearborn as commander-in-chief, and nearly two thousand troops, and on the following day appeared off York. On th<* BATTLE OP TORONTO. 191 27th preparations were made to land the troops some three miles west of the town. . York was at this time in a very weak condition, its proper defences having been neglected, while its garrison did not exceed six hundred regulars and militia. The American troops for the assault were placed under the command of Brig. -general Pike, and the proper disposition of their vessels before the town having been made, the land- ing commenced. 3ut the boats being driven by the wind from the intended landing-place, nepv where the old French fort stood, they were obliged to strike the shore half a mile farther to the westward. Hero Major GivenSj with a com- pany of Glengarry militia and twenty-five Indians, annoyed the Americans for some time, until their numbers compelled him to fall back. His main force having landed, General Pike moved steadily forward, every foot of the way being contested by the small body of British who could be spared from the batteries. Many deeds of valor were performed, but without avail, and step by step the little, band wad forced behind its defences. The first line of these was taken, and Pike's force had advanced within two hundred yards of the second line, when the fire of the battery i-n front of him sud- denly ceased. He hixlted, thinking no doubt that silence meant surrender, but the next moment a terrific explosion shook the ground beneath their feet, and the head of the American column was literally blown into the air. Two hun- dred were killed or wounded, General Pike being among the latter. A British artillery sergeant, Marshall, had fired the powder magizine to prevent it falling into the hands of tlae enemy. Severa^ British were also killed. York was now no longer tenable against a superior force; and General Sheaffe, after destroying large quantities of stores, and taking with hhr I/he regular troops, left Lieut. -Colonel Chewett with the militia to make the best terms he could with the enemy. The place was surrendered, and the militia, to the number of two hundred and ninety- three, made prisoners of war. In consequence of his remissness in the affair of York, General Sheaffe was superseded in Upper Canada by Major-General do Rottenburg, and was given a command in Lower Canada. 192 AMBRICAN8 TAKB FORT QBOROl. The British loss had l)eGu one hundred and thirty killed and wounded ; that of the Americans amounted to throe hundred and fifty. Part of the object of the expedition having been accora- plished, General Dearborn embarkud his troops, and on the 2nd of May stood away towards Fort George, which he was not able to reach until the 8th, on account of adverse winds. He now made a delay of three weeks, while Ghauncey con- veyed the wounded to Sackett's Harbor, and brought up reinforcements. The British force stationed along this fron- tier now amounted to about fifteen hundred regulars and five hundred militia under the command of Brig, -general Vincent, who now took charge of Fort George, with a garrison of fourteen hundred men. Ammunition was soaroe, a fact of which Dearborn was aware, for his troops acted with much impunity in making their arrangements. On the 27th, Fort Niagara, on the opposite bank, opened a severe fire on Fort George, which did considerable damage to the wretched works, while Chauncey's fleet swept the beach with shot to cover the landing of troops. Three times the latter made th ) attempt, and were as often repulsed, until General Vincent seeing the odds against him and the uselessness of wasting the lives of his men, retired ; and having spiked the giins at the fort, which was now untenable, and blown up the maga- zine, he conducted an orderly retreat towards Queenston. On the following day, having withdrawn the garrisons from Fort Erie and other posts alcng the river, he continued his retreat to Forty-mile Creek on the road to Hamilton. His force was now reduced to sixteen hundred men, having lost in the defence of Fort George about four hundred in killed, wounded and prisoners : while in its assault, the Ameri- cans had thirty-nine killed, and one hundred and eleven wounded. While York and Fort George were being taken, and Chauncey held undisputed supremacy on Lake Ontario, Sir James Yeo, a British naval officer, arrived at Quebec on the 6th of May, accompanied by several officers of the royal navy, and four h\indred and fifty seamen, to prepare fleets on the ▲TTA(JK ON SACKRTT'h HAKHOB. idn lakes. Proparations of this doacription were already pro- ceeding at Kingston, and thither General Prevost and Sir James Yeo went. It was now resolved to make an attack upon Sackett's Harbor, while the American fleet was absent at the west end of the lake. Accordingly, on the 27th of May, while Fort George was being bombarded, the British squadron of seven armed vessels, and having on board nearly one thousand troops, commanded by the Governor-General in person, left Kingston, and steered across the lake. While his men were disembarking into fiat-bottomed boats, he pro- ceeded nearer shore to reconnoitre, and thinking the Amer- ican works too strong to be taken by storm, he ordered the troops to re-embark and set sail for Kingston. Learning that the enemy was not in as great strength as he imagined, he determined to renew the attack on the following day. Meanwhile this indecision had given the Americans time to gather a large force, so that on the 28th, a landing was effected only after a sharp resistance. The British, however, speedily drove the militia in all directions, and only four hundred regulars, under General Brown, were left to maintain a de- fence. This officer believing his post untenable had already set fire to the store-houses and barracks, preparatory to a surrender ; when General Prevost reached the scene of action, aud under pretence that artillery would be necessary to bat- ter the block-house, ordered a retreat, much to the chagrin of his troops, who were just on the eve of a complete victory. However, the results in the destruction of stores, and in the loss to the enemy were considerable. Sir James Yeo now devoted himself to the equipmentof of the fleet, -"nd by June had so increased the British strength on Lake Ontario, that Chauncey was obliged to retire to Sackett's Harbor. On the 3rd of that month the English squadron left Kingston with a reinforcement of two hundred and eighty regulars and necessary supplies for General Vin- cent, who had, after his retreat from fort George, taken up a secure position at Burlington Heights, from which the American generals must dislodge him before they could accom- plish the conquest of that peninsula. But Dearbom made J04 THB 8UttPRISB AT STOMBY (niBBR. il no movement until June, when he sent forward a Btmnf? de- tachment of three thousand infantry and two hundred and fifty cavalry, with nine field guns under Generals Winder and Chandler, to molest ViDcont. The position of this oflicer was precarious in the extreme, his small army bein^ almost destitute, and having only ninety rounds of ammuni- tion per man,for Sir James Yeohad not yet been able to succor him. The Americans advanced to Stoney Creek, whence Vincent's pickets falling back, announced their approach. He immediately sent Colonel Harvey to reconnoitre ; who, noticing the carelessness of the enemy in guarding their camp, proposed a night attack. General Vincent assented, and selecting seven hundred men gave the command of these to Harvey, who, at midnight on the 5th, set out for the American camp distant some six miles. The attack was suc- cessful, the American pickets were mastered without alarm- ing their main body, which was next surprised and scattered in confusion. Although the American officers fought stoutly, their soldiers were driven in all directions, every attempt at formation being frustrated by the British, who, at the point of the bayonet, compelled them to take refuge in the hills around. Not wishing to let the smallness of his force be seen, Harvey withdrew before daylight, taking with him four guns and one hundred and twenty prisoners, including both ..he Generals, Winder and Chandler. When day broke the fugitives returned to their camp and destroying their stores, and leaving their dead to be buried by the British, retreated precipitately to the mouth of Fortj-imle Creek, where they were stopped by General Lewis advancing to their support with two thousand men. Here a camp was formod before which Sir James Veo appeared on the 8th. After a short cannonade, Lewis hastily retreated to Fort George, leaving his tents standing, and his wounded and provisions to be taken possession of by Vincent's advanced guard. Twelve batteaux laden with baggage were also captured by a schooner. But Dearborn's reverses were not yet ended. On the 28th of June he sent Colonel Boersiler v\rith a detachment of five BBAVKR-DAMH. 106 a hundred infantry, fifty cavalry, and two field-gunn, to dis- perse the advanoed piukots of tho English at Beaver-danis, and at the oross-roads at Ton-mile Creek. Tho former was held by Lieut. Fitzgibbon, and was to have been the first point of attack. But Buerstler's destination becoming known to Mrs. Seoord, whose husband had been wounded at the battle of Qaeenston, and her house and property destroyed by the Americans, this lady walked twenty miles to apprise the English officer of his danger. Fitzgibbon at once sent word to the other pickets in his rear, and disposed his small force of thirty men and two hundred Indians in the woods lining the road along which Boerstler must pass. After two hours of sharp musketry, the latter began to retreat, but was again attacked by twenty militia who were passing. At this junc- ture Lieut. Fitzgibbon summoned the American officer to surrender, which he did, much to the surprise of the former, who now had more prisoners than he knew what to do with ; but Major de Haran coming up took eharge of these to the number of five hundred and forty-on.e. General Vincent now advanced his out-posts and shut up in Fort George the American army,reduced by defeat and sickness to four thou- sand men. At the same time he resumed offensive operations, and in July Colonel Clark and Colonel Bishop, from Chip- pewa and Fort Erie respectively, crossed the Niagara and attacking Fort Schlosser and Black Rock, defeated their garrisons and carried off many prisoners and much stores. But in his retreat from the latter place the gallant Bishop was mortally wounded. In consequence of his ill-success. Dearborn was soon after superseded by General Wilkinson. On Lake Ontario Yeo had slightly the advantage, and captured two schooners. In the west Proctor had kept the enemy continually harassed, but had been beaten off at 7ort Meigs and Sandus- ky, and for want of provisions and reinforcements was obliged to retreat to Fort Maiden in August. Meanwhile Commodore Perry and Captain Barclay were endeavoring to render their respective fleets on Lake Erie effective. Upon Barclay's being able to maintain the ascendancy, de- 19 Hi! li 196 BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. ponded the fate of Michigan and of Proctor. But hfe had only six vessels with half crews, composed of landsmen and seamen ; while Perry had nine vessels, with picked sailors. After various manoeuvres Captain Barclay found himself towards the end of August, blockaded at Amherstburg by Perry. Here he remained until the 15th of September, and improved the time in training his crews ; but supplies were falling short, and he was obliged either to fight or starve. On that day he put out, when a most obstinate battle ensued. At first the British had the advantage, the Lawrence, Perry's own vessel, was obliged to haul down its colors, but Barclay had not a boat with which to take possession of his prize, so defective was his equipment. A breeze springing up enabled Perry, who had moved to another vessel, to get his fleet into a better position,^while the British vessels, from the unskil- fulness of their crews were unable to make corresponding movements. The consequence was, that after three hours of desperate fighting, the British vessels were all taken, all the the officers and a third of the crews being either killed or wounded. The American loss was twenty-six killed and ninety-six wounded. The loss of this fleet and the rapid approach of General Harrison, with a force of three thousand five hundred, in- cluding seven hundred cavalry, compelled General Proctor to retreat towards Lake Ontario, his little army reduced to eight hundred and thirty, and five hundred Indians under Tecumseh. Having dismantled Amherstburg and Detroit, and destroyed his stores, he retired along the Thames. But Harrison pressed him so closely, cutting oflF his rear, that he was obliged to turn and fight. A stand was made at Mora- viantown, but the weary six hundred British could not make a long resistance. Proctor fled, Tecumseh was killed, and those vrho were not taken prisoners, escaped through the for- est to join Vincent, at Burlington Heights. Elated by their recent successes, the Americans resolved at once to descend against Montreal, and for this purpose had nearly ten thou- sand men at Sackett's Harbor, under Wilkinson, who was to take Kingston and Prescott, and thus leave the way clear for "Chrysler's farm." 197 Harrison, while he joined Hampton's forces against Montreal. On the 24th of October, Wilkinson concentrated his forces at Grenadier Island, opi -lite to Kingston, with the intention of attacking that city. But Major-General de Rottonburg held command, in Kingston, with two thousand men ; and Wil- kinson, doubting his ability to take it, proceeded down the viver at once, his army being embarked in more than three himdred boats and schooners, and protected by twelve gun- boats. De Rdttenburg immediately sent two schooners and several gun-boats to annoy the American expedition ; while a "corps of observation," of eight hundred and thirty men was ordered to proceed down the bank of the river. These two parties continually harassed the enemy, rendering their progress very slow, and frequently compelling them to halt and give their spirited pursuers a check. On the 7th of November, the hostile armament was off Matilda, where twelve hundred troops, under Colonel Macomb, were landed ; two days after another brigade, under General Brown, was sent ashore, and the day following these were joined by a third detachment under General Boyd. Meanwhile, Colonel Mor- rison and Colonel Harvey menaced the march of these troops so persistently, that the American generals resolved to give the British battlo. On the llth of November, General Boyd drew together over two thousand of his troops with several guns. The British did not exceed in all one thousand men, and were com- manded by Colonel Morrison. The battle of " Chrysler's Farm " was fought on open ground, and, as General Wilkin- son himself said, " All was conducted in open space and fair combat." The Americans commenced the attack, but after two hours' severe fighting were obliged to «ieek their boats and cross to their own side of the river, leaving with the British one of their guns, which had been taken in the struggle. Their loss was one hundred and two killed, and two hundred and thirty-six wounded ; that of the English twenty-two killed, and one hundred and sixty wounded and missing. Meanwhile the Campaign of '13 was eminently successful 198 BATTLE OF CHATBAUGUAY. in Lower Canada. The British obtained the supremacy on Lake Champlain, and captured two gchooners of eleven guns each. With these and three gun-boats and 9(X) troops, Colonel Murray left Isle-aux-Noix on the list July, and made a descent on Plattsburg, forcing the American force there to decamp, capturing large quantities of stores, and destroying the arsenal, barracks, and four vessels. . In September, General Hampton with five thousand Ameri- can soldiers crossed Lake Champlain to Plattsburg, prepara- tory to executing his part of the programme of the war, and making a union with WUkinson. Sir George Prevost at once called out the militia which responded quickly to the call ; while Colonel de Salaberry was sent forward with his volti- geurs to watch the enemy. He took post at the junction of the Outarde and Chateauguay Rivers, where he fortified the ford in his rear, and covered his front with a breast work of logs. Hampton did not arrive in front of De Salaberry's position until the 24th of October. The following night he detached a brigade to take the British in the rear, but the brigade lost its way in the forest, and did not arrive in time to take part in the action of the next day, until it was nearly over. On the morning of the 26th, three thousand five hun- dred Americans assailed Pe Salaberry's front defended by four hundred Canadians. The British leader ordered his little force to withhold their fire until he should give the signal by discharging hh own rifle. The conflict soon became general, the rapid firing of the Voltigeurs holding the Ameri- cans completely in check. Fearing at one time that his posi- tion would be surrounded, De Salaberry had resort to a ruse which succeeded. Placing his buglers at various distances apart, he ordered them to sound the " advance." The enemy imagining a large force was about to fall upon them, at once gave way, at the same time that a company of militia which was concealed po\ired a volley into their flank. Meanwhile the brigade in the rear had also been repulsed. Hampton now withdrew to Plattsburg, harassed by the pursuing British. On the 12th of November, General Wilkinson received a dis- patch from Hampton narrating his retreat, and. stating hia BURNING OF NIAGARA. U>9 acy on n guns broopB, y, and a force )B, and Amori- repara- . ar, and at once le call ; s volti- ction of fied the work of aberry's light he but the in time s nearly Ive hun- nded by jred his give the L became e Ameri- his posi- to a ruse iistancea le enemy , at once fcia which eanwhile Hampton g British. ved a dis- ;ating hia inability to join forces against Montreal. On which account the former withdrew his army to French Mills on the Salmon river, where he went into winter quarters. Thus ended in total defeat^ the American Campagin against Lower Canada during 1813. But in Upper Canada, General Vincent still maintained his post at Burlington Heights, while the Americans scoured the peninsula, carrying off the provisions and catble of the in- habitants and burning their bams. These acts being reported to Vincent, he despatched Colonel Murray, in December, with four hundred regulars and some Indians to drive in these foraging parties. The American General McClure, who was posted at Twenty-mile creek fearing he would be attacked, retreated in haste to Fort George, Colonel Murray following. But McClure, now hearing of Wilkinson's defeat, was yet more alarmed, and crossed over to his own side of the river, abandoning Fort George in good repair, and well supplied with stores. Before crossing, however, he committed the atrocious act of burning the village of Niagara, of which, out of one hundred and fifty houses, only one was left standing. The winter of 1813 was unusually severe, and the night of the 10th of December, when this act was done, was one of the most bitter of the season. The villagers were given half-an- hour to leave, and with what they could snatch in that short time were turned out in the cold, to see their homes con- sumed by the flames. Shortly after, Lieutenant-General Drummond and Major- General Riall arrived at Vincent's head-quarters, at St. David's. General Drummond had been appointed to the civil and military control of Upper Canada, and to him Colonel Murray now proposed an attack upon Fort Niagara. Receiv- ing permission, Murray, with five hundred and fifty men, surprised the fort, and captured three hundred prisoners. At the same time. General Riall moved up towards Lewiston, which the Americans at once abandoned ; and in memory of the Canadian village of Niagara, Riall committed it to flames. Youngstown, Manchester, and Tuscarora were also burnt ; while the British light-troops and Indians, spreading over the ^ I \\ II n if !l 200 RETALIATION. American frontier, repaid- McOlure's deeds of cruelty to the Canadians. McClure, . unable to face the storm of censure and retribution he had provoked, resigned his command, and General Hull took his place. Again, on the night of the 30th, Riall, under directions from General Drummond, with nearly seven hundred men, crossed the river above Chippawa, to attack a position the Americans had strongly fortified. The latter were driven from their batteries, and forced to re- treat on Buffalo, the inhabitants of which had already fled. The British gave the town to the flames, and destroyed three ' vessels of Perry's squadron, lying in the harbor. Black Rock, with U.rge stores, shared a similar fate. Thus the system of warfare on peaceable citizens, which the Americans had inflicted on Canadians ever since Hull's invasion, was re aliated upon themselves during this winter. On the Atlantic also the British ha^ tho advantage, and it was found that upon equal terms with an enemy, they were able to maintain the prestige of their name. Several naval duels occurred ; the most notable of which was that off Bos- ton harbor, between the American ship ** Chesapeake," and the British ship '* Shannon," in which the latter was vic- torious, much to the mortification of the numerous spectators who went out from Boston to witness the discomfiture of the British. The English fleet likewise ravaged the American coasts along Chesapeake Bay and Yir^iuia. DISPUTE IN THE LKGI8LAT(JEE, 201 CHAPTER XXII. CAMPAIGN OF 1814. MM Canadian Legislatures meet. Battle of £a t'olle Mill. British attack on Oswego. Battle of Chippewa. Battle of Lnudy'is Lane. British shut the Americans In Fort Erie,but their assault is repulsed. Sir John Shorbrooke invades Maine. British troops arrive in Canada. Sir George Prevost retreats from Piattsburg. Launch of the " St. Lawrence." British sack Washington, but aro defeated at New Orleans. Treaty of Ghent. The legislature of Lower Canada assembled on the 13th of January, when a vote of thanks was passed to Colonel de Salaberry and Colonel Morrison for their gallant conduct in the closing battles of the year before. The issue of army- bills was increased to £1,500,000. An effort was made by the Assembly to have judges disqualified from sitting in the Legislative Council, and a bill was passed for that purpose ; but it was negatived in the Upper House, on the ground that it interfered with the royal prerogative. Mr. James Stuart, afterwards chief justice, preferred seventeen charges against Chief Justice Sewell, of Quebec, the principal of which were that he had wrongly advised Sir James Craig, when governor, to dissolve the House, to imprison three of its mem- bers, and to seize Le Canadien. At the same time Chief Justice Monk, of Montreal, was accused of prompting certain criminal prosecutions, and of afterwards sitting in judgment upon them ; and also of having refused to grant a writ of liaheas corpus. The Legislative Council, however, obstructed the passage of the bill of attainder of the Lower House, and Chief Justice Sewell, supported by the influence of the Execu- tive and Legislative Councils, went to England, and succeeded in exculpating himself and Chief Justice Monk. In Upper Canada the parliament met at Toronto on the I5th of February, and among other acts, amended the V 202 LA COLLE MILL. i Militia Bill, provided for the circulation of governmeut bills for one year, and voted £6,000 for the constniction of roads and bridges. During the winter stores of all kinds were con- veyed from Montreal to Klingston by trains of sleighs ; and a battalion of the 8th regiment and two hundred and fifty sailors marched overland from New Brunswick. The Americans, notwithstanding their failures of the year before, were still bent on the subjugation of Canada, and commenced the campaign of '14 by an attack on the British post at La Colle Mill, held by five hundred men. On the 31st of March General Wilkinson, with five thousand troops including cavalry and artillery, prepared to lay siege to the mill, within which no one thought of surrender ; but all, of selling their lives as dearly as they could. For over four hours they kept at bay an army,when the American general, foiled and beaten, commanded a retreat to Plattsburg. Hav- ing thud failed in the outset against the Lower Province, the bulk of the American army on this frontier v/as removed, to operate against Upper Canada, ani placed for that purpose under General Brown. But General Drummond was actively employed. With Teo's fleet and twelve hundred men, he made an attack on Oswego on the 4th of May. Its defenders were dispersed, the fort dismantled, and large quantities of stores carried off. On the 29th, however, a cutting-out expedition of- the English squadron was defeated at Sandy Creek, near Sackett's Har- bor. On the Niagara frontier the Americans had been amassing a considerable force, and, on the 3rd of July, Generals Ripley and Scott, with an army of 4,000 strong, crossed the river, received the surrender of Fort Erie, garri- soned by only one hundred and seventy men, and imme- diately pushed on towards Chippewa, To resist this in- vasion, General Riall had only one thousand seven hun- dred and eighty regulars, including the detachments at various posts. He, however, n arched forward to check General Brown, ?nd took ground near the village. On the 5th of July, receiving a reinforcement of six hundred men from I I IP 4" 1 \ ■ ■i 1 lundy's lane. . 203 1 Toronto, Riall rashly resolved to attacV a force more than double his own. He failed in his effort to break the Ameri- can lines, but was allo;ved to make an orderly retreat, with- out being pursued. He retreated toward Burlington Heights, but, mooting with oinforcements, ho retraced his steps and established himself near Twolve-mile Creek. Brown, how- ever, took his time, and scattering his ti'oops over the country, these plundered and burned the dwellings and barns of the Canadians, and destroyed the Village of St David's. These acts so enraged the people that they attacked the ma- rauders, whenever an opportunity presented itself, and scarcely a party returned to its camp without leaving some killed or wounded behind. Brown expected for some time the co-operation of Chauncey's fleet, but that being confined to the lower end of the lake, he retreated to Chippewa on the 24th, followed by Riall, who encamped at Lundy's Lane, not far distant. jyEeanwhile, General Orummond having heard of the inva- sion of the Americans, and of the Battle of Chippewa, has- tened from Kingston, and arrived at Fort Niagara on the 24th. Here he learned General Riall's whereabouts, and having despatched Colonel Tucker up the American side of the river, to molest a force at Lewiston, proceeded with the balance of his force, numbering eight hundred men, to Queenston. General Brown, informed of these movements of the British, and fearing lest Tucker would capture his baggage and stores above Lewiston, ordered General Scott to move his brigade on Queenston. This caused General Riall to fall back in the direction of Fort George, and his ad- vanced guard was some distance on ftie road, when General Drummond came up, and countermanded the retreat. The latter pushed on at once and succeeded in reaching the ridge of the gentle slope, which Riall had vacated just as the American force was within six hundred yards of it. General Drummond, with skilful promptitude, formed his little army in order of battle, placing a battery of five field-pieces upon the sumrait of the ridge, with two brass 24-poanders a little in advance. In rear oi tlie^u guus, as his centre, were I 204 THE BATTLE. stationed the 80lh regiment and detachments of the Tloyal Scots and the 4l8t ; on the right the Glengairy Light Infan- try prolong ttl the line ; while the left was composed of a bat- talion of incorporated militia and a detachment of the king's regiment or 3rd Buffs. In rear of these was posted a squad- ron of the 19th Light Dragoons — the whole force amcnnt- ing to sixteen hundred men. Scarcely was this formation completed ere the whole front was closely engaged, pririci- pally the left and centre. Attacks oft repeated at last forced the left wing back, but only to the road, along which it formed at an angle witli the centra, and maintained its ground dui^ng the whole conflict. This momentary advantage ei^- abled the Americans to capture several prisoners, the only ones they took, including General Riall, who had been wounded at the front and was passing to the rear. On the centre the attacks were so frequent and determined, that the battle resembled a hand-to-hand fight, while the artillery strewed the slope with dead and wounded as the enemy ^ell back to re-form. Maddened by their losses, their efforts were persistent to capture the British battery, and the gunners were bayonetted while in the act of loading. Meanwhile night drew on., but darkness did not put an end to the carnage, only, aduing some strange incidents to the fierceness of the battle ; for, in charging and countei'-charging for the capture of artillery, some of the guns were exchanged and limbered on one another's carriages, although a balance of one piece accrued to the British. About 9 p.m. there was a short cessation in the firing, dur- ing which General Ripley took the front of the American line and General Scott formed the reserve with his wearied brigade. The remainder of General Riall's division coining up, General Drummond was able to form a secpnd line to support his front, and with the addition of four hundred militia increased the British strength by twelve hundred men. The strife was now renewed with greater obstinacy than ever, and the moon coming up cast a fitful light over the field of battle, while to the crackling of musketry and the louder reports of the artillery, the falls close at hand added BIEOX OF FORT ERIE. 205 their continuous roar, and the cries of the wounded increased tne horrors of the contest. Thus it continued until mid- night, when the Americans, despairing of being able to force the British position, drew oS and left the latter in possession of the battle field. The generals on both sides were wounded. The loss of the Americana was over +welve hundred, including three hundred pi-isone/s ; that of the British eight hundred and seventy, including General Riall. General Drummond was wounded in thr, neck, but remained in the field during the whole fight. Such was the battle of Lundy's Lane, the hardest fought of the war. The next day the Americans retreated to Fort Erie, after destroying Street's mills and the bridge over the Chippewa river, and throwing the greater part of their baggage, camp equipage, and provisions into the Niagara. They strength- ened Fort Erie and placed two war vessels on the lake side to cover it with their fire. Drummond, however, invested the fort at once, and on the night of the 12th of August by means of two beats brought overland, succeeded in capturing the two vessels. Tab batteries opened on the fort the next morning, and a breach having been made in the walls, it was resolved to attempt its capture by assault, although gar- risoned by three thousand Americans, a force a third greater than that of the besiegers. A simultaneous attack was to be made on Black Rock by Colonel Tucker. Both attacks failed, although both sides suffered severely. General Drummond, however, being reinforced by three regiments from Lower Canada, held his trenches in front of the fort, notwithstanding frequent sorties from the latter, which were repulsed. But on the 21st of September, his men becoming sickly, and General Izzard advancing with a brigade to reinforce Fort Erie, he withdrew to the Chippewa river. In the west a purty of British from Mackinaw captured Prairie du Chien, an American post on the Mississippi ; Mackinaw was assailed in return, but the attack repulsed. During July and August Sir John Sherbrooke, lieutenant- 206 TREjITY of aHENT. :4 I'i governor of Nova Scotia, invaded Maine, and hy the middle of September had subdued the whole of that state, from the Penobacot river to New Br. and it remained under British rule until the end of mo war. Meanwhile, Napoleon's banishment to Elba permitted the English government to send troops to Canada, and during the summer sixteen thousand soldiers arrived at Quebec. Sir George Prevost, with eleven thousand of these, marched to- wards Plattsburg, intending to invade New York. But hesitating, in order to gain the co-operation of the fleet of Lake Ohamplain, and it being beaten in the meantime by the American squadron, Sir George feared to attack Plattsburg, although ".veakly defended, and retreated, much to the disap- pointment of his troops and the chagrin of the officers, many of whom broke their swords in anger, declaring they would never serve again. On the 10th of October the St. Lawrence, a 100-gun ship, was launched at Kingston, and British supremacy being established on Lake Ontario, supplies and troops were con- veyed to General Drummond. General Izzard, although he had a force of eight thousand men in Fort Erie, blew up the works and retired to Buffalo, on the 5th of N ovember. This was the last act in the unrighteous invasion of Canada. On the sea-board, Washington was sacked by the British, who were afterwards defeated at the battle of New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 181 5. Two weeks before this occurred, on the 24th of December, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed ; and by it peace was restored to Canada, and their captured posts and territory to the Americans. The blessing of the God of peace, upon the loyal resistance of CcT-nada's defenders, preserved to this young nation its liberty and its laws. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY, 1791-1816. NOVA SCOTIA. In 1790, several hundred Maroons, a race of hall-brccds which had resisted British authority in Jamaica, were removed from that island and located in No\'a Scotia. But the experiment being too costly, they were removed to Sierra Leouo, on the coast of Africa, in 1800. In 1^14 the lej5\3lature {panted $10,000 to aid the suifferers by tiie late war in Canada. CONTEMPORARY HIHTORY. NBW nilUSSWlCK. 207 Prom 1804-1917, the j,'()vemi>ient was admliilstored l>y prcsUlonts. In 1809 the Eiigli.'^h government laid a tax upon timber imported into England from the lialtic, but alluwud that from Now Brunswick to be admitted free of duty. The result was hiKlily benoflcial in dcvolo))ing the timbur trade of the province. After the war, hi 1815, many disbanded soldiers reoeived locations in New Brunswick. FHINCE BDWARD I8LAKD. As the Island of St. John, it was, in 1767, divided into townships of 20,000 acres each, and these into lots, which were distributed by lottery among the olilcers of the army and navy by the governor, Lord Campbell. Certain condi- tions wore imposed upon the settlers, who were obliged to pay a quit-rent in lieu of taxes. In 1707 the amount of rents paid did not suffice to meet the ex* penses of government, and in 1802 these arrears amounted to $300,000. The Im- perial government, however, aided the province. In 1800 the name of the island was changed to Prince Edward, in honor of the Duke of Kent, the father of her Majesty Queen Victoria. In 1803 the Earl of Selkirk brought over 800 Higlilandors us settlers, and others soon followed, to the number of 4,000. MBWFOUNDLAND. In 1800 a conspiracy to overthrow the government was discovered by the Roman Catholic bishop, O'Donnell, in gratitude for which action the king con- ferred upon the bishop a pension of £50 sterling a year. In 1812 a famine visited the island, and aid wiui received from Canada. In the years 1816 and 1817 the city of St. Johns was almost destroyed byHre. THI NORTH-WIST. The North- West Company of Canada was formed in 1784. Sir Alexander Mac- kenzie crossed the Rocky Mountains, reached the Pacific Ocean, and diacoveretl the Fi*aser and Mackenzie livers, in 1783. The Earl of Selkirk founded his settlement at " Red River," upon a tract of land which ho bought from the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1811. VANCOUVKR ISLAND. In 1778, Captain Cook explored the Pacific coast as far north as Nootka Sound. In 1792, Cai>taiu Vancouver was sent out as British Commissioner to arrange differences with Spain regarding territory along the coast. He gave liia name to the island. ENQLAND. George HI. reigned from 760 to 1820. Naval Battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Battle of Waterloo, 1815. UNITED STATCa. ■John At xnis. Esq.,- President, 1797-1801. Thomas Jefferson, Kgq. " 1801-1^09. James Madist>n, Esq. " U09-1617. 208 UKETIMU 01<' PAKLIAMii;^T. 'i CHAPTER XXlir. LOWER CANADA, 1815-1837. 1815. Sir Gordon Drummond, Oovcriior-Ooncral— Pensions- Redemption of anny-bills. 1816. Sir Jtdin C. Shcrbrooke, aovcmor-Geneml— Famine -P'jlltical troublen. 1MI7. Banks of Montreal and Qiioboo, founded. 18ia. Duko of Richmond. Governor-General— Disputes regarding Civil List. 1H19. Immigration from Ireland— Death of the Duke of Richmond. 1820. Death of George III— Earl of Dalhouwio, Oovernor-Ocnjral. 1821. Lachiue Canal commenced. 1«W. CuBtoms' dispute with Upper ^'auada— "Canada Trwlo Act." Ib23, '4, and '6. Agitation on the (H'estlon of " Supplies," 1826. University of McGiU College, established. « * 1828. " Report of the Canada Committee of 1823." 1820. Sir James Kempt, Governor-General— Political troulilos. 1830. Lord Aylmer, Governor-General— Death of Geoigo IV. 1831. Cholera. 1833. Tlie cities of Montreal and Quebec Incorporated. 1834. The " Ninety-two Resolutions "—Cholera. 185$i>. The •' osford Commission." 1837. Lord John Russell's motions In the House of Commons— Agitation In Canada— Symptoms of Rebellion— First collision at Montreal. Upon the assembling of parliament on the 2l8t of January, Mr. Panet was appointed to a seat in the Legislative 1815. Council, and Louis J. Papineau was elected Speaker of the House of Assembly. The revenue during the last year of the war was returned at £204,550, and the expen- diture at £197,250 ; more than half of which represented war expenses, while Upper Canada received £5,474 as her share of the customs' duties. The Lower House, although very ear- nest in discussing tlie impeachment of the chief justices, found time to originate several useful measures, the most important being a grant of £25,000 towards the constructing of the La- chine canal. On the 1st of March the governor-general an- nounced to the house the conclusion of peace. The militia was therefore disbanded, and a pension of£6 per annum voted to each man disabled by service, while small gratuities were also granted to the officers, and to the widows and orphans of Ion of. )ublen. ii. ion in lary, itive aker J the pen- war hare ear- )und 'tant I La- 1 an- ilitia oted were IS of MR GORDON DRTIMMOND. 209 those killed in the war. SirOoorgo likewigo announced that he had received his recall to Enj,'land to answor certain accu- sations made against his military acts in the late war, by Sir James Yeo. The governor-general was greatly beloved by the French-Canadians, and was made the recipient of many expressions of regard by the citizens of Montreal and Quebec. Although he did not sustain the reputation of being a brilliant military commander ; in his civil capacity he was pre-emi- nently (lualified for his position, and administered the gov- ernment of the Oanadas with great ability. Sir Gordon Drummondnow took charge of ati'airh in Lower Canada, being replaced in the upper province by the Hon. Francis Gore. His first act was the redemption of the army- bills issued during the war, and which were now promptly liquidated. As an evidence of the relative eflfects of the late war upon Canada and the United States, it may be noticed, that while the Canadian army-bills passed equally current with gold or silver, the states' treasury -notes, of the same na- ture as the army-bills, became greatly depreciated in value, thereby bringing all the evils of a double currency upon that country. When parliament met in the following year, the governor announced that the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV., had dismissed the impeachment against Messrs. Sew- 1816- ell and Monk ; but the Assembly determined not to let the matter drop, and prepared to petition the Home government to be allowed to produce proof of their charges. This hostility to the judges led the governor, act- ing under instructions from England, to dissolve the House. A new election, however, returned the most of the old members again. Sir Gordon Drummond was replaced by Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, Governor of Nova Scotia, where he had evinced much ability. He was also a general officer who had seen much honorable service in India and Spain. His first act, which at once endeared him to the people, was to arrest the famine which threatened several parts of the province, owing to the failure of the wheat crop. On his owA responsibility he authorized relief to the suffering districts to the amduut of I 210 CAUSES OP TROUBLE. • il ' I I I £14,216; which was afterwards assumed by parliament, grant- ing at the same time further relief to the amount of £15,000, besides £20,000 to be loaned to the farmers in small sums for the purchase of seed-grain. General Sherbrooke represented to the authorities in Eng- land, that the real cause of political trouble was the want of confidence felt by the Assembly in the Executive Council appointed to advise his excellency. The members of this council being appointed by the crown were not responsible to the country for the advice they gave the governor ; and of- ten proposed a course which was displeasing to the Assembly, and contrary to its legislation. The Legislative Council also being non-elective, it, and the Executive Council, in both of which the ruling influence was British, were frequently found allied against the popular voice in the Lower.House: The newly elected House of Assembly met in Janu- 1817. ary, 1817, and again chose Papineau as Speaker. A salary of £1,000 per annum was voted to each of the speakers of the two Houses, that of the Upper House being Chief Justice Sewell. In this year the Bank of Montreal was established by a company of merchants in the city, and shortly afterwards the Quebec Bank was similarly established at the capital. These were the first Canadian banking in stitutions. In the session of 1818 it was announced to parliament that the English government would accept the offer made several times by the Assembly to assume the payment of the 1818- civil list. Accordingly these expenses came under the annual supervision of the Assembly, and for this year amounted to £76,646 ; but as they were submitted in the form of a total sum required, the House passed a resolution that next session the estimates should be presented to it under detailed heads, and provided for by bill, in order to place the question of supplies upon a n\ore constitutional basis. The governor- general's health having failed he sailed for England on the 12th of August, accompanied by the regrets of all classes in the province. His successor, the Duke of Richmond, had already arrived on the 29th of July, and was received with IMMIGRATION. 2li !• |t, grant- J15,000, ^uins for in Eng. want of Council of this isible to and of- isembly, ncil also in both iquently •.House; in Janu- ker. A ih of the se being flontreal iity, and ablished king in- ent that several it of the ider the his year he form latnext letailed stion of vernor- ori the issos in d, had d with great satisfaction on account of his high rank. He brought with him his son-in-law, tiir Peregrine Muitland, who had been appointed lieutenant-governor of the western province. Immigration into Canada, which had since the war been steadily augmenting the population, received a large increase owing to the failure of the crops in Ireland, 1819' and the decline in the manufacture of Irish linen. This decline was caused by the introduction of spin- ning and weaving machinery into the manufacturing districts of England, which thus became a successful rival to the sister island. Many people came likewise from England and Scotland, so that the total immigration during the year reached the number of twelve thousand four hundred and thirty-four. Those who settled in Lower Canada, after a time took sides with the British party in the province in supporting the acts of the executive, thus making a distinc- tion which gradually drew the French more closely together in their opposition to the government. The first session of parliament under the Duke of Rich- mond was not very harmonious. The Assembly examined the civil list very closely, and passed a bill fixing the salaries of the Governor-General and the officials of the government, and dispensing with some offices which were declared to be unnecessary. The Legislative Council threw out this bill, and the governor not pleased with the tone of the debates, pro- rogued the Assembly before any supplies had been passed. He then, on his own responsibility, drew on the receiver-general for the amount necessary to pay the expenses of the govern- ment. During the summer his Grace made a tour through Upper Canada, and had returned as far as the Ottawa, where he was bitten by a tame fox, and hydrophobia resulting, caused his death on the 27th of August, 1819. He was buried in the English cathedral at Quebec with much pomp. The Hon. James Monck now acted as administrator, and dissolved the Assembly in February following. But the new House was influenced by the same sentiments as the 1820> former, and elected Papineau us Speaker n ■ ain, but i -? 212 BABL OF DALHOUSIE. refused to proceed to business because the member for 6asp6 had not been returned, and their number, therefore, was not complete. On the 14th of April, intelligence of the death of George III. reaching Quebec, Sir P. Maitland again dissolved parliament. On the 18th of June the Earl of Dal- housie arrived at Quebec as Governor- general of British North America, having been promoted to this from the Lieutenant-Governorship of Nova Scotia. He was also a distinguished army officer, having attained the rank of Lieutenant-General, and been the recipient of. the thanks of the British House of Commons for services against Napoleon in Egypt and Europe. Notwithstanding he made various suggestions to the Assembly, it was intractable and refused to grant the supply bill, obliging the Governor-General to draw the required funds on his own responsibility ; and thus the breach between the Assembly and the Executive grew wider. During the session of this year Papineau was called to the Executive Council, but he never took his seat, and this effort at reconciliation failed. Meanwhile the pro- 1821 vince was steadily increasing in wealth and popula- tion, and public works began to be carried on with energy. The Lachine Canal was commenced by a company previously incorporated, and the project of the Kideau Canal between Kingston and Ottawa was contemplated. Steamers had already been introduced on Canadian waters, and gave an impetus to trade ; while the development of the lumber traffic caused the settlement of the Upper Ottawa, and led to the employment of a large number of vessels in the expor- tation of timber. In the following year Upper Canada claimed a large share of the importation duties, although the original apportion- ment of one-eighth had been increased to one-fifth ; 1822. and she also claimed that Lower Canada was in arrears to her to the amount of £30,000. The sub- jectin dispute was referred to the Home government, which, at the same time, took into consideration the disturbed condi- tion of the Lower Province. A bill was accordingly intro- duced into the English Parliament, recommending the con- CANADA TRADE ACT. 213 mber for therefore, ice of the and again rl of Dai- British rom the as also a rank of thanks of Napoleon e various refused to il to draw thus the 3w wider, ed to the and this i the pro- d popula- i on with company 3au Canal Steamers and gave B lumber and led le expor- rge share 3portion- ne-fifth ; I was in The sub- vhich, at d condi- ly intro- the con- cession to Upper Canada of what she had asked for, the Union of the two provinces, and the making of the Executive independent of the Assembly, as far as regarded the annual vote of supplies. This bill was passed with the exception of the clause relating to the union of the provinces, and went into operation under the name of the ** Canada Trade Act." By it the parliament of Lower Canada was prevented from imposing new duties on imported goods without the consent of the Upper Province or of the Sovereign. The idea of union, being unpalatable to the French Cana- dians, rendered the session of 1823 more peaceable than those of other years. The supply bill, when laid 1823> before the Assembly was passed, and the salary of- the Lieutenant-Governor was to be increased from £1,500 to £3,000, upon his taking up his residence in the country, a point requested by the House. The cause of the Assembly was strengthened, however, by the discovery that the receiver-general. Sir John Caldwell, was a defaulter to the provincial treasury, to the amount of £96,117. He was deposed from his office, but improperly allowed to take his seat in the Upper House, as it gave the opposition the means of convincing their constituents of the righteousness of their war against the Executive. The establishment of another official Gazette under government patronage also conduced to the same effect, being construed into hostility to the Quebec Gazette, which had always advocated the popular cause. During the year the commission authorized by the Treaty of Ghent, was appointed to fix the boundary line between Canada and the United States. Mr. Papineau having returned from England, renewed the agitation in the House of Assembly, on the constitutional questions in debate between the two parties in the 1824. province. The estimates laid before the House were reduced by it one-fourth, and a claim was made for the disposal of the whole revenue, including that raised by authority of the Imperial Parliament. The annual supplies were not passed, while much debate took place regarding the distribution of the Clergy Reserves, and Mr. Papineau ': t \ ; 2U THE QUESTION OP SUPPLIES. made severe reflections upon the actions of Lord Dalhonsie. A claim made by the United States to the free navij^'ation of the St. Lawrence was disallowed. During this year the Governor- General founded a '* Literary and Historical Society," at Quebec ; ajid two very large vessels, third only in size to the Great Eastern, were built at the Island of Or- leans, and sailed for England with cargoes of timber. In June, Lord Dalhousie returned to England, leaving the administra- tion of the government in the hands of the Lieutenant-Gover- nor, Sir F. N. Burton. The latter without authority con- ceded some points claimed by the Lower House, and 1825. contrary to certain clauses of the " Canada Trade Act," allowed that body to vote the supplies, with- out any distinction being made between the approi^riated funds of the crown, and the sum required from the House to make up the deficiency in the civil list. This course of Sir F, N. Burton, was equal to an acknowledgment that the Assembly had the control of the crown revenues, and was disapproved of by Lord Bathurst, the Colonial Secretary, although it gave great satisfaction to Mr. Papineau and his friends. But it only rendered the position of Lord Dalhousie more difficult, when he returned in the following year, for the distinction being made between the two classes of revenue, the supplies were again stopped, with the exception of the amounts for public works and schools. The census returns of this year gave the population of Lower Canada as four hundred and twenty-three thousand six hundred and thirty. The University of McGill College was established by royal charter. During the next year the two parties were more bitter in their opposition, and both felt that matters wer ; approaching a crisis. The new Assembly elected Papineau their it !37' Speaker, but the Governor-General would not con- firm his appointment, on account of his having spoken disreapectfuUy of himself. Three days having elapsed with- out the House being able to see its way out of the difficulty, Loi"d Dalhouaie prorogued it. For this course he became the object of one pai iy'a praise and of the othei''s blame. Some of ^'^'Hf^l^ Dalhousie. navigation is year the Historical third only and of Or- In June, idministra- lant-Gover- tiority con- House, and lada Trade plies, with- 3proi)riated le House to urse of Sir ; that the jri, and was Secretary, eau and his 1 Dalhousie ig year, for of revenue, ition of the isuB returns .ada as four and thirty, led by royal ore bitter in approaching pineati theii ttld not con- iving spoken lapsed with- le difficulty, 3 became the ne. Some of CANADA COMMITTEE OP 1828. 215 the newspapers expressing their opinions rather plainly with regard to the Executive, were prosecuted for libel. The oppo- sition was now determined to petition the Imperial Parliament for redress of their complaints. The petition bore the names of eighty-seven thousand people, of whom only nine thousand could write their own signatures, the remainder making their **mark;" a fact which indicated the ignorance of the mass of the people, and how completely they were under the influ- ence of their public men. The petition was favorably con- sidered by a committee of the English Parliament, 1828' which reported in July, 1828, that the whole of the public revenue s^ ould be placed under the control of the Assembly, but that the Governor, the Executive Coun- cil, and the judges, should be made independent of the annual vote for supplies. The establishment of new electoral districts was also proposed, owing to the increase in popula- tion. These suggestions gave great satisfaction to the French- Canadians, and the Assembly embodying them under the title of the " Report of the Canada Committee of 1828," ordered the printing and distribution of four hundred copies. In order to carry out this new policy, Sir James Kempt was removed from Nova Scotia to Canada ; while Lord Dalhousie. returning to England, received the appointment of Viceroy of India. During this year theRideau Canal was commenced at the expense of the Imperial treasury ; and a monument was erected at Quebec to the joint memory of Wolfe and Montcalm, a projject initiated by Lord Dalhousie. The new Governor, Sir James Kempt, was well acquainted with Canadian affiiirs, having been twice before in the Pro- vince, in a military capacity. He discontinued the 1829- prosecutions against the press., and recognised Mr. Papineau, as Speaker of the Lower House, which again passed the Supply Bill, as though it had the control of the whole revenue, the Governor assenting to it provision- ally, until an Act should be passed by the English Parliament, making the suggestions of the *' Canada Committee" law ; until which time he protested against the Assembly assuming the control of the total revenue. He also increased the two U k' I i 21C AOTION OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT. I; councils by tho addition of members from the opposition. A bill was jiassed this session, increasing the representation from fifty to eighty-four members. In 1830, Sir James Kempt gave place to Lord Aylmer. On account of tho death of George IV., a new general election was held, when sixty French-Canadian and twenty- 1830- four English-speaking members were returned. Lord Alymer opened the session in January, 1831 : 1831> and, in his speech, said it was contemplated in England to pass an Act, delivering the management of the provincial revenue into the care of the Assembly j the crown retaining only such moneys ns might arise from the sale of lands, the cutting of timber, and other minor sources, the several items of which would amount to a total sum of less than £12,000 a year. But the Assembly would listen to nothing but an unconditional surrender of the whole revenue of the province to them. Meanwhile Lord Howick introduced into the British Parliament, a bill to give up to the Assembly the revenue arising from imperial duties, levied under an Act passed in George the Third's reign, and although opposed by the Duke of Wellington and others, the bill passed. The control of the Jesuits' estates was also to be given up to the Assembly for purposes of education ; and the royal assent to a provincial bill appointing judges for life and excluding them from seats in both chambers. It was hoped that such liberal concessions would induce a better feeling in Lower Canada ; and lead the oppositi(m under Mr. Papineau, to place more confidence in the good intentions of the British government. The hope was fallacious, for when Lord Ayl- mer announced these concessions of the Home authorities, and asked tho Assembly to vote the remainder of the civil list, the question was evaded ; the Lower House employing the remainder of the session in searching for new grievances, and discussing the composition of the Upper House and of the Executive Council. Success only rendered the fiery spirits in the Assembly more clamorous, who even threatened if the Britisli government did not grant them all their fan- cied rights, the neighboring republic stood ready to receive sition. A ation from i Aylmer. al election 1(1 twenty- returned, ary, 1831 : iplated in inagement nbly ; the 3 from the or sources, ital sum of Id listen to le revenue introduced 5 Assembly der an Act opposed by ised. The I up to the )yal assent excluding 1 that such in Lower pineau, to ;he British Lord Ayl- ,uthorities, f the civil employing grievances, ise and of I the fiery threatened [ their fan- to receive POPULAR BX(JITRMBNT. 217 them witli open arms. Outside, the re-establiahment of Le Canaditn, after twenty-one years' suppression, only added fuel to the flame within the Assembly, and throughout the country. Meetings were held in the diflFerent parishes, and the French population, now aroused by the frequent ha- rangues of their representatives, urged the latter on in their mad course. During the summer the Asiatic cholera spread from the quarantine, at Grosse Isle, all over Canada with alarming violence, while during the same time over 50,000 emigrants, principally Irish, sought homes in the provinces. Even these two concurrent facts were seized upon by the parish gatherings, as an evidence of the designs of Britain towards the French, and she was made responsiUe for the contagion that was raging among them. The meetings at St. Charles and Chambly were especially violent, while all over the province party spirit rose to fever heat. The Brit- ish portion of the population, feeling that the concessions already made were sufficiently liberal, almost unanimously sided with the executive ; the French Canadians supported the Assembly. This feeling unfortunately broke out in serious riots in Montreal, during an election, the contest for which lasted for three weeks. To quell one of the riots, the military 1832. were called out, and firing upon the crowd killed three persons and wounded two others. The excite- ment was intense, and the odium of the whole transaction was laid by the opposition at the door of the Executive Council, Every act of the British was looked upon with jealousy. A land company was formed about this time in London, for the purpose of settling the eastern townships ; the disaffected at once attributed ulterior motives to the company, that it wished to get large grants of land and gradually dispossess the habitants. Still the ministry in England continued to make conces- sions. Eleven new members were added to the Executive Council, eight of whom were French-Canadians. 1833 < Lord Aylmer, at the opening of parliament, was pacific in his address, abstained from any allusion to o if! ; 1 ? i^ 218 " NINETV-TWO RESOLUTIONS. " m I; 1 the civil list, and gave well-merited praise to the clergy and physicians for their self-denying eflforts to mitigate the horrors of the plague. But the Assembly continued as intractable as ever, and £31,000 had to be advanced from the military chest for the expenses of government ; so that Lord Staiiley, the Colonial Minister, threatened that these persistent dissen- sions might lead to a modification of their charter. A pro- position froai Upper Canada to acquire Montreal, in order that she might have a port of entry independent of tho Loweis Province,met with a decided refusal from the AssemBly, which had two years before rejected a similar proposal. The cities of Montreal and Quebec were incorporated, r.nd their first elections for mayor held in this year. An organization was formed at Montreal under the name of the ** Convention," which repudiated all interference of Great Britain in the local affairs of Canada. When parliament met in the next year, the Assembly plunged into its usual channel of debate and grievances, and angered by Lord Stanley's threat, proceeded to em- 1834. body its complaints in a series of " ninety-two resolutions," upon which were founded petitions to the King, Lords, and Commons of England. And Mr. Roe- buck who had been appointed the Assembly's agent, moved in the House of Commons for a committee to enquire into the alleged evils existing in the provincial government. An amendment to this motion was moved by Lord Stanley for a 3ommittee to enquire and report how far the recommenda- tions of the committee of 1828 had been cairied out, and the grievances complained of at that time, redressed. Accordingly a committee was appointed, among the members of which were the celebrated Daniel O'Connell and Sir Edward Bulwer, afterwards Lord Lytton. This committee reported that every reasonable concession had been made to the French majority in Lower Canada, and that no further concession could be made without doing injury to the interests of the British settlers who, although only rather more than a fourth of the population of the province, represented all its great commer- cial and financial interests. Tlie committee also could not ergy and le horrors actable as military Staiiley, t disseii' A pro- in order t3 Lowex ly, which he cities their first ation was ivention," un in the Assembly nces, and ed to em- linety-two etitions to Mr. Roe- it, moved e into the lent. An iley for a )mmenda- , and the icordingly of which d Bulwer, ;hat every I majority could be e British th of the commer- Jould not THE GOSFORD COMMISSION. 219 fail to see, from the tenor of the ** ninety-two resolutions," that the object of the leaders of the disaffected was the attainment of independence ; or, as was openly proclaimed at their frequent meetings in the province, the establishment of a " north-west republic," In this year the cholera made its second appearance, with even more disastrous effects than before. The last parliament of Lower Canada mot for its first ses- sion on the 2J8t of February, 1835, bitt its tone was more violent than over, and was only increa,scd by Lord 1835- Aylmer's reporting to it an official communication from the Colonial Secretary, which gave the report of the committee of the preceding year, and stated the intention of the Imperial Parliament to use coercive measures if the present condition of affairs lasted much longer. The session was therefore prorogued on the IStli of March. In August a commission of inquiry was sent out from England, composed of the Earl of Gosford, who was to relieve Lord Aylmer, Sir Charles Edward Grey, and Sir George Gipps. The new governor was prepared to conciliate the French party by all proper means. At the opening of the House he stated the intention of the British government to concede the control of the revenue to the -Assembly, if provision for ten years were made for the salaries of the judges and the civil officers. He made other offers, and in conchision informed the House that its suit against Sir John Caldwell had termi- nated in favor of the province, and that the large estate of the defaulter would go towards liquidating his debt, while he would be excluded from the Upper House. He asked the repayment of moneys advanced from the military chest, and the voting of the supplies. Y''3 Assembly were at first dis- posed to grant Lord Gosford's rec ^st, but afterwards '^onceiv- ing the suspicion that he was promising, and not intending to perform, they rescinded their former vote for the supply bill. Mr. Papineau, who seems to have indulged extravagant notions of Ids in'ospective greatness in the Canadian rei3ublic was alarmed at the conciliatory spirit in:iuifested l)y Lord Gosfovd, and was chiefly responsible for this unhappy m- !i! :i i '4'IM LORD RUSSKLL's RESOLUTIONS. 'I trograde action of the Assembly. He even went «o far as openly to avow his republican Bentiments from his place in the House. In the early part of 1836 communications of sympathy passed between Mr. Bidwell, Speaker of the Assembly in Upper Canada, and Mr. Papinoau, Speaker of the 1836. Assembly in the I«ower Province ; and the latter promised Mr. Bidwell the co-operation of Lower Ca- nada in furthering their common cause. The early session of this year was fruitful in nothing but the preference of charges against certain officej's ; while a supply bill passed for only six months was rejected by the Upper House. Its close left a feeling of anxiety on all minds regarding the crisis which was evidently approaching. A sessiun called in September was equally barren of good results. In the ensuing year Sir Charles Grey and Sir George Gipps returned to Englaixd and made their report upon the state of Canada, which at once convinced the English Par- 1837- liament that prompt measures must be taken if Lower Canada was to remain a British province. In March, 1837, Lord John Russell moved a series of resolu- tions in the House of Commons, which declared it was inex- pedient in the present condition of Lower Canada to grant the request of its Assembly, especially for an elective legis- lative council. That, for defraying the arrears due for the customary charges of the government of the province, Lord Gosford be empowered to apply to these objects the heredi- tary, territorial, and casual revenues of the crown, which, how- ever, were yet to be given up to the colonial legislature as soon as the necessary supplies should be voted. This motion experi- enced considerable opposition, but the Imperial Parliament, thinking that the violent proceedings of the Canadian Assem- bly called for prompt measures, supported its several clauses by a large majority. The news of the rejection of their de- mands only increased the agitation amongst the disaflPected in Canada. In addition to the journals already in their interest, others were started, which with all the fervor of young zeal counselled the masses to be firm in their opposition to the KKHELLIOUS PREPAUATIUNS. 221 far as >lace in government, for tlio States wouM never allow them to bo coerced by the British Parliament. Messrs. Papinean, Morin, Lafontaine^ Girouard, and Dr. Tache made a pnblic progress through the province, and held meetings at which the fervid oratory of Mr. Papineau appealed to the prejudices, and played upon the ignorance of the habitants. Lord Oosfoi'd endeavored to suppress these meetings by a proclamation pointing out their seditious character, but with- out eflfect. Secret associations were formed in various places and open resistance freely threatened. In Montreal, one of these associations, bearing the name of " Sons of Liberty," met regulary for military drill, while, in the County of Two Mountains, British law was wholly disregarded. But the ex- ' travagance of the malcontents proved detrimental to their purpose ; for the more moderate of the opposition, who were willing to legislate in regard to their grievances, were not prepared to take up arms againt law and order ; and at once ranged themselves with the great majority of the British population, on the side of the crown. Loyal meetings were held at Montreal and Quebec, and from several of the coun- ties addresses poured in promising loyal support. The clergy, who had hitherto held aloof from any interference between the two parties, now alarmed by the out^spoken wishes of the agitators for a republic, commenced to use their influence against the threatened rebellion, and with success. The ranks of Papineau's friends began to grow thin, and the excitement in the country places to cool down . Meanwhile, Lord Gosford applied to Sir Colin Campbell, the Governor of Nova Scotia, for a regiment, which arrived in July. The death of William IV., and the accession of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, delayed for a time the ope- ration of Lord Russell's motion ; and the Governor de- sirous of promoting peace, called the parliament to meet on the 18th of August. But the Assembly would yield no- thing, and many of the members appeared in homespun clothing, carrying out a resolution of their party to discour- age the importation of British manufactures, and thus lo8- < ii • : 22'J J-rilST OUTBREAK. son tho rovenno. Finding that nothing could ho done with the logisloturo, Lord HoHford rehictantly proroguod it on the 2Gth, and public excitemont was only the more in- creased. These events plainly foreshadowed that nothing loss than bloodshed would solve the troubles of Canada, and in antici- pation of an outbreak Lord Gosford was recalled, and Sir John Col borne, the recent Governor of Upper Canada was appointed to his place, with tho chief command of tho forces in both provinces. On tho Gth of November, tho first collision between anned parties took place at Montreal, where the " Sons of Liberty " and a body of loyalists, named the " Doric Club," met in the streets. Shots were fired, stones thrown, and windows broken, but no one was killed. The former were disponed and their banner taken ; and the oflBice of the Vindicator, a radical paper of the time, broken open, and its printing ma- terial thrown into tho street. Sir John Colborno now issued a proclamation for the suppression of riots ; and also a new "commission of the peace" for the district of Montreal, thereby displacing about sixty magistrates. The peasantry along the Richelieu began to assemble in armed parties, espe- cially at St. Johns and Chambly ; while the loyal population formed into volunteer companies, and ofiers of assistance came from wiuk. Upper Can ' , Nova Scotia, and Now Bruns- CHANflliS OP aoVJSRNOUB. 2^3 one with lod it on more in- loss than in antici- 1, and Sir nada was the forces en nnned Liberty " [net in the windows dispersed idicator, a inting ma- [low issued also a new Montreal, peasantry rties, espe- popnlation assistance cw Bruns- OH AFTER XXIV. UPPER CANADA, 1^15-1837. 1816. Hon. Francis Goro, Lieutenant Go venior -Brock's Monument. r«l«. COMMON SCHOOLS first Established -Soi^ial Condition. 1817. FirHt Protest against the Crown Lands and Clergy RcsorvcH. 1818. Sir Peregrine Mailland, LleutCnantaovernor— Robertaourlay. ISftn. Dank of Upper Canada started. 18W. "Canada Trade Act." — Customs' DiH))ute decided in favor of Upper Canada. 1824. Bank of Kingston failed -Canada Land Company. 182.'!. Parliament Buildings burned— Reveime—PoUtlcal excitement. 18'iU. Bytown or OTTAWA founded— Social Condition. 1827. King's College founded by royal charter— Sir John Colborne, Governor. 1829. " Christian Guardian ' published. 1881. Political excitement, Mr. Mackenzie exi)elled from tbo house— St. Lawrence Canals eouununced. 1834. York incorporated as the City of Toronto— Mr. Mackenzie, the first Mayor. 1885. Establishment of rectories. 1836. Sir Francis Bond Head, Lieutenant-Governor— "Seventh Grievance Re- port." —Arbitrary conduct of the governor. 1837- Court of Chancery established— Commercial and Political Crisii. During the war, the civil as well as military affairs of the province were directed by Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, as . President, and after his fall at Queenston Heights, by Sir Roger H. Sheaflfe, in a similar capacity, and next by Baron de Rottenburgh. In 181 3 Sir Gordon Drnmmond 1815> became Lieutenant-Governor, but was succeeded in 1815 by the Hon. Francis Gore, who was thus a second time appointed to the helm of affairs in Upper Canada. In the interim, however, before his arrival in September, the government was administered by General Sir George Murray and Major-General Sir F. Robinson in succession. The prin- cipal events of this year were a vote of £1,700 by the parlia- ment, for the erection of a monument to the memory of Brock, at Queenston Heights ; and certain efforts were made to promote immigration. Immigrants of good character wero offered a free passage and a grant of one hundred acres of I I f I ! ! ■; ■ 1 224 ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. M :| land, and the same to their sons on coming of age ; they were also to receive support until their first harvest, and to obtain their f farming implements at half price. As a security for good faith they were required to make a deposit of £16, to be returned upon their fulfilling the conditions of settlement. As a partial consequence, the county of Lanark was largely taken up by emigrants from Scotland, During this session the legislature passed several useful measured tending to promote the intelligence and prosperity of the inhabitants. An Act was passed for the esta- 1816- blishment of common schools, and £600 was granted to assist in the payment of teachers' salaries and for the purchase of books. A vote of £800 was made for the founding of a parliamentary library ; and £1,000 to be ex- pended in bounties for the cultivation of hemp. The Imperial Parliament still bore the expanses of the administration, but the Assembly, to testify its devotion to the crown, voted £2,500 to aid in meeting these expenses. The salaries of the speakers of the two Houses were fixed at £200 per annum each. During this year was launched at Eamestown, on the Bay of Quints, the steamboat Frontenac, to run from Kingston to Toronto. The recent war had materially disturbed Canadian society. The former steady agricultural habits of the people had become unsettled by three years of active and severe cam- paigning ; while the injustice of the war and the many vacant seats it had made about Canadian hearthstones, raised a feeling of resentment against Americans. The result was that the immigration of Americans was discouraged, the government refusing to grant them lands, or even to permit them to take the oath of allegiance, so that they were placed under the ban of the " Sedition Act," and were liable at any time to be expelled from the province. The system of government in Upper Canada was similar to that in the Lower Province. The House of Assembly was elective, while the Legislative Council v,as nominated by the crown, as was also the Executive Council which surrounded his Excellency, and with whose advice he was supposed to I age ; they it, and to jcurityfor B16, to be )ttlement. as largely ral useful jrosperity r the esta- %B granted es and for ie for the to be ex- e Imperial ration, but >wn, voted iries of the mum each, bhe Bay of ingston to an society, leople had jvere cam- a,ny Tacant B, raised a result was Lraged, the L to permit rere placed ible at any ) similar to aembly was ated by the surrounded opposed to POLITICAL CONDITION. 225 act. The number of men in ilio colony in its early clays, who were fitted by education and experience to perform this impor- tant office was very small. These were principally the more prominent U. E. loyalist settlers, and retired oificers of the army and navy, who drew their grants of land and prepared to cast in their lot with the colony. Such as became members of the two Councils, not being subjected to the ordeal of an election, but holding their seats during the good pleasure of the crown, had been enabled to take a chief part in the government of the country since 1793. At first the legislative wants of Upper Canada were few, the settlers busying themselves in making homes for their families and gathering around them necessary comforts ; but as the country grew in population, and its revenue increased, the public offices gradually became an object of desire. Still, as the people had nothing to pay in support of their government, and little to do for it but keep their roads in repair, they did not care much who held the reins of power. Accordingly the first incumbents of office retained their places, and by their intelligence and general worth exerted a large influence. During the war they were foremost in the defence of the country, and thus by their loyalty gained the firm confidence of the representative of Imperial authority. By degrees they seem to have looked upon themselves as a privileged class in the govern- ment, and to have accumulated to themselves the whole power of the Executive, thus virtually establishing an oligarchy, which is always distasteful in a young and active nation. But this self-constituted government was not known to the people of Canada by any such name of Greek derivation, but by the expressive title of " Family Compact," on account of the frequent intermarriages which occurred among the fami- lies of this privileged class. The intentions of these men were, no doubt, good in many cuses, but the means they employed to retain power were oftentimes unconstitutional. The country had just passed through a fiery trial, and the Executive thought, that only by an exclusive course with regard to Americans, could Canada be preserved in its British privileges and freedom. Though perlinps uiij\ist, ns Nl 1^ 'I 226 THE CROWN AND CLERGY RESERVES, an expression of feeling towards the large minority in the States, which had ever deprecated the war, yet the action of the Canadian government must be pardoned on account of excess of loyalty, and the peculiar circumstances of the times. The principle of exclusive action with regard to foreigners, however, soon led to arbitrary conduct towards Canadians, and a spirit of intolerance began to i* \anifeat itself in reference to the proceedings of the Assembly. Forgetful that the elective arm of the legislature necessarily inherits certain high pre- rogatives, and had important duties and responsibilities to perform, the two Councils influenced by the " Family Cora- pact," frequently failed to treat the opinions of the Lower House with that courteousnesa or consideration, which was due to the representatives of the people. The consequence was that the people began to look upon the acts of the Execu- tive with disfavor, and that system of protest was commenced, which followed up, resulted in the Union of 1841, This feeling was first manifested in the session which opened on the fourth of February, 1817. The House of Assembly went into committee of the whole upon 1817- the state of the province, taking into consideration the policy of preventing emigration from the States, the insufliciency of the postal accommodation, the interfer- ence of the Crown and Clergy Reserves with the settlement of the country, and the granting of lands to the militia who had served in the late war. This mode of procedure being taken as a reflection upon the acts of the Executive, was not allowed to continue. The House had not gone out of com- mittee when it was suddenly prorogued by the Governor, much to its astonishment. This act of the Governor must be looked upon as unfortunate, for had the Assembly been met half-way much future discussion would have been prevented, especially in reference to the Clergy Reser^^e question. Xlie ground taken by the Lower House, was, that the grant made in the reserve was too large, being one-seventh of the lands in the province, amounting in Upper Canada to two millions five hundi'ed thousand acres, and that the reservation of every seventh lot in the surveys prevented the formation of ROBEKT OOURT,\Y. 22/ ty in the action of 3count of le times, reigners, ians, and erence to elective ligh pre- jilities to lily Com- le Lower lich was sequence e Execu- imenced, >n which Pouse of lole upon li deration le States, interf er- lement of who had re being , was not b of com- rovernor, • must be )een met evented, n. I^lie nt made he lands millions ition of lation of connected settlements, necessary for making and keeping the roads in repair. Besides which the Crown reserved seven lots in every two concessions, three in one and four in the other. It was also argued that these reserves formed means whereby an enemy invading the country would be able to reward its soldiers with large grants of land. The Assembly proposed, therefore, that the king should be petitioned to • cause part of the lands to be sold. These reserves accordingly became a fruitful source of agitation, and were not finally set- tled until 1854. Another steamer was built this year, called the Ontario f of two hundred and seventy tons, which ran between Odgensburgh and Lewiston, and performed the trip in ten days. During this year Sir Francis Gore returned to England, and in July, 1818, Sir Peregrine Maitland, son-in-law of the Duke of Richmond, became Lieutenant-Governor of 1818- Upper Canada. He found the province somewhat ex- cited over the doings of an emigrant named Robert Gourlay, who came from Scotland with the intent to establish himself as a land agent. He, however, mixed himself up with the politics of the country, and although only a short time in it, endeavored to assume the position of leader of those opposed to the government. He advised them to petition the Home parliament upon the subject of their grievances, and for this purpose, proposed that a con- vention of delegates from the various townships should meet at Toronto. This, however, was not productive of anything, owing to the hesitancy of public opinion, which was too young for the use of any such means to express itself ; and to prevent anylsuch gatherings in future, an Act was passed in pai'liament to that effecfc. Gourlay, nothing daunted, drew up a form of petition for the disaffected to sign, in which hav- ing described some of the oflScers of the government in rather strong terms, he was indicted for libel. He defeated the gov- ernment prosecution twice on this charge, but being looked upon as a seditious person, he was ordered to quit the pro- vince, which he refused to do. He was afterwards thrown in- to prison at Niagara, where he remained until the following w i 'I 228 EVH)BNCES OF PROGRESS. year, when, parhinlly demented, he was released and permitted to make his way to England. The suiferings of Gourlay made him many sympathisers, and cast fresh odium upon 1819- the authorities. In this year the enterprising Hon. Wm. H. Merritt originated the project of theWel- land Canal, and obtained assistance from Lower Canada to the amount of £25,000. The Rev Mr. Smart, of Brockville, started a acheme for the union of all the Presbyterian bodies in Canada into one church. His plan failed, but a " Presbytery of the Canadas " was formed, and in the following year this was divided into one for Lower, and three for Upper Canada, the whole form- ing a general Synod for the two provinces. During this year the Methodists held their first Conference at Niagara. The population of Upper Canada had now increased to nearly one hundred and twenty thousand, which induced the session of 1820 to increase the number of members 1820- in the Assembly. The Act prohibiting public meet- ings, passed two years before, was now repealed, and the school-law amended. The Bank of Upper Canada was also commenced about the same time. A general election having been held, the parliament met in January, 1821, when the Legislative Council was increased by the addition of jBve new members, one of whom was 1821- the Rev. John Strachan, who in 1839 became the first Protestant Bishop in Upper Canada. An Act was passed specifying that no tithes nor ecclesiastical rates of any kind should ever be levied in the province ; and a grant was made towards the Eideau Canal. The government ex- perienced some difficulty in meeting its expenses this year, owing to the disjiute witli the Lower Province with regard to Upper Canada's share of the importation duties. In the se- cond session occurred the first instance of a member being ex- pelled from the parliament ; when Barnabas Bidwell, member of Lennox and Addington, was charged with being an Ameri- can citizen, and guilty of certain misdemeanors in 1822 the States, before coming to Canada. The first charge Mr, Bidwell abJy answered, the second he i "CAVADA TRADE ACT." 229 aflRrmed originated in the political jealousy of his ene- mies in the States. Failing, however, to satisfy the House, after a long debate, he was expelled by a majority of only one. This circumstance led to the passing 6f an Act, which required foreigners, who had taken the oath of allegiance in the land of their birth, to complete a residence of seven years in Canada, before being eligible to a seat in parliament. This Act, however, was repealed two years afterwards. Mean- while the revenue trouble with Lower Canada having been carried to England, the committee appointed to consider it reported in favor of the union of the two Canadas, as a remedy for all their difficulties with reg d to revenue and government. When this news reached Upper Canada it oc- casioned a good deal of discussion, the majority of the people, however, deciding in its favor. But the opposition it met from Lower Canada defeated this suggestion, although the other recommendations of the Imperial committee were car- ried out under the name of the " Canada Trade Act," which came in force in 1823, and by which the Upper Province re- covered £30,000 from Lower Canada, being arrears of revenue due to the former. During the last session of this parliament the Presbyterian church took steps to obtain a share of the Clergy Reserves, and a petition for that purpose was forwarded to the Imperial Parliament, accompanied by one from the Legislative Council. This course of action was necessary, as the enactment which provided these reserves was included in the constitutional charter of the province, and could not be altered by the legislature of the colony. The Methodist body also endeavored to procure the passing of an Act empowering them to perform the marriage ceremony, but the bill after passing the Assembly was thrown out by the Upper House The most important event of this session was the incorporation of the Welland Canal Company. In this year the Colonial Advocate was established by William Lyoii Mackenzie, in op. position to the government. * About this time also the Kingston Bank failed, being the first occurrence of the kind in Canada. And the Canada Land Company was formed for the purpose of proiuotin.!!? i i I I 11 i L v*a •■(■^ i 1 !t ; i! III 230 EEVENUE — A.D VANCBM EN T. 1824. the settlement of wild lands ; but it soon degene- rated into an injurious monopoly, profitable only to the shareholders, by purchasing large tracts of the Crown and Clergy Resorves' lands at a small cost, and re-selling them in small lots at a large advance. In January 1825. of the new year, the province sustained a loss in the destruction of its parliament buildings by fire, but the library and furniture were saved. The loss which was estimated at £2,000, was considered very large at that time. The general election of the preceding summer had re- turned a House of Assembly, the majority of whose members were in opposition to the '* Family Compact." It embraced among other able debaters the names of John Rolph and Marsha?! S. Bidwell, and received the outside support of Mackeiiiie and his paper. During the session which lasted three months, r" rmy debates took place, to the exclusion of the public busi.^dss, so that only seven bills were passed. The second session, however, was more prolific, and thirty-one Acts were added to the statutes, one of which offered a bounty of £125 to any person establishing a paper-mill. The reve- nue had now reached the sum of £33,560 per annum, while the expenditure for 1826, amounted to littlj more than, £30,000, showing that the province was now able to support the cost of its own government, but also evidencing a state of the finances which rendered the Executive independent of the Assembly. The excitement caused by political discussion both in and out of parliament ran so high, that during the absence of Mr. Mackenzie from home, his printing office was broken into by friends of the parties, whose public acts the Advocate had criticised somewhat severely. In return, Mr. Mackenzie prosecuted the offenders, and recovered a verdict of £625, \/hich was at once made up by subscription. Meanwhile the country was advancing in material wealth, and rapidly filling with a sturdy population. The construc- tion of canals and other public works gave employment to numbers of mechanics, and caused an increased circulation of* money, Avhile the cost of living was nut great compared with the present time. Ste'imboats i)iissed to and fro upon tlio BYTOWN OR OTTAWA. 231 Legene- le only Crown -selling anuary loss in by fire, B which at that had re- aembers tnbraced ph and pport of lasted usion of sed. The lirty-one a bounty ?he reve- n, while ore than, I support g a state mdent of iscussion iring the office was acts the urn, Mr. a verdict L. il wealth, construc- ynient to ulation of- ared with upon the lakes, aud numerous schooners carried on a proiituble freight traffic ; but on account of the rapids, the navigation of the St. Lawrence was still performed by means of Durham boats, which, leaving Kingston passed the rapids, and were generally sold at Montreal or Quebec, as tlie labor of returning against the current was very great. This, however, was not destined to last much longer, for even then the building of the St. Lawrence canals was being agitated. Where the capital of the Dominion now stands, in 1826, the little village of By- town was struggling into existence, being founded by Colonel By, of the Royal Engineers, who was sent from England to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal. In the lumber trade there was great activity, but the government lost much of its revenue from this source, owing to the smug- gling carried on. With regard to agricultural interests, a feeble impetus was communicated by the formation of so- cieties in various parts of the province ; but there were none of the time-saving machines of the present day, and some of the implements used were of very rude construction . Schools were beginning to spring up all over the land, and although surrounded by many disadvantages, performed a noble work in the young country. While the several news- papers in tiie province endeavored to do their share in form- ing public opinion, but their influence was contracted by a narrow circulation. The year 1827 was signalized by the foundation of King's College, Y(jrk, by royal charter ; and the renewed discussion of the Clergy Reserve question, which •1827. separated the two parties beginning to spring up in the country, farther than ever. The death of the Duke of Richmond led to the appointment of Sir Peregrine Maitland to Lower Canada, while Sir John Colborne who arrived in November, became Lieutenant- Governor of the Upper Province. In the general election of ^ this year W^illiam Lyon Mackenzie was returned for the County of York, a\j.d the Assembly, when it met in ]828. January, showed a majority in opposition to the Executive, by the election of Marshall S. Bidwell as- Speaker. The revenue had now increased to over £112,000, 232 llOBEUT UALDWrrN— WBLLAND CANAL, Ml f! 1; I which fact rendered the government yet- more independent of the Lower House, and did not tend to promote harmony. Accordingly the opposition was soon earnestly demanding the same reforms as the Assembly in Lower Canada, namely, control of the revenue, and the exclusion of the judges from parliament. There seems, however, to have been a difference of motives. In Upper Canada the desire was for constitu- tional privileges ; in the sister province, the oppo- 1829- sition was hoping, by continued agitation, to sever the connection with Britain, and form, as it was de- nominated, a " North- West Republic," an embodiment of French laws, language, and customs. In July, John Beverly Robinson, the Attorney-General of Upper Canada, was created Chief-Justice, and his seat for Toronto becoming vacant, Robert Baldwin was elected to represent it in the Assembly. His father, Dr. Baldwin, had already represented the County of Norfolk. Although no friend to arbitrary rule, the new member for Toronto did not rush into the extremes of the opposition. He advocated as the panacea for the country's grievances, an Executive Council representing the opinions of the majority in the elective House, and thus making it re- sponsible to the people. Such is the principle of the Cana- dian government at the present day, and to the exertions of Robort Baldwin it is chiefly due. In November the Welland Canal was opened for the passage of vessels between Lakes Erie and Ontario. About this date was commenced the Christian Guardian, under the auspices of the Methodist church, being the first journal in the province devoted to re- ligious topics and news. Its first editor was the Rev. Eger- ton Ryerson. As a veteran soldier. Sir John Colborne had seen much honorable service, in which he distinguished himself by his unswerving adherence to whatever he considered to be his duty. The same characteristic manifested itself in his civil capacity of Lieutenant-Governor. He never thought of ma- noeuvring with parties for the purpose of maintaining amic- able relations between them, but ever expressed his few sen- timents with a blunt candor, not very satisfactory to an ex- cited state of public feeling. Otherwise he must frequently TKOTrBLR IV THE ASSRMBLY. 233 have found himself in a dilemma with his Executive and the Assembly. Botli feared him. His replies to petitions and addresses were peculiarly (nirt. At (me time, makin;^' a tour through the province, his invariable response to addresses of congratulation was, " I receive your address with much satis- faction, and I thank you for your congratLdati the election h*. was presented with a gold medal of the value of £G0. Crowds now accompanied him to the door of the Assembly, and many obtained an entrance to await the action of the House in reference to their mem- ber. Recent issues of the Colonial Advocate weie adduced to meet the case in point, and he was again expelled. This un- wise course caused great excitement throughout the country, and estranged from the ruling majority many of its friends. Mr. Mackenzie was again elected in York, and was, more- over, chosen as the popular agent to carry to England the pe- titions already so numerously signed. Among the events of the year may be mentioned the com- mencement of the Cornwall Canal, contracted for by George Crawford, of Brockville ; and the acknowledgment of the right of the Presbyterian Church to share in the Clergy Re- serves. During this and the following summer, the cholera which had been raging in Lower Canada, spread westward, and the frontier towns of the Upper Province suiiered severely. avating IlcHise. ,13 they in Mr. hat was )f privi- matters oiise by etitions, looked )r, pray- replied, jitants," for pre- Ei.t all e on the elected, .. After nedal of id him to entrance nr mem- iduced to This un- country, ) friends, ks, more- d the pe- the com- y George it of the ergy Re- e cholera rest ward, suifered TORONTO— CLERGY RnSERvR.S. 235 Up to this time f he metropolis had boon known l).y Uio name of York ; but in 1834 il was incorporaiol under the dewigna- 1834. tion of the City of Tonrnto, and held its first elec- tions for aldermen and mayor. For the latter posi- tion Mr. Mackenzie was chosen. During his ab- sence in England, ho was a third time expelled by the Assembly, only to be re-elected by his constituents. He had, however, the satisfaction of seeing this course disapproved of by the ministry in England. Judges wore this year made independent of the crown, and received their appointments for life, or during good behavior. The elections for 1835. the twelfth parliament of Upper Canada returned a majority for the Reformers, and Marshall S. Bid well was chosen Speaker of the Assembly. The first session is distinguished for the drawing up of the famous "Seventh Grievance Report," which, among other things of loss im- portance, was chiefly devoted to the question of responsible government and its introduction into the province. At this time the Executive Council, with Sir JohnColborne, proceeded to make provision for the maintenance of an Established Church in the counlry, and for thav purpose founded fifty- seven rectories of the Church 'of England, and provided for their support from the Clergy Reserves. This procedure only increased the political excitement in the country, espe- cially in Toronto, where several incipient riots took place. Its legality, although questioned, was confirmed by the Act of 1791, which provided for the establishment of rectories. (t was cari'ied out now in order to prevent the secularization of the reserves, by placing them in the actual possession of an incumbent clergy. Soon after, Sir John Colborne was re- called from the governorship of Upper Canada, but, on ac- count of the excited state of feeling in both provinces was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in the two Canadas. Earl Gosford about the same time became Governor in the Lower Province, and it was thought best by the Home autho- rities to appoint to Upper Canada one who had not contracted the habits of military life, in order, if possible to conciliate ' if !i 'I I' m 236 SIR FltANClH IIKAI). II 1 1 1836. tlio parties in tho i^rovinco. Aocmdinj^ly Sir Fnin- cia B(»n(l Head arrived at Toronto, in .Tanniry, 1830, with tho saino general instructions as those yiveu to Lord Gosford. lie was to acquaijit himself with the [)arti(!n- lar points of difrorenco between parties as reprosonted by their prominent men, and endeavor to allay any existing ill- feeling by wise concosHiona. Sir Francis was, however, unprepared for his task, by his ignorance of the liistory of the (pioslious which divided the country, and receiving his appointment unexpectedly he had no time to possess himself of much information, that was ab- solutely necessary at the critical time in which he came into his government. He was, moreover, scut out by a Whig ministry ; and, while tho opposition expected their grievances to be at once redressed, the other side awaited his arrival with miich anxiety, lest they should lose their monopoly of office. The new Governor had I'eceived his instructions from Lord Glenolg, tho Colonial Minister, who, with his colleagues, lliought the whole complaint of the province was included in the " Seventh Grievance Report." But, upon his arrival Sir Francis was led to mistrust tho ultimate motives of the leaders of the opposition . Having sent for Messrs. Bidwell and Mackenzie, an interview ensued, in which Mr. Bidwell stated : * * That there were many grievances not detailed in that book, which the people had long endured with patience; that there was no desire to rebel, but a morbid feeling of dis- satisfaction was daily increasing. The fact that Sir Francis Head was the bearer of new instructions had alone induced him and his friends to alter their determination never to meet in the Assembly again," From such an interview, the Governor imagined he perceived the real aim of the agi- tators in Canada to be independence from British authority. This presumed discovery caused him at once to favor the Family Compact, the members and friends of which, however disloyal they might have been to the rights and interests of their fellow-Canadians, were over really and honorably de- voted in thoir expressions of attachment to tho Mother- country. His address to the parliament, however, kept both TBI BXROI'TIVB ( OUMtlL. 267 agi- partios ill pcii^'oxity for the time, as to the preciHo'course he vvouUl pursne. His first act was to offer Messrs. John Uonrj' Dunn, Ro- bert Baldwin, and John Rolph — the two last being i)rominent Reform era — Ruats ut the Board of the Executive Council, tlie other members at this time being Messrs. Peter Robinson, Markland, and Wells. The new councillors at first hesitated to accept their appointment because of the political diflfer- snces oxistinj^' between themselves and the old members of the Board, whose dismissal they therefore demanded as the condition of their own acceptance of office. This Sir Francis refused to do, on the ground that it was only just that both parties should be represented in the Council ; that the oppo- sition had the majority in the House, and if he should select his advisers whoHy from that majority, the country would charge him with being influenced by party spirit, ** from which, as the representative of Royalty, he should stand aloof." Bowing deference to the arguments oi the Governor, and maturely considering their position, the newly-appointed members Uecided to accept office, and were sworn in. But a council composed of such discordant political sentiments was not destined long to- work harmoniously, and Sir Francis con- ferring some vacant offices upon friends of the Family Com- pact, this led at once to the resignation of Mr. Baldwin and his colleagues. The arbitrary conduct oi Sir Francis was not pleasing to either the majority or minority in the Assembly, which pass- ed a resolution, by a vote of fift^' one out of fifty-three mem- bers, censuring the dismissal of the Council, and asserting the principle of responsible government in strong terms. On this resolution was based an address to his Excellency, re- gretting the dismissal of the old Council, and expressing a want of confidence in the recent appointments he had made. These incidents increased the popular excitement, and the Lieutenant-Governor forgetful of the dignity of his position, entered into a conflict of words with his Assembly. Unlike curt Sir John Colborne, Sir Francis was an able speaker, and replied at length to the addresses of the Lower House, y .1 '' I t 238 THE GOVBRNOK AND THE ASSEMBLY. and appealed to the sympathy of the country by proclf ^na- tj "ns. He also addressed public meetings, and succeeded iu persuading the j)eople that both their constitution and the auth' rity of the crown were threatened with danger. The consequence of the Governor's action was, that Mackenzie felt he was being defeated with the very weapons with which he had originated the strong opposition to the government ; while the other leaders of his party, with the exception of Bidwell, seeing the turn in public sentiment in favor of Sir Francis, at once withdrew behind the scenes. Bidwell further strength- ened the hands of the Governor by laying before the Assem- biy Mr. Papineau's letter offering the co-operation of the op- posiUon in Lower Canada. The more moderate in the cause of reform in the Upper Province did not wish, that their ef- forts to obtain constitutional remedies should be identified with the movements of the anti-British party in Lower Ca- nada, and at once threw their influence on the side of Sir Francis ; while he did not let this circumstance pass without usJng it to strengthen himself in the sympathy of the people. Tn one of his addresses he said, " The people of Canada de- it3i democracy, revere their constitutional charter, and are cons^.queiMly staunch in their allegiance to their king ;" then refeifing to Pap'neau's letter, he continued somewhat gran- diloquently : '* In the name of every regiment of militia in Upper Canada I publicly promulgate, ' Let them come if they dare.' " The Assembly, instead of standing on its dignity, and treating the address with the cool consideration supposed to belong to a legislative body, lost its temper, and by way of revenge stopped the supplies for the Civif'List, the first occur- rence of the kind which had yet happened in Upper Canada . This only induced the people the more to think Sir Francis was right in his conjectures, and increased their sympathy towards him, while he retaliated upon the Assembly by refus- ing his assent to other money bills, even that for their own contingencies, so that the members were obliged to go home without their sessional allowance. He moreover pro- rogued the House on the 20th of April in a speech in which he severely censured them. ^: COMPLIOATED UIFKIODLTIES. 230 Comparing the line of conduct followed by Sir Francis Head, with that pursued by Lord Gosford, both having re- ceived the same inbtructioiia, a great difference is at once seen. The latter by his moderate and conciliating course threw all the odium of rebellion in the Lower Province upon the leaders of it ; while the former by forming hasty and im- pulsive conclusions, and allowing himself to be drawn into popular agitation, gave Mackenzie and his friends an excuse for their future precipitate conduct, no matter what their earlier intentions were. The exertions of Sir Francis had their desired eflfect in the country, which thought British connexion was seriously in danger ; and at the ensuing general election a House of Assem- bly was returned, with a large majority in favor of the exe- cutive ; although the elections were closely contested, and aome of the members obtained their seats by only a small majority in their respective constituencies. Messrs. Bidwell, Baldwin, and Mackenzie were defeated, and the latter is said to have felt his defeat so keenly, that he shed tears. He however gave vent to his feelings by the issue of a new paper — the Constitution — through which he made himself heard, and by his inflammatory articles prepared the way for rebel- lion. A.bout this time the Colonial Office acting upon the report of the Gosford commission began to be in favor of a responsible Executive Council. As this woxdd have placed the Lieutenant-Governor in an awkward and inconsistent position, he oftered to resign ; but his offer was not accepted and he was left to pursue his own course. The new parliament passed some imjiortant bills, among which was one establishing the Coiu*t of Chancery in Upper Canada. An Act was also passed to prevent the dis- 1837- solution of the House in the event of the king's demise, as his health was rapidly declining. The only other Act of Parliament which fui-nished a precedent for this, was that passed by the Long Parliament previous to the beheading of Charles I. in 1010 ; and a parallel instance, if not an exact precedent, was the ))a3sing of the Septennial i\'\ ii 5 'L-l ■tf 240 COMMERCIAL CRISIS. Act in 17j.6, by which a parliament elected for a term of three years extended that term to seven years. During the summer a severe commercial crisis swept over the United States. An inflated prosperity which had been increasing for some years, suddenly collapsed ; mercantile houses became insolvent ; and the banks refused specie pay- ment, and even repudiated their notes. The two provinces were affected by this crisis, and in Lower Canada the banks stopped the payment of specie ; but in Upper Canada they pursued a different course, redeemed their notes, contracted their discounts, and boldly met the crisis. Sir Francis at once assembled parliament to take into consideration the condition of the country, and although many advised that their banks should pursue the same course as those in Lower Canada, the Governor thought not, and the House supporting his view of the matter, allowed the banks to continue as they had commenced. The storm was weathered, and the good name of the province maintained. The population of Upper Canada was, at this time, about three hundred and ninety thousand. Durmg the year Mackenzie held communication with Papineau, and continued his appeals to the people to throw off their allegiance to Great Britain, and seek indepen- dence. His public meetings were not all Huccessful, at many of them his resolutions were condemned by large majorities. But although the greater part of the people sided with loyalty and order, yet Mackenzie found much sympathy for his scheme. In October Sii' John Colborne withdrew the troops ffom Toronto to Kingston, in order to be able more quickly to use them in Lower Canada, if necessary. Although he offered to leave two companies with Sir Francis Head, the latter refused, saying there was no danger of rebellion in Upper Canada. The military stores and arms in Toronto were delivered over to the corporation of the city for protection. No sooner were the troops withdrawn, than Mackenzie and his confed- erates resolved on prompt action. Arms were collected, and the disaffeeted assembled in various places for dri^i. Thus far the governor had taken no precautionaiy measures, and ■€i- Mackenzie's i'eocjlamation. 241 now he only ordered the militia to hold themselves in readi- ness for any emergency. This, however, accelerated seditious preparations, and Mackenzie issued a final appeal to the people in favor of independence, and cited a "list of nine- teen successful struggles against tyranny and in favor of freedom." I «? if l"-l f 2i2 B£B£L LiSADEAS. 1837. 1838. CHAPTER XXV. BBBBLLION IN LOWEE CANADA, 1837-8. Rebel Ita' s— Sedition on the Richelier -Murder of Lieutenant Weir- Martial Law— St. Eustac.lie. Sir Jojiii Colborne, Governor-General— Constitution of Lower Canada sus- pended—Lord Durham's Amnesty— His report— Second outbreak- Trials, After the skirmish of November 16th, in Montreal, warrants were issued for the arrest of the principal rebel lead* i, includ- ing Papineau, J. Storrow Brown, an American and 1837. captain of the "Sons of Liberty," and O'Oallaghan, editor of the Vindicator. But these escaped from ^ihe city and proceeded to the neighborhood of the Pichelieu, the central point of sedition in the Province, and where the rebels were prepared to concentrate upon short notice. They were greatly elated over their success,' -in rescuing a couple of prisoners from a squad of cavalry returning from St. Johns. Dr. Wolfred Nelson and Brown constituted themselves the leaders of the misguided people, while the valiant Papineau, whose fiery appeals had brought the excitement to sedition heat, kept in the back ground, ready to take ad ventage of cir- cumstances, either to come forward as the head of the now order of things, did rebellion succeed, or to take timely leave for the States, in case of defeat. The villages of St. Denis and St. Charles, were the two pointis at which the rebels gathered in strength. Being situated near the frontier, these places would enable them to receive what- ever aid might be furnished by American sympathisers; which aid was expected on account of the number of persons thrown out of employment by the commercial depression existing at that time, and also, because their national prejudice was ag- gravated by the disputes regarding the Maine boiindaiy line. Notwitlistanding the ai)poaraiico oi winter, and the difticult}'^ of moving bodies of men, Sir. John Colborne determined to nant Weir — Canada sub- outbreak — warrants J, includ- rican and 'allaghan, from hhe Richelieu, where the 36. They couple of jt. Johns, lelves the Papineau, > sedition ige of cir- f the new aely leave bwopointjj lated near iive what- 3 is; which IS thrown ixistiug at e was ag- davy line, difticultj' •mined to SKlRxMISH AT ST. DENIS. 243 brealc up l-hese nests ov revolt, ere any decided plan could by arranged by the rebels. Accordingly, two expeditions were planned against these places. Colonel Gore was directed to proceed with a detachment of three hundred regulars^ includ- ing some cavalry, and three field guns, against St. Denis, which was Dr. Nelson's stronghold, and which consisted of a large four storied stone brewery, with several atone buildings on each olde of it. These were at once iuani?ed by the rebels, who, tlu'ough their scouts, knew of Colonel Gore's approach. Meanwhile this officer, during the night of the 22nd, was marching from William Henry or Sorel to St. Denis, over roads almost impassable,, and through a storm of sleet and rain. The following morning he arrived in front of Nelson's position, but with only one gun, having been obliged to aban- don the others. But St. Denis was too strong for an assault without heavy cannon, and after six hours' lighting, and re- peated attempts to draw the rebels from their fastness, he was obliged to commence his retreat at four p. m., as Nelson con- tinued to receive accessions to his force from the surrounding country. Colonel Gore lost six killed and one officer, and sixteen wounded. Five of the latter fell into the hands of Nelson, by whom they were well treated. The night before, however, Lieutenant Weir, v.'ho had been sent with dispatches from Colonel Gore to Colonel Wetherall, at Chambly, was taken prisoner by the rebel scouts and brought to Dr. Nelson, who delivered him into the charge of three men for detention. But Weir was brutally murdered, while being conveyed to the camp at St. Charles. The other expedition, commanded by Colonel Wetherall, left Chambly for the Village of St. Charles about the same time. This force was somewhat stronger than that againsc St. Denis, as St. Charles was the rebel head-quartera^mid Gore's defeat had raised thesx)irits of the insurgents.^ ho now scoured the country and molested the loyal inhabitantSj while small parties Jiarassed Wetherall'a front ar.J rear. Brown, how- ever, did not show the same tact .^5 Nelson in fortifying his position, and although his numi eis were large, his defences were weak. Colonel Wetherall; by means of <;annon, soon i I.! ! ! 'M M 244 REBKL8 AT ST, EUSTACHB. battered these, and his troops driving the rebels from thsi trenches, speedily put them to flight. More than sixty were killed, while Brown, following the example of Papiueau, sought the other side of the boundary line. On the 2nd of December Colonel Gore, with a stronger force, advanced to St. Denis, but found no foe, and after destrojdng the buildings, returned with his abandoned guns, and the body of the un- fortunate Weir, which had been thrown into the river, where it was kept down by large stones. On the 6th, martial law was declared in the district of Montreal. Dnring this interval a body of fugitive Canadians entered the province from Vermont, but the loyal population defeated them at Four Corners, near Luke Champlain, and captured their leader, Bouchette. The only strong post now remaining to the rebels was at St. Eustache, on the north bank of the St Lawrence, to the northward of Montreal. Their numbers here amounted to over one thousand men, who were fortified in the church, parsonage, and convent of the village, and not having heard of the defeat of their friends on the I{ichelieu,they plundered the loyal inhabitants in their vicinity, and compelled them to flee to Montreal. To disperse this gathering of insurgents. Sir John Colborne left Montreal on the 13th of December, with two thousind troops, includ- ing cavalry and artillery. The next morning he crossed the river on the ice and appeared before St. Eustache, whose defences where quickly breached by the cannon, and the various buildings stormed and taken at the point of the bay- onet. Meanwhile the church having taken fire, and a strong wind blowing, the flames spread to the village, and sixty houses were consumed. The loss of the rebels was over two hundred killed and wounded, besides prisoners. This waa the last stand made by the insurgents in Lower Canada, where the promptitude of the Governor-General at once re- stored public confidence,and-secured any vacillating n, and the of the bay- nd a strong , and sixty IS over two This waft er Canada, at once ra- ng ones on Jenoit, but I fifty men i their sub- THE CJOEKCTON BILL. 245 miBston. Tfe treated them with much kindness, nnd allowed them all toretui'n to their homes, with the exception of their leaders. Detachments (>f troops wore now sent to different parts of the district to overawe the disatfected, and by the 17th Sir John had returned to Montreal. Although the line of conduct pursued by Lord Gosf ord had met with the approval of the Home authorities, he was never- theless recalled ; and having resigned his functions 1838- as Governor into the hands of Sir John Colborno, he set out for England, by way of Boston, on the 23rd of February, taking with him many addresses expressive of the goodwill of the Canadian people. On the 28th, Robert Nelson, brother of the doctor who was now in jail, and Dr. Cot^, crossed the border with arms for fifteen hundred men, and three pieces of artillery, for the purpose of organizing another outbreak. But meeting with no encouragement among the inhabitants, they returned into the States, where, being met by General Wool, they were compelled to surrender their arms, and submit themselves to arrest for a short time. In the English Parliament, on the I6th of January, Lord John Russell introduced a bill for suspending the constitution of Lower Canada, the province in the interim to be governed by a Special Council, whose ordinances should bear all the au- thority of legislative acts. In the House of Lords the Duke of Wellington and Lord Brougham, and in the House of Com- mons Mr. Stanley, afterwards the late Lord Derby, opposed this " Coercion Bill," as it was called. It passed, however, and a second commission was appointed to report upon the- con- dition of both colonies. On the 29th of March the suspension of the constitution was proclaimed at Quebec through the offi- cial Gazette ; and a Special Council summoned to meet at Mon- treal on the 18th of April. On the 29th of Maj', Lord Durham landed at Quebec, and proceeded to the Castle of St. Louis, wliere he took the oaths of office, as Governor-General. He had also been appointed a commissioner to enquire into the state, of affairs in the two provinces. His first measure, af Ler the issuing of a proclama- tion setting forth his policy, was to have returns made to him \'- u 246 LORD Durham's amnesty. of all those who were confined in the jails for rebonion. Wish- ing to inangurate his government with an act of peace and goodwill ; and also on accoiuit of the excited state of public feeling, rendering it difficult to collect an unbiassed jury, Lord Durham proclaimed a general amnesty for all political offences. An exception was made of the leading spirits of se- ditiim, some of whom" were in jail, while others had already tied from the country. The latter were forbidden to retwrn under pain of death, and the former were banished to Ber- muda. This general pardon was proclaimed on the 28th of June, 1838, the day which had been previously fixed ijpon for the coronation of Queen Victoria. This action of Lord Durham, although of merciful intention, was an arbitrary ex- ercise of power ; and although it met the views and satisfied the wishes of the people in Canada, was subjected to special rebuke in the British Parliament, which proceeded to pass an Act of Indemnity, setting aside the Governor's ordinance. On hearing of this disapproval of his actions. Lord Durham de- sired his recall. Meanwhile he was proceeding with his work as commissioner, having appointed .^-everal sub-committees to enquire into the Crown Lands' Department, and various other branches of provincial affairs. His report to the British Gov- ernment, compiled from these investigations, is held up as a model of such documents, for its ability. It was of incalcu- lable benefit to Canada. It proposed as a remedy for the evils existing in the two provinces, that all British North America should be united in a federal union ; or, if that should be im- practicable, that the two Canadas should form a legislative union between themselves. This last proposition was after- wards adopted. Before leaving Canada he elevated Mr. Stuart to the Chief Justiceship of Quebec, in the place of Mr, Sewell, who had resigned ; and also granted to the Sulpicians a per- manent title to their lands. Leaving Sir John Colborneas Administrator, Lord Durham departed on the 3rd of November. On the same day, by a preconcerted agreement, a second rebellion broke out in the whole district of Montreal. An attack was made on Beauhar- vvhe-'e the steamer was disabled and her passengers nois. ATTACK OX ODELLTOWV. 247 ti. Wish-- eiice iiuJ of public ed jury, political its of 80- already to I'etHrn I to Ber- 5 28th of Led u^on of Lord trary ex- satisfied o special 3 pass an ance. On rham de- his work littees to 3U8 other lish Gov- d np as a F incalca- the evils America Id be im- jgislative ras after- [r. Stuart '. Sewell, ns a per- Durham ay, by a it in the Beauhar- issengers made prisoners ; while Robert Nelson took np his quarters ftt Napierville, whither the disaffected flocked. On the fol- lowing day, Sunday, an attack was projected upon the Indian village at Caughnawaga, with the intention of seizing the arms and stores there. The Indians were in church, but being ap- prised of their danger rushed out, and seizing whatever wea- pons were nearest at hand, raised their terrible war-whoop, at the same time running towards the insurgents. These in- stantly turned and fled, while sixty-four of their number were disarmed. Meanwhile martial law was proclaimed in the dis- trict, and the Habeas Corpus Act suspended by the Council during the Governor's discretion ; and troops were dispersed to different parts to protect the loyal inhabitants, who were being seriously maltreated by their rebellious neighbors. While these things were being done, and a body of regulars under Sir John was moving towards Napierville, the militia of Odelltown had succeeded in holding La Colle Mill against the insurgents. The latter, seeing their position critical, re- solved on an attack upon Odelltown, and ad/anced with one thousand men to secure the village, and keep open their com- munication with the States. But Colonel Taylor, with two hundred loyalists, succeeded in gaining the village just before the rebels, and at oice posted his men in the Methodist church and the buildings close by. Provided with a cannon captured at La Colle Mill, the little band of loyalists made sad havoc amongst their enemies, and notwithstanding re- peated attempts to capture the offending piece, maintained their possession of it. The conflict lasted for two hours and a half, when some of the Hemmingford Militia coming \ip, the rebels took to flight, leaving sixty dead behind them. The remainder of their force at Napierville was dispersed by Ge- neral Colborne's cavalry. On the same day, the 10th of No- vember, the Glengarry militia, with a detachment of regulars, marched on Beauharnois, and after a short tussle forced the insurgents to fly. Another body at Chambly was then dis- persed, and the second and last rebellion in Lower Canada ended. As the luoroif ul action of Lord Durham, in pardoning those :i ' f'>L ' 11 P = 'i'' 248 TRIAL OF rniSONERH. implicated in the lirst rebellion, had been so bivily returned, nothing was left for the Governor-General bnt to make an example of those engaged in the second attempt. Martial law being still in force, a court '"".tial was convened for the trial of the captives. The rosnll was that after a short but fair trial, at which none but direct proof of their complicity was produced against the prisoners, twelve were executed, and others condemned to transportation. returned, make an Martial ed for the short but oinplicity executed, , • BEItCL LEADHRa. 249 ' CHAT'TER XXVI. RBBBLLION IN Ul'PBR CANADA, 1837-9. 1887. Attack on Toronto—Plight of the leaders -MJld winter- Dr. Puncomb*— " Hunter'H Lodges"— Nav.v Island— Affair of the Caroline 1838. " Patriot" demonstration at Ainhorstburg -Sir George Arthur, Governor— " Bill Johnston"— Battle of the Wind-mill— Attack in the West. 1839. Trials. The withdrawal of the regular troops from Upper Canada by Sir John Colborne, and the wilful negligence of Sir 1837> Francis Bond Head iu disregarding the premoni- tions of sedition, and in refusing to place the pro- vince in a state of defence, led the rebels to make more open preparations for their outbreak. Their intention, as expressed at the secret meetings of their central committee in Toronto, and afterwards divulged, was to seize upon that city with the arms and stores in it, get possession of the person of the Governor, and proclaim the independence of the province. Then, by means of the regular steamer to proceed to King- ston and gain possession of Fort Henry, which was reported to have only a small guard. The head leaders in this move- ment were W. L. Mackenzie, Doctor Rolph and Doctor Morrison, and f^olonel Von Egmond, an ex-officer of Napo- leon's army, who had settled iu the country. At a secret meeting held in Toronto on the 18th of November, it was de- cided to make the attar^i upon that city on the 7th of Decem- ber. For this purpose the difterent bands which had been already organized wore to assemble at Montgomery's tavern, about four miles north of the city, and from there advance down Yonge street to the attack. Meanwhile many warnings were brought to the Governor of the seditious movements going on, but to these hfe only turned a deaf ear. Two Methodist clergymen, the Rev. Egerton Ryerson and the Rev. John Lever, who had just returned from a pastoral tour through the northern part of the county, went first to the I ,1^ w^ V m 250 MONTOOMBRY 8 TAVERN. ii! II Governor, and then to Attorney-Goneral Hageriaan with ac- counts of the dangerous preparations being made against the government, but with no better success than others. Mean- while Dr. Rolph becoming nervoiis on account of the reports which were circuhited through the city, altered the time of the Buri)rise from the 7th to the 4th of December. The con- sequence was that the plans of the accomplices were dis- arranged, and some parties of "patriots" arrived at the ren- dezvoiis on the 4th, while the most of the bands were not expected until three days after. On the morning of the 3rd, Lonnt, one of the rebel officers, arrived with his party, and Mackenzie now learned for the first time that the attack was to be made on the following day. Although disappointed, he resolved to make the best of his situation, and advised an immediate surprise of the city, but was overruled. He then set out with four companions towards Toronto to reconnoitre, and on the road met two mounted citizens, who being obliged to surrender, were placed under charge of two of his friends to be conveyed to Montgomery's. But on the way, Powell, one of the prisoners, shot his oaptor and escaped, and riding past Mackenzie hastened to the city and gave the alarm. Sir Francis being now no longer able to doubt the reality of the outbreak, placed his family on board of a steamer, and at once took meaiiiures for the defence of the inhabitants, num- bering at this time about twelve thousand. Volunteers flocked to the town h»ll and received arms, Chief-Justice Robinson and his associate judges setting the example. Pickets and patrols were appointed, but no enemy appeared that night. During these events, however, a second victim of rebellion had fallen at Montgomery's. Colonel Moodie, a veteran of the peninsular war and of Queenston Heights, who lived a few miles from Toronto, seeing the bands pass his house, determined to notify the authorities of the threat- ened danger. A messenger whom he despatched for that purpose was captured, and the old soldier resolved to go him- self } but he found the rebels drawn across the road-at Mont- gomery's, and was not allowed to pass. Drawing a pistol he fired into the crowd in front of him, Irnt was himself immed- iin with ac- against the '8. Mean- the reports he time of The con- wero dis- at the ren- were not of the 3rd, party, and attack was pointed, he advised an He then econnoitre, ling obliged his friends ,y, Powell, and riding ilarm. Sir ,lity of the er, and at tints, num- Volunteers ief-Justice I example, y appeared and victim b1 Moodie, ni Heights, bands pass the threat- d for that : to go him- d-at Mont- a pistol he ?lf immed- ATTAOK ON TORONTO. 251 lately struck hy a mnskot shot, and died shortly afterwards. On the followinii day Sir Francis sent out a flag of truce by Messrs. Rolph and FlaMwin, to ascertain fcho demands of the rebels. Mr. Mackenzie replied " independence, *' and thai an answer must bo returned within an hour. At two p.m. the latter marched with his men towards the city, and was • mot by a second flag telling him that the demands of himself and his friends could not bo complied with. At this tinio Dr. Rolph is said to have secretly advisod Mackenzie to wait until dai'k, and then enter the city when nuinbors of thoir friends would join them. As soon as it was dark the insur- gents again moved forward, but when about half-a-niilo from the city were suddenly fired upon, by a body of loyalists posted behind the fence along the road. The front rank of Lount's men after discharging a volley in the direction from which had pcoceeded the fire that assailed them, fell on thoir faces in the road to allow those behind them to use their muskets, but the latter thinking their comrades had fallen killed or wounded, immediately turned and fled, notwith- standing all the efforts of Mackenzie to stop them. Mean- while fresh bands of insurgents arrived at Montgomery's, and \'on Egmond also, who was to take their command on the day originally fixed. At the same time the news of these incidents spread in all directions, and loyal men flocked into Toronto. On Tuesday afternoon, Colonel Allan MacNab, arrived by steamer from Hamilton, with a large body of the ** Men of Gore." -On Thursday morning, Vt)n Egmond sent a party of sixty men to burn the Don bridge, and capture the Montreal niiil ; and thus, if possible, draw the attention of the loyalists in thac direction, while his main force renewed the attack upon the city. The mail was captured .and the bridge set on lire, but the flames were soon put out. At 11 a. m., the insurgents, to the number of six hundred, were ready to move forward, but they were mot on tho road by Colonel MacNab, with about an eq\ial ruinber oi men and two cannon, while some three hundred volunteers were sent into the woods along the road, in order to make a flank movement on the i ubels. The latter I • 252 FAILUEB OF KEBEILION. I w ha'' taken part possession of the woods, but the fire from the field-pieces drove them out, and a short muskotry skirmish ended in their total rout. Mackenzie was the last to leave, but now satisfied of the futility of his efforts against Toronto, he put spurs to his horse and fled up Yonge street, closely pursued. He, however, escaped, and although a reward of £1,000 was oflfered for his capture, succeeded, after under- going severe suflferings, in gaining the States, across the Niagara. Drs. Rolph and Morrison, had already made good their escape, while Mr. Bidwell went into voluntary exile, became a citizen of the United States, and afterwards rose to eminence as a lawyer in New York City. Sir Francis Head treated the prisoners with great clemency, permitting several of them as soon as captured, to return to their homes, and bidding them also to return to their allegiance. This affair had a great moral effect. It showed that the agitators — who had been foremost in endeavoring to turn the legitimate right of the people to protest against '* griev- ancesj" into disrespect fpr law and order — had signally failed. Wifh the exception of the few ambitious ones, and the mis- guided people, who took part in the outbreak of 1837, the majority of the population of Upper Canada, without distinc- tion of creed (Dr former political bias, was found to be truly loyal to British connection. Fortunately the winter was remarkably mild, and naviga- tion was open far into the following January, so that vessels could pass up and down on the lakes and rivers for purposes of transport. While the iDaders of disaffection were making good their escape fi(jui the province, thousands of loyal mili- tia ignorant of the recent turn in affai«is, were marching to- wards the capital, and oftering tlioir services to the govern- ment. It is said that within three days after the iirst alarm some twelve thousand volunteers were moving towards To- ronto J and the Governor found it necessary to issue a pro- clamation, that there was no need of further assistance at Toronto. A general order was likewise issued, for tlio whole of the militia in the more eastern districts to be ready rather to give their aid to Lower C»vuada. NAVY ISLAND. 253 Meanwhile, about four hundred disaffected people in the London district had assembled under Dr. Diincombe. But Colonel MacNab being sent from Toronto with five hundred volunteers, Duncombe followed the example of his superiors and decamped, leaving his followers to be dismissed to their homes. Thus the rebellion, as far as Upper Canada was con- cerned, was ended within the limits of the Province ; but it had lasted long enough to stir up a sympathy among the frontier population of the States ; who formed themselves into associations called " Hunters' Lodges," the chief officers of which, under the title of '• Grand Eagles," comprised, in many cases, prominent citizens of the nation. These lodges, in 1838, were said to number eleven hundred and seventy- four, and to include a membership of eighty thousand, with disposable funds to the amount of $300,000. At Buffalo, Mr. Mackenzie met with great sympathy, and a committee of American citizens set about collecting means for a prompt invasion of Canada, where, it was said, as in 1812, the people were ripe for rebellion. Accordingly, Navy Island, situated some two miles above the Falls of Niagara, and within British territory, was fixed upon as the head quarters of the " Patriot Army," and where Mackenzie, as president of the provis- ional government, offered £500 for the capture of Sir Francis Head, and directed the affairs of his little government. Van Rensselaer was his military chiof, and his force soon amount- ed to one thousand men, very few of whom were Canadians. Thirteen cannon, taken from neighboring American forts, were mounted on the island, over which floated the " Patriot " flag bearing two stars, symbolical of the two Canadas. On the Canadian shore. Colonel MacNab had gathered some two thousariu five hundred militia, and intrenched a camp at Chippewa, but made no effort to dislodge his enemy from the island, to which men and stores were constantly supplied from the American shore. For this purpose a small steamer, called the Caroline, had been cut out of the ice at Buffalo, and her owner being indemnified by a bond signed by seventeen American citizens, she was employed in the con- voyance of supplies to the rebels. In the meantime, soverul li:. !■> i 1 ^ I i 254 THE CAROLINE. ;l sliots had been discharged at the Canadian side of the river, and MacNab's boats had been molested while reconnoitring, but no great damage had been done. On the 28th of Decem- ber, Colonel NacNab instructed Lieutenant Drew, of the Boyal Navy, to select a crew and attempt the capture of the Caroline. Lieutenant Drew found her at Fort Schlosser, on the American side, and immediately boarded her, although fired upon by her guard. Five of the crew were killed, and several wounded, while of Drew's party none were killed, and only three wounded. Finding it impossible to tow her to the Canadian side, owing to the strength of the current, she was set on fire in mid-stream, and allowed to drift over the Falls. A great deal of fuss was made by the American (Jrovemment about the invasion of their territory, and the aflFair of the Caroline nearly led to open war ; but it was amicably settled in 1842, when Lord Ashburton apologized on behalf of the British ministry. Though the Americans had the best of the argument, as regarded the invasion of their territory, yet their officious sympathy with the rebel cause fully warranted the cutting out of the Caroline, because without her the re- bels must soon have been obliged to quit their quarters on the island. So the British Government seemed to think at the time, for in the following year it conferred the honor of knighthood upon Colonel MacNab, while the House of As- sembly in Upper Canada tendered its thanks to the men en- gaged in the exploit, and presented, swords to §ir Allan and Lieutenant Drew. This session which had been assembled on the 28th, likewise suspended the Habeas Corpus Act. In the following January, Sir John Colborne sent troops into the Upper Province, which was easily accomplished, owing to the river being still open, and a force of 1838' artillery was soon collected at Chippewa. The fire now opened upon Navy Island made it uncomfortable for the "Patricks," and on the 14th of January they were obliged to evacuate it, and retire to the American main- land. Meanwhile, bands of symi^athizers had organized at San- dusky and Detroit for the invasion of Canada in the west. ATTACK ON AMHBRSTBlfRG 255 Under leadars of the names ol Sutherland, Handy, and Dodge, they attempted a descent upon Amherstburg. For this pur- pose they had collected several hundred stand of arms, some canoes, and had possession of two schooners and several scows for transports. Being threatened by the United States, Marshal, they withdrew to Sugar Island, in the Detroit River. The militia around Amherstburg, learning that Sutherland intended to establish himself at Bois Blanc, a Canadian island, determined to prevent him, and three hun- dred of them took possession of it on the 7th of January, causing Sutherland to avoid it. But Amherstburg was now threatened, and the militia left the island, and succeeded in capturing one of the schooners, but the other, the Anne, with three pieces of cannon, maintained a fire upon the town as she ran past it. In the evening the wind blew strongly towards the Canadian shore, and as the A nne passed below the town, the militia poured into her such a fire of musketry that h |||JOpes and sails were cut. and her steersman being shotjaHp drifted towards the Canadians, and grounded in three leet of water. Volunteers at once plunged into the water, a,nd, although cannon and musketry were both dis- charged at them, succeeded in boarding the schooner, and captured twenty-one prisoners, three cannon, and three hundred stand of arms, and a quantity of ammunition and stores. This terminated Sutherland's invasion, after which he was arrested by; th^Oovernor of Michigan, and his men dis- persed to their homes. Another attempt by a person named McLeod ended in a similar manner on the 24th of February. Shortly after Sutherland made an attempt to establish him- self upon Point Pel6, in Lake Erie," with five hundred well- arnied men from Sandusky, but was dislodged with severe loss by Colonel Maitland, wh:^le Sutherland himself was taken prisoner. Meanwhile, Sir Francis Head had been recalled, and his successor having artived, he departed on the 23rd of March ; but being threatened by Canadian refugees if he proceeded by way of New York, he embarked at Halifax. Sir George Arthur, on assuming the reins of government til '111 I II 266 TRIALS— BILL JOHNSTON. received a petition largely signed , asking for leniency towards the numerous prisoners who filled the Jails of the province ; but all he would grant was that they Wf)uld have an impartial trial. At Toronto and Hamilton five hundred political priso- ners were in custody. For the trial of these a special com- mission was convened at Hamilton, while at Toronto a court-martial was held for the same purpose. In conseauenco. two of the leaders — Lount and Matthews — were executed, others were sent to the Penitentiary at Kingston, while very many were dismissed to their homes. Meanwhile, Sir John Colborne made every preparation, in both provinces, for any emergency, as the affair of the Caroline, and the " Maine boundary " question threatened to involve the United States a' d Great Britain in war. Troops arrived from England, Mnile forty thousand militia were ready to defend the fron- tier. On the night of the 29th of May, the Canadian steamer, Sir Rohert Peel, while on her passage from Prescott up the river, was boarded by a force of some forty arnHpmen, painted and dressed like Indians, under the noted desperado. Bill Johnston. The steamer, at the time, was lying at Well's wharf, in the Thousand Islands. The passengers were driven ashore half dressed, and the toat plunuered and burnt. This same outlaw, in June, made a descent on Amhsrst Island, And plundered several farm-houses. Parties of American ijoldiers and British sailors were immediately sent in pursuit of the gang, but not until November did they succeed in taking the leader, who, chased from island to island, at last durrendered to a party of American soldiers. During the summer a band of "Patriots" crossed the Niagara, and, overpowering a small body of Lancers, plundered a house at Short Hills, but thirty of their number were tal en shortly afterwards in a swamp, whither they had fled, and their leader. Morrow, was executed. A similar marauding oxcur- siou was also planned against Goderich, the robbers, after pillaging several shops, escaping in an American steamer. These occurrences led Sir George Arthur to forbid any per- sons travelling la the province without a passport. They DOINOS AT PRESCOTT. 257 towards jrovince ; impartial ical Driso- cial com- oronto a seauenco. executed, rhile very Sir John nces, for " Maine ed States England, the fron- steamer, jiip the men, tsperado, at Well's re driven •nt. This t Island, Lmerican I pursuit cceed in it, at last ring the 'a, and, liou&e at shortly id their y oxcur- '8, after teamer, ny per- They wore also n,n evidence that excitement was still maintained across the lines, by American sympathizers with Canadian rebel- lion. Aboiit the end of summer Sir John Colborne received full information of a simultaneous invasion of Canada at several points, and stood on his guard. At the same time that Robert Nelson a,ttemi>ted to establish himself at Napierville, in Lower Canada, similar efforts were to be made at Prescott and Amherstburs;. On the evening of Sunday, the llth of November, the news reached Prescott, that a large number of armed men had embarked at Oswego on board a large steamer and two schooners, and were on their way down the river. Early Monday morning the schooners were perceived, bt)und together side and side floating down with the current. They came to anuhor a short distance be- low the town, but were aarassed by a small armed steamer, the Experiment, which compelled them to move towards the American shore. Some repairs obliged the gun-boat to run into Prescott to refit, and the occasion was seized on by the " patriots," about two hundred and fifty, to land at Wind- mill Point. They were under the leadership of Von Schultz, a Polish exile. The jjoint, which is a rocky bluff, takes its name from a stone windmill, eighty feet high, circular in form, with walls nearly four feet thick. Its interior is divided into several stories, while its windows served the jjurpose of loop- holes. In its vicinity stone fences and several stone houses added to its strength as a hold for unprincipled men on a des- perate enterprise. Monday evening, other parties crossed in boats from Ogdensburg, and increased the numbers in the wind-mill, who spent the time in fortifying their position. During the night the steamers Victoria and Cohourg arrived at Preccott with seventy regulars and marines, while the militia hastened in from Glengarry, Dundas, and Grenville, led by their officers Macdonald, Go wan, Chrysler, and Eraser, the to- tal being about five hundred in number, under command of a regular oflftcer, Colonel Young. Early Tuesday morning, which was dark and cloudy, the attack was commenced by a sharp fire upon the stone walls in rear of tho wind-mill, behind which the * ' patriots " were sheltered. A party of fifty [of these 258 BATTLE OF THE WIND-MIIL. having pursued some militia across the hills wore captured r^ cut down. From point to point the brigands were driven, and finally obliged to take retuge in the mill. - The British had no cannon heavy enough to make an impreission upon, this, and accordingly nothing could' be done until reinforce- ments of artillery arrived irom Kingston. Meanwhile the troops were disposed so as to cut off all escape, and armed steamers guarded the river to prevent any crossing. About noon on Friday, three steamers arrived at Prescott, having on board the 83rd regiment of the line, and a detachment of Royal Artillery. The latter was soon placed in position, and the build^'ngs and mill bombarded. Within half-an-hour a white flag waved from one of the windows of the miH, and when the firing ceased, the rebels, one hundred and ten in number, marched out and surrendered at discretion. Large quantities of powder, and arms of various descriptions were found in the wind-mill, and a flag of very fine Workmanship. The " patriots " had lost over forty killed, and the Canadians thirteen. At the Detroit river, a rossing was made on the 4th of De- cember, by four hundred and fifty rebels, when Windsor was taken, a steamer burnt, and two men murdered. One hundred and eighty-seven militia under Colonel Prince meet- ing a detachment of the marauders on their way to Sandwich, attacked and scattered em killing twenty-one, and taking four prisoners, whom he ordered to be shot as soon as brought to his camp, A detachment of regulars coming up, an ad- vance was made on Windsor, but the " patriots " hastily left, some crossing to Detroit, while others fled to the woods, where shortly afierwards, nineteen were found frozen to death, around the dead embers of a fire. Nearly all the prisoners taken in these engagements in Upper Canada were Ameri- cans. In the spring of 1839, courts-martial were convened at Kingston and London, when one hundred and eighty were brought to trial, and condemned to be hanged, but 1839< some of these on account of their youth were per- mitted to return home, and the sentence of others Wf V th P< so se tu (( St w THE END OP REBELLION. 259 was commuted to transportation to Van Dieman's Laud. Von Schultz and nine others were executed at Kingston for the attack at the Windmill ; while three sufFered the extreme penalty of the law at London, for participation in the Wind- sor affair. Many of those transported died abroad, and after several years the survivors were released and allowed to re- turn home. Thus ended the '* Canadian Rebellion " and the "Patriot War," which had only delayed reform in the con- stitution, besides adding all the evils of the excitement of war and of mutual distrust in the community. * » \\ ■■IP ■■|i< ' p Bit ' . m 260 PUBLIC DBBT. CHAPTER XXVIi. STEPS TOWARDS UNION. 1839. 1840. Provincial Debt— Mr. Thompson, GoveniorGeiicral— Question of Union in Upper and Lower Canada— Sketch of the Bill. ResponslWo Government conceded- Brock's Monument blo^n up— Col- Jcges— Lord Sydenham— McLeod's Trial. The ) fcgislataro of Upper. Canada met on the 27th of Feb- ruary, and was opened by Sir George Arthur, who inW. w'luded in his speech to the recent deplorable ev ■ !^^8, and the consequent low state of the finances of the province. Although the revenue was £80,000, the expenditure would be over £90,000 ; while the numerous public works which had been commenced had increased the public debt so largely, that the annual interest on it amounted to £63,000. Before the session closed, Lord Dur- ham's report had been published in England, and copies of it had reached Canada. The project of union with the other prov^inces was freely discussed, and resolutions in its favor were passed in the House of Assembly, but thrown out in the Upper House. The Welland Canal was assumed as a government work this session. During the summer the advocates of union held meetings throughout the country, and it was evident that the majority of the people were in favor of the scheme. Sir John Col- borne having, as Governor- General of both the Canadas, placed them in a thorough condition of defence, and having seen quiet fully restored, requested his recall. His request was acceded to, and on the 23rd of October he sailed for England, where the Queen, in appreciation of his eminent services, raised him to the peerage, with the title of Lord Seaton. Previous to his departure from Canada, however, his successor, the Right Honorable Charles Poulett Thomp- son, arrived at Quebec. He was a gentleman of g: eat ability, well acquainted with questions of finance, and had come out BFFOKTS TOWARDS UNION. 261 n of Union ,11 up— Col- i of Feb- lur, who plorable finances )00, the umerous aaed the it on it )rcl Dur- pies of it lie other its favor n out in led as a neetings majority )hn Col- ^anadas, i having request died for eminent of Lord lowever, Thomp- 5 ability, 3me out charged with the special duty of procuring the consent of Upper and Lower Canada to a legislative union. Proceed- ing to Montreal, ho met the Special Council on the 11th of November, and as soon a? popsible laid the subject before it. Fully explaining the views of the Home Government to the Council, he said, " Mutual sacrifices wore undoubtedly re- quired, mutual concessions would be demanded, but I en- tertain no doubt that the terms of the union' will be finally adjusted by the Imperial Parliament with fairness to both provinces, and with the utmost advantage to their inhabit- ants." On the 13th the Council gave its "assent to the pro- posed union, and passed a series of six resolutions to form a basis for the scheme. The Council was then discharged for the time, and the Governor-General proceeded to Toronto, where he arrived on the 21st of the month. On the 3rd of December he opened the last session of tho L <"'t }. .'liament of Upper Canada. He soon perceived that ^ is g't.itest diffi- culty would be in procuring the assent of tlse Upper House to the union, which, to the Legislative and ^'^xecutive Coun- cils, meant responsible government, with the probable loss to their members of the chief places in 1 > aflfairs of the pro- vince, the sole occupancy of which they had enjoyed for so long a time. However, the pointed manner in which the Governor-General had recommended the question to parlia- ment, supported shortly afterwards by a despatch from the Colonial Minister, Lord John Russell, approving the former's conduct, placed such members of the Executive Council as belonged to the Upper House in the dilemma of being ob- liged either to resign their places as advisers of his Excellen- cy, or to support the union of the provinces. The majority of them preferred the latter course, and a bill introduced Into parliament readily passed its various stages, and only awaited the sanction of the Imperial Parliament to become law. Sir James Stuart, Chief Justice in the Lower Province, was commissioned by the Governor-General to draft the arti- cles of union, as specified in the resolutions of the two pro- vincial governments, into the form of a Bill for submission to the English Commons. It passed both Lords and Oom^ 'I ! 262 THE UNION BILL. mons, and received the sanction of Her Majesty on 1840> the 23rd of July, 1840 ; but owing to a suspending clause, it was not to come into operation until the 10th of February, 1841, when it would become law by pro- clamation. This Bill provided for the union of the two provinces, un- der the name of the *' Province of Canada," with one Legis- lative Council and one Legislative Assembly. The members to the former were not to bo fewer than twenty, to be ap- pointed by the Crown for life ; while those for the Lower Hoxise were to be elective, forty-two being sent by each pro- vince. The smn of £76,000 was to be granted annually as a permanent civil list, for the indispensable working of the Government. By this clause the judges became independent. After the passage of the Union Bill, the Provincial Parlia- ment proceeded to the consideration of the Clergy Reserve question, but nothing definite was done. During this session the Governor-General, by message, conceded responsible government, and Mr. Draper became Attorney-General and Mr. Robert Baldwin Solititor-General. On the 17th of April, some unkjiown person attempted to blow up Brock's monument at Queenston Heights, and suc- ceeded in damaging it so much that H had to be renewed. For this purpose a meeting of five thousand people, presided over by Sir George Arthur, was held near the shattered column, and subscriptions were taken upi for its restoration. In this year. Queen's College, Kingston, was founded, and . Victoria College, at Cobourg, became endowed with univer- sity powers. The charters of the Cities of Montreal and Que- bec, which had expired during the rebellion, were also re- newed by the Governor-General. During the summer, his Excellency visited Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and met with a warm and loyal reception. For the judicious manner in which he had brought the province to consent to the union, he was raised to the peerage, with the title of Baron Syden- ham of Kent and of Toronto. Towards the close of the year, Deputy-Sheriff McLeod, of the Niagfira district, was imprisoned while in the United TUK AFFAIR OF M'LEOD. 263 States, and there tried f<)r his supposed share in the cutting out of the (Caroline. His release 'was doinandod by Great Britain, but refused ; and for a time there was every appear- ance of war. But a verdict of " not guilty " gave the Ameri- can authorities the opportunity to let him go, and excitement was once more allayed. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY 1815-1841. NOVA SCOTIA. In 1820, attoution was first drawn to the neuewity of protecting tlie coast fisheries. In 1827, $20,('H)0 was contributed to aid the sufferers by the great forest fires in Miramichi, New Bruuswiclc. la 1838, the Exectitive and Legislative Councils were scpara'^d, and the former made tu coiisist of nine, and the latter of nineU)cn members appointed by the Crown. NEW BUirSSWlCK. In 1826, during a very hot sinnmer, extensive tires ravajred the forests of Mira- michi, six thousand square miles were desolated, five hundred lives lost, and property destroyed to the value of ijl,0b0,000. In 1837, Vttp City of SI. John was visited by Are, and 115 houses destroyed. In 1837t4p provincial revenues, about which so much contention arose in the Canadas, were surrendered to the local government, in return for a permanent civil list, amounting to ^8,000 a year. V 1 i!' TUK NORTH-WKBT. Soon after the founding of Lord Selkirk's settlement, diflRculty arose between the two rival companies, during which many lives were lost. In 181G, it became necessary to send troops from Quebec to Red River, in order to leslore quiet. In 1821, the strife waa ended by the union of the two companies. ENOIjAND. George IV.. 1820- William IV., 1830. Qiia«Q Victoria. 1837. United States. James Monroe, Esq., President, 1817-1825. John Qninoy Adams, Esq-, Pre- sident. 1828-1829. Andrew Jackson, Esq-. Presi- dent, 1829-1837. M- VanBnren, Esq-, President, 1837-1841. 2G4 KiUQtiX^J HIE CAPITAL. FOURTH PERIOD. PROM THE UNION OP THE PROVINOES, 1841. UNTIL CONFEDE- BATION. 1867. CHAPTER XXVITI. 1841. Kingston tho Capital-" Double Majority" Priudple— Municipal Insti- tutions founded -Death of Lord Sydeubam. 1849. The Baldvvin-Hinol(H Ministry— Sir Charles Bagot, Governur-General— Asliburton Treaty— Extraditio). Law. 1843. Sir Charles Metcalfe, Qovernor-General— Question of Patronage. 1844. Montreal becomo!; the seat of Qovernment— The Draper Ministry— Toronto Globe established. 1815. Fires in Quebec— Earl of Cathcart AcLuinistrator—Rebellion Losses in Upper Canada. 1846. Educational Advancement— Dr. Ryeison appointed Chief Superintendent. 1847. Earl of El^in, Governor-General — lufluence of the Pro»s— Municipal Insti- tutions in Lov*'cr Canada — Immigration — Pestilence. 1848. Baldwin-Lafontaiue Ministry —St. Lawrence Canals completedtf^Financial Depression, -> Under the new order of things, Kingston was selected as the seat of government, and there Lord Sydenham took up his residence. During the spring the elections necessary 1841- to the new legislature took place in both provinces, and much excitement was evinced in the contest between the two parties which had gradually been coming into existence, and which took to themselves the names of Conservatives and Reformers. The latter took their rise from their opposition to the Family Compact, and the persistent demand they had ever made for conscitutional reforms ; and although as a party, they had suffered somewhat in reputa- tion from the extreme radical tendencies ui Mackenzie and his associates in their rash rebellion, yet in 1841, the Re- formers stood forward strong in the confidence of the country, and were able to number a small majority in the new House of Assembly. Tiie Conservative party was a consequence of FinST MINFHTRY. 265 the oppf)sitif)n existing heretofore between tlie Keforniora and the Family Compact {^ovornniont. Not liking the ex- treme coercion practised by the old oxucntive system, nor yet the very extreme views of the opposition, they had endeav- ored to pursno a middle conrse ; but being moderate in their sentiments, tliey had always been more or less subject to the influence of the Executive, and had thus become a moans by which the latter had sought to sustain their failing tovtunes. The " Union," by breaking up the old system of patronage and coercion, permitted these two parties to try their relative strength iipon more even terms ; and the result showed that they were very nearly balanced. On account of this fact, the French members, who numbered only twenty-four names, were enabled to give themselves considerable importance in the House, as they may be said to have held the " balance of power" in their votes. But this was counteracted to some extent by whai was called the " double majority" vote, which obliged a Ministry in order to continue in power, to be able to command a majority not only of the whole House, but also of the members of Upper and Lower Canada separately. Parliament met on the 13th of June, and was opened with more than ordinary ceremony bj' the Governor-General. The first Ministry consisted of Messrs. Sullivan (President of the Council), Baldwin, Daly, Dunn, Day, Draper, Harrison, and Ogden. During the session a permanent foundation was given to many existing institutions . One of these was the municipal system, which has attained such perfection in Can- ada, and Avhich gives the people the management of their local affairs, with the levying and disbursing of rates for local improvements and government. Before the Union all such matters were controlled by the Quarter Sessions or Boards of Commissioners. Another important measure had reference to public works, which had hitherto been under- taken by private enterprise, or under contracts given out by separate departments of the Government. At the suggestion of Lord Sydenham, a bill was introduced and passed, placing the construction of public works under the supervision of a Board, to be presided over by a responsible membGr of th« I :>', n I ll 266 LORD SYI>ENHAm's DKATH Cabinet ; while, in order to complete those works already commenced, and to consolidate the debt incurred in their constmction, the credit of the United Provinces was pledged n^ England for a loan of £1,500,000 sterling. Bills were also passed tending to improve the system of education ; to revise the customs' duties, and the Post Office department ; and to regulate the currency of the coiiiitry. All this time Lord Sydenham was diligent in trying to obliterate the prejudices of party and race existing in the Parliament. With the Legislative Council he had much difficulty. Many of the men who had been members of the old Council were not chosen to that of United Oanada ; while many new men, tin- tried in public life, were called to seats in this Upper Hoiise. On the 4th of September, the Governor-General sustained a fall from his horse, which injured him severelj', and his health at the time being seriously impaired by his many and arduous labors, he succumbed to the eliects of the accident, and died" on the 19th of the same month. The Parliament was prorogued the day before by General Clitherow, whom luE Excellency had delegated for that purpose. The announce- ment of Lord Sydenham's death wns received with deep grief throughout Canada. He had put the Union in success- i\i\ operation, and had, by his political sagacity, joined with wide experience, and by liis laborious zeal, given the new constitution an impetus which it never lost. Sir Richard Jackson achniuistered the government until the arrival of Sir Charles JJagot, at Kingston, on the lOtli of January, .1842. The latter gave the task of forming 1842< a new Ministry, into the hands of Messrs. Baldwin and Hincks, who invited Mr. Lafontaine to unite with them, as the representative of the views of the French pai'ty. With these were associated Messrs. Aylwin and Morin. The offices of state held by these Ministers, and upon the ac- ceptance of which they were obliged to go back to their several constituencies for re-election, were as follows : Mr. Francis Hincks, Inspector-General of Public Accounts (Finance Minis- tu. ) ;Mr. Baldwin, Attorni!y-( General for Canada West; Mr. La- fontaine, Attorney-General for Canada i^ast ; Mr. Morin, d from Montreal throughout the country, and in Upper Can p. da especially the excitement was intense. Meetings wfive held in all directions, at which the topics of discussion nere : *' No pay to llebols," and "French Doniixiation." It RIOT IN MONTHEAL. 273 Mr. ." It was the old war of the two races — British and French ; and party lines wero for a time forgotten. Some of the ultra- Conservatives, in the heat of the moment, declared they were prepared to adopt any meand — even annexation with the United States — rather than succuiub to disloyal inflnence. These hot words were afterwards regretted, but their utter- ance served one good purpose, for it put an end to ungener- ous tauntings between the two parties. Notwithstanding the excitement which raged without the House, the Ministry ro- Bohf d to finish what they had begun, and the bill was finally passed by a vote of forty-eight to thirty-two ; after which it passed the Legislative Council, and only awaited the assent of the Governor-General. No sooner was it known in Toronto • that the bill had passed than disgraceful riots took place in that city, and the dwellings of prominent Reformers were damaged. It was thouguc, that on account of the popular excitement Lord Elgin would withhold his assent to the bill, or reserve it for the consideration of the Home Government. But other bills requiring his assent at this time, he pro- ceeded to the Parliament House, on the site of what is now St. Ann's Market, and on the 26th of April signified his ap- proval of several measures, that for the ' ' Rebellion Losses " being among the number. The report of this fact soon spread throughout the city, and as his Excellency left the Parlia- ment House he was saluted with groans and hisses, accom- panied by whatever missiles were readily at hand. The Assembly continued its sitting until the evening, when it was once more surrounded by the mob, v.'' i, not satis- tied with throwing stones through the windo> j, forced its way into the building, from which the members made their escape as (jnickly as possible. One of the rioters, seating himself in the Si^eaker's chair, with a wave of his hand, cried, ** I dissolve this House ;" others set about tearing up the benches and piling them with books and papers in the middle of the floor, and smashing the chandeliers . Meanwhile seve- ral of the members, assisted by some gentlemen, attempted to save articles of value, when the cry of fire was raised, and the fiames spruad «o rapidly that all had to tiy for their lives, n I ¥ ' I i 274 aOVKRNMBNT SEAT GUANOED. Sir Allan MacNab succeeded in rescuing the portrait f)f her Majesty, for which £500 had been paid. But the valuable library of the House, which contained eighteen hundred volumes upon Canada alone, was completely destroyed. For fleveral days the city was disturbed by the mob, so thSt it was not safe for any of the objects of its wrath to be seen in the streets. On the 30th, Lord Elgin drove into the city, for the purpose of receiving the address of the Parliament with reference to the riots, when he was again grossly in- sulted ; and upon his return he would have fallen into the hands of the mob, had it not been eluded by the clever driving of his postillions. These riots led to the removal of the seat of Government altogether from Montreal. For the remaining two years it was to be held at Toronto, and after that alternately at Que- bec and Toronto every four years. In consequence of this popular demonstration, Lord Elgin tendered his resignation to the Queen, but Her Majesty with the advice of her Ministers approved of his conduct,and re- quested him to continue in office, at the same time raising him a step in the peerage. Parliament did not meet again during the year, and as time advanced, tranquillity was restored ; while addresses redolent with sympathy and esteem poured in upon the Governor- General. When the Legislature mot in Toronto in May, there was a careful abstinence from all exciting political discussion, and an evident desire on both sidep to let the past bo 185C< buried in oblivion, Mr. Papineau again advocated an elective Upper House, which, it will be remembered, was his particular "grievance," previously to 1837. A proposi- tion was made to the Government of the United States for a Reciprocity Ti-eaty ; and in England, Mr. Hincka succeeded in improving the quotation of Canadian securities on the London Stock Exchange. A free-banking law was also introduced into the Province, by which the issue of notes by any banking institution was to be guaranteed by a deposit of i^rovineinrsocuritios with the Government. Meanwhile, outside ut i'ariiameut, agitation was louowed regarding the PROORESa OP CANADA. 276 secularization of the Clergy Reserves, the discussion of the question being led by the Globe, Examiner, and other PLeform journals. This agitation caused a division in the Reform party ; Messrs. Lafontaine and Baldwin opposed its renewal, but being persisted in, it led to the extreme wing of the Reform party placing itself in opposition to the Ministry. The Canadian Government now received the transfer of the Post Office department, and a uniform rate of postage — three pence per half-ounce — Avas established, while 185L the benefit of letter-stamps was also introduced. The corner-stone of the Normal School buildings in Toronto was laid by Lord Elgin. Trinity College was founded at Toronto, and during the year efforts were made for the establishment of Catholic Separate Schools. Much enterprise began to be shown in endeavors to compete with New York State, in securing a portion of the carrying trade of the Western States. The navigation of the lakes and of the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence was rendered more safe by the erection of lighthouses. The Northern Railway was under construction, and the Great Western was being projected by Sir Allan MacNab ; while Mr. Hincks was furthering the scheme of the Grand Trunk line. During this year also, the industrial products of Canada were well represented at the London Crystal Palace exhibition, an enterprise originated by the noble Prince Consort. Parliament held two sessions in 1851 ; the first extended from May until August, and was distinguished by the resign- ation of Mr. Baldwin, on account of the adverse vote given by the Upper Canada majority upon a measure regarding the Court of Chancery. The second session opened in Octo- ber, when Mr. Hincks became Premier, while the Cabinet was remodelled and Dr. Rolph and Malcolm Cameron were received into it, as the representatives of the extreme section of the Reform party. A general election followed this event, and some changes were made among the prominent men sent to Parliament. Robert Baldwin was defea^^^ec] iu York,while W. L. Mackenzie was elected for Haldimand. This year is memorable on accouiib of the extensive fire ;:1 276 GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY ACT. which devastated Montreal in July, and by which ten thou- sand of the inhabitants were left houseless. This 1852- year is also important, inasmuch as several new features appeared in its legislation. Parliament met at Quebec on the IGth of Augiist, when Mr. John Sand- field Macdonald was elected Speaker of the Houso of Assembly. Lord Elgin, in his speech from the throne, directed the atten- tion of the assembled legislators to several beneficial measures which have since become law. Prominent among them were an alteration in the seigniorial tenure system, the expediency of having a line of steamers to sail between Canada and Eng- land, a change in the currency of the Provinces to assimilate it more to that of the United States, with which country Canada had now an extensive trade, and lastly, the propriety of a change in the Parliamentary representation. This session is remarkable for the passing of the Act for the incor- poration of the Grand Trunk Railway. " By the twenty- eighth sectioa of this Act, tne bonds of the Company received the Provincial guarantee to the extent of £3,000 sterling per. mile, and for every £100,000 actually expended on the railway by the Oomi)any, £40,000 were to be guaranteed by the Province. By this Act a sum exceeding $16,000,000 was in a few years added to the permanent liabilities of the coun- try, and in 18G0, the total debt of the Grand Trunk Railway to the Government, principal and interest, amotinted to $23,000,000." Another measure introduced by Mr. Hincks, with a beneficial intention, but which became the source of several evils in the country, was an Act to establish a Con- solidated Municipal Loan Fund for Upper Canada. This fund, which was to be under the control of the Government, was intended to aid Municipalities in making local improve- ments, such as roads, bridges, and other public %T<.)rks,, bv furnishing a source from v.hich they might borrow money upon the credit of the Government. The object was good but sufficient checks were not imposed, so that many of the municipalities rashly incurred debts, upon which they could not even meet the payment of interest, and which had, there- fore, to bo borne by the Government, This state of things, MUNICIPAL L'A\ KtrND. 277 Eiig- in connection with n railway policy far in advance of the tiivos, added a large increase to the public debt,iaiid in a few years, produced an annual deficit in the revenue. Two years later, in 1854, it became necessary lo amend the above Act, so as to extend its provisions to Lower Canada, at the same time limiting the " fund " for each Province to £1,500,000. But in 1852 retrenchment was not much regarded, owing to the healthy condition of trade, and a surplus of revenue, the latter amounting to |3, 976,706, while the expenditure was only $3,059,081. This fact placed the credit of the country very high in foreign money markets, and Canadian securities bearing six per cent, interest, rose to a premium of sixteen per cent, in the English stock quotations. The total work of the session, which has been called the "Railroad Session," closed in November after passing one hundred and ninety- three Act ;, twenty-eight of which related to railways. Parliamentary representation was also increased from eighty- four to one hundred and thirty members, giving sixty-five to each province, and re-arranging the constituencies more fairly. Other Bills related to municipal matters, schools, and the courts. In the meantime an Act of the Imperial Parliament con- ceded to that of Canada the power of legislation upon the long- vexed " Clergy Reserves " question, but with 1853- the provision that existing interests were not to be interfered with, and the annual stipends being paid to the clergy of various denominations were to be continued during the lives of the incumbents. On the 6th of June the Gavazzi riots took place in Quebec, occasioned by an intolerant mob which surrounded the Presbyterian church where Father Gavazzi, a converted [talian priest, was lecturing. Its victim having escaped, the mob went in search of Mr. George Brown, who was looked upon as the Protestant champion in the Assembly. On the 9th of the same month Gavazzi lectured in Montreal, when a more serious riot occurred. The church was surrounded by a mob, and in the presence of the military and police, stones were thrown and pistols fired both by the mob and i, I ; > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) -^ // // ^.<.^ ,.V .^ ^^% S" 4 A :/^ 1.0 liA 1.1 1*^^ IL25 1 1.4 m 1.6 v] vQ /. •f '9 Hiotographic Sciences CcHporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14980 (716) 872-4503 "i*^ 278 BBCiPROClTir TREAT\. parties in tho clmrcli. When the confusion was Kome^hnt allayed tho crowd commenced to disperse, and people were on their way homeward when they were suddenly fired upon by the military, acting under the orders of the mayor, who seems to have lost all presence of mind. Five persons were lulled and many wounded. About this time several circum- stances tended to lessen the popularity of the Ministry, which by several changes in its members did not represent the same talent as when first formed. The Opposition in the House was also very strong, numbering not only the Conser- vative party, but also the extreme wing of the Reformers led by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie and Mr. George Brown. The latter party opposed Mr. Hincks on account of his hesitation in dealing with the Clergy Reserve question. Charges of a grave character were also made against the Premier. In the beginning of the year the Governor-General and Mr. Hincks went to England to represent the interests of Bri- tish North America in the negotiations then going 1854- on in reference to a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States. AH the preliminaries having been arranged. Lord Elgin, as the special envoy of Great Britain,, went to Washington, where the final details were concluded, and the treaty ratified on the 5th of June. The concur- rence of the legislatures of the several countries and colonies was now all that was^necessary to put the treaty in force. It was to continue for ten years, after which time it could be terminated by either of the contracting parties giving one year's notice. It provided for the mutual exchange of, or trade in, numerous articles, the natural products of the farm, forest, and the mine — free of duty. It permitted Americans the use of the St. Lawrence and other Canadian canals, in ex- change for the concession to Canada of the right to sail through Lake Michigan. The people of New England were also allowed the privilege of the in-shore fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with certain restrictions. This Treaty came into operation in March of the following year, and fur- nishes the first instance of Great Britain recognizing tho CLBRGY RKSERVES BILL. 279 h,it irere right of her colonieF lo assist in tho negotiations of a treaty, where their interests wore involved. Parliament met on tho 13th of June. The Opposition were still bent ni^on ousting the Ministry from office, although the latter was able to show a long list of beneficial legislation. It seemed reluctant, however, to deal with the two (juestions of the " Seigniorial Tenure" earnestly demanded by the French Canadian section of the House, and the "Clergy Reserves," a subject of agitation with the advanced Reformers of Upper Canada, The session ,as short and stoi'my, and on the 22nd the Governor-General dissolved parliament before a single bill had been passed. A general election followed, and (m the 6th of September the Legislature was again assem- bled. Mr. Hinck's Cabinet was defeated in a vote upon a question of privilege — being a demand for a delay of twenty- four hoursl u order to consider a question before the House — and he accordingly handed his resignation to the Governor- General. But to prevent those from gaining office, who had been chiefly instrumental in its defeat, the late Ministry and its friends made overtures to the Conservative party in the House, and the result was a coalition government, the first of the character which had yet been formed in Canada. It was led by Sir Allan MacNab as President of the Council, and numbered among its members Mr. John A. Macdonald, Mr. Robert Spence, Mr. William Cayley, and Mr. Chauveau. But a strong opposition to this Ministry waa formed under the leadership of Mr. Brown, Mr. Dorion, and Mr. John Sandfield Macdonald, who all refused to support in any way, a coalition administration. During this session the new Ministry introduced a bill for the secularization of the Clergy Reserves, by which tlie fund arising from these lands was to be handed over to the differ- ent municipalities, to be applied as each thought most proper. But such portions of the reserves as were already in the pos- session of incumbents, were to form a sma 1 permanent en- dowment for the clergy of the churches, vrlio had thus held possession. The ' ' feudal tenure " of lands, as it existed in Lower Canada, 280 SEIONIORIAL TENURE ACT. was also brought to a settlement. The diflSciilties in connec- tion with this question arose out of certain peculiar privi- leges granted to the seigniors under the French regime, and which privileges having been confirmed to their possessors in 1763, had seriously interfered with any improvement in the condition of the small farmers of the Lower Province, and had materially retarded the advancement of the country generally. It had long been agitated to purchase these seigniorial rights from the owners of the soil, according to the decision of value of a commutation commission to be appointed. Each tenant or small farmer was to pay a certain amount to the seignior, the balance of the commutation price to h%i paid from a fund granted by Parliament. The sum granted amounted to $2,600,000. Among other bills passed was one incorporating the Canada Ocean Steamship Company, with a subsidy of $1,800,000. This year closed Lord Elgin's administration of the govern- ment of Canada. He returned to England, and after fulfil- ling important missions to Japan and China, was appointed Governor-General of India, where he died in 1863. Mr. Hincks also went to England, became governor of the Wind- ward West India Islands, and received the honor of knight- hood. The Crimean war, which commenced in this year became a matter of much interest to Canadians of both provinces, from the fact that England and France were united in an alliance with Turkey against Russia. The victory at the Alma, October 17th, furnished an opportunity for both Houses of the Canadian Legislature to forward congratulations to England, accompanied by two drafts of £10,000 each, for the relief of the widows and orphans of the soldiers and sailors of France and England, slain in the war. This act of sympathy was promptly and pleasingly acknowledged. CRIMEAN WAR. 281 CHAPTER XXX. 1855. Sir Edmund Walker Head, Govemor-aoneral -Fall of Sebastopol. 1856. Canadian railways— Cabinet changes- Accident at Desjardins' bri-Jgo. 1857. Steamer Montreal burnt— Sepoy Illatlny and China war— Commercial depregsion— General election. 1858. Question of representation by population— Ottawa selected as the per- manent capital— Decimal currency introduced— Atlantic cable laid — Death of the Hon. Robert Baldwhi, 859. Canadian laws consolidated -Reform convention at Toronto. I84M>. Hon, George Brown's resolutions -".Joint authority"- Visit of His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales— Extradition of Anderson refused. SiE Edmund Walker Head, the successor of Lord Elgin, opened the adjourned session of Parliament on the 1855- 23rd of February. Clianges had meanwhile taken place in the Cabinet, and Messrs. Cauchon, Cartier and Leraieux now sat in it. An amendment to the Militia Act, which was passed this session, led to the formation of the first regular corps of volunteers. And the Legislature, after enacting the large number of two hundred and fifty-one measures, ended its labors on the 30th of May. In the Crimea the strength of the allies was augmented by the Sardinian contingent, while the victories of Inkerman, Balaklava, and the Tchernaya evinced the valor of the com- batants, and the obstinacy of the siege. At last Sebastopol fell on the 8th of September, the news of which created uni- versal rejoicing throughout British America, as was attested by the bonfires and illuminations in every city, town, and village. Peace was permanently restored in Europe by a treaty signed at Paris in the following year. Meanwhile the construction of the railways of Canada was being pushed forward ; the Northern and Great Western lines were already in operation, and during this year 18d6> the Grand Trunk was completed to Montreal, whither the first through train bore an immense crowd of guests to join in the three days' festivities of the com- mercial metropolis. Upon the assembling of Parliament at Toronto, in February, the Ministry encountered an opposition so strong that Sir 382 SEPOY MUTINY. Allan MacNab was forced to retire from the leadership, and Mr. Tach6 and Mr. John A. Macdonald successively assumed the head of the Government. During this session several useful bills were passed in reference to the practice of the Courts of Law. The Legislative Council was also made elective. Its members, who were all nominees of the Crown, were to retain their seats during life, but twelve new mem- bers were to be elected every two years, and after election to hold their seats for a period of eight years. In order to give effect to this measure, the United Provinces were divided into forty-eight electoral districts. On the 12th of March an unusual and painful accident oc- casioned deep sadness in Canada. A passenger train, running from Toronto to Hamilton, on the Great Western Railway, broke through the bridge which spans the Desjardins canal, causing the death of seventy people. But a far more dis- tressing accident occurred on the 26th of June, in 1SS7. the following year, when the steamer Montreal was destroyed by fire while on her way from Quebec to Montreal with a large number of emigrants. Two hundred and fifty lives were lost by this catastrophe. Meanwhile the war between England and China, which had commenced the year before, was still continued. On the 10th of May the Sepoy mutiny broke out at Meerut in Northern India. In June these fiends in human form seized Delhi, and massacred the British residents at Cawnpore. A fierce struggle took place at Lucknow, which was relieved by Sir Henry Havelock. The rebellion, although most cruel and determined, was at length suppressed by the fortitude of the small army of British soldiers led by the heroic Campbell, Lawrence, and Havelock. These wars created a depression in the English, money market, which seriously affected Canada, and this circumstance combined with the failure of the crops produced a severe commercial crisis in the country. As a consequence the Government was obliged to assume the pay- ment of the interest — $800,000 per annum — on the railway loans, as well as of that due upon the Municipal Loan Fund, amounting to $400,000. The result was a large deficit in the ilAT OF GOVERNMENT. 283 public revenue, which was only $5,363,050, while the expen- diture reached the sum of ^,693,000. The moat noticeable act of the Parliament was a resolution praying Her Majesty to be pleased to select a Canadian city, suitably situated, to become a permanent seat for the government, while at the same time the sum of $900,000 was voted for the erection of buildings, so soon as the Queen's decision should be made known. A general election towards the close of the year resulted in Upper Canada in a large majority for the Reformers, while in Lower Canada the retiirnfa were just the reverse, the Rouge party, as it was called, being badly beaten. Accordingly when the Legislature met, the Ministry of Mr. John A. Mac- donald was forced to abandon the " double ma- 1858. jority " principle, which it had never conceded, in order to retain office. The charge was immediately raised in Upper Canada that he was subjecting that province to French domination ; and the Reform party at once began to advocate "Representation by Population " without any distinction with regard to the provincial boundary lines, as the only means by which Upper CJanada could exert her influence in the legislative halls. Hence originated the circumstances which led to the federal union of all the pro- vinces. Mr. Henry Smith, of Kingston, was elected Speaker of the Assembly. Among the new members recently elected were the talented Thomas d'Arcy McGco and John Sheridan Hogan, who both met tragical deaths. During the session it was an- nounced that Her Majesty had been pleased tc> select Ottawa as the capital of the Canadas. As several cities had hoped to obtain this honor, much disappointment was at first felt in the country, and the Opposition in the House led away by their party feelings against tho Ministry, succeeded in carry- ing a motion expressive of regvot at the Royal selection, by a majority of fourteen. The Ministry at once resigned, when the Opposition saw the mistake they had made in placing themselves at fault respecting their undoubted loyalty to the , Sovereign, fP 284 OABIKBT OHANOES. In order to complete the work of the session the (lovornor- Genernl invited Mr. George Brown, Jia leader of the Reform party, to construct a Cabinet. The latter desired rhe disso- lution f)f the House, in order thr.u an Assembly might be re- turned more representative of reform views than the present legislature. His Excellency refused, so that, although Mr. Brown's Ministry numbered several gentlemen of the greatest ability, it did not obtain the support of the House, and. after two days, was obliged to resign office. Mr. George E. Oartior was next called on to form a government that would meet the views of the Assembly, which he accomplished ninth the aid of Mr. John A. Macdonald. The term " double-shuffle," as applied to Canadian politics, o rose at this time from the fact that several members of the former Macdonald Ministry accepted seats in the last-formed cabinet, and did not go back to their constituents for re-ebction. They were supported in this course of action by a clause of the ** Independence of Parliament " Act of the year before, ' that if any member of a Cabinet elected to oierve in the Legislative Assembly, or Legislative Council, resigned his office, and within one month after his resignation accepted another office in the Govern- ment, he should not thereby vacate his seat." The advantage take a of this clause was severely condemned by the Opposi- tion, and it was shortly afterwards repealed. Several impor- tant Acts wore now passed relating to the franchise, and the fisheries o' the lakes and rivers, while in order to supply the deficiency in the revenue, a duty of fifteen per cent, was placed on importations, tho tarifl" heretofore having not ex- ceeded twelve per cent. The decimal system of currency was also introduced ; and public opinion expressed itself in favor of the annexation of the Red River country to Canada, as the Company's license was about to expire. The opportunity was however lost for the time. On the 19th of August the Atlantic cable was successfully laid between Ireland and JN^ewfoundlrnd, but it sufliced only to transmit the Queen's congratulations to Mr. Buchanan, tlie P resident of the United States, wlien it broke, and it wus Mil. brown's UEaOLUTIoNH. 1285 left to the future, to unite permanontly the two great A nglo- Saxon nations of the world . During the year, the Hundredth Regiment was raised in Canada, and was attached to the regular service of England, with the name of the ** Prince of Wales " Regiment. The completion of the fine buildings of the University of Toronto, and the founding of Hellmi th College, at London, testified the g. owing interest in higher education. The country was called to mourn the death of one of her eminent statesmen, the Hon. Robert Baldwin. The session of 1859 was distinguished by the voting of an address to Her Majesty, resp«ctfully inviting her to visit Canada and open the Victoria Bridge, which was 1859< now near completion. The Customs' duty was again raised to twenty per cent,, with an exception in favor of certain raw materials. At this time the announce- ment was first made of a project in England to unite all the British American Colonies in a federal union. The work of consolidating the Statutory Law of Canada was also com- pleted during this year. Towards its close, the Reform party held a large convention in Toronto, to take into considera- tion the political questions of the day, and which had an im- portant influence upon future parliamentary discussions. But while Canada was only agitated by the mployment of constitutional means in contesting her political questions, it was far otherwipe in the neighboring Republic. There the institution of slavery was creating bitter feelings between the North and. South, a characteristic expression of which oc- curred in Virginia, in the affair of "John Brown." The Canadian Parliament met at Quebec on the 28th of February. The proceedings are worthy of notice, on account of two resolutions moved by Mr. Brown. The first 1860. — "That the existing Legislative Union of the Provinces had failed to realize the anticipations of its promoters, had resulted in heavy debt, great political abuse, and universal dissatisfaction, and that the union could no longer be continued with advantage to the people." The second motion proposed — " That the true remedy for these 286 VISIT OF THE PRINOK OF Wi .E8. evils would be found in the formation of two or more local governments, to which should be committed all matters of a sectional character ; and the erection of some ' joint autho- rity' to dispose of the affairs common to all." Both of those motions were lost at the time, but Mr. Brown had the satis- faction of seeing his "joint authority" scheme ultimately adopted as the only solution of increasing difficulties. During the session a despatch was received from the Colonial Secre- tary, the Duke of Newcastle, expressing the regret of Her Majesty at her inability to accept the invitation given in the previous year, but that His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales would represent Her Majesty at the ceremonies in con- nection with the Victoria Bridge. The session closed on the 19th of May, after voting an address of welcome, to be pre- sented to the Royal visitor upon his arrival. The sum of $20,000 was also voted to defray the public expenses of his reception. In the interim, before the arrival of the Prince of \V ales, preparations were made for his reception throughout the length and breadth of British North America. Large sums of money were contributed by municipalities and corporations, and the Canadian pulse was kept in a flutter of loyalty, by a generous emulation to testify due regard for the son of the Sovereign. Space would not suffice to detail the reit- erated expressions of loyalty and unbounded attachment to his Royal Mother and towardshimself , which greeted the Prince at every step of his progress though the British provinces ; as well as the gratifying tributes of respect paid him in his succeeding tour through the United States. A squadron of the Royal navy bore him from his native land across the Atlantic, past the foggy banks to the rock- bound coast of Newfoundland, where he landed on the 24th of July, amid the booming of cannon and the cheering of the populace. On the 30th, Halifax was reached, and a series of brilliant festivities occupied the time of His Royal Highness, until the 2nd of August, when he crosped the Bay of Fundy, and landed at St. John, New Brunswick. A rapid progress was made to Fredericton, the capital of that province, and HIS PROOItKSS. 2y7 thence to Pictou, where ho eni>)arked for Prijico Edward's Island, and landed at Charlottetown on the IHh of tlio niontli. Among the many insoriptiuns which decorated tho priuooly little Isle, was tliis, •* Thy Grandslro'H name dlstlniiculshes this ' ♦le ; Wo lovo thy mothur'ii sway and coiut her illo." Charlottetown was left on the 11 th of August, nnd tlie squadron stood away for the ascent of the nuble Gulf and River St. Lawrence. On the 14th, the Princo arrivot' at Gasp^ Bay, and was welcomed to Canada by the Govern - General, who with a numerous suite, had giaie tliitherfor that purpose. A trip up the Saguenay was made on the 17th, and on the 18th, he landed at Quebec. On the following day, Sunday, he attended Divine Service in the Cathedral, evincing by his attention to the several portions of the service, his reverence for the King of kings. During the succeeding week he received the addresses of the Legislature, and in a pleasing maimer testified his thanks, by knighting the Hon. NarcisseBelleau, Speaker of the Legislative Council, and also the Hon. Henry Smith, Speaker of the Assembly. On the 26th, His Royal Highness landed at Montreal, and after a brilliant procession, opened the Victoria Bridge with ' -apbs- iug ceremonies. It was not until the last day of August, that Ottawa was reached, and on the first of September, the corner stone of the Parliament buildings was laid. A pleasant jaunt up the Ottawa River, a ride across the country to Brockville, and a delightful sail through the thousand Islands brought the regal party in front of Kingsto^i. But neither here nor at Belleville did the Prince land, owing to the de- termination of the Orangemen to display tho insignia of their order in the procession, and in the decoration of arclios, on account of which the Duke of Newcastle, the guardian of the Prince, would not allow a landing to be made, lest the latter should appear to countenance one party or sect more than an- other, and thus awaken jealous feelings. Cobourg, Peterboro', Wliitby, and Port Hope were sever- ally visited. At Toronto, five thousand children, under the 288 RlVJErrrON in THK STATEfl. londship of Mr. Carter, sang the National Anthora, with Bovorul additional versos, as a song of welcome. Here tho fes- tivities lasted until the 12th of September, during which time Hifl Royal Highness visited the numerous public institutions, laid tlie foundation stone for the Queen's Statue, became an honorary member of the Law Society, and was enrolled as a student of Toronto University. London was next visited, but all along the road addresses were showered upon the Prince, while hearty cheers greeted his arrival and departure from the numerous stations of the Grand Trunk. Nothing could siirpass the hearty mannev with which the whole of the Western Peninsula greeted the Prince from Samia to Niagara Falls. At Hamilton, the re- ception accorded by the sister cities was repeated right royally, while the Provincial Exhibition, then in progress, afforded him an appreciative view of Canadian enterprise and industry. Thence he proceeded by rail directly to Windsor, where he received the last Canadian address, and at once crossed to Detroit, where Sir Edmund Head and suite took leave of their Royal guest and Prince, and re- turned to Canada. It is sufficient to say that Monarchical Europe itself could not have exceeded Republican America, in its manifestation of spontaneous good will and respect for the son of our Gra- cious Queen. At Boston was sung an ode composed by Dr. O. W. Holmes to the music of ** God save the Queen." How gracefully the following stanza expresses the national feeling of Anglo-Saxon brotherhood : — God bless our Fathers' Land I Keep Iier in heart and hand, One with our own. From all her foes defend, ie her brave people's friend, On all her realms descend, Protect her throne 1 On the 20th of October the Royal party embarked at Port- land, and the Prince of Wales commenced his return to Eng- land, to acquaint his Royal mother, our Sovereign, of the PXTiunrTiov or andkhsoiv. 289 high esteem and lu\ ,ig loyalty in ^rhioh elio .vns and r«till iu held by her cis- Atlantic colonios. Towards the end of the your the UniLod States domnndod the extradition of Anderson, a fugitive slave, who, iii niakiiij/ his escape from bondage iu Missouri, had killed a man in pursuit of him. Anderson succeeded in reaching Toronto, where he was recognised, and his extradition demanded under the Aahburtou Treaty, on the ground of murder. The case created intense excitement at the time. After much litiga- tion Anderson was finally released through a t-chnical error in the warrant for his arrest. About the same time .the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency of the United States aroused the latent dis- affection in the Southern States, which confederated together into a separate government, while the war-cloud burst over Sttmpter, a fort situated in the harbor of Charleston. 290 CENSUS. 18S1. 1862. 1S63. I8G4. 1865. 1869. 1867. CHAPTER XXXI. Census— Dei>t' of the Hon. W. L. Mackenzie— Lord Monclc, Governor- General— Tr45nt Affair— Death of the Prince Consort. Macdonald-Sicotte Cabinet— Deaths of the Hon. W. H. Merritt, and Sir Allan MacNab— Prosperity— Canada at the London Exhibition. Marriage of the Prince of Wales— Financial Statement— Confederate Cruisers— Political Crisis. Coalition Government formed — Confederation l^onvention at Quebec— The Raid on St. Albans. Confederation Scheme accepted by the Provinces- Close of the American Civil War— Assassination of President Lincoln — Death of Sir E. P. Tach6 and Lord Pahnerston — Fenian Preparations — Invasion — Ridgw- way— Erie— Along the St. Lawrence -General Meade. Volunteers' Monument— Atlantic Cable — R,eclproclty Treaty expires— First Parliament at Ottawa. " Britisli Nortli America Act " — " Canada Railway Loan Act" — Inau- guration Day. .The census returns for the past ten years exhibited a large increase in the population of the two Canadas, which was more particularly evidenced in the rapid growth of 1861^ their several cities. The following statement com- pares the increase in population during twenty years : — Census of ] 841.— Upper Canada, 465,000. Lower Canada, 691,000. CeuBusof 1851.— Upper Canada, 952,000. Lower Canada, 890,000. Census 01 1861.— Upper Canada, 1,396,000. Lower Canada, 1,111,000, This increase in the population of the Upper Province over that of the Lower, furnished the special ground, upon which the advocates of " Representation by Population " founded their arguments, and much of the time of the opening session of the year was spent in the discussion of this question. During the summer a general election was held which resulted in Upper Canada in favor of the 'Reform party. August was marked by the decease of William Lyon Mackenzie, whose TBENT AFFAIR. 291 life had been checkered with many worthy and many regret- ful acts. Canada owed much to tlie earlier and later years of his career, but his own rashness may be said to have somewhat cancelled that indebtedness. In October, Sir Edmund Head was succeeded by Lord Monck. Shortly after the arrival of the new Governor-Gen- eral, the country was thrown into a war-panic on account of the circumstances connected with the affair of the British steamer Trent on the Atlantic. She was boarded by the officers of the American war-ship Jacinto, who forcibly seized two commissioners of the Southern Confederacy, named Mason and Slidell, then on their way to Europe, but who were now carried to the Northern States and cast into prison. For & time the amicable relations existing between Great Bri- tain and the United States were in danger of being disturbed ; but the surrender of the two commissioners at once re- stored matters to their wonted quiet. Meanwhile, the excitement engendered in Canada by the probability of war, was lost in the national grief for the death of the noble Prince Consort, and in sympathy for our bereaved Queen. This sad event occurred on the 15th of De- cember. Lord Monck opened Parliament with more than ordinary eclat, on the 21st of March. It being a newly-elected House, strong efforts were made by the Opposition 1862. to defeat the Ministry, and force it to retire. Be- fore the close of the session these efforts were crowned with success, and the Macdonald-Cartier government was beaten on the new Militia Bill. A Cabinet was now formed under the leadership of Mr. John Sandfield Macdon- ald and Mr. Sicotte, in which Mr. McGee held a seat, as Pre- sident of the Council. Both parties were now almost evenly balanced, and the session proceeded quietly. During this year Canada lost two of the pioneers of her early history, the Hon. William Merritt, the projector of the Welland Canal, and Sir Allan MacNab, who had served his country, in peace and war, with fidelity. The war in the States had caused much money to flow into 292 FINANCIAL REPORT. Canada, wlier© livestock, of all descriptions, was readily pur- chased by American dealers, at good prices. Wages were also good, and the farmer, the mechanic, and the merchant were in a condition of prosperity very gratifying after the cri- sis of 1857. In the World's Exhibition, at London, this year, Canada carried off many prizes. Early in the next year, on the 19th of March, the Prince of Wales was married to the Princess of Denmark, who, by hor amiability, bids fair to rival Her Majesty in the 1863- aliections of the English people. During the summer the Ministry was obliged to appeal to the country, and a House was returned giving it a small working majority. Mr. Lewis Wallbridge, of Belleville, was elected Speaker of the Assembly, while Mr. Alexander Campbell, of Kingston, succeeded Sir A. MacNab as Speaker of the Upper House. The Statement of the Finance Minister, Mr. Howland, showed the total debt of Ca.nada to be $70,000,000, the annual interest upon which was nearly $5,600,000 ; while the total deficiency of the revenue to meet the payment of the regular expenses of Government and of interest upon the debt had amounted to $12,000,000 since 1857. He accordingly proposed that an extra sum of $2,000,- 000 should be raised annually, in order to meet all demands. It was, therefore, a subject of additional embarrassment to the Government, that at this particular time the Home Ministry thought it necessary to advise Canada to erect defensive military works, in case of any emergency growing out of the civil war in the States. There the Northern armies, by their great numbers and their superior appliances of war, were gradually obtaining the upper hand of the Southern Confederacy, notwithstanding the chivalric resistance of the latter ; and the fear began to invade Canadian safety, that when the civil contest should be conckided, restless spirits might find some excuse to bring war into the British Pro- vinces. Much annoyance also was felt throughout the North, on account of the depredations of certain Confederate cruisers, especially the Alabama and Florida, which wore alleged to have been built in British dockyards, and to have received " COALITION " GOVERNMRNT. 293 their outfit and supplies from British merchants. In Canada the feelings of uneasiness occasioned by the Trent affair, had not yet been wholly allayed, as it was known that many in the Northern States were not pleased with the solution of the difficulty. Again, societies sympathising with disaffection in Ireland were beginning an existence in the States, and re- ceived from American citizens much encouragement which should have been witheld. During the early session of this year,the Macdonald-Sicotte Ministry was obliged to resign, when Sir E. P. Tache was called upon to form a Conservative Ministry, but ' 1864. before three months it was defeated by a majority of two. The two parties were now so evenly balanced that both felt it was impossible to carry on the business of the country with such narrow majorities. The late Conserv- ative Ministry accordingly made proposals to the Reform section of the House, and the result was that Mr. Ernwn had the satisfaction of seeing his '* joint authority " scheme adopted by his opponents, as the only basis upon which to found a system of government which would remove the political crisis now at hand ; while he, as leader of the Reform party, received the disposal of three seats in the Cabinet, which were filled h^ himself as President of the Council, by Mr. William Mc^ougall as Provincial Secretary, and by Mr. Oliver Mowat as Postmaster General. The other members of the Ministry were Sir E. P. Tache as Premier, Mr. Cartier, Mr. Gait as Finance Minister, Mr. Chapais," Mr. McGee, Mr. Langevin, Mr. John A Macdonald, Mr. Alex. Campbell, and Mr. Cockburn. Such was the construction of a Coalition Ministry, strong in ability and in the confidence of the country, which conducted Canada through a critical period in its history, and safely inaugurated the plan of Confedera- tion. As the year advanced this project more than ever engaged the attention of English statesmen, while Lord Monck, a? Governor-General, communicated with the Lieutenant-Gover- nors of the other Provinces, and the question began to be faii'ly agitated. The result was that a convention waa held at 294 CONFEDERATE RATDS. Quebec, on the lOkh of October. It was composed of thirty, three representatives from the Provinces of United Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward 1 sland ; and proceeded to consider the population, resources, and indebtedness of the several colonies, in ordei to obviate the possibility of detriment to these, by any scheme of union, which might be decided upon. Seventy-two resolu- tions were adopted by the convention, which were afterwards to be submitted to the Legislatures of the diflferent Provinces, the final decision to be made by the British Parliament. Meanwhile, the desire of Canada to preserve strict neutra- lity with regard to the Northern and Southern States was seriously complicated by the raids of lawless Confederates, who had established themselves near the frontier, to the an- noyance of peaceable Northern citizens. During the summer, two American steamboats, on Lake Erie, were seized by Southern refugees, for the double purpose of liberating some Confederate prisoners confined on Johnson's Island, and of destroying the Northern shipping on that lake. Again, on the 20th of October, another band of twenty-three men crossed the frontier line from Canada, and attacked the town of St. Albans, where they killed one man and robbed the banks of $233,000, and then re-crossed the line into Canada. Fourteen of these raiders were at once arrested and committed to jail in Montreal. They were afterwards discharged, and succeeded in obtaining the delivery to them of $90,000 of the stolen funds, which amount Canada had afterwards to repay to the American Government. To prevent farther acts of this nature, it became necessary for Canada to maintain a patrolling force of volunteers and police along the boundary. The early session of this year, is distinguished by the de- bates upon Confederation, which lasted from the 3rd until the 13th of FebrTiary, and which fill a largo volume of 1865. more than one thousand pages. On the 13th, Mr. John A. Macdonald moved, " that a committee con- sisting of himself, Messrs. Cartier, Gait, Brown, Robitaille, and Haultain, be appointed to draft an Address to Her Ma- jesty, on the subject of the union of the colonies of British T1£E FENTAN8. 296 North Amorioa." After four amendments to this motion had been voted upon and lost, the original resohition was carried by a large majority. This was virtually a vote for Confede- ration. Among the maritime provinces, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick adopted the scheme, but Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island left it in abeyance. Important and startling incidents took place in the neigh- boring Republic, during the early part of the year. On the f^nd of April, the City of Richmond fell before the inflexible Grant, and on the 7th of the same month, the Confederate cause was left without a leader, by the surrender of General Lee. But the bitterness of Southern disappointment still existed, and to its vengeance some more exalted victim, than had yet fallen, must be sacrificed. This was no other than Abraham Lincoln, the President of the United States, who was assassinated, while in his box in the Washington theatre, on the 18th of April. Throughout Canada the expression of sympathy, on account of this mournful event, testified to the Americans the respect in which their President was held by British subjects, as well as their horror at the wanton barbarity of the deed. During the summer Quebec was again visited by a terrible conflagration. Both Canada and England were called upon to mourn the loss of their talented Premiers, Sir E. P. Tache and Lord Palmerston. As winter approached, rumors reached Canada of an intended Fenian invasion. Throughout the Am- erican civil war the Fenian societies or brotherhoods had been gradually growing in strength, and upon the restor ition of peace were enabled not only to increase their numbers, but also readily to obtain large quantities of arms and munitions of war. Disbanded so1c'"^t's joined their ranks, while mili- tary officers, of some experience in the lengthened struggle of the South, willingly lent their aid to the Fenian conspiracy. Many men, prominent in American politics, did not hesitate to subscribe large sums towards the objects of these vagabond societies ; and by their attendance and harangues at mob meetings incited the rank and file of the brotherhoods, to per- severe in their wild and wicked intention of marauding a 296 INVASION. peaceful country, wliioli had always been a place of refuge for bha poo^ and fanushing of Ireland, the liberation of which la.id the Foiiians professed to attempt. So much were they encourajj'od, that they openly paraded the streets of American cities and towns in large numbers, with all f he acooutrementa of soldiers ; and performed regular military drill as a prepara- tion for their avowed purpose. Their organization ./as di- vided into two sections, one of which was under C'Mahoney and Stdpht^ns as leaders, and made Ireland the direct object of attacK ; wliile tho other, with Roberts and Sweeny as Head-centres, undertook the conquest of Canada, intending to make it a base for operations against England. All this was the merest insanity, yet, when madmen are loose the pub- lic must beware. They boldly announced their intention of entering Canada on the 17th of March following, and profess- ed to have man;^ sympathizers in that Province, who would aid them. Meanwhile General Michel called out a portion of the vol- unteers in November, and sent them to points on the fron- tier. In the early part of the New Year 14,000 more 1866- responded to the call of the Government ; but the 17th of March passed without any incident, and with the exception of the occupation, in April, of Campobello, an island in the Bay of Fundy, no demonstration was made against Canada until June. Before daybreak on the Ist of that month, a body of Fenians, about 1,200 strong, and led by General O'Neil, crossed from Black Rock, and at once pos- sessed themselves of the ruins of Fort Erie, and the Railway depot. During the day, the U. S. Steamer Michigan, pa- trolled the river to prevent the crossing of reinforcements, but small boats continually plied between the two banks, bear- in'^ recruits and supplies. O'Neil kept his horde in credi- table restraint, prevented them from personal violence to the inhabitants, and was satisfied with appropriating whatever provisions and horses he could seize. On Saturday, the 2nd, he commenced' his march towards the Welland Canal, and as- sumed a position at a place called Ridgeway, where lie erected a temporary breastwork. BIDOEWAY — ERIE. 297 The news of the crossing had already spread throughout Oanada, and volnnteers were ready to go whenever sent. < General Napier was the officer commanding in the western district, and by his orders a brigade tbout nine hundred strong, under Colonel Booker, and composed of the Queen's Own, the 13th Battalion, from Hamilton, and the York and Caledonia volunteer companies, proceeded on the 1st to Port Colbome, at the Lake Erie entrance to the Welland canal. On the evening of the same day, Colonel Peacock, with eighteen hundred troops, half of which were regulars, took post at Chippewa village. Owing to several gross defects in the management of these corps, in furnishing them with neces- sary food, and in obtaining correct knowledge of the where- abouts of the enemy, their movements were deprived of much honor, although successful in forcing the Fenians back. On Saturday morning Colonel Booker left Port Colbome with his force, intending to join Colonel Peacock, and then push on to Fort Erie, wheire O'Neil was supposed yet to be. But about 9 a.m. he suddenly came upon the latter's position at Ridgeway. The Queen's Own were at once thrown forward in skirmishing order, and forced the advanced line of the Fenians to retire. But the inexperience of Colonel Booker turned what might have been a brilliant action for our volun- teers into a disorderly retreat, with the exception of some of the Queen's Own, who covered the retreat of the rest of the force. The loss of the volunteers was one officer, Ensign McEachren, and six men killed, and four officers and nineteen men wounded. As the Fenians were left in possession of tlie field, they were enabled to bury their dead, so that their actual loss was never known. O'Neil retreated at once toward Fort Erie, but found it occupied by Colonel Dennis with a force of seventy volunteers, who had captured the Fenian guard left in the fort, and sent them prisoners to Port Col- bome. A sharp little action took place, but the superior numbers of the enemy compelled the little l^and to surrender, after thirteen of its number had been badly wounded. The Fenians lost nve killed and several wounded. Short as their «tay had been in Canada, O'Neil and ius party ^ Jrd ezpefr 2{»8 ALONG THE ST. LAWRSNOE. ienced more fighting opposition than they had expected ; ao- ourdingly, although their friends m Buffalo vvere preparing to send them reinforcements, they withdrew on the 3rd of June, to the American shore, where they were taken prison- ers by the U. S. steamer Michigan. Those taken in Canada were sent to the 'luronto jail. While these incidents were transpiring along the Niagara, bodies of eagpi volunteers were rapidly moved to other points on Ganada'u extended frontier, while Canadians scattered throu^'hout ihe United States left their business and started ir . companies for their native land, ready to shar in its de- fence. Between Ogdensburgh and Malone a large body of Fenians was gathered, as if to attack either Prescott or Corn- wall ; but along the north bank of the St. Lawrence, volun* teers from the Bay of Quintd, Ottawa, and Hawkesbnry, with detachments of the " Prince Consort's Own" and the •• Royal Artillery" reinforced the local battalions, who were on guard and ready to give a warm reception to any invaders. No attack, however, was made at these places, but on the 8th of June, a body of Fenians under General Spear, crossed the line at St. Albans, and plundered whatever came in their way. The designs of these marauders had meanwhile become so apparont, that the American Executive could no longer hesitate to put a stop to their proceedings. Accordingly General Meade, one of the worthiest officers of the United States' army, was despatched to protect this frontier and maintain the honor of his country. This he did efficiently and promptly, and by his arrest of Gen. Spear and other leaders, nipped {;he mischief in the bud. Nothing could be more gratifying or assuring than the promptitude with which the Canadian militia obeyed the summons to the front. Nearly forty thousand were under arms at one time, and the cost of their maintenance and transportation became a matter of consequence. But the consideration of expense and of social disturbance for the time was as nothing, in comparison with the indignation and mourning felt throughout the country, for the death of the gallant few who fell at Bidgeway. A monument has since CONFEDERATION ACT. 2{\ ao- been raised to their memory in the Queen's Park, Toronto. The trial of the priaoners took place in October, when several of them were condemned to be hanged ; but, through the clemency of Her Majesty, this sentence was commuted to imprisonment in the Provincial Penitentiary. The Great Eastern was successfully employed during the ■ummer, in re-laying the Atlantic cable, and the first mes- sage, after that of international congratulations, was one wlnounoing an armistice between Austria and Pruseia. These two nations had been engaged in a war, startling in its results, and in the loss of life ; but of the short duration of six weeks, the Prussians gaining the advantage by the use of the needle-gun. In March, the Reciprocity Treaty between Canada and the United States expired, by lapse of time, and has never since been renewed ; the American Government refused to sanction such renewal, hoping that the necessity to Canada of commercial connection with the States would force the former into annexation. But this action of the Americans only worked a contrary result, for while damaging to themselvek^ it has led Canada to extend her commercial enterprise tc other countries, with consequent benefit. It was on account of disagreement with his colleagues regarding tl^.e terms of a new treaty that led Mr. George Brown, at this time, to re- sign his seat in the Cabinet. Parliament commenced its first sitting in the new biflld- ings at Ottawa on the 8th of June. One of its first acts was the suspension of the H'abeas Corpus Act, in order to facil- itate the arrest of Fenian sympathizers. The Ministry then introduced by resolutions the remaining steps necessary to complete the work towards Confederation, and these being car- ried by large majorities, the House adjourned on the 18th of August. Delegates from the several Provinces now proceed- ed to England to arrange finally the terms for their federal union. On the 7th of February the Bill for Confederation was "bought before the British Parliament, under the title of aoo ROTAL ABSENT. ••The British North America Act, 1867," by the Colonial Secretary, the Eari of Oamarvon. It rapidly paased 1867* all the[8tages of parliamentary investigation and sanc- tion, and received the Royal Assent on tho 28th of the month. On the following day Mr. Adderley moved " The Canada Railway Loan Act," whereby a loan of £3,000,000 sterling was to be guaranteed for the building of the Inter- colonial Railway, in order to connect the Atlantic Provinces with the Oanadas. It was supported by a very large majority. The first of July of this year was appointed by Xloyal Pro- clamation as the inauguration day of this new era in Cana- dian history. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY, 1841-1867. trOVA BOOTIA. Responsible Oovernment was introduced in 1848. PrevioiiH to the Reciproc- ity Treaty of 1864, much difficulty was experienced in protecting the Fisheries from foreigners, and artned vessels had to be employed for that purpose, but by the introduction of clauses \n that treaty, the rights of Nova Scutia were recog" nised, and New England fishermen were allowed under certain restrictions, to fish in these British waters. Railways connecting Halifax with Truro and Windsor, were completed in 1868. 'Rie extension to Pictou, in 1866. In 1865, there were 989 common schools, 15 academies, and 7 colleges in th« ' Province, the Government grant being $93,263. KBW BRUNSWICK. The Ashburton Treaty of 1842 gave the Province 8,200,000 acres of the din- puted territory, and Maine 4,500,000 acres. The "New Brunswick and Canada" Railway was comjjleted in 1862. 7 be St. John's and Shediac, called the " European and North American " Rail tvay, io 1860. The St. Stephen's Line, in 1867. In 1866, government aid to Education was $112,940, divided amongst 900 Common Schools, 26 Superior Schools, the Univer8-'*/y of Fredericton, and Tarious denominational schools and colleges. olnnial pasBed nd sano- 28th of id "The 000,000 e Inter- ovinoes y large j^al Pro- ti Cana- 9 Rociproe- le Fisheries Dse, but by vere recog' rictions, to «d in 1868. egCB in th« OONTEMFORART HISTORY. BRITISH OOLVUBIA AND VANOOUVIR ISLAND. 301 In 1843, the Hudson Bay Oompany toolc pomesiion of Vancouver Island, and founded Victoria. In 1844, the boundary line between British Columbia and the United States was determined. In 1866, a commission was appointed to settio the San Juan difficulty, but it was unsuccessful. In 1860, Kold was discovered on the Fraser river. In the same year, Vancouver Island and British Columbia were made distinct colonies under one Governor, James Douglas, Esq., C.B. In 1868-0, (Captain Palliser surveyed a route for a Pacific Railway. In 1863, New Wastminster was named by the Queen, as the capital of British Columbia. Enolamo. Victoria aaoended the Throne. 1837- Sir John Franklin sailed for the North Seas, 1846- The North- West Passage disooveredby Oaptain MoOlare. 1853- Franklin's death reported by Oaptain tfoOlintook, 1859. Unitbd Statks. W' H> Harrrison, Esq., President, 1841-Died. John Tyler, Esq.. President. 1841- 1845. James E. Folk, Esq., President. 1845- 1849. Zaohary Taylor, Esq-, President, 1849-Died 1850. Millard Fillmore, Esq., President* 1850-1853. Franklin Fierce, Esq.. President, 1853-1867. James Bnohanan, Esq..* President, 1867-1861. Abraham Lincoln, Esq.. President, 1861-1865. Andrew Johnson, Esq., President, 1865-1869. Texas, Oalifomia. Utah, and New Mexico admitted to the Union, 1848. American Civil War, 1860-1.'365. of the did- !. 7 be St tail tvay, in longst 900 cton, and 90i fiUMMABY Of THB AOT. FIFTH PERIOD. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. CHAPTER XXXIl. tttn. Sketch of the British North Ahbrioa Act— Honors— Norn Scotlft ilissatisfled— Commercial Bank falls. 1868. Ontario Legislature— Asso-ssiiiation of Hon. T. D. Ilcaee--Sir Jobu Younj, Governor-General— The North-Wert— Inter-colonial 1869. Prince Arthur— Red Slver Troubles. 1870. Manitoba— Feniano. I9tl. British Columbia and Vanoouver Island Join the Union— WAsniMOTON Treaty— Wimbledon Team— Hon. E. Blake, Premier of Ontario. 1872 Lord Dufferin, Governor-General— Kohlapore Cup.— Alabama Claims— Hon. O. Mowrat, Premier of Ontario. 1878. Municipal Loan Fund— Paclflo Railway Debates— Hon. A. Maekensie, Premier of the Dominion. 1874. General Election- Expulsion of Riel from the OommooB— Vice-Regal Tour 1875. Amnesty- Changes in the Lieutenant-Governorflhip of Ontario— Sir William Logan. By the "British North America Act," the four provinces which had consented to union, were federated under the de- signation, The Domknton of Canada, the name of Upper Can- ada was chjinged to Ontario, and that of Lower Canada, to Quebec ; the other provinces retaining their former names. Royal authority was to be represented in the Dominion by a Governor-General, to whom was given power to appoint in the provinces, Lieutenant-Governors, who should hold office during five years. The legislation necessary to the general interests of the Dominion was vested in a federal Parliament, consisting ef a Senate and a House of Commons ; the former to be composed of seventy -two senators, appointed by the Crown, for life, namely, twenty-four for Ontario, twenty-four for Quebec, twelve for Nova Scotia, and twelve for New Brunswick. With the Queen rests the power to appoint sii additional senators, but the whole number must not exceed IiBOI^LATURU. 303 neventy-eight ; the maximum of oighty-t'wo boing reached at such time as Nuwftnindland shall enter the Union. A senator must be qualified by being a British subject, a resident of the province for which he is appointed, and an owner of property to the value of $4,000, in excess of the amount of his liabili- ties. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Crown. The House of Commons, as formed by the Act, consisted of one hundred and eighty-one memb v^s, elected for five years, namely eighty-t\vo for Ontario, sixty-five for Quebec, nineteen for Nova Scotia, and fifteen for New Brunswick. The number of sixty-five for Quebec was to remain fixed, and form a standard number, in proportion to which and to the increase in population of the several Provinces compared with Quebec at each taking of the census, the number of re- presentatives from tliose other provinces miyht be augmented. The property qualification for a member of the House of Commons, as well as for the Local Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec was fixed at £500 sterling, or nearly $2,600. These Houses elected their own Speakers. To each province was given that form of government espe- cially desired by it. In Ontario the Legislature consisted of only one chamber of eighty-two members ; in Quebec it com- prised two chambers, the Legislative Council of twenty-four and the Assembly of sixty-five members. In both provinces the Assemblymen to be elected for a period of four years. For Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the Act did not specify the branches of the Legislature, but left these as they existed at the time of the Union, to be afterwards altered as circum- stances and the scope of the Act should permit. The Gover- nor-General and each of tho Lieutenant-Governors is aided by an Executive Council or Ministry, responsible to its Par- liament, and thus to the country, for all measures and acts of government. The several Parliaments of the Dominion and Provinces were to be summoned to meet at least once every year ; all ques- tions of debate to be decided by a majority of votes in each House ; but in the case of there being an equal number of votes for and against any measure in the Commons, the 304 RESPECTIVB POWERS. Speaker to decide it by giving a casting vote — othenriae he cannot vote. The Speaker of the Senate may vote upon a measure, but can give no casting vote. In order that a bill become law it must pass both Houses, and receive the sanc- tion of the Governor-General in the name of the Queen, by whom, however, any bill may be vetoed within two years after such sanction has been given to it. The Governor- General may refuse to sanction a bill, or he may reserve it for the consideration of the Queen, and for this purpose a copy of every measure must be transmitted to Her Majesty, that her pleasure regarding it may be known . The power of the Dominion Parliament extends to the making of "laws for the peace, order, and good government of Canada, in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects by this i\ct assigned exclusively to the Legislature of the Pro- vinces ; " and comprehends the public debt and property, trade and commerce, the postal service, the census and sta- tistics, the military and naval defence of the country, naviga- tion and quarantine, the sea-coast and inland fisheries, currency and coinage, banking and the issue of paper-money, the Indians and their reservations, the criminal law, peni' tentiaries, and the laws of naturalization, marriage and divorce. The functions of the Provincial Legislatures relate to direct taxation within the province, borrowing money on the credit '.oi the province, municipal institutions, licenses, local public works, property and civil rights in the province, the administration of justice, and educational interests. The Dominion and Local Parliaments may legislate regarding agriculture and immigration. All judges except those of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, are appointed by the Governor-General, but they must be selected from the bars of their respective provinces. In the Dominion Parlia- ment, either the English or French language may be used in debate, but in that of Quebec both languages must be used in all its transactions. The several provinces at the time of Union surrender all their public revenues to the Dominion "Government, while it, in return, assumes their respective debts. It also grants them NOVA SCOTIA DISSATISFIED. 305 ise he upon a at a bill ;he sanc- |ueen, by o years ovemor- rve it for Ise a copy [esty, that er of the laws for n relation bjects by the Pro- property, s and sta- y, naviga- fisheries, ler-money, law, peni- riage and ares relate money on I, licenses, ) province, ests. The regarding t those of appointed d from the ion Parlia- be used in Lst be used rrender all it, while it, rants them a. certain fixed yearly consideration in lieu of revenue, to en- able them to carry on their local government, and in order to divide the whole of the public debt more equitably among them. The first of July was kept as " Dominion Day" throughout the provinces, and witnessed the commencement of the new relations in which they were bound together by their own late proceedings, and the confirmatory Act of the Home Government. At Ottawa, Chief -Justice Draper administered the oath of the Governor-General of the Dominion to Tjord Monck, while the latter signalized the day by conferring upon the Hon. John A. Macdonald the honor of knig"" od, and upon the Honorable Messrs. Howland, Maca ^^all, Cartier, Gait, Tilley, and Tupper, the Companionship of the Bath. The formation of the first Privy Council of the Dominion was intrusted to the Hon. Sir J. A. Macdonald. The Hon. W. P. Howland, C.B. was appointed Lieutenant- Governor of Ontario, and the Hon. J. S. Macdonald its first Premier. In Quebec, Sir Narcisse Belleau became Lieuten- ant-Governor, and the Hon. Mr. Chauveau, Premier. The Hon. Judge Wilmot received the Lieutenant- Governorship of New Brunswick, and Lieut.-General Doyle that of Nova Scotia. On the 3rd of July Albert University, Belleville, held its first Convocation. During the summer the elections for the several Parlia- ments were held for two days. Already Nova Scotia had grown dissatisfied with its share of the public revenue, wliich did not suffice for the expenses of the province ; and in consequence a large anti-union majority was returned for its local legislature. The Anti-Unionists were led by the Hon. Mr. Wilkins, the Attorney-General, and the Hon. Joseph Howe. The British Parliament was petitioned to rescind the Confederation Act. The Hon. Dr. Tupper, C.B. was sent to England by the Dominion Government, to watch its interests. The Home Parliament refused tlio petitions, but recommended an adjustment of the difficulty. "Better terms" were come to and the province is now contented. 306 ASSASSINATION OF M'gEB. On the first of November the venerable Bishop Strachan died at Toronto. On the 7th of the same month, the first Dominion Parliament assembled at Ottawa, and the Hon. James Cockburn was elected Speaker of the House of Com- mons. Durino; October the Commercial Bank had failed, and a monetary stringency for a time aftlicted the country. In Ontario much blame was thrown upon the Finance Minis- ter, the Hon. A. T. Gait, C.B., in consequence of which he retired from the Cabinet, and his place was filled by "tlie Hon. John Rose. In British Columbia, where F. Seymour, Esq., was Governor, agitation began to be made in favor of incorporation with the Dominion. The first Ontario Legislature met on the 27th of January, when Mr, Stevenson, of Napanee, was elected Speaker. A graceful act of this session was the voting of $4,000 1868- to the widow of the late William Lyon Mackenzie. Fenian rumors again circulated through the country. Much distress was caused in Nova Scotia through the failure of the yearly fishery, but aid was heartily offered by the sister provinces. On the 7th of April, the 11 on. Thomas D'Arcy McGee was assassinated by a Fenian fanatic named Whelan, who was afterwards hanged. . In November Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Lisgar, arrived from Eng- land as the successor of Lord Monck. During the year Sir 6. E. Cartier and the Hon. W. Macdougall proceeded to England, to take the initiatory steps for the cession of the North- West Territory to Canada. To this end the ** Rupert's Land Act " was passed by the English Parliament, by which the Hudson Bay Company was enabled to surrender its terri- tory to the Crown, and the latter by proclamation could an- nex it to the Dominion, upon the usual address of request being passed by the Canadian Legislature. During Decem- ber Commissioners passeil over the proposed line of tlie Intercolonial Railway, for the completion of which Parlia- ment had voted $20,000,000. Contracts were let and work actively commenced during the next yeai'. In April, a Bill passed the Dominion Parliament request- ing the cession of the North- West Territory from the Crown, TROUBLES IN THE NORTH-WEST. 307 and granting £300,000 sterling, to be paid the Hudson Bay Company, in exchange for its rights of possession, 1869. bnt allowing it to retain trading privileges. During the summer, H.R.H. Prince Arthur joined his regi- ment in Canada, and afforded Canadians another opportunity of testifying their regard lor the Royal Family. Early in the year surveying parties were sent out to Fort Garry for the purpose of laying out portions of that country in townships and lots, preparatory to its further settlement, so soon as its entry into the Dominion should be completed ; but the inju- dicious conduct of these parties arovised the fears of the squatters as to their proprietary rights. Other causes joined to this to augment feelings hostile to Canada, and Avhen the Hon. W. Macdougall went out, in September, as the pro- spective Governor of the North- West, his entry into the territory was resisted by armed men, acting nnder a Provi- sional Government of the dissatisfied, with John Bruce, as President, and Louis Riel, as Secretary. During the i-emain- der of the year, troubles thickened fast. The authority of Governor McTavish was contemned, and Fort Garry occupied by the rebels, on the 3rd of November. A National Com- mittee was appointed by them, consisting of twenty-four de- puties, under Louis Riel and M. Lepirfe, and persons obnox- ious to it were imprisoned. One of these prisoners, Thomas Scott, was shot in a brutal manner, on the 4th 1870' of Mar<3h, 1870, and intense excitement spread through Canada, and expressed itself especially in Ontario. On the 4th of May a Bill was introduced in the Parliament at Ottawa, for the reception of the North- West, which was, in July, formally ceded to Canada by the Home Government, Meanwhile, an expedition"composed of British regulars and enlisted volunteers, nnderthecommand of Colonel Wolseley, proceeded to Fort Garry only to find the rebels dispersed and the colony in peace. The Province of ]M;uii- toba w"-. now formed, with the Hon. Mr. Archibald as Lieu- tenant- governor. The first Dominion election was held there on the 2nd of IVfarch in the following year. While these events were transpiring in Red River, the fragments of 308 JOINT HIGH COMMISSION. I i the Fenian Society, in the States, were endeavoring to ex- press sympathy with the disaftected. On the 25th of May, 1870, they made a diversion on the frontier of the Province of Quebec, at Trout River, and on the 28th, at Pigeon Hill, but were driven back, and their leaders arrested by the American Government. January was marked by the death of the Hon. John [loss. In the early part of the year British Columbia and Vancou- ver Island were admitted into the Dominion. Ever 1871. since their civil war, much ill-feeling had been ex- pressed by the United States regarding the "Ala- ■ bama claims," or the claims for compensation, on account of the depredations upon Northern commerce, committed by Southern cruisers, which were said to have been fitted out and supplied by British merchants, in contravention of the law of international neutrality. Again, since the repeal of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and Ca- hada, much diflficulty and expense had been experienced by the latter, in the protection of the Atlantic sea-coast fisheries, for the New England fishermen appropriated the fishing- grounds as freely as when permitted to do so under the treaty. Accordingly the Britah Government made a proposi- tion to the Government of the United States, for a commission to settle the " fishery " question. The American Government proposed that the " Alabama Claims " also be considered. Great Britain consented, and the Joint-High Commission was appointed, composed of eminent statesmen from both na- tions. The Premier of Canada, the Hon. Sir John A. Mac- donald was named one of the Commissioners for Great Bri- tain. Important (juestions were settled by this High Com- mission, which held its sittings from March until May. The result of its labors is known as the Washington Treaty, signed on the 8th of May. By its provisions the " Alabama Claims'' were submitted to an Arbitration to meet at Geneva, Switzer- land, in the next year. The adoption of the Fishery Clauses was left to the Dominion Parliament. This treaty decided another matter which had h^ng been a subject of dispute be- tween the United States and England, namely the ownership to ex- , May, nnncB Hill, jy the H lloss. ancou- Ever len ex- "Ala- ount of ttecl by tted out 1 of the epeal of and Ca- mced by fisheries, ) fishing- nder the , proposi- tntnission /ernment nsidered. ssion was both na- A. Mac- reat Bri- igh Corn- ay. The ;y, signed 1 Claims" , Switzer- y Clauses y decided spute be- )wnership WASHINGTON TREATY. ^09 of the Island of San Juan, lying betwen Vancouver Island and the mainland. This question was submitted to the Em- peror of Germany, who decided, in December, 1872, in favor of the Unitea States. The boundaries between the extreme North- West Territory, and Alaska, which had lately been purchased from Russia by the United States, were also defined by the "Washington Treaty." The treaty was adopted by the Canadian Parliament in May, 1872, and its provisions, regarding this fisheries, took effect July 1st, 1873. In July, 1871, the first Canadian team of rflemen con.peted at Wimbledon, England, and admirably maintained their re- putation as marksmen. In December, deep sympathy existed in Canada, on account of the illness of the Prince of Wales, and great relief was felt when his recovery was fully assured. Dur- ing this month changes occurred in the Ontario Ministry. The Hon. John Sane" "^ . hi Macdonald was obliged to resign the Pre- miership, and was succeeded by the Hon. Edward Blake. The former died in the early part of the ensuing summer, 1872. and was much lamented throughout the Province. On the 13th of June Lord Dufferin arrived at Otta- wa, as the successor of Lord Lisgar, to the Governor-General- ship of the Dominion. The Wimbledon team of this year ob- tained its highest distinction by carrying off the Kohlapore Cup open to competition among the colonies. The Geneva Arbitration closed its labors in September, by awarding the United States the sum of $15,500,000, on ac- count of *' Alabama Claims." A commission for adjudicating individual losses was appointed to sit at Washington. In November, the Hon. Edward Blake was succc ded by the Hon. Oliver Mowat, as Premier of Ontario. This change arose on account of the abolishing of the system of Dual-rep- resentation, Mr. Blake preferring his seat in the House of Commons, to that in the Assembly of Ontario. In March, Mr. Mowat introduced into the Legislature his scheme for the distribution of the Municipal Loan Fund in- debtedness, by the passin^ of which numerous difli- 1873. culties were solved, and manv sections of the Pro* 810 OlfANOE OF MIN18TRY. vince freed from pecuniary embarrassn jnt. Two eminent statesmen died in this year, the Hon. Sir George E. Cartier, and the Hon. Joseph Howe. The returns made this year, of the census taken in 1871, showed the population of the Dominion at that time to be, 3,485,761, which was distributed as follows : Ontario, l,6i}0,- 851 ; Quebec, 1,191,516 j New Brunswick, 285,594 ; and Nova Scotia, 387,800. During the year much political excitement was created by the discussion of the legahty of a School- Bill passed by the New Brunswick Legislature excluding Separate Schools ; and also by Parliamentary inquiry with reference to the pro- posed building of the Pacific Railway, which was intended to connect British Columbia and the Pacific coast, with Canada ; and which had been stipulated for, by British Columbia, at the time of her entering Confederation. A motion made in the early session of the year, by L. S. Huntingdon, Esquire, contained grave charges against members of Parliament, of their having received large sums of money from certain contractors, desirous of building the road. It was even asserted that the Premier, the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, had been corrupted in this manner. This he denied, and a committee was appointed to investigate the matter. Not having power to ex- amine witnesses under oath, it failed to report, when Parlia- ment assembled in August. The House was immediately pro- rogued, and a Royal Commission named by His Excellency, to take evidence under oath, as to the facts. Upon the meet- ing of Parliament in October, the Commission presented an elaborate report of the evidence taken, but left it with the House to pronounce a judicial opinion upon the subject of the charges. Before, however, any ultimate action had been taken, the ministry resigned, and Sir John Macdonald became a private member of the House, after having for more than twenty years occupied a leading positron in the government of the country. Alexander Mackenzie, Esquire, was called to the Premiership of Canada. During the summer Prince Ed- jvard Island was admitted into the Dominion. EXPULSION OF EIEL. 311 A general election, held in January, resulted in the re* turn of an overwhelming majority in favor of the Hon. Mr. Mackenzie's Government. Louis Riel was returned 1874' for Provencher; in Manitoba, and, coming to Otta- wa, subscribed to the oath as a member of the House of Commons. He was, at the same time, however, a fugitive from justice, a "true bill'* as one of the murderers of Thomas Scott having been found against him by the grand jury in Manitoba. In accordance with these facts, and the consequent outlawry of Riel, a motion was made by Mac- kenzie Bowell, Esquire, member for North Hastings, that Louis Riel be expelled from the House of Commons, which was carrr<>d. The passing of this motion is important, on account of its establishing a constitutional precedent. During the summer, his Excellency the Governor-General made a vice-regal tour of the Provinces, gratifying to the people, and enabling him to convey to Her Majesty full assurances of the continued attachment of Canadians to her- self, and to British connection. Early in the year, the Duke of Edinburgh and the daughter of the Emperor of Russia were united in marriage, thus forming another Royal alliance, which may have an important influence upon the future of England and of Europe. The early session of the Dominion Parliament was distin- guished by the debates upon the question of Amnesty, The discussion was caused by the presenting of petitions, 1875. requesting the reprieve of Lepine, who had been Tound guilty of the death of Thomas Scott, at Fort Garry, in 1870 ; and had been sentenced by Chief Justice Wood to sufifer the extreme penalty of the law. The diflSculty was solved by the Governor- General exercising the Royal prerogative, and commuting the sentence to imprisonment and banishment. Louis Riel and others were also included in the decree of banishment. The question of amnesty in- volved several constitutional points of great nicety. In May, the lately appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, the Hon. John Crawford, died at Toronto, and was succeeded by the Hon. Donald Macdonald. 812 SIR WILLIAM LOOAX. The sad duty of recording the recent news of the death, iu ^England, of Sir Willism Logan, the eminent geologist, recalls to memory the indefatigable labors of a lifetime, which have been successful in maVing known the vast mineral resources of the Dominion. To Sir William Logon, the agriculturist, t}m miner, and the scholar of Canada, is each deeply indebted: CONTEMPORARY HISTORY-18e7-1876. BUROPB. Victoria ascended the Englinh Throne 1837. The hopes of French Empire in Mexico, were extinguished by the execution of Maximilian, June 19th, 1867. The Abyssinian War undertaken for the release of imprisoned Englishmen, was brought to a successful issue, by the death of King Theodore, and the taking of Magdala, by Got; oral Napier, April 13th, 1868. The Franco-Prussian War, resulted in the taking of Paris by the Prussians, the exile of Napoleon III, and the esta))lishment of a French Repu\)lic, 1870. Rome became the capital of Italy, September 20th, 1870. The Ashantee War, on the Coast cf Africa, was brought to a successful termi- nation by Sir Garnet Wolseley, 1873-'4. Arctic Expedition sails from the Thames, 1876. UNTTKD STATES. Andrew Johnson, Esq., President, 18^6-1860. General U.S. Grant, Esq., " 18e9-ia78. Oenenj Grant, re-elected .*' 1S78. NOT FOR GENERAL BORROWING Permission to take this book from the Library must be obtained from a member of the Senior Library Staff. Enquire at the circulation desk. JAMES CAMPBELL & SON'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES, FOR ONTARIO COLLEGIATE INSTITUTES, HIGH SCHOOLS, & TEACHERS' EXAMINATIONS. HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES. (Continued.) JOHNSTON'S SCHOOL ATLAS OF CLASSICAL GEO- GRAPHY $3 75 JOHNSTONS SCHOOL ATLAS OF PHYSICAL GEO- GRAPHY 3 75 TEBB'S GREEK LITERATURE (Primer) o 30 MAHAFFY'S GREEK ANTIQUITIES (Primer) o 30 THOMPSON'S, EDITH, HISTORY OF ENGLAND, New Edition o 65 'TOZER'S CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY o 30 WILKINS* ROMAN ANTIQUITIES (Primer) o 30 ANCIENT LANGUAGES— LATIN. ARNOLD'S LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION i 00 BRYCE'S FIRST LATIN READER , , o 60 KEY TO FIRST LATIN READER o 15 " SECOND LATIN READER 1 00 ' . ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR o 45 LATIN GRAMMAR o 75 CHAMBERS'S LATIN DICTIONARY i 75 CICERO PRO ARCHIA AND PRO LEGE MANILIA, (Ox- ford Text, with notes.) o 30 HARKNESS' INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK o 70 LATIN READER /. o 85 • LATIN GRAMMAR i 00 HOPACE. ODES, Book I o 30 LIVY, BOOKS VI.-X. Cloth. (Oxford Text with Notes). o 45 LIVY, BOOK IV 4S ROUTLEDGE'S LATIN DICTIONARY o 45 SMITH'S, DR. WM., PRINCIPIA LATINA, Parts L, IL, HL. IV each, o 90 SMITH'S DR. WM.. 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Part I o 7s STUDENT'S ALGEBRA (just published) i o« EUCLID. POTT'S ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY, with Kirkland's Ex- amination Papiers o so YOUNGS EUCLID, Book I o 13 Books II. and III ,.. 15 MECHANICS. MAGNUS" LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY MECHANICS x 00 NEWTH'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY i 00 TWISDEN'S THEORETICAL MECHANICS.' a 50 STEWART'S PHYSICS (Science Primer) o 30 PHYSICAL SCIENCE. FOSTER'S PHYSIOLOGY (Science Primers) o 30 GEIK.IES GEOLOGY (Science Primers) o 30 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (Science Primers). 030 LOCKYER'S ASTRONOMY (Science Pnmer) o 30 MILLER'S INORGANIC CHEMISTRY...-. 1 00 ROSCOE'S ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, New Edition.... 1 00 ROSCOE'S CHEMISTRY (Science Primer) o 3. iViODERN LANGUAGES— FRENCH. BUE'S FIRST FRENCH BOOK, with Vocabul.iries o as BR.\CHErS ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR i 00 H.\CHETTE'S FIRST FRENCH READER o 60 LAZARE HOCHE, by Bonnechose, annotated by Bue, (in the Press) o 7S MADAME THERESE, by Erckm^nn Chatrian o 50 WESSELEY'S POCKET FRENCH D'CTIONARY. o 45 MISCELLANEOUS. 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