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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. y errata id to nt nB pelure, i9on d U 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 i 6 •.^3 : w CANADA NATIONAL LIBRARY BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE I] i 1 11 i r lii //■ »■>. A TOPICAL ANALYSIS OF English and Canadian History From William TIL to George III. Inclusivr (POH MAYUICULANTS AMD ttUOOMD OIUaM OANOIDATBS.) BT J. M. HTTNTER. M.A.. LL.B. Modern Luujaayti MimUr, liarrU (JoUegiaU inttitnU THIRD EDITIONT. TORONTO! W. J. aAGE & COMPAN^k ima. Entered aocordint; to Act of Parlianiont of Canada in the oflice of the Miaiater of Agriculture, by W. J. Qaok ti Co., in the year 1886. x PREFATORY NOTE. riiis little book is founded npon J. R. Green's History of the English People, bat, as the student will very soon find, it is not intended to take the place of that or of any other history. It« purpose is to send bim to the various histories of the period with a definite object in view, and ils purpose will not be accomplished unless it does so. its author hopes that by the use of this Topical Analysis the young student will be saved many a weary hour of misdirected effort, and enabled to grasp some methods of historical study that will be found both fruitful and pleasurable. That this Analysis will facilitate an illegitimate cram its author does not believe : if he did, it would never have been written. Thanks to the efforts of our educational authorities, every school in the Province is likely to nave a good reference library, and it may confidently be expected that the histori- cal department will contain most of the standard histories. This Analysis assumes this ; and its author believes that he will have done a good work if he succeeds in turning the attention of the pupils of our schools away from bare outlines, and sends them to the perusal of works, the reading of which is an education of itself. PRRfACC. The heartiest thanks of the author are dne to J. BUc* ■ < ck, B.A., of Upper Canada College, for assistanc* ol tl.« tn t'^t valuabla character. O'UI.KUIATK iNSTITUTR, BARRIB, April 8th, 18d6. NoTB.-(7 = Greeii; if=Macaulay; r.L=Taiiiwell-Lat.giiieaW i:^^Hallam» FIRST TOPIC. THE BBVOLUTION OP 168a (Sm 1UomU»7 Mid aallMii.) I. Its Causes. A, The character of James IL — " Obstinate and im- perious." — M, B, His designs. — "To make himself an absolute monarch, and to subvert the established Protestant faith."— r-Zr. 0» The means he adopted to carry out his designs as stated by the leaders of the Revolution in the Bill of Rights. [The student should take care that he understands dearly all the terms used in the following enumer- ation of the arbitrary and illegal acts of James II. He will find it a most necessary and valua^l? Qxer> cise, also, to arrange this enumeration in chrono- logical order, and to refer to events supporting the ofaarges stated therein. For this purpose the follow- ing works may be consulted: The Second Stuarl Tyranny; T-L,^ chap. 16; ff,f chap. 14; if., chaps. 4-8.] ^The late King James IL, by the advice of diyers evil oounsellors, judges, and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom : — t TOPICAL HISTOBT. -\ 1. " By assuming and exercising a power of diBpensing with and suspending of laws, and the execution of laws, without consent of Parliament. 2. "By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates, for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the same assumed power. 3. " By issuing and causing to be executed a com- mission under the Great Seal for erecting a court, called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes. 4. "By levying money for and to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative, for other time, and in other manner than the same was granted by Parlia- ment, 6. "By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace, without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law. 6. "By causing several good subjects, being Protes- tants, to be disarmed, at the same time when Papists were both armed and employed contrary to law. 7. ** By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament. 8. " By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament ; and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses, 9. "And whereas of late years, partial, corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason, which were not freeholders. 10. " And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases, to elude the laws made for the liberty of the subjects. 11. *' And excessive fines have been imposed ; and (llegal and cruel punishments inflicted. TOl'lCAL HISTOEY. g I?. "And several grants and promises ipade of fines and forfeitures, before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied. " All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm." D. The actions of the King, by which lie alienated the various classes of the nation. [The student will note here a restatement from another point of view of sonic of the facts mentioned under C] 1. How the nobility were alienated. a. By the attacks on the church and universities. 6. By dismissing Peers from their oflBces for refusing to comply with the royal will. Examples— Halifax dismissed from the Council ; Earl of Oxford and others dismissed fiom their offices as Lords Lieu- tenants. 2. How the Clergy w tre alienated : a. By the King's etiorts to repeal the Test Act. 6. By the attacks on the Universities. tf. By the tyrannical acta of the Ecclesiastical Com- mission. d. By the publication of the Declaration of Indul- gence. 6. By the prosecution of the seven Bishops. 3. How the mass of the people were alienated : a. So far as the people were churchmen they were affected by the events mentioned above. The Protestant Dissenters, knowing the objects of James, refused to support him. }>. Ey taking away the charters from the towns, and -ly ''regilatin^:,' " the corporations so as to nut th» A'i:jp-»i'ters of the Crown in office. TOPICAL HlflTOBT. €, By the packing of Juries, anH the disniiBsing oi Judges who refused to do the royal wilL d» By bringing over Irish troops. II. The Invitation to William Prince of Orange. A, The political state of Europe at this time. 1. France, its commanding position. Ambitious pro- jects of Louis XIV. 2. The German Empire, how ruled, its lack of unity. 3. Spain, its decline in power. 4. Holland, its peculiar position. The character of William of Orange. B, The circumstances under which the Invitation was sent off. 1. All show of legal rule had disappeared. 2. The announcement of the birth of the Prince of Wales. (7. The men who signed the Invitation. In particular, Danby, Devonshire, Compton. D, William's reasons for accepting it, . III. The events between William's accept, ance of the Invitation and the calling of the Convention. 1. William collects shipsf and troops for the expedition. 2. James refuses to believe the warnings of Louis and rejects his proffered, assistance. 3. Louis pours French troops into Germany. The Dutch States-General gives its sanction to William*! Expedition. TOPTCAT, HTRTORT. 4. James' panic on learning of it. His policy. " He personally appealed for support to the Bishops. He dissolved the Ecclesiastical Commission. He replaced the Magistrates he had driven from office. He restored their franchises to the towns. The Chan- cellor carried back the Charter of London in state into the city. The Bishop of Winchester was sent to replace the expelled fellows of Magdalen. Catholic Chapels an'' Jesuit Schools were ordered to be closed."— (?. 6. Delay of men of influence in joining William. 6. The revolt in other parts of England. Danby in York, Devonshire at Derby, Norfolk at Norwich, ) ' Lovelace at Oxford. U(-«^tM,v<^Q 7. William advances on Sal isbu ry. Bristol opens its y ^jZiA.^^^'^ gates. Lord Churchill deserts to him. The Princess „ X '-.J" Anne joins Danby. 8. James resolves to flee to France, is caught and is brought back. 9. William enters London. James escapes to France. 10. William a8sumes,|by request, provisional authority ^ and calls the Convention. (January 22nd 1689.) IV. The Convention. (See T'L.t Chap, xv., and Jf., Chap, x.) A. The parties in it.| 1. Blind enthusiasts for James II. — few in number. 2. Ultra-Republicans — also few. 3. The Tory Party, divided as follows : a. Sherlock's party— strong among the Clergy- wished to restore James on condition of his guarantee- ing the Civil and Ecclesiastical Constitution of the. realm d W/^ fl TOPICAL HISTOBT. 6. Bancroft's party — also strong among the Clergy- held that the King's stupidity, perverseness, and superstition entitled the nation to treat him as insane ; that a regent should be appointed to per< form the kingly functions. c. Danby's party — the majority in the Tory party — held that the King had, by his flight, abdicated the Throne ; but the Throne cannot be vacant ; therefore the. Princess of Orange should be at once proclaimed. d. The Whigs — not divided like the Tories — held that James had broken the contract between King and people, and had therefore forfeited the crown. The nation should, at once, through its Parliament, elect a new King and lay down conditions upon which he should rule. B. Its proceedings. 1. After discussion the Commons agreed to the follow- ing resolutions : a, '* That King James II., having endeavoured to sub- vert the constitution of the kingdom by breaking the original contract between King and people, and having, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, violated the fundamental laws, and with- drawn himself out of the Kingdom, has abdicated the Government, and that the Throne is thereby vacant. " b. "That it hath been found, by experience, incon- sistent with the safety and welfare of the Kingdom to be governed by a Popish prince. " 2. The Lords at once agreed to the second resolution, but took up a considerable time in discussing the first. They resolved : wmmmm tOFlOAii HIStO&t. a. That there should not be a Regency. b. That tliere was an original contract between the King and the people. e. That James, as stated, had misgoverned the country. d. That he had "deserted," not *' abdicated," the country. e. That the tlirone was not vacant. 8. William then explained his position. ** He had no mind to be his wife's gentleman-usher." Mary declined to accept the Crown except in conjunction with her husband. 4. The Lords gave way and resolution carried that William and Mary be declared King and Queen. fi The Declaration of Riglit drawn up. ** It contains : — a. A recital of all the arbitrary and illegal aots com- mitted by James II. ; of his alidication and the consequent vacancy of the throne. b. An emphatic assertion, nearly following the words of the previous recital, that all such enumerated acts are illegal. e. A resolution that the Crown should be settled on William and Mary for their joint and separate lives, but with the administration of the Govern- ment, during their joint lives, in William alone ; and after the decease of the survivor, on the descendants of Mary, then on Anne another issue, and lastly on the issue of William. ff Tender of the Crown to William and Mary and their acceptance on theae conditions, h "In the second session of the Convention Parlia- ment, which reassembled in October, 1689, the Declaration of Right was embodied and confirmetl with some slight but import ait ameudmeiits, in a regular Act of the Legislature »• . Rights see r.i. "»«<«•«. J-or text of BUI ot V- Acts Passed to settle the «ff • Country. ^^^'""fthe '• fa the beginning of I689 1 n' "- "'• "' » Parliament. % Zj^, "iTT"" '""^ '"«" «>»t no person should aft!r7. « ''*' P'"'"'*'**^. cplmary powers were svJ^L , ''f'' W ""d dia- fa thia connection the htto Aft «' * ""«'* ^^'• "ay be revised. ^ "^ *''* Standing Army *• Thb Toubat/ok Act T*» k- confo^ists from severe It^'"* Jf "««^« Non- ' them a, dissenting frlmtheflr ^^"^^^ "g^'-^t Catholic Church. *" SLnf '"'*'""'''> »f 'he penalties of existin. Htutr^^P**"* "^™» *"« <^ absence from Church !?f '^'""'' <">nventicle. take the Oaths of AlwL™^ ^?T """* "^o-M - «ubscribe to . decltSn ! "t ^"'''"""^y ""d «->■>•" f'orfullprowsior.'f"'* ''"'"''stantia. " established a grlup 'f ^I^' ^'T'""' ^^^It »• Aox for SK^uHhV ^li^-'f "•■' SWMM^OV. Provided thlf.l''"^'^'""' ^ tnat no person shonl,^ ,t i^^^=~=»Eppr~v--»- tOMCAt HIsmiT, W :\ Miy future time be admitted to any office, civil, military, ecclesiastical or academical without taking the Oaths to William and Maiy." Provided also 1 •* that every person holding a civil or military office must take the Oath before let of August, 1G89." Furious disputes arose whether this should apply to those holding ecclesiastical or academical ofHces. Decided in the affirmative. The Non-Jurors, those who refused to take this Oath. Among them the Primate and six Bishops, tt. The Corporation Act restored the rights of those Corporations which had surrendered their charters to the Crown during the last two reigns. 7. The Act of Grace, passed after Parliament had refused to pass a Bill of Indemnity. •' An Act of Indemnity passes through all the stages through which other laws pass, and may, during its progress, be amended by either House. An Act of Grace is received with peculiar marks of respect, is read only once by the Lords and once by the Commons, and must be eithe^ rejected altogether or accepted as it stands. " — M, 8. The Treason Act. Object — To define more pre- cisely what constituted treason, and to afford the accused better opportunities of defence. Provisions — The accused to have a copy of the articles of indict- ment five days before the trial, to have the assistance of counsel, to be proved guilty by at lesiat two witnesses. Passed 1696. 9. Bills proposed but which failed to pass. a. The Triennial Bill — vetoed by William. k. The Place Bill, excluding all persons in the em- ployment of the State from a seat in Parliament, — Defeated in the House of Lords. to / / TOPICAL HISTOBT. Conformist., ^ '"*"* " «•""» of the No». Kighta. Reasons /or its n!)* ''T'"' '" ""« ^"' »' died and his son hid 1^*"'^'"°*' "•'>"<' just Franc, as the iri.mlr 'Tr''™'' ^^ ^"'^ "f the Duke of GloT elTer "*°^ ^'■«''""' ^^^ther, Princess Anne had 1 d Tn ^.r""'"^ """" °* «>« was thought eip^Ln tl e??* ^'"""^"'^ ^^^^ I* cession and to sett 1 m . ' '° ''"""« '^e sue , tive in several ZlZl "'^"'^ *"' «°^'" ^-o^- its principal provisions ; O" The Princess Sonhfn nf u of James I., and tr hei^T •"' «'»"''-<''">g''ter Protestants, to be next i^? ^"^ '^'' ^o^tinning after the re pecHve d ' ' T'^'''"' '^ *•■« 'hrone: and the PrinClnne " '"'' °^ ^'"8 W"«™ ^'■£rofES°'""""^'--'>-ofthe ^SMthr:::.2:Tshrr"r'-''^^^^^^^ * That all measnr™ '**"* *''* """"try. ^ Council mu~^„eTrr''''!, '^ ""' ^"^^ /• That only those nfvlb^™ ^n k"™^ "'«'"• the Privy Council n/ ? ° ""^ •n«nibera of wd.n/efroiat:;i^:°^^-«-«t.or / / TOPICAL HISTORY. u 6 Prayor fciie Nob- reign of J Bill of liad just 'Ouis of urther, of the ar. It »e suc- •eroga- ighter nuing iroiie, the adto hose rlia- •ivy I. i of or \ g. That no person holding an office under the Crown V can be a member of Parliament. -7 h. That judges shall hold their position for life and f good conduct. j. That the royal pardon shall not be pleadable to an C impeachment. The 4th, 5th, and 7th of these clauses were subse- quently repealed. VI, Results of the Revolution. 1. It gave the death blow to the doctrines of the Divine right ol Kings and of passive obedience. An English monarch is now as much the creature of an Act of Parliament as the pettiest taxpayer in his realm. 2. It established '* the right of the people, through its repnesentatives, to depose the King, to change the order of the succession, and td set upon the throne whom they would. " 3. It transferred the sovereignty from the King to the .House of Commons. 4. It gave the Commons the control of the revenue. 6. It, (by the Toleration Act), gave liberty of Faith and Worship to those who refused to conform to the Established Church. VII. The Revolution in Scv and. 1. The South of Scotland at once declared for William. The Episcopalian Clergy driven from their parishes. 2. William, on the advice of Scotch Lords in London, summoned a Convention Parliament. It resolved : (a) that James had forfeited the Crown ; (6) to offer the Crown to William and Mary ;^(c) to draw up p Claim of Right ; {d) to abolish Prelacy. ^ Crown accepted by William ; Claim agreed to 4^-1^ If »f>MOAl HTSTOBT. lander was the ro,torat/oro tr"^*""' '" " «'«'• 6- Brittle 0/ Kiiliecra„H„ ? f ^' """»« «' Ar«yl. " 0. ilic means takm f« i • ^ ' ^^^9- / (7 H;t^ k.U4ct- iiie Scotch Parl^ — proposed by Willie"' "'""' ""• ^o'^""™ Act ^"', J'^e Hevo,utio„-i„ Ireland. waa turned out of „ffi::!'"':;:;,f ., " f-^y English.,,,, 't the mercy of the native ^T u ''*"*" ''''•' t-mpled .inee C.cnwell-; .t; T «""»» they had * When James flees to Fran., -r gain time. Pear of « T ^^'•"'""'ell intriguea to S- ''ames invited ^IVTr?^*''^^"'''- '^o aid the revolt in sSnd i" ^l'- f '' P'^ The plans fail. "^ *°^ *° ^^vade £iQglaiid 4. The Siege Of Londonderry R.. . , . force. — *"^^- Rout of the besieging fi. The Parliament called u^ t The Act of Sett",! ft rLrir-R-^" ■"«-•"— P««ied, Religi„„3 freedomTth ' "' ^"»""'«' ^^v^', LoW «• yC'omberg sent to Can^ A f^" 7. 'in'lprin'^f "" "'"'«^»' '^"t'air ''"'^' ""»■ ,5X.t^:-^. 'wmffrcfosl Sef2 t'lr'^ '™" J^'^-'oe. ^;Jl<:^S#:.^-''^^:.^""'' """'-'-fieMrkeas^and .T- Wilimm, compelled to return fn P , *' ^"nSTlok. command to ChurchUl "«'*"''' '«a^Ts the ». ChnrehiU'a successes' p i •-for. tt. com^; of "i^tS "' ""'"^-^ *^- ;\ 4i ^^ TOPICAL HIBTORT. A r 10. Spring of 1691. Oinkell seizes Athlone. Battle '((ixi.''>X\.\^ of Aii^hrim. Sarsfield's surrender. y 11. Thf treaties of Limerick. 1. The militai'i/ treaty porniitted such of Sarsliold's soldiers as chose to follow him to embark for France. Very few chose to remain. 2, Tiie civil treaty stipulated *' that the Catholics of Ireland should enjoy such privileges in the exercise of tiieir religion as were consistent with the law, or as they had enjoyed in the reign of Charles the Secord." An amnesty was promised to all wiio should submit and take the Oath of Allegi- ance. They were to retain their property, and to be allowed to exercise their profession. 12. 1'lie civil treaty never rtitified. ** The most terrible legal tyranny uudtr which a nation has ever groaned avenged the rising under Tyrconnell." "Hewers of wood and drawers of water." r U S « vr ^.c u^^ SECOND TOPIC. » CHE MILITARY PIISTORY OF THE REIGN OF WILLIAM AND MARY, AND OF WILLIAM ALONE. (Students should use their atlas). A. The Campaigns in Scotland and Ireland as given above. B. War with France. Declared Ma_y, 1689. 1. Its causes. — The intervention of Louis on behalf ot James, the remembrance of the ways in which Louia had interfered with the Government of EuLdand during the reigns of James and Charles, and the injury to Protestantism by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 14 '^"<^AL HI8T0BT ^ C / y- ''■<='""'l. '°'''"'-'' «'"'».• to France o>- 2,cW. ^u^K.<^ French gnii, a vi 0,tMJ^..^t^ -a bu™ T.,,l:Zf\^^^,^'--^l 1690. u„„ o«gh , ^ I meet then, I will Ju ! '*"™""^'l *« fight. ..j/ >"^^c^ /,(j'-l£«ero on board" p „ , *''^"'> ^^e" » King J„„ //./,<«^.:?;->^0n theContin';ntttSS^ "- allies to retreat a t r s 1 i'':"""-^^^o4o once ,„ore Masters of the sea -^''''' ^''« Englfsh , 7 1693. " . ** < / " K-'Sland •'everything seeS ""'"'' WJ-en.i^-.-^ 1 "'■™. to the StnLt ITZT.^ Prognosticate. 'f-T^7 1 roi I" iM,g,a„d •'everything seeir^e'^'T""""'' K''"""- '•«'"™ to the Stuart iL and *^ P^^S-O'^e^te . ;-te to her father req„,:;„r,^.*,''« .P^-oess Anne prance exhausted, and tou fd '""■^''™*^'-" B"t rrfused. ''°""'' 'le^ires peace whi-,)i it TOPICAL HISTOBT. u ;.^^, 1^^* 8. 169 K Willium's plans communicatevl to Loiii.s, ua ia BuppoHecl, by Mailborough. Tlie English fail iu . f^Ui attack on Bie^t, but Bucceeil in aurpiiaing I)ir|)pL' w*^" <'^ X , and l[avre-ilu-(i!raue. On the (\)ntineut the French still have everything their «)wn way. 0. 1()!)5. Nannirrocapturi'd by William (September) the firat groat triumph of the Alliance. 10. 1(500. Financial diflBcultica (refoiin.ition of the coinage) prevent vigorous measures abroad. 11. 1087. Treaty of Kyswick (September). Terms: — *•(!) That neither sovereign should countenance any schemes against the otlier, (2) that free intercourse be restored, (3) that the Hudson's Bay dispute be referred to coniniissioneis, and {i) that in tlie event of the renewal of hostilities, six months' notice be given to the subjects of either nation to remove their effects." Louis surrendered most of his conquests, ^^^but kept Stra.shurg and several fortified towns in B'landers. LoTTTs, of course, recognized William as King of England, and (see lirst clause) abandoned the cause of James II. THIRD TOPia THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCOBSSIOl.. (A valuable book for the study of this topic is "The Age of Queen Anno," by E. E. Morris : Longmans & Co, Its author is a teacher of experience. Students should use tlieir atlas). r. Its Causes. 1. The European situation. Danger to the liberty of Europe from French aggression. 2. The claimants to the Spanish throne. The Dauphin, Joseph of Bavaria, the Emperor Leopold. 16 «>WOAt HISTOBY. ii2^ ^:?"- /£? «>d Its possessions. S f /'?^ ^ ««* Spain *jd Sicily as a 8ep;rate^^f ^ "^'" *' «^* ^^^^^^ ^ MiUnese. (igps.) "^^ ^^^^les to rule the befc.-e. France to ge if tiaT' J""''^ *" ««' "^ »• Irntation in Spain!* tMs «„ ' " ""* *^"''"^^«- o»t »ying •< by your lea" """p^f;"" --'"« -th- Engl«.h and D^t.^. Why , P. r"'^'""^"''^ Spa.n b^ will to Philip of Anil. '" "• '^''^^^ «. Charles II. di.. , ,^. '^''J""- «- ™n beco.„:3 K.^ro7t"'^'" "'^ """^'-o". 7- The English averse to war h * r ""-^tokes, ti^elaatof whlh , f ^"" '""kes three «• I-uia reserved pLlp' t ^t^f "" '■''^^"'"^'»• Preuol, Crown. ^ ^'" "^ succession to the *■ He garrisoned the <»„... , *><»oh soldiers. '^*""'' Netherlands with «• He promised James II f^ King 0, England ^ *" '^"''«^ ^a son „ the «• W»r declared, 1701 it Course of the War. ». The Grand Alliance revivprf •• To place Arohduke Chatl *''""""*' «™» : »• Tokeepdownthep^w '"r'"r"^'''Vi.. ft»uce Iron, «tai„i„g V/ ^!r?^ P^^-'t-ng ^dering the anion of th7cr? ''^'"'^' '^'^ by Spain. *"• Crowns of France and » Death of William III a I"fl«no. of Lady Irlb '"""• "^ ««««" Anne •*-.'. «.e hero o^ttr^X-lrr "^^ fr- t^ir-:-'^' -■-,-^^fV"':*.3^»-; _ rOPIOAI. fOBTOhl. 17 BOS ■3" H 1^ CO 2, o 5 o if D '^ • as < I oiQ tr V if sJih 5 « D S:«» ».f II A'B 3 a ' a H GO H O > M m 18 TOPICAL HlStOtlf . M^ ^N ^JLiwO*- ^^ pv^ ^ 8. How the powers of Europe ranged themselves. a. On the side of the Grand Alliance: (1) Vhe Emperor ; (2) Four of the Nine Electors ; (3) iirlinor Princes of Germany and Denmark ; (4) Holland ; (5) England ; (6) After first year, Styyy and Portugal. 6. On the French side : (1) France ; (2) Spain and her Dependencies ; two of the Nine Electors, Bavaria v^ i-i . a and Cologne. 4-. Where the war was carried on : In general, where- ever a Frenchman and an Englishman met. In particular, (1) In Flanders and the Rhine Provinces ; (2) Northern Italy ; (3) In Spain. 5. The aim of Marlborough — To clear the Netherlands of the French, to penetrate France and to compel Louis to grant the demands of the Grand Alliance. 6. Other leaders — Prince Eugene, Lord Peterborough. 7. Events of the war, by years. 1702. a. In Flanders, Marlborough cleared from French (}'0L -^ /-^ occupation a wedge with T^jige as its apex, the Rhine as its base, and the Meuse as one of its sides, and thereby protected the Dutch frontier at one of its most vulnerable points. 6. In Spain, Duke of Ormand fails in his attack on /o Cadiz, but seizes the West Indian treasure fleet. I h'' 1 /0° ^' ^^ North Italy, victory of Cremona won by Prince l/)jL,4(i^v^^<-^ ^itcH-^k^ ''^Eugene, and passes into T^ol secured. 1703. a. Marlborough managed to widen the base of his g t triangular wedge by the capture of Bonn on the ^ ' " ^ Rhine, and to drive it a little further home by the capture of the fortress of Huy. 6. In Bavaria, allies defeated at Hochstadt ^ind Laj^tlau. /d^' -tAAJUUu ^'- Ct**-CCs_«.> 7 -^i^idi >.'/ A (Captures Gibraltar. i c. An English fleet sent to assist the Camisards, but owing to a mistake it sails away without doing so. 1705. Only important events take place in Spain. An English force sent under Lord Peterborough, to attack Spain from the east. He captures B arce- lona. Catania declares for the Archduke. The war of the Camisards comes to an end. The year of victory. In Flanders — The victory of Ramillies. The 1706. ^6 (L.4^U Jff (u u^ a. Netherlands cleared of the French. 6. In Italy — Tjjrin in danger of being captured. The siege raised by Prince Eugene. The battle of Turin. The French demoralized. Savoy secured to the Grand Alliance. c. In Spain — Peterborough raises the siege of Barce- lona that had been besieged. Qalway marchen from the west and enters Madrid, but obliged immediately to quit it. Spaniards beco'^d loyal to Philip. 1707. The year of disaster. a. In Flanders — Marlborough fettered by the slow- ness of the Dutch Deputies, was unable to accom- plish anything. h. In Spain — The battle of Almanza, Galway defeated by Berwick, the greatest defeat the Allies had Oov,* TOFIOAL HISTORY. luffered daring the war. Only the Province of Catalonia remained faithful to the Allies. e» The Allies defeated on the Rhine by Villarp. d. Part of an English fleet in the Mediterranean lost, Sir Cloudesley Shovel, the commander, drowned. 1708. In Flanders — The French gaining ground, lay siege to Oudenarde. Eugene joins Marlborough. Battle of Oudenarde. and capture of Lille. 1709.°" Negotiations for peace. Conditions offered to Louis: ( i) Philip to give up the throne of Spain ; (2) the P» o- testant succession to the English throne to be reco^^- nized; (3) the Pretender to be banished ; (4) theDut^h to have a strong chain of fortresses in Flanders. Subsequently a clause added requiring Louis to assist in driving his grandson from the throne. ** Ij I must continue the war, I will contend against my inemies rather than against my own family,^* Louis appeals tfir^Vf'm TOPICAL UIHTOBY. 8. In Charles II's reign the sturdy bcgj,;ar was trantj* ported. 8. In Queen Anne's reign they were compelled to enter the army. 4. By the statute of Eli.'^abeth it was the duty of church vvar(lcn3 to "provide Work, build poorhouseb and to apprentice paupers." IV. Land and Products. 1. The following table showsj how the 37,000,000 acrec of land in England and Wales were and are diistri- buted : TURN. MOW. Arable 9 14J Meadow 12 12 Woods 6 2 Unfit for cultivation 10 8^ — Morris, 2. Chief products— wheat, wool. Coal fields not largely worked. V. Luxuries. 1. "It was calculated that in the year after the Revo- lution a quart (of beer) a day was brewed for every ma*i, woman, and child in England." — Morris. 2. The use of tea and coffee was rapidly spreading. 3. Owing to the war with France port wine took the place of claret (a general name then for the French wines) with bad results. 4. " England and Wales consumed eleven million pounds of tobacco, and sent no less than seventeen millions to the continent, all of which came from the English plantations in Virginia." — Morris. VI. Taxation. 1. In the reign of Charles II. the public rerenne was about one million and a half. tOnOAL HISTORY. 27 2. How made up — The excise produced £585,000 ; the oustomi £530,000 ; the tax on chimneys, £200,000 ; the Crown Lands, etc., the remainder. VII. The National Debt. Ir *' There was a small national debt in England before the Revolution, Charles II. having taken the money of the goldsmiths and having told tliem that he would pay interest, though he would not repay the princi- pal." — Morris. 2. The wars springing out of the Revolution necessi- tated the borrowing of money, hence the national debt. 8. Morris gives the following table showing the sums borrowed and the wars during which they were bor- rowed. The fii^ures represent millions of pounds : (a) William's War, ending with the peace of Ryswick 13| (6) War of Spanish Succession 38 (c) The wars in George II. 's reign, and including the whole of the Seven Years' War 86 (rf) War of American Independence 121 (e) Qreat f^rench, or Napoleonic War 600 ; I SEVENTTH TOPIC. LITER ATURB AND ABT. I, General Literary Character of the Period. 1. Its writers have comparatively little of the inde- cency of the writers of the Restoration period. 2. They excel in form, in polish, in taste, 3. They have no great depth or originality; they lack pathos and enthusiasm. - - ■ frin.t .«i« i Ci fr l ''-! ill> liMli i j ' ,i.l.)W » l ll lM w m.J.:,. .j>^ 28 ronOAL HI8T0B1. 4. They paint with exquisite art, Society and Man in Society. 5. They are masters of wit and satire. 6. The prose writers are much more valuable than the poetical. II. Typical Writers and Works. 1. Drydeu (1630-1700). Absalom and Achitophel. The Hind and Panther. 2. Pope (J 688- 1744). The Rape of the Lock, Essay on Man, The Dunciad. 8. Addisou (1672-1719). In poetry, The Campaign. In prose, Essays in The Spectator. In drama, Cuto. 4. Swift (1660-1745). Gulliver's Travels. 5. DeFoe (1661-1731). Robinson Cruboe. 6. Locke (1632-1704). Essay on the Human Under- standing. 7. Gay (1688-1732). The Beggar j' Opera. 8. Tillotson (1630-1694), StiL'ingfleet (1635-1699), South (1633-1716), theologians and preachers. IIL Art. •* The only art that really flonriahed in Queen Anne's time was Architecture, and that because England happened to possess an architect of consummate geniti a. " — Morris. I. Sir Christopher Wren. "St. Paul' -*t Wren's great est work, though some say that uhe Church of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is a more perfect specimen o) his art." Total cost of the cathedral, nearly £750,- 000. Begun 1675, finished 1710. S. Sir John Vanbrugh. i^iiilt "at an expense to the nation of half a miUion pounds, Blenheim Palace, to be presented to the victorious Duke of Marlborough." An epigram says of him : Lie heavy ou him, F:arth, for he Laid maay a heavy load on ih—. toriOAL BISTOEr, 1. Their daacent : 29 i ^ H A P G fl) Q o -« -orq- .<6 ^ I C5 I I o f Q re 0^ 5! re fj p3 s- re n s- N P cr • re- «- =r n re o s- p 9 ■re I o o < s o CD W •-1 O to d CO fcrl O o ^ p 3 CD !2l O O < erq t« o r* rf D* (ft tn O 80 TOPICAL HISTOEY. 2. The Act of Settlement. II. Character of George I. and George II. "Aliens in blood, in language, and in politica] synipa thies they clung fondly to their beloved Hanover, and seemed to regard the Kingdom of Great Britain as an appendage, and rather an irksome appendage, to their small German Electorate. " — T- L. George III. wished *• not to govern against law, but simply to govern — to be freed from the dictation of parties and ministers, to be, in eflfect, the first minister of the state." He gloried iu the name of Briton, III. Effects of the Accession of the House of Hanover. 1. The right to the throne was finally made to rest upon Parliamentary title. 2. The establishment of the Cabinet system of Govern- ment. 3. Owing to the personal character of the first two kings the power of the Crown became dormant. 4. The Tory party adhered for fifty years to the cause of the exiled Stuarts, and the Whigs had complete politi cal control. I NINTH TOPIC. ATTEMPTS OF THE STUAETS TO EEGAIN THB THRONE OF ENGLAND. I. The Rebellion of 1715. 1. Before the death of Anne the Tory leaders were busily intriguing for the return of the Pretender, the Queen being favorable. TOPICAL HISTORY, 31 lly leu 2. On the Queen's death the Wliigs promptly took .steps to secure the succession of George I. 3. Boliugbroke and otiier leaders were impeached but allowed to escape to the Con.tincnt. 4. Such disaffection among the Jacrbite party — fanned by the clergy — that James the Pretender resolved to make a descent on the Highlands of Scotland, where his cause was particularly strong. 5. Jacobite rising in North of England and North of Scotland. 6. James's partisans defeated on the same day at Pres- ton, in Lancashire, and Sheriffmuir in Scotland (P^arl of Mar). 7. James arriv^es too late, with only a few friends (Louis XIV. had just died), is forced to return to France. 8. Tiie English did not go iuto.4;he rebellion very heartily. II. The '45- 1- England at war with France (Austrian Succession). 2. Frauce places a force at the service of the Young Pretender to invade Scotland and thus distract the attention of England. ♦ o. A storm disperses the fleet — what escaped, goes back. 4. Prince Charles resolves to make the attempt with only a few followers. 5. Lands at Glenfinuan (West of Scotland). Highland chieftains join him, marches to Edinburgh, wins the battle of Preston-Pans, marches into En eland, reaches Derby, receives no support, retreats to Scot- land, defeats General Hawley at Falkirk (Jan. 174G), ^s defeated at Culloden ^^y Duke of Cumberland (April), is a fugitive for months, finally escapes. 6. The hopes of the Stuarts cxtingMished for ever, 7. The Highlands reduced to order. i r i-i r-auTjH B K s-i ■smi iM'< fi « f*»mmmtnm y 33 k TOPICAL HISTORY. TENTH TOPIC. ADMINISTEATION OF WALPOLB. I. Came into Power on the failure of the South Sea Scheme. Administration lasted 1720-1741. II. Reasons for his long lease of Power. 1. It was a period of political stagnation ; the Tory party was gone. 2. The Whig party was led by a knot of great landed proprietors, whose influence was supreme. 3. He maintained the principles of the Revolution, kept out of war, and did not meddle with the Chuich. 4. The rapid growth of trade and commerce absorbed the energy of the nati6n. 5. Parliamentary corruption was systematically practised. III. Walpole's Policy. 1. Foreign. — A peace policy. — Examples : a. Avoidance of v/ar with Spain between 1720-1729. Spain resolute to regain Provinces lost in war of Spanish Succession, to recover Gibraltar, Minorca, etc. Sees a chance if Emperor can be detached from the Quadruple Alliance (a survival of the Grand Alliance). Offers to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanc- tion. Emperor agrees. The secret treaty is re- vealed. Formation of Triple Alliance, 1725. War averted for the time, but danger again, 1727. Wal- pole averts war by ''diplomatic pressure." The Treaty of Seville, 1729. England (1731) guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction. 6. England kept out of the Polish war, 1733-1736. ** There are fifty thousand men slain this yeai in l^urope, and not one Englishman.'' il f'J!!^35S!^ ''m' f 9 ' ^ 11 ii"ii ' I", n ygp wu ' mwi TOPICAL HISTORY. 33 «» His struggle to maintain peace when the Family GoMPAOT had aroused the suspicion and jealousy of England. France has recovered from the exhaustion of the war of Spanish Succession. Alliance with Spain to ruin the maritime supremacy of Britain )Family Compact). England, under Treaty of Utrecht, had right to trade with Spanish Colonies. Spain attempts to enforce restrictions of this treaty. Evaded by smuggling. Conflicts frequent between Spanish and English. Tales of cruelty brought to England. Walpole compelled to give way, 1739. 2. Colonial. — Broke through the prejudices of the tkne. Allowed Georgia and the Carolinas to export rice directly to any part of Europe. In middle of century profits of colonial trade two millions a year. 3. Domestic. — The first of England's Finance Mmisters. a. ** Declared in a Speech from the Throne that nothing would more conduce to the extension of commerce than to make the exportation of our own nianufao- tures, and the importation of the commodities used in the manufacture of them, as easy as may be." b. Excise Bill, though withdrawn, * * the first measure in which an English Minister showed any real grasp of the principles of taxation." c. Although the nation was becoming rich Walpole practised a rigid economy. The public burdens re duced twenty millions before the death of George I. d. Hated religious intolerance, yet never ventured to suggest the repeal of the laws against Non-Con- formists. e. Did not permit any tampering with public justice, or with personal liberty. f. Though fouUy slandered, never meddled with the press. Inled Parliament largely by means of corruption. f». ^w : I 34 TOPICAL HISTORY. IV. The Patriots, 1. Walpole too jealous of power, "was left, after twcntj' years of supremacy, with but one man of ability in his Cabinet. " 2. Dismissed colleagues form a party. Piiltcney, leader. 3. Ardent young Whigs join them. Leader, William Pitt. 4. Speeches of the party characterized by lofty appeals to patriotism. 5. Walpole's fall largely due to their attacks. V. The Fall of Walpole, 1. Loss of the support of Queen Caroline, who managed the King. 2. The bitter opposition of the patriots, supported by the Prince of Wales. 3. The country tired of inaction. A more vigorous policy desired. 4. Walpole charged with thwarting England's efforts on behalf of Maria Theresa. 6. In his own Cabinet almost powerless. His colleagues men of no capacity, but influential, because rich. Hence blunders in the policy of the Ministry. ELEVENTH TOPIC. WAB OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION. 1, The Emperor Charles VI. died 1740. Some times be- fore his death he had issued a Pragmatic Sanction by which he provided that his hereditary dominions should iescend unbroken to his daughter, Maria Theresa. Ilpain, England and France bad guaranteed that the provieionB would be carried out. I^LatSStL TOl'lCAL UlSrOKY. ib 2. France breaks her pledge, wishing to bieak up tlie Empire into a group of powers too weak to resist her aggiessiou. Spain, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony each wish a share of the spoil. England aloue remains true to her pledge. 3. Walpole advises Maria Theresa to buy off Frederick of Prussia by giving him part of Silesia. She refuses. 4. Maria Tlieresa defends her dominions nobly. Eng- land's part in the war of little value. Walpole resigns. Carteret succeeds him as Foreign Minister and carries out his plans. 6. The Queen forced to cede Silesia to Frederick. Eng- land makes new efforts on her behalf. George II. wins the battle of Dettingen. The French evacuate Ger- many. 6. Austria in turn becomes ambitious. Frederick again joins France to oppose iier. But Maria Theresa, suc- cessful for the time, meditates the division of Prussia. This unpopular in England. Carteret compelled to resign. The Pellianis follow Walpole's policy, and wish peace with Frederick. Peace made so far as Germany is concerned. 7. War continues in other parts of Europe, in America and in Asia. Closed in 1748 by peace of Aix-la-Chap- elle. England surrenders her gains at sea; France, those on land. This peace a mere pause in the struggle. Struggle continued in the Seven Years' War, 3(5 tOPlOAL HISTORY. TWELFTH TOPIC. THE SEVEN YEARS* WAR, 1. French in America gradually making enoroachmenta on the English. In India also they seek to drive out the English traders. National jealousy aroused that only waits for occasion to manifest itself, 2. George II. as ruler of Hanover is jealous of Prussia, with which his ministers seek to be in alliance. Russia also jealous of Prussia. Maria Theresa passionately desires to get back Silesia. 3. In 1755, Maria Theresa joins in league with France, Spain, Russia and Saxony against Prussia. Negotia- tions very secret. 4. In spite of George II. 's opposition, his ministers make a treaty with Frederick of Prussia, providing for the neutrality of Prussia and Hanover in any contest be- tween England and France. Treaty gives offence. Prussia and England have to fight the rest of Europe. 6. Course of events. War opens disastrously. England unprepared. Port Mahon, in Minorca, lost. Admiral Byng retreats. Duke of Cumberland falls back before a French army and engages by convention of Closter- Seven to disband his forces. In America, French have possession of the Valley of the Mississippi. General despondency. **We are no longer a nation." Pitt comes to the front. His union with Newcastle. The tide of fortune turns. Plassey gives England control of Bengal (June, 1757). Frederick defeats the French at Rossbach (November, 1757). Soon after, at Len* then, defeats the Austrians and clears Silesia of them. But a series of defeats reduces his fortunes to lowest r^ / TOPICAL HISTORY. 87 point (1769). England meanwhile gains three great vic- tories — Minden, Quiberon, Quebec. Death of George II. (1760). War continues. Capture of Pondicherry destroys the power of the French in India. Franco makes a new "Family Compact" with Spain. Pitt wishes to declp.re war with Spain at once. George III. refuses. Pitt resigns. Lord Bute's administration. War declared against Spain, 1762. English capture Havannah and many Spanish treasure-ships. Take also some islands of the French West Indies. Nego- tiations for peace (Nov. 1762). Peace of Paris (Feb. 1763). 6. Conditions of treaty. a. England] obtained : Canada, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Louisiana, Dominica, St. Vincent and other islands in West Indies, Senegal, Minorca, the two Floridas (from Spain). 6, France got back : Guadaloupe, Martinico, Belleisle. c. Spain got Havannah and Phillippiue Islands in exchange for the two Floridas and the Spanish pos- sessions in North America. d. Prussia did not lose any territory — held Silesia. 7. General results of the war. a. England becomes the head of a great Empire. h. France is efifectually checked in her aim to break ap the unity of Germany. c. The unity of Germany sprang from the victory of Bossbach. -'•'^'•^»r»'fm^ -\mm»mf > m < mmmms :-'.m. ; 38 TOPICAL HISTORY. THIRTEENTH TOPIC. THE EISE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA, [See in particular Macau ay's essays on Clivc and Ilastiriirs.) 1. Eaat India Company formed in England, 1000. During the following century only three forts ac(|uired — Fort St. Georgo (Madras), Fort William (Calcutta), and Bombay. 2. Company devoted itself exclusively to trade. The forts protected by "Sepoys." 3. Attempt of the French to expel the English from India. Capture of Madras by Labourdonnais. Clive among the captives. 4. Dupleix, Governor cf Pondichcrry, conceives plans for the creation of a French Empire in India. Circumstances favourable. Mogul Empire falling to pieces,. Dupleix offers his sword to the Emperor. Becomes virtually master of the Court of Hyderabad. Places a creature of his own on the throne of the Carnatic. This Nabob had almost conquered the Carnatic when Clive interfered, (1751). 5. Clive surprises Arcot ; is besieged in its fort ; the Mah- rattas relieve him. Clive twice defeats the combined forces of French and natives. His health breaks down. 6. Clive returns, 1756, to India. Goes to Bengal to avenge the massacre of the Black Hole of Calcutta. 7. Battle of Plassey, (1757). 8. The East India Company places a creature of its own on the throne of Bengal. His rule soon merely nominal. 9. Battle of Wandewash, 1760, gained by Colonel Coote over Lally, French Governor of Pondicherry, establishes British supremacy over Southern India. tOPIOAL HisiTORt. dd FOURTEENTH TOPIC. [^ THE ENGLISH IN THE NEW WORLD I. The Pre-Revolution Period. (For Constitutional aspect consult " May's History.'*) A. Ine period of settlement. Virgbiia settled in beginning of seventeenth century bj- English gentlemen. Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore, a convert to Cathvjlioibm. Now England States settled by Paritanis. PennsylvaiJa colonized by Penn and tho Quakers. New York State obtained from Dutch in Charles II. *8 reign. Georgia became in George II. *s reign a refuge fw Eng- lish debtors, and for the persecuted Protestnnta of Germany. B. The p(3riod of conflict with the French. In the middle of the eighteenth century Montcalm forms the project * ' of extending the French domin- ion over the broad plains of the Ohio and the Missouri, from Canada to the Mississippi, and of cutting off the English colonies from all access to the west." All Englishmen ordered to quit this territory. The English Government bestirs itself. Acadians driven out. An Ohio Company formed. French drive out the Ohio settlers and establish Fort Duquesne. Braddock attempts to take this fort. His force is routed, himself slain. Three English expeditions prepared, "one to th^ Ohtc valley, one to Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, 40 tOFIOAL HISTOmY. while a third, under General Amherst and Admiral BoBcawen sailed to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. '' (1768).— (?. First and third expeditions sudbessful, second a failure. 1759. — French evacuate Ticonderoga. English capture Fort Niagara. In September, Quebec taken by Wolfe. 1760. — Montreal taken by Amherst. £nd of French rule in Canada. C Relation of Colonies to the Mother Country. 1. Political. — *' Every Colony was a little State, com- plete in its legislature, its judicature, and its execu- tive administration. But, at the same time, it acknowledged the sovereignty of the mother country, the prerogatives of the Crown, and the legislative supremacy of Parliament. The assent of the King, or his representative, was required to give validity to Acts of the Colouial Legislature, his veto annulled them, while the Imperial Pailiament was able to bind the Colony by its Acts, and to supersede all local legislation. Every Colonial judicature was also subject to an appeal to the King iu Council at West- minster." — May. Practically the Colonies were left to themselves. 2. Commercially. — "She suffered no other country but herself to supply her wants ; she appropriated many of her exports, and, for the sake of her own manufactures, insisted that their produce should be sent to her in an unmanufactured state. By the Navigation Acts their produce could only be export- ed to England in English ships Li compensation for this monopoly she gave a preference to the pro- duoo of her own Colonies, by prohibiting toiy pro- ? ) ! Mw"!: ' i^ ' ,;.' ' j:'" ♦OPIOAl ttlSTORt. 41 tfljtivo duties upon foreign commodities. In claim- ing a monopoly of their markets slie, at the same time, gave them a reciprocal monopoly of her own.** FIFTEENTH TOPIC. KINGLY POWER SINCE THE REVOLUTION. (Beside T-L., students will do woU to consult May's Constitutional History, and that of Prof. 0. D. Yoriid from her, they escaped her domination. All their expenditure, civil and military, was defrayed by taxes raised by themselves." — May, / 2. In pursuance of his general policy, George III. determined to make the colonies conttibute to the general revenues of the government. Following are arguments in favor of this determination : a. Much of the national debt had been incurred in defence of the colonies. 6. Otb er States had been accustomed to enrich them- selves by the taxation of their dependencies. c. Constitutional lawyers held that it was competent for Parliament to tax the colonies. d» Parliament had cu inany occasions passed acts providing for the levy of colonial import asid ex* port duties. Arguments against : a. The colonies had had no voice in the wars by which England's debt had been incurred. h. Tiie colonies had taxed themselves heavily for protection against the foes of the mother country with whom they had no quarrel. c. Granted that Parliament could make laws for government of the colonies, yet, by constitutional usage, taxes were always granted by the people through their representatives. 3. The Stamp Act passed 1765. The colonies indi- vidually and through representatives in a Congress denied the right of Parliament to pass such an Act. 4. Act repealed by Rockingham administration in spite of the obstinate resistance of the king and his friends (1766). At the same time, Declaratory Act passed, / by tOPIOAL HISTOBT. 4? Inserting the supreme power of Parliament over the coloiiiea, " in all cases whatsoever." 5. George III. intensely annoyed by the repnal of the Stamp Act. Determined to seize the first oppov tunity to undo the "fatal compliance of 1706." 6. In 1767, Townshcnd, notwithstanding what had happened, imposed a variety of small customs* duties on the colonies. Another period of agitation, and government withdraw all but a tcx on tea (1769). Americana refuse to buy taxed tea. 7. Attack on tea-ships at Boston (1773) gives the King the opportunity for which he )'as been waiting. 8. King refuses to consider the question of compensa- tion — Boston punished by having its port closed against all commerce. Massachusetts has its charter altered. Troops sent to "bring the Americans to their senses." 9. The colonies adopt the quarrel of Massachusetts. Hold a congress (1774) to arrange joint action. 10. Lord Chatham (1775) brings forward a measure providing for the repeal of the late Acts, for the security of the colonial charters, the abandonment of the claim to taxation and the recall of the troops. It is contemptuously rejected. 11. The congress of delegates adopt measures for gen- eral defense, raise an army and put Washington over it. B. Course of War. 1. 1775. Skirmish of Lexington, April 19th. 2. Battle of Bunker's Hihl. 3. The British troops looped up during the wintc (1775-6) in Boston. lu spring they withdraw to New York. 4i TOPIOili HIStOllt. |l Hi R' i 4. General Arnold makes a raid upon Canada. 5. The Southern colonies expel their governors. 6. 1776. Declaration of Independence, July 4th. 7. Howe gains the victory of Brooklyn. Washinguos forced to evacuate New York and New Jersey, Later, gains some successes. 8. 1777« Burgoyne marches from Canada to seize the line of the Hudson ; then with the help of the army at New York, to cut oflf the New England States from the others. Be finds himself confronted by General Gates. Surrenders at Saratoga (October). 0. Howe sails up the Chesapeake, defeats Washington at Brandywine, takes Philadelphia. Washington faces Howe's army at Valley Forge during the winter. 10. Chatham again tries to bring about a reconcilia- tion — fails. 11. 1778. France and Spain conclude an alliance with the States. They declare war. 12. All hope of reconciliation passes away with the death of Pitt. 13. 1779. Gibraltar besieged. The Dutch join the league against England. In America the British generals are successful in the South. 14. 1780. Lord Cornwallis captures Charlestown and gains other successes. The United States bankrupt. 16. 1781. Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorktown. 16. Lord North resigns. 17. 1782. November. Preliminaries for peace signed. 18. 1783. Peace of Versailles. Conditions: a. Independence of United States ac- knowledged. fbnOAl HI8T0BT. 49 (. France to get a sharo of the Newfoundland fiab- eries, and islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. e. Spain to get Minorca. ^ d, England to keep Canada and Newfoundland. 0. Results. , 1. "If it crippled for a while the supremacy of the English nation, it founded the supremacy of the English race.*' — 0, A great English-speaking nation was estahlished in America in which, on a wide scale, English law, English institutions and English liberty began a new career. 2. The mother country was taught some useful lessons, from which in her subsequent dealings she profited. No further attempt was made to tax any of her colonies. III. Canada Under British Rule. (Student may consult \7ithrow'B History,) 1. 1760-1764. Canada under a military government. The country divided into three jurisdictions — Que- bec, Montreal and Three Rivers. 2. Indians dissatisfied with English rule. Pontiao*s war. 8. In 1764, Canada formally annexed to British pos- sessions by royal proclamation. Government estab- lished — a Governor and Council. Representative institutions promised as soon as the country became ready for them. English law, and English methods of conducting judicial proceedings introduced. 4. Dissatisfaction among the French. They are ex- eluded from all offices and treated as a conquered race. They dislike the English law anr^ English tenure of land. ■ i I 60 TOPICAL HISTOBT. I -I 4. The Quebec Act (1774). Its provisions t a. "Extended the bounds of the province from Lab- rador to the Mississippi, from the Oliio to the watershed of Hudson's Bay. b. "Established the right of the French to the ob- servance of the Roman Catholic religion, without civil disability, and confirmed the tithes to the clergy, exempting, however, Protestants from their payment. c. "Restored thi French civil code, and established the English administration of law in criminal cases. d. "Vested supreme authority in the Governor and Council, the latter being nominated by the crown, and consisting for the moat part of persons of British birth. "—fT. 5. Canada and the American Revolution. Canada invited to join in the revolt. French fairly satisfied with the concessions of the Quebec Act refuse, but are apathetic as to the result of the contest between Britain and her colonies. The Americans invade Canada (1775). Montreal occupied. Ineffectual siege of Quebec by Arnold. The Americans compelled to retire (1776). In 1777, Burgoyne invades New York from Canada. Importance of Treaty of Versailles to Canada. — "By its terms, Canada was despoiled of the magnificent region lying between the Missis- sippi and the Ohio, and was divided from the new nation by the Great Lakes, the St. Lawi*euce, the watershed between the St. Lawrence and the Atlan- tic, and the St. Croix River." — W. The war, fol- lowed by an exodus of U. E. Loyalists to Canada — 10,000 to Ontario alone. i - ,t. TOPICAL HISTOBT. m I] 6. The Constitutional Act (1791). The rapid devel- opment of what is now Ontario, since the American War, raised the question of its separation from Quebec. a. The Act "divided Canada into two provinces by a line coinciding chiefly with the Ottawa River. b. '* In Upper Canada, British law, both civil and criminal, and freehold land tenure were introduced. e. "In Lower Canada, the Seigniorial and French law in civil cases were retained. d "In each province, a government was constituted, consisting of an elective Legislative Assembly, and a Legislative Council and Governor appointed by the crown. c. "One-seventh of the land was reserved for the use of the crown, and one-seventh for the main- tenance of the Protestant clergy." — W, 7. The Wanof 1812-16. A» Its causes. 1. Napoleon's ''Berlin Decree," and the retaliatory British "Orders in Council " press heavily on Ameri- can shipping. The American Non-Intercourse Act. Mutual exasperation. 2. Britain asserts her "right of eearch" for deserters from the navy. 8. The publication of the secret correspondence of a Captain Henry who had reported that New England was ready to secede from the Union. 4. A desire to annex the provinces of British North America to the United States. B. Course of events. 1812. 1, War declared, June. 2. Sir Isaac Brock takes Fort Mackinaw, and secures the allegiance of the British. 4- ! • 62 TOPICAL HISTORY. 3. The American plan of attack. Canada nivaded at three points. a. General Hull crosses the Detroit River— Biook ^oes to meet him. He re-crosses. Bruok follows. Hull surrenders. b. Van Ranselaer crosses the Niagara at Queeuston. Battle of Queenston Heights. Death of Brock. The American force surrenders. Other American troops prevented from crossing. e. General Dearborn advances by way of Champ- Iain ; fails in an attack at LacoDe, and retires into winter quarters. 1813. 1. Both sides make extraordinary efforts to con liinue the war. 2. The Americans construct strong vessels for the lakes. S. American plav. — to conquer Upper Canada. a. Proctor captures Winchester and 500 Americans at French Town, Michigan. Later in the year is compelled to cross the Detroit River and fall back before General Harrison. Battle of Moravian Town (Oct.), British defeated. Western Upper Canada in American power. h. Amerians take York and Fort George, but are defeated at Stoney Creek and Beaver Dams. Sir George Prevost and Sir James Yeo attack Sackett*s Harbor. A^itack not so sue cessful as it might have been, from over-caution. In revenge, the Ameri- cans plunder and bum the town of >! ork, buti arc defeated by Yeo when letorniug across the lake. c An American force gathered (October) near Sack- ett's Harbor to advance agftmat MontreaL Df»- fefttod at Chrysler's Farm. •M«i mmmmmmmiilillm''-^ tOnOAL RI8T0&T. ^ 1814. A Another foroe invading Canada by way ol Champ- lain. Defeated at Chateauguay. «. These defeats led the Amerioan commander at Fort George to abandon it in December, after set- ting fire to every house in the tovni of Niagara. In revenge for this, the Canadians take Fort Nia- gara and ravage the whole frontier. a. The American General, Wilkinson, defeated (March) at LacoUe Mill by a force much smaller than his own. h. British troops defeated at Chippawa; but the Americans defeated at Liandy's Lane. e. A force under the over-cautious Frevost advanced against the Americans at Plattsburg, but failed to accomplish anything. The British defeated in an attack on New Orleans. Q. Peace of Ghent, December, 1814. 1. Americans did not gain any territory. The adjust- ment of unsettled boundaries was left to a com- mission. 2. The *< right of search" and the rights of neutrals were not mentioned in the treaty; the European War was now over. 3. An agreement made for a combined eifort for the suppression of the slave traffic 1815. JEVENTBENTH TOPIC. THE GROWTH OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA. (See Macaulay's essays on Clive and Hastings). 1. In 1760, British supremacy was established over Bengal, and over Southern India. 2. The work of organization followed that of conquest. 'I m 64 tOUCAL HISTORY. a. Olive's Work as an organizer: (1) He organized tlic service of tliu East India Company in India ; (2) he put down tiie trading of the Company's ser- / vauts, and forbade tlieir acceptance of gifts from the natives. b. In 1767, he returned to England, and by unspar- ing denunciations of the mi'^government of Bengal, attracted the attention of the government to India. c Tlio Regulation Act, 1773: (1). Established a Governor-Cieneral and a Su- preme Court of Judicature for all British posses- sions in India. (2). Prohibited judges and members of Council from trading. (3). Forbade any receipt of presents from natives. (4). Ordered that every act of the Directors should be signified to the government to be approved or disallowed. d. Clive'a own career inquired into. He is censured, but the Commons unanimously vote "That Robert Lord Clive, did at the same time render great and meritorious services to his country." 3. Hastings the first Governor-G(!neraI. His adminis- tration, 1773-1785 : a. Established the direct rule of the East India Company over Bengal. h. Organized afresh the system of government, respecting as far as possible the prejudices, feel- ings and habits of the natives. c. Began deliberately the subjugation of all India to the British Crown. d. Sold the services of the Company's armv t^ cruah the Rohillas. TOPICAL HISTORY. 55 t. Met and in the end defeated the Mahrattas (who were incited by the French.) /. Met the danger from Hyder All, whom Cootc defeated at Porto Novo, 1781. y. Annexed Benares. '^ h. Reduced Oude to virtual dependence. 4. The many unscrupulous acts of Hastings lead to his impeachment. His long and memorable trial, 1786- 1795. The investigation of the character of his administration, made it apparent that it was not advisable to permit a trading company to rule over so great a possession. 5. Mr. Fox's India Bill, 1783, " Proposed to transfer the political government (of India) from the Directors of the Company, to a Board of seven Commissioners The appointment of the seven was vested in the first instance in Parliament, and afterwards in the Crown. '» Bill defeated in the Lords, the king exercising his influence for that purpose. The ministry requested to resign. 6. Mr. Pitt's India Bill, 1784. It "preserved in appearance the political and commercial powers of the Directors, while establishing a Board of Control, formed from members of the Privy Council for the approval or annulling of their acts." This dual method of governing India continued till 1858 when its government was vested directly in the Crown. 7. British rule only once seriously threatened during remainder of the period (1797-8). Tippoo Sahib, successor to Hyder Ali in Mysore, vows to drive the English into the sea. Is killed at the storming of his capital, Serin gapatam, and Mysore added to tb« British dominions. ■<• 1^ ) ■ ■A f •■ ', iii t fOnOAL HUTOftT. EIGHTEENTH TOPIC. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE YOUNGER PITT A. The circumstances under which he assumud power. The King had oontemptnously dismiflsed the coalition ministry of North and Fox, and entrusted the form- ation of a government to William Pitt. Pitt's followers were in a minority in the Commons. He was defeated again and again, but refused to resign. Meanwhile the King was exercising his influence in Pitt's favor. The adverse majorities gradually dwindled down, and on the House being dissolved (March, 1784), and a new election taking place, an overwhelming majority was returned in favor of Mr. Pitt. (For constitutional principles involved in this struggle, see Mai/t chap. I, pages 72, etc.) B. Pitt's relation to the King. The King trusted him because he had saved him from the power of the coalition. Pitt was no pappet in the King's hands, his will was stronger than his master's, yet the Kirg never ceased to guard care- fully the royal power. **He (Oeorge) had the satisfaction of seeing his own principles carried out by hands far abler than his own. In prosecutions of the press, and the repression of democratio move- ments at home, the minister was, perhaps, as sealons as the King : in carrying on war to crush democracy abroad, the King was more zealous than his minister. They labored strenuously together in support of TOPICAL HISTORY. 07 monarchy all over the world ; and respected too littlo ^ the constitutional liberties of their own people." May, Pitt's Foreign Policy. 1. "He was a 'peace minister' and a statesman, who saw that the best security for peace lay in the freedom and widening of commercial intercourse between nations." — O. 2. Commercial Treaty of 1787 between England and France, framed on these principles. It ** enubieJ sub- jects of both countries to reside and travel ir eitlici' without license or passport, did away with ill prohi- bition of trade on either side, and reduced every import duty." — O 8. The intimate connection between England and France, ina(' the events of the French Revolution of 1789 of great interest in England. Pitt's attitude towards the Revolution— cool, but without distrust. 4. Besides his desire for peace, Pitt's policy in Eastern Europe led him to seek an alliance with France. Catharine of Russia had tv70 objects in view, (a) th«» annexation of Poland, (6) the expulsion of the Turk* from Europe. Austria was willing to join her i» carrying out her plans. To defeat the designs of Russia and Austria, Pitt had renewed the old friend- ship of England with Prussia, and in 1789 entered into an alliance with Prussia and Holland to preserve the Turkish empire. But Prussia had designs oi> Poland herself, and hence Pitt's anxiety for a Fren^jh alliance. 6. Burke, alarmed at the doctrines of the French Revolution, had determined to make a continuaA<^ of peace between France and England impossiltN 68 TOPICAL HISTORY, ' Pitt struggled against the slowly-rising ti')ut ths war Pitt kept \Ttohing for an opportunity to briug i*-. to a close. Hir attempt in 1790 was a f«\ilu<-e owiji^to the elation o^ Mie French over the victories of Napoleon in Italy. No other opportunity offered during his first ministi v. 10. Pitt's later position "one of almost trag.'N irony. An economist heaping up millions of debt, « peace minister dragged into the costliest of wars, he i» the very type of a baffled statesman." E.v, Pitt .vas recalled to power 1804, during the pe^.' of mIic threatened French invasion. He succeeded -i f )rming an alliance of Russia^ Austria and Sweden, fo r wist French agg' ession. But the crushing defeat 9f the Austrians at Austerlitz killed him. "•"ffST tOMCAL HISTOU. 69 />. Pitt's Domestic Policy. 1, "His policy from the first was a policy of active reform, and ho faced every one of the problujiis tiiiaii- cial, conatitHt'.onal, religious, from wliivii Walpole had shruuk." — G. ?„ Financial Policy. a. Smith's "Wealth of Nations" was the ground work of his policy. h. He was able to carry on the government without niakir.g the taxes too oppressive. c. He proposed to pay off the national debt gradually Vjy means of a sinking fund. d. He reduced the customs duties to such au extent as to make smuggling unprofitable, yet the revenue increased. t. He made (1787), a Treaty of Commerce with France. f. He proposed free trade with Ireland, but his offer was rejected by the Irish Parliament. (T. He succeeded in bringing about free trade between England and Ireland immediately after the Union (1800). i. Why he failed to do more. — (1) He had to contend with the ignorance and prejudice of fbose who supported him. (2) The breaking out of the French Revolution put a stop to his plans. %, Constitutional Policy. o. The India Bill (1784). Pitt ''left the (East India) Company in possession of their large powers : but subjected them to a board of control represent- ing the crown. The Company were now account- able to ministers in their rule ; and ministers, if they suffered wrong to be done, were responsible to Parliament." — May, 00 toptoAi mnoKt, (. The Bill "to amend the representation of the people of England in Parliament," (1785). Sf/e Topics. e. The Regenay Bill (1789). George III. had become insane, and the Prince of Wales claimed the regency as a right. Pitt resisted the claim on the ground that Parliament alone had the right to appoint a regent. d. The Constitutional Act, (1791). Divided the Canadas and gave them self-government. «. Supported Fox's Libel Bill (1792), which gave the jury the right to decide whether a publication is libelous or not. /. Resisted the panic excited by the French Revolu- tion, but moved (1794) for the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. g. Carried through the Act of Union between ^ England and Ireland. h. Proposed (1801), to introduce in Parliament a Catholic Emancipation Bill, but the proposition met with the determined opposition of the King. This led Pitt to resign. 4. Polio y in Rbliqious Matters. (See May, chap. XII.) a. In 1787, 1789 and 1790, Pitt opposed, but in a half-hearted way, a motion for leave to bring in a bill to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts. 6. In 1792, opposed a measure supported by Fox, to repeal certain penal statutes against Unitarians. A Pitt*s influence obtained the passage by the Irish Parliament of certain measures for the relief of the Catholioi of Ireland. •I I tOPiOAL BISTORT. 61 a. After the union of England and Ireland, Htt waa of opinion that Roman Catholics might safely be admitted to office, and to the privilege of sitting in Parliament. As stated above, the King opposed the proposal and Pitt resigned. 3!nNETEENTH TOPIC. 1.1 THE CAREERS OF BURKE AND FOX. (See articles in Encyclopsedia Britannica.) I. Burke. — "One of the greatest names in the history of political literature." 1. Bom 1729 at Dublin, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, went to London 1750, to study law. Little known of this period of his life. 2. Made his first mark as writer by a satirical work, '* A Vindication of Natural Society. " Then followed his work '*0n the Sublime and Beautiful."— Both works were published 1756. "By 1756 the cast of Burke's opinions was decisively fixed, and they under went no radical change." 3. Began his public career in the service of "single speech " Hamilton, when the latter was Irish Secre- tary. In 1765 became private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham, and in the following year was returned to Parliament for a pocket borough. " For the space of a quarter of a century, from this time down to 1790, Burke was one of the chief guides Mid inspirers of a revived Whig party." The polioy of that party was opposition to the King's attempt »-iiJ 69 tOPlOAl HISTORY. f at personal rule. Burke made speeches, and wiote books full of unanswerable arguments, but, all the same, the Commons voted for the King. 4. During these years Burke was a member of the club of which Reynolds and Garrick, Goldsmith and Johnson, were leading lights. 5. On the fall of the North Ministry, 1782, Burke was made paymaster of the forces, but held the oflBce for only a few months. In 1783, he held the same posi- tion under the coalition ministry. 6. For fourteen years (1787-1795) he gave close atten- tion to Indian affairs. The enormities of which Hastings was guilty aroused his indignation. His impeachment of Hastings was one of the interesting events in his career. 7. Burke distrusted the Fi-ench Revolution from the first. When its excess revealed its true nature he determined to arouse the English nation against it. With this object he wrote *' Reflections on the Revolution in France." Thirty thousand copies were sold within seven years. His views alienated him from his party. He sacrificed his friendship for Fox. He published an "Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs." Largely through his instrumen tality, England was forced into war with France. 8. In 1794, Burke lost his son in whom his hopes were wrappea up and he never recovered from the blow. 9. Pitt's desire for peace called forth Burke's "Letters on a Regicide Peace." He died in the year follow- ing, the dark year of the war. II. Fox (1749-1806).— "A statesmsri wiio, despite his failings, is one of the finest and most fascin ating figures in modern liistory." 4 TOPICAL HISTORY. 63 1. Born in Westminster, educated at Eton and Oxford, travelled extensively in France and Italy, entered the House of Commons in 1768 for the pocket borough of Midhurst. 2. Was third son of Henry Pox, '''the most thoroughly hated statesman of his day "; was idolized by his father, but received from him a l)ad training. His father initiated him into gaming and other worse vices, and laughed at his son's scruples. 3. At first supported the party of George III., and was made a Lord of the Admiralty; but, opposing the Royal Marriage Bill, incurred the displeasure of the King, and was never fo: t^iven. 4. "In 1774 Fox began that opposition to the ill-advised and ill-fated measures of Lord North which gave him a place among the greatest of orators and the most prescient of statesmen." Became a pupil of Burke's in political science, and was soon the acknowledged leader of the Opposition. The chief efforts of the Opposition at this time were directed against the King's policy in the American war. 6. Became Secretary of State in the Marquis of Rock- ingham's administration, but held the position for a few months onl^ . Became Secretary of State for a short time again m the coalition Ministry. The chief measures with which his name is associated are :— ■ (a) The treaties of peace between Great Britain and France, Spain, and the United States of America. {b) An India Bill. w. At the election of 1784 the Whigs were left in a hopeless minority. Every effort was made to defeat Fox His election was contested. In his subsequent parliamentary career he made many eloquent speeches, but accomplished little. The chief poi-its if: I I! 64 TOPICAL HISTORY. ill it are: — (1) His opposition to Pitt's commercial treaty with France ; (2) His opposition to the slave trade ; (3) His attempts to have the Test and Cor- poration Acts repealed ; (4) His support of a thorough* going scheme of parliamentary reform ; (5) His ap- pointment as a manager in the impeachment of Warren Hastings ; (6) His support of the claim of the Prince of Wales to be regent during his father's mad- ness ; (7) His Libel Act; (8) His friendly support of the French Revolution ; (9) His opposition to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, etc.; (10) His support of the measures to resist Napoleon ; (11) His appointment as Secretary of State, 1806; (12) His faiewell speech against the slave trade. 7. Fox discontinued attendance in Parliament for some time (1797), and occupied himself with writing a History of England from James IL TWENTIETH TOPIC. I KB WAR WITH REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE (1798..1flPlV I. Its Causes. The spread of revolutionary principles on the continent excited the distrust of the conservative class in Eng land. The excesses of the revolutionists aroused horror in all classes. Burke worked upon the foars of the English people until a panic of terror was excited. Pitt withstood the demand for war as long as he could, but in 1792 the French Convention deoreed that France offered the aid of her soldiers to TOPIOAL HISTOBT. all nations who would strive for freedom. Further, in February, 1793, the French, having overrun Holland and conquered Flanders, threw open the navigation of the Scheldt, in violation of the Peace of Westphalia, and when the English envoy remon- strated he was ordered to quit the country, and war was declared against England. II. Its Course. 1. Austria and Prussia attacked France to the north and east, Spain and Sardinia to the south, England kept the sea, and the peasantry of La Vendue rose in insurrection. 2. The war was at first disastrous to the French. They failed in their attack upon Holland, and were driven from the Netherlands. But the German powers were not anxious to restore order ir. France, as they wished to carry out their designs on Poland. 3. Soon an enthusiasm to spread liberty everywhere was awakened in France, and then her arms began to conquer wherever they went. An English force under the Duke of York, acting in the Netherlands, was so wasted by disease and hardship that it re- embarked for England. Lord Howe defeated the French fleet off Brest on the 1st June, 1794. 4. The year 1795 saw the coalition against France break up. Austria was the only ally of consequence England had, and she had to be heavily subsidized. Most of the French and Dutch colonial possessions fell into English hands. 5. In 1796 Pitt, heartily sick of the war, strove to bring about a peace, but the successes of Bonaparte in Italy led the French Government — the Directory — to decline all overtures. Spain entered into g m m TOPICAL HISTORY. !Hl treaty ofTensive and defensive with the French, and declared war against Britain in October. The Spanish a-nd Dutch fleets were now at the service of France. A French army under General Hoche set sail for Ireland in December, but the fleet was dis- porsed by a violent tempest and returned to France. 6. The year 1797 is the dirk year of the war. Napoleon diove the Austrians com^oletely out of ItaW, and Austria wa3 coi ill'^^ ■ o . 'gu thf Treat/ of Campo Formio. iinglarin yOMOAl HISTORY. 67 t tf! returned from Egypt and was made First Conpiii. Russia retired from the coalition. 6 In the s;)rinf,' of iSOO Napoleon crossed the Alps at i! fi St, ijernard, and defeated the Austrians at M.. eiigo. Moreau also defeated them later in the yea.* h,t Hohenlinden. Austria gladly made peace at Lune\ilie, F'^biuary, 1801. 10. In 1801 iiln^dand was once more alone in opposition to France. Napoleou resolved to strike at l^^Dgland's commerce by shutting all European ports against her. He succeeded in uniting llussia, Sweden, and Den- mark in an armed neutrality. The Engli^ ' fleet (hi- Btroyed that of Denmark in the battle of C<.:iot igeii. A short time before this bafcib the Knr ror » ..ul of Russia was assassinated, and h\A su _33cr-, Alex- ander, made a convention with iiinglan .. Malta surrendered to the I'nglish, and the '• onch army in Egypt capitulated. 11. Napeleon now resolved on peace 1(k u time. Peace OF Amiens, March, 1802. III. Conditions of Peace. 1. France to withdraw from Southr>rn Italy, and to leave the republics of Holland, Switzerland, and Piedmont to themselves. 2. England to recognize the Frei^ch vjfovernment ; to give back the captured colonies, except Ceylon and Trinidad ; to restore Malta within tlu/'Je months to the Kni<'ht3 of St. John. rf 68 TOPICAL HIBTOST. TWENTY-FIRST TOPIO. I THE WAR WITH NAPOLEON. I. Its Cause. * Napoleon resolute to become master of the Western World. Despite the pledge in the Peaco of Amiens, the republics of Holland, etc., made dependent upon his will. The protests of the English Government met by a demand that the French exiles be driven from England, and that Malta be surrendered. Huge armaments made ready for the invasion of England. War declared by England, May, 1803. II. Its Course to the beginning of the Pen- insular War. 1. Napoleon formed a camp of 100,000 men at Boulogne, and souglit to divide the English fleet and to concen* trate that of France in order to cross the channel. The death of the French admiral prevented the plan from being carried out, and the assumption of the title of Emperor and the ceremonies connected with his coronation kept Napoleon engaged to the close of 1804. 2. In 1805 Napoleon planned the union of the Spanish fieet with the Frencli. Nelson waa too quick for the French admiral. The French and Spanish navies were annihilated off Cape Trafalgar, 21st October. Meanwhile a league of Russia, Austria, and Sweden was formed against Napoleon. Pitt gave subsidies. Napoleon, disappointed in his plana against England, marched his army against the Austrians and Rus- sians. He crushed their combined forces at Anster- /lu^U -'' n/ ^]Onork, May, 1811. Portugal was saved from the French, but Spain was in tlieir hands. 4. Napoleon withdrew the best of his troops from Spain, and Wellington assumed the offensive, 1812. <^ 'jL^-'.vf CiUDAD,Jim.'Ri*^*<^ itiid Badajos Were captureil. ^(u^y Jit' - ^X'^K/ Wellington marched on Salamanca, defeated Mor- Ws? mont (July 22iid), and in August, entered Madrid. ^ Besieged Burgos — but the approach of two French armies compelled a retreat to the frontiers of Portu- gal, (October). 7/ St'- f < i / (JU«-«-^ 5. In May 1813, Wellington again advanced /V 3 — 3 ^ortugal, defeated the French at Vitto fro m RIA, aiK drove them across ti»« P»- ""^es. In July, he carried 1 ill tOPIOAL HlflTORT. ti Bnt the to iiiU lIKl IHt. 09. in )iilt [1 ii bon i at jer, ton is- ;he Gill 12. ■ed. Ol- id, icli ■tu- oni .titl iccl \/{yiuA o-,a.^^i ^j^jf Sebastian by assault. Gained the battle of I ^^ ^. *- , *< Bidassoa in Ootobor, which enabled him to enter ' iiip^^^/Hi'/ir'^ Spain (1814). Drove Soult from an outrenched )m»x^ CjC an Jsa*Ac.i~ ^fM ~ /^amp at Ba y^oa ne. and defeated him at Orthes. In '^^o,, April, an indecisive battle fought at Toulouse — the last of the war. IV. The War in Europe from i8o8 to the Battle of Waterloo. 1. In September, 1803, Napoleon entered into an intimate alliance with the Czar of Russia, in order to prevent the German powers from renewing hostil- ities. 2. In 1809 Austria determined once more to renew the struggle with Napoleon. Battles of VVagrani, July 5th and 6th. An English force sent against Antwerp, returned after heavy losses. 3. In 1810 Napoleon dispossessed his brother Louis of the kingdom of Holland, on account of hia laxity in carrying out the continental system, and added the country to France. He also sought an alliance with the United States against Britain. 4. "In February 1811, the United States announced that all intercourse with Great Britain and her dependencies was at an end " — a serious blow to English commerce. Beside this Napoleon seized several States, among others the duchy of Oldenburg, for trading with Eni^laud. The Duke of Oldenburg waft a brother-in-law of Czar Alexander, and the latter resented Napoleon's action. He resolved to disregard the continental blockade of British manu- factures. Napoleon deter uiined to punish him. m ,w r J 1. it 79 TOPIOAL HI8T0BT. 5. In May, r812, Napoleon aet out from Paris to super, intend the inva>Jou of Russia. In June the United States declared war against England. 6. In the spring of 1813 Prussia rose in arms against Napoleon. Later in the year Austria stirred to action by the successes of Wellington, joined Prussia and Russia. Napoleon was defeated by the allied forces at Leipzig in October. On the last day of 1813, the Allies entered France. 7. In March 1814 the Allies entered Paris. On April 4th Napoleon abdicated and was sent to Elba. The Treaty of Paris closed the War. The Trsatt of Ghent concluded the war with America. 8. On the Ist of March 1875, Napoleon landed at Cannes, and in twonty days was in Paris. On June 18tb, he met Wellington at Waterloo and was de- feated. \ ' ! r TWENTY-SECOND TOPIC. IRELAND IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. (The student may consult Walpole'a Short History of Ireland in the Franklin Square Library.) 1. As the result of the war of the Revolution in Ireland, over 1,000,000 acres were forfeited. Vast estates were given to the friends of William III. It became the fashion to reward nameless English services at the expense of Ireland. So wholesale the transfer of land that at the beginning o! the century, the Roman Catholics owned less than one-seventh of it. TOPIOAI. BIBTOmT. ts %, The goyernment was absolutely in the hands of the Protestant minority, and this minority determined to stamp out as far as possible the Roman Catholic religion. The English Parliament in 1692 imposed oaths of Allegiance and Abjuration, and the making of a declaration against transubstantiation, upon all persons holding office. Then followed a series of Penal Statutes, passed by the Irish Parliament. a. No Roman Cutholic might teach a school or any child but his own, or send children abroad. 6. No Catholic \ras allowed arms, and if he had u good horse, a Protestant might claim it on tender ing £5. e. Priests from abroad were banished, and their return declared treason. d. Mixed marriages wore forbidden between persons of property, and the children mij^ht be forcibly brought up Protestants. «. A Catholic could not be a guardian, and all wards in chancery were brought up Protestants. /, The Protest-ant eldest son of a landed proprietor might make his father tenant for life, and secure his own inlieritance. g. The wife of a Catholic was encouraged to aposta- tize by being permitted on her conversion to obtain a jointure of value. Apostatizing children were empowered to bring their father into chancery in order to obtain an allowance. h, "The jrowning statute of the penal code was an aotp'^ssed in the first year of George II., by whicli every Roman Catholic was absolutely disfranchised and deprived of his vote both at parliamentary and ■uinioipal elections." — Walpole. f I 14. id tV % tOPIOAL HI8TOBT. / / 3. Irish trade was destroyed by statates passed in a similar spirit. a. As early as 1663 a bill was passed forbidding the importation of Irish cattle, sheep, swine, salt meat or bacon. b. In 1696, all direct import trade with the Britisi. colonies was absolutely prohibited. c. In 1699 and 1700, acts were passed that ruined the Irish woollen trade. This trade was almost wholly in the hands of the Protestant English colony, yet that mattered nothing to the English traders. d. Endeavors to introduce the manufacture of silk, glass, cotton etc., were also prevented by English jealousy. The linen trade alone flourished. In 1786, petitions signed by 117,000 persons praying for the prohibition of Irish linens, were sent to the English Parliament from Manchester. The prayer of the petition was disregarded. ^ Whilst England was harassed with the American war, the Protestant Irish determined to assert themselves. All the English troops had been withdrawn and it was resolved to raise a national militia, Protestants only to be enrolled. 42,000 men were enrolled. At once arose a demand in the Irish Parliament for free export and import. In 1779, Lord North carried three bills through the English Parliament, one allowing free export of wool, glass etc., the second removing the prohi- bition to carry gold and silver coin to Ireland, and the third permitting Ireland to trade direct with Mediterranean ports and the British colonies. /. By the Act of Union Ireland was put on the same commercial footing as Great Britain. 14. \ > TOPICAL HISTORY. 75 4. The government of Ireland was the instrument of a terrible tyranny. a. The Lord-Lieutenant was often absent in England, and during his absence the government was usually in the hands of the Priinato, the Lord-Chancellor, and the Speaker of the House of Commons. 6. The Parliament consisted of two Houses. The House of Commons was split into factions, and it was the policy of the government to play these off, one against another. The bulk of the House was composed of the nominees of the great Protestant land-owners. The Parliament could sit as long as it pleased. The government was not responsible to the House and not removable by it. c. Large sums from the revenue were employed to pension the favorites of the English Kings. In 173.3 these favorites drew £69,000 from the treas- ury. d. "The Irish Parliament had no power of origin- ating legislative or financial measures, and could only say "yes" or **no" to acts laid before it by the Privy Council in England. The English Parlia- ment too claimed the right of binding Ireland as well as England, by its enactments, and one of its statutes transferred the appellate jurisdiction of the Irish Peerage to the English House of Lords." — Green, 6. The condition of the people was wretched. a. "Disfranchised, disinherited, disabled from ever cisingthe most ordinary dvil functions, the Roman Catholics, the bulk of the Irish Nation endured all the social and moral disadvantages, all the con- tempt, all the bitter sense of injustice of a subject 76 TOnOAL HI8T0BT. / race. With no room for honorable ambi^on, no •cope for enterprise, they were condemDed to the swinish existence for which the evil of the day is sufficient, and whioh takes no thought for the mor- row. " — Walpole. k The landlords were largely absentees. *' Middle- men " rackrented in the most remorseless manner. Frequent famines fell upon the poor. *' The poor squatted where they could, receiving starvation wages, and paying exhorbitant rents for their cabins, partly with their own labor. Unable to rise, the wretched people multiplied on their potato plots with perfect recklessness. During the famine which began in the winter of 1739, one-fifth of the population ia said to have parished." Article *• Ireland," in Ency. Brit, e. Secret societies flourished — *'Whiteboys*' (1761), " Oakboys," " flearts-of-eteel Boys" *' Threshers " etc. The Irish Parliament independent of the Knglish, 1782-1800. a. How *' Home Rule " came to be given. — A national militia had been raised to protect the country when England withdrew her troops during the American war. This gave the Protestant oligarchy backing in their demand for the removal of trade restric- tions. Certain reotristions were removed. Then came a demand for legislative independence. On Grattan's motion a resolution to this effect was carried. During the Rockingham administration, 1782, the demand was granted. ff. The principal leaders in the Irish Parliament wtle Ovt^^iic^^b and Flood. Many important acta w«r« TOPICAL HISTORY. n passed — a national bank was established, the appointments of judges were made dependent on good behavior, the marriages of Presbyterians were made valid in the eye of the law ; a Habeas Corpus act was passed, etc. Strenuous efforts were made on behalf of Parliamentary reform. One-sixth of the Irish House were returned by less than 500 electors. Seats were bought and sold. A scheme of reform which left Roman Catholics without the franchise was rejected. Bills striking at the most notoriou:^ abuses were voted down by the corrupt supporters of the government. At length the government itself in 1793, passed a bill admitting Catholics to the franchise. e. How the Irish Parliament was taken away. — Owing to the risings the condition of tiie country (1798) was deplorable. The country was in a state of siege. Pitt hal resolved that a legislative union must take place. The Act of Union was bought through the Irish Parliament. Its main provisions were :— (1). The kingdom to be ^'nited, and the succession to remain as fixed by the existing laws. (2). Ireland to be represented in the united Parlia- ment by one hundred commoners ; by ft - lords spiritual, taken in rotation ; and by v^eniy* eight lords temporal, to be elected ic life by their fellow- peers. (3). Irish peers to be eligible for electi i in any British constituency. (4). All members of the United Pa liamcnt to take the oaths which excluded Catholics, (5). The continuance of the Irish church to be a fondamental article of the Union. i ' 1. it 78 TOPICAL HurroBT. (6). Both oonntries to be on the iame ocmunetoial footing. (7). Taxation to be proportionately distributed be* tween the two countries. (8). The Courts of justice to be untouched, with a final appeal to the House of Lords. 7. The Irish revolts. Ever since 1761 secret societies had flourished. No attempt was made to remove the grievances of the people ; the government simply crushed out lawlessness by coercion. Fresh outbreaks were theretore inevitable. When the French Revol- ution came, its influence upon Ireland was very great. The "United Irishmen," a society of Catholics and Protestants that at first sought parliamentary reform by constitutional agitation, became a secret society, to wrest Ireland from English control, and to estab- lish a republic. France promised assistance. In December, 1696, General Hoche set sail for Ireland, but a storm spoiled his plans. Stronger measures of coercion followed. Then followed " outrages on the one side, tyranny on the other." A general rising was fixed for May, 1798. liuthless butcheries took place all over the country. The main body of the insurgents were defeated at Vinegar Hill. Later General Humbert landed, but surrendered to Lord Comwallis. The story of the suppression of tbe revolt is terrible beyond measure. See WaXpole. .t TOPIOAL HISTOBY. 79 TWENTY-THIRD TOPIC. THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF ENGLAND IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. (Knight's History of Engfland may be consulted with adTftntage). I. Increase of Population. Prom 1700 to 1760, 200,000 ; from 1760 to 1780, nearly a million and a quarter ; from 1780 to 1801, nearly a million and a half. " The start in the national in- dustry, supplying new sources of profitable labor and new means of subsistence to increasing numbers, appears to have been singularly concurrent with that outburst of public spirit which attended the ad- ministiation of the first William Pitt." — Knight. II. Morals and Manners of the Pfof le. 1. The Manners of the up])er classes were refined : their Morals loose. Walpole sneered at all appeals to patriotism or any of the higher feelings. The Duke of Grafton appeared in publio with his mistreBS. Fox was a gambler. 3. The middle classes were the salt of the country — God-fearing, intelligent, law-abiding. S. The common people were sunk in terrible ignorance and brutality. The Methodist revival did thcni untold good. 4. "In Walpole's day the English clergy were the idlest and the most lifeless in the world." The Methodist revival made the fox-hunting parson and the absentee rector impossible. f vm 80 TonoAL ainomt. III. Religious Progress. 1. In the early part of the century among the uppet olasses Deism prevailed extensively. Christianity was regarded as an exploded belief. 2. The Metiiodist revival was confined almost entirely to the lower and middle classes. Whitfield, the orator ; John Wesley, the organizer ; Charles Wes ley, the poet of the movement. 3. 1 reflex influence of the movement on the Estab- lis! A Church very great. It created an evangelical party within the Church. 4. The noblest fruits of the revival were : (a) The new moral enthusiasm ; (6) the new philanthropy. Hence : (1) Prison Reform (note Career of Howard); (2) Repeal of Penal Laws ; (3) Abolition of Slave Trade; (4) The beginning of Popular Education. IV. Progress in Manufactures. 1. In 1770 one man in three was engaged in agricul- ture ; in 1S50, one man in four. The great advance, ment in the mechanical arts began just at the accessioki vi George III. 2. The nameii of the great inventors and discoverers of the end of last century are Brindley, Arkwright, Crompton, Cartwright, Roebuck, Wedgewood, Watt. 8w The first canals were opened in the first years of George III.'s reign. The coal trade at once sprang up. ArkvfrTight took out a patent for a spinning machine, 1769. Mobs burned the mills in which they were uaed. Crompton 's *'mule" was finished 1779. Steam power was first employed in spinning 1787. Cartv/nght's power-loom was first brought into profitable use 1801. tOftOAl HISTOBT. •1 4. Dr. John Roedmok's nain« ii oonnaoted wilh two important inveations : (1) A pioceBS for prodaoing sulphuric acid cheap; (2) the prooees of melting iron (1769). 0. In 1793 Wedgewood prodnoed a new kind of earthen- ware that soon drore out the wooden and pewter dishes. 6. In 1774 Watt's first steam engine was set up in Birmingham. TWENTY-FOURTH TOFIO. LITBRATUBB AND ABT IN THB BiaHTBBNTH OBNTUBT. (Befar to Ohamber^ Qjolopadia of LitsiatoreX I. Literature. A. Poets. — ^During this period there is a gradual transition from the classical school of Pope, to the natural school of the beginning of the present century. 1. Edward Young (1681- 1765).— Night Thoughts. 2. James Thomson (1700-1748).— The Seasons. 8. William CoUins (1721-1769).— Ode to Liberty, etc. 4. Thomas Gray (1716-n71).—£legy in a Country Churchyard. 5. Oliver Goldsmith (17281774).— The Deserted Vil lage. 6. William Cowper (1731-1800).— The Taak. 7. Kobert Burus (17d9-1786).--The Cottar's Saturday Night s^ TOPICAL HiSTORt. 8. William Wordsworth (1770-1850).— The Excursion 9. Samuel Taylor Coloridge (1772-1834).- The Ancient Mariner. 10. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).— Uy of the Uat Minstrel. 11. Thomas Moore (177!) I S.'52). -Irish Melodies. 12. Lord Byron (1788-182t).-Childe Harold. 13. Percy l^ysshe Shelley (1792-1822).— Revolt of Islam. 14. John Keats ( 1795- 1820).— Endymion. /?. Novelists. 1. Samuel Richardson ( 1 689- 1761).— Clarissa Harlowe. 2. Henry Fielding (1707- 1 7r)4).— Tom Jones. 3. Tobias Smollett (1721- 177 1).— Roderick Random. 4. Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).— Raaselas. 5. Sir Walter Scott.— Waverly. 0. Historians. 1. Tobias Smollett.— History of Kngland. 2. David Huui:. (1711-1776).— History of Kngland. 3. Dr. William Robertson (1721-1793).— History of Scotland. 4. Kdward Gibbon (1737-1794).— Decline and Pall of tlio Roman Empire. D. Miitaphysicians. 1. David Hume. —Treatise on Human Nature. 2. Dr. Adam Smith (1723 1790)— liieory of Moral Sen- timents. 3. Dr. Thomas Reid (1710-1796.)— The Intellectual Powers of Man. 4. Dr. DugaldStewart(1763"1828).— Philosophy of the Human Mind. £. Theologians. 1. Dr. Joseph Butler ( 1 002- 1 762). —Analogy of Religion to the Course of Nature. ■: 'f TOPICAL HISTOBT. m 2. John Wesley 1703-1791).- Sermoni. 3. George Wliitfielcl (1714-1770). -Sermons. 4. Dr. William Paley(1743-ls05).-Natural Theology. h\ IC.ssayists. 1. Dr. Samuel Johnson. — The Rambler and Thr Idler. 2. Dr. Hawkesworth. — The Adventurer. 3. Horace Walpole. Itk.* vv«.i,i 4. Karl of Chesterfield, and others. / ^^^ ^^"'"* 6. Rev. Sidney Smith. ^ 6. Francia JelFiey. V Edinburgh Review. 7. Lord Brougham. J G. Dramatists. 1. David Garrick (1716-1779).— The Lying Valet. 2. Samuel Foote.— The Minor. 3. Oliver Goldsmith. — She Stoops to Con(|uer. 4. Richard Brinsley Sheridan. — The Rivals. 5. George Colmau. — John BulL II Art. 1. HooAKTH.— " The true founder of the Rngliah school of painting." 2. Reynolds —*• The acknowledged leader in portrait- ure. It 3. Gainsborough. — ** A painter both of landscape and portrait in a style at once thoroughly English and thoroughly original." 4. Wilson. — ** He was a great painter, but his painting was conventional." 6. West.— Painted "Death of General Wolfe." 6. Lawrence. — '*The undisputed successor to Rey* nolds." 7. Wilkie. — Painter of the *' pleasant side of every-day ■'». *^a «.^# ^"i^..^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 1.0 [Si^l 156 112 „„,, I.I 11.25 12.5 U& I 12.2 uo 111112.0 |||||ig. U 11 1.6 y] <^ /] 7 c^. .fv ;> 5W ik. '» v> ^?^j >!S^ o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 K "4^ /34 TOPIOAL HUTORT. 8. Turner. — ** His * Crossing the Brook ' is the noblest English landscape of its kind ever painted." The Royal Academy was founded 1768. — "The list of original members is a curious index to the state of art in England at that time. Of the thirty-three whose names are inserted in the first catalogue, eight or nine are foreigners ; two are ladies ; some were coach and sign painters — most are mere name.- now : probably not more than a half a dozen would be recognized except by the students of the litera- ture of art. " III. Sculpture. 1. Banks (reign of George III.). — The first great Eng- lish sculptor. 2. Bacon (John) designed a very large proportion of the public monuments of England at the end of last century. 3. Flaxman. — "Some of his grander productions, like the Archangel Michael and Satan, are the glory of the English school of sculpture " IV. Architecture. 1. Sir Robert Taylor. — The leading architect when George III. came to the throne. 2. Sir John Soane. — Architect to the Bank of England. 3. Sir William Chambers. — Architect of "Somerset House. " TWBNTY-PIPTH TOPIC. THE HOUSE OP LORDS SINGE THE REVOLUTION. (See May in particular). 1, The influence of the House of Lords very great, but gradually becoming leaa. il TOPICAL HUTOBT. d5 y^.' 8. Its increase in numbers. At beginning of Henry VII. *8 reign only 29 temporal peers ; at death of Eliza- beth, 59 ; at Revolution, 160 ; at accession of George III., 174. Between 700 and 1821, 687 were created, of which 3S8 were created between 1761 and 1821. 8. Character of this increase. The House of Lords ** is no longer a council of the magnates of the land, — the territorial aristocracy, the descendants or representa- tives of the baruns of the olden time." The additions to the peerage have consisted of eminent men in various walks of life. i 4. The principle of representation in the House of Lords* a. There are 28 peers of Ireland elected for life. b. Scottish peerage represented by 16 peers elected for a single Parliament only. e, English spiritual peers number 28, holding ssats for life. fi. Importance of the prerogative of creating peers. a. Attempts made in 1719 to fix the number of peers. Defeated chiefly through the exertions of Walpole. 6. Power to create peers prevents a dead-lock between Commons and Lords. e. Creation of peers in House of Lords equivalent to a dissolution in the Commons. 6. Source of weakness in the House of Lords, a. The attendance is usually very small. Three peers form a quorum. 6. Business is transacted in general in a listless manner. c. It follows its leaders too slavishly. d. It represents (necessarily) the Interests of wealth and rank. . TOPICAL HISTOBT. TWENTY SIXTH TOPIC. I Mii' :.!,; THE HOUSE OF COMMONS SINCE THE REVOLUTION. (See May in particular.) I. Number of Members. 1. Under the last two Stuarts average number of meni' bers 500. 2. Union with Scotland added 45. I 3. Union with Ireland added 100. 4. Number since averaged about 650. House which met January, 1886, had 670 members. II. As Representative of the People. 1 Defects of the system of representation previouB to 1832. a. Nomination boroughs. 0. Partial and uncertain rights of election. e. Flagrant bribery at elections. d. Seats bought and sold. «. Government influence in large towns. /. Cost of elections in the great cities. g. Many large towns unrepresented. 2. Some examples of the defects : a, ** Seventy members were returned by thirty-five places in which there were scarcely any electors at all." *'The Duke of Norfolk was represented by eleven members ; Lord Lonsdale by nine, etc." h» At New Shoreham an association, " The Christian Club," was in the habit of selling the representation to the highest bidder, and, after the election, dis* tributing the money among its members. TOPICAL HISTORY. 87 ON. em- IB lich I to ■*- ■ fiv6 3 at by ;ian lion iis- «. Men who had amassed fortunes in the Indies (Nabobs), and whose careers had made them un- scrupulous, "forced their way into Parliament by such a torrent of corruption as no private hereditary fort"ne could r^ist." As much as £6000 was givfu for a seat. d» **Xhe poll was Vable to be kept open for forty days. , . . During this period the public houses were thrown open, and drunkenness and disorder prevailed in the streets and at the hustings. Bands of hired ruffians, — armed with bludgeons and in- flamed by drink, — paraded the public thorough- fares, intimidating voters and resisting their access to the polling places." 3. Attempts to remedy these defects. a. Wilkes' scheme (1776) proposed to give additional members to London and the large counties, to dis- liranchise the rotten boroughs, and to enfranchise Manchester, Leeds, etc. 6 Duke of Richmond (1780) proposed annual parlia- ments, universal suffrage, and equal electoral dis- tricts. 9 , Mr. Pitt moved several motions for reform (1782- 1785). Proposed (1785) *'that seventy-two mem- bers, then returned by thirty-six decayed boroughs, should be distributed among the counties and the metropolis." Compensation was to be given to the proprietors. Some thirty other seats were to be purchased and distributed. The King thoroughly opposed the scheme. d. '* The matter was now allowed to drop, and the terror caused by the outbreak of the French Revolution some years later rendered all efforts »! reform useless. " t ! 1 88 TOPICAL HISTOBT. A For main provisions of Reform Aot of 1832, ste T'L. 4. Fails to represent the people as a whole. a. Reasons for this may be inferred partly from fore going. 6. It represented the interests of the nobles or the King. Bribery of members by the minister or the King very common. III. The History of Parties since the Rev- olution. 1. Under William and Anne the two great parties, Whigs and Tories about equally balanced. Whigs inclined to limit the royal power, Tories to extend it. Whigs in favor of religious toleration, Tories against it. Whigs favorable to the House of Hanover, Tories inclined to recall the Stuaits. Whigs mostly merchants and manufacturers, Tories mostly clergy- men and land owners. 2. During the reign of George I. and George II., the Tory party was gone. Z. After the overthrow of the Stuart cause in 1745, the Tories became a national party. They rally round George III, become *'th^i King's friends." 4. The Whig party broken up into factions by the jealousies of rival families, and the intriguing of the King. 6. The Tories support the King in his efforts to chas- tise the American colonies. The Whigs, after in vain opposing the King's measures, secede from Parliament (1776). Return weaker than ever. 6. After fall of North and Rockingham ministries, there are three parties, Lord Shelburne and the Court TOPICAL HI8T0RT. m Party ; Lord North and his Tory adherents ; Mr. Fox and the Whigs. The two last unite against the first led by Pitt, the younger. After a prolonged struggle they are defeated. The Tories continue in the ascendant during the re- mainder of the period. 7* Effect of the French Revolution on the parties. The Whigs look on with sympathy, the Tories with indignation and alarm. Mr. Burke's views. IV. Duration of Parliament. ss, rt f 1. In 1664 the Triennial Act of Charles I.'s reign was repealed, and provision made ''uhat Parliament should not be interrupted above three years at the most." Effect : King might keep the Parliament sitting as long as he liked. 2. Bill of Rights declared that Parliament ought to be held frequently. 8. Triennial Act (1694) provided : {a) That a new Par- liament should be called within three years after the dissolution of a former one. {b) No Parliament should sit longer than three years. 4. Septennial Act (1715) extended the period of dura- tion to seven years. 6. In practice, Parliament seldom lasts seven years. Out of eleven Parliaments of George III., only eight lasted six. * V, Privileges of Parliament. 1, Right of expelling members, (a) Sir Richard Steele expelled (1714) for writing a pamphlet reflecting on the Ministry of the day. {b) Wilkes' case. Imprisoned on a general warrant for reflecting on the King in No. 45 of the North t 90 TOPICAL HISTORY. \ BvHon. Released on his privilege as an M. P. Whilst matter still before the courts, the House of Commons expel him. He retires to France for a time. Is re-elected (1768) and again expelled. Is again returned. House expels him, and declares that he is incapable of re-election. Again elected (by a majority of 847), but his opponent permitted to take the seat. In 1774 Wilkes was again re- turned and permitted to take his seat. In 1782, the proceedings against him were expunged from the records of the Commons " as being subversive of the rights of the whole body of the electors of the kingdom."— T'-i;. 2. Right of committing to prison. Extends only to the duration of the session of Parliament. See Murray's case in 2^-L, 3. Publication of Debates. a. After the Revolution, frequent resolutions passed to prevent the publication of debates — without avail. 6. Imperfect reports appeared from time to time in Magazines, sometimes as the proceedings of the •'Senate of Great Lilliput," etc. c. Notes had to be taken by stealth ; reports gener- ally inaccurate. Dr. Johnson •* took care that the Whig dogs should not have the best of it." d. Reports of speeches accompanied with the names of the speakers first appeared 1771. CoL Onslow complains of some of these reports. e. Commons order printers to appear at the bar. Wilkes arranges a scheme by which the House is brought into conflict with the corporation of Lcn st LCt [do he TWENTY-BIGHTH TOPIC RBLIQI0U8 LIBEBTT. 1. Religions Toleration one of the latest developments of national life. The early idea was that the church and the nation were coterminoos, and that any one separating from the church, put himself outside the protection of the nation. 94 TOriOAL MIHTOP.f. 2. The efforts to oniih out diMont dnring the StuMrt period failed. At the Revolution, Disseotern rendere<{ important nervioeH. Henoe the Toleration Act. Its proviBions : a. It exempted from the penalUee of existing stat- utes against separate couventioieH. and absence from church all persons who should take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and subscribe a deolara- tiun against trausnbstantiation. 6. It relieved dissenting ministers from the restrio- tions imposed by the Act of Uniformity and the Conventicle Act, on condition that, in addition to taking the oaths, they signed the 39 Articles, with certain exceptions. e. It allowed Quakers to affirm instead of taking tbs oaths. d. It required all '* meeting-houses " to be registered. «. It specially excepted Roman Catholics «od Uni- tarians from the Act. 3 Penal Laws against Roman Catholics were passed from time to time. An Act passed in 1700 enacted: — a. That a reward of £100 be given for the discoveiy of a Roman Catholic priest exercising his functions. b. That a priest so found be imprisoned for life. e. That a Roman Catholic could not inherit or pfor- ohaee land unleu he abjured bia religion upon oath. d, Tbail he oould not send his children abroad to be educated. 4. An inroad upon the Toleration Act was made by an Act (1711) against occasional conformity, aud another (1T18) to prevent the growth of schism. Both ti^se were repealed in the following reign. I tOPlOAL BUTORT. 06 ^% 6. The relaxation of the penal coda followed upon the religioui revival of the middle of the century. 6. A Roman Catholio Relief Act waa passed 1778 with- out a dissentient voice. It repealed the penal statute of 1700. 7. The Test and Corporation Acts were repealed 1828. a Next year (1829) th« Catholic Bmanoipation Act - was passed. EXAMINATIOir QUESTIONS. L State the chief articles of the Treaty of Utrecht. What were the prin- cipal argoiuents (or and against the ratification T H Describe brieii.s the means by which the power of the Crown was enhanced during the reigns of Qeorge I. and George IL What is meant by the expression " power of the Crown " under William III. and George II. respectively? 8. Give an account of the religious revival in the reign of Qeorge II., and describe briefly the social condition of England at that time. 4. Describe briefly the warlike operations of the year 1769 (1) in Europe, (2) in America. 5. The struggle for American Independence has been called a struggle be- tween two Englishmen, Qeorge III. of England, and Qeorge Wash- ington. Examine the truth of this statement, and show by what means Qeorge III. obtained the power which he possessed at this epoch. 6. Describe Pitt's flnanoial polioy during the first ten years of his admin- istration, and his attitude towards France fiom the ou'^brealc of the Revolution to the Declaration of War. 7. Qive an account of the PeninsoUr War underthe Duke of Wellington, with dates. S. Under what circumstances was the Act of Settlement passed? State , and explain briefly its provisiona Distinguish the chief attempts made during the half-century after its passing to disturb «h« i«iih« cal )S8- red ons een ider ire. th« ite? OD Uie 3ral oi-« 29. Sketch the origin of the present system of Koverninent bv^mnet Ministry. 30. hat was the j^eneral ooarae of Bnglish politics under the Or* tw > Qeorsres? 31. What was the Prapfmatio Sanction? 32. Olve a brief account of the attempts off llio Btoarts to reooT«ir ttte throne. 33. Indicate the causes of the French P'^volution. 34. Oive a brief sketch, with dates, of the wars of Marlborough, 35. Brief notes on the treaties of Ryssvick, Aix-la>OhapeUe and Parif ; the ••Act of Settlement," and the " St^mp Act." 36. Compare the social condition of England under William IILt with that under George III. 37. Tell briefly what you know about the history of England during the reign of George II. 38. Qive an account of the events which led to the revolt of the American colonies. 39. Sketch the development of the system of party government in thi reign of Anne. 40. Mention the principal constitutional changes brought about by the Revolution of 1688. 41. Tell what you know about the domest c history of England, during the former half of George III.'s reign. 42. Trace succinctly the Revolution of 16S8. 43. Trace the origin and growth of the Cabinet. 44. Trace the history of the events at home and abroad leading to the Treaty of Utrecht, and explain its effect on English oolonLal history. 45. Define accurately the relation of the House of Brunswick to the House of Stuart, 46. Give some account of the part played by Parliament, since 1688, in settling the succession to the throne. 47. Write notes on Samuel Johnson, Sir Robert Walpole, Edmund Burke, William Pitt, and the Prince Regent. 48. Sketch the history of the American Revolutionary War, giving prom- inence to those aspects of it which most affected Canada. 49. Write notes on the South Sea Bubble, the East India Company, the Nati(mal Debt, the Slave Trade, and the Hudson Bay Company. bO. D^v^oHm the oonneotion of Great Britain with the French Revolution, and the European wars growing out of it M. Sketch the ohancter»«f William Ul, and <^oea AnMw ^ ^ tOPlOAl HiSIOBt. y ..1* 52. Traoti tha progresa of Kut'Iisb conquest in India from the time of Oliv* M> Uiai of Wellesley. 53. Sketch the Naval history of the reign of George III. i>4. ^riti «<"* « •vh fiOi>tland and give the date. . m. V m 1i tmmmmmmmmmmm ^ t ;■ i f ■ — ^W-->( <|.r«itiiifci nUiii'iin.,^ -''»«^-**-J*iM».i,- ^r^ a # ■ I i