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I-'rom the St. Lawrence to the Cohimbia is more than two thousand miles, but in these daj-s when the earth is shrink- ing so fast, that is only a trifle ; so that not long after mak- ing up my mind to visit the Big Bend gold region I found myself at Farwell on the Columbia, the nearest point by rail. But here commenced my troubles. I in the long vallej' ; but it seemed as hard to reach as the sources of the Nile. The Government had a party cutting a trail over the mountains, but at so slow a rate that my holidays would be finished before it was. M\' thoughts naturallj' turned toward the river ; but there was not a boat in the town. There was one on the stocks, it is true, Jn a vacant lot by a tavern ; but the two enterprising builders spent more time over a glass of whisk\' in the neighboring bar than over their work, so that the launch of their craft looked somewhat remote. Ileartilj' tired of the ugly and wicked little place wivl- its log saloons and gambling hells crowded with navvies of an na- tions eager to spend their hard earnings as fast and as vicious- ly as possible, I wandered one hot morning along the river, and, watching its muddy current, wished myself back among the Thousand Islands again. Loitering past the much needed, but little used, "City Bathhouse" floating on its platform of logs, all at once the yellow of fresh hewn pine struck my eyes, and before me lay a log canoe. Beside it ■ stood three men in their shirt sleeves, deep in consultation and broiling in the sun. They had just come to the " city " for supplies. In five minutes they were persuaded to go up to Laporte ; and in consideration of the sum of $12.50 I be- came a fourth partner in the dug-out, with the understand- ing that I should provision m3self and do my share of the navigation. When Farwell learned our intentions, it took a sudden in- terest in us. All the loafers and railway men, and they made up nine tenths of the city, proceeded to give us advice, often emphasized with profanity. "They were going up to the Big Bend too, when the trail was cut, or the river went down ; but to attempt it now, with the river in flood — no, the}- were not fools enough for that." Some recommended us to have a look at the Dalles, five miles up, before we started ; while others darkly hinted that within a week an empty dug-out would drift past Farwell and four more names be added to the list of missing prospectors. Pulling the canoe half a mile above town to avoid curiosity, we made ready for the start. The flour and beans and pork, the tent and rolls ot blankets, and " dunnage bags " with our few personal ef- fects were stowed in the canoe as she tugged at the rope. The French Canadian raftsman, whom we had chosen cap- tain, took his place at the stern ; an ex-army sergeant and I laid our clumsy oars in the row-locks ;t lie fourth man, letting go the line, stepped into the bow, and ofi" we swung into the current. At last, good-by, Farwell ! Splash went oars and paddles, and we pulled with all our strength, but to our disma}', the canoe went steadily down stream, stern foremost. The current was too much for us, and in a minute we should be drifting past the town to the delight of the kind friends who had offered such good ad- vice. There was no help for it but to land, and when we stood on shore again, surelj' four more disconsolate men were not to be found in all British Columbia. But we were not to be bepten in this ridiculous way. Slowly we uncoiled the eighty feel of tow-rope, and throwing the end over our shoulders, the sergeant and I trudged off, dragging the dug- out, with the other two men as crew, against the stifTcurrent. When I had been told the da}' before that taking passage by canoe meant walking along the shore and pulling the canoe after me, I had laughed at the idea. But even this was not the worst. The strip of muddy beach failed before long and we had to scramble along the top of the high bank, pass- ing the line around projecting bushes and overhanging trees. At one point the crumbling bank gave waj' under my feet and I found myself up to the hips in the water. Our respect for the Columbia had very much heightened when toward the close of the second day we camped at the foot of the Dalles, only five miles from Farwell. The spot was wonder- fully beautiful. The great Columbia valley had steadily narrowed as we advanced, till here the mountains of the Gold Range to the west crowded close against the rugged Selkirks to the east, jostling the angry river into a narrow caiion. A sharp bend hid the rapids from our view, but the hoarse roar and the rap of white foam that came to us, foretold what was ahead. In the eddy where we landed there was a strange and ominous fluctuation of the water, at one mo- ment sweeping in toward shore, then withdrawing till the canoe was stranded in the mud. It seemed like the fright- ened breathing of a creature just escaped from danger. Our camp, however, was thoroughly peaceful. The lea ket- tle, filled from a spring near by, swung from a sapling over a fire of drift-wood. Darkness came on, the shadows thick- ened in the dense woods behind us, and the firelight gleamed orightly on the l-'renchman's wrinkled face as he watched the bannocks browning before the coals. After supper we chatted round the fire and I began to make the acquaintance of my partners. They had been navvies on the railroad but had grown tired of swinging a pick or wheeling a barrow under the rule of a "walking boss," and had clubbed their resources and started for the Columbia in search of freedom and of gold. They were decent fellows, but had not quite the qual- ities for an expedition like ours. However, I might have fallen into much worse company. When their pipes were smoked, my partners went to bed in the little tent, leaving me to roll in my blankets by the fire outside. Ne.xt morning came the first ordeal. Our canoe, too heavy to lift, must be dragged up the rapids. We paddled through the slack water of the eddy and round the rocky point ; and there lay our work before us, a mile of rapids foaming like the sea in a storm, chafing against black projecting rocks, whirling past steep parts of the caiion wall, now rushing in with fury, then smooth and glassy with strange upboilings from below. We had to speak loud to make our voices rise above the din and shoutings of the waters. We did not stop long to ad- mire, but landed, two of us taking-the rope and picking our way along the rocks till we reached a good foothold. Then , bracing ourselves, we hauled the canoe up, hand over hand, while the other two kept her in the right course with poles and breast line. Point after point was slowly gained, till at last in the turmoil of a heavier fall than usual the breast line broke and the canoe swung out into the breakers and 588 CANOEING ON THE COLUMBIA. filled with water. The sergeant and I could no longer hold her. We were dragged over the rocks and were on the point of letting go when fortunately she dropped into an eddy and was once more under control. The oars and paddles were washed away, revolved a minute in the whirling eddy, and then went down stream. We got our breath again, bailed out, and watching till the current slackened a little, triumph- antly dragged the canoe past the point, into smoother water above. And so the struggle went on till about noon, when the worst was passed ; and pulling our battered craft into a little side canon we gave a wild hurrah for our victory. A tramp through the woods brought us once more to the camp at the foot of the rapids, where we dined more sumptu- ously than usual, on a porcupine which had been so unlucky as to come within range of the Frenchman's rifle. We felt ourselves heroes and imagined ourselves already at La- porte able to laugh at the prophets of evil in Farwell. The afternoon's work of portaging our effects, which weighed about six hundred pounds, somewhat damped our ardor however. Heavily loaded we toiled up the steep hillside, following the course of a long overgrown portage path. The last trip was over just as evening came on, and m\- sympathy for hod- men and pack-mules was never more profound than at that moment. Hewing out new oars and paddles we made a fresh start next day, and at first got along famously ; but alas for the confidence of man ! We presentl}' came to a promontory so smooth that nothing without wings could make its way along the steep rocky wall ; while our rope would not reach around. Its base was swept hy a fierce current against which our oars were useless. We landed and held a council of war. A mountain goat had been seen the day before and the Frenchnmn suggested that we should camp where we were, go hunting in the mountains, and wait for the river to fall. Having no rifle and very little time to spare I urged that we should cross the river and try the other side. There was of course the risk of drifting down into the more violent part of the rapids half a mile below, in which case none of us might have come through alive. My plan carried and we made ready for the venture. A moment's hesitation and then off! We had little time to watch the dreadful speed with \vhich we were slipping toward the breakers ; for every muscle was strained to make our point. A great surge Ijroke over the edge of the canoe, half drenching us, but doing no further damage, and a moment after we swept into an eddy, safe, though the rapids roared just below. Our canal-horse work began once more, though much hindered by the rising river. A succession of sunny days had melted layer after la3'er from the thousands of square miles of snow-field and glacier on the mountains through which the great river flows, and every valley brought down its tribute of ice water. But now the weather changed and a thunderstorm ushered in a rainy season in which the un- reasonable Columbia swelled still more rapidly. We landed hastil}- to get our provisions under cover, and very soon the little tent was up and a camp-fire burning in spite of the rain. My companions lighted their pipes, and beguiled the long evening after supper by giving the story of their lives. The French-Canadian's quaint English gave a cer- tain flavor to his tales of shooting rapids and running logs on the Ottawa and Wisconsin and he pulled his grizzled mustache with satisfaction as he recounted the jolly songs and dances of long winter evenings in backwood shanties while the snow drifted deeper and deeper outside. The sergeant had much to say of garrison life, and boasted of exploits in the British and American armies, for he had been a soldier in both. The third partner, Mac, a farmer's son, had chanced to be in Winnipeg during the boom, had grown suddenly rich by speculating in lots, and fo' ionie months played the man of wealth, until one morning he woke to find the bubble burst and his riches evaporated ; then he was glad to get work on the railway as an ax man. My bed that night was not of the downiest, nor was my roof of the tightest. Notwithstanding a waterproof and my felt hat pulled over my ears, the driving rain would every now and then find me out under the spruce where I had taken shelter, and break my troubled sleep. The night seemed long, and the voices around, the rushing of the river, the patter of drops, the groanings of some tree, tor- mented by the storm, had all a note of melancholy. The coming of daylight brought no great relief. Driving mists scudded over the gray water or tangled themselves in the tree tops, and the narrow valley was roofed with leaden clouds hanging low on the mountain sides, till it seemed as if no ray of sunshine could ever reach us. The river had risen till it swept the bushes on the bank and made tracking impossible. Anj' attempt to move from camp brought down torrents of drops from the loaded bushes, so we hud- dled together in the little tent with a despondent feeling that things were against us. We all wished ourselves away from this drenched mountain side. If five days of toil had brought us only fifteen miles on our way, how many days would it t.ike to cover the thirty miles yet between us and Laporte ? a squirrel discovered us, and worked himself into a fury over our intrusion. The French- man suggested shooting him for a stew, but reflected that the fragments left by a rifle bullet would hardly be worth stewing. Some blue jaj-s, less strikingly dressed than their Eastern cousins, came near and scolded us roundly. It was a relief even to be scolded. All at once a strange event occurred. A rustling and crashing among the bushes startled us and made the Frenchman snatch his rifle ; but looking out we saw a man striding toward us, an athletic fellow with wonderfully arched chest and bold, restless eyes. Flinging his pack under a corner of the tent, he straightway made himself at home, drying his soaked clothing by the fire while he told us his errand. He was a prospector on his way to the Big Bend to examine a claim for the company that employed him.. He carried ten days' supplies in his sack and proposed to make his way over the mountains to French Creek and back within that time. From his stories, it was evident that the greatest prospector or the greatest boaster in British Columbia stood before us ; however, his high spirits were contagious and our pros- pects suddenly looked brighter. But this was not the only surprise of the day. Toward evening a shout and the splash of paddles drew our eyes to the river, where eight or ten men were paddling desperately to bring their heavy boat round against the current. They landed just below our canoe, and seemed a jolly crew, if rather rough and ragged. They were on their way from the gold region and had started that morning from Laporte, running down with the stream. ' ' What were the prospects ?" " Oh, splendid ! Pick up gold anywhere along the creeks," and each man thrust his brown hand deep into the pocket of his jean trowsers and pulled out specimens of quartz glittering with gold. Nevertheless, they advised us to turn back. We never could reach Laporte while this high water lasted. Then the hardy, gray haired leader said, " Come boys, we must be off, or we wont reach the Dalles to-night." "Well, solong, partner ! " and into their bateau they jumped. We let go the line, the paddles struck the water, and away they went down the river, a picturesque sight till lost in the THE FOREIGN ELEMENT AND PROHIBITION. 589 mist. That night we were as cheerful as we had been gloomy in the morning. Inspired by the sight of gold and the wordfi of our guest, Haskins, my partners felt certain of making a big strike, and began to lay plans for spending their share of the dust. When Haskins set out next morning, I left my slow- paced partners and went with him. It would take too long to relate our adventures at length. The forest-clad slopes of the Stikirks form a purgatory for the traveler, even in fine weather, and r:''\ adds five fold to the misery. We ploughed through the wet underbrush head foremost, like animated battering rams ; zigzagged across labyrinths of huge fallen cedars, tormented by the thorny " devil's clubs " that grew among them ; we splashed through marshes and lagoons, waded small streams, and bridged torrents with logs. vSoon after we set out, Haskins cut his right hand to the bone with the ax he carried, so that it was useless the rest of the journej-, and all the work of camping fell upon me. I bound up the wound with his only handkerchief, and advised him to turn back ; but he pushed on the faster, urged by a sort of fury. After all our hardships we wen stopped just this side of Laporte by a swollen torrent, too deep to ford, too violent to swim, and too wide to be spanned by anj- tree on its banks. Our provisions ran low, and we turned back disheartened, Haskins loading the forest gloom with endless curses. Meantime, the canoe had been slowly advancing, so that we met the party before our flour was quite run out. The dingy little tent and the brown faces of my partners were very welcome after the privation and wretchedness of our foot journey. Once more on with the dug-out, Haskins, who was a skill- ful if reckless canoeman, taking command. The river was falling, and slipperj- stretches of wet, mossy bowlders, or sandbars, where the print of the lifted foot was quickly led with water, afforded tracking ^ ound. In other placts the water was shallow enough for poling ; and once or twice, as a blessed change, a great eddy bore us gently half a mile on our course, while the main stream rushed on its way a few rods off. The scenery grew even bolder than before. One towering summit, with a glacier gleaming blue and white on its flank, looked down on us more than half the way to Laporte. It seemed impossible to escape its silent presence, the embodiment of changeless dignity, com- pared with the fuming, muddy Columbia which nagged at its foot. At last, rounding a curve, Laporte was be- fore us, — a ruined log house or two, a shabby tent on the low, grassj' beach, and that was all. I confess to hav- ing been disappointed. However, it was truly "The Port," for navigation stops a mile or two above at the Dalles de Mort, where years ago sixteen miners met their end giving the spot its ominous name of " Death Rapids." A tramp of twenty miles over a fairly good trail brought us to the gold region, where a quarter of a century ago thousands of miners were at work, though now bushes and saplings have begun to hide the scars left on the landscape by their labors ; and the lonely valleys are silent except for the sound of rain-swollen creeks. Eight million dollars in dust and nuggets are said to have found their way, in two or three summers, from this wild region into the great gold- loving world outside. My holidays were nearly over, and after a few days of geological work, I made my wa}' back to Laporte. Haskins was before me, however, and had coolly taken our canoe and slipped down to the Dalles on his way to Farwell. For- tunately fox me, the trail was nearly finished, and par- ties were bt '•inning to come in with horses ; so that in two or three d ys a dilapidated professor with a heavy bag of specimens, 1 ide a still more dilapidated pony safely into Farwell. Thei good-by to the Columbia, and whiz 'and rush across the continent to meet my classes in the East ! THE FOREIGN ELEMENT AND PROHIBITION. BY THE HON. ALBERT GRIFFIN. Chairman Anti-Saloon Republican National Committee. The temperance reformation of this age is an American Ivement. It originated and had its greatest development this countrj'. Previous to the Rebellion its progress was lo rapid that the drinking saloon would have been sup- pressed long ago if that terrible struggle had not practically suspended temperance work for a dozen years. The gospel temperance movement marked another era of progress, but, unfortunatel}', it was largely superseded by a legal and partisan crusade before enough men had been imbued with temperance ideas to make a general suc- cess on these lines. Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver- mont had retained prohibitory laws. Kansas, Iowa, and Rhode Island indorsed prohibition, but there progress stopped. State prc'hibition gained its last victory in 1886, since which date seven states, according to the returns, have voted it down. Liquor men are of course greatly elated, and the indiffer- ent, the timid, and mere surface oljservers, generally sup- pose these votes indicate that the trend of thought is permanently against prohibition. I do not agree with these gentlemen, but admit the results prove that gieat mis- takes have been made by precipitating contests without sufficient preparation and knowledge of the situation. These disasters are explained by two overshadowing facts: First. A decided majority of the voters are not total abstain- ers, and while comparatively few drinkingmen can be relied upon to help pass and enforce prohibitory laws, a consider- able number of temperance men for different reasons stand aloof, or take the wrong side. Second. The enemy has re- ceived a fresh army from abroad each year. I call atten- tion to the following table, which gives the number of immigrants arriving each year since 1820, except those from British America and Mexico, of which no account has been kept since 1S85 : Year. 1S20 1821 1822 i8j3 1S24 1S25 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1S31 1832 1833 :''34 I S3 5 I83fi 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 Immigrants. Year. 8,385 1S43 9 127 1844 6,911 1845 6.354 1846 7,9'2 1847 10,199 1.S43 10.S37 1S49 18,875 1850 27, 38^ 1 85 1 22,520 1852 23.322 1853 22,633 .S54 60,482 •855 58,640 1S56 65.365 1S57 45.374 1858 76,242 1S59 79.340 1S60 38,9'4 1861 68,069 1862 84,066 1863 80,280 1864 104,565 1865 Immigrauis. 52.496 78,615 114.371 154,416 234,968 226,527 297,024 369.980 379,466 37 '.603 368,645 427.833 300,877 195,857 346,0 ;5 119.501 118,616 150,237 89,724 89,007 174,524 193,195 247,483 Year. 1S66 1867 1868 1S69 1870 1S71 1872 1873 l''74 1875 1S76 1877 1 878 1S79 ibSo 1S81 18S2 .8S3 1884 18.85 1 886 18S7 1SS8 Immigrants. 167,787 208,967 282,169 352,76s 3»7,203 321,350 494.805 459.803 313.339 227, soS l69,S86 141,857 138,469 177,826 457,257 669.431 7*8,992 603,322 5 '8,592 395.. 346 334,263 490,109 546,889 14,485,642 590 THE FOREIGN ELEMENT AND PROHIBITION. During the fortj' 3'ears ending June 30, 1S60, the arrtvals were 5,043,880 ; but during the next twenty years while the saloon was recuperating thej- amounted to 5,094,919 ; and during the eight 3'ears ending la.st June they were 4,346,843, with these from British Anierica and Mexico not enumer- ated since 1S85. Of the enormous aggregate of 14,485,642, the arrivals since 1 .S60 have been 9,441,762. ^Moreover, dur- ing each decade, except the one covered by the Civil War, the immigration has largely exceeded that of any previous one, and there is nothing to indicate that the maximum has j'et been reached. Since 1880, the annual arrivals have av- eraged 523,361 and they are likely to exceed tho.se figures for the remainder of tlie century. The census of 18.S0 showed that 6,679,934 of our people were then of foreign birth and the number now approximates ri,rK)o,'>(xi — more than one sixth of the entire population. Nor do these figures tell the whole story. Fifty years ago the number of immigrants being small and widely- scattered, their cliildren were easily Americanized, but since then thej* have come in such multitudes, and are so congregated that their children do not so readil}' absorb American ideas and adopt American customs. The census of 18S0 showed that 8,28,S,662 of the natives of this country- had foreign born parents — of whom 2,593,850 had Irish and 2,590,887 German mothers. The number of natives with foreign born parents are now about io,ooo,(xk) and these with those born abroad exceed 2o,fxx),o(X), con- stituting about one third of our entire population, and almost one half of the population of the northern states. Here then is the gigantic automatic brake which causes the wheels of the temperance reform to mos'e so slowly. All over the I'nion, with rare exceptions outside of Scandina- vian communities, the localities that have the largest per- centage of citizens of foreign birth or parentage are the ones in which the temperance cau.se is weakest, and the liquor power strongest. Where thej' constitute one tenth of the population, they run nine tenths of the saloons and furnish a very large part of their patrons and of the voters who willingly vote as their owners command. This is the ele- ment that paralyzes so uianj' olhce holders and seekers who would prefer vo do right. It was the newly enfranchized citizens of foreign birth in Rhode Island, that caused its Republican legislature to violate its pledges. It is, of course, admitted that some immigrants and many moreof their children are total abstainers, but the percent- age is reallj' small, and the exceptions among those of foreign birth are rare enough to be noticeable. This is not because thej- are especially depraved, but because most im- migrants form saloon associations at once, and keep out of the range of temperance influences ; while their children, being brought u]) amidst such surroundings, are naturally inclined to adopt the views of those thej' are most in con- tact with ; and, to make a bad matter worse, temperance workers have made comiJarati\ely little especial effort to reach either parents or children. The jirospect is not, however, as gloomy as a pessimist might suppose. There are some favorable indications, and if the eflbrts are made, which I believe will be, the last dram- shop on American soil will have been closed before this cent- ury ends. But, before showing what must be done to se- cure this result, I desire to call especial attention to anotlier immigration table, arranged by nationalities, the first column giving the number in this coiinlrj' in 18S0, and the other the annual arrivals thereafter. IMMIGRANTS BY NATIONAUTIKS. DIVISIO.N I. COUNTRY. I^iving ill V. S. iSSo, iSSi l8S2 18,83 iS8« 1SS5 lSh6 1S87 188S Total 8 Years Sweden Norway 194,337 181,729 49,760 22,7"5 64,f«7 29,101 38,277 -'3.3;.'^ 26.552 16,974 22,248 12,356 27,751 12,759 42,So6 16,269 54.698 18,264 326,099 151,806 DIVISION II COUNTRY. Kiigland Ireland Scotland Wales Gt. Hritain (not specified). llritish America Australia Denmark Switzerland Living in V. S. 1.880. 662,676 1,854,571 170,136 83,302 1,4.84 717,157 4,906 64,196 88,621 1881 65.177 1882 1SS3 1S84 18S5 iSn6 1887 18S8 82,394 63,140 55,918 47.332 49.767 72,.855 82,574 72,342 76,432 81,486 63,344 51,795 49,619 68,370 73,513 I5,i63 18.937 11.859 9,060 9,226 12,126 18,699 24,457 1,027 1,656 1,597 IK) I 1,127 1,027 1,820 1,654 4 4 10 71 38 Q 4 7 125,391 1,187 98,29-, 70,241 60,584 38,291 S76 554 5"' 445 518 „527 693 9,117 11,618 10,319 9,202 6,100 6,225 8,524 8,962 11,293 10,844 12,751 9.386 5,895 4,805 5,214 7,713 To;al 8 Years 519,157 536,901 119.532 10,809 137 392,802 5.601 70,067 67,925 .'d as im ys' the 'le. DIVISION III. German Empi'e. Austria Russia France Italy Holland. . . . Belgium. . . . Spain Asia Pacific Islands. . Africa Atlantic Islands. Central America. At Sea Living in U. S. 1880 1,979,578 135.550 84,279 106,971 44,230 58,090 15,535 18,859 2,761 1,953 2,204 7,641 90,013 4,068 I88I 210,485 1882 250,630 18S3 1884 1885 194,786 179,676 124,443 27,935 29.150 26,625 36,571 27,279 10,655 22,590 11,920 17,226 20,243 4,227 6,003 4.821 3,6o3 3,498 15,387 3»,077 31,784 16,473 13,599 8.597 9,427 5,249 4,27'' 2,689 1 1,766 1,431 1,450 ',576 1.653 747 618 597 1,088 1,010 11,982 39,629 8,113 510 235 14 13 193 ,i99 234 25 32 56 13 44 1.098 1,488 1,443 1,301 1,700 29 20 9 23 24 86 109 74 86 67 1886 84,343 28,680 21,739 3,318 21,295 2,314 1,,300 770 310 618 56 1,117 3» 55 1887 1 888 106,865 109.717 40.265 45,811 .36,691 49,223 5,034 6,454 47.580 51.975 4,506 5.8.15 2,.5.53 3,215 1,066 1,542 615 8.13 755 1,094 26 42 1,279 1,644 23 67 63 57 Total 8 Years 1,260,945 262,316 193,287 3^,958 230,170 42.905 14,944 7,438 62,237 3,920 294 11,070 227 597 Table one contains Sweden and Norway, which are the only nations who.se people generally take the American view of the temperance question. About eighty per cent of the Swedes and Norwegians in Kansas voted for constitutional prohibition, and a large part of them everywhere oppose saloons. In 1829, there were 173,124 distilleries in Sweden alone, whose population then amounted to only 2,890,000, but by 1850 moral suasion efforts had closed 129, 124 of these. A law passed in 1855, closing private distilleries and subse- quently amended, reduced the number to 457, and the pro- duction from 26,000,000 gallons to 6,900,000. Both countries have license and local option liws under which the traffic has been banished from large districts ; and Sweden has also what is known as the Gothenburg sj'stem, which, in certain localities, puts the retail trade entirely into the hands of companies that have no interest in the profits which are turned into the public treasuries. This sj-stem worked well for a while, but does not grow in favor. However,