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CIHM/ICMH 
 
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 4 5 6 
 
1 
 
STATE DIRECTED 
 EMIGRATION. 
 
 By J. F. BOYD. 
 
 With a Prefatory Letter from 
 
 HIS EXCEU.ENCY THK RKJHT HON. 
 
 THE EARL OF DUFFERiN, K.P., 
 
 K.C.B., G.C.M.G. 
 
 British Ambassador Extraordinary to Turkey ; Third Governor Gttteral of Canada, 
 
 &'c. d-r. ^f. 
 
 [AI.L Kir.HIS RKSEKVED. 
 
 JOHN HEYWOOD, DEANSGATK, iMANCHESTER, 
 AND II, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS, LONDON. 
 
 Two Pence. 
 
 ■■ii! 
 
 ^: 
 
EWS 
 
STATE DIRECTED EMIGRATION, 
 
 Bv J. F. BOYD. 
 
 With a Prefatory Letter from 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON, 
 
 THE EARL OF DUFFERIN, K.P., 
 
 K.C.B., G.C.M.G, 
 
 British Ambassador Extraordinary to Turkey; Tliird Governor General of Canada 
 
 .?-=, '^, r^.. ' 
 
 is'c. L^e. i^c. 
 
 JOHN IIEYWOOD, DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER, 
 AND n, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS. LONDON. 
 
 1S83. 
 
Cairo, \st March, 1883. 
 
 iMy dear Mr. J3oycl, 
 
 I am much obliged to you for 
 your Intcrestino- Pap,, ,„, limigration. I am 
 nfraid, ho^vever, you must forgive me if I 
 do not send you anything in tlie shape of a 
 prefLice, as I am really too seriously engaged 
 at this moment to be able to turn my atten- 
 tion to other matters. 
 
 In great haste, believe me, 
 
 Vours sincerely, 
 
 DUFFERIN. 
 
state Directed Emigration, 
 
 According to the economist Say, " it may be laid clown as a 
 general maxim that the population of a State is always propor- 
 tionate to the sum of its production in every kind." 
 
 He goes on to assert that " nothing can permanently increase 
 population except the encouragement and advance of produc- 
 tion." These arc crude generalisations marked with the stamp 
 of the doctrinaire theorist. The fact is, there are countries, as 
 China, Hindostan, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, whose 
 inhabitants have multiplied to an extent disproportionate, under 
 existing circumstances, to the sum of their production ; there 
 are others, for instance Russia, Brazil, that are notoriously 
 capable of maintaining populations larger than those finding 
 subsistence to-day upon their respective soils. 
 
 The truth M. Say rather pompously laboured but failed to 
 announce, can be succinctly stated thus : The inhabitants of a 
 State must, in the long run, subsist upon the total ? im of 
 products, in every kind, of their labour exercised within its 
 boundaries. Mark, in the long run ; because they might for a 
 time, even a long time, borrow from their neighbours to live or» 
 credit, or occasionally plunder them in successful war. 
 
 Thus the Japanese people (because they must) contrive to 
 live upon the total of Japanese productions in every kind. Every 
 one can understand this ; the case looks simple, the staple 
 productions being few as compared with rhe multifarious items 
 that make up our own sum total, and there being no complica- 
 tion connected with investments by Japanese in foreign securities, 
 no foreign banking operations worth mentioning, no shipping, 
 little foreign trade, and few manufactures, to puzzle an inquirer. 
 The soil of Japan would not yield more than it does now if the 
 emigration of her sons were rigorously prohibited, and immi- 
 gration of coolies inaugurated on a grand scale. There are 
 limits to productiveness everywhere, and they have probably 
 
State Directed Emigration, 
 
 been reached in the islands of Japan. To make the Japanese 
 people richer it would be wise to transport such of them as would 
 go, to Reunion or elsewhere. New manufactories would not 
 enrich them unless forci<fn buyers could be ensured for the Jicv 
 products. Neither could Communism mend matters in Japan. 
 The levelling down on one side and up on the other would 
 bring about a state of things wherein the great majority would 
 quickly accustom themselves to spend and therefore require 
 more than they manage to get through life on as it is. 
 
 In new or thinly peopled countries production can increase 
 relatively to a rising census because every fresh pair of arms 
 extracts from the ground under one form or another a fresh 
 factor of value ; something additional to be worn, consumed, or 
 exchanged ; more textiles, grain, meat, minerals, or latent 
 force. 
 
 We are, happily, still far from Communism, the capabilities 
 of mother earth have appointed hmits, while man's luxury, 
 selfishness, and agg.issiveness, are practically without any, 
 human habits are hard to alter, individual opportunities and 
 abilities arc widely different ; in brief, the necessities or supposed 
 necessities of peoples vary ad infinitum with circumstances and 
 social customs ; hence it is not wonderful that, turn where we 
 will in the old world, we find immense numbers of fellow-beings 
 whose lot in life is seemingly hopeless misery, a lot usually 
 traceable to disproportion between population and production.^ 
 
 This being so it has, unhappily, come to be thought ex- 
 pedient in densely peopled States possessing ancient civilizations 
 and corruptions, wherein production is thoroughly developed, to 
 impede in some way natural fulfilment of the primary Divine 
 law — " increase and multiply " — whence scandals of Asiatic 
 infanticide and European challenges of the wisdom and 
 providence of God ; vicious attempts to preserve by violent 
 means the due proportions, seeking always justification or 
 excuse in the teachings of experience that nature has set limits 
 to production. 
 
 Crime and, finally, catastrophe, unfailingly scourge the com- 
 
 ' Consideration of final causes must of course be omitted from an inquiry which 
 aims at the immediately practical. I* is unnecessary to discuss the abstr.ict question 
 whether, under wholly different crnditions to those actually moulding the careers and 
 lives of the inhabitants of Great Britain, the resources placed at their disposal by the 
 bounty of Providence are after all .tdequale to their needs. That may be admitted, 
 together with the weighty truth that, for temporal evils moral and spiritual causes are 
 in strictness, and in the last resort, assignable. 
 
Siate Directed Emigration. 
 
 le com- 
 
 liiry which 
 
 question 
 
 lireers and 
 
 ^al by the 
 
 Imitted, 
 
 tauses are 
 
 miuiity whose governors neglect or foryct the most serious 
 business of rulers, which is, to provide, not politics but, bread 
 and butter for their people. Though the Birmingham school may 
 scoff at this proposition, its certainty is established by all 
 history. Familiar proofs of its truth are those terrible famine^ 
 in China, India, and Ireland which within forty years have 
 swept away, by the most painful of deaths, probably as many 
 human beings as are counted to-day in Great Britain. Not as 
 commonly known is the appalling fact that the proportion 
 deaths bear to births is about twenty-five per cent, higher in 
 Ireland than in England ; a ratio of mortality among a healthy, 
 vigorous race attributable solely to the "perennial destitution, 
 accentuated by seasons of famine," that afflicts the lives of 
 multitudes patriotism insists upon fastening with chains of steel 
 unto the barren stones whereon they were born. Yet, surely, 
 this is to despise or forget the second precept imposed in the 
 beginning upon man. The world is wide, fertile ; it is made for 
 him, not man for it ; he ought to fill it, to subdue it physically, 
 socially, morally, spiritually ; obeying his Creator he reaps the 
 blessing wrapped up in promise under the idioin of the primeval 
 law — he prospers. 
 
 One great English Liberal statesman recently recognized the 
 doctrine affirmed in the first sentence of the preceding paragraph. 
 Early in December, 1882, the Marquis of Ripon, in the course 
 of a tour, received at Lucknow the talookdars, great land- 
 holders, of the province of Oude. The Viceroy reminded them 
 that each held his land from the Imperial Government on the 
 condition "that he shall, so far as is in his power, promote the 
 agricultural prosperity of his estate. The primary and essential 
 condition of agricultural prosperity is the well-being of the 
 cultivators of the soil. To the promotion of that well-being the 
 Government attaches importance of the highest kind. . . . THE 
 State is ijound to provide for the well-being of all 
 CLASSES of its suiijECTS."^ After M. de Freycinet last took 
 office he read a declaration embodying the political programme 
 of the new Cabinet to the Chamber of Deputies, on January 31, 
 1882. This Liberal French Prime Minister promised that "the 
 efforts of the Cabinet would be directed towards giving an 
 impetus to labour : the moral, intellectual, and material improve- 
 ment of the people would hold the first place in the thoughts of 
 the Government, and the Cabinet would give an attentive study 
 
 '^ St.Jjimei Cav te, December 11, 18S2. 
 
Si ale Directed Eini'qration. 
 
 to social problems. Nations did not live by politics but by 
 business and material interests." 
 
 When he tlogmatically declared " that nothinf^ can perma- 
 nently increase population e.xcept the encouragement and 
 advance of production," meaning within the national territory, 
 M. Say was s-jemin^^ly unaware that proiluction has bounds 
 Lcyontl which man's skill and industry cannot induce it to pass. 
 And he lost sight altogether of the diversity of modes of social 
 existence. He forgot the influence climates, tastes, actjuircd 
 habits, rel'gion, the opinions of an epoch, have upon cost of 
 living, which is far from l)eing a fixed cjuantity. What might 
 be true of China would be untrue of France, and I'icc vcrsd. 
 Were h^-enchmen ready to live like Chinamen, the actual sum 
 of production within the Gallic Republic might be made to 
 maintain twice thirty-seven millions ; nor is it likely the efforts 
 ■of the additional thirty-seven millions would apprccialjly augment 
 that unknown "sum" a thrifty, industrious race can now show as 
 the upshot of various modes of well ordered energy, liut 
 Frenchmen could not be persuaded to adopt !)'u-barian habits. 
 Again, the practice of child murder in the swj'.ri-ning heathen 
 Empire could no more be stopped by setting millions of heads 
 and hands to work at what the great Mandarins regard as the 
 futility of replacing canals by iron roads, tiian the children's 
 parents could be in the end enriched by largely developing 
 native manufactures already sufficient for internal needs. A 
 production capable of ensuring either result must be, not a 
 process which on close scrutiny appears a mere transfer of 
 existing goods from A to 15, nor the creation of what can be 
 dispensed with, of a new luxury, a telephonic system ; nor, 
 •worse still, the destruction of tliat which is. It must be some- 
 thing that will extract additional store of food from the soil, or 
 at least, the evoking something which was not (otherwise than 
 latent or in germ), and is essentially valuable, useful, necessary, 
 or effects positive economy in consumption. 
 
 Keeping in mind these leading principles one can easily 
 understand that a pauper industrious peasant landing in the New 
 World adds .;){?200 to American wealth, while at the same time 
 his departure with wife and children from crowded, sterile Kerry, 
 as things arc, might, by the cessation of their drafts upon the 
 sum of Irish products for the wherewithal to live, effectively 
 add fully as much or more to the sum of wealth in Ireland, 
 which they help to consume if they stay, and to which their 
 labour can add nothing. 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 easily 
 le New 
 ic time 
 I Kerry, 
 
 )n the 
 Ictively 
 ^cland, 
 their 
 
 In the same way the unemployed London labourer will be 
 an acquisition to a country where there is plenty of room for 
 him, his wife, two children, and infirm father. Yet they can be 
 spared fromJWhitcchapcl by the employed labourer who lives on 
 the next floor, and by the ratepayers of that parish who will 
 have so many fewer 'oaves, so much less meat and coal to 
 provide weekly from tlie clay the party step on board the 
 emigrant steamer. Charitable organizers have pretended the 
 man is out of work because he is an idle vagabond, but their 
 confutation is easy, for were the pssertion true it would follow 
 that the men who are employed cannot do the work that must 
 be done, and in that case wages would be rising week after 
 week, employers would be refusing orders. Yet the Trades 
 Unions have these twenty years past chiefly occupied themselves 
 in devising means of shortening the workman's daily task in 
 order to distribute fairly the aggregate of work, which does not 
 (relatively) increase, between ever increasing numbers of men. 
 The practical minds who control these Unions know that there 
 is not enough for everybody ; they know, too, that if "a fair day's 
 work " were done there must be many more in the ranks of the 
 unemployed than can be counted now. In spite of their 
 artificial devices, well understood and ably seconded by those 
 they lead, to raise or maintain at a respectable level the 
 payment for a given task, it is impossible to provide every 
 one with steady regular employment. This can be obtained now 
 in very few trades, certainly not by the labourer. An average 
 of from four to five days per week all the year round is the rule. 
 The enlightened employer feels this is disadvantageous to his 
 class, since idleness demoralizes and repeated failures take the 
 spirit out of the working man- -whose interests do not really 
 conflict with those of the employing class. 
 
 Had we approximately ascertained the normal value of the 
 sum of l^ritish production in every kind, demonstration would 
 be easy that under actual social [exigencies, real or artificial, it 
 has ceased to bear reasonablc^proportion to the population, which 
 stood at twenty-two millions in 1855 and at thirty millions in 
 i88r. 
 
 Unfortunately, sound data arc not forthcoming, the authori- 
 ties differ. Our principal source of production being the land, 
 the total agricultural aiuuial'yield of the United Kingdom has, 
 by eminent writers, been valued at six hundred million pounds 
 sterling, and at three hundred : at = £\'j per head, and at = 
 
8 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 £8 \os. Whoever may be right there is less of it now than 
 there used to be ; the land has become less productive \vc are 
 told by Sir James Caird.* 
 
 The use of guanos, superphosphates, &c., &c., may have 
 impoverished the earth whereon so many millions of tons of 
 inorganic matter have been deposited, or the weather may be in 
 fault. Moreover, diseases have carried havoc and devastation 
 through our herds. Deficient harvests caused by "want of sun" 
 inflicted a loss for three consecutive years, 1878 — 1880, estimated 
 by three distinguished authorities in three following months at 
 one hundred million pounds (Mr. A.), at two hundred million 
 pounds (Mr. B.), at three hundred million pounds (Mr. C.) ; so 
 far apart are the doctors in their calculations.* 
 
 As regards our internal industry for the home consumption, 
 there is no disputing this has wonderfully developed du"ing the 
 quarter-century starting from the epoch of the second French 
 
 ^ Address to the Statistical Society on November 15, 1 ^'81. 
 
 * "A lately pul)lished letter from Mr. Bright estimates the actual national loss 
 occasioned since 1S78 by 'the reduction in the produce of the soil ' at two hundred 
 millions sterling. Of course these a'^e not random figures, tl "y can be justified by 
 proper data. If so, the actual loss of a sum equal to one l,jurth of our National 
 Debt ought not to be passed over quietly. A political notice of the fact is not 
 enough. A national effort surely ought to be made to repair the great calamity. 
 Not to dwell upon this, let me contrast tlie estimate of, say, sixty-live millions 
 positive annual (mean) loss arising from delicient crops <if food which manifestly was 
 wanted for the subsistence of our population, and therefore must have been replaced 
 by an average annual iinpoitation i'/ food fioiii abroad, e./nal in raliic, w.tli the 
 assertion made on the 12th of August last by Mr. Chamberlain, that, 'it was not a 
 matter for regret the imports should largely exceed the e.\ports. The increase in the 
 balance o<" trade was partly freiglit, which was ahuoot wholly /•,■■■>'■'-' 'o this country, 
 but the gi'jater portion wa;, the nctt profit of our external cjn:mercial transactions.' 
 Here are two contradictory declarations. The adverse 'balance of trade' during 
 each of these last three years would, according to Mr. Bright, necessarily have been 
 sixty-five millions sterling less than it really amounts to, if British land had not 
 suffer 1 from want of sun. But, accor<ling to Mr. Chamberlain, our 'profits' 
 would in that case, have necessarily been nearly as much less I Without more 
 closely scrutinising these antagonistic statements, one may safely conclude that the 
 President of '. ": ISoard of Trade will, now that they are noticed, confer with the 
 Right hoii. gentleman who is so certain we have lost two hundred millions sterling in 
 consequence of being obliged to buy from foreign countries food that has been con- 
 sumed, owing to our own deficient harvests, although he does not say whether the 
 whole nor how much of this prodigious sum was paid out of the pockets of farmers. 
 For, should it turn out that Mr. Bright is mainly accurate, Mr. Chamberlain will, in 
 that case, find that he could not possibly have taken the right side in the House of 
 Commons in the controversy concern'. ig our exports and imports" (Letter to the 
 Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., in St. James' Gazette o'' September 22, 1881). 
 Since then Mr. Cioschen, who, as an economical authority, is quite e:nial to Mr. 
 Chamberlain, deplored the fact that the imports largely exceed the exports ! On this 
 subject there is contradiction all round. 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 Empire and the Crimean War. Nevertheless, the increase in 
 production unde this head, while materially contributing to 
 support our people, has scarcely added to our available wealth. 
 Much of it can be accounted for by the needs in respect of 
 
 housing, warming, and clothing the additional 
 
 eight 
 
 millions 
 
 of human beings 
 
 Growing luxury diffused through all classes 
 accounts for more of it. Expenditure of a sort unknown in 
 former times when locomotion was difficult, dear, and people 
 stayed at home, .spending comparatively nothing upon a slow 
 and costly press, accounts for a good deal more. Undoubtedly 
 part of all this extra production is useful and necessary under 
 the circumstances, but my aim is to make it plain that very little 
 of it added to national wealth ; most of it having been con- 
 sumed forthwith. 
 
 An enormous rise in "values" of real and leasehold 
 property, vhile apparently creating numerous great, perhaps 
 fragile fortunes, has not in reality added to the sum of absolute 
 wealth, and, obviously, this increment is not " production," since 
 its effect has been merely to transfer, to promote circulation if 
 you will. This increment of value is not a creation, is not 
 intrinsic, is accidental, often fictitious, always precarious. Much 
 of the rise in cost of what has been constructed within the free 
 trade period is readily traceable to waste, and represents so 
 much lost not gained. Thus you build a house that your father 
 could have built for ^1,000, at a cost of i^ 1,500, and the 
 tenant's income is accordingly diminished by £2^^ at least for the 
 necessary additional rent. The ;^500 have been absorbed in 
 higher wages to the workmen who built the house, and who 
 found themselves forced to insist on being better paid than were 
 their predecessors, because the spirit of the age imbued them 
 with desires that could only be gratified by expenditure. If a 
 labourer lu Rotherhithe be paid six shillings per diem for dis- 
 charging timber cargoes, instead of four shilling.s, for the reason, 
 that he is accustomed to spend two shillings more than need be, 
 tlie timber must be charged so much more to the consumer. 
 
 The man who makes two stalks of wheat grow in place 
 of one, adds to production and wealth, while his neighbour 
 who finds two applicants for the empty house where there used 
 to be one, and is thus able to exact twice the former rent for it, 
 adds nothing. The latter impoverishes one family, or at any 
 rate takes from them what they will if possible take from some- 
 body else, and if he spends the acauired increment of rent by 
 

 lO 
 
 S^a^c Directed Emigration. 
 
 I 'j 
 
 importing cigars, champagne, turtle, and pine-apple for himself, 
 or more expensive silk dresses for his wife, society is worse off; 
 if, on the other hand, he is wise enough rightly to distribute it, 
 society does not necessarily gain anything. 
 
 Specious inferences are drawn from the enormous rise, smcc 
 1855, in the gross amount of tlie annual value of property and 
 profits assessed to the income tax. To analyze these returns 
 would be to write a volume ; but, obviously, what is said in the 
 last three paragraphs, and what is hinted at earlier, disposes of 
 many such sanguine inferences. Moreover, IMcssrs. Alexander 
 Collie and Co., the .shareholders in Overcnd Gurney and Co., 
 Limited, and in the Glasgow City Bank — types of a numerous 
 class — helped to produce the rise in question. 
 
 The exports of British and Irish produce during the fifteen 
 years, 1866 — 1880, cannot be said to have grown. In the first 
 named year they were represented by the declared value of one 
 hundred and eighty-nine million pounds sterling. The yearly 
 averages are — 
 
 For the (luinquennial period ending 1S70, 
 
 „ ,, „ 1880, 
 
 For the two years, 188 1—2 
 And for tlie two years, 1871 — 2 
 
 Mr. Gladstone at Leeds in October, i88[, tried hard to 
 attenuate the force of the disagreeable fact he had to admit, 
 namely, that our exports of British manufactures arc now 
 seriously diminishing. He did this first by lumping together 
 exports to foreign countries (which have largely fallen off) with 
 exports for our own colonists who naturally prefer I'.nglish goods 
 (which exports have largely increased ; they are nearly double 
 the declared value in 1865, thus teaching the importance of 
 promoting colonial development and growth of colonial popula- 
 tions) ; second, by telling his audience that a reduction in values 
 of exports amounting to one hundred and sixty million pounds 
 only signifies that ihc profit upon that sum, arbitrarily estimated 
 by him at ten per cent., or sixteen million pounds, has not been 
 earned by British traders. Mr. Gladstone overlooked the truth 
 that the value of all manufactures is (theoretically) the sum of 
 the labour expended in obtaining and manipulating raw material 
 in itself valueless. Were the goods our customers did not buy 
 from us such as must have been extracted from British soil, then 
 not less than one hundred and sixty million pounds are lost to 
 
 188 million pds. stg. 
 
 201 y> 
 
 237K 
 239^ 
 
 7> 
 )) 
 )» 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 II 
 
 bard to 
 admit, 
 Ire now 
 pp^cthcr 
 \i) with 
 111 floods 
 double 
 iCC of 
 
 lopula- 
 
 valucs 
 
 pounds 
 
 ,i mated 
 
 been 
 
 truth 
 
 ;um of 
 
 aterial 
 
 |ot buy 
 
 \, then 
 
 lost to 
 
 British pockets. Manufacturers, workmen, tradesmen, carriers, 
 middlemen, are poorer by that stupendous total, cnouj^di to ruin 
 a third rate nation, to impoverish sensibly and severely try us. 
 
 The census declines to remain stationary in deference to this 
 blow, so cruelly reinforcinjj the other blows that farmers and 
 landlords have received. Half a million souls per annum of 
 increased population, with such inflictions and prospects, 
 do not lighten the load upon the land. 
 
 As to pauperism in England and Wales, since 1849 the 
 number of in-door paupers has increased more than one-half. 
 There are certainly fewer individuals now receiving out-door 
 relief, but the total sum annually raised under poor-rates and 
 expended in actual relief of the poor has increased by about 
 two millions of pounds sterling per annum — enough to pay the 
 interest upon an emigration loan of seventy millions sterling. 
 
 Against all this gloomy pessimism may possibly be mar- 
 shalled the innumerable army of writers and orators who never 
 tire of trumpeting far and wide the glory, grandeur, and ceaseless 
 progress, the fabulously growing wealth of the wonderful cos- 
 mopolitan ICmpire, whose latest symbol^ is a woman seated upon, 
 and as it were ruling, like one imperially arrayed in purple, the 
 waters that serve obediently to carry her flag and her unrivalled 
 fleet*" into many a harbour under every sky ; to the sagacious 
 enterprise of whose traders they proudly boast it is due 
 that, not her children o- •, but all nations, the merchants of 
 the earth are waxed rich oeyond intelligent conception. 
 
 Unfortunately, these public instructors tread in a well beaten 
 track ; they were, most or all of them, trained in the same 
 school ; the subject scarcely invites independent research, nor is 
 it very easily mastered. Then how easy to follow a safe lead, to 
 echo a popular and pleasing cry. Still, some flagrant examples 
 have been given tliat first rate authorities can iliffer gravely and 
 
 ^ It is llie official Iiiipciial syml)ol peculiar to the ninetecntJj century, havinfj been 
 first impressed upon the I'.ritish coinage bcnriny date 1797 A.D. And tliroiighout the 
 nineteenlli century lirilish supremacy, lillier in arms, finance, commerce, apjilied 
 science, or arts, has oveisliadowed the globe, f;ivini; a marked tone to the spirit of 
 tlie aye. In all these ilepartments of the material domain a restless pushiuf; people has 
 reijjned, and in some still reigns over tiie kings of the earth, tlie centre whence 
 proceeds such singular predominance being that great c'ty concerning which Lord 
 Ite.iconsliekl told the House of I'eers in his last speech — "the key of India is 
 London." 
 
 " The total of Ikitish shijjping tonnage is considerably more than that of all the 
 other nations of the world added together, being eight and a half million tons against 
 eight and a tpiarter million tons (.See the speech of .Sir John Lubbock at the annual 
 meeting of the Driiish Association in iSSi). 
 
12 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 tiatly contradict each other, and two will suffice to show that the 
 costly and tedious preparation of elaborate statistics, however 
 imposing the result may look, offers not the slightest guarantee 
 of their carcf':l handling and sound analysis." 
 
 It will not quickly be forgotten by specialists that Mr, Robert 
 Giffon, an eminent public officer, occupying a high and respon- 
 sible position at the Board of Trade, now President of the 
 Statistical Society, presumedly a learned and acute body, carried 
 out a calculation of average freight upon many millions of tons 
 of goods as fifteen instead of one hundred and fifty shillings per 
 cent., and thereupon built an argunient (vitiated by no less an 
 error than cutting off nine-tenths of the correct rate), to inform a 
 select audience collected to liear him read a lengthy paper filled 
 with figures framed and grouped to support familiar and foregone 
 conclusions. This mistake would no doubt have pa,sscd muster 
 had it not been that a naval officer, opposed to those conclusions, 
 happened to be present and to catch the word which his practical 
 business knowledge told him instantly was wrong."* ]\Iy second 
 
 " The cases cited recall to niiml an observation made many years ago by a bank 
 manager who had been made a tool in some enterprising commercial transactions, 
 which indicted a loss of some ^'50,000 upon liie banking company, and who was 
 asked how he could possibly at hi.s mature .ige have behaved so foolishly. Ilis 
 reply was to tlie eflect that men in his position are daily and hourly dealing with 
 such stupendous totals in ])en and ink that the ligiires cea>e to convey to their niiiuls 
 those fitting and intrinsic ideas as syndjids of value projierly belonging to them. 
 
 " "Captain Ilalfonl Thom[)son asked Mr. (iiffen if he considered 15s. per cent, a 
 fair average per-centage for freight on the whole import trade of the world. 
 
 "Mr. Cdffcn replied that that was what the figures appeared to show. 
 
 "Captain Thompson said that Mr. CJiflen was hard upon those who thought they 
 'could handle figures ' without previous, education to the trade — an education which 
 he evidently thought could not be com[ilete unless it had been carried out under the 
 supervision of the Cobden Club. (Laughter.) Mr. Giffen's primary object was to 
 raise the bogey that there were so many deductions and allowances to be made from 
 statibtics of iinjiorl and export tr.ide that no ordinary observi;r could make safe use of 
 argument based upon ihem. It was curious that, while denying this, he should base 
 pages of argument and piles of ligures taken in diflerent years from returns based upon 
 utterly different principles. Referring to Mr. GilTen's main point about the excess of 
 im|ioits over exports as due to the greater carrying power of the nation, every one 
 knew that im|)orts must always have a per-centage taken off, because imports included 
 freight and exports did not. l!ut while ailmitting that allowances must be made, it 
 left them a long way off admitting the accuracy of the figures which Mr. (jiffen had 
 built up as to the trade of the world What Mi. UilTen wanted to prove w.as that the 
 ;^l62, 000,000 which his table showed as the excess of imports over cx]iorts in the 
 trade of llie world represented approximately the cost of convcy.ance after deducting 
 a sum of ;/"j2, 000,000 for miscellaneous charges and commission, which brought the 
 amount down to ^130,000,000. To prove that that was not an excessive amount 
 Mr. Ciflen informed them that that sum only amounted to a charge of 15s. per cent, 
 on the total iniuorts of the world. Now, so far from the result of the calculation 
 
Slate Directed Emigration. 
 
 13 
 
 case in point has until now been known to two or three indi- 
 viduals only, one a personage of eminence who put into my 
 hands in October, 1878, an optimist pamphlet, or rather paper, 
 by the late Mr. Wm. Newmarch, F.R.S., an esteemed member of 
 the Statistical Society, manager of a department in the Bank of 
 Messrs. Glyn and Co., and a distinguished authority in trade 
 and currency questions. This papor is entitled " The Progress 
 of the Foreign Trade of the United Kingdom 1856 — 1877," 
 and is to be found in vol. 41 of the Statistical Society's Journal. 
 Table XV. on page 221 gives the following abstract (substan- 
 tially, though ill a more perplexing form) 
 
 Total Imports during the twenty-two years . 6196 million pounds. 
 „ Exports „ ,, „ „ „ . 3900 
 
 Apparent Excess of Imports .... 2296 
 
 I\Ir. jSewmarch next reduces this 
 enormous excess by 
 
 Sundry purely arbitrary allowances amounting to 686 
 
 Thereby bringing down the figures to . 16 lo million pounds. 
 
 lie then proceeds as follows upon page 222: — " From this 
 total of one thousand six hundred and ten million pounds 
 sterling wc may take away one hundred for excess of imports 
 of bullion, leaving one thousand five hundred and ten million 
 pound'- sterling as the excess of imports of merchandise ; and 
 when the whole subject is considered the wonder will be, not 
 that in twenty-two years there has been a total excess of one 
 thousand five hundred and ten million pounds sterling, but that 
 it has not been greater" ! Here is simply an assumption, but so 
 calmly made that nobody is likely to stop and examine it. 
 
 justifying Mr. Gillen in saying that it only showed a charge of 15s,, it retilly showed 
 £>1 7^- P^-'f cent, fur cosi of conveyance. 
 
 " Mr. (.liflen— I find it should be £^ los. per cent., not 155. (Loud laughter.) 
 
 "Captain Thompson remarked that there was another gross miscalculation in the 
 next par.igraph, where Mr. Gifl'cn said that the figures ;{^ 130,000,000 showed a gross 
 earning of ^^8 per ton on the total tonnage of the world, sailing and steam together. 
 In his tables he had put the total tonn.igc at 28,000,000, and on that amount the 
 gross earnings would be £^ lis. per ton instead of ;f8. 
 
 " Mr. tliflen — I think that 28,000,000 is reduced to equivalents in sailing tons. 
 
 "Captain Thompson said he thought not; .ind added that if Mr. Uiffen's other 
 calculations were as little to be relied upon as those he had now quoted his volu- 
 minous paper woi.'d not be of muci' use " (i.iontin^:^ Post report of the adjourned 
 discussion on ^^r. t iifen's paper, entitled "The use of Import and Export .Statistics," 
 held at the rooms t f the Statistical Society on April 4, 1882). In the month of June 
 following, Mr. Giffen was elected President of this Society. 
 
•I. 
 
 Hi 
 
 14 
 
 S^aie Directed Emigration. 
 
 ■K 
 
 However what I desire to point out is that Mr. Newmarch 
 distinctly says, and rightly, there were only one hundred millions 
 of bullion effectively imported into the country during the 
 twenty-two years. Pass on to page 231 and read the following 
 statement : " Prior to 1849 the annual supplies 01 gold available 
 for all the purposes of coinage, bullion, reserves, and commerce 
 had been about four millions sterling, an amount barely sufficient 
 to meet the wear and tear of the gold coins in circulation. In 
 1850 the supply was raised to nine millions; in 1851 to four- 
 teen millions ; in 1852 to twenty-seven millions; and in 1856 to 
 thiity-two million pounds sterling; a revolution far surpassing 
 any economic change withir. record. The figures below show 
 that there has been a gradual decline to a supply of twenty-one 
 million pounds sterling for about the last sixteen years, say 
 1861 — 1877; that is to say, the pre-discovery supply of four 
 million pounds sterling per annum has been raised to a post- 
 discovery supply for the ten years, 1851 — 1860, of about twenty- 
 eight million pounds sterling, and for the following sixteen 
 years, 1861 — 1876, of about twenty-one million pounds sterling 
 yearly." Here Mr. Newmarch contradicts what he had correctly 
 stated on page 222, that only one hundred million pounds sterling 
 had been received and retained, 1856 — 1877. He forgot, wJiai 
 Jte came to page 231, to deduct the exports of bullion from the 
 imports of hulliou. This is the surprising explanation, and with 
 it goes by the board root and branch the whole of the optimist 
 argument in the second quoted passage. But the conclusion 
 upon page 222 turns out to be equally false and misleading. 
 
 The first line of my abstract of Table XV. shows the total im- 
 ports of all merchandise during the twenty-two years. Some of 
 this foreign merchandise is after landing and (sometimes) 
 manipulation re-shipped abroad ; the official returns give in 
 two adjoining columns the exports of British and Irish produce 
 or manufacture, and those of foreign and colonial produce so 
 re-shipped, separately. Mr. Newmarch added up the first column 
 correctly as three thousand nine hundred millions pounds sterling, 
 1}ut lie quite overlooked tJic second. The totals in that column are 
 in round numbers one thousand millions of pounds sterling, which 
 of course should have been deducted from the two thousand two 
 hundred and ninety-six millions. This being done the difference 
 or " balance of trade " is bond fide reduced to about one thousand 
 three hundred millions of pounds sterling (the exact figures are 
 ;£'l,3 16,304,01 1 sterling), before any of Mr. Newmarch's arbitrary 
 allowances, amounting together to six hundred and eighty-six 
 
State Directed Emigration, 
 
 15 
 
 al im- 
 
 me of 
 
 mcs) 
 
 |vc in 
 
 duce 
 
 cc so 
 
 unin 
 
 •ling, 
 
 n are 
 
 hich 
 
 two 
 
 rcnce 
 
 sand 
 
 are 
 
 trary 
 
 y-six 
 
 millions, are reckoned at all ! What then becomes of h" : 
 preposterous assertion that the wonder is, " not that in twenty- 
 two years there has been a total excess of one thousand five 
 hundred and ten million pounds sterling, but that it has not 
 been greater " ? Mr. Ncwmarch forgot to deduct what exceeds 
 by one fourth the whole funded debt of this country, tiie colossal 
 omission passed undetected, to be first publicly noticed in this 
 place. A favourite argument of this gentleman had best be 
 given in his own words, written in October, 1878. "The only 
 real gauge of the state of foreign trade is the Foreign Ex- 
 change, and during the last twenty years the Foreign Exchange 
 has been steadily in favour of this country." Compare this 
 peremptory ruling with actual fact as related in the money 
 article of the Morniug Post, for May 24, 1882 : "On the foreign 
 exchange bills were generally in demand, and in consequence of 
 the continual low rate of money here almost all the rates of 
 exchange were unfavourable to this country.'"'^ 
 
 One more proof of reckless and ignorant treatment of 
 these subjects by persons to whom the uninformed general 
 public naturally look for light regarding them. In " City 
 Notes" of the Pall Mall Gazette for January 8, 1881, occurs 
 this comment upon the Board of Trade returns for the 
 year 1880. "The disparity between the value of our imports 
 and exports, which of late years had become so great as to 
 alarm some dabblers in political economy, has been considerably 
 reduced. Our imports, however, still exceed our exports by 
 one hundred and eighty-seven million pounds, an adverse 
 balance of trade which after all is more apparent than real," 
 &c., &c. Now, in the first place, the adverse balance had in 
 effect never been so high as in 1880 (it was but one hundred and 
 fourteen millions in 1879), and in the second place it had not even 
 then attained the frightful amount named, or anything like it, 
 being one hundred and forty millions, not one hundred and 
 eighty-seven millions. The Times, published ten hours earlier 
 the same day, had shown it, with sufficient approximate correct- 
 ness, as one hundred and twenty-seven millions. 
 
 Such marvellous mistakes and self-contradictions go un- 
 noticed partly on account of the bewildering mass of numerals 
 very few are able or care to understand, partly inasmuch as it is 
 nobody's affair to spy them out ; rather are powerful interests 
 deeply concerned in endorsing the wrong conclusions drawn 
 
 " The bank r.ite from March 23 to August 17, 1882, was three per cent., the average- 
 rate of Mr. Newinarch's " twenty years " having been thirty-five per cent, higher. 
 
i6 
 
 Slate Directed Emigration. 
 
 from them ; to support which, the figures arc often put together. 
 Nor ..uist the Mutual Admiration Society be forgotten.^" 
 
 The writer's matured conviction is that we are rapidly 
 drifting towards an unexampled national catastrophe, a convic- 
 tion based upon independent examination of published facts 
 and figures, undertaken without prepossession. The conclusions 
 ultimately reached, and laid before Mr. Gladstone in a con- 
 venient, original form" on November 24, 1S80, had been 
 submitted a few days after prorogation, viz., on August 15, 1877, 
 to Lord Beaconsfiold, then H.M. Principal Secretary of State.'- 
 
 What influence these representations exercised over the 
 imagination and judgment of the Prime Minister can be 
 gathered from the following extract from chapter i. of Endjmion, 
 published three years subsequently — 
 
 "Well," said his companion niusiiigly, "it may be fancy, but I 
 cannot resist the feeling that this country, and the world generally, are 
 on the eve of a great change." * "' * * 
 
 ** 1 see no reason wliy tliere should be any great change ; certainly 
 not in this country," said Mr. Ferrars. " Here we have changed every- 
 thing tliat was required." * * * * * 
 
 " The whole affair rests on too contracted a basis," said his 
 companion. " We are habituated to its cxclusiveness, and, no doubt, 
 custom in England is a power ; but let some event suddenly occur 
 whicli makes a nation feel or think, and the whole thing might vanish 
 like a dream."' 
 
 " What can happen ? Such affairs as the I Aiddites do not occur 
 twice in a century, and as for the Spafield riots, they are impossible nov 
 with Peel's new police. Tiie country is employed and prosperous, and 
 were it not so, tiie landed interest would always keep things straight." 
 
 '" The very reni.irkable national confusion of thought ujion these questions is 
 exemplitied in the lilue-books, where, since 1855, .t. Table has kept its ground giving 
 the proportion of imports anil exports (added together) per liead of population in the 
 United Kingdom. The raisoii d'cln- of this extraordinary calculation being a curious 
 notion that outi;oings are gain, and incomings must be gain too, because "consuming 
 ]X)wer "' and real wealth cannot but 1 e c(iui\aIe;U terms. The imports jier head have 
 <loubled in a quarter of a century (it is hardly necessary to say why, after what has 
 been adduced), and this elasticity, notwithstanding the census always went on rising, 
 is ofTicially set down .as ni.anifest proof of wealth. The more a man spends the richer 
 he n"ist be ! .So, in the opinion of the country lad coming to town, all that glitters 
 is gold. 
 
 " " The Economist's A. B.C., or, Twenty-five years of Free Trade." 
 1- "In the midst of all this physical prosperity, one fine day in August, Parliament 
 having just been prorogued, an unknown dealer in potatoes wrote to the .Secretary 
 of .State, and informed him that he h.-iil reason to think that a murrain had fallen over 
 the whole of the potato crops in England, and that, if * * • , the 
 
 most serious consequences must ensue. This mysterious but universal sickness of a 
 single root changed the history of the world " {Endymion, chap. Ixxxii.). 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 17 
 
 siions IS 
 1 giving 
 
 un in tile 
 curious 
 
 insuming 
 ail have 
 liat has 
 rising, 
 
 ic richer 
 glitters 
 
 " It is powerful, and ha'- been powerful for a long limc ; but there 
 are other interests besides the landed interest now." 
 
 " Well, there is the colonial interest, and the shipping interest," said 
 Mr. Femrs, "and botl of them tiiorouglily with us." 
 
 " I was not thinking of them," said his companion. " It is the 
 increase of population, and of a population not emplo}i.'d in the 
 cultivation of the soil, and all the consequences of such circumstances 
 that wore passing over my mind." 
 
 " Don't you be too doctrinaire, my dear vSydney ; you a.ul I are 
 practical men. We must deal with the existing, the urgent; aid there 
 is nothing more pressing at this moment than the formation 01 a new 
 Governm'?nt." 
 
 The closing sentence i.s characteristic. While political 
 paitisanship engrosses the thoughts and time of those on wnom 
 rest the duties of Government, the material treasure of the 
 country ycarlj' decreases,''' pauperism and profligacy, born and 
 nourished of overcrowding and corriiptions now part and parcel 
 of urban and industrial surroundings, increase. There is but one 
 human practicable method of stemming a current that bears us 
 on faster and faster towards an abyss ; one so imperatively, 
 urgently wanted, so obviously effective, that it would be incon- 
 ceivable why statesmen do not unitedly proclaim its value, why 
 the people themselves do not clamorously insist upon its adop- 
 tion, unless we knew, from the history of the Deluge and the 
 Ark, that it is not enough either to forewarn, or to point out the 
 sole way of escape even from stupendous and certain and 
 imminent destruction. 
 
 Shortly before the inauguration of free trade, on April 6, 
 1843, Mr. Charles Buller, in the House of Commons, proposed 
 the following motion — "that an humble address be presented to 
 her Majesty praying that she will take into her most gracious 
 consideration the means by which extensive and systematic 
 colonization may be most effectually rendered available for 
 augmenting the resources of her Majesty's Empire ; giving 
 additional employment to capital and labour, both in the 
 United Kingdom and in the colonies, and thereby bettering the 
 condition of her people." Nothing came of this enlightened 
 
 '^ The golden tide that had as a rule flowed towards these shores down to 1S78 
 inclusive, then began to ebb, and from our store of gold and silver bullion and specie 
 ten millions of pounds sterling have since gone abroad. If fifteen millions be ailded 
 to them to represent loss, waste, depreciation, wear and tear of coinage in circulation 
 in 1S79 — 1S82, we see a total reduction of twcnty-fivc million pounds sterling in the 
 stock of precious metals in the country at the end of 1S78, when the census was 
 considerably lower than at the end of 1SS2. 
 
i8 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 I 1 
 
 : 
 
 i3;! 
 
 initiative. The predominant economical teaching then and 
 since has been that emigration is exclusively the concern of 
 individuals, V>vX this is a mistake. For, those who would be 
 best away cannot go for want of cash, and were such helped to 
 leave there would be a better chance of livelihood here for others 
 who have a little money they would prefer employing where 
 they were born, if only pressure of competition, the struggle for 
 life, could be moderated. liesldcs, State directed emigration is a 
 logical corollary of free trade. That system continually de- 
 prives bodies of British workmen of employment, in the interest, 
 it is contended, of the community. I'conomy attained by cm- 
 ploying foreign workmen who will take less wages, can scarcely 
 be effective, so far as the community is concerned, unless the 
 burden of supporting those who have been dismissed and their 
 dependents is removed by transplanting such as cannot go 
 unaided, to fresh fields of labour. Failing that supplemental 
 operation, what happens is, two sets of hands are supported 
 instead of one set. This can be made plain by an example. 
 
 London consumes coal sea-borne from Northun.berland and 
 Durham in value about two millions sterling annually, the whole 
 of which, except a fraction of royalty paid to the lords of the 
 soil, who spend that fraction falling to them in keeping up 
 establishments to the profit of the community, is paid as 
 " wages " to colliers, engineers, labourers, railway men, sailors, 
 brokers, clerks, carriers, foremen, merchants. Upon the two 
 million pounds all these people and their families (perhaps fifty 
 thousand souls) live. To enable them to live the coal is sold at 
 (say) twelve shillings per ton f o.b. Thames. In the Pas de Calais 
 there are coal formations. Next week an enormous vein fifty 
 feet thick lying close to ground is tapped, and France finds she 
 can supply all London with profit to herself at eight shillings 
 per ton. The result of opening this door "as widely as possible" 
 (to quote Mr. Bright) must be chomage of the considerable 
 home population who derive their livelihood from the extrac- 
 tion and sale of the North country coal, henceforward to be 
 left in the pit. Such few among them as possess means to 
 do so may emigrate with their capital to France or America. 
 The bulk must perforce stay here, and, as they could not 
 be killed out of the way, the cost of maintaining them 
 would have to be added to the sum paid by Londoners 
 for French coal before it could be ascertained whether 
 Great Britain gained by the revolution. Who can doubt that 
 
Siatc Directed Emigration. 
 
 19 
 
 lemcntal 
 
 upported 
 
 nplc. 
 
 land and 
 
 he whole 
 
 s of the 
 
 ping up 
 
 paid as 
 
 , sailors, 
 
 he two 
 
 |aps fifty 
 
 sold at 
 
 c Calais 
 
 cin fifty 
 
 nds she 
 
 ihillings 
 
 lossible" 
 
 dcrable 
 
 extrac- 
 
 to be 
 
 ans to 
 
 merica. 
 
 Id not 
 
 them 
 
 doners 
 
 hether 
 
 t that 
 
 when this should be done it would app^ ir that though London 
 consumers paid less than before for their coals, Great IJritain 
 suffered serious damage ? The discovery made. Parliament 
 would quickly cither impose a protectionist duty to shut out 
 French coal, or pass an emigration bill to remove the surplus 
 population elsewhere. 
 
 Fair trade offers certain methods of adjusting the difficulty 
 we have been considering. Mr. Kcroyd has lucidly stated and 
 exhaustive! ' exposed all the most telling and useful facts and 
 arguments of the new economical school. It is enough to 
 observe in their regard that the methods suggested, even did the 
 country at once close with these doctrines, must take long years 
 to put into practice, while, in the meantime, trade and social 
 difficulties thicken, and the Registrar General will continue to 
 report such and such weekly excesses of births over deaths. 
 What is wanted is something that can be done without 
 delay. 
 
 The free trade policy cannot be reversed in a hurry, and if it 
 could be, difficulties of a fresh, very perplexing class would 
 have to be faced ; but systematic migration^* from this portion 
 to another portion of the Queen's dominions, of superabundant 
 mouths, might be organized and begun this Session. The 
 work can evidently only be undertaken on any effectual scale by 
 the State, for the very phrase "surplus population" implies not 
 surplus capital but surplus labour. Those whom it is desirable 
 to remove are such as are willing to go, who would usually be 
 persons without resources beyond their industry, without settled 
 occupation at home, which in itself inclines a man to stay and 
 let well iilonc. To remove such people would benefit them, but 
 it would be losing time to argue from that point of view. The 
 principal motive for State intervention is that the State would 
 be greatly benefited, and this result would follow, first, from the 
 departure of persons who, whether there is or is not work for 
 them nmst, according to law, be maintained, and are in fact 
 maintained by the rest of the community ; second, by selecting 
 a British colony as their home ; lastly, by securing there without 
 cost a valuable .source of revenue that cannot fail to lighten 
 the burdens borne by British taxpayers. Clearly, the Colony 
 must be chosen, at all events for inaugurating the system, 
 which, possessing social and climatic requisites, is nearest, and 
 so accessible at least expense, viz., the Dominion of Canada. 
 '* This is a felicitous expression of Mr. James Lowther, M.P, 
 
30 
 
 State Dine ted Emij^ratioti. 
 
 \r 
 
 m 
 
 l^noufjh has, perhaps, been said by way of demonstrating 
 necessity for a safety-valve that prescient statesmanship would 
 have set at work forty years ago, thereby preventing evils that can 
 hardly be cured. I contend that — (i) the British people must, 
 like the Japanese, in the long run subsist upon the total sum 
 of products, in every kind, of labour exercised, and savings, within 
 their islands. (2) Our unparalleled population has far out- 
 stripped the inherent powers to sustain, of the small territory 
 known as Great Britain. (3) Consequently, in lieu of getting 
 richer, as platitudinarians suppose, th.e nation grows poorer, while 
 the situation is aggravated by the addition of now nearly half a 
 million .souls annually. (4) Other countries, ceasing to be our 
 debtors, become creditors for supplies vvc are compelled to draw 
 from them, and which it is fallacious to say are taken as a 
 matter of choice in exchange for this, that, or the other. Certain 
 party leaders and literary men may, indeed, yearly j adgc our 
 position as they would that of the mechanic going to market to 
 lay out his week's earnings, who, if he spends more than he 
 spent last Saturday must, somehow, have acquired greater pur- 
 chasing power ; — but the operations of the import trade are not 
 conducted in this primitive fashion. (5) While agricultural 
 production goes down, our exports, or "exchanges," far from 
 rising pari passu with the census, likewise fall off. (6) For the 
 common weal. State intervention in a rare emergency is a plain 
 duty, the adversaries of paternal government notwithstanding. 
 (7) The form it must take is the organization of a gigantic 
 system, for which I devised the title heading this page — partly 
 to distinguish it from mere assistance, which could do little good, 
 partly because " directing," in the sense of administering and 
 executing, a vast work of colonization, is an appropriate task 
 for rulers of an Empire whereon the sun sets not. 
 
 My ideas as to the method of alleviating impending 
 calamities, first stated generally *"'^ the Premier of the ' ay in 
 August, 1877, took a distinct embodiment in a ScilEME^^ sub- 
 mitted to Mr. Gladstone in three letters, dated November 26, 
 
 28, and 29, 1S80. If this "comprehensive scheme of emigra- 
 tion,"^*^ as it is called in the official acknowledgment from 
 
 ^^ Printed in its latest, liiially revised form, on page 31. 
 
 '" The Right lion. James Lowther, M.l'., at Richmond (Yorkshire), on Januar)- 
 
 29, 1883, said that " the emigration which he recommended was, not the driving out 
 of the able-bodied, leaving the .aged, or young, or helpless ; but a (omprehcnsivc and 
 State-directed scheme, which should enable whole families to be simultaneously but not 
 compulsorily emigrated " (from Ireland to Canada). 
 
Stale Di reefed Emigration. 
 
 21 
 
 the 
 ain 
 
 ing 
 
 26, 
 gra- 
 "rom 
 
 •and 
 X not 
 
 10, Downing Street, dated December 6, laSo, could be adopted 
 and put into operation upon the lines laid down, that colony 
 which is the largest and has the finest immediate future, would 
 have, within a decade, added to its present census about twelve 
 millions souls; the figures by which the population of the 
 United States increased between 1871 and 1881. A new 
 kingdom, with a greater superficies than th *■ of the Great 
 Republic, would be firmly consolidated, whili- •■' number of 
 individuals equal to one third of our actual honu population 
 would be rescued from wretchedness or ruin. The other two- 
 thirds appear to be fully as many (at the outside) as the 
 resources of our soil can maintain, under present conditions, in 
 tolerable comfort, and those who remained must, accordingly, 
 be benefited to a degree not easily exaggerated. 
 
 Of my State Directed Colonization the basis is, organized 
 scientific pursuit of that most venerable of handicrafts whereof 
 it has been finely said : "The first condition of social welfare is 
 the peacefiil and fruitful cultivation of the soil. Agriculture 
 comes before commerce and the arts of life ; lor by agriculture 
 men live. The bread of life si)rings from the earth, and society 
 rises up from the furrow. The scattered homes of those who 
 possess it and till it gather into villages and hamlets, and grow 
 into towns and cities, with all their manifold industries and duties 
 and laws in the unity of a commonwealth. This is the law of 
 nature and Providence which has created the nations of the world." 
 
 There is good reason to believe that Mr. Gladstone and 
 some who surround him, regard the project with sympathy 
 and favour ; but it is certain there are other politicians, 
 members either of the ministry or the party, who stand irre- 
 coverably committed to contrary views. Tor instance, Mr. Bright 
 — who, fortunately for its prospects, has now retired from any active 
 interference in matters like this — was always an enemy of what 
 he called the "nostrum and panacea of emigration." Mr. Bright 
 naturally wished to protect the large employers whose interests 
 may seem bound up with surplusage in the labour market. Yet 
 do we not see greater prosperity, more freedom from competition 
 in trades where workpeople are well paid than in others where 
 they are badly paid.'' However this may be, on November 16, 
 1 88 1, at the Town Hall, Rochdale, Mr. Bright (see the Daily 
 N'ezifs) expressed himself thus : " No class in this country has 
 gained so much as the working classes have gained during the 
 last forty years by the adoption of the new free-trade policy. 
 In . . (1840) it was the commonest thing in the world for country 
 
-fl^ 
 
 ii 
 
 i!' 
 
 
 V 
 
 23 
 
 5/rt/^ Directed Eviigratmi. 
 
 gentlemen, and some members of the House of Peers, and the 
 public-minded folk of their day, to say . . what the Govern- 
 ment should do is *o establish colonics abroad, and take the 
 people abroad ; there is not employment enough for them here 
 either in agriculture or manufactures," Such persons "-.vanted a 
 general system of emigration, under which families by the 
 thousand might be taken away to countries of which they knew 
 nothing, to scenes to which they were unaccustomed, to hard- 
 ships and dangers and misfortunes of which they had no 
 accurate conception. • All that was to be done. Well, the 
 people have stayed at home. The law was altered so that 
 the bread for them was brougl t here, and trade extended. You 
 have added in Great liritain alone more than ten millions to 
 your population in forty years. Now you find continually that 
 if you have a good harvest trade will be good, there will be 
 great scarcity of goods, wages will further advance ; but I have 
 no doubt some of those people who, forty years ago, wanted 
 to send you (J) all abroad, will have some other nostrum and 
 panacea of emigration equally absurd and impossible." 
 
 These observations were addressed to a popular audience, 
 the majority being factory operatives ; yet a statesman 
 should not have represented, even to such persons, the cases 
 of England in 1840 and in 1881 as alike, nor have left out 
 of sight the reasons for promoting emigration that did not 
 apply then, do apply now, and are summarized in par. 2. of 
 my Scheme. Mr. Bright mentioned modestly that the bread 
 for the people has been brought to them here (thanks to him, 
 Mr. Cobden, and ^he League). He remembered the fine flour 
 and wheat, but forgot the beasts and sheep, and wine, and oil ; 
 the butter, clieese, eggs, fish, fowl, fruit, pork, mutton, and beef. 
 He did not say a word about steamships fitted with refrigerators 
 for conveying frozen meat froin the Antipodes ; nor tell his 
 unsophisticated listeners whole fleets are employed exclusively in 
 carrying hither from Denmark, Germany, Holland, Portugal, 
 Spain, Africa, Canada; North, aye, South, American States, 
 live oxen and sheep — a portentous fact, having no precedent 
 in history, ancient or modern. 
 
 The Right Hon. gentleman kept to himself "'.e startling 
 circumstance that very considerably more than what is wanted 
 for ^ceding the additional ten millions has to be brought 
 hundreds and thousands of miles, often literally from the ends of 
 the earth, at prodigious cost, not that consumers may live more 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 23 
 
 cheaply, but that they may not starve, for starve they must 
 were these supph'cs cut off; as they might be during a great 
 war on either continent, or must be during seasons of scarcity 
 on the American, sure to happen at some time. A true econo- 
 mist must perceive the simpler cheaper plan, and the best for 
 England ultimately, would be to sciui the people to sonrees of the 
 food supplies, Mr. Bright did not notice that the census grew 
 slowly, or not at all, in 1840, while it grows now at the rate 
 of over a thousand per day, any more than did he suggest how 
 the fresh mouths so fast arriving are to be fed in the years to 
 come. When he has disposed of these matters satisfactorily, 
 it will be soon enough to ridicule observers gifted with farther 
 sight than himself, not less disinterested, and certainly more 
 impartial judges, because not pledged to uphold through thick 
 and thin opinions that might appear superficial were the need 
 for systematic migration under State direction acknowledged. 
 It has not, perhaps, occurred to him that the Western world 
 has yet to be adequately covered by civilized peoples, though 
 it ought to strike him development of her resources might 
 greatly advantage English manufacture j if they wisely look 
 ahead and retain a fair share thereof under the prudent manage- 
 ment of their own Government. In a Note'' will be found an 
 unanswered answer to Mr. Bright's Rochdale attack. Upon 
 fact No. 4. in this letter, it is well to observe our exports of 
 B. and I. produce, to foreigners, are represented by a declared 
 value in 1866 of ^f 135,000,000, being nearly the same as the 
 yearly average for the quinquennial period 1876 — 1880, which 
 average is ;^20,ooo,ooo under the yearly average for 1866 — 1870. 
 
 '^ "As I cannot suppose your remarks at Rochdale condemnatory of 'a general 
 system of emigration under which Government should establish colonies,' were 
 levelled at the opinions of Mr. Charles IJuller, M.l'., who h.is been dead so many 
 years, or at the men of his day who shared his views, I am bound to conclude they 
 were meant for a censure of my scheme ol State-directed emigration to which such 
 wide publicity has been given by the press. Allow mc, therefore, to call your atten- 
 tion to these few facts so easy of apprehension, (i) The census of Great Britain forty 
 years, or even thirty years, ago, grew but slowly, or not at all, whereas it grows now 
 at the rate of ne.irly half a million souls annually. (2) The positive loss sustained by 
 the nation during the last three years owing to want of sun was estimated in 
 September, 1881, by yourself at two hundred millions sterling; by the I'rinie 
 Minister, a month 3ubse(|uently, at rather more than half that enormous sum. 
 (3) Mr. James Caird, at the meeting of the Statistical Society on the isth instant, 
 declared that ' the land in this country within the List ten years has become less pro- 
 ductive.' {4) The average annual value of the exports of Ihilish and Irish produce 
 has not increased since 1S66 ; thus, without mentioning other notorious reasons, there 
 is here good basis for the belief that they cannot reasonably be expected to increase. 
 
24 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 i 
 
 The circumstance that within one single quarter of the 
 century food imports tripled in value is passed over as unim- 
 portant by the framers of fantastic calculations of freights, 
 "almost wholly profit to this country"; once so high that all that 
 had ships in the sea were made rich by the homeward traffic ; 
 and who ignore on the one hand that these cargoes promptly 
 disappear down British throats, on the other that there are 
 heavy sets-off against such gains ; called seamen's wages, stores, 
 foreign port dues, losses, repairs, depreciation, interest on capital, 
 invested or borrowed (a serious item when steamers are, as 
 usually happens, heavily mortgaged), often by or from foreign 
 capitalists, though the ships may sail under our flag. But, 
 having decided that the tradition of England's wealth must 
 hold good for all time, the opinion is to be maintained 
 in spite of a consensus of impartial opinion, backed by obser- 
 vation and experience, that it has ceased to be true ; and in 
 defiance of evidence that while this country is one of the very 
 smallest, it is the most densely peopled, of all civilized States, 
 and contains by far the largest, and an unprecedented, per- 
 centage of useless mouths, reckoning as " useless " from the point 
 of view of the political economist, paupers (adults and children), 
 halt, blind, sick, mentally afflicted, criminals, vicious men and 
 women; animals; producing nothing: whose maintenance must 
 in the end be found by producers or toilers. 
 
 The only solutions or palliatives for the difficulties that have 
 been sketched, wOiich arc propounded by opponents of " the 
 cruel and reckless one of emigration," may be enumerated as 
 Crime, Spade husbandry, I'otatoe or Wheat cultivation, and 
 Nationalization of the Land. The last could not help any class, 
 unless confiscation and re-partition are intended, when many 
 
 Vet (hirins; these fifteen years of statiimmy exiwrls and diminished yield from the 
 land the poindalion of Great Britain has jjrown hy six niiilioiv?. That of Ireland has 
 diminished nearly one million, and Ireland aecordingly is more i)ros[)crous. I lieg 
 then to ask whether it is not plain (A.) that (heat Uritain to-day, with a population 
 of thirty millions, is worse off than in 1866 with twenty-four millions? (li.) That 
 the yield of agrieultural products, of manufactures and materials prcjduceil for 
 foreign markets even renuaining next year and the year after what they are now, while 
 the census of the United Kingdom shall be allowed to rise to thirty-six millions — the 
 nation must be poorer at the close of 1S83 than at the end of next month ? (C.) And, 
 whatever may have been the true state of matters in 1840 — 1843, with regard to the 
 problems of population, production, and emigration, how, taking a candid review of 
 all the facts and prospects, can it be possible at this epoch to provide for the fresh 
 mouths we know must be fed in the years to come, otherwise than by reilucing the 
 numbers of the pet)ple under some 'comprehensive scheme of emigration'?" (Letter 
 to the Right lion. John Uright, M.l". , November 19, 1881). 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 ^5 
 
 lave 
 
 " the 
 
 as 
 
 and 
 
 lass, 
 nany 
 
 I leg 
 lation 
 
 That 
 ■A for 
 while 
 i— the 
 
 And, 
 to the 
 
 L'W of 
 
 fresh 
 .eltcr 
 
 would be utterly ruined in order that a multitude might, in the 
 nineteenth century, for a short time try what can be done, 
 without capital or credit, with three or four acres of ground. 
 This notion is a barbarian dream. We do not import potatoes 
 to an extent worth mcntioninf;,', and il is doubtful if the h'nL^lish 
 people would live on them even if ordered by Act of Parliament. 
 As to growing, in.stead of importing, wheat, Mr. Bright and the 
 farmers imderstand that matter better than the writer. 
 
 Leaving pretty fictions, vain fancies, and painful facts, let us 
 proceed to study a remedy for multiplied ills, designed for the 
 whole of the United Kingdom, not for a minor part of it. 
 
 To rediiv-e our census to reasonable proportions, as many 
 individuals as are now added to it yearly ought to leave the 
 comitry, or "over a thousand per day;" plus half a million more 
 per annum. But the highest authorities, after carefid deliberation, 
 think it would be difficult and dangerous to inaugurate State 
 directed colonization of the Canadian North West upon this 
 stupendous scale. Once sufficient means of tran.sport, and 
 colonization "centres" (see par. lo. of Scheme) arc created, all 
 requisite development from small beginnings could follow. 
 
 Moreover, it is suggested to me by one who has profoundly 
 studied the whole subject, Government is not called upon to do 
 the whole work of reconstructing. Much may properly be left 
 to private initiative, which is sure to complement in a variety of 
 ways what Government must do, namely, deal with the hel|)less 
 class of the population, and lay the groundwork of colonization 
 proper. 
 
 Whence it has come to pass the Scheme as now drawn 
 is very much smaller than our national exigencies require. 
 But it is easy to extend each year as circumstances may 
 demand or allow, nor is there any reason why what can be 
 begun this year in our possessions on the American, should not 
 be adapted next year likewise to those on the African, and the 
 Australian continent, and in Tasmania. 
 
 The Imperial lunigration and Colonization Commission (see 
 par. 8. of Scheme) would be a permanent State department, 
 charged with all such business as the title implies. There is, 
 furthermore, this advantage in starting upon moderate lines, 
 that no objection can be overtly urged to the proposal from any 
 responsible quarter, since every sensible man is now conscious 
 something ought promptly to be done. 
 
 Many and mighty arc the interests this project would 
 
26 
 
 State Directed Eviigration. 
 
 favourably afTcct. Financial corporations, bankers, railway 
 shareholders, here and in Canada, steamship owners, all these, 
 besides the labouring classes, arc directly and immediately 
 interested, lirokcrs, merchants, manufacturers of many British 
 staples arc, not so immediately but, indirectly and vitally con- 
 cerned in promoting; it. Heads of large families, with son.s 
 before whom at present no future lies, have every conceivable 
 reason for favouriiifj it. Clergymen and philanthropists, who 
 arc acquainted with the dangers, miseries, and evil associations 
 that beset the poor and the young in our populous towns, even 
 in our villages where the becrshop (excluded from the Canadian 
 North-West) is daily and nightly open ; apostles of the tem- 
 perance, total abstinence, and local option crusades ; all these 
 zealous gentlemen and ladies ought to comprehend that the 
 stone of Sisyphus will roll into the sea if the goal of Canada 
 with local option everywhere, except ii; the North-Wcst, and 
 total prohibition there, can be reached ; and a radical cure for 
 intolerable .social maladies be applied. 
 
 In view of the possible prize of an emigration " pass," and 
 peasant proprietorship in the New World, a condition for which 
 is a good character (sec par. 4. of Scheme), what a general ame- 
 lioration of manners and morals, what a spreading habit of 
 .steady work will be developed among those who will never win 
 it. The people would be taught by their instructors in 
 town and country to aim at that prize. Employers of labour 
 would .soon find such a change conic over the behaviour of the 
 "hand" as to more than compensate for any possible scarcity 
 occasioned by this movement. liut a rise in wages is the 
 chief bugbear. It is a visionary fear. The foundation of the 
 proposal is the notorious existence of surplus labour, that is 
 of persons who cannot get full work or any work. Remove 
 them, and those who arc left, instead of working four days, 
 will find occupation six days in the week. While each man 
 earns more, the pay-sheet total will remain the same. 
 
 Experience contradicts the hypothesis that labour must be 
 intrinsically cheap because it is superabundant. Does not Mr. 
 Bright, amid the present glut, boast that the working man to- 
 day is better paid and works shorter time than his father "*. 
 Wages are higher here than elsewhere, partly because, owing to 
 over-population, rents, meat, and vegetables have doubled in 
 price. Until the workman can live cheaply our natural manu- 
 facturing advantages are neutralized ; thus a vast emigration 
 
State Directed Emigration, 
 
 27 
 
 is calculated to largely reduce prime cost of home productions. 
 Besides, what the great and the small inaiuifacturers of England 
 ask for before aught else is, not cheaper labour, but, new markets. 
 Here is the crying commercial want of our time. Our modernized 
 machinery and factories can produce full fifty per cent, more 
 goods than arc turned out, with very few, if any, more hands. 
 Now, the rapid utilization of our colonial lands on the system 
 traced, means an equally rapid creation of fresh customers. 
 
 The landed i)roprietor and the farmer may imagine all this 
 can do nothing for them. As it is, they find good farm hands 
 too scarce, and in tlie summer of 1S82 attention was called in 
 the Times' correspondence columns to the draining away of 
 labourers from hamlet and village to towns and cities, that 
 has seriously inconvenienced country gentlemen and farmers, 
 who are, accordingly, afraid to encourage emigration from the 
 town slums lest it should intensify the evil. My Scheme is 
 not open to this objection. The instituting TRAI.\IX(; 1 arm.s, 
 (see par. 18. of Scheme) which would be recruited not alone from 
 the various sources indicated, but from the family of almost every 
 artisan and labourer in the kingdom, urged as these classes would 
 find themselves by public opinion, throughout their own body, and 
 by a natural wish to let their children have a chance of quali- 
 fying for the Emigration prize, could not fail to reverse the 
 current, and restore the agricultural calling in popular estimation. 
 There would be a rush back to the land, and to country pursuits, 
 from every quarter, with, as a most speedy result, abundance of 
 skilled well conducted hinds. This is too obvious to need 
 elaboration. 
 
 I have been told the emigrant once in Canada, not troubling 
 him.self to fulfil engagements contracted with the Colonization 
 Commi.ssion, would, as men usually do, study his interest ; and so 
 make tracks for the best paid employment he could get. This, is 
 a short-sighted view. The majority of men in any station of 
 life naturally try to fulfil engagements when they can do so, and 
 there is no over-whelming inducement to the contrary ; speaking, 
 be it understood, of the classes who work. At any rate, it will 
 be conceded that men do as a rule fulfil feasible engagements 
 when irresistibly compelled, and the existing law in Canada 
 would compel execution by the colonist of the engagement 
 contracted by him in the Indentures mentioned in paragraph 1 1. 
 of my Scheme, the wording of which must be large and stringent 
 enough to bind him as thoroughly as words can bind. Two 
 
28 
 
 State Directed Emioration. 
 
 :!! W 
 
 Acts of Parliament of 35 Vict. Cap. xxviii. and Cap. xxix, 
 passed by the Dominion Legislature, that received the Royal 
 assent on June 14, 1872, provide that " if any contract be 
 made, or any bond or note given by an emigrant before 
 leaving Europe for Canada, to repay in Canada any sum of 
 money advanced to him or her for or towards defraying 
 his passage money, or towards defraying any other expense 
 attending his emigration, such sum shall be recoverable 
 from the Immigrant in Canada, according to the terms of auch 
 iiislrinnctit" (refusal or neglect to fulfil the engagement being 
 punishable by fine and by imprisonment) and that "any emi- 
 grant . . may . . execute an instrument . . binding himself . . 
 to accept employment of the kind to be therein stated from any 
 named person . . and to allow such person to deduct from his 
 or her wages . . such sum or srms of money as shall be also 
 therein designated." To supplement the comprehensive powers 
 directly expressed in these two A.cts, as against the emigrant 
 who might seek to evade fulfilment of the instrument he had 
 voluntarily signed, there could be in.scrted in the Indentures a 
 clause under which the emigrant .should consent to and authorize 
 deduction from his or her wages, by any person who might 
 employ him before he had satisfied his engagements to the 
 Colonization Commission, of all monies accruing to him, in 
 respect of such employment, over and above twelve shillings 
 per week ; until his liability to the Commissioners should be 
 liquidated. The Canadian Government (strongly interested 
 in securing faithful execution of these contracts) would have 
 ample means of tracking defaulters in their thinly peopled 
 territory ; but defaulters would be few. Interest would lie in 
 fulfilling the bond, and so ensuring possession of a freehold farm 
 upon the easiest imaginable terms, while default would mean 
 for nearly all loss of character, social branding, imprisonment, 
 and deprivation of what the attempted evasion sought to secure. 
 
 The religious and educational privileges with which Canada 
 is endowed not only surpass our own, but are greater than those 
 enjoyed in any European country. 
 
 The Irish poor, numbering perhaps one million, who dwell 
 as aliens in the slums of London and other British cities and 
 towns, are deeply concerned in the execution of this project. 
 They supply recruits for our gaols, orphanages, and workhouses. 
 Competitors v;ith native labour, they are usually unpopular with 
 the working classes among whom they sojourn. Their English 
 
'11 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 29 
 
 dwell 
 
 and 
 
 jjcct. 
 
 •uses. 
 
 with 
 
 gljsh 
 
 neighbours would, doubtless, be well pleased could an Exodus 
 be brought about that must largely reduce police and poor rates. 
 Contingents of Irish labourers arrive here continually, who, after 
 futile efforts to " get work," that is to deprive somebody else of 
 it, sink into the pauper or semi-criminal residuum. 
 
 Bishops and clergymen ought to favour this movement, if 
 only for the sake of performing something substantial and 
 eflfective permanently to relieve an enormous mass of penury, 
 destitution, and sickness, that swells "the numerical strength" of 
 their flocks possibly, but likewise daily sends larger numbers 
 over to the Enemy ; nor is it reasonable to suppose the voice 
 of ecclesiastical authority and advice will fail to be loudly heard 
 in advocacy of a magnificent work of charity. 
 
 Let any impartial thinker ponder the multifarious aspects of 
 the Scheme, and he will end by regarding it as the sole 
 practicable and a truly all-healing material cure, for most, 
 or each one, of the complicated and terrifying mischiefs that 
 beset our civilization and avenge our corrupting habits of living. 
 It would transport multitudes who must otherwise untimely 
 perish, from foul air, close alleys, squalid rooms, bad companions, 
 to the quiet pastoral and agricultural scenes and ways so 
 congenial to the great majority in all the generations of 
 men. Children who must miserably die here would, in the 
 pure bracing North-West, become healthy, robust, and happy 
 parents of a posterity countless as the sands on the sea-shore. 
 
 Such considerations weigh as nothing with natural adver- 
 saries of what would deprive the agitator, the social re- 
 constructor, the dreamer who is bent on pulling everything 
 down, of their professional stock-in-trade. Those friends of the 
 working man find a hearing because the times are bad. If 
 this or anything else would mend them, agitation could not 
 live. Then, the bare sound of State Directed Emigration offends 
 the ears of theorists who have been reared upon idle stale 
 doctrines of self-help and non-interference. 
 
 Argument is useless with opponents like these. Fortunately 
 they are a minority now, and it is likewise true that this idea of 
 a national colonization of Canada by means of the unemployed 
 poor sympathetically attracts and charms most minds. The emi- 
 gration note vibrates in the air, and thrills the hearts of our people 
 who have had convincing demonstration during these last ten years 
 while party struggles have principally absorbed the energies 
 of their public men, that the grandest of modern States, the 
 
r'if! ' 
 
 30 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 most flourishing, the most peaceful and peaceable, has attained 
 its astonishing prosperity, has acquired its incredible riches, 
 mainly through emigration ; and that — in nine hundred and 
 ninety-nine cases out of one thousand — voluntarv emigration of 
 the poor. 
 
 This Paper and the amended Scheme were completed on the 
 date printed at the end. Next morning I called upon the High 
 Commissioner for Canada, who kindly advi.sed me to read a 
 work by the late Mr. E. Gibbon Wakefield, which I first heard of 
 in August, 188 r, when an acquaintance showed mc in it the 
 Parliamentary motion of Mr. IJuller already referred to. 
 I glanced over the pages then, but did not notice anything 
 special in them. Having now consulted this book (entitled, 
 A View of tlic Art of Colonization, London, Parker, 1849), 
 I have been much struck by the prefatory quotation on page I, 
 from a writer whose words carry weight with Mr. Bright — 
 "There need be no hesitation in affirming that colonization, in 
 the present state of the world, is the very best affair of business 
 in which the capital of an old and wealthy country can possibly 
 engage " {fohn Stuart Mill). 
 
 There is a great deal of highly interesting elaborate 
 argument in Mr. Wakefield's book, generally corroborating much 
 I have advanced, but the ultimate outcome appears to reduce 
 itself to recommendations that Government should sell colonial 
 lands to capitalists, and assist unemployed labourers by paying 
 their passage money out of the proceeds of such .sales. 
 Mr. Bullcr's very valuable speech, given in full, concludes even 
 more lamely as follows — " It is not my purpose to propose any 
 specific measure to the House. ... I only ask it to perfect the 
 details of the system now in force." At Sion College, where I 
 read this, another book was shown me, called Lectures on 
 Colonization and Colonics, by Herman Merivale, Professor of 
 Political Economy (London, Longmans, 1861), and, having run 
 through it too, I am more than t;vcr persuaded my own project 
 is original, practical, and unique. 
 
 With a confidence, then, resting on solid grounds, I ask all 
 with infli'.encc to support it : while to all in power I boldly 
 say — adopt this Scheme quickly, execute it vigorously, courage- 
 ously, and you shall find its bearing vis-a-vis of disturbing, 
 menacing forces now urging a ruthless disruption of English 
 society, will be that of an efficacious MESSAGE OF PEACE. 
 
Slaie Directed Emigration. 
 
 i-bing, 
 iglish 
 
 Scheme of State-dirf.ctkd Emigration and Colonization. 
 
 1. The necessity for a large national system of emigration is found in the 
 fact that the population of the United Kingdom is excessive, and increases 
 at a prodigious rate ; hence widely spread distress, much crime and drunk- 
 enness (usually allied to misery), and unreasonable competition— evils for 
 which the only practicable ready remedy, if a general upheaval of social 
 foundations is to be avoided, will be found to be national emigration. 
 
 2. It is well known that unless new markets are called into being our 
 foreign trade is likely to decrease steadily ; because {a) protective duties 
 hamper us everywhere, and (/>) most countries yearly manufacture more of 
 the sorts of goods they used to buy from us. A "new channel" is also indis- 
 pensable because there has been such great activity during the last cjuarter- 
 century in building and reconstructing stupendous public works, railways, 
 machinery, manufactories, and maritime tonnage, of a total value impossible 
 to state, but as to which some notion may be gathered from the knowledge 
 that on railways alone four hundred millions sterling have been expended — 
 all affording means of living for myriads — that little remains to be 
 demolished, erected, or remodelled. Yet the population has increaseil by 
 eight millions, and the agricultural produce of the soil has probably 
 diminished. Such a new channel would be created by systematically 
 colonizing Canada, whose unoccupied virgin lands arc capable of maintaining 
 perhaps p. namber equal to the total population of ICurope. 
 
 3. I propose that the organization be entirely a .State one, adequate for 
 removal annually of 200,000 individuals (of all ages) from the United 
 Kingdom, and their settlement in Canada and the North-West territory of the 
 Dominion, where sufiicient land is offered free by the Dominion Government. 
 The poor who arc without, or have next to no resources, arc those who would 
 be (on their voluntary a])]Dlication, and on approval) selected : the system to 
 be one of family emigration ; and, since five can be reckoned as the average 
 number in a family, 150,000 at ' ast out of the whole number would be com- 
 posed of aged persons, women, and babes — very few among them bread- 
 winners. Thus the country could lose nothing by the departure of people 
 no small proportion of whom are now partly maintained at the cost of 
 r^.tepayers and of the benevolent, while all are what is currently (although 
 not technically) called "paupers.'" Certainly we can easily spare, say, 
 50,000 able-bodied men and youths every year, and their dependents. 
 
 4. The emigrants proper to be men (with their families) acquainted with 
 the cultivation of the soil. A slight knowledge might suffice ; nor can it be 
 disputed that the poor (juarters in our cities and towns would supply large 
 contingents of men, born and reared in the country, accustomed to farm 
 work. Only men of good character, not convicted of crime, nor more than 
 twice of drunkenness, under forty-six years old, and with not exceeding five 
 accomi)anying members of family, to be eligible ; single women to be 
 ineligible ; the taking single men to be discountenanced ; and young people 
 to be encouraged to marry, in order to become eligible. 
 
 5. A .State inspection to be organized in order to "pass" applicants. 
 There could be an authorized official in every town ; the superior super- 
 intendence of this department to be confided to selected persons among the 
 trade-union leaders, appointed for the jjurposc by Government as permanent 
 oPicers. Their special knowledge^ of the labour-market would be useful in 
 order that surplusage only might be drawn away. 
 
32 
 
 Stale Directed Etui ^r at ion. 
 
 6. For transport, many of the Government steam transports would no 
 doubt be available : other lar^e steamships to be purchased, so as to supply 
 a fleet capable of providinj,' a departure of a steamer carryinj^, say, one 
 thousand cmi^'rants daily durinj; the seven suitable months, the departures to 
 be from ("das^jow (once), Liverpool (twice), Milford (once), and Southampton 
 (thrice) weekly. 
 
 7. The first step of arran-^ing with the Canadian Government being 
 taken, the second, after Parliamentary sanction, would be to send out an 
 adccjuate staff of artisans and labourers, with their families, under ajjree- 
 ments for five years at present trades rate of wage, in order to erect huts or 
 cottages, houses, stores, &c., before the first batch of emi^jrants arrive, from 
 two to three months later. These mechanics would be under Government 
 supervision, and must move from place to place as recjuircd. 
 
 8. The control of the whole organization and the funds to be vested in a 
 board, or Imperial Kniij^ralion and Colonization Commission, consisting of 
 five capable and adccjuatcly paid gentlemen prepared to make this the 
 business of their lives— two to be Canadians : head-quarters, of course, in 
 London ; a head Canadian office at Otta'va, with one Canadian and one 
 English Commissioner; local commissioners with sufficiert subordinates to 
 be quartered at the various settlements. 
 
 9. The average cost of transport, upon the scale and, a'; Indicated, 
 from railway station here to destination in Canada, need not much, if at 
 all, exceed £% per head of all ages ; because special emigration rates would 
 be obtainable from the railways on both sides of the Atlantic, the steamers, 
 specially fitted and carrying no cargo, being worked at prime cost. 
 
 10. A due number of "centres" being selected in the Dominion, each to 
 have a nucleus-settlement of four thousand souls, the emigrants on reaching 
 Quebec or Halifax, would be there (iirnished with a destination, and at once 
 sent on by the daily through trains. Th'-vo would be also appointed through 
 emigrant trains on this side to the various ports of cmbarcation. 
 
 1 1. Prior to embarking, each head of a family to sign articles of indenture 
 binding himself to repay to the Emigration Commission all nioneys advanced 
 to him or his family. Should passage be repaid ? I think not, but am open to 
 correction on this difticult point. 
 
 12. The lands to be brought under cultivation will not maintain a family 
 for several months, or even for a year after cultivation begins. How then are 
 the people to live ? Thus : — The Canadian Government must cooperate in 
 this work by agreeing to convey to the Emigration Commission the one 
 hundred and sixty acres they at present offer free for every separate family 
 to be settled. Eighty acres to be absolutely reserved by the Commission as 
 " B. (jovernmcnt lands :" and upon the remaining eighty (or fifty wherever 
 only one hundred acres are obtained) the head of the family to be set to 
 work, under official superintendence, to clear, sow, make roads, &c., all for a 
 fixed weekly wage, being the amount upon which he could live with reason- 
 able carefulness. I estimate this wage at 12s. for a single man, i6s. for a 
 married couple, 20s. for the same with two children, and so on. All such 
 payments as wages to be carried to the debit of the person receiving them, 
 in books kept like the millions of separate Post Office savings-bank accounts 
 for far smaller sums. Copies would be sent from the settlements to Ottawa, 
 and thence they might even be sent to London ; so that at the head office 
 here the exact state of the accounts in each settlement would be known 
 under an organization like the Post Office Savings Bank system. 
 
 13. Whenever the parcel of land upon which a family had been domi- 
 
State Directed Emigration. 
 
 on as 
 rever 
 set to 
 for a 
 ason- 
 for a 
 such 
 them, 
 ounts 
 tawa, 
 office 
 nown 
 
 ciled should be, in the judgment of the local inspector, fit to maintain them 
 without further official " nursing "— then, but not sooner, a conveyance of the 
 ground to be executed to the |)easant wlio had been working upon it, charge- 
 able, by way of mortgage, with the total standing to his debit for wages, 
 seed, stocking, &c., including passage-money (should it be considered right 
 the cost of it be also reimbursed). This total, in the case of a family of 
 five, would not be likely, even including passage-money, to exceed ;{^ioo. 
 In the case of a couple without children it woukl be much less. In this 
 way, assuming only fifty acres were conveyed to each settler, and the 
 average mortgage amounted to /"loo, the man would obtain in a year or so 
 after leaving home fifty acres of freehold land saddled with /|ioo mortgage 
 at six per cent, per annum, equal to a yearly rent of 2s. Oil. per acre fur very 
 fertile land. He would become by independent effort, thanks to judicious 
 help, a peasant proprietor at a cost which he would have been able to regu- 
 late himself to a certain important extent. The transaction once completed, 
 li.erc would be no difficulty experienced by the Commission in sellinj.- the 
 mortgage bond to private persons or financial corporations to be formed 
 hereafter for the purpose of dealing in these securities, and thus all money 
 advanced would be recouped. Redemption of the bonds might easily be 
 effected within ten years from issae. No doubt there might be dilTiculty in 
 selling the bonds, or obtaining repayment of the funds expended which they 
 would represent, if the settlements were few, scattered far apart, and thinly 
 peopled. There would be none if the chief features of the scheme be 
 adhered to — namely, its magnitude and continuity. 
 
 14. In the case of the head of a family dying before his allotment were 
 ready for conveyance, his family might be allowed to name somebody to 
 lake his place and liabilities : to the local Commissioner being reserved a 
 right of veto. Should it be exercised, then the land to lapse into the 
 category of " B. Government lands." The cost of the labour actually 
 expended upon such lapsed land would, as a rule, have added to its intrinsic 
 value not less than the total amount of such expenditure. And real loss 
 arising from death, accident, or sickness could be provided for by a special 
 system of insurance at trifling cost. 
 
 15. Another resource for reimbursement and profit would be the " British 
 Government lands." These would be at least equal in acreage to " allotted 
 lands." They would be cultivated for the ultimate benefit of the British 
 Government, representing the taxpayers here, by day-labourers specially 
 engaged here or taken from such among the emigrants as could not well be 
 trusted to farm for themselves ; or by volunteer labourers presenting them- 
 selves on the spot. These lands could be leased or sold. While they were 
 farmed the crops derived from them would be disposed of for the Com- 
 mission through usual trade channels. 
 
 16. If any man at the first blush should doubt whether returns of this 
 kind could be adequate to outlay, let him reflect that all cities— London 
 itself — and all civilized countries were once virgin land without value. Their 
 incalculable money value and the enormous revenues they yield now have 
 been brought about precisely in the way I propose to render valuable the 
 valueless North-West Territory— namely, by the exercise upon their territory 
 of human labour. The objection, then, is idle, upon the two indispensable 
 conditions that the settlements be on a large scale, and that there be skilled 
 responsible supervision and, as part of it, rules and discipline. 
 
 17. Crime and waste are already guarded against by laws specially 
 passed in the Dominion and Provincial Parliaments whereby local eptioo 
 
Jf 
 
 State Directed Emigration. 
 
 ilii' 
 
 prevails in every part of C.in.icla, except the North-West Territory, wherein 
 it is forbidden to introduce ali oiiolic or vinous stimulants. This bcneticent 
 provision was intended to protect the Indians, of whom .-ibout one hundred 
 tliousand still remain. Remov.d to Canada would conseiitiently mean 
 rescue and redemption for iiumiiers of our |)eoplc wiio would >;lailly (|uit 
 present surroundin^js, associations, and temptations, had they the chance. 
 iS. In order to make jjood the drain on our .i^ricultural population, an 
 essential part of the scheme must be the formation, under some jjroper 
 system, of lar^c or small training-farms at suitable i)oints throughout the 
 three kin^jiloms. To these places mit,'ht be drafted all lads from orphanajjcs, 
 street youths from our jjreat cities, men who hanjj about the streets picking 
 up a jjrccarious livelihood, and the like, to learn farm-work— the natural 
 occupation of a great majority of mankind. 
 
 19. Parliamentary powers would have to be asked to enable the (lovern- 
 ment of the ilay to borrow, when rcciuired, sums not exceedim; twenty 
 millions sterlinj^ in all, by creating,' a new I-mij,'ration .Stock to bc.ir interest 
 at the r.itc of three per cent. During; the lirst two years about five millions 
 sterlin^i would be w.mtcil ; the interest upon win "h sum, to be borne by the 
 taxpayers, is only/150,000 sterlin^j per annum. The funds raised in this 
 manner to be employed in Knj;land and Canad.i for the general purposes indi- 
 cateil, under |)ropcr control and audit in the customary way — the expenses of 
 official staff to come out of these funds, and a percentage to be charged upon 
 the allotted land to defray those expenses. All moneys received by the Emi- 
 gration Commission as reimbursement of loans, sales of mortgage bonds, of 
 produce raised on " (jovernment lands," or of such lands themselves, to be 
 paid wi^x per contra to the National Debt Commissioners in order to purchase 
 and extinguish Consols. 1 think it f.iir to expect that, before the ])ower to 
 raise twenty millions had been fully used, returns would How back to us ; 
 that the twenty millions sterling, if calleil uj), would lie all reimbursed before 
 expiry of ten years ; and that, far from any loss of capital resulting from 
 these trans.ictions, ilieie might be immense ])rolits. 
 
 20. To attain the ends I have described, a country like ours, which threw 
 away, for the sake of a policy of the moment, one hundred millions sterling 
 in the Crimea, might sacrifice much. IJut I cannot see that any sacrifice 
 whatever is needed. For, supposing 200,000 men, women, and children 
 left our shores '\u the first year, and that ^10 yearly per head be put as 
 the average cost of maintaining them here, then surely society is benefited 
 to the extent of two millions pounds sterling for that one year alone— to 
 say nothing about the future — by their departure. The food they consume, 
 if they remain, ceases to be imported. 
 
 21. If it should be objected a point will be reached when the exodus 
 will cease to be a benefit to us, I answer it can be stayed at that point, 
 for it would be the duty of the Emigration Commission to keep State 
 advantage in view, such being the raison d'C'tre of their office. 
 
 22. But the foundation of a new populous .■'nd wealthy society, on the 
 other side of the Atlantic, must benefit this country in another way. They 
 will purchase our manufactures from us, thus adding to our wealth, instead 
 of consuming it, as they do while here. For, of course, every individual in 
 Great Britain, be the population twenty millions or thirty millions, has to be 
 fed somehow. And owing to this necessity we are rapidly sinking into 
 national and personal poverty because nothing is done or attempted, by 
 legislators and statesmen, in order to preserve a reasonable proportion 
 between the people and the land they live on. Had we no colonies it would 
 
Siaic Directed Einignilion. 
 
 35 
 
 icodus 
 joint, 
 I State 
 
 be another matter. 'I'lic truth of the controversy rcspcctiiifj imports and 
 exports lies lierc. \Ve import a };rcater excess year by year, and thus grow 
 poorer instead of riciier, simply because we have more mouths to feed each 
 year. While this goes on, vast territories bclonyinj; to the lunpire remain 
 deserts, and others are given away. 
 
 23. The existence of groat Heets of steamers of vast size which could 
 not have been had a few years ago, the political diflicultics and pressing 
 yearly increasing distress in England, the wish of the Dominion Govern- 
 ment to settle the North-West territory which was owned by an exclusive 
 private corporation only twelve years ago, the certainty of a (lerman and 
 probability of a Chinese immigration thither"* unless we utilize it oui selves 
 instead of abandoning it to the wolf and the jackal, are all considerations 
 favouring the realization of my scheme. 
 
 24. Although the settling may proceed during as many years r-.:: 'here 
 remains unoccupied land, the principr.l trouble will be during the first 
 two or three years. Once the rudiments of hamlets, towns, and cities arc 
 formed, there will be little troul)le and not nearly so nnich expense. 
 
 25. 'Ihe scheme would be greatly helped by the approaching construction 
 or completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which will traverse the 
 territory to be settled in order to unite the two oceans, and will provide work 
 fur large numbers of labourers. J'rimarily designed though it is for the 
 poor who ha\ c no resources, the fact need not ])rcclude our attracting (by 
 the offer of assistance in the colony) a limited number among classes 
 possessing some small but insufficient capital. Such people would provide 
 emi)loyment for labouring peasants whose mental qualifications did not offer 
 sutricieiU inducement to trust them with land of their own. In short, the 
 whole management rec|uires the exercise of skill and judgment. Many farmers 
 would be well (|ualified to act as superintendents of some of the departments, 
 aiul, douijllcss, be glad to accejjt such positions. 
 
 26. Upon some collateral aspects of this many-sided scheme it is well to 
 lay stress. This would not be a haphazard fitful business — now well, now 
 badly done. The einigianls are not to be turned loose on the prairie to do 
 as they please : protection, direction, control, arc essential elements in the 
 scheme, which, before all things, is to be entered upon for State advantage. 
 A considerable organization of skilled educated minds is therefore indis- 
 ])ensablc. I'pon this side of the ocean there will be the personnel devoted 
 to selection, transport and shipment : clerks who must keep the accounts, 
 storekeepers, and so forth. Then come the commanders, oftkers, engineers, 
 besides crews, of the steamships. To conduct the service with efficiency not 
 fewer than thirty vessels must compose the fleet. On the other side there 
 will be employes who must receive and distribute through the territory the 
 continual arrivals. There will be surveyors and civil engineers, arihitects 
 and builders, farming superintendents and overseers, resident local commis- 
 sioners, travelling inspectors, and a respectable battalion of clerks of various 
 grades, some of whom could be chosen from those already in the Govern- 
 
 "* The prevision expressed in 18S0 li.ns become accumj lislied fact. "From Victori.n, 
 Vancouver's Island, we have reports that ships ami steamers an; constantly arriving with 
 many Chinese on board. The immigrants are immediately forwarded to the main land 
 of lUitish Columbia, chietly for railway work. Twenty-four tliousand are expected by 
 August, when the Chinese in the province will amount to thirty-two thousand, out- 
 numbering the whites. Fears are expressed that the I'rovince will be Mongolianized," 
 ^Tillies, May 11, iSSa.) 
 
^^mmmsi^^tmmmmitfm'mm 
 
 36 
 
 S^a/e Directed Emigration. 
 
 ment service here. There must also be warehouse-keepers, as well as men 
 accustomed to trade operations : since the Colonization Commission will 
 have crops and produce and lands to dispose of, seeds and stock and im- 
 plements to buy — the last-named from England. Most of these numerous 
 ©fficials would naturally be drawn from the ranks of the middle classes. 
 Then comes the supreme direction, the posts in which will doubtless be 
 filled from the upper class. It is impossible to catalogue with exactness all 
 the positions that will be necessarily created, and must be filled —greatly to 
 the advantage of the mother-country considered as one community, and to 
 separate families whose heads are nowadays in so many instances thoroughly 
 perplexed to know what is to be done with their young men. My rapid 
 sketch, however, shows that this system of colonization will find legitimate 
 permanent occupation for much more than mere bone and sinew. Brains 
 are indispensable. Education and natural ability of very diverse kinds and 
 orders could thus obtain a field of exercise hitherto undreamed of ; and the 
 widely spread mental, technical, and scientific training that has distinguished 
 the England of the past dozen years will not have been fruitless after all, as 
 many latterly began to fear it might prove to be. But for this training, 
 indeed, it is questionable whether there would be, as there now certainly is, 
 the proper material available to constitute the large body of superintendents 
 and functionaries that is necessary ; while, had the Scheme been broached 
 in 1870, every one wou'd at once have pronounced it to be impracticable on 
 the scale 1 propose— if only because the large steamers now built were not 
 even projected ; while the cost of "sailing" the smaller boats then in vogue 
 was probably about double what the march of invention has made it to-day, 
 and sea-risks were also greater. 
 
 27. The climate of Mexico, or even a large portion of the United States, 
 scarcely suits Englishmen or Scotchmen, and a serious mortality might 
 result from shipping hosts of old and very young persons to torrid regions. 
 
 28. It must be remembered the "new channel" discovered and opened 
 by the Stephcnsons, the Brasseys, the Hudsons, who have gone, is filled and 
 developed to about its utmost extent. We want another. By opening this 
 prolific channel, of fa- greater intrinsic worth than all the El Dorados ever 
 dreamed about, we should feed the poor, the middle class, and the class 
 above, who are alike crying for bread — in one sense or another. 
 
 29. Not only so, but we can justly inscribe upon our emigration and 
 colonization flag the motto which was once made to ring in the ears of the 
 whole world, " For the interests of England." H-r political interests are so 
 manifestly to be promoted by planting her sons and daughters in homes 
 where they shall prosper and be happy, and doubtless be loyal, that it is 
 needless to say anything on that head. Is it not almost as plain that, if 
 Canada, with her present population of four millions, can import British 
 merchandise worth eight millions of pounds sterling (besides merchandise 
 from the United States worth nine), she will be enabled and bound to 
 import incalculably more when we shall have raised her population ? 
 
 30. Furthermore, a great settlement of Canadian territory will inevitably 
 call for numerous public works (new railways among them) of great magni- 
 tude over there, for new banks, insurance companies, &c. The capital may, 
 largely, be raised here, and fresh, sound openings for investors be created. 
 
 London, Feb. 14, 1883. 
 
 rl 
 
i well as men 
 nmission will 
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 iddle classes, 
 doubtless be 
 exactness all 
 i— greatly to 
 unity, and to 
 2S thoroughly 
 I. My rapid 
 id legitimate 
 lew. Brains 
 e kinds and 
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 listinguished 
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 erintendents 
 sn broached 
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 ailt were not 
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 lited States, 
 ;ality might 
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 pening this 
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 inevitably 
 eat magni- 
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 created.