^ji ^a^ ,ci^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y / -C', <° Ck'x &?^ fA (/. 1.0 I.I i.25 2a 3.2 1^ 1^ 1^ |M 2.2 — 6" 12.0 1.8 \A. Ill 1.6 Sciences Corporation m #' fV A \ -^ ... 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14560 (716) 872-4503 A^ ^^ c^.< &?.- CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques \ ^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes/IMotes techriques et bibliographiquas The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically uniqui, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre da couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur □ Bound with other material/ RbM D n avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte. mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas M filmies. L'Institut a microfilm* le mailleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-etre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. j I Coloured pagts/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/oi Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxei_. Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piquees Pages detached/ Pages ditachees r~y Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or Nminated/ ry\ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ D Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ ComPrend du mat^riAl «iinnlaman Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible □ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellemont obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., ont it6 film^es d nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. B Additional comments:/ [Printed ephemera] 1 sheet (verso blank) Commentaires suppldmentaires; This item is filmed at the reduction 'atio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 1°^ 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X V 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X n 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: IVIanuscript Division PuDlic Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality poss.ble considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts. 6tc.. may be filmed at diffnrent reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included ;n one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, loft to right and top to bottom, as many f jmes as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grice it la gdnirosit^ de: Division des manc'scrits Archives publiques du Canada Las images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la cot^verture en papier est imprimis sont filmis en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une ampreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commenqant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symholes suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ', le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre fiim^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour due reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* d partir de I'angie supdrieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et da haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n*cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 To the People of Enghnd. m Since ihe United States made good their independence by the iwonf, 'North Americmi Colonies must have cost us little less than fifty millions of pounds sterling ; and I question if they have leti'rned so nuiiiy farthings for eur governmental care. Till of late, the annual charf;e could not he much Jess than half a million; and this fact I shall maintain, that instead ofthrow- rnfi away money on these colonies, we may draw from ihcm a considerable revenue, merely by the economical disposal of waste huuls. At the present time, wlien the bonds of society are ready to but.st with over strained taxa- tion, .surely, such a consideration ought not to be thoujiht u triltiny one. I Our North American colonies are not yet ripe for independence, or that * should be gianlcd thorn; not independenc* of the cowu, but of niinisicr». The colonies stand in need of kind nursing for ten ycar« to come ; at the end of which period they might fto allowed to meet in Convcniion, and choose a government for themselves. It is their intcreft to remain fur ever connect- ed with this country, and there is not the slightest reason to suppose that tlioy would ever harbor a wish to throw ofl its sovereiimty. or deny us the right of disposing of wasts land'j to the best advanlimc. Set free from the wretched control of haughty, ignornut, and capricious floveriinis. lliey would' most iissuredly cberish a pride in their adinily to the parent Slate; — they would remain for ever our friends, and fellow-subiecls. Were a liheial c.ys' tern of government established in the F»lonies, liberal-minded men would spring up there ; and, thither, liberal-minded men would emigrate Iron* Britain. It is from liberality alone, that ilritaiii can rctaiir, and I'erive benefit from her colonies. T^et us, then, at oirce have liberality. Looking back to the histoiy of America, how simple do tiio means appear by which we might have retained the United States. Good heavens! what madness was it to drive free-bsm Americans to rebellion, hy rlenvinir ihcm the rii'hts of men 1 — What folly to imagine that we. islanders, could rnerce the people of a continent, 3,«00 miles removed ! II;. Vme.icans beim peii- mittsd, in due time, to govern themselves, they never ;Vould have denied to this country the right of di.spo ; of waste land ; and by iho i i licious dis- Eo.sal of that we could not oulv have drawn home a consiileiuble i«venue, ut have planted the new world with a snperior race of men. Su.ely we may now be taught by cxpeiience : — surely, in this more enlightened age, we may learn how to turn to profit th« immense territory which wo yet possess on the continent of America. Let the eye only glance over the map, from the Atlantic to the I'acific, and from Ih'i' St. 'Lawrence lo the Vole ; and, tben let me ask, if it may not be for the honor of England, holding profit ^art, to consider by what means so vast a region may be tenanted wilhi civilized men — with happy souls and loyal subjects. Four years ago the charming possibility of this being realize-) dawned upon my mind ; and I said, that " England could spare 50,090 peopla annually, aiul he refreshed with the discharge." The truth has grown more and miire obvioris, and 1 now repeat it with perfect confidence. The vision of ([uickly and thickly settling the earth with our species, brightens in my imiiiiination daj after day ; and most earnestly would I entreat every benevolent mind to give- serious allention to the subject. The idea may be easily realized. It re- quires but systematic arrangement, and the judicious a|iplicalion of c-apital, which we hare in abundance. It will pay : it may be resorted to, not only for the performance of the first great command --to multiply and replenish ; but for our individual advantage and our national aggrandizement: it may be looked foiward to as the peaceful means if establishing a new and a bel- ter order of things in the world. [lilherlo, men's chief em|)loynient li;is been to butcher their kind. They have gone on, from age to »■:>■, deslioyiug iitid; depopulating : they have striven ts give aid 1« vice and misery. Why should it be so ? Merciful flod ! what cause 'have we to iinanicl with iho eople of the (United S'iates ; or these people with their i;eighhors in Canada! s there not room f-sr us all. and should we net first consider how th;a room- may be filled up ! One and all of us may. for centuries to eome. have posifive and great advantage in settling the wastes of nature to their n-motesl verge. England alone could, in prosperity, easily supply 3(1.11(111 rc(-r(iils annually, for emigrafion and settlement ; and the United Kingdom 1( (100. Yes ! by the simplest arithmi-ric it ran be proved, if proof is called for. Our North American Provinces should be c(ii;feJeraled. They .should hold: Congress in the month of .lune, at Quebec. Ixiwer Canada. Upper Canada, New Bninswick having Gasp* and I'rince Kdwaid's Island laid lo if, Nova Scolia having Cape Breton laid to it. and Newfouiidlami. niiLiht ronsliluli^ five independent, but confederated jirovinees. Labrador East. Smith. West, and Nortn Hudson, mignt fall iiito the confederacy as lli.-y b(-i-;une -.-ivilized and sufficiently populous ; and, in the course of lime, those pans of ihe- United States, whoso waters issue by (Juebec. (never lo be gained over by conquest.) would, I doubt not, join the Northern Confederacy, and swell the Government of the St. Lawrence to its i.atiiral size. lire liest Constitution for a North Ameriean I'rovinee. while at niirsi- would, in my opinion, be this; — to consist of an Assenddy chosen by llie oeople as in Canada, a Governor and Council. The Govi-rnor luight l)e a military man and have the commissioning of miblla officers, while he and ihe Council appointed judges, magistrates, kc who should be .subject to removal on the application of a certain larue jioilion. say four .tifths of the people, among whom they were appointed lo act. The Conii- «il might consist of ten members or more ; — one half to be cho.siMi by the people; eligible to sit in Assembly ; the other half tn be real riii'ii nl busi- ness sent from England on salarii-s for service. These men. besides doing duly in the Council^ as advisen and leaislators, might liiirn a l.iiid-board. altogether independent of the Prcvincinl Governors or Government, and be subservient, in that capacity, lo a grand lnml-(ioavd at home. The grand national land-feoard, with its branche.s in the several Provinces, ii;ight dispose of waste lands on strict business principii>s ; and by system, every way defined and adjusted, manage in iho best po.ssible manner tor public good. Accurate surveys anil maps might be made, and exliibited both at home and abroad, for thee.xpediting of business. -^either in purchase or exchange ; and under the auspices of the land-boaril and its bratiehes, a grand system of emigration mighl be organized and uiainlained in conslunt operation. There is nothing in mere magnitude which should frighten lis Mairnitude, in general, may be madetocnntribrite to success :nnd, with sys- tematic arrangem?nt, and adequate means, may be turned to iVn iilinost' ac- count, without difficulty confusion or failure. I avoid particulars. The subject of profitable emigratlnii and setilenrent is one lo which I have ~- devoted part of my third volume,* and should the public happily conceive favorable opinions of schemes now hinted at. it shall be my ulmost ambition to go on to practical illustration and detail. A few words on the liindnmental piinciplo may not be thrown away : Ihoy may assist in arresting altention. Land IS valuable, according to the degree ol convenience allached lo il ; and other things being erpial. increases in value as the ili-nsity of nopuhilion increases. A single lamiiy jilanted down on a s(|uareniile. as is iiie rase in Upper Canada, can have no convenience — no sufficient stronglh lo make head against obstacles to improvoment ; and while Ihe seltler is hold in mis- ery. Iitlla valve is added lo the land he occupies. Plant down two families, twelve, twenty, or more, on the same extent of ground, anil each addition, up lo a certain proportion, insures greuler and gre-'ter comfort and conven- ience lo die w-hole, while an instant and L'renl value is iriven to the soil. One solitary family, settled on a square mile, mast pine for years. — become * This voluiae was never publifhsd. liiougli plates, lor illtiBiniiion. wvitvi •nirrmved !> ^: poor, dispirited, beggarly, and brutal, xvhilo twenty families will not only retain iheir strength iheir spirit and their manners, but instantly flourish, feel contented, feel happy, and be more and more arabiuous to excel in aitivity and skill. England has thousands of people to spare, and, for her thouenndii of people she has millions of acres lo settle and improve. She ii the great- est land-owner on the globe, and she has the greatest command of capital. That capital is now- iirnning lo waste; or worse than waste, it is running on to increase pauperism and idleness, — idleness bolh among the rich and the poor. While this capital is yet at command, England may do wonders, by setting in molion a vast machinery at home and abroad ; but let this capital waste itself, as it is now doing, and a little lime only will see its end, — a woeful end ! Newfoundland now conlains 70,00(1 permanent inhabitants, fhey are sending home petitions, lo obtain a free and regular constitnlion of govern- meiil. Let experiment be made Ihetc. Before the chartered constitutions of Nova Kcolia and New Brunswick or those of Canada, framed by Act of Parliament, are pulled lo pieces, let Newfoundland have one framed with- cul delay ; and, when that is found perfect, the older constilufions may be new-moddied, to correspond wilh it. An immediate experiment may also lie made in rightly laying out and disposing of land in Newfoundland, In licneial, that country is iinfavoiable lo cnltivation ; but slill it contains im- mense tracts, xvhich, under good management, may be brought lo value, and bo occupied, at once to the advantage of individuals and the nation. At pres- ent, the people of Newfoundland are not allowed sufficient land, even lor polaloe gardens. How monstrous! — and this loo, because of an absurd, antiqealed notion, ihat llie cultivation of Ihe soil there, xvould injure the fisheries. It would assi.st the fisheries : it would enable us lo cope with the peoiile of Ihe United Slates, in that trade, along the North Americai. shores, where they are striving to rival, and, by all accounts, only require time to go beyond as, nolwilhstanding that our natural aovanliiges are superior. Bet colonial policy is every where at war with nature. The people "if Newfouucllancl would, no doubt, be willing to give a fair price lor land, lo suit their conveiiirnce ; and, a judicious mode of laying out and disposing of land, as it came lo be wanted, is of the utmost conjequence to insure that convenience and make ft valuable. The North American Provinces might cl;oose three or more membci|vench, lo attend Congress at Quebec ; and one of these for each Province, mighl bo allowed to come home and have a .scat ill ihe British Parliament, with liberty to speak but not to vote' These members might. Iriim the Congress being held in June, annually visit England, and return to perform iheir duties at Quebec ; and, thns, a direct, sociat, lively, and walihful inlelligence mighl be maintained betweeii the home and ilie colonial governnienjs : all wonid be simple and efficacious; fiiendly snd independent; active and harmonious. If desired by the pro- rincials, imr of our Princes might reside at Quebec, as Viceroy, to be directed by miuislcrs, subjcrl lo impeachment ; and, to Ike Vioeroj might be given a power, much wanled abroad, to pardon offences of every kind : indeed, savinu' acknowledgment to the Sovereign of England, the Viceroy Jriiglil be clollicd with every royal prerogative. At Qnebec too, a supreme jiuiiciul tribunal might be established, lo supersede the n- ->i;y of appeal- ing lo Ihe King in Council at home, — a palpable bar to justice. The mere skeleton ol provincial uovernment is sufficient now to have exhibited. It ie now only meant lo allrai-t notice lo the subject, and to lay the foundation for muluie discussion. Never did necessity call more loudly for investigation iulo colonial policy, lliiin now. We cannot indeed, afford longer to trifle with lliis most impoilanl subject. Our colonial policy over the whole world is abominable ; but in North America it ouiiht most speedily to be seen to ; for, ihi'ie. il cannot he niucti longer endured ; even ihouirh our Ministers had still means lo riol in folly and extravagance, in holding colonies only for the por- tioning of their friends and relations. Biclierings between provincial nssemblies and Iheir governors are noxv continually heard of; and even ih* lililo island of jieinuida has for years been in a state of distracfion and diseontcnl, from aibitiary proceedings. The cause is obvious. Colonial r.civeinciis are all of iheiii aimed with loo much power, which, almost lo a mini, lliey abuse. They are blinded by the .sycophants who surround Ihem ; mill iiuariably become either stupid or mad. 'Our North American colonies -"Titttmtrin their hislorv. not a single trace of common sonsp, discrolion. or ei-oiKimy, Mismanaiement mid misrule have prevailed, and are prevailing. .Not only do lliey yield no revenue, but, as consumers of British manufacUires, ilic iiihabilaiils aie not half so advanlngeous Ions as any like number of peo- ple ill Ihe Uiiiled Slalcs ; for this clear reason, lliul colonial policy has kept lli(-rnspii(lli-ss and poierly-slricken. By the simplest and safest measures, all may be eliauired for llie belter. We may speedily lessen our expendi- iine. and, lioni improved innnatiement alone, we may at once have a direct M-\c-riiie ,iJii' llMiiishing people lo ileal with in trade. .^lv pen must not be laid down without noticing the opposite sentiments of poiilicians. in and out of power Ministers seem to have no idea of holding (■iiii-.ida but bv enleebltnst the people. — ruling over them by a wretched sysK m of patriinaL'c and favoritism ; and guarding certain points by ships, iiiiil Icililiealions. Most expensive wnrk^ have, within the last two years, been i-omnienced at Quebec and fslc-an-Noix. tor military defencs, while rieillier the one nor Ihe other post could have a thousandth share in mainlain- in--' Ihe piovinces lo Britain, in the event of invasion In fact, all that is ft allied tor this, is the good-will of ihe people lo defend themselves, and Miili III. eiol lieiillnent, that would never be wanting, , . , • Our opposition men run to another extreme. They are for abandoning Cimacla, or sellin-.' it lo the Uuiled Slates, This is worse and worse, I can iins.ver lor the loyally ol ihe Canadians ; it abounds ; and, their desire to be iiideMeudent of llie ('uiteil Slates is strong, fiomone end of the coi; ;ry to Ihe c'liher. All that they want, 1" contiune and ensure this for ever is, the pic.mise of independence now, and the reality after a given period of years. Tci iilliai-t iiolicu to this most essonlial point, 1 have twice repealed the word ill my eimiaved tille-puges ; and, by accident, the sun has been made to shine licirn the north, lo emblazon il. The moment that the promise of inde- pei.cleiic-c- is gninlecl. ihat moment all chance of discord and war between ihe I'nileil Slali-s and Biilish America will cease, and England may lorth- w ilh bciiin to reduce her military and naval establishments in that quarter of Ihe woild. At Kinuslon and Sacketl's harbor immense ships of war are iiiiheld. reproaching at once humunily and comr.on sense. In a very few \c-ais ihese ships will be rotten, and why should not each nation, while the iiialciials are yet fresh, have ihem dispo'sed of for useful purposes I These nnd the Goveinment stores, at KinL'ston and elsewhere, would ■•3 far to make good llie iiaviL'alion of ihe St. Lawrence; and nothing mcio can be reciiiiiecl lo have these safely disposed of, but a plain agreement with the liiiieil Stales, that the breakini.' up shall be mutual and simultaneous. The K-iie inva-inn of Canada by ihe people 01 Ihe United Stales, was a biir-l ol madness, of which Ihese people aro now ashamed, and which iii-u-i would be repealed, were Canada independent of British Ministry. Ali of us rejoice ill Ihe incleneiiclence of South America, now secured by years of civil war ; and. with i.iat country, there is now every reason to believe we shall c-ultivate a most Iriendlv'and prolilable intercourse. How glorious would it be lor Brilain, while opportunity yet remains, to crant independence lo Norlh American .-olonies ' — bow glorious for her lo enjoy the immortal honor of being the first nation upon earlh to do justice to her progeny,— the first, truly entitled to the endearing appellation of parent State!