IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 ilM 
 
 IIIII31 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 M 
 
 IM 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 ^ 6" _ 
 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 i 
 
 CIHM 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series 
 (Monographs) 
 
 ICIMH 
 
 Collection de 
 microfiches 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any 
 of the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming, are 
 checked below. 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 Covers damaged/ 
 Couverture endommag^e 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il 
 lui a ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cet 
 exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue 
 bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image 
 reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification 
 dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont inciques 
 ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagees 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculies 
 
 □ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees 
 
 □ Coloured maps/ 
 Ca 
 
 rtes geographiques en couleur 
 
 □ Coloured ink (i.e. oth 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. 
 
 other than blue c black)/ 
 autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relie avec d'autres documents 
 
 LrJ along 
 
 binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la marge interieure 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have 
 been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, iorcque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas ete filmees. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires supplementaires; 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce oocument est filme au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 □ Pages detached/ 
 Pages detaches 
 
 EShowthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 □ Quality of print varies/ 
 Oualite inegale de I'impression 
 
 n 
 
 Continuous pagination/ 
 Pagination continue 
 
 □ Includes index(es)/ 
 Comprend un (des) index 
 
 Title on header taken from:/ 
 Le titre de Ten-tfite provirnt: 
 
 □ Title page of issue/ 
 Page de titre de la I 
 
 □ Caption of issue/ 
 Titre de depart de 
 
 n 
 
 ivraison 
 
 depart de la livraison 
 
 Masthead/ 
 
 Generique (periodiques) de la livraison 
 
 22 X 
 
 
 
 
 26 X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 X 
 
 
 
 
 28X 
 
 
 
 
 lix 
 
 
The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thenkt 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Blacker-Wood Library of Biology 
 McCill University, Montreal 
 
 L'exempleire filmA fut reproduit grAce k la 
 gAnArositA de: 
 
 Blacker-Wood Library of Biology 
 McGill University, Montreal 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition end legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract apecificationa. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the beck cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first pege with a printed or Illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illuatrated impression. 
 
 The laat recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUgD"). or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les images suivantes ont itt reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettet* de I'exemplaire film«, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires origineux dont la couverture en 
 pepier est imprimie sont filmAs en commengant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 derniire page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 origineux sont filmAs en commenpant par la 
 premiire page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou dillustretion et en terminant par 
 la derniire pege qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivsnts spparaitra sur la 
 dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, seion le 
 CBs: le symbols ^^ signifie 'A SUIVRE". le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, plenches, tableaux, etc. peuvent dtre 
 filmis k des taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grend pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmi i partir 
 de Tangle aup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la m^thode. 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 32 X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
McGill Univartity Llbrtrla* 
 
 QL 128 P2 
 
 of snimab dredged near Caribou Isl 
 
 l!llli:i!il 
 
 i!!i!!|| 
 
 iili Vii' 
 
P;§§ 
 
 A LIST OP 
 
 ANIMALS DREDGED NEAR CARIBOU ISLAND, 
 
 SOUTHERN LABRADOR, 
 
 during July and August, I860: 
 
 By a. S. Packard, Jr. 
 
 The following results were collected during a stay of fifty days 
 with a party of six others, left by the Williams Cdlege (Mass )* 
 Jixpe lUion to Greenland, in the summer of 1860. 
 
 Ca-ribou Island is situated in the extreme N. E. corner of the 
 bu f of St. Lawrence, at the entrance of the straits of Belle Isle 
 m lat 610.26, long. 5^.39. It is composed of sienitic rocks, and 
 18 the largest of many small islete which line the coast of Labra- 
 aor between the Mecatinas and Bradore. Like many others, this 
 island 18 situated directly opposite the mouth of a long narrow 
 bay, or reach, two or three miles in extent, which receives a shal- 
 low impetuous stream. Salmon Bay, thus protected from the heay v 
 swell of the Gulf, by the high cliffs of Caribou island, affords with 
 Its deep muddy bottom, good anchorage, and a comparatiyely quie. 
 harbor for the fishing vessels which yearly frequent it. It is con 
 nected on the west by a narrow ship channel with another exposea 
 bay which receives Esquimaux River. On the east side, between 
 the island and the mainland, is a narrow passage closed to navi- 
 gallon by a sand bar, where the fishermen draw their nef« for 
 capehn, lance fish, and young cod for bait. As the water deepens 
 towards the gulf, the sandgrows coarser, till farther out, where the 
 itrong current, sweeping down the Straits, carries off the fine 
 
2 LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 sediment the bottom is most curiously paved with polished and 
 lean cobWe stone." This barren bottom is scattered ove w ith 
 patches of Desmarestia, Ptilota, and Agarum, which give she r 
 oIyas,Ch,to„ Cynthia, and a few Echini. Three of fou mi e^ 
 further out mto the Straits, a long narrow ledge forms the '« B nk^ 
 whose crown nses to within eighteen fathoms of the surface and 
 It IS here that the Astrophyton abounds most. On th banL th 
 Ptdota elegans and the Nullipora polymorph., were til n^ p .n 
 observed. Indeed I was struck with the poverty of this 'localUy 
 .n sea weeds compared with the mouth of the St. Lawrence if 
 as catalogued in a previous number of this journal 
 
 The rocky shores exposed to surf from the Gulf did not seem 
 . to harbor any animal life, but a narrow, interrupted belt of sand 
 and mnd flats in Salmon Bay, with patches o! Zostera Jala 
 about s,x inches in length, exhibited a feeble assemblage of littoral' 
 animals compared with that of Maine, even. In the higher Ive 
 ot hezone, whose whole extent was only six feet verticallv, wer 
 LUtonnu rud^s R^ssoa minuta, Balanus halanoides and Vae.a 
 
 hs, LUtonnalUtorahs, Tectnra te.t.dinalis, and mL. In the 
 poo s on .he flats, myriads of Mysls and Cranoon occurred v'^h 
 Platessaand Cottus; under the rocks and seaweed, Gum.^Jus 
 .^^tus Cancer borealis and occasionally ^..a.., A.^ericZ:- 
 and on the fuci Laomedea, mihDynamena pumila, 
 
 Ihe entire absence of any specimens of Purpura laptt 
 las was inexplicable, though I searched for that shell. So also I 
 did not find any species of Idotaea, though it is found at Anti- 
 costi, and I took it from seaweed floating a few miles off Cape 
 Ray, Newfoundland. There were also no Planarians or Nemerteans 
 observed between tide marks. 
 
 Another belt, extending a fathom or two below low water mark 
 was charactemed by the three species o^Asterias, Solaster papp^. 
 a*,Echvnus, Bchtnarachnius, Pecten tenuicostatus, Mesodesma jL 
 resn, Mar^artfa kelicina, Buccinum undatum, Pycnogonids 
 Cuma, Hyas aranea, De,mare,tia with Spirorhis, Eupagurus 
 two species, and Agamr,i with eggs of Nudibranchs ; but no foresti 
 o^Larmnarra such as thore in Maine, occurred around Caribou 
 island. 
 
 The muddy and sandy bottom of Salmon Bay in 15 to 20 fath- 
 oms was characterized by Ophoiglypha nodosa, Pentacta calciyera 
 Nucula tenuis and expansa, Leda buccata, Thyasira Gouldii, Car- 
 
lALS. 
 
 ith polished and 
 ittered over with 
 liich give shelter 
 ree or four inilea 
 rms the " Bank," 
 the surface, and 
 )n this bank the 
 e the only plants 
 of this ^locality 
 Lawrence river, 
 J. 
 
 f did not seem 
 id belt of sand 
 'jostcra marina, 
 blage of littoral 
 le higher levels 
 'ertically, were 
 ides and Jaera 
 1 Mytilus edu- 
 Vereis. In the 
 occurred vith 
 d, Gammarus 
 ' Americanus ; 
 
 irpura lapit- 
 H. So also I 
 Jund at Anti- 
 lles oflf Cape 
 r Nemerteans 
 
 ' water mark, 
 blaster pappo- 
 sodeama Jan- 
 PyenogonidSf 
 Supaffurug, 
 3ut no forests 
 'und Caribou 
 
 to 20 fath- 
 Ua calciffera 
 ■ouldii, Car- 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARP R ANIMALS. 3 
 
 dium islandicum ^ndpiunulatum,Serripea Gra>Mandicus M^coma 
 
 'ZZirT '''T'"''' ^^osa,Aporr^a.occ^: 
 and the different speces of Bela, with Fectinaria Eschrichtii and 
 On^k. E.n,,aii. These all occurred in the groatet! Z' 
 
 So also out on the Bank in fifty fathoms did the followin-. 
 which are mont oned here at the risk of repetition, since 1 ey afo 
 specal ,nton.st in connection with theS-atch s of D f/fo - 
 ^s found up and down the St. Lawrence, ani in New Engllt 
 
 Yealia crassicomis ? 
 
 Sertularia, Sfc. 
 
 Mtrophyton eucnemis, 
 
 Ophiacantha spinulosa. 
 Eschara, Cellepora, and the 
 
 specie.' of Lepralia. 
 riippothoa, Slomatopora ^c 
 jlnomia, two species. 
 Hypothyris psiltacea. 
 Pecten islandicus. 
 Cardita borealis. 
 
 ^starte, two species. 
 Modiolaria decussata. 
 ^- corrugala, 
 
 Glycimeris siliqua. 
 Mya uddevallensis. 
 Diadora noachina. 
 Margarita cinerea. 
 jldmete viridula. 
 Trichotropis borealis. 
 Fusus tornatua. 
 Trophon acalari/onne. 
 
 ^uu e • 7 • .. Jrop/ion scalariforme. 
 
 TlTT V'''''- ^^^''»'"S was carried on for ab! 
 
 SIX weeks ; from the middle of July to the last of An^nJ i 
 
 a season that p-oved to be the most'boisto o^a t"; .'tt? 
 
 inlmb.tants had experienced for twenty years ^^^ " 
 
 Dr. Wdliam Stimpson has kindly identified the annelids, o i 
 •Crustacea, so far as their state of preservation wll ". 
 
 given n.e aid in the detennination o se e" oZ ' \ 
 
 under obligations to Theodore Lyman. ^ Mu e,'^^^^^^^^^^ '" 
 Uve Zoology. Cambridge, for naming theVi ,^1, ""[^17 
 Dawson, for identitying several species of L pr i "'il ,^''- 
 
 ;rji:i r ^^-™'*--^>^-'-4Cwhi?ri:: 
 
 PolystoMello umbiUcatula, Truncatulina lobata. 
 Mxhohnamninulum (some very large and complex). 
 focuhnanngens^Er^to^oleniaglobosa (var. costata) 
 Polymorphina lactea, Mnionina umbiUcatula TextLrln 
 abUis, Nodosaria ? Spiroloculina ? ' ^^•^'«^«''« var,- 
 
 Polypi. 
 Tealia nmdcornis ? Gosse. On stones 15-50 feet. 
 
 ACALEPH^. 
 
 HaUcinrr. muricatum Johnst. Frequent on the Bank lu 
 occurrence on our coast has not before teen noticed. 
 
4 LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 Laomedea gelatimsa Jolinat. ? Frequent on fuci in the lower 
 levels of the littoral zone. By no means so common as in 
 Mame. 
 
 Dynamena pumila Lam. Occurs with the preceding. 
 Ssrtularia rosacea Johnst. Very abundant in 50 feet on the 
 iiank. 
 
 Sertularia tricuspiduta Alder. Exactly agrees with Alder's 
 figure and description in the Annals Nat. Hist. Abundant on the 
 liank upon S. rosacea. 
 
 Campanularia verticiUala Lam. Several specimens dred<.ed 
 on the Bank. ° 
 
 La/oea ramosa Lam. Abundant,occurring upright and branching 
 out from r. common stout stalk, or creeping upon S. rosacea in 
 50 feet on the Bank. 
 
 Clava multkornis Pallas. On shells. 
 
 mjdractiniapolycUna Ag. On an ascidian in 15 feet Salmon Bav 
 , Aureliajlavidula Per. and LeS. The young and mature were 
 very abundant. The you.ig were both yellowish and purplish 
 
 Cyaneaarctica Per. and LeS. This is the common spedes 
 in the Gulf and about the Banks, and is rarely seen in retired bays 
 where A flav.dula abounds. The fishermen experience much dis- 
 comfort from handling fish lines entangled in the very long tenta- 
 cuJa of this species. 
 
 Idyia roseola Ar. This is doubilessthe species so common 
 on this coast. 
 
 EcHIjrODERMATA. 
 
 Ailrophyton eucneinix Miill. and Trosch. 
 
 One was hauled up by a fisherman 20 miles from land in 
 about 80 feet. They are common and very large in 18 feet on the 
 crown of the Bank. 
 
 Ophiacantha spinulosa -Mull, and Trosch. Several from the 
 Bank. 
 
 Ophiopholis acaleata Lutken! Most abundant amon<r nulli- 
 pores in 15 feet. A few were taken in dead pectens in 2 fee". Also 
 from the- Bank in 50 feet. 
 
 Ophioglypha nodosa Lyman. This species was especially 
 abundant on a sandy bottom in Salmon Bay in 10 feet, and 
 ranges from low water mark to 50 feet. 
 
 Solaster papposa Forbes. Occasionally taken with the dip-net 
 a few feet below low water mark. 
 
 Oribella oculati Forb<jg. Among nullipores in 15 feet. 
 
 I 
 
klALS. 
 
 fuci in the lower 
 • common as in 
 
 ecedinof. 
 
 in 50 feet on the 
 
 •ees with Alder's 
 Abundant on the 
 
 iclmens dredged 
 
 htandbranchinw 
 •n S. rosacea in 
 
 feet Salmon iJay. 
 nd mature were 
 and purplish, 
 jommon species 
 n in retired bays 
 ience much dis- 
 very long tenta- 
 
 iies so comoion 
 
 i from land in 
 il8 feet on the 
 
 Jveral from the 
 
 t among nulli- 
 in 2 feet. Also 
 
 was especially 
 n 10 feet, and 
 
 ■ith the dip-net 
 
 15 feet. 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 5 
 
 AstcriM vnlf^aris f^tm. (Astoracanthion rubens, M. and T ) 
 Com,non just below low water mark. The largest specimens fro.n 
 o-lO inches across. 
 
 AsUraeanlhion j^olarh M. and T. Oecnrring with and a. 
 common as the prcoe.ling, if not more so. Often taken, t^peciallyr 
 the young in 10-15 feel. 
 
 A. n. sp ? Largo specimens measuring 20 inches across fre- 
 quently occurred in pools at low water mark. The color in life 
 was a light greenish lino, mottled with reddish brown 
 
 FoxopMsdrobachiensis Ag. (K. granulatusSay.) Specimens 
 measunng four mches across wore often taken at low water mark It 
 extends to 50 feet, at which depth it was dredged on the Bank fre- 
 qucnt y, where the specimens were uniformly small : but after a 
 careful study I cannot see any permanent specific differences. I 
 cannot see that it diticrs at all from individuals collected durin.. 
 ttie past summer at Eastport. " 
 
 A specimen in my possession from Greenland seems to be very 
 d.stmct from our Labrador and Maine species. The periphery is dis. 
 .nctly pentagonal. The whole shell is more elevated; while 
 the sides of the shell are not so full and rounded as in our spe- 
 cies the ambulacral plates are not slightly depressed, nor that area 
 80 distmct y marked as in ours. The tubercles are fewer and pro- 
 portionately larger ; thus in the Greenland species there are 20 
 
 ^r^^"^\l r '/°"^ '^' """■•'"^^^^ '"'^'•«"^b"^«<=ral .one, in 
 ■ours 28 In he broader interarabulacral zone there are 15 papilla) 
 m the Greenland species ; in ours, 18. Moreover there are fewer 
 flutmgs in the spines taken from either end of th-^ shell than in 
 our species. 
 
 minarachnius parrm Gray. (E. atlanticus Giay). Abun- 
 <lant and large on sandy bottoms in 2-15 feet 
 
 Psolus /bWrnLiitken. Two were taken in 15 feet on pebbles 
 m Esquimaux Bay. t'^^^'i.^ 
 
 Pentacta calcigera Stm. ' (Cucumaria Koreni Liitken). One 
 was taken in 15 feet sand, in Salmon Bay. ^ 
 
 J^i^<><^otaJaeve Grube. Very fine specimens, eight inches 
 long, were abundant in 10 feet sand in Salmon Bay. 
 
 ^upyrffus scaber Lutken. Several were taken in 10 feet sand 
 -Salmon Bay. It has not occurred so low down the coTt 
 
 El 
 
e 
 
 LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 POLYZOA. 
 
 Tub uUpora patina Jolinst. Common. 
 
 T. hispida Johnst. Frequent o„ sortuiariuns in 50 feet. 
 
 I.JlabeUaris Johnat? 
 
 Dia,topora verrucaria M. Edw. (Millcpora vcrrucaria O. Fabr) 
 Irequentm 50 feet. I I.ave sj.coie.s from Greenland from v^hich i 
 does not d.ffer, also from the Bay of Fundy 
 
 widtlTanr'""'" "• 7- ''''''^'''SM, cKi,a„ding ; the branches 
 V de„ ng «t the ong.n of new ones, rugose. Cells in (he young 
 long, slender, erecf, shghtly recurved ; arising «i„g|y, or in group! 
 oftwoorthreeat irregular intervals along the branl. Old 2 
 
 A small slender white species, the erect tubes in the voun.r 
 longer than the width of the branch. It differs from h! 
 i^-ropean A. ,naJor in being broader and more ex anded * 
 Idmonca prutnosa Stm. Frequent from the Bank 
 Jlippothoa ruffosa Stm. Abundant AM ♦! i 
 
 tad lony botlom, oecmng on stones, shell,, ic. 
 //. Jorea/,, D'Orb. (a rf.-Mnmte Lamx.!) Abundant 
 
 X. cra*5e>-na Stm. which I take to be the representative .? 
 
 he European L, Peachii, and which assumes its f fms w s one of 
 
 the most abundant species. ' ^^ 
 
 dant IttT 'r'"f ' " "^ ^'^'^^ ^1''^'^^- -«« very abun- 
 dant. I ,s also abundant in Maine, as far south as Portland 
 
 L.pertusa Thomps. I cannot distinguish my specimens bvanv 
 pomanent characters from the British s'peciesoLurr7ona^^ 
 -jXh Crania aru.,nala. It is oval orb..ad oval. scuaewhatSatt "d 
 thee r.^'r'""' -mewhat coarsely, with ndges sepa ating 
 t_^!^^l'5_wln^^ no special order. Aperture round^ 
 
 Cells in a slTal !rnaf.-„ I ' ''''P'°^' """"^ '"""^^^ above. 
 
 giving rise to thr or our e s' ' 1?:'^ ' '^h'"^' ^"' ^"^^'^'''' 
 distances of the cells. W lia: Coll Exp " " ''^ "" ^"'^ ^^^*"- 
 
flMALS. 
 
 08 in 60 feet. 
 
 •ciTucaria 0. Fabr.> 
 nlaiid from which it 
 
 iding; the branches 
 
 oils in the 
 
 young 
 
 ingly, orin groups 
 
 Ji-anch. Old spoci- 
 
 laiscd above the 
 
 )e3 in the youno- 
 differs from tlie 
 expanded.* 
 Bank. 
 
 the polyzoa here 
 e Bank, in 50 feet 
 itc. 
 
 Abundant. 
 10 dredged it at 
 
 cells, with two 
 1. 
 
 epresentative of 
 brms, was one of 
 
 ms very abun- 
 13 Portland, 
 eoimens by any 
 'ring on a stone 
 lewhat flattened 
 dges separating 
 aperture round, 
 
 led, very convex 
 rounded above. 
 :, and opening a 
 id and enlarged, 
 ze and relativ* 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 7 
 
 truncate behind, or with a broad shallow ninus. The ovi-capsule, 
 globoKa, subrugose, sub-punctate, much as in the British specimen. 
 
 br^'i;::?' '" '"^"' '-''''" ^-^^^ -»^.- ^^ - -^. ^'«>^- 
 
 What I take to be a second and larger form of this specie, ha. 
 he cell, large, oblong, oval, convex, being closely connected wiU. 
 the ones befo.^ and behind in radiating lines. The surface ha 
 coape emargmatad punctures. In old specimens the punctures 
 - large that the surface is often but a network enclos „g th 
 Ap r ures rounc^ slightly raised, with a deep narrow^inus 
 a the entrance of which are two denticles, one on each side. Jhich 
 often become obsolete. In so.ne .ells the surface is p rS 
 smooth, and only the marginal punctures present. ^ 
 
 Specnnens from Greenland do not dider. It is much larger than 
 
 be preceding form,which is ,V of an inch long, and arranged in more 
 . gularrows, and preserves better its oblong, oval, convex form. 
 iJie ov.-capsules are emarginato-punctate, and proportionally 
 Mnaller and smoother than in the preceding form 
 
 I have also specimens on Pecteu idandicus fro,n the Newfound- 
 land bank. 
 
 L ryrodncta n. sp. (Fig. 1.) Cells oval, convex, coarsely 
 punctate ; m the young the punctures arc emarginate, the base of 
 the cell ,s produced and wedged in between adjacent ones. 
 ^ Aperture broad, round, with a moderately large and deep sinus in 
 the young; ,a older cells, small, round, truncate behind, horse- 
 shoe shaped ; margin full, broad, unarmed, and when the cells 
 are crowded, the margin in front expands upon the base of the 
 cell m front. Cells arranged in lines, soon becoming very irreau- 
 lar, and partially radiating; forming white, but more general 
 purple patches. Ler-h ^V of an inch. Old specimens are flattened, 
 granulated w,th r. ...i„al punctures ; very rarely the aperture 
 ims a small sums. It is the largest species observed. Frequent 
 
 As in the preceding specioP, there are two forms which mi<.ht 
 easily be mistaken for as many species. The young cells are 
 rounded, ovate, depressed and with emarginate punctures, while 
 the apertures are sinuate. With the other form the species becomes 
 be largest of the genus yet observed on this coast, being one 
 thirtieth ot an inch long. The cells are much thickened, convex, 
 jn outUne often pyriform, owing to the elongation of the base of 
 tiie cell ; and the aperture is small and truncate behind 
 Jn both forms the surface is more than usually rugose. 
 
8 
 
 LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 L, Belli Daw8on. Froqnent. 
 
 L. labiata Stni. One group of this sin-i.lar Hpcoics oociirre^J. 
 
 L. lineata llasHcll. Rare. 
 
 L. globifcm n. «p. Cells largo, flat, wl.ito, the surface som.- 
 what rauod around the small round aperture, which has a slighL 
 sinus. Bobuid the sinu,, in a minute perforated conical avicularium. 
 Ovi-cell largo, globose, with a few e.narginated coarse puncture- 
 Cells in radiating llno^ with ridges running between thorn The 
 ovi-capsules are moro crowded in the centre of the patch not 
 being present ir: the inner cells. Frequent, forming frosty white 
 patches. It otUn encrusts Collepora?, where the ovi-cells arc 
 nuich crowde and the ridges between the radiating rows of cells 
 obsolete. I have dredged it in the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Stimpson's L. Candida, very common in the Bay of Fundy did 
 not occur in my collection. 
 
 Mmlranipom pilom Johnst. Especially abundant enclrclinr. 
 fronds of Desmarostia just below low-water mark. 
 
 ^f. lineata Busk. 
 
 J/. Lacroixii Busk? I cannot distinguish these two specios 
 from Greenland specimens. 
 
 .V. solida n. sp. (Fig. •_>.) Colls largo, flat, solid, oval an^n. 
 lated, often pre siting a six sidod Hgurc as is common intho^encw. 
 Margm raised, simple, very broa.l and without spines. Aperture 
 occupymg one half of the upper surface, transversely broad, oval 
 with a broad deep sinus; the posterior half of the upper valve is 
 thin, convex subrugosc, with a small, triangularly perforate, conical 
 aviculanum, situated at the posterior end of the upper surface. Cells 
 arranged in lines, or in quincunces, or more often irregularly. The 
 celJa are not bo crowded as in the other species. To the naked 
 eye it looks like bleached patches of old" worn Lepralis. 
 
 Beania admiranda n. sp. Cells very large, erect, oval 
 smooih, base produced, sessile. Growing in tufts, the cells arrang- 
 ed in contiguous series, tbo new cells arising on each side of the 
 aperture of the parent cell. Aperture raised, circular, surmounted 
 by two long stout truncate spines, which are succeeded on the 
 opposite side by two rows of long obtuse spines nearly meeting 
 across the hollow formed by the two ridges on the back of the 
 coll. Compared with B. mimbilis of the British coast, this is a 
 much stouter species, growing in low spreading, but not creeping 
 tufta. There are from 6 to 8 pairs of large obtuse spines which meet 
 acrosg the cell ; being fewer in number, and longer and stouter 
 
NIMALS. 
 
 lar Hpooios oocurreil. 
 
 0, tlio Hurface aomf- 
 which lifts A sligliL 
 conical avicniarium. 
 •il ooiUHe punctures, 
 letweon tliotn. The 
 I of tlio patfli, not 
 oiining frosty white 
 re the ovi-celU nro 
 dinting rows ofcell.s 
 mdy. 
 a Bay of Fiindy, did 
 
 abundant encirclinrf 
 aik. 
 
 I these two species 
 
 t, solid, oval an<vii. 
 minon in thogenui". 
 ; spines. Aperture 
 versely broad, oval, 
 
 the upper valve is 
 ly perforate, conical 
 ipper surface. Cells 
 m irregularly. The 
 >s. To the naked 
 Lepralise. 
 
 large, erect, oval 
 'tSjthe cells arrang- 
 1 each side of tUo 
 rcular, surmounted 
 succeeded on the 
 es nearly meeting 
 a the back of tho 
 ish coast, this is a 
 ',, but not creeping 
 spines which meet 
 onger and stouter 
 
 LIST OP LAiJRADOll MARINK ANIMALS. 
 
 •0 
 
 than in R mirabilh. Moro iuiporiant differences exist in tho 
 diameter of thf, cHl being greatest at the .li.tal or ant«,rior thir! 
 of the cell, wMore in the JJritish speeiw it in 'jiiokost posteriorly • 
 and m o.-r species the aperture opens near a end of the coll. 
 ii occurred urely on I'ecten in 60 feet. 
 
 Gellulana Pmchu Johnst. I With the preceding. Knre 
 Menipea ternata Busk? Hare. 
 
 ^^fn<tlcomr^.^y. (Fig. 3.) This fine species grows an inch 
 in height, wah largo wide branches, dividing dichotomously. 
 11.0 cells .ro- largo and long, being attenuated downwards. 
 Above they are truncated, with four spines, two upon c.-ch side 
 and invariably with an outer projecting spine, when tho others aiJ 
 absent. Ihc upper valve i. long, oval and sunken; aperture 
 transversely linear, closed by a square incomplete lid. Cells con- 
 tiguous, arranged in two alternating rows, with two or three median 
 ones betore the origin of the branches. Tho avicularia have Ion. 
 beaks, and are arranged sparsely at the base of the median cells. 
 Long vibractili arise near the front of a few lower valve. . The 
 ovi-capsules are globose and smooth. It is move nearly alllnd to 
 Ja einata of Kuropc than any other species, though very distinct 
 it 18 a common si)ecies, and occurs in Orecnland, from whence I 
 nave a specimen, 
 
 Scrujmdhna Amcncana, n. sp. This species is closely 
 allied to 6. svrupom, with sp.-imens of which, collected by Dr 
 Stimpsoa on the L..glish coast, I havo compared it. With much 
 tJie same, habit, our speci.s is twine as larg.- and much more solid. 
 Ibere are the same relative proportions in the form and size of 
 the cells but m our species the avicuK«iia are smaller in propor- 
 tion to the cell, and there is but a single spine surmounting this 
 appendage, tho lip of the orifice being unarmed, while in S^scru- 
 pom two spines are very constantly present on the inner side of 
 the celL The lids or upper valves, which in my specimens are 
 raised from the coenoecium by the relaxation of the muscles, are 
 convex, and somewhat rugose, owing to several slight transverse 
 hues Ihe ovi-cells are jmooth and globose. It is not unrroquent 
 on the Bank. 
 
 Caberea Ilookeri Bn.ki One species presents some differ- 
 onces from the British specimens in my possession collected by 
 Dr Stimpson ; and also from Mr. Busk's figures. It is abundant 
 m Labrador, and on the coast of Maine as far as Casco Bay. 
 
 Malophila horcalk n. sp. (Fig. 4.) This species agrees 
 
10 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 well in its generic character with //. JoJmstonice Gray from New 
 Zealand, though differing Bpecifioally among other respects in 
 being multisorial. Tiie coenoccium forms soft and flexible horn 
 colored tufts an inch in height. The cells in mature specimens are 
 arranged in several contiguous series and are very long, subolavate, 
 truncate, widening a little above, with sometimes a slight spine 
 on the outer angle. The aperture is transversely linear and 
 closed by a slightly sinuate lid. Tlie ovi-capsules are globular 
 and nearly smooth. The upper valves are so thin that in dried 
 specimens it readily contracts and the lid and linear aperture are 
 effaced, and the cell then appears as if it possessed a large, broad, 
 oval aperture, covered by a thin lid. 
 
 A single branch consisted in one example of eight rows of cells. 
 A single isolated cell closely resembles a cell oUlustra truncata, 
 showing the near relationship of this genus to the Flustrada, 
 But one tuft of this interesting species occurred in 50 feet asso- 
 'iiated with Beania admiranda, on a fragment of Pocten. 
 Flustra truncata Linn. Frequent. 
 F. mcmhmnacea Linn. Abundant. 
 
 F. Murrayana Busk. 10-50 feet. Abundant. A common 
 species in Maine. 
 Cellepora pumicnsa Ellis. Frequent on sertularians. 
 Celleporaria surcnlaris n. sp. Grows two or three inches high, 
 branching dichotomously, the ends of the branches somewhat 
 truncated. Cylindrical base two or three lines in thickness, 
 surface rough. Cells crowded, of unequal size, erect, conical. 
 Aperture small, with a slight sinus. Li the young conical com- 
 munities, the cells stand out more from the axis; apertures large, 
 round, wub « slight, often obsolete, sinus. Surface of the cells 
 coarse, irregular and deeply punctured, often arranged in irregular 
 series running down the sides from the aperture. The terminal cell 
 large and cuuical. In old species the sinus is sometimes enlaro-ed 
 with two denticles at its entrance. In section the cells are irreo-u- 
 larly oval, scattered thickly over the axis and periphery. 
 Abundant on stems and cells 'v\ ooinpany with Esuharje. 
 Dr.Stimpson has placed in my hand sp'ecimens belonging to this 
 species, collected by Dr. Hayes in Northern Greenland, and by 
 McAndrew inManseroe Sound, Finmark. European authors have 
 confounded this arctic species with C. cervicornis of the Mediter- 
 ranean sea, from whence it was originally described by Pallas. 
 Escliara lobala Lamx, This species Lamoureux describes as 
 
LIST d^ LABRADOR MARINE ANIVIALS. 
 
 11 
 
 growing in radiating patches, always adbering to the surface of ob- 
 jects, and collected near the Bank of Newfoundland. CeIisx)b!ong, 
 oval, convex ; each end is connected with the cell i-. front and 
 behind, with a fcv larger em^jginate punctures. Aperture round 
 with a shallow broad sinm. Just behind the aperture a small 
 perforated conical eminence, which in old specimens bears a large 
 avicularium, with long sharp pointed beaks gaping widely; or when 
 absent the cone is large, "-^vering the upper surface of the cell 
 and furrowed with descending ridges. In communities with ovi-' 
 capsules, the surface of the cell itself cannot bo seen ; the cap 
 sulcs are globular, sublunate in form, with emarginatod-punctutes " 
 the aperture large, often truncate behind. Cells arranged in linear 
 scries with intervening ridges. 
 
 Occurs spreading over dead Cardium and Serripesin 10-20 foeL 
 Salmon Bay, or in 50 feet on the Banks. I have taken it in the Bav 
 of Fuudy from low water mark at Eastport to 20 feet. 
 
 It is very different from i n, flat, membranaceous, inverted 
 cup-shaped species that inhabits Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 K elegantula D'Orby. The coenoecium of this fine species grow s 
 several inches high in erect branching masses, the branches 
 expanding flat and spreading at the ends. Ceils broad, oval flattened, 
 somewhat produced at ihe base; surface smooth, sub granulated- 
 Aperture round, with a broad shallow sinus. Young "cells often 
 margined with a row (,f large punctures. In old communities 
 the ovi-ce!ls are n;i now-oblong, very convex, setni-cylindrical, 
 the cylinder-like avicularia i)rujecting over the aperture, and 
 perforated with a largo operculated aperture. . Towards the end 
 of the branches, the cells are somewhat cylindrical bearing narrow 
 globular ovi-capsules, which are cmarginate-punctured. This is 
 near Busk's E. saccata which came either fromXorway or Finmark 
 It differs however from his figure ; and his rather unsatisfactory 
 description does not aid me in determining the species. 
 ^ Common on the Bank in company witirCclIepora. I have spe- 
 cimens also from the Newfoundland Banks. Dr. Stimpson has 
 also specimens collected in Northern Greenland by Dr. Hayes in 
 his last expedition. 
 
 Myrhzoim suhgmcile D'Orby. (Fig. 5.) (Millepora truncata 
 Lmn. Fabr. F. G.) Frequent with the other species. 
 
 Fabricius' description applies well to this species. It grows two 
 or three inches high, brancbing di.diotomously ; branches cylin- 
 drical, smooth, while at irregular distances slightly contractini;,— 
 
„,. „K UBU.WE »U..»« '^^^^- 
 
 Vl ^^^'^ , „„rtnres round 
 
 . -i Pells immersed •, apertures 
 
 separated by t\nn >val\B, arrange 
 
 rJ r f Busk's i^sc^am eeres, Ann. 
 
 '' This species approaol^es ---^^^^^.^teguUvform; the oval 
 X ?SiBt ?856, but it seems to have a more^eg ^^^^^^^ 
 
 the central axis of the stem whUe it between the 
 
 n the punctures dotting ^^^^ ^ f^J.'.rounding the aperture 
 1 Instead of there being a single row Mediterranean 
 
 '' '"tttho genus. i»/i««P'''-« ''•"""'VaUch larger and 
 
 , .«peeiesTcr;---^-^-:X- 
 
 ./rer;Uutidtasses surrounding branches. ^ 
 
 i" ^5 ^^^^- a. Dr Stimpson has identified this and U.e 
 
 .moith, low conical, base expanding .^ ^^ a. 
 
 Pelo..aiaam./em Stm. Sevej-l „^ ,uat I refer to 
 
 5o?ee.ia oviformis Sav- A yJS jj" ., ^,eh more hirsute 
 ibiB species was taken on the Banlc. 
 
 than the two Maine Bpecies. 
 
 ^^^'^^'^T t on hard ana sandy 
 \z\nff Frequent on uaru 
 Hypothyris psittacea Kmg. H 
 
 bottoms in from 10-50 fee^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^_ 
 
 .„o.i«e...pp*.U-. Abundant,though small. 
 
 P*"''*' 7 . rm In from 10-50 feet. 
 
T.l'jr OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 18 
 
 es roun'l 
 s truncate 
 jscription- 
 uticturetl. 
 ova\ cells 
 lis of tl^Q 
 
 teres, A.mi. 
 1-, the oval 
 :ed towards 
 )m ilie teres 
 jetween tho 
 the aperture 
 editerranean 
 ,h larger and 
 itioned. On 
 
 was abundant 
 of nuUipoTC3 
 
 id this and tlie 
 Jank in 50 feet 
 various vrorms, 
 ofattacbment 
 
 en up alive ou 
 in tbeir nets. 
 I, It 19 whitisli* 
 
 1 15 feet sand. 
 ,, that I refer to 
 ich more Wrsuto 
 
 lUard ana sandy 
 rh small. OnnuUi- 
 
 Pecten te?/uj:08(atus W]gh. (P. raagellanicus Lam.) Is most 
 abundant on a sandy bottom at a fathom's depth. The young 
 were only dredged in 15 leet. The inhabitants call them "pussels'' 
 and often eat them. We can bear testimony to the defJcacy and 
 rich flavor of this shell fish. 
 
 A species of boring sponge, which grows two inches or more in 
 height, its roots boring worm-like galleries in the shell, hastens the 
 decomposition of dead shells very greatly. 
 
 P. islandicus Miill. Common in 10-50 feet on a sandy or 
 rocky hard bottom. "Valves are occasionally thrown up on 
 beaches. 
 
 Limatula sidculas Leach. Several dredged in 15-50 feet sand 
 and gravel. 
 
 Nucula tenuis Turton. 
 
 Nl cxpansa Reeve. Occurred abundantly with the precedino-. 
 
 Dr. Stimpson has identified our specimens as being this before 
 doubtful species. 
 
 YohUa sapotilla Stm. A few occurred in 10-16 feet. 
 
 Leda Z/MccatoStp. Abundant. Does not difl'er from Greenland 
 specimens. 
 
 Crenella glandula Turton. Abundant. 
 
 Modiolaria corrugata Stm. In 50 feet. 
 
 M. laevigata Gray. With the preceding, 
 
 .V. discrepam Mull. A valve two inches long was taken from 
 ilie stomach of cod caught on the Bank. ' 
 
 Mytilus modiolus Linn. Not common. 
 
 M. edulis Linn. Abundant. 
 
 Alasmodonta arcuata Baines ? I was told that a fresh water 
 mussel was common in Salmon River. Tl.is must be the same shell 
 that Professor Chadbaurne informs me is very abundant in the 
 streams of Newfoundland. 
 
 No Cyclades or any other fresh water mollusca were found in the 
 countless pools of the mainland ; though a more thorough search 
 than I could make must reveal some forms. 
 
 Cryptodon Gouldii Phil. Verv large and abundant; a few in 
 50 feet. 
 
 Cardita horealis Conr. Bank 50 feet. 
 
 Astarte aemisulcata Leach. A. elliptica Brown. Bank 50 feet 
 Abundant. 
 
 A. Banlcsii Leach. Frequent with the two preceding Bhells 
 
 Cardium. islandicum Chemn. Very abundant and large in Sal 
 Bion Bay. 
 
14 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 , , r.nr Vcrv common, and as large as usual ; with 
 (7,jHHnuZa<wniConi. very com , 
 
 to an enormous size. ^1,1 ,nme specimens being triangu- 
 
 It varies considerably ^^1[«" "^^\'''7 'f^^teriorly, while other 
 
 lar and flattened, with the beaks P'--^ ^ ^^J^^ ,,,,i. The 
 
 .hells are ventvicose, oval, -^^h th b k ve y ^^^^^ .^ 
 
 ycng all agree ^ "^^^^.^^l. ^ r^^^^ of the 
 Lvingthelarge swollen ^'^J^^^llZJ ^.^ very much from 
 shells. So,no sp-cmens ^'^^ ^ ^^^JJ^^^^ ^,, .^uch longer than 
 
 Tapes fl»ct>ma Sby- ""° '" , „j, ,i,en me, which 
 
 on a sand beach. ^^^^,^ j^,,,iy thrown up on 
 
 M. pohjnema tetm. v,"^- 
 beaches. . i^i, thrown up very abundantly 
 
 jlfesocZcsjna Jawcesu Joam.i^s. 
 on beaches, of a very ^^'"8^ '^'^- ^^^^.^^ tide marks. 
 
 15 fee. Salmon Bay. ^oung dredged in 15 feet 
 
 Solenenm Lmn._ Rave y ^^^ ^ ^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^, j 
 
 T''^--- ^'Tf ^;te lar.e specimen was dredged in 10 feet 
 T. myopsis Beck. A tme lai^ 1 
 
 m^^'i- a A W snccimens occurred in 15feet sandi 
 
 P«„cZo^.a <n?m.a«a Say. A few spccun ^^^^ ^^^^, ,^,h the pte- 
 
 Pandorim arenosa Moll. One v.uv ^^^^^ 
 ceding among nuUipores in strong sand, ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 ,tony boltomo. ,. , truncated variety- 
 
 ved on th-J Bank. 
 
 3/. «rm«na tinn. Abundant. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Mv 
 
 
 iS'i 1 
 
 
 m 
 
LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE AMMALS. 
 
 15 
 
 1 ; with 
 
 species, 
 jcuvring 
 
 it grows 
 
 triaiigu- 
 lle other 
 al. The 
 i and in 
 le of the 
 uch from 
 naeithau 
 placed fiU- 
 closely to 
 parate the 
 
 jue, which 
 laux River 
 
 own upon 
 
 abundantly 
 
 I. 
 abundant in 
 
 1 15 feet. 
 i dredged. 
 ;ed in 10 feet 
 
 1 15feet sandi 
 with the pte- 
 
 :ostly on hard 
 
 cated variety- 
 species, occur- 
 
 i 
 
 Saxicavu rugosa Linn. Common in 10--50 foet Limestone pobble^ 
 are often fished np from the Gulf, whioh are bored info in every 
 -direction by these shells, whicli arc then become short and mucL. 
 thickened. 
 
 Gasteropoda. 
 
 Glione Umacina Phipps. (Clio borealis Brug.) Seen frequent- 
 ly floating near the surface in calm weather. 
 
 Frocfojiona .^ sp. A species with an expanded foot was taken 
 in 50 foet on the Bank. It was not discovered until immersed iti 
 alcohol, and is undistinguishable, though it differs from anythiniv 
 in New England, approaching rather Fabricius' figure of P. 
 fusca. Xo other species of Xii^iibranchs, were found, though the 
 ova frequently occurred in round masses on sea weeds in the Lami- 
 nariaii zone. 
 
 CjUchna alba Lovi^n. Several large specimens with a thin 
 brown epidermis, and differing in no respect from one from Green- 
 land, occurred in 10-15 feet mud and sand. 
 
 Philine Uneolata Stm. Frequent, with the preceding. 
 
 Chiton marmoreus Fabr. From low water to 50 fee't. 
 
 C alius Linn. Several in 50 feet. 
 
 Tectura testudlnalis Miill. Largest and most abundant at 
 low. water mark. The young were dredged in 15 feet. 
 
 Diadora iioachina Gray. Several in 10-50 feet. 
 
 ScissureUa crispata Flem. Dr. Dawson has' delected this 
 species ,n sands examined for Foraminfora, as also the followinrr 
 species. " 
 
 Adeorhis coatulata Stm. 
 
 Margarita cinerea Gould. Grows largest on sandy bottom in 
 oO feet. 
 
 M undulata Sby. and Brod. Common in 15-20 feet sand. 
 M. hdicma Moll. Common, 2-15 feet. 
 
 Rissoa mimta Stm. One dead spe'cimen occurred above 
 high water mark. 
 
 Rissoa castanea Moll. R. exarata Stm. 15 feet sand 
 
 Lacuna vincta Turt. The plain and banded varieties were 
 <.'ommon. 
 
 Littonna vestita Gould. T. vesHias Say L. rudis.Gould. 
 L.paUmta, Gonl\. L. UttoraKs,¥. and H. Both these species 
 occurred abundantly and with variations, as in Maine. 
 Scalana grcenlandica Perry. A fragment only occurred. 
 Ittrntella crosa Couth. Abundant. 
 
Fusus 
 
 16 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 T. reticulata Migl.. Very abun.lant, occurring « ith U.c i-reocd- 
 inc in 10-50 feet, but most abundant in 15 feet mud. Salmon Bay. 
 
 T acicula Stm. One individual in 60 feet bard bottom. 
 
 Menestho alhula Moll. The young were frequent in 2-1 5 feet sand. 
 
 iameWanai)er«i)ic.(« Loven. 15 feet sand and mud. 
 
 Natica heros Say. Two young dead shells were found at Ingh 
 water mark. 
 
 JV. dausa Sbv. Frequent in 15 feet. , » i ,= ^ 
 
 Bela violacea Stm. (Pleurotoma violacea M,gb. and Adams.) 
 18 feet. Both this and the hicarinata Couth., which Dr. St.mpson 
 considers but a variation of the violacea, were frequent u. 20 feet 
 
 sand. 
 
 B. decussata Stm. 
 
 Rscalaris, (Defranciascalavis Moll.,Ind. Moll. Gron. 
 
 " ThtCean B. turric^a, as observed by M5rch, is very dif- 
 ferent from the American representative. On H comparison our 
 shell with several specimens of the turncula, v/e and that the 
 oironeach wlLrl that gives the .hellits t-rete jpear- 
 ance is situated more in the middle in B. scalans Theturncula 
 haHve e longitudinal ridges on each whorl, bemg fewer and 
 opt ouately larger than in our species which haB seve teen 
 ' (?.^; species'seemsalso to be a larger shell. It agreesweU wUh 
 Moller's D. scalaris to which he refers turncula Gould 
 B.WoodianamW. Fusus harpularius Gould. 
 One specimen was dredged with the preceding "^l^^e also two 
 .pecimens of it from Greenland. It is a shorter and thicker shell 
 than B scalans, in which the first whorl is as long as the remain- 
 g ones togethlr. In this species the first whorl .s longer than 
 he rest. The canal is shorter and the aperture rounder. The 
 W udinal rid.es are the same in number, but are less prom. 
 Xt^e the Evolving lines are much coarser, giv.ng the surface 
 a reticulated appearance. 
 
 Sf:;:;^'S:'occurred in sand and mud 15 .et Salmon 
 Bay. B. decussata was the most abundant species 
 
 Buccinum lahradorense Reeve. Icon. Conch., p . 1, fig- 5. Mo^t 
 
 deifositedatlow water mark. This species represents the European 
 B. undatum. 
 
LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 17 
 
 Fusus 
 
 B. scalariforme Miill. One specimen on the bank. 
 B. cretaceum Reeve, Icon. Conch., Monogr. Bucc, pi. 14, fitr. 112. 
 SheU fusiform, slender, neaily tliree times as long as broad. Aperture 
 oval,endinginaratherlong, broad, oblique canal. Inner lip regu- 
 larly curved ; the columella projecting into the aperture at the base 
 of the canal ; from this projection a slight ridge runs back to the 
 other end of the apcrturo, following the curve of the inner lip 
 Whorls 9, convex, especially on the upper two thirds. Spire much 
 prolonged, acute. ; 1 ' .ngitudinal ridges, smooth and rounded. On 
 the first whorl the ridges disappear on the lower two thirds, where 
 the minute revolving lines are more minute than elsewhere. Aper- 
 ture within, light chocolate, darker in the young, in which the 
 revolving lines are more distinct. Length |J in,, breadth «- in. 
 
 The slender and fusiform shape, and greater length of the spire 
 than is found in other northern species, will distinguish it. The 
 young and old were dredged alive in 10 feet mud and sand, Salmon 
 Bay. Dr. Stimpson informs me that he has seen specimens from 
 the Newfoundland Banks. It seems to be identical T^ith Reeve's 
 species, of which he gives no locality. 
 
 Fusus tomatus Gould. A largo specimen, tenanted by a her- 
 mit crab, was dredged in 50 feet. 
 
 Trichotropis borealis B. and S. Frequent in 10-60 feet. 
 Admete viridula Stm. Thick heavy specimens, an inch in 
 length, were dredged in 40-50 feet. 
 
 Trophon scalariforme Stm. Large specimens from the Bank. 
 Bulimus harpa Say. One dead shell was found in moss. The 
 only Helicid found. 
 
 Cephalopoda. 
 Ommastrephes. A squid, the fishermen informed me, some- 
 times comes ashore in swarms, or is fished up from deep water. 
 
 Annelida. 
 Sipunculus n. sp. It is very different from S. Bemhardus, 
 being larger, proportionately thicker, while the anterior third is 
 suddenly rounded and cylindrical. Found between Ascidite on a 
 hard bottom in 50 feet. 
 
 Cerebratulus n. ap. Occurred with two other species of nemer- 
 teans, in 10 feet mud. 
 Spirorlis spirillum Lam. 
 S. nautiloides Lam. 
 S. viirea Stm. 
 S.porreda 8tm, 
 
18 
 
 LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 S. cancellata Fabr. , ..^.^hm 
 
 S. glomerata MUlK, Fabr. F.G. L"ge, round^ smooth »pe^^^^^^ 
 round>niBtro,e. raised Blightly from the whorl ^"-^^- J^«f;^ 
 Bhell is not flattened out beneath upon the surface of objects, but 
 
 "Sletr of the tube ^ in., of the whole «^ell 2 i^^^^^^^^ 
 West species observed occurring on the edges of Cardum m 10 feet 
 Itbutlre abundantly in company with the F-^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 r„ si feet hard bottom. Other specimens are « l»^;j*"j';^^;* 
 lith a slight ridge on the upper surface, occurred with it. I have 
 rlcimen of this form also, from Greenland together with the 
 Bliehtly curved and flattened convex young shells. 
 
 S quadrangularis Stm. With the preceding specie.. 
 
 vLiliaserrula&im. Abundant with the preceding. 
 
 Pectinaria EschrlchHi Rathke. Very abundant '^^fl^fj^^' 
 penally in 10 feet mud on fish oflfal thrown overboard from fishing 
 vessels One was taken at low water mark. 
 
 frnfte/ton. sp. 50 feet Bank. 
 
 Siphonost<mum plumosum Miill., 10 feet mud. 
 Cirrhatalits n. sp. 
 
 SSrL'o:»t.d. 0„,.peoi™. -found .dimming 
 
 on the surface. 
 Eteone sp. 
 
 'SzTC^^-' *"'««'- -^ «"« '"" '°"°' '° ■""' 
 
 between tide marks. ^ .^ r * 
 
 Lepidonote cirrata Oersted. 10-50 feet. 
 
 L. punctata Oersted. 
 
 Cbcbtacba. 
 
 Cytherina Mullerin ? In 15 feet gravel. 
 
 Coronuladiaderm. On the grampus. 
 
 JBalanus balanoides Linn. 
 
 B. porcatus Da Costa. 
 
 Cumasp. A little below low-water mark. 
 
LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMAI.S. 
 
 19 
 
 rturo 
 idult 
 ,but 
 
 The 
 Ofeet 
 tecies 
 r, but 
 [have 
 h the 
 
 ge, es- 
 fisbing 
 
 immmg 
 
 in mud 
 
 in length 
 8p,ncii of 
 
 k. 
 
 Jaera copiota Stm. Common near high-water mark. 
 
 Aega sp. On the belly of cod. 
 Unciola irrorata Say. 
 
 Anonyx sp. In 15 feet gravel. 
 
 Anonyx sp. 
 
 Ampeliscus pehgica Stm. 
 
 A. Eaehrichtii Kr. 
 
 Oammams purpuratuB Stm. In 10 feet mud frndsand. 
 
 G, mutatus Liljeborge. (Q. pulex). Occurs as in Maine. 
 
 Mysis spinulosus. In swarms in tidal pools. The sea trout feed 
 on it. 
 
 Hippolyte spini. (H. Sowerbyi Leach). Frequent in 10--60 feet 
 
 Crangon vulgaris Fabr. Very large and abundant. 
 
 Argis lar Owen. This fine species occurs rarely in 10 feet mud- 
 
 Homarus Americanua M. Edw. Common. 
 
 Mipagurus pubescens Stm. 
 
 £. Kroyeri Stm. Both species from below low-water mark to 
 60 feet. 
 
 Hyaa eoarctata Leach. 
 
 Hyas aranea Leach. Both species common. 
 
 Chionocetes opilio Fabr. A number were taken from stomachs 
 of cod from the Bank. 
 
 Cancer borealis Stm. Common under sea weed. 
 
 To make the list of species of this region as complete as pos- 
 sible, I add the following radiata from Newfoundland, on the autho- 
 rity of Lutken.* 
 
 Astrophyton euenemis M. and T.; Ophiura StuwUzii Lulk.* 
 Ophioglypha nodosa Lyman — {Ophiura nodosa Lutken.) ; Solaster 
 papposuSf S.endeca; Asteracanthion polaris M. and T,, A. Groen- 
 landicus Stp. ; Echinus DrdbachiensisfimaM specimens and Psolus 
 Fabricii. 
 
 Also the following mollusca from the Grand Bank, mentioned 
 by Dr. Gould : 
 
 Solecuarlus fragilis, Machaera nitida, Panopaea Norvegica, 
 Glycimeris siliqua, Mya truncata, Mactra ponderosa, polynema 
 Stm., Mesodesma deauratum, Astarte lac tea, Venus {Tapes) flue 
 tuosa, Aphrodite Groenlandica, Mytilus discrepans, Pectend. 
 islandicus, Natica clausa, K flava, Scalaria Gronlandica 
 Fusus ventricosus, F. tornatus, F. scalariformis, Aporrhais 
 occidentalism Buccinum Bonovani, B. ciliatum. Also a few species 
 * Uebersicht iiber Or6nland's EchinodermatA. 
 
20 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 from Labrador, mentioned by Dr.Mighclp. Bos. Jour. Nat. Hist.,. 
 Vols.l and 4 : Caniiumpinnulatum.Nucula roatrata, (N.bufcata?) 
 Mytilvg pectintda, M. Minganenais, Margarita acur,:inata, Sby.^ 
 M. varicosa, Fasciolaria ligata, Fusua islandieus. 
 
 Woodward also mentions Astarte crebricostata, Oyprina island- 
 tea, Machcera costata, Buccinum undulatum Mtill., B. Labrado- 
 
 rense Reeve, B. cganeum, Lacuna , and Ommastrephet todarm 
 
 d'Orb., as coming from Newfoundland. Sowerby, iu the " Thes- 
 aurus," figures Terehratella Labradorensis. Troschel in Wieg- 
 mann's Arcbiv., 1846, describes Anaperus cigaro, and Orcula Bar- 
 thii collected at Okkak in northern Labrador. 
 
 Professor Cbadbourne informes me that Pecicn tenuicostatus and 
 Alasmodonta arcuata are very abundant and characteristic shells 
 ^n Newfoundland. 
 
 Reeve (Icon. Conch. Monog. Fusus, pi. 21, fig. 89) figures and 
 describes Fususpullus, which was collected at Newfoundland by 
 
 Mr. Jukes. 
 
 Laraoureux, in his » Exposition Methodique des Polypiers," has 
 ficrured and described several species of Polyzoa collected by 
 Captain Laporte upon or near the Bank of Newfoundland : Lori. 
 caria Americana, of which Gemellaria dumosa Stm., seems to be 
 a synonym ; Eucratea appendiculata, and Eachara lobata, besides 
 one Acaleph, Lafoea ramosa. 
 
 GemeUaria Americana d'Orb., EscJiara retiformis iiay, (=» E. 
 foliacea Lamk), Eschara lobata Lamarck, Eschara elegantula 
 d'Orb., Celleporaria incrassata d'Orb. (Cellepora incrassata La- 
 marck), Celleporina ramosissima d'Orb., Biflustra aculeata d'Orb., 
 Omithoporina avirularia d'Orb., Hudson's Bay. 0. dilatata 
 d'Orb., Semieschara lamellosa Orb., Hippothoa borealia d'Orb., 
 Hippothoa robertina d'Orb., Cellepora sp. (none described), 
 Reptocelleporaria tuberoaa d'Orb., Repiescharellina borealis 
 d'Orb., Multeacharellina aculeata d'Orb. var., Membranipora 
 partita d'Orb., Reptoflustrella Americana d'Orb., Cridia appen- 
 iiculata d'Orb. (= Eucratea appendiculata Lamx.), Myriozoum 
 aubgracih d'Orb., Fasciculipora Americana d'Orb., Idmonca an- 
 guatata d'Orb., Bcptotubigera confluma d'Orb., Entahpora Galli- 
 ca d'Orb., Diaatopora latomarginata d'Orb., Tubulipora verruca- 
 ria Edwards, Proboacina serpens d'Orb., Probosdna latifolia 
 d'Orb., Berenicea prominena Lamx. 
 
 Mr. Verrill has identified specimens of a polyp in the collections 
 of the Essex Institute^ (Salem, Mas?.) bi-ought fiom the Grand 
 
LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 21 
 
 Bank of Newfoundland, as Alcyonium rahi/ormts Dana, (Ehr. 
 
 sp-) 
 I have permission to introduce in this connection : 
 A List op tos Inverteorata oolleotbd at Antioosti avd 
 MiNOAN Islands, by Messrs. A. E. Verrill, A. Hyatt, and N. 8. 
 Shaler, in 1861, who have allowed mc to make this use of the 
 names given below. Tlio spcciinons are deposited in the Museum 
 of Comp. Zoology at Cfimb'-idge, Mass. The list of radiates and 
 the accompanying notes were furni^lhed me by Mr. Verrill. 
 
 Polypi. 
 Metridium marginatum E. and H., (Actinia niarginata Les.)? 
 Several young aotiuisB were dredged in 8 feet,at Ellis Bay, Anticosti, 
 adhering to rocks, which appeared to belong to this species. No 
 other jiolyps were obtained at these islands. At Gasp6, C. E., 
 Prof. Diwson obtained this species, and has des'-ribcd and fig- 
 ured it very accurately,* (Actinia di'^nthus ? ,. With it he 
 also found Actinia cumeola Stimp. In Chodabucto Bay 
 on the southern side of Breton Island, N. S., we dredged an 
 abundance of Alcyonium carneum Ag., in 10 feet rocky bottom, 
 associated with a variety of hydroids. This is the most northern 
 locality yet known for the species, its range being southward to 
 Cape Cod. 
 
 AOAXEPHAE. 
 
 Pleurobrachia rhododacti/la Ag. Very abundant about East 
 Point, Anticosti, in July. 
 
 Jdt/ia 'oseola Ag. East Point, Anticosti. Very abundant 
 the first of July. 
 
 Bolina alata Ag. Near Fox Bay, Anticosti. Very abundant 
 
 June 29. 
 
 Cyanea arctica Per. and LeS. Anticosti. Common. Young 
 
 about 1 inch in '^.iameter were taken at Fox Bay, June 28. 
 
 Aurelia fla,vidula Per. and LeS. Eastern end of Anticosti. 
 Common. Young ones ^ inch in diameter were taken at Salmon 
 Kiver Bay, July 2. 
 
 Haliclystus auricula Clark. (Lucernaria auricula Rathke, 
 non Fabrioius.) Near S. W. Point, Anticosti. Ver^ abundant on 
 Chorda Jilum, Aug. 14, at low water. Another species of Lucer- 
 naria was taken, but the specimen was lost. 
 
 Cosmetica sp. A beautiful species of this i^enus, about 3 inches in 
 diameter, with large tentacles about twoincl :b longand half an inch 
 apart, was found in great abundance, June 25, at Entry Island, in 
 
 * Oanadiaa Naturalist and Geologist, vol. 3, p. 401. 
 
LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 M 
 It 
 
 W 
 M 
 II 
 M 
 
 l< 
 
 « 
 It 
 
 t» 
 H 
 W- 
 
 th« caverns eic« v*u,(| \n tb high cliffs of red sandstone by the sea. 
 Bjfdructinia polycUna kg. Antioosti and Mingan. Com- 
 mon. 
 
 Sertularia polyzonia* iohnti, Niapisca Is. Mingan. Ial5foet 
 rocky hou m. 
 
 S. argentm Johnst. « 
 
 8, rosacea Johnst. ** 
 
 Eudendrium sp. ** 
 
 Clylia olivacea Lamx. 
 
 ^uiarui thuja Johnst. 
 
 Plumularia/alcata Lamx. Anticosti. 
 
 EoiIINODBRHATA. 
 
 Pentacta froruhm Jaeg. Anticosti, near Ellis Bay. Not com- 
 mon. A fine young specimen was found among rocks at low 
 water. 
 
 Chirodota loBvie Grube. Anticosti, near Ellis Bay* Several 
 specimens were found under rocks at low water. 
 
 Echinus drohachiemis Mtill. Anticosti and Mingan Is. Very 
 common in 20-30 feet, rocky bottom. 
 
 Echinarachnius parma Gray. (E. atlanticus Gray). A few 
 small specimens were dredged at Mingan. 
 
 Asteracanthion polaris M. and T. S. W. Point and Heath 
 Point, Anticosti. Commor among rocks just below low-water 
 mark. Also dredged in 15 feet rocky bottom at Mingan Is. 
 
 Asteracanthion sp, A form with longer rays and sharp spines 
 was obtained at Gaspfi, C. E. 
 
 A. Cfroenlandicus Stp. A single specimen was dredged in 15 
 feet rocky bottom off Ellis Bay, Anticosti. 
 
 Cribella oculata Forbes. Heath Point. Common. 
 
 Ophiapholis aculeata LUtken. Anticosti and Mingan Is. Very 
 common in 10--J.6 feet rocky bottom. Cod-fish were often caught 
 having their stomachs filled with this species. 
 
 Ophioglypha robusta Lyman. A single speciriin dtf^dp'^d in 
 20 feet, rocky bottom, off T ble Head, Anticosti. 
 
 Astrophyton Agassizii Stimp. A specimen >:-t tliif- ppc. a, ob- 
 tained near Gasp^, C. E., was presented by Rev. I. A. Tallman. 
 
 POLYZOA. 
 
 !Pubultpora patina Johnst. Anticosti. 
 Diastoporc verrucaria Fabr. sp. 
 
 ^mb^vniporaLacroixiif S&v. All these species occur at Min- 
 ^-^r > ;6 feet. 
 
 
LIST OF I VBRADOR MARINE ANIMALP. 
 
 23 
 
 ea. 
 
 let 
 
 
 
 Lepralia annulata Fabr. 
 
 L. trUptnoia Jobn^< 
 
 L. hyalina Julinst. 
 
 L. Belli DawHon. 
 
 L, pertuia Jobnst. 
 
 L. paucispina Stitnp. 
 
 Eichara lobata Lamk. 
 
 Myrioxoum subgracile d'Orb. 
 
 D'Orbigny in the Paleontoloi^io Fran^aise, Terrain crotAcfe 
 1850-52, bas described a large number of Polyzoa from the Bank 
 •f Newfoundland, a list of wbicli is bcre given : 
 
 Braciiiopoda. 
 
 Hypothyria psittacea King. One apeciinen occurred at Anticosti 
 in 20 feet, rocky bottom. 
 
 Lambllibranchiata. 
 
 Mytilua edulis Linn. Anticosti. 
 
 Saxicava arctica Desh. Anticosti. 
 
 Mya arenaria Linn. Anticosti. 
 
 M. truncata Linn. Anticosti. 
 
 Tbese four species, together with B. Labradoreme and r. lapil- 
 lus and Cancer irrorata, were all that occurred during walk 
 along the shores of the island for 12 miles. Owing to the frt-hnesa 
 of the water, there was a remarkable paucity of littoral animala 
 noticed. 
 
 Pecten Ulandicus MttH. Mingan, 20 feet. 
 
 Crenella glandula Turton, Anticosti, 20 feet. 
 
 Cardita borealis Conr. Mingan, 20 feet rocky. 
 . Cardicumialandicum Chemn. Mingan, 20 feet rocky, abundant. 
 
 Serripes Groenlandicua Beck. With the last; large and abund&it. 
 Gabtbropoda. 
 
 Doris sp. Not described. 
 
 Chiton marmoreus Fabr. Mingan. 
 
 Margarita undulata Sowb. Mingan. 
 
 M. cinerea Gould. 
 
 JM. helidna Mtill. Anticosti, abundant. 
 
 M. varicosa Mightes. Mingan Is. 20 feet rocks, common. 
 
 Turritella erosa Coutb. 
 
 Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. 
 
 Lacuna vincta Turton. Anticosti. 
 
 Littorina vestita Gould. 
 
 L.palliata Gould. 
 
 Purpura lapillm Lam. Anticosti. Not very common. 
 
24 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 Bucdnum Lahradorense Reeve. (B. undatum Gould). Anticosti. 
 Not very common. 
 
 Funis tornatus Gould. Mingan I^. 20 feet rocky. One large 
 dead shell. * 
 
 Bela Woodiana Moll. Mingan, 20 feet rocky. 
 Physa heterostropha Say. Occurred on the south side of Anti- 
 costi in great abundance. 
 Llm>ice7,. A species was comnon in ponds at Anticosti. 
 Vitrinapelludda Drap. ? Common at Anticosti and Mingan. 
 Smdnea obliqm Say. Common at Anticosti and Mingan. 
 Fright Island, and Niapisca Island. 
 
 aS^. avara Say. Frequent at Mingan under drift stuff, boards, and 
 rocks near the shore, where all the terrestrial species mentioned 
 from Labrador occur. But those mentioned from Anticosti were 
 found all over the island, in the interior as well as on the shore. 
 Pujm hadla Adams. Abundant at Friglit T Mingan. 
 Bulimus luhricoides Stm. Common at Niapisca ll, Mingan. 
 Helix chersina Siy. Frequent at Fright Is. 
 H. nemoralis Linn. Both the plain and striped varieties were 
 found on plants at Anticosti. 
 H. arhorea Say. Common at Niapisca Is. 
 H. minuta Say. Common at Anticost'. 
 H.striatella Anthony. Abundant at Fright Island and Nia- 
 pisca Island. 
 
 Limax campestris Binney. Frequent at Anticosti. 
 
 At Entry Island, one of the Magdalen group, in the centre of 
 the island under boulders, occurred and in the usual abundance, 
 Helix n&nomlis, arborea, lineata, striatella, electrina, md Buli- 
 mus luhricoides. 
 
 At Cheddbucto Bay Pandorina arenom, young shells, alive, 
 Margarita acuminata B.nd Nassa trivittata were dredged by the 
 same party. 
 
 AsKELIDA. 
 
 Oinitoplea StimpsoniQkard. Anticosti, 15 feet rocky bottom. 
 
 Nereis sp., allied to denticulata. Anticosti. 
 
 Zepidonote cirrata Oersted. Anticosti. 
 
 i. _?>u/icto<a Oersted. Anticosti and Mingan. 
 
 Crustacea. 
 Hippolyte aculeata Fabr. 
 H. polaris Sabine. 
 H. Fabricii Kroyer. 
 H. Gaimardli M. Edw. 
 
LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 25 
 
 Argislar Owen. This and the four preceding occurred at the 
 •eastern end of Anticosti in 20 feet rocky bottom. 
 
 Homirm Americanus M. Edw. Common. 
 
 Eupagurm pulescens Stimp. Anticosti, 20 feet comtiaon. 
 
 Cancer lorealis Stimp. Common. 
 
 Hi/as aranea Leach. Common. 
 
 Gammarus mutatus Leily. Low water, abundant. 
 
 Jdotea new sp. Low water and 10 feet, common. 
 
 Caprella. Two species, 20 feet, common. 
 
 Calliope Icevinscula. Magdalen Isles. Abundant at the sur- 
 face of the water in the caverns under eroded cliflfs. 
 
 Themisto sp. Anticosti, common. 
 
 Pandaliis annulicomis Loach. Anticosti, 15 feet. 
 
 Argis lar Owen. Mingan, 15 feet Niapisca L 
 
 Homarus Americanus M. Edw. (Lobster.) 
 
 Ifyas aranea Linn. At Ellis Bay, Anticosti, in 8 feet rocks. 
 
 Cancer irrorata Say. Anticosti. 
 
 These articulata were identified by Dr. Stimpson. 
 
 Crangon boreas has been brought from Labrador by H. R. 
 Storer, M.D. 
 
 Though the above lists of species are imperfect, yet they seem to 
 afford very satisfactory evidences that there are three distinct as- 
 semblages of marine invertebrates intermingled on the coast of 
 southern Labrador. We can easily separate from the list, as 
 foreign to this coast, three species of moluscs ; viz. Pandora 
 irilineata, Natica heros, and Bissoa minuta. These shells were 
 rare, and of small size, though on the coast of New England they 
 are large and abundant. 
 
 By the aid of " The Invertebrata of Massachusetts," by Dr. 
 Oould, and a list of invertebrates found by Mr. Robert Bell, 
 Professor of Natural Sciences, in Queen's College, Kingston, 
 about the mouth of the St. Lawrence and the coast of New 
 Brunswick, published in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist ; 
 together with a list of the shells of Halifax by Mr. Willis, and 
 Stimpson's Invertebrates of Gran 1 Manan, we are enabled to trace 
 the fauna peculiar to the coast from Cape Cod to Nova Scotia, as 
 it reappears again in the Eastern shores of the Gulf of St 
 Lawrence, about Prince Edward's Island, at Gaspe, and extends 
 up the river St. Lawrence towards Quebec. 
 
 Some of the following shells do not occur at Grand Manan, but 
 eeem to be as abundant on the shores of Canada as in Maine : 
 
26 
 
 LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 Leda limatula. Crepidula plana. 
 
 Mytilus plicatulus, " fornicata, 
 
 Venus mercenaria. Rissoa minuta. 
 
 Lyonsia hyalina. Natica Tieros. 
 
 Ottroea virginiana. " triseriata, 
 
 Nassa trivittata. 
 Mr. Bell observes that Natica heros is " large and abundant.'*' 
 Mytilua plicatulus and Vmm mercenaria were " from the Gulf.'*., 
 The last mentioned species occurs abundantly in Casco Bay- 
 Eupagurus Bernhardus, which does not occur in Labrador, was fre- 
 quent. Aporrhaia occidentalis occurred very rarely at Gaspd, as 
 it does on the coast of Maine. 
 
 The occurrence of the large long oyster so common at Prince 
 Edward's Island, and which is found in such immense heaps at 
 Newcastle, Me., upon the'banks of the Sheepscot River, in whose 
 waters it still lives, though indiminshed numbers, indicates similar 
 oceanic conditions existing on those two shores, which are sepa- 
 rated by the colder waters of the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 The occurrence of Astrophyton Agassizii at Gasp^, which is re- 
 placed in Labrador by A. eucnemis, is interesting as showing 
 that the echinoderm faunae of those localities are also distinct. 
 The island of Anticosti, judging by its land shells and vegetation 
 and the presence of Idyia roseola, Bolina alata, and Pleuro- 
 brachia rhododactyla, belongs to New Brunswick. 
 
 This fauna was stated by Dr. Gould to extend from Cape Cod 
 to the Newfoundland Banks from the study of the mollusca alone. 
 It was afterwards, by Forbes, termed the " Boreal " province, and 
 he considered Cape Breton its most northern limit. 
 
 In 1852, Dana* established under the name of the "Nova 
 Scotian Province," a crustacean fauna, embracing an extent of nine 
 hundred miles, reaching from " Cape Cod to the Eastern Cape of 
 Newfoundland ;" and in 1857, Liitken f likewise proposed for the 
 same region an echinoderm fauna, which he calls the <' Acadiske 
 Provinds," merely changing Dana's name for the more ancient 
 title of that Province. 
 
 They all agree in bringing down the Arctic or polar fauna to 
 intermingle with the Acadian fauna at the northern limits of the 
 latter. But with a better knowledge of the polar fauna, which is pre- 
 sented in the lists of Greenland invertebrates by Reinhart, Morch, 
 Liitken, and others,! we are led to the conclusion that there is an in- 
 
 • Crustacea of the U. S. Exploring Expedition. 
 
 t Uebersicht uber Gronland's Echinodermata. 
 
 tNaturhistoriske Bidrag til en Beakrirelse af Qronland. Kjobenhavn, 185T. 
 
LIST OF LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 2T 
 
 termediate fauna inhabiting the seas of Labi ajor and Newfoundlands 
 A large portion of the polar species have not yet been discovered 
 south of Greenland ; and the following species are characteristic 
 of Labrador and the Banks of Newfoundland : 
 
 Cyrtodaria siliqua. 
 Asterias n; sp ? 
 Ana^erus cigaro. 
 Orcula Barihii. 
 Terehratella Labradorenm. 
 Pecten tenuicostatus. 
 Alasmodonta arcuata. 
 Mesodesma Jauresii. 
 
 Machoera nitida. 
 
 Margarita acmninata. 
 " varicosa. 
 
 Naticaflava. 
 
 Aporrhais occidentalis, 
 
 Fasciolaria ligata, 
 
 Bucdnum cretaceum. 
 
 Ihima vmtricosus. 
 Ommasbephea todarus. 
 The littoral species of south-eastern Labrador agree well with 
 those of Maine. The two species of Littorina present the same 
 variations, and the Macoma/utca occurs in the same abundance. 
 These three mollusks are replaced in Greenland by representative 
 species; as regards the latter, Dr. Stimpson has separated this 
 species from Tellina Oroenlandica Beck ; and my own speci» 
 mens from Greenland are plainly distinct. The genus Mesodesma, 
 which does not occur in Greenland, is represented by two species 
 in Labrador and the Grand Banks. The fresh water Alasmodonta 
 arcuata, which is so abundant throughout Newfoundland, and in 
 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the eastern half of Maine,which 
 is included in what was formerly called " Acadia," also cha- 
 racterizes this fauna. In the deep water species there is a greater 
 similarity to the polar fauna, but many species of Buccinuhi and 
 Fusus described from the frozen seas, which have not been found to 
 the southward, show plainly a different fauna adapted to those 
 climatic conditions. Most of the species enumerated in the pre- 
 ceding list extend around Cape Breton to Halifax and the Banks 
 lying off Nova Scotia, and predominate at the mouth of the Bay^ 
 of Fandy ; but along the coast of Maine they become reduced in 
 size and numbers before reaching the mouth of the Penobscot. 
 The fauna also reappears on St. George's Banks, and very probably 
 on Jeffries Bank, and the occurrence of Eupagurus pubescens* and 
 Cardita borealis, a very abundant Labrador and Greenland shell, off 
 the coastof New Jersey, indicates that the cold arctic currentimpin- 
 gesupon that coast. How far northward of Newfoundland this fauna 
 extends is not now known. The charts show the existence ofan im- 
 
 • Forbes' Natural History of the European seas, p. 53. 
 
m 
 
 LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 mensc shoal to the northward of that island, which with the opposite 
 coast of Labrador is no doubt occupied by this fuuna. Returning 
 down the coast we find it following very closely the line of float- 
 ing ice as laid down in the charts. It includes the Mingan Is- 
 lands, partially embracing Anticosti, and then sweeps around 
 towards Cape Breton, there meeting the warmer waters of the 
 Gulf Stream. 
 
 Thus, south of Labrador, it is apparently a shoal fauna, and we 
 would propose for it the name of the Syrtensian Fauna, indica- 
 tive of the physical features that limit its bounds. 
 
 This fauna seems to have its equivalent upon the European side 
 of the Atlantic in Finmark, where Lovdn* records the discovery of 
 several newspecies of Mollusksand other invertebrates. The climatic 
 conditions are very similar, and the insect fauna and the flora 
 correspond very exactly with the insects and plants of Labralor.f 
 Indeed, there is apparently a belt of faunae intermediate between 
 the boreal province on both sides of the Atlantic on the one hand, 
 and the circumpolar province, which touches upon the southern 
 point of Greenland, includes Iceland, and spreads out so as to in- 
 clude Finmark and the neighboring islands. Dr. Gould, in notic- 
 ing the distribution of our moUusks, mentions the fact that 
 " about 20 species may be regarded as intermediate, being found 
 most frequently by fishermen about the Banks, Newfoundland, 
 and the islands intervening between Greenland and England. 
 (Invertebrates of Massachusetts, p. 3 16). 
 
 Thus with our present knowledge we can approximate very 
 nearly to the southern limits of this shoal fauna, and trace the 
 isolated patches situated upon the cold and unprotected elevations, 
 which rise in the warmer seas of New England ; but our imper- 
 fect information respecting the range northward of its most cha- 
 racteristic species, does not allow us to speak with much certainty 
 how far up the eastern coast of Labrador these species extend, 
 or whether those hvr species, vhich reach Greenland and occur 
 there rarely, may not be considered as foreigners to the soil. 
 For example : of Apporhais occidentalis, which is so profusely 
 abundant in the Straits of Belle Isle, Morch reports but a frag- 
 ment from Greenland. This is analogous to the occurrence of 
 
 • Identified by Dr. William Stimpson.. 
 
 t In a communication to the Bosioa Society of Natural History, 
 *' Proceedings," 1863, Mr. S. H. Scudder has intimated that there is an 
 insect fauna peculiar to Eastern Labrador, and in conversation with the 
 writer, has also spoken of the close analogy, which the insects of La- 
 brador bear to those of Lapland. 
 
LIST OP LABRADOR MARINE ANIMALS. 
 
 29 
 
 Cardita borealis on the New Jersey coast, where it is certainly 
 an alien. 
 
 In the absence of requisite data concerning the distribution of 
 marine life in the arctic and subarctic seas, we shall be very ma- 
 terially aided by tracing the course of the yearly isothermal 
 lines; and more especially for our purpose that area of the At- 
 lantic ocean comprised between the line of 40° and 32°. The 
 line of 40°, according to Professor Henry*, begins in America at 
 the Northern portion of Nova Scotia. This agrees well with 
 Gould's and Forbes' designation of Capo Breton, as being the 
 dividing point between the Acadian and Arctic provinces. The 
 line of " 32° indicates the boundary of the region within which the 
 average temperature is below the freezing point. It will be seen 
 at a glance, that, instead of being circular in its outlines, it has 
 the form of an irregular elongated ellipse, the greater diameter 
 of which is across the pole, from the southern extremity of Hud- 
 son's Bay, to the south of Lake Baikal, in Siberia." Upon tha 
 map nccompanying the report, the line is made to pass through 
 the lower third of the eastern coast of Labrador, dividing Cape 
 Farewell from the remaining portion of Greenland, and touching 
 Europe at Finmark in the vicinity of Nordland, one of the most 
 southern of the Lofoden Islands. Thus to the north it shuts 
 out a vast circumpolar region, including the northern portion of 
 Hudson's Bay, with all of Baffin's Bay ; and upon the European side 
 it includes Spitzbergen and Nova Zerabla. We are therefore con- 
 firmed in our opinion formed before meeting with these meteoro- 
 logical facts, that this elliptical area embraces a belt of faunae 
 of a subarctic character ; and in the supposition that the 
 fauna of Labrador and the Newfoundland banks has an European 
 equivalent fauna in Finmark, occupying an extent of perhaps some 
 400 miles along the coast from Nordland to a point somewhere 
 beyond Jape North. 
 
 Brunswick, Maine, Aug. 1863. 
 
 EXPLANATION OP THE FIGURES. 
 
 PI. 3. I. II. Fig. 1. Lepralia producta Pack. 
 
 " 2. Membranipora solida Pack. 
 
 " 3. Menipea fruticosa Pack. 
 
 '• 4. Halophila borealis Pack. 
 
 " 5. Myriozoura subgracile D'Orby. 
 
 " 6. Buccinum cretaceura Reeve. 
 
 * Meteorology ia its coanectioa with Agriculture. Patent Office 
 Report on Agriculture, 1856.